Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum Volume XXIII 1894 eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CATALOGUE OS THE BIRDS EST THE BRITISH MUSEUM. VOLUME xxni. CATALOGUE OF THE FULICARIJ (RALLIDM AND HELIORNITffiOLE) AND ALECTORIDES (ARAMID^E, EURYPYGDLE, MESITIDM, RHINOCHETID^, GRUIDJB, PSOPKEIDJE, AND OTIDIDJE) IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY II. BOWDLER SHARPE, LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OP THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; B QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W., KEGAN PAUL & Co, PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD; AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 1894. PBINTEJ) BI TAYLOE AND FEA2STCIS, BED LION COUliT, FLEET STREET. PKEFACE. THE numbers of the species of the nine families treated of in the twenty-third volume, and of the specimens at present in the Col lection, are as follows:— Ballidae EeliornithidasAramidae . . Species. 187 4 2 Types. 39 1 Speciraer 2471 45 28 Eurypygidas Mesitidae BhinochetidaeGruidae Psophiidse Otididae . . 2 1 1 19 6 30 1 1 7 26 1 3 143 13 217 252 49 2947 In the first category 29 forms are included which are considered by the author to be of only subspecific rank, while 33 species and subspecies are still unrepresented in the Collection of the Museum. Beside the 49 types of recognized species, the Collection contains 27 other typical specimens which are now relegated to the synonyms. As in the preceding volumes, the series of specimens of the American and Indian species are derived chiefly from the Hume, Tweeddale, and Godman-Salvin Collections; but they have been Vi PREFACE. largely (supplemented by a generous donation from Mr. Seebohm. For other additions to this volume the Trustees are indebted to the Eight ITon. Lord Lilford, Colonel Irby, Mr. H. 0. Forbes, Mr. P. L. Sclater, and Mr. F. W. Sty an. ALBEET GUNTHEE, Keeper of tlie Department of Zoology. British Museum (N. IL), February 128, 1894. INTRODUCTION. To the present volume very few introductory remarks are necessary, as the families described in the following pages have perfectly well-defined limits, and there is little difference of opinion as to their position in an arrangement of the Class Aves. The Hon. "Walter Rothschild has lent mo his entire collection of RallidcB, an act of courtesy which I must especially acknowledge, inasmuch as without his series of Weka Rails from New Zealand, formerly in the Duller collection, I should have had serious difficulty in working out the species of Ocydromus. Por the loan of specimens and types of species in the Museums under their charge, I have to thank Dr. Joyeux-Lafine of Caen, Prof. Paul Godet of Neuchatel, Prof. Wilhelm Blasius of Brunswick, and Dr. Jentink of Leyden; while I have to acknowledge a like assistance from Mr. Howard Saunders, the Rev. H. H. Slater, and Canon Tristram. The affixes to the specimens are the same as in the previous volumes of the ' Catalogue.' " [P.] " means " Presented by " ; U [C.] " equals " Collected by" ; "[E.] " signifies "Received in Exchange." Where none of these signs are used, the specimens have been acquired by purchase. R. BOWDLER SHARPE. British Museum (N. H.), 27th February, 1894. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Order FULIC ARI2E. Fam. I. R A L L ID -2E. Page 1. Rallus, X 6 a. peruvianus, Tacz. .. 6 Ldemiuy 8 a.Hbeldingi, Ridgw 10 b. tenuirostris, Lawr. .. 10 2 longirostris, Bodd. 10,329 a.^crassirostris, Lawr. .. 11 b. crepitans, Gm 12 c. canbgeus, Cory 13 d. cuEanusJ Chapm 329 e. saturatus, Ridgw 13 f. obsolete, Ridgw 15 3. virgmianiis^, X 16 4. seqaatorlalis, Sharpe .. 18 5. semiplumbeus, Set .. 39 6. antarcticug, j&irc$r 19 7. dmiaticu^, i 20 8. m^cSS^Blyth .... 24, 329 9. csBruISace^ Gm 25 10. mlSagascariensis. Verr. 26 dx^ar^iWA. .. 227 beanmonti, Milm-Edw. 227 major, M'ilne-Edw. .. 228 porzanoideSjiJ^Vwe-X^. 228 christyi, Milne-Edio. .. 228 eximius, Milne-Edw... 228 intermedius,i)^7ne-X#w. 228 dasypus, Milne-Edw... 228 arenariuSjifcK/we-JSWw. . 228 2. Limnopardalus, C«Z> 27 1. maculatus (Bodd.).... 28 2. rytirbynchus (Vieill) . 29 «. sanguinolentus (Sw.) 30, 329 5. vigilantis, Sharpe.... 31 3. nigricans (Vieill.) .... 31 VOL. xxilr. ~ Page 3. Hypotsenidia, Reichenb.,. 32 1. $riata (X.) 33,329 a. olbscurior, Utime .... 37 2. h^y$ii§.(Szv.)... .37,329 a/paclfica (wn.) 37 2«. muelleri (Rothsch.).. 330 3. philmpinensis (X.).... 39 a. macquariensis (Sutton) 43 4. tgrouata (X.) 43 5. celebensis (0. # (?.). 45,330 5 a. jentinki, Sharpe .... 330 6. saturata, Salvad 45 7. sulcirostris C fTaW.) .. 46 8. insignis (Scl.) 46 4. Cabalus/XTwif&m 46 1. dieiFenbachii (Gray) 47,330 1 a. inodestus (Mutton) ,, 331 2. sylvestris (Scl.) 48 5. Eulabeornis, Gould 49 1. castaneiventris, Gould. 49 2. pQecilopterus^(lr^r^.) . 50 3. woodfordi (Ogilvie- Grant) 50 6. Tricbolimnas, Sharpe .... 51 1. lafresnayanus (Verr. et Les Murs) 51 7. Gymnocrex, Salvad. .... 52 1. rosenbergi (Sehl.) .. 52,331 2. ^mbexventris (Gray). 52 7 #. AraSIdopsTs7^«?7?e .. 331 1. plateni (W. Bias.) .. 331 8. Aramides, Bucheran 53 1. mangle (Spiv) ...... 54 2. wolnTSerZ. £ Tacz. .. 55 3. axillaris, Xasw 56 4. gutturalis, Sharpe .... 57 5. cayanea (Gm.) 57, 332 a. chiricote ( Vieill.) 58,332 b. albiventris, Lawr. .. 59 b SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page c. plumbeicollis, Zeledon. 53, 332 6. ypacalia ( Vieill.) .... 60 7. s'aracura {Spiv) 01 8. callopterus, Scl. fy 8alv. 02 9. Megacrex, & Alb.§ Salvad. 03 1. inepta, JJAlb. fy Salvad. 03 10. Rabroptila, Gray 63 1. wallacei, Gray 63 11. Ocydromus, Wagl 04, 333 1. austviilia (Sparrm.) .. 04 2. earli. Gray m ,333 3. iScnypterus' (Lafr.) . Q7 insignia, W. O. Forbes, 333 12. Aphanapteryx, Frauenfeld 68 1. broeckii (Schl.) 68 13. Diaphorapteryx, H. O. Forbes 68 1. hawkinsii (Forbes).. 68,333 14. Erythromachus, Milne- Fdio 69, 333 1. leguati, Milne-Fdiv. 69,333 15. Himantomis, ScJil 69 1. hsematopus, Hartl. . . 69 16. Dryoliinnas, Sharpe .... 70 1. cuvieri (Puch.) 70 tf.lildabraniis (Giinth.)71, 333 17. Canirallus, Bp 72 1. ocuLeyis {Hartl) 72 2. Eploides (Pucher.) .. 73 18. Rallfna, Reichenb 74 1. fasciata (Raffl.) 75 2. superciliaris {Fyton) .. 76 3. euryzonoides (Lafr.) .. 78 a. sepiaria (Stejn.) .... 78 4. nrinahasa (Wall.) 78 5. tricolor, Gray 79 19. CasTanolininas, Sharpe .. 80 1. canningi (Myth) .... 80 19 a. Stictolimnas, Bilttik. .. 333 1. sharpii, Bilttik 334 20. Orecopsis, Sharpe 81 1. egregia (Peters) 81 21. Crex, Bechst. * 82 1. crex(X.) 82,334 22. (Enolimnas, Sharpe .... 86 l.jsabellina (Temrn.) 86,334 23. Amaurolimnas, Sharpe .. 87 1. concolor (Gosse) .... 87 24. Anurolirunas, Sharpe .... 88 1. castaneiceps (Scl. $• Salv.) 88 2. hauxwelli (Scl. $ Salv.) 88 25. Zapornia, Leach 89 1. parva (Scop.) 89 Page 20. Porzana, Vieill 92s r • 1. porzana (X.) ..... 2. Carolina (L.) 97 3. %3J&xum4-Gould.., 101* 4. nlhicolih (Vieill.) . 102. 5. intermedia (Herm.) 103, 335' < 0. affinis (Gray).... 106, 335n 7._pusiHafP^/.) & paluatriSj Gould 109 <"« 9. spiloptera (Barm.) . . 109 * 10. flaj/iyenjtris (Bodd.) .. 110 1 L. tabuensis (Gm.) . . Ill, 335 a. tahitiensis (Gm.).... 111 12. galapagoensis, Sharpe . 113 . 13. bicolor, Wald 113 27. Pennula, Dole 114 1. ecaudata (King). . 114, 335 2. sandwichensis (Gm.) . 336 28. Aphanolimnas, Sharpe . . 115 1. monasa (Kittl.) . . 115, 336 29. Coretlirura, Feichenb 115 a. circoleps (Less.) .... 115 1. pulchra (J. F. Gray) 116, 336 2. insularis, Sharpe 3. lineata (Sivai?is.) .... 11 o 4. waters! (Bartl.) 119 4*4 5. elegans (Smith) 120 a. reichenovi, Sharpe . . 121 6. ruja. (Vieill.) 121 7. lumens, Boehm 123 8."B"onapartii, Hartl 123 30. Eallicula, Schl 123 1. rubra, Schl 123, 336 2. leucospila (Salvad.) . . 124 . 3. forbesi, Sharpe 124 31. ThyrorlTna, Scl. $ Salv. . 125 1. schomburgki (Cab.) . . 125 32. Ortygops, Heine 126 1. novseboracensis (Gm.). 126 2. exquisita (Swinh.).... 128 3. notata (Gould) 128 4. ayresi (Gurney) 129 33. Poliolininas, Sharpe .... 130 1. cinereus ( Vieill.). . 130, 337 34. Pbrzanula,Frohawk 133 1. palmeri, Frohawk 133, 337 35. Creciscus, Cab 134, 337 1. jamaicensis (Gm.) .... 135 2. salinazi (Philippi) 136 3. sglfonotus (Gould) .. 137 a. coturniculus (Ridgw.) 137 4. exilis (Temm.) 138 a. vagans (Ridgw.).... 139 5. melanophaeus ( Vieill.) 139, 337 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XI Page Page 6. aenops (Scl fy Salv.) . . 140 2. niartinica (Z.) .. 189,339 7. albigularis (Laivr.) .. 140 3. parva (Bodd.) .. 191,339 7icfcus (Barlr.) 238 Fam. II. EUBYPYGID^. 1. Enrvpyga, III 240 1. ielias (Pall.) 240 2. major, JKartl 242 Fam. III. MESITIB^S. I 1. Mesites, St.-ffll 244 1. variegata, St.-Ril 244 Fam. IV. RHIN O CHETIDJE. 1, Ehinochetus, Verr.fyBes Murs 246 1. jubatus, Verr. $• Bes Murs 246 Fam.V. GBUiDiE. 1. Grus, Ball 249 1. grus(£.) 250 2. fflfordi, Sharpe 252 I 3. mexieana (P. L. S. Midi) 254 4. canadensis (X.) 256 5. monaclms (T.) 257 6. nigricollis, Brzeiv..... 258 7. japonensis (MiilL) .. 258 prmiigenia, Milne-Edw. 275 I Page melitensis, Bydehker.. 276 pentelici, Gaudry .... 276 excelsa, Milne-Edw. .. 276 problematica, Milne - Edw 276 hordwelliensis, Bydeh ker _ 276 princeps, Bortis 276 turfa, Bortis 276 roavus, Marsh 276 aydeni, Marsh 276 2. Limnogeranus, Sharpe .. 259 1. americanus (B.) 259 3. Sarcogeranus, Sharpe.... 260 1. leucogeranus (Ball.) .. 261 4. Antigone, Reichenb.262 1. collaris (Bodd.) 262 2. antigone (i.) 264 3. australasiana, Gould .. 265 5. Pseudogeranus, Sharpe .. 266 1. leucauchen, Tem?n. .. 266 6. Bugeranus, Glog 267 1. caranculatus(6rm.) .. 267 7. Tetrapterjx, Thunb 268 1. paradisea (Bicht.) .... 268 8. An&ropoides, V. 269 1. virgo (£,) 269 9. Balearica, Briss 272 1. pavonina (B.) 272 2. JEysopelargjis (Lieht.) 274 3. gibbericeps, Reichen... 275 Gefanopsis, Eydekker.... 277 1. hastrngsids, Bydehker.. 277 2. elatus, Milne-Edw. .. 277 Aletornis, Marsh , 277 1. nobilis, Marsh 277 2. pernix, Marsh 277 3. venufctus, Marsh 277 4. gracilis, Marsh 277 5. bellus, Marsh 277 Fam. VI. PSOPHIID^I. 1. Psophia, B 278 a. cantatrix, Blasius .. 278 1. crepitans, B 279 2. riapensis, ScL fy Salv. . 280 3.jejLCoptera, Spix 280 4. ocbroptemnr-efe 281 5. vjrjjjisj Sjpix 281 Fam. VII. OTIDIDJI. 1. Otis,i 283 1. tarda, B 284 2. 3ybowskii, Tacz 286 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 2. Tetrax, Leach 287 LletoxfZ.) 287 3. Lophotis, Reichenb 290 1. ruficrista (Swath) .... 291 2. giHFana, Oust 292 4. Compsotis, Seine 293 1. afra (Forst) 293 2. Jeucpptera {Reichenb.). 294 5. Heterotetrax, Sharpe .... 29G 1. vigorsi (Smith) 290 2. meppelli ( Wahlb.) .. 297 8. humilis (BIyth) 298 6. Neotis, Sharpe 298 1. ludwigi (Hupp.) 299 2. burchelli {Heugl.).... 300 3. caffra (Licht.) 301 4. Jenhami (Childr.).... 302 5. heuglini {Earth) .... 303 7. Lissotis, Reichenb 304 a. maculrQeBnis^ Cab. . 304 1. nuba (Cretzschm.).... 305 Page 2. melanogastcr {Kaup) , 306 3. lmrtlaubi (Heugl.).... 307 8. Tracheitis, Reichenb. .. 308 a. rhaad {Lath.) 310 1. caerulescens (F.) 308 2. canicollia (Reichen.) .. 309 3. senegalensis (F.) .. .310 4. barrovii (J. E. Gray) . 311 9. Sypheotis, Less 312 1. aurita, Lath 313 10. Houbaropsis, Sharpe .... 315 1. bengalensis (Gm.) 315 11. Iloubara, Bp 318 1. macqueenii, J. E. Gray 318 2. undulata (Jacq.) 320 12. Eupodotis, Less 322 Lambs (L.) 322 2. kori {Burch.) 324 3. edwardsi, J. E. Gray . 325 4. australisg J. E. Gray . 328 TOL. XXIII. CATALOGUE OP BIRDS. Order X. FULICARICE. IN accordance wtih the scheme of classification adopted for the Game-Birds and Water-Birds in the 'Catalogue of Birds/ the Order Fulicarice, as limited by Dr. Sclater in his well-known arrangement of the Class " Ayes," is hereby recognized. Mr. See bohm, in his { Classification of Birds,' places the Fulicarice as a Suborder of his large Order " Grallo-Grallse;" but he also includes the Bustards (Oticlidce), Hoatzins (OjpistJiocomidce), Seriamas (Qari amidce\ Ein-feet (Heliornithidce), Rails (Ralliclce), and Trumpeters (Psojphiidce). In my own arrangement of 1891,1 placed the Ralliformes at some little distance from the groups which are usually considered to be their nearest allies ; and, in fact, I still look upon the Bails as a very peculiar and isolated group of birds, so that it does not matter whether they be called Fulicarice or Ralliformes, so long as they are not mixed up too closely with the Cranes and their allies. Osteological characters are given by Mr. Lydekker in his < Catalogue of Fossil Birds' (pp. 143,144). Two families are placed under this order: the Rallidce, p. 1, and the Heliomithidce, p. 229. Family I. RALLID^E. Palate schizognathous. Nasals holorhinal. Dorsal vertebrae heterocoelous. Posterior process of the ilium sufficiently perforated to show a broad sacrum. Sternum with one notch on each side of the posterior margin. Oil-gland tufted. Aftershaft to the contour-feathers present. VOL. XXIII. B RALLlD.iE. Bill of various shapes—long in the true Eails, shorter and stouter in the Crakes, and very deep in the Gallinules, with the nasal opening pierced in the horny sheath. Ambicns muscle present. Pemoro-caudal muscle, accessory femoro-caudal, semitendinosus, accessory semitendinosus, and post- acetabular portion of the tensor fasciae present. Toes very slender and long, sometimes webbed and scalloped; hind toe always raised above the level of the others. Eggs generally numerous, cream-coloured with dark spots. Young, when hatched, covered with down, and able to run or swim in a few hours. (Of. Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 40; Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 70.) Key to the Genera, A. Oulmen longer than the middle toe and claw, or at least equal in length to the latter. a. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, or at least not exceeding it. a'. Nasal groove very long, deep, and well marked; the nasal aperture situated nearer to the feathers at the base of the bill than to the anterior end of the nasal groove; tarsus always shorter than the middle toe and claw 1. EALLTTS, p. G. b\ Nasal groove deep and well marked; the nasal aperture situated about the middle of the groove, as near to its anterior extremity as it is to the feathered portion of the bill at gape. a". Genys either straight or up-curved towards the end of the mandible. a'". Bill long; culmen equal to or exceeding the tarsus in length; a slight indication of a tiny frontal [p. 27. shield 2. LIMNOPARDALUS, b'". Oulmen not so long as the tarsus .. 3. HYPOTJENIDIA, b". Genys distinctly decurved at tip, fol- [p. 82. lowing the line of the upper mandible. 4. OAJBALFS, p. 46. b. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw; a distinct longitudinal groove near the base of the lower mandible. c'. No sign of any frontal shield. c". Tail longer than the tarsus. c'". No bare patch behind the eye. eft. Wing-coverts not so abnormally [p. 49. elongated as to hide the juills .. 5. EULABEORNIS, b\ Plumage soft and hair-like; the wing-coverts greatly elongated, almost hiding the quills, to which [p. 51. they are equal in length 6. TBICHOLIMNAS, d". With a bare patch behind the eye . 7. GYMNOCBEX, d". Tail somewhat shortened, not so long [p. 52. as the tarsus 8. ABAMIDES, p. 5& B. VLL3M. d'. A very distinct frontal shield; tail- feathers decompobed and hidden by the coverts; wings feebly developed and incapable of flight 9. MEG-ACRES:, p. 63. e'. A small but evident frontal shield; tail long; wings fairly developed; plumage [p. 63. black 10. IIABROPTILA, B. Culmen shorter than the middle toe and claw. c. With no evident frontal shield. /' . Wing-coverts elongated, so as to reach [p. 64. almost to the tip of the quills 11. OCYDROMUS *, (/. Wing-coverts not reaching nearly to the end of the quills. e". Tarsus greatly exceeding the middle toe and claw in length—in fact, by [p. 69. more than the length of the hind toe. 15. HIMANTORNIS, /" . Tarsus seldom exceeding the length of the middle toe and claw, generally about equal to it, sometimes longer, but never exceeding it by as much as the length of the hind toe. e'". Tail distinct, and not hidden by the upper and under tail-coverts. 6i4 . Under wing-coverts and axillaries distinctly spotted or barred with white. a5. Culmen longer than inner toe and claw. a6. Nostrils longitudinal, very narrow, the nasal aperture [p. 70. scarcely perceptible t 16. DRYOLIMNAS, ¥. Nostrils very large, oval and [p. 72. pervious 17. CANIRALIJJS, b'\ Culmen less than inner toe and claw. ca. Secondaries not reaching to the end of the primaries 18. RALLINI, p. 74. dQ. Secondaries reaching quite to the end of the primaries. a7. Wing-coverts very long and soft, hiding the primary- coverts; tail-feathers also soft, and with the webs dissociated ; quills banded [p. 80. like axillaries 19. CASTANOLIMNAS, b7. Wing-coverts ordinary, as also the tail-feathers; quills uniform below; back mottled 20. CRECORSIS, p. 81. * Somewhere here must be placed the extinct genera 12. Aphanapteryx, p. 68, 13. Diaphorapteryx, p. 68, and 14. hrythromachus, p. 69. t This genus is perhaps not properly included in the Crakes, as it has much the appearance of a true Rail, and may have to be put near HypotamicLia, as the bill of the Aldabra form is more Ralline than Crecine. B2 KALLIDiE. d\ Under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform. c5. Bill shorter, the culmen not so long as the inner toe. e®. Plumage striped above; tail pointed, the rectrices narrow. 21. OBEX, p. 82. fG. Plumage uniform above; tail broad, the rectrices widened and decomposed at the [p. S6. ends 22. (ENOLIMNAS, d3. Bill longer, the culmen equal to [p. 87. the inner toe 23. AMAUBOLIMNAS, f". Tail obsolete, composed of soft and decomposer1 feathers, which are scarcely distinguishable from the upper and under tail-coverts, by [p. 88. which they are completely hidden.. 24. ANUBOLIMNAS, g". Middle toe and claw exceeding the tarsus in length. g,f'. Secondaries conspicuously shorter than the primaries, falling short of them by quite as much as the inner, toe and claw ; sexes different in colour 25. ZAPOBNIA, p. 89. ti". Secondaries shorter than the primaries, falling short of the latter by as much or more than the hind toe and claw, but not as much as the inner toe and claw 26. POBZANA, p. 92. •"'. Secondaries practically equal to the primaries in length, or falling short of them by less than the hind toe and claw. 64. Tail-feathers soft, decomposed at the ends, and entirely hidden by ,0« -r, ni A V Em*VLA P-114' the coverts \ll*A > f\ Tail-feathers soft, decomposed at <28' APHANOLIMNAS the ends, but evident. LP-libe5. Nostrils pervious 29. COEETHBTJEA, fB. Nostrils closed by a bony septum, [p. 115. not pervious 30. RALLICULA, g4-. Tail-feathers ordinary, the ends not [p. 123. decomposed. g5. Nostrils not pervious, but having [p. 125. a bony septum 31. THYEOEHINA, k5. Nostrils pervious. g6. With white secondary quills . 32. OBTYGOPS;P. 126. h6. With no white secondary quills. 6s. Toes long, the inner toe (without claw) longer than the culmen. a8. Secondaries and primaries practically equal in length; no sign of a frontal shield or swollen base of culmen. RALLID2E. a0. Plumage variegated. a10. "Wings and feet vory strongly developed ; the wings asas the tarsustoes combined 510 . Wing feeblyloped, not so as the tarsustoes combined c10. Wing fullyloped, nearlythird longer deveone tfaan the tarsus and toes [p. 134. combined 35. CRECISCUS, &9. Plumage uniform black. 37. LIMNOCORAX, b8. Secondaries shorter than [p. 150. primaries ; no frontal shield c8. Secondaries shorter thanprimaries ; the culmen slightly swollen at the base, but not forming afrontal shield d1. Toes shorter; inner toe (without claw) not exceeding the full length of the culmen. d8. Bill long and slender, nasal groove deep and prolonged anteriorly, the distance between the anterior edge of the nasal aperture and the anterior end of the groove itself as great as the distance between the posterior end of the nasalaperture and the gape.. e8, Bill stout and deep, nasal groove indistinct and broad d. With frontal shield. h'. Toes short, not exceeding the tarsus in length. h'\ Nostrils oval, large and pervious, occu pying the fore part of the nasal groove , frontal shield not distinctly formed, but an evident dilatation of the culmen at the base. k'". Size large: length 18 inches. Wings feeble; primaries and secondaries equal in length ; I". Size smaller: not exceeding 12 inches. Primaries exceeding secondaries by as much as length of innertoe * long and [p. 130. 33. POLIOLIMJUS, develong and [p. 133. 34. PORZANULA, 36. LiMNOBiENUS, [p. 145. [p. 152. 38. AMAUBORNIS, [p. 162. 39. ROTJGETITJS, 40. NEOCREX, p. 163. 41. TRIBONYX, p.164. [p. 165. 42. MlCROTRfflONYX, RAXLIDJS. i". Nostrils linear, not pervious, situated along the lower edge of the nasal [p. 160. groove; a large frontal shield 43. PABEUDIA&TES, i'. Toes long, the middle toe and claw exceeding the tarsus in length. k". Toes not lobed laterally; secondaries decidedly shorter than primaries. m"\ Nostrils oval, in a distinct nasal depression. IP. Toes with a narrow lateral membrane *; no lobes. P. Frontal shield rounded or truncate posteriorly. P. Wings feebly developed, not three times the length of [p. 166. tarsus 44. POBEHYEIORNIR, k8. Wings long, nearly four times [p. 167. the length of tarsus 45. GAIXINULA, k'\ Frontal shield pointed posteriorly. 46. POBPHYBIOPS, P. Toes with no lateral membrane. [p. 182. l\ Sexes different: a large posterior caruncle on the frontal shield . 47. GALLICBEX f, m5. Sexes similar: blue and green [p. 183. in the plumage; no posterior caruncle on frontal shield 49. POUPHYEIOLA, ri". Nostrils rounded; no nasal depres- [p. 187. sion ; blue in plumage. kK Wing-coverts ordinary, the secondaries much shorter than the [p. 192. primaries 50. POHPHYHIO, P. Wing - coverts much elongated, nearly hiding the quills; the secondaries nearly as long as the [p. 207. primaries ." 51. NOTOENIS J, I". Toes lobed laterally; primaries equal to secondaries 53. FTTLICA §; p. 209. 1. EALLUS ||. Type. Eallus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 261 (1766; R. aquaticus. "Biensis, Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 278 R. madagascaxiensis. Liranopardalis (nee Cab.), Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl Mm. Hein. p. 320 (1890) R. elegans. Range. Almost cosmopolitan, but not extending very high north. * Nearly obsolete in Porpkyriornis. t Here must probably be inserted 48. Psammocrex, p. 186. J Probably here must be placed the extinct genus 62. Aptomis, p. 207. § Here must be inserted the extinct genus 54. Leguatia, p. 225. || EALLUS PERTJVIANUS. Eallus peruvianus, Taos. Orn. P6rou, in. p. 313 (1886). Upper surface rufous-olive, spotted with black; under surface of body with the sides of the head and of the neck leaden grey; the centre of the throat slightly paler; flanks black, banded with white; centre of the belly washed with buff; lateral under tail-coverts entirely white, the middle ones black, 1 . KALLTTS. 7 Key to the Species. A. Breast uniform, without any longitudinal streaks on the fore neck; sides of breast not streaked with black. a. Upper parts brown, streaked with black. a'. Breast with cinnamon or vinous colour, or sandy buff. a!'. Much larger: wing 5 inches and more. a'". Wing-coverts chestnut or ferru% ginous. a . Lower flanks broadly barred with black and white, the bars being about equal in width elegans, p. 8. b\ Lower flanks with very narrow bars, the whitish bars much narrower than the brown ones. a5. Narrow bars on lower flanks pure white beldingi, p. 10. b"\ Lower flanks pale brown, with rusty whitish cross bars ... . tenuirostris, p. 10. b'". Wing-coverts brown or olive- brown, sometimes with a rufes- [pp. 10-16. cent tinge Icmgtrostrismd. its allies, b". Much smaller : wing less than 4*5 j mrginianus, p. 16. inches' j cequatorialis, p. 18. b'. Breast uniform grey, with no vinous. c". f/f Wing-coverts chestnut. c . Olive-brown above, with black centres to the feathers; under tail-coverts white, with black spots at the ends seiiiiplumbeus, p. 19. d'". upper surface sandy brown, with black centres to the feathers; under tail-coverts pure white.... antarctieus, p. 19. d". Wing-coverts brown. e'". Lores dusky; no blackish streak through the eye; sides of face uniform aquattcus, p. 20. /'". Lores blackish as well as the streak through the eye along the ear-coverts; sides of neck profusely streaked with black like the back i?idiciis, p. 24. b. Upper parts uniform brown; breast dark grey . *.., aerukscens, p. 25. B. Breast dark vinous, with black streaks on the fore neck, sides of neck, and sides of breast madagascariensis, p. 26, dusky, varied with white; tail-feathers blackish in the middle, laterally with broad rufous-olive margins. Bill 1*56 inches, wing 4*48, tail 2'08, tarsus 1*44, middle toe 1'6. The typical specimen was described by the late Prof. Taczanowsld from a single specimen, without indication of sex or locality, from the collection of Br. Raimondi, of Lima. It is said to be very similar to BaMus aquations of Europe, and to differ from it only in its smaller size, much more rufous coloration, and in the absence of the white mark on the throat. RALLIDJ3. 1. Rallus elegans. Kallus crepitans (nee Gm.), Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 112, pi. Ixii. fig. 2* (1814); Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 16, pi. lxii. tier. 2 (1832) ; Peichenb. Ilandb., Fulicaria, Taf. cxv. figs. 1150-51 (1851). Kallus elegans, Audub. B. Amer. pi. cciii. (c. 1S26) ; id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 27 (1&J5) ; i>>. Comp. Lid B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 53 (1838); -dWi^. B. Amer. Svo, v. p. 100, pi. 309 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 209 (1844); Gray, List Grallm Brit. Mies, p. 116 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1840); Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 598 (1856) ; Gioidl J.f. 0. 1856, p. 427 (Cuba: breeding); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 746 (1858) ; Dresser, Ibis, I860, p. 40 (Texas); Laivr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. p. 295 (1806); Cones, Proc. Essex Inst. v. p. 296 (1808 : Connecticut); id. Proc. Bost. Soc. N If. xii. p. 124 (1868: S. Carolina); Scl. # &alv. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 444; Tumb. B. E. Pennsylv. p. 33 (1869) ; Allen, Bull Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 357 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 273 (1872); Snoiv, B. Kansas, p. 10 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 535 (1874); Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 298 (1876); Mayn. B. E. N, Amer. p. 428 (1879) ; Bidgiu. Pr. US. Nat Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880); id. Bull. Xutt. Club, v. p. 139 (1880); Cows, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882) ; Stearns, N. Engl. B.-Life, ii. p. 282 (1883); Batrd, Brewer, # llidgio. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 353 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 672 (1884); Talbot, Auk, i. p. 97 (1884: Dakota) ; Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 287 (1885 : S.E. Dakota); A. O. U. Check-L X. Amer. B. p. 140 (1886); Pidyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 138 (18b7) ; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 299 (1887 : W. Texas); Richmond, Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: Di«tr. Columbia); Cory, t. c. p. 53; Butcher, t. c. p. 176 (Long Mind); Chapm. t. c. p. 261) (Florida); Cory, B. West Iml p. 253 (1889: Cuba); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 494 (1890: Manitoba); Miller, Auk, ix. p. 39 (1892: Mass.); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida). Aramus elegans, Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 59, no. 10417 (1871). Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, with, longitudinal black centres to the feathers; scapulars like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather more uniform and less olive- brown, the black centres to the feathers not being so distinct; wing- coverts rufous, inner ones washed with olivaceous; bastard wing- feathers sepia-brown, rufescent on the outer web; primary-coverts uniform sepia; quills sepia-brown, edged with lighter brown; the innermost secondaries ruddy olive, with black centres like the back; tail-feathers olive-brown, with longitudinal black centres ; crown of head and hind neck uniform blackish brown, with very slight remains of lighter brown edges to the latter; lores dull ashy, as also the sides of the face; a supraloral streak of cinnamon-buff, continued into an indistinct eyebrow of dusky cinnamon; a whitish, spot below the eye; ear-coverts dull ashy, tinged with cinnamon, * Dr. Coues and other American ornithologists quote the figure, but not the description of Wilson, as referring to the King Bail. Of the two, the figure is the least satisfactory; whereas there can surely be no doubt as to the description—" Wing-coverts are chestnut." 1 . R.VLLTJS. 0 more distinct on the cheeks; chin and upper throat white; lower throat, fore neck, and breast vinous cinnamon ; sides of the breast olive, with blackish centres to the feathers; abdomen whitish ; sides of body and flanks light brown, barred with white, each white bar bordered with dusky blackish, and very much narrower than tho brown bars ; thighs white, barred with brown, uniform brown posteriorly; vent-feathers and central under tail-coverts barred with white, the bars not always traversing both webs in the latter, and reduced to large subterminal spots of black on the outer under tail-coverts, which are otherwise pure white ; under wing-coverts dusky blackish, crossed with narrow lines of white : " lower mandible and edges of upper one brownish yellow; ridge of upper one and tips of both deep brown; feet yellowish brown, tinged with olive; iris bright red " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 14-5 inches, culrnen 2*4, wing 6*5, tail 2*6, tarsus 2*2, middle toe and claw 2*6. Nestling. Covered with black down • the feathers of the under surface pale sandy buff on their first appearance, including the throat. The full-grown young birds arc like the adults on the upper surface, but differ entirely in colour on the under surface * the throat is white, the lower throat, fore neck, and chest tinged with cinnamon; the breast is isabelline white, the sides of the neck and the sides of the body ashy, and most of the feathers of the breast and neck with a blackish or dull ashy tip * the flanks barred with dull ashy blackish. In one full-grown young specimen the under tail-coverts are regularly barred with black and white ; whereas in the other, shot five days earlier, the under tail-coverts are white, with black subterminal spots. In adult birds considerable variation is seen in the colour of the flanks, wherein some examples have these parts barred with brown and white, whereas others have the bars quite black. In every case the white bars are conspicuously narrower than the dark ones, and this is especially the case -with young birds after their first moult, when the white bars are often extremely narrow and in some cases almost obsolete. The lateral under tail-coverts are occasionally pure white, but this is not often the case. Hah. Confined to North America, from Canada to the Middle and Eastern United States to Texas and Florida. Cuba. a9 b. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. c. $ ad. sk. Kankakee, Illinois, May (22. Salvin-Godman Coll. Ri&gway*. Hensh. Coll.). d,e. % ad.sk. Chicago, Mar. 27 (C. K Salvin-Godman Coll. Aiken: Hensh. Coll.). f. Pull. sk. Bone Island, Virginia, July 14 Salvin-Godman Coll. (JR.. Ridgway). g. Pull. sk. Cobb's Island, Virginia, July 4 Salvin-Godman Coll. (W. Brewster). h, i, h. tf ad.; Ee Soto Co., Florida, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. I Pull. sk. Nov., Jan. ( W. J2. Dean). m,n Juv.sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Aug. Salvm-Godman Coll. (W.E. D. Scott). 10 RALLIDJG. o. $ ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, Mar. 28 Salvin-Godman Coll. p. Ad. sk. (F. B. Armstrong), San Cristobal, Cuba (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. Gaumer). Subsp. a, Rallus beldingi. Rallus beldingi, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nai. Mus. v. p. 345 (1882) ; Beldinq, t. c. p. ."345 ; Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 356 (1884); A.O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 140 (1886); llkhjio. Man. p. 138 (1887). Adult. Planks hair-brown, distinctly barred with pure white, the white bars bordered on each side by a blackish bar; ground-colour of upper parts olive; lores dark brown, bordered above by a stripe of pale cinnamon. Length about 15-16 inches, wing 5*7-6*4 (average 6-03), culmen 2*25-^*50 (2*37), least depth of bill 0*290- 35 (0*31), depth at base 0*5, tarsus 1*88-2*1 (1*93), middle toe 1*75-1*90 (1*81). (Of. Ridgw. Man. p. 138.) Hab. Eastern coast of Lower California (La Paz, Espiritu Santo Island, &c). Subsp. (3. Rallus tenuirostris. Rallus longirostiis (nee Bodd.), Sol. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (City of Mexico). Rallus elegans, var. tenuirostris, Laiur. MSS.; Ridgw. Amer. Nat. nil p. 14 (1874) • id. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139 (ISfeO), note. Rallus elegans tenuirostris, Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139 (1880); Baird, Breioer, <§• Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 354 (1884); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 177 (1886: Tlaxcala). Rallus tenuirostris, Mdgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 138 (1887). Adult. Similar to R. elegans, but distinguished by the brown colour of the lower flanks, which are numerously crossed by narrow whity-brown bars. Total length 16 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 5*9, tail 2*35, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2*3. Hab. Valley of Mexico. a, b. Ad.; c. Imm. sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. d. Juv. sk. Mexico. Old Coll. 2. Eallus longirostris. Rale a long bee de Cayenne. Daubent. PI. Fnl. ix. pi. 849. Le Rale a long bee, JSuff. Mist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 163 (1781). Long-billed Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 237 (1785). Rallus longirostris, Bodd. Tabl. Pi Enl. p. 52 (1783); Gm. JSyst. Nat. i. p. 718 (1788); Reichenb. Ilandb., Fulicarice, Taf. cvi. figs. 1150-1151 (pt., 1851); JSp. C. R. xliii. p. 598 (1856); Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Ralli, p. 11 (1865, pt,); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 444 (pt.); Mayn. B. Fast. N. Amer. p. 427 (1879); Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139 (1880); Baird, Breioer, % Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 358 (1884); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176. 1. KALLUS. u JRallus crepitans (nee Gm.), Cab. m Schomb. Heis. Oman, hi p. 760 (1848). Aramus longirostris, Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 59, uo. 10418 (1873). Kallus cypereti, Tacz, P. Z. S. 1877. p. 747 : id Orn. Tevou, iii. p. 315 (1886). Lininopardalis longirostris, Heine ty Reiehen. Nomend. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890). Adult. General colour above ashy olivo, the feathers longitudinally centred with blackish brown; scapulars like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform ashy olive, the blackish centres to the feathers not so strongly marked; wing- coverts more olive-brown, uniform, except for blacki&h shaft-lines; the outer median and greater coverts with a ruddy tinge externally; bastard-wing externally edged with rufous; primary-coverts and quills dark sepia-brown, edged with olive-brown; the innermost secondaries broadly edged with ashy olive like the back; tail- feathers ashy brown, broadly centred with blackish ; crown of head slightly browner than the back, with darker longitudinal centres, but not so distinctly indicated as on the back; below the eye a whitish spot; lores and sides of face ashy, with a slight shade of reddish on the ear-coverts; above the lores a streak of vinous; cheeks isabelline like the lower throat, chest, and upper breast ; chin and upper throat white; lower breast and centre of abdomen white, tinged with isabelline; sides of body and flanks barred with ashy brown and white, the brown bars being the widest; thighs uniform ashy, isabelline on the inner face; under tail-coverts white, the basal ones freckled with spots and bars of dusky; under wing- coverts and axillaries dusky brown, barred across with white: " bill horny brown, the lower mandible reddish brown for nearly the basal half, as well as the edge of the upper mandible; tarsus pale orange-yellow in front, brownish grey behind; the rest of the feet brown, the toes clearer brown, inclining to fleshy; iris sienna- brown, greyish round the pupil" (J. Stolzmann). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 5, tail 1*75, tarsus 1*6, middle toe and claw 2. Hab. Guiana, probably through the Oronoco region, to "Western Peru. a. Ad. sk. Berbice, Guiana. J. J. Quelch, Esq. [P.]. b. <$ ad. sk. Santa Lucia, Tumbez, W. Peru Salvin-Godman Coll. (Stolzmann). Subsp. a. Kallus crassirostris. Kallus longirostris (nee Gm.), Burm. TL Bras. iii. p. 381 (1856: Bahia); JPeh. Orn. Bras. p. 458 (1871); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 358 (Pernambuco). Kallus crassirostris, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. pp. 19, 20 (1869: Bahia). Kallus longirostris, pt., Baird Brewer, 8f Ridgw. Water~B. N Amer. i. p. 358 (1884). 12 UALLIDJG. Adult. Similar to B. longirostris, but with a somewhat stouter bill, and the lc$s yellowish (in skin). Total length 12 inches, culmon 2, wing- 5-4, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*55, middle toe and claw 2. Hah. Brazil. a, b. Ad. sk. BaJiia, Brazil (Dr. Luslmath). Safrin-Godman Coll. Subsp. p. Rallus crepitans. The Clapper Rail, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 490 (1785); Lath. Gen. 8i/n. iii. pt. i. p. ±29 (1785). liaflus crepitans, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 713 (1788); Audub. B. Amer, pi. cciv. (c. 1826); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 201 (1834); Audub. Orn, Bioc/r. Hi. p. 33 (1835); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. # N. Amer p. 53 (1838); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 105, pi. 310 (1842) Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 206 (1844); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1844) ;' id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846) ; Bp. C. B. xliii p. 598 (1856); Cabot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. iii. p. 326 (1851): Baird, B. N Amer. p. 747 (1858); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii p. 295 (18u6); Cones, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist xii. p. 124 (1868: IS. Carolina); id. Amer. Nat. iii. pp. 600-607 (1870); Allen, Bull Mus. C Z. iii. p. 182 (1872: Utah) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer.B, Suppl. ii. ip Aide, vii. p. 64 (1890); Scott, Auk, is., p. 212 (1892 Florida, winter). Rail as longirostiis (nee Bodd.), Cones, Keif N. Amer. B. p. 273 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 536, note (1874); Baird, Breiver, $ Bidgio. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 358 (1884). Rallus longirostris, var. crepitans, Bidgio. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 140 (1880). Rallus longirostris crepitans, Bidgio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 108 (1882); Stearns, N. Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 279 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd edit. p. 672 (1884); Butcher, Auk, i. p. 175 (1884: Long Island) ; Later. Auk, ii. p. 274 (1885: Long Island); A. O. TI. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 141 (1886); Ridgvj. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 136 (1887); Shick, Auk, vii. p. 327 (1890: New Jersey). Adult. Similar to B. longirostris, but ashy grey above, with brown centres to the feathers; the fore neck and chest ashy brown, with pale isabelline vinous on the chest and breast; the white bars on the lower flanks very narrow; the under tail-coverts for the most part pure white, the central ones with broad bands of black and narrow bands of white. Further distinguished from B. longirostris by its much longer bill and less frequent bars on the under wing-coverts and axillaries: " lower mandible and edges of upper mandible yellowish brown; ridge of* upper one and tips of both deep brown; feet pale livid grey, tinged with orange about the tibio-tarsal joint; claws dusky; iris pale yellow " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 14 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 6, tail 2*3, tarsus 2-05, middle toe and claw 2*3. Hah. Eastern North America. a, b. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. c. Ad. sk. North America. [P.]. Old Coll. 1 . RALLTTS. ia d. J juv. sk. Cobb's Island, Virginia, July 23 Salvin-Godman Coll. (P. L. Jouy: Ilensh. Coll.). e,f. Pull. sk. Cobb's Island, July {II. IF. Hen- Salvin-Godman Coll. shcav). g. Pull. sk. Bone Island, Virginia, July {R. Salvin-Godman Coll. Ridgway: JSiensh. Coll.). h. Ad. sk. Georgia (SHI. no. 23716). Salvin-Godman Coll. i. Ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Dec. 5 Salvin-Goclman Coll. (F. B. Armstrong). ~~ Subsp. y. Rallus caribaens. Rallus longirostris (nee Bodd.), IP Orb. in Ramon de la Saqrds Hist. Nat. Cuba, Aues, p. 260 (1839) ; Gome, B. Jamaica, p. 304 (1847); A. $ JE. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 260 (S. Croix) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 378 (S. Thomas) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 491 (1866); A. Sc E. Neiot. Handb. Jamaica, p. 114 (1884); Cory, B. Bahamas. p. 176 (1890). ^ Rallus crepitans (nee Gm.), Gundl J. f. O. 1856, p. 427 (Cuba); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii. p. 122 (1859 : Bahamas); Brewer, t. c. p. 308 (1860 : Cuba); ScL P. Z. S. 1861, p. 81 (Jamaica) ; Albrecht, J. f. 0.1862, p. 206; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 298 (1876); Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 450 (Guadeloupe; Martinique), p. 461 (1878: Guadeloupe) ; id. t. c. p. 487 (Barbuda ; Antigua). Rallus elegans (nee Aud.), March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 69 (Jamaica). Eallus longirostris, var. caribous, Ridgw. Bull Nutt. 0m. Club, v. p. 140 (1880); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 359 (1884). Rallus longirostris caribseus, Cory, List B. West Ind. i. p. 29 (1885); id. Auk, Y. p. 53 (1888); Sennett, t. c. p. 19 ; Chapm. t. c. p. 394; Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 254 (1889) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 11 (1892: Jamaica). Rallus coryi, Maynard, Amer. JExch. §• Mart (!!), Boston, Jan. & Fob. 1887 {teste Cory); Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 254 (1889); Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 77 (1891: Andros Island, Bahamas); Cory, t. c. pp. 291, 295 (Nassau Isl.; Berry lsl.; New Providence; Caicos Islands) ; Maynard, Contr. Sci. i. p. 39 (1890). Adult. Similar to R. crepitans, but everywhere much paler, the centres to the feathers of the upper surface being light brown, the edges light ashy. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2*65, wing 6, tail 2*5, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2-2. Hal. West Indies—Bahamas, Jamaica, S. Croix, S. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Barbuda, Antigua. a. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Salvin-Godman Coll. b. Ad. sk. Jamaica. J. Gould, Esq. c. Sternum. Jamaica. Philip Gosse, Esq. [C.]. Subsp. d. Rallus saturates. (Plate I.) Rallus crepitans (nee Gm.), G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1862, p. 129 (Florida) ; Allen, Bull Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 357 (1871). Rallus longirostris, var. saturatus, Henshaw, MSS.; Ridgw. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 140 (1880). 14 EVLTiIDJR. Rallus longirostris saturatus, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880): Cones, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 072 (1884); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. HI (188(3); Ridffio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1887). Rallus longirostris, y. soturatus, Baird, Brewer, § Bidgiv. Water-B. N.Amer. i. p. 359 (J884). Rallus longirostris scottii, Sennett, Auk, v. p. 305 (1888); Ohapn. t. c. p. 394. Rallus crepitans saturatus, A. O. V". Check-l 2nd Suppl, Auk, \\i. p. 65 (1890). Rallus scotlii, A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd Suppl, Auk, vii. p. 65 (1890); Breioster § Chapm.Auk, viii. pp. 133-135 (1891: Suwanee River); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892 : Florida). Adult male. Similar to 11. crepitans, but everywhere much darker. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2*45, wing 6, tail 2-45, tarsus 2-1, middle toe and claw 2-2. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 2-3, wing 5-6, tail 2'2, tarsus 1-3, middle toe and claw 1-95. Nestling. Covered with black down on the upper surface, the feathers as they appear being black with grey margins; a spot below the eye, a broad malar stripe, and the chin pure white, as well as the abdomen; on the fore neck and chest is a very distinct tinge of pale vinous; the thighs i&abelline white, with dusky tips to the feathers ; sides of the body dusky blackish, with a few whitibh bars. The above description is taken from nestlings procured b}r Mr. W. E. D. Scott in May and June. The characters of the full-grown young birds are not very forcibly indicated as regards the colour of the upper surface. Six specimens obtained by Mr. Scott in August do not differ from the old bird in any appreciable way, the head in every case being uniform blackish brown, while the centres to the feathers of the upper parts vary between brown and black, the black-centred feathers being apparently the new ones donned at the first autumn moult. The under surface of the body is, for the most part, olive-brown, the flanks showing a few narrow bars of whitish, these bars having a dusky margin. The throat is white, shading gradually off into pale vinous buff on the lower throat and towards the cheeks, the latter being pale vinous, like the fore neck and chest, the feathers of which are obscured by dusky-olive tips ; thighs ashy, with dusky cross bars of isabelline ; under tail-coverts white, none of the feathers pure white, but most of them showing large twin spots of black; sides of face and sides of crown dark grey. Other specimens have the whole of the breast whitish, like the abdomen, with dusky tips and edges to the feathers. Some individuals, on the other hand, have the greater part of the under surface pale isabelline vinous or light cinnamon; the under tail-coverts black, barred across with white. The specimens killed by Mr. Scott after the moult are not numerous enough for me to determine precisely the exact character of the young bird in its first full winter plumage. In a large series 1. EALLUS. LI obtained by the above-named gentleman between November anil March there is really very little variation in colour; but in the amount of white barring and in the breadtli of wliite bars on the flanks there is very considerable difference. The broader bars on the flanks are accompanied by whiter under tail-coverts, and 1 take it that these are the older birds. It appears to me to be quite clear that the pattern of the under tail-coverts gradually changes, and that the bars break up into streaks and ultimately into subtorminal spots, or they may disappear entirely. It is also apparently a sign of winter plumage that the under surface should be obscured by greyish or dusky edges to the feathers. These would seem to wear off, leaving the cinnamon colour of the throat and breast apparent. TSTo regular season appears to exist for the full development of the cinnamon breast, for both in December and January bright-breasted specimens occur, while most of the dingily-coloured birds were procured in March. Mr. Eidgway's characters for the separation of the Clapper Rails do not satisfy me any more than do those of Mr. Sonnett. Neither of these authors appears to admit that the amount of grey on the under surface which conceals the cinnamon colour of the breast is due to age, nor the breadth of the striping of the upper surface is in proportion due to the wearing-away of the margins of the feathers, leaving only the mesial streak or black central part of the feather. Hah Prom Louisiana to Florida. a, b. c? ? ad. sk. Lake Borgue, Louisiana, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. April (H. W. Henshaw). (Types of species.) e-g. $ ad.; h. 5 Tarpon Springs, Florida, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. ad. sk. (W. E.D.Scott), i-r. $ ad.; s, t, Tarpon Springs, Feb. (W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. u. § ad. sk. D. 8.). vy w. ($ ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, March (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. E. D. 8.). x, V> «• cf ad.; a\ Tarpon Springs, May (W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. V. 2 ad.; c', D. 8.). d\ Pull. sk. er. (S pull. sk. Tarpon Springs, June (W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. A 8.). f'-m'. <5 ad. et Tarpon Springs, Aug. (W, E. Salvin-Godman Coll. imm.; ri, o', p\ I). 8.). 2 imm. sk. o'. <$ ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Oct. ( W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. JD. 8.). rf. S ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Nov. ( W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. JD. 8.). s'~y\ 6 ad.; z'} Tarpon Springs, Dec. (W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. a". $ ad. sk. D. 8.). -^ Subsp. e. Eallus obsoletus. Kallus elegans [nee Audub), Newb. Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 96 (1857: California); CooperfySuckley, op. cit. xii. pt. 2, p. 246 (1860). Eallus elegans, var. obsoletus, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 211 (1871); Corns, B. N.-West, p. 535 (1874). 16 KAIXIDiE. Rallus obsoletus, Pidc/w. Bull. Nittt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139 (1880); id. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. pp. 11, 201 (1880) ; Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 520 (1883: W. California); Baird, Brewer, $ Midgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 337 (1884); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 140 (1880); Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 90 (1887: Ventura Co.); Eidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1889). Rallus longirostris obsoletus, Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882)- id. Key N. Amer. B. p. (372 (1884). Adult. Similar to JK, crepitans, but slightly more ashy olive above and rather more rufous on the chest. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 2-4:5, wing 0*5, tail 2-9, tarsus 2*1, middle toe and claw 2*5. Bab. California north to Oregon and Washington Territory. a. ($ ad. &k. California (W. I). Bryant: Salvin-Qodman Coll. Ilensh. Coll.). b. Ad. sk. San Francisco, California, Salvin-Qodman Coll. March28{A. W. Whipple). c. c? ad.; d, e. San Francisco, Sept., Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. § imm. sk. (H. W. Henshaw). f. Ad. sk. San Francisco Bay, Dec. (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. W. Nelson : Semh. Coll.). g. $ ad. sk. Redwood, California, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 16 {II.W.Henshatu). 3. Rallus virginianns. ? The Soree, Cateshj, Nat. Hist Carol, i. pi. 70 (1731, % . pess.). The American "Water-Rail, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 144, pi. 279 (1760). Le Rasle de Virginie, Briss. Orn. v. p. 175 (1760). Le Rasle de Pennsylvanie, Briss, Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 138 (1760). Rallus Virginian us, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 263 (1766) • Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 716 (1788); Wils. Amer. Orn. yii. pi. lxii. % 1 (1824): And. B. Amer. pi. ccv. (c. 1826) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii.' p. 12, pi. lxii. fig. 1 (1832); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 31 (1835), v. p. 573 (1839) ; Bp. Com]). List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 53 (1838) ; Aud. B. N. Amer. v. p. 174, pi. 311 (1842) j Giraud, B. Long Isl.y. 208 (1844); Gray, List Gratia Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 748 (1858) ; Sol. $Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 277 (Guatemala); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 10 (1805); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 40 (Texas) ; Coues, t c. p. 265 (Arizona); id. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1806, p. 98; Scl fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 445; Coues, Proc. Essex Inst v. p. 297 (1868); Allen, Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. i. p. 501 {186S: Iowa) • id. Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 307 (1871: Florida), iii. p. 172 (1872 : Kansas) • Aiken. Proc. Bost Soc. N. H. xv. p. 210 (1872 : Colorado) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 273 (1872); Scl § Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); Snoiv, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West p. 536 (1874); Lawr. Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. ii. p. 311 (1874; Mazatlan) ; Ilensh. Pep. Zool XOfoth Merid. p. 468 (1876: Utah : Colorado); Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 298 (1876); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 443 (1878: California); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 428 (1879) ; Ridgiu. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880) ; Coues, Chech-l N Amer. B. p. 109 (1882); Stearns, Neiu Engl Bird-Life, ii. p. 283 (1883) ; Baird, Breiver, 8? Ridgw. Water- B:N. Amer Si. p. 363 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1. RALLUS. 17 p. 673 (1884); Butcher, Auk, i. p. 178 (1884: Long Island); Young, t. c. p. 399 (500 miles from Ireland); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Beckh, t. c. p. 114 (Colorado); Loomis, t. r. p. 192 (S. Carolina); Agersb. t. c. p. 287 (Dakota) ; Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. p. 248 (1885: Labrador); A. 0. U. Check-!. N. Amer. B. p. 141 (1880); Goss, Auk, iii. p. 115 (1886 : Kansas) ; Anthony, t. c. p. 164 (Oregon); Scott, t. c. p. 385 (Arizona); 6V//W, F. <$• S. xxiv. p. 105 (1886); Beckh. Auk, iv. p. 124 (1887: Colorado); Ridgw. Man. K Amer. B. p. 138 (1887); Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 197, 234 (1887: N. California); BecU.tr. p. 637 (Bexar Co., Texas) ; Scott, Auk, vi. p. 155 (1889: Florida); Cory,B. 7F. JM. p. 254 (1889: Cuba); Thomps. Proc. U.S.Nat. yius. xiii. p. 494 (1890: Manitoba); Brewster, Auk, viii. p. 137 (1891: Suwanee River); F. II. Allen, t. c. p. 104 (Xova Si-otia); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892 : Florida) j Ii. II. Lawrence, t.c. p. 309 T (181)2: Washington Terr.). Virginian Hail, Benn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 490 (1785); Lath. Gen. Sun. iii. pt. 1, p. 228 (1785). Kallus aquaticus, var. ft, Lath. Inch Orn. ii. p. 755 (1790). Rallus limicola, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 558 (1819). Aramus virginianus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10419 (1871). Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown, all the feathers broadly centred with black, producing a strongly streaked appearance; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts somewhat more uniform brown; scapulars like the back, but of a more reddish tinge ; wing-coverts uniform dull brick-red • bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills uniform dusky brown; the inner secondaries exactly like the scapulars; tail-feathers brown, with lighter brown edges ; crown of head uniform blackish brown, with plight remains of lighter brown margins to the feathers; eyebrow, sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy grey, a little more blackish on the lores, which are surmounted by a streak of pale vinous ; eyelid and chin white; throat and under surface of body pale vinous, becoming lighter and more isabclline on the abdomen and thighs, deepening on the sides of the body ; the sides of the neck and sides of the breast brown, streaked with black like the back ; the flanks and sides of vent black, barred with white; the sides of the lower back uniform brown ; under tail-coverts black, barred with white and tipped with sandy margins like some of the lower flank-feathers; lateral under tail-coverts white, with longitudinal black centres ; under wing- coverts and axillaries dusky brown, the former tipped and the latter barred as well as tipped with white: " bill dark brown, the lower mandible and edges of upper one yellowish brown; feet yellowish brown tinged with olive, claws more dusky ; iris bright red " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 4-15, tail 1*^, tarsus 1*35, middle toe and claw 1*6. Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to che male in colour. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 3-9, tail 1*35, tarsus 1*25, middle toe and claw 1*55. Adult in tuinter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage; but the brown colour of the upper surface is rather lighter, by reason of the broader brown edges to the feathers. VOL. XXIII. o IS BALLIDiE. Young in first plumage. For the most part black interspersed with the feathers of the adult plumage, but with a great deal of white on the throat and breast, and generally distinguishable by the shorter bill. JSrestling. Entirely black all over. Hab. North America generally, wintering in Central America, as far as Guatemala. a, b. Ad. sk. c, cl d* ad. sk. North America. Waldron Island, British Columbia, June 25. J. J. Audubon, Esq. [P.]. Dr. Lyall [P.]. e. Ad. sk. / . Ad. sk. g. § ad. sk. h. Pull. sk. i $ ad. sk. Waukegan, Illinois ( W. M. Beid: Sm.no. 18814). Hockford, Illinois (Blackman : Sin. no. 2o0S0). Cambridge, Mass., May 19 (HW.Henshaw). Concord, Mass. (W. Brewster : Hensh. Coll.), New Haven, Connecticut, Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. *, /. 6 $ ad. sk. on. $ ad. sk. n,o,p. <$ ad. j q. $ ad. sk. ?\ Ad. sk. s. Ad. sk. June 7 (A. J. Bay an: Hensh. Coll.). LakeBorgue, Louisiania, Mar., April (H. IF". Henshaio). Brownsville, Texas, April 4 (F. B. Armstrong). San Luis Obispo, California, Oct. (H. W. Henshaio). Near the City of Mexico. Tizimin, Northern Yucatan, Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. t, ?/. Ad. et juv. sk. v. $ ad. sL June 23 (G. F. Gaumer). Duenas, Guatemala, Sept., Oct. (0. Sahiri). Ciudad Vieja, Guatemala, Sept. (0. Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. 4. Eallus aeojLatorialis. (Plate II. fig. 1.) Itallus virginianus (nee £.), Scl. P. Z. &'. 1877, p. 523, note (Lima); Berl. $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 313 (W. Ecuador), 1885, p. 112 (Kiobamba); Tacz. Orn. Ferou, iii. p. 314 (1886). Adult. Similar to B>. virginianus, but having the lateral under tail-coverts pure white, without black centres or black on the inner web. General colour also paler and the thighs externally paler grey: " upper mandible brown; lower one reddish brown; feet dirty flesh-colour; iris reddish brown" (J. Stolzmami). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 4, tail 1*65, tarsus 1-25, middle toe and claw 1*5. Hab. Colombia to Peru. a. Juv. sk. Bogota, Dr. J. E. Gray. b} c. Ad. etjuv.sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll. 1 . EALLUS. 11) d. Ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. e. Ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvm-Gndman Coll. / . Ad. sk. Lima, Peru (W. Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll. 5. Eallns semiplumlbeiis. (Plate III.) Hallus semiplumbeus, Scl P. Z. S. ISoC, p. 31; Schl Mus. Pays- Bas, Ralli, p. 11 (1805); Scl fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 445 5 iid. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873) ; Pels. Ibis, 1875, p. 332 (between Ilio Negro and Orinoco): Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 314 (1884). Aramus semiplumbeus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10421 (1869). Limnopardalis semiplumbeus, HeinefyReichen. Nomenel. Mus. Hem. p. 321 (1890). Adult. Similar to R. virginianus on the upper surface, and having the same chestnut wings, but differing in the colour of the under surface, which, is slaty grey like the sides of the face; lower flanks and feathers of the vent black, with sandy tips; the long under tail-coverts white, with subterminal spots of black, some of the feathers black along the inner web; sides of the upper breast uniform olive-brown. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 4*3, tail 1"75, tarsus 1*5, middle toe and claw 1*8. Hah. Colombia. a, b, c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. d. Ad. sk. Bogota. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.]. (Type of species.) 6. Kallus antarcticus. Hallus antarcticus, King, Zool Journ. iv. p. 95 (1828); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 333 (Chili); Id. §• Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 445; iid. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 437 (Sandy Point); iid. Rep. Voy. l Challenger} ii. Birds, p. 108 (1880); Barrotos, Auk, i. p. 270 (1884); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. § Muds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 148 (1889); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 133 (1891: Punta Arenas). Hallus xufopemiis, Gray, List Grallce in Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1844 : descr. nulla). Ortygometra antarctica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846). Hallus u\lginosus,(Tilippi, Arch. Nat. 1858, p. 83 (Santiago). Ararous antarcticus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 1042(3 (1871). Adult. Similar to R. virginianus on the upper surface, but much paler, especially on the scapulars and inner secondaries, which have broad sandy-brown margins; the sides of the face and under surface of body grey; the flanks blackish barred with white; the feathers of the vent black with sandy margins; the long under tail-coverts entirely white; under wing-coverts white with dusky bases; axillaries blackish, distinctly barred with white; sides of breast brown, streaked with black like the sides of the neck ; "upper 20 EALLlDiE. mandible dark rod, lower one bright red; feet and toes dark purple; iris reddish brown" (F. IVitlmujton). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 3-6, tail 1-7, tnmis 1*1, middle toe and claw 1*35. Hah. Argentina to Central Chili and Patagonia. a. 2 ad. fck. Lomas cle Zamora, Buenos Sclater Coll. Aires, June 19 {F. Wellington). b. Ad. fek. Cliili. C. Bridges [C.]. (Type of B. rvfopennh.) c. Ad. sk. Chili (Dr. Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. d. e, f. Ad. ct Central Chili. Beikeley James Coll. imra. sk. (/. Ad. &k. Prov. of Santiago (Philippi). iSalvin-G-odman Coll. h. 2 iaim. bk. Handy Point, Straits of Voy.H.MS. 'ChalMagellan. lenger.7 7. Rallns aquaticus. The Water Rail, Albin, Nat Hist. B. i. p. 73, pi. 77 (1738); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 227 (1785); Tarretl, Brit. B. iii. p. 24 (184.3). Le Rasle d'eau, Briss. Orn. v. p. 151, pi. 12. fig. 2 (1760) : Daubent. PI Bnl. ix. pi. 749. Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 262 (1760) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 712 (1788); Pall Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 153 (1811); Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. xxviii. p. 552 (1819); Temm. Man. cTOrn. ii. p. 683 (1820); Rom, Orn. Prov. pi. 329 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 33 (1827); Brehm, Vog. Beutsrhl. p. 091 (1831) ; Minetr. Cat. raiss. Cam. p. 52 (1832); Gould, B. Fur. iv. pi. 339 (1837) ; Naum. Tog. DeutscM. ix. Taf. 235 (1838; ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 445 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. p. lxviii (1840); Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 274 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 118 (1842); Schl. Iter. Crit p. civ (1844); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1844) ; id Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846); Hewits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 322, pi. xc. fig. 2 (1840); Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 322 (1850); Reichenb. Ilamlb., Fulicarim, Taf. cxv. figs. 1143-1145 (1851); Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 521 (1852); Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. pi. xxxviii. fig. 2, Suppl. pi. xviii. fig. 2 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 257 (1854); Ilevgl Syst Uebers. p. 64 (1856); Jaab. el Barth.- Lapomm. Mich. 6m, p. 486 (1859); Salmn, Lbis, 1859, p. 00 (B. Atlas); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 129 (1860); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 80 (Laghouat) ; Poivi/s, t. c. p. 349 (Epirus) ; Schl. Bier, Nederl Tog. pi. 26. fig. 9 (1861) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. 45. fi°\ 1 (18C3); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 86 (1863); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 149 (Malta); Sperling, t. c. p. 288 (Mediterranean); Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 410 (1863); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 177 (1863); Gigl, Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (1863); More, t. c. p. 440; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Kalli, p. 10 (1865) ; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 251 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282 (Iceland); Loche, EtpL Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 336 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 327 (Palestine) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 106 (1869); Boderl Avif. Sicii p. 198(1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 35. fig. 8 (1870); Saluad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 229 (1871); Saunders, Ibis. 1871, 1 . BALLTJS. p. 225 (S. Spain); Fritsch, X f. 0. 1871, p. 380 (Bohemia): J2. Gray, B. W. Scot!, p. 334 (1871); Hurting, Handb. Brit. B, p. 57 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 273 (1872) ; Ileuqlm, Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt, 1, p. 1246 (1873: Nile Delta; Adowaj; Seoertz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia); Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 222 (1874); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 144 (1875); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 186 (Heligoland); JDanf. <§* Harvie-Broiori t. c. p. 418 (Transylvania); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 18L (1875); Dresser, B. Fur. Tii. p. 257, pi. 495 (1878) ;* Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 145 (1879); Hume fy Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 261 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Collin, Skand. Fugle, Taf. xxx\iii. tig. 2, Suppl. pi. xviii. fig. 2 (1879); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 98 (Gilgit); Utility, t. c. p. 591; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 226 (Astraehan); Marsch. # Felz. Orn. Vindob. p. 117 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 146 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus); Irby, t c. p. 185 (Santander); Booth, Bough Notes, vol. ii. (1883); Samders, ed. Yarrell, Br. B. iii. p. 159 (1883); Seeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 552, pi. 23 (1884); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 125 (1884); Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 92 (Andalueia); Eagle Clark, t. c. p. 147 (Sclavonia); Saunders, t. c. p. 388 (Pyrenees); Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 49 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 384 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 44 (Corsica); Bilchner, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 207 (St. Petersburg) ; Zarudn. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1885, p. 66; Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital. pi. cccix. (1886); id. Avif. Ital. p. 348 (1886); Olphe-Gall. Coutr. Faun. Orn. Eur. occid. fasc. xvi. p. 6 (1887); Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 233 (1887) ; Backh. Ibis, 1887, p. 73 (E. Pyrenees); Tait, t. c. p. 381 (Portugal); Hartert, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 265 (Niederrliein); Scully, X A. S. Beng. Ivi. p. 87 (1887); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 89 (1889); Gigl. Avif. Ital. 1st Eesoc. p. 538 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 336 (Cyprus) ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vdg. Eeutschl. p. 44 (1889); Madardsz, Aust. Ungar. Vogelf p. 112 (1891); Reiser, Vdg. Mas. Sarajevo, p. 116 (1891) j Bird, Zool. 18U0, pp. 458-460 (Norfolk); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 151 (1891); Sharpe, Hep. 2nd Yark. Miss. Aves, p. 146 (1891); Giitke, Vogelw. Helgoland, p. 529 (1891); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xx. (1891); Hartert, Ibis} 1892, p. 513 (E. Prussia). Le Rale d'eau, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 154, pi. 13 (1781). Scolopax obscura,'#. G. Gmel. Beise Bussl. iii. p. 90, pi. 17 (1784). Kallus sericeus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p, 33 (1816). Rallus germanicus, Brehm, Vdg. DeutscM. p. 690 (1831). Kallus minor, Brehm, Vogelf p. 328 (1855). Kallus f uscilateralis, Brehm, Vogelf p. 328 (1855). Kallus indicus, pt., Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 726 (1864). Aranius aquaticus, Gray, HandA. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10408 (1871). Adult male in summer jplumage. General colour above olive-brown, broadly streaked with black, the feathers being all longitudinally centred with black, the ramp more -uniform olive-brown; the upper tail-coverts centred with bkek like the back; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back; the outer coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and wings bl?ekish brown, quite uniform, or slightly 22 RALLIDJK. washed with olive externally ; the first primary pale brown along the outer wol>; tail-feathers blackish, externally olive-brown; crown of head and hind neck like the back, more minutely streaked with black ; a broad eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of body dark slaty grey, with a slight dusky shade on the lores and region of the eye; throat and fore neck rather lighter grey than the breast; sides of upper breast olive-brown centred with black like the back; flanks and sides of vent black, transversely barred with white ; lower abdomen and vent isabelline buff; under tail-coverts black, barred with white and tipped with isabelline buff, the lateral under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillarics- black, barred and edged with white; quills ashy blackish below. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 4*9, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*5. Adult female. Similar to the male but rather smaller: " bill above nostril very dark brown, below nostril and lower mandible orange-red; feet light fleshy brown; iris orange-red" (W. 1L Ogilvie Grant, MSS.) Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 4*2, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*4. Adult in tuinter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but decidedly browner ; the underparts freckled with light brown edges to the feathers, each margin preceded by a dusky subterminal line; the lower flanks and thighs strongly washed with fulvous brown ; the outer upper wing-coverts with zigzag wrhite bars; throat whitish. Young similar to the winter plumage of the adults, but with a whiter throat, and the whole of the centre of the breast and abdomen whitish, slightly washed with brown and with obscure dusky bars ; outer wing-coverts with narrow white bars. Nestling black. Hab. Europe generally, except the extreme northern parts, eastwards to Central Asia, wintering in N.W. India and Northern Africa. a. Ad. sk. Taken at Sea, Lat. 4G° 48' N., Salvin-Gudman Coll. Long. 11° 30' W., Oct. 24 (W. Osbum). b, c. (S 2 ad. sk. Great Britain. Hume Coll. d. Imm.; e, f. Great Britain. Gould Coll. Pull. sk. g, L Ad. sk. Castle Caulfield, Co. Tyrone, J. Y. W. Burges, Ireland, Jan., Oct. Esq, [P.]. ?, h, I Pull. st. Orkney Islands. Mr. J. Baker. m. <$ ad.; n. Imm. Island of Tiree, Dec. 14. Col. Irby [P.]. sk. o. Ad. sk. St. Andrews, Nov. (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. W. JR.). p. Ad.sk. Whitehall, Midlothian, August Tweeddale Coll. (JR. Q. W. It). q. Ad. sk. Spurn Head, Lincolnshire, Theodore Fisher, August Esq. [P.]. r, s. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [0.]. t, u, v. Ad. sk. Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire. Salvin-Godman Coll. w. <$ ad. sk. Didlington, Norfolk, Jan, Gould Coll. 1. R\LLT7S. 23 r. Ad. hk. ?/. $ ad. sk. 3. cj1 ad. sk. a'. Ad. sk. M Fers. D«w&/. p. 70 (1823). Gallinula c;esia, *SJw>, -*iy. i?/m\ ii. p. 73, Taf. xcv. (1824). Ballus cjesins, Swains. An. in Menay. p. 335 (1837); Gray, Lid Or alia Brit. Mas. p. 115 (1844). Aramides cabins, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (184G). Aramides immaculatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (184G). Aramides nigricans, Hartl ' Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1S47J; Burm. Rein. La-Plata St. ii. p. 504 (1801). A ram us nigricans, Gray, Hand-l.B. iii. p. GO, no. 10423 (1871). Adult male. Similar to I. rt/tuliynchus, but wanting the bright rod spot at the base of the lower mandible, and further distinguished by its white throat and perfectly black under tail-coverts and tail: " bill bright green, yellowish or greenish yellow at the base ; feet bright cored-red ; iris brilliant carmine " (Neuwied). Total length 12 inches, culmen 2*25, wing 5*3, tail 1*75, middle toe and claw 2*45. Hob. South America, from Brazil to Peru and U.S. Colombia. a, b. Ad. sk. South America. Gould Coll. c. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Clausen [P.". d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman "Coll. e. (S ad. bk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. (Joyner). f. Ad.sk. Santa Fe, Minas Geraes, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll. (II. Rogers). ta, Ji. Ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. ?'. Ad. sk. Brazil. Lieut Maw [P.], h. Juv.sk. Pacasmayo, K Peru (Jeklci). Salvin-Godman Coll. /, m. $ ad. sk. Medellin, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll. (T, K Salmon). 3. HYPOTJENIDIA, ^ Type. Ilypotxiomdia, Rekhenb. Syst. Av. p. xxiii (1852). . II. philippinensis. Lewinia, Bp. C. Ii. xliii. p. 599 (1850) II. brachypus. Donacias, Ileine in Heine § Pteichen. Nomencl. Mus. Rein. p. 321 (1890) H. brachypus. Range. From Southern China to the Burmese countries, Eastern portion of the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, the whole of the Indo-Malayan region, and the Moluccas to Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. a. Throat white. a'. Breast uniform; no white eyebrow. a". Mantle and upper back spotted with white and mottled with black. a'". Lores ashy j under tail-coverts barred with black ^ striata, p. 33. b'". Lores blackish; under tail-coverts black with narrow white bars ... . obscurior, p. 37. 3 . HyPOTJSSIDU. b". ^Mantle "brown, broadly streaked with black, but not having white spots . . brachypus, p. 37. b\ Breast barred with white and more narrowly v% ith black; a white evebrow; ,,.,. . . ^ quills externally chequered with rufous! \pl"hpi»»™™> P- f; b. Throat black, or black narrowly barred with i^cquanensis, p. 43. white. c. A ferruginous band across the chest .... torqmta, p. 43. d'. No chestnut band across the chest, which is barred across with black and while. c". A. broad band of white along the sides of the face. c'". Throat black, barred with white .. celebensis, p. 45. d'". Throat black. cK Only the throat black : larger saturata, p. 45. dK Throat and fore neck black: smaller sulcirostris, p. 4(5. d". No white band on the sides of the face, the cheeks being rufous brown like the sides of the head; thighs and under tail-coverts uniform black ... . insignis, p. 40. 1. Hypotasnidia striata. Le Easle raye" des Philippines, Briss. Orn. v. p. 167, pi. xiv. fig. 2 (1760> Rallus striatum Linn. S. K i. p. 262 (1766); Gm. S. X. i. p. 714 (1788) j StricJcl P. Z. S. 1840, p. 105; Bh/th, Cat. B. Mm. A*. Soc. p. 28o (1849); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 503 (Punjab); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 427 (Formosa); Jerd. B. 1ml iii. p. 726 (181)4); Swinh. Ibis, 1805, p. 355, 1806, p. 294; Bli/t/i, Ibis, 1807, p. 172 ; IIoMm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 470: Gudiv.-Ausi, J. A. S. Bene}, xliii. p. 175 (1874: Shillong). Le Tiklin ray£, Bvff. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 101 (1781). Philippine Bail, var. c, Lath. Gm. Sijn. iii. pt. 1, p. 232 (1785). Pallus gularis, Rorsf. Tr. Linn Soc. xiii. p. 190 (1821); Baffles, t. c. p. (328 (1822); Fyton, P. Z. S. 1,^39, p. 107 (Malacca); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1840) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150 (Tavoy) ; Bernst. J. f. O. 1801, p. 190 (Java); Scl. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 223 (Banj arm asking). Rail us albiventer, Sivains. An. in Meting, p. 337 (1837). Hypotfenidia striata, Svhl. Mvs. Pays-Has, Ralli, p. 24 (1865: China; 'Cochin China; Luzon; Java); Stoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 415 ; Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 95 (1872: Celebes) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 383 (Marup); Hume, Nests § Eggs Lid. B. p. 005 (1873); Saivad. Ucc. Born. p. 336 (1874) ; Bh/th $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 161 (1875); Wald. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 232 (1875: Luzon); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 483 (1874: Tenasserim), iii. p. 185 (1875: Pegu) ; Armstr. Str. F. iv. p. 349 (1870 : Syriam); Oafes, Str. F. v. p. 165 (1877); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 471 (Tonghoo); Tweedd. P. Z. S 1877, p. 768 (Cebu), p. 834 (Butuan); David <§• Oust Ois. Chine, p. 488 (1877); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 345 (S. Leyte); Hume $ Davison, Str. P. vi. p. 468 (1878: Tenasserim); Hume, Str. P. vii. p. 489 (1878: Calcutta); Anderson, ZooL Yun-nan Exped., Birds, p. 692 (1878 : Momien); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 775 (1879j; Sharps, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 352 (Labuan); Tiraut, Bull Comm. Agric. Cochin Chine, (3) i. p. 160 (1879); Hmne, Str. F. viii. VOL. xxin. D 34 RAnmaE. p. 70 (1870: Malay Peninsula), p. 113; id. 8f Marsh. Game B. Lid. ii. p. 224.), pi. 43. tig. 2 (1879;; Vidal^Str. F. ix. p. 87 (1880: S. Konkan) ; Bin$'.). Lewinia albi\ enter, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Eulabeornis celebensis (nee Q. $f 67.), JPelz. Reis. ' Novara/ Voy. p. 134 (18C5 ; av. juv.). Eulabeornis striatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10378 (1871) ; id. Fuse. B. China, p. 6 (1871). Eulabeornis albiventer, Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 10389 (1871). Gallinula gularis, Gray, Fuse. B. China, pi. ix. (1871). Hypotsenidia jouyi, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. ix. p. 3G2 (1886) ; 'Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 500 (Shanghai; breeds). Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, the feathers centred with black and barred with wavy, non-continuous bars of black; wing-coverts like the back and similarly barred, as also the inner secondaries; bastard-wing and primary-coverts and quills blackish, with pure white spots and bars ; tail-feathers blackish, washed with olive-brown and narrowly barred with, white; crown of head, hind neck, and sides of neck chestnut, becoming brighter on the latter, the centre of the crown somewhat blackish ; lores, sides of face and ear-coverts, lower throat, fore neck, and breast slaty grey; chin and upper throat white; sides of body and flanks, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, as well as the under wing- coverts and axillaries, black, barred with white, the bands much Broader on the sides of the body : " basal half of bill rose-pink, the anterior half horn-colour; legs and toes deep olive-brown: claws pale brown; iris red" (E. W. Oates). Total length 9*7 inches, oilmen 1*5, wing 4*75, tail 1*85, tarsus 1-45. Adult female. Similar to the male, but paler in colour and decidedly more olive, the head not so bright chestnut; the white bars on the lower parts much tinged with fulvous. Total length 9*4 inches, oulmen 1-4, wing 4*35, tail 1-6, tarsus 1*4. In winter the plumage is entirely overshaded with olive-brown, and there is a distinct fulvescent tinge on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, almost hiding the black bars on the latter. Young. Differs from the adults in having the bill black, and the upper surface much darker and without any white spots and bars on the back; the head blackish, and the back darker olive- brown, with broad black centres to the feathers; no rufous on the head or sides of crown and sides of neck. 3 . HIPOTJENIMA. 35 I have carefully examined our scries of this species to see if there was anything to confirm Dr. Stejneger's description of Rallusjouyi, and with that view I selected three specimens which illustrated the characters given by him for H. striata, II. gularis, and //. jouyi. A specimen from Cebu answers to his II. striata, another* from Malacca to his H. gularis, and another from Formosa to his E. jouyi. I then selected a large series with the lower breast not barred, all of which ought to be, according to Dr. Stejneger, either H. striata or H. gularis; but when I came to examine the secondary character of the white spots on the primary-coverts, T was at once met with an amount of variation which shows that no reliance can be placed on this character. I append a list of the localities of the specimens examined:— a. With white bars and white spots on the primary-coverts well developed.—Pegu (Oates), Penang (Cantor), Malacca (Davison), Singapore (Davison). h. Specimens with few spots.—Pegu (Oaies), Penang {Cantor), KLang (Davison), Malacca (Maingay), Nealys (Davison), Johore (Davison). c. Specimens with no spots.—Klang (Davison), Malacca (Maingay), Johore (Davison), Singaporo (Davison), There is equal variation in the amount of barring on the breast, even in specimens from the same locality, and I confess that I cannot separate H. jouyi, or //. gularis, on this account. The Malaecan birds are certainly whiter on the abdomen and lower breast than birds from many other localities, but it is equally certain that there are many specimens from Malacca which are inseparable from H. gularis. Of course it is possible that these may be migratory specimens, which winter in Malacca ; bub there seems to be every gradation between these and the white-breastt d form, so that at present I am unable to find a constant character to separate the three races as Dr. Stejneger proposes; and I think that the differences in plumage can be accounted for on the score of age alone, Hah. Ceylon and Southern India to Eastern Bengal, thence through the Burmese countries to China and down the Malayan Peninsula to the Indo-Malayan Islands. a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. T. Thwaites, Esq. [0.]. b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hume Coll. c. (S ad. sk. Ceylon, March 12 (Nevill). Tweeddale Coll d. 6 ad. sk. Cotta, Western Province, Hume Coll. Ceylon (Mart). e. Ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.]. f. g. $ ad. sk. West Coast of Madras. Hume Coll. 'h/cS ad. sk. Madras. Hume Coll. i. $ ad. sk. Kotagherry, March 15 (Miss Hume Coll. Cockburn). k, I 6 ? ad. sk. Belgaum, July, Sept. (E. A, Hume Coll. Butler). D2 3G m. 2 ad. ak« «. Ad. sic. o-/. (S ad. et imm.; u-y. $ ad. el imm. sk. z. $ ad. sk. d, b'. <$ $ ad. sk. c'-e'. Ad. sk. /'. Ad. sk. //. <$ ad. sk. //'. c? ad. sk. *', &'. d1 $ ad. sk. J'. $ ad. sk. m', 2 iaiin. sk. M'-V'. Ad. et juv. sk. ?/-.?•'. (S ; y'-a". $ ad. et juv, sk. //'. Juv. sk. c", d". Ad. sk. e". Ad.;/',/'. Juv. sk. 7*"-/". Ad. sk. m". 5 iu"n. sk. n", o". <$ $ ad. sk. ])". Ad. sk. (187,3). Hvpotamidia striata (nee L.), IValden, Ibis, 1874, p. 146 • Itar 6fc-. F ii. p. 305 (1874). ' Hypotaenidia obscuviora, iTww, &?r. F. ii. p. 302 (1S74); iv. p. 2SJ1 '(1870); id. Mr. F. viii.p. 113 (1879); id. $ Marsh. Game Kind. ii. p. 253, pi. 43. tig. 1; Octo, ed. Hume's Xests & Fags Lid. B. iii. p. 400 (1890). JJ Ilypottenidia ferrea, Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 147. Hypotaenidia abnormis, Hume, titr.F. iii. t>. 389 (1875), & iv p fc?9l "(1870) ; id. Str. F. Vul p. 113 (1879). x Adult male. Similar to H. striata, but everywhere darker; the back and wings blacker and the rufous of the head deeper and more of a vinous chestnut; the grey of the throat and breast much darker and the flanks and sides of body blackish, more narrowly barred with white ; bill larger than in IF striata : " bill horny, light red at gape ; feet dark greenish horny; iris brown " (W. Davison). Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*7, wings Q-O, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*6. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5*2, tail 2*5, tarsus 1*3. Hab. Andaman Islands. a. b. Juv. bis. $ ad. sk. Corbyn's Cove, S. Andamans, Sept. 2o(A. de Roepstorff). South Andamans, Apiil 2o (R. G. W. M.). Hume Coll. (Type of II. abnormis.) Tweedclale Coll. (Types of II. ferrea) (*, d. $ $ ad. sk. South Andamans, June, Sept. Hume Coll. (Ii. J. Wimberleij). e. J ad. sk. South Andamans, Sept. 25 (F. Hume Coll. A. de Roepdorff). f)g. tfad.; h. £ Port Blair, July (II J. Wim- Tweedclale Coll. ad. sk. berley). i, k. ad. sk. Port Blair, Aug. (R. J. Wim- Hume Coll. berley). 1. Ad. sk. Mount Harriet, Nov. 20 ( W. Hume Coll. Davison), m-o. $ ad. sk. Aberdeen, April, May (IF. Hume Coll. Davison). 2. Hypotaenidia bracliypus *. Rallus pectoralis (nee Gould), Less. TraitS, p. 530 (1831, ex Cuvier MSS. tn Mus. Paris; descr. nulla); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (184G) j Puclier. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 276. Rallus bracliypus, ttwains. An. in Menag. p. 336 (1837); Gray, List * Allied to this species is the apparently extinct HYPOT/ENIDLV PACIPICA. Pacific Kail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pfc. 1, p. 255 (1785). Rallus pacificus, Gm. Syst. Fat. i. p. 717 (1788); Forster, Icon. ined. pi. 128; id. Descr. Anim. p. 177 (1S44); WiglcbW. AbhandL l\ Mm. JOresd. no. 6, p. CO (1891). "Black, with white spots or bars ; abdomen, throat, and eyebrow white; hind neck ferruginous; breast grey; bill blood-red * iris red" (Forster). Hab. Tahiti. 38 B iLLIDJE. Grader Brit. Mm. p. 115 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1840); Reichenb. Ilandb., Fulic. tab. cccv. figs. 2407-68 (18o2); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 336 (18()5j; #// (1831); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1844); id. Gen.B iii. p. 593 (1846); Peak, U.S. Rvpl Rxped. p. 22 (1848); ITartl. J. f. 0. 18547 p. 169; Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 51 (1859) ; Hartl Ibii, 1864, p. 232 (Fiji); id. P. Z. S 1867, p. 831 (Pelew Isl.); Buller, B. N. Zeal, p.* 176, pi. 20. fig. 2 (1873); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft riii. p. 37 (1875: Pelew Islands); Sharps, Voy. Erebus $ Terror, App. p. 29 (1878); Bruggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, y. p. 92 (1876); Tristr. Ibis, 1876, p. 265 (New Hebrides); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 375 (1876 : New Britain); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 785 (Ninafou, Friendly Isl.); Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 156 (Direction Isl), I882,p. U) (Java) ; Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 95, pi. 33. fig. 2 (1888). Le Rale raye des Philippines, Daubent. Pi. Bnl. ix. pi. 774. Le Tiklin, ou Rale des Philippines, Bvff. Mist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 160 (1781). Philippine Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 230 (1785), & rar. A, p. 231, pi. lxxxvi. ? Rale Tiklin, Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 35 (1824: Guam). Rallus assimilis, Gray, in JDieffenb. Trav. N. Z. ii. App. p. 197 (1843); id. Voy. Brebus § Terror, Birds, p. 14 (1844); id. List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 239 (Cook's Straits, N. Z.); Finsch, J. f. O. 1867, pp. 334, 336. Rallus pacificus, var., Forster, Icon. ined. pi. 127 ; Licht. JDescr, Anim. p. 178 (1844) ; Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 51 (1859). Porzana philippensis, Reichenb. Ha?idb., Fulic. tab. cxviii. figs. 1173™ 74 (1851). Rallus pectoralis (nee Citvier), Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 76 (1848): Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 154 (1851); id. Handb., Fulic. Novit. tab. xlii. figs. 2465-66 (1851); Mocg. Voy. 'Rattlesnake; ii. p. 358 (1852: Torres Straits); Cass. U.S. Expl. Biped., Birds, p. 303 (1858); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, p 62 (1859); id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 52 (1859); Krefft, Ibi% 1862, p. 191 (Brampton Shoals) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 325 ; Ptlz. Reis. Nomra, Vog. p. 134 (1865); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 180 (1865); id. J. f. O. 1867, p. 336; id. fy Hartl. Faun. Centralp. p. 157, Taf. iii*. fig. 3 (1867; egg); iid. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 4, 8, 117, 118 (Pelew Isl.); Mutter, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280; Finsch $ Hartl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 548 (Tonga); iid. J. f. O. 1870, pp. 122, 136, 354 (New Zealand); Graeffe, t. c. pp. 402, 414 ; Hartl. $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 25 (Savai), 1872, pp. 89, 1071 (Pelew Isl.); Finsch, J.f. 0.1872, pp. 33 (Savai; Upolu), 53,181,1874, pp. 172, 200; Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 439 (Fiji); Whitmee, Ibis, 1875, p. 440 (Samoa) ; Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (Fiji Islands) ; id. P. Z. S 1876, p. 49(5 (Samoa) ; Cab. cy Reichen. J. f. O. 1876, p. 326 (Fiji); Hartl. Vog. Madaq. p. 339 (1877: Mauritius); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 336 (Mauritius) ; W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 127 (Raine Isl.); Finsch, J. f. O. 1878, p. 181; Nehrk. J. f. O. 1879, p. 408 (eggs); Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 6o (New Britain); E. L. $ L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 232 (Loyalty Isl.); L. C. Layard, t.c. 40 IUILIDJE. p. 305 (New Britain) ; IT. A. Forbes, Toy. « Challenger: ii. p. 02 (1880) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1882, pp. HO, 144 (S. Christoval) : Finseh, t. c. p. 399 (Wanpfimui) ; F. L. # L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 530 (New (Caledonia), p. 544 (New Hebrides); Finsch, Tog. der SiUUee, p. 21 (1884: New Britain; breeds) ; Reichen. J.f 0. lb(Jl; p. 127 (Fiji). Kallus forsteri, Bartl. Arch. f Nat. 1852, p. 136; id. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 169; id. # i^srA, Or;/. Centralpoh/n p. 102 (1867) ; /zVZ. P. Z. & 1809, p. -544; iid. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 25 (Sayai). Ilvpotasnidia pectoralis, Reuhenb. Av. 8yst. Nat. p. xxiii (1852) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 776 (1880). Hvpottcnidia philippensis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856); Schl Mus. 'Bays-Bas, Kalli, p. 23 (1865) ; Gould, llandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 334 (lbf>5); Ramsay, Ibh, 180(3, p. 335 (Port Deni&on) ; Marie, Actes 8oc. Linn. Bordeaux, xx\ii. p. 328 (1870); Wald. Tram. Z. 8. viii. p. 95 (1872); Feb. Ibis, 1873, p. 41; Ttceedd. Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 231 (1875); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 677 (1875), viii. p. 385 (1876: Bourou); Tweedd. B. Z. S. 1877, p. 702 (Monte Alban); Ramsay, Broc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. JT. ii. p. 199 (1877) ; id. B. Z. 8. 1877, p. 344 (N.K. Queensland); Layard, Ibis, LS7S, p. 263 (Huon 14.) ; Rownb. Malay. Arch. p. 278 (1878-79) : Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Celebes); 8cl. Ibis, 1880, p. 312; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 776 (1880); 8alvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. x\iii. p. 319 (1882) ; id. Orn. Bapuasia etc. iii. p. 261 (1882); Blasiu.% J. f. O. 1883, p. 139 (Celebes); id. Zeitschr. yet. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1886) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 2L (1888). IlypotflBiridia etorques, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856, ex Temm. 3188.: Celebes). Uallus etorques, Temm. Mus. Lugd., teste Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Kalli, p. 23 (1865). Ilypotaenidia absimilis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Kallus hypotsenidia, Terr, et Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zoul. I860, p. 437 (New Caledonia). Kallus rufopes, Ellman, Zool 1861, p. 7470. Kallina philippensis, Wall B. Z. 8. 1803, p". 36 (Bouru), p. 487 (Timor). Kallus striatus, pi , Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865). Kallus (Eulabeornis) philippensis, Martens, J.f O. 1866, p. 28. Kallus hypoleucus, Hartl §• Finsch, Faun/ Centralpolyn. p. 163 (1867); iid. J. f. O. 1870, p. 122; iid. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 545 (Tonga), 1871, p. 25. Eulabeornis philippensis, Gray, Ha?id~l B. iii. p. 57, no. 10377 (1871). Eulabeornis assimilis, Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 10380 (1871). Eulabeornis hypoleucus, Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 10386 (1871). Eulabeornis etorques, Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 10379 (1871). Kallus pictus, Potts, Ibis, 1870, p. 36 (Westland, N. Z.); id. Trans. N. Z. Inst. iv. p. 202 (1871); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 37; id. Trans. N, Z. Inst v. p. 199, pi. xviii. (1872). Ilypotaenidia australis, Bek. Ibis, 1873, p. 43; Ramsay, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 209 (1877), iii. p. 40 (1878). Kallus philippinensis, Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488. ? Hypoteemdia striata, Rosenb. {nee L.) Malay. Arch. p. 373 (1878 79, Koor, Goram). Adult male. General colour above ochraceous brown, all the feathers black, with ochraceous edgings, and spangled with white 3 . nrPOTJENIDIA. 41 spots on the feathers of the mantle and back; lower back and ram]) ocbiaceous brown, with black centres to tho feathers, but no white spots; wTing-coverts like the back, but more uniform, and with scarcely any spots on the lesser and median series, tho greater series, however, having large white spots and intermediate bars of black; bastard-wing feathers black, chequered with white spots and bars ; primary-coverts rufous, olive-brown at tip and banded with black; quills rufous, banded with black, and black at the tips, the first two primaries chequered on the outer web and barred on the inner web with white; secondaries blackish, externally and at the tips ochraceous brown, with numerous ovate spots or bars, the innermost secondaries ochraceous brown, with broad black centres resembling the back; tail-feathers ochraceous brown centred with black; crown of head olive-brown, witn black longitudinal spots to the feathers; the hinder neck ferruginous, mottled with blackish centres to the feathers, which are edged with olive-biown, obscuring the rufous; lores and a broad band through the eye dusky brown, becoming rufous on the ear-coverts and extending to the sides of the neck, where it is a little brighter rufous; over the lores a white band extending above the eye, and continued in a broad band of light ashy grey above the ear-coverts and extending to the sides of the nape ; cheeks light ashy grey, extending over the fore neck, which is washed with brown; fore part of the cheeks and throat white : remainder of under surface white, with black bars, very distinct, but narrow on the sides of the fore neck, broader and more regular on the sides of the body, where the feathers have olive- brown tips; the flank-feathers distinctly barred with black and white, the black bands being the broader; feathers at the sides of the vent tawny buff, black at the base, and barred with white: the long under tail-coverts black, with white bars, tawny buff at the ends, the lower coverts tawny buff, with black bases ; thighs tawny buff, dusky brown behind; under wing-coverts black, broadly edged with white; axillaries black, barred across with white: "bill warm-brown ; feet and claws light greyish brown; iris Indian-red" (A. H. Everett). Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5*7, tail 2*65, tarsus 1*55, middle toe and claw 1*85. I am unable to separate II. australis, Pelz., from Australia, or H. assimills, Gray, from New Zealand, from true II. pJiiUpjjinensis. At the same time I must admit that there is a considerable amount of variation in the plumage, which it is difficult to account for. The nestlings, according to Sir Walter Buller, are covered with black down. Tho next stage is illustrated by a specimen in 3dr. Rothschild's collection, which shows the brown plumage to be much less spotted with white, and this is also borne out by full- grown young birds ; so that we may safely argue that profuse white spotting is a sign of age, and that its extreme development is a sure sign of a very old bird. The under surface of the nestling is fulvescent, with dusky blackish bars on the sides of the body, and a distinct shade of orange-buff on the lower throat and fore neck. The full- grown young bird is rather lighter below, the centre of the breast and 42 RALLIDiE. abdomen being white, with scarcely any dusky cross bars, which are, however, more distinct on the sides of the body. There is a distinct indication of an orange-buff band on the fore neck. As every young bird in the collection carries this orange-buff band on the throat, it is evident that it is to some extent a sign of immaturity. The next stage is shown by a Philippine specimen, which has nearly completed its moult, and here we find that the lower throat, above the orange band, is barred with black and white. This is apparently the next definite stage of the plumage, and then gradually, as the bird gets older, it loses the orange band altogether. The large majority of Australian birds possess a broad praepeetoral band, and I have never seen a single specimen which had absolutely lost all trace of the orange, as is the case with the majority of the Philippine and Fijian specimens. It is probable that in the last two localities the loss of the praepectoral band is as much a feature of the species as its development is characteristic of the Australian form. Yet there is no reason for separating the species into races, because there is absolutely no character by which these differences can be denned. Some birds are darker, especially on the flanks, some are lighter, some have spots and some bars on the hind neck; but I believe that these differences could be easily accountedfor by age, and perhaps a little variation in plumage takes place according to season. Bab. Indo-Malayan Islands from the Philippines to Celebes, and throughout the Moluccas to Australia, lSTew Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. a-rf. $ ad. et juv sk. e. Ad. sk. Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb., March (A. B. Everett). Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. Tweeddale Coll. / . Ad. sk. ff, h. S ad.; Juv. sk. ;J>i Celebes. Macassar. Gould Coll. Wallace Coll. 7v. <$ juv. sk. /. J ad. sk. m,n. $ ad.; o, juv. sk. p. Ad. sk. Bourn. East Timor. Paine Island, Torres Straits. Channel Rock, Torres Straits, June {Br. CopWallace Coll. Wallace Coll. Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.' Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' q. Ad. sk. pinger). Australia. A. Cunningham, Esq. r, s. Ad. sk. /, u. Ad. sk. v. Ad. sk. 10. Ad. sk. .r, y, z. Ad. sk. a\ b'. Ad. sk. c'. 2 ad. sk. d'. Ad. sk. e'. Ad. sk. /' . Ad. sk. Luzon. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. Cjf. § ad. et hum. Luzon, Jan. [A.B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. .MV. //-/. rf ad. j k,l. $ Monte Alban, Feb., March Tweeddale Coll. ad. sk. (A. If. Everett). m,n. <$ ad. et juv. Maiindnque, May-. E. L. Moseley, Esq. sk. [0.1. <>,p. $ 2 ad. sk. Cebu, March, April (A. II. Tweeddale Coll. Everett). q. J ad. sk. Valencia, Negros, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. (A. II E.). r, s. S $ ad. sk. Amparo, S. Leyte, July Tweeddale Coll. {A. II £.). t. ? ad. sk. Dinagat, July (A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll. u. $ ad. sk. Butuan, May (A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 3 . HI'POTJENIDIA. 45 5. Hypotssnidia celeb 3iisis. Hall us celebensis, Quoy <$• Gaim. Toy. de f Astro!., Zool. i. p. 250, pi. 24 fig. 2 (1830); Gray, Jto* Grail® Brit. Mm. p. 110 (1814); Bruggem. Abhandl nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 92 (1876). Eulabeornis celebensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1840) ; id. Hand-I. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10370 (1871). llvpotceindia celebensis, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1850); ISclil MM. 'Pays-Baa, ltalli, p. 22 (1865); Walden, Trans. Z. & viii. p. 95 (1872: Menu do, Gorontalo, Limbotto); Beh. Ibis, 1873, p. 43; Blasius, J. f. 0. 1883, p. 139; id. Zeitschr. ges, Orn. iii. p. 100 (1886). Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, the feathers being dusky brown in the centre, with olive-brown margins; wing- coverts like the back, with a slight reddish tinge on the greater series; bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally olive with a slight tinge of reddish; tail-feathers olive- brown with dusky centres ; crown of head and nape dusky brown, darker than the back ; lores and feathers round the eye black, continued in a broad black band to the sides of the nape; this black band skirted by an equally broad white one, which extends from the gape to the sides of the neck, traversing the ear-coverts; cheeks black, with a few indications of tiny white cross lines on the malar region; entire under surface of body black, crossed with numerous lines of white, a little less distinct on the throat; thighs grey posteriorly ; under wing-coverts and axillaries exactly like the breast and barred in the same way. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 6, tail 2-15, tarsus 1*85, middle toe and claw 2. Hah. Celebes. a. Ad. sk. Celebes. Leyden Museum. b. Ad. sk. Celebes. Edward Wilson, Esq. [P.]. c. d. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. "Wallace Coll. e,f. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. Gould Coll. g, h. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. i. Skeleton. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [0.]. 6. Hypotsenidia saturata. ? Hvpotsenidia celebensis (nee Q. $ G.), Sal cad. Ann. Mm. Genov. vii. p. 976 (1875). Ilypofeddia saturata, Salvad. MSS., Set. Ibis, 1880, p. 310, note ; \Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov. xviii. p. 319 (1882); id. Orn. Bapuasia etc. iii. p. 260 (1882). Adult. Similar to IB celebensis and fully as large, but distinguished by the absence of white cross lines on the throat, which is entirely black. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 5*9, tail 2*3, tarsus 2*15, middle toe and claw 2*25. (Mus. TV. BothscJiild.) Ilab. KW . New Guinea and Salawati. 46 TULLIDJE. 7. Hypotaenidia sulcirostris. llallus sulcirostris, Wallace, P.Z. S. 1862, p. 346 (Sula Islands). Eulabeorms sulcirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10381 (1871). Hypotaenidia sulcirostris, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 81 (1875); #e/. Ibis, 1880, p. 311, pi. vi. (fig. inacc). Adult (type of species). Similar to II celebensis, and with the same facial markings as that species, but more unifoim on the upper surface, and easily distinguished by its uniform black throat and fore neck. Total length 10*6 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 5*7, tail 2. tarsus 1*95, middle toe and claw 2. Bab. Sula Islands. a. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Wal'ace Coll. b. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. (Type of species.) Wallace Coll. 8. Hypotaenidia insignis. Rallus insignis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 66, pi. viii.* Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 540. Hypotsenidia insignis, Scl. Ibis, 1880, p. 312; Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov. xviii. p. 319 (1882) • id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. "261 (1882). Adult female (type of species). General colour above dusky olive- brown, slightly more reddish on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back, the outer greater coverts tinged with rufous like the inner secondaries; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, externally reddish brown like the secondaries: primaries black, with white spots on the outer webs and white bars on the inner ones ; tail-feathers blackish ; crown of head and hind neck as well as the entire sides of face and sides of neck reddish brown with a tinge of olive; malar line black, with narrow white cross bars, like the under surface of the body ; the lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts black ; the lower flanks also very faintly barred with white; thighs blackish brown. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-65, wiug 5-4, tail 2, tarsus 2*3, middle toe and claw 2*3. Nab. New Britain. a. J ad. sk. Kahabadai, New Britain, Feb. Eev. G. Brown f C.]. (Type of species.) 4. CABALUS. Type. Cabalus, Hutton, Trans. N. Zeal Inst. vi. p. 108 (1873) C. dieffenbaehii. Range. Confined to the Chatham Islands, and Lord Howe Island. 4 . CABALTJS. 47 Key to the Species. a. Plumage variegated ; throat grey, separated from the tawny breast by a thickly banded patch of black; breast also banded with black; lower breast and abdomen black barred with white dieffenbachii ad., p. 47. b. Plumage uniform; reddish above, greyer below,, with some reddish brown on the chest, but no crossbars on the Hanks j quills rufous with narrow blackish bars. . sylvestris, p. 48. c. Plumage uniform dusky brown above; underneath greyish, the flanks with fulvescent bars; quills dusky with fulvous bars dieffenbachii juv., p. 48. 1. Cabalus dieffenbachii. (Plato VI.) liallus dieffenbachii, Gray, in Dieffenb. Trav. N. Zeal. ii. App. v. 197 (1848); id. List Grallce Brit. Mm. p. 117 (1844) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1870, p. 355,1872, p. 182,1874, p. 200 ; Button, Ibis, 1872, p. 247; Buller, B. N. Zeal p. 179, pi.20. %. 2 (1873); id. Ibis, 1874, p. 117; Finsoh, J.f. 0.1878, p. 182. Ocydromus dieffenbachii, Gray, Voy. 'Erebus ' fy' Terror} Birds, p. 14, pi. 15 (J846); id. Gen. B. iii.'p. 590 (1846); id. Hand-L B. iii. p. 56, no. 10308 (1871). Hypotsenidia dieffenbachii, Bp. C. It xliii. p. 599 (1856); Gray, "Ibis, 1802, p. 238. Rallus modestus (= juv.). Hutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 247, 1873, pp. 349352 ; id. Tr. N. ZPUL Inst. v. p. 223 (1873). Cabalus modestus, Hutton, Tr.JS.Zeal Inst. v. p. 217 (1873); Travers, t. a. p. 217 (Mangare) ; Button, ibid. vi. p. 108 (1874); Bullet; B\ N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 123 (1888); Forbes, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx (Dec. 1892); Salvad. op. dt. v. p. xxiii (Jan. 1893). Cabalus dieffenbachii, SJwrpe, Toy. 'Erebus1 §k Terror•,' Birds, p. 29, pi. xv. (1875); Buller, B. N. Zeal 2nd. ed. ii. p. 121 (1888;. Adult (type of species). General colour above brown, banded on the mantle and scapulars, and spotted on the upper back, with ochreous buff, these buff markings being margined with black, which takes the form of broad bars on the mantle ; lower back and rump uniform brown; upper tail-coverts brown, barred across with light rufous and black; lesser wing-coveits like the back ; median and greater coverts, as well as the primary-coverts and quills, light chestnut, barred with black, the innermost secondaries spotted and barred with ochre and black, like the back; tail-feathers browm, mottled with chestnut near the base; crown of head and nape uniform brown, followed by an indistinct patch of chestnut on the hind neck; lores dull rufous, surmounted by a broad line of bluish grey, extending irom the base of the nostrils to the sides of the nape ; rest of the sides of the face bluish grey, extending on to the lower throat; this grey area of the face separated from the grey eyebrow by a broad band of dark chestnut, which extends from the lores through the eye along the upper part of the ear-coverts; chin and upper throat white; lower throat black, barred across with white; fore neck and chest ochreous buff, banded rather narrowly 48 EALLIDJE. with black, this pattern of coloration extending up the sides of the neck to the chestnut on the ear-coverts ; lower breast and abdomen black, banded with white, the light bars on the flanks and vent- feathers being tinged with ochreous; under tail-coverts broadly banded with black and ochre* under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, barred with white ; under surface of quills chestnut with broad black bars. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 4*8, tail 2*7, tarsus 1-45, middle toe and claw 1*8. Young male. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, with a shade of more fulvous brown on the mantle and upper back, the head rather more dusky ; wing-coverts like the back, long and fluffy, and having slight indications of whitish bars; primary-coverts and outer primaries dusky brown, barred or notched with sandy buff, the rest of the quills chocolate-brown, dusky on their inner webs; sides of face dark brown like the head, with a faint ashy shade, the cheeks and throat more distinctly ashy grey; lower throat and fore neck brown, becoming more dusky on the breast and sides of body, and inclining to dark ashy on the lower abdomen and flanks; fore neck faintly barred with sandy buff, these bars more distinct on the sides of the breast and sides of the body ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining dusky blackish, with a few fulvous spots on the former, the primaries being notched and barred as on the upper surface. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1*5, tarsus 1*1. Hah Chatham Islands. a. Ad. sk. Chatham Islands. New Zealand Company [P ]. (Tjpe of species.) b. S juv. sk. Mangare, Chatham Islands, II. 0. Forbes, Esq, June 1 ( W. Hawkins). 2. Cabalus sylvestris. Ocvdromus sylvestris, 8cl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 472, pi. xxxv.; Bemiett, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 471; Gray, Eand-l. B. iii. p. 5i5, no. 10367 (1871) ; Puller, Trans. N. Z. x. p. 216 (1877); Meyer, Abhild. Vog.-8kel pts.iv., v. p. 32, Taf. xli. (1883) ; Etheridge, Lord Howe Id p 17 (1889); North, Pec. Austr. Mas. i. p. 37, pi. i. fig. 3 (1890, nesting). Cabalus sylvestris, 8harpe, Pull. Brit. Orti. Club, no. v. p. xxx (Jan. 1893). Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform reddish olive-brown; primary-coverts and quills rufous, barred with dusky brown, the adjacent greater coverts partaking the same colour as the quills; tail-feathers brown, more or less rufous near the base, with dusky bars; head a little more dusky than the back; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and throat ashy grey; remainder of under surface light ashy brown, with a few scattered fulvous spots; under tail-coverts rufous barred with black; under wing-coverts rufous, with dusky black bars; quills brighter rufous with narrow dusky, bars. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*95, wing 5*3, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*8, middle toe and claw 2. Hah Lord Howe Island. a. Ad. sk. Loid Howe Island. Gould Coll. (Type of species.) t>. EUXABE0RNI3. 49 5. EULABEORNIS. Type. Eulabaornis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 50 E. cabtaneiveiilria. Mange. Northern Australia and the Aru Islands ; Solomon Islands; Fiji Islands. Key to the Species. a. Under wing-coverts uniform vinous like the breast, without spots ; quills uniform below, castanewentm, p. 40. b. Under wing-coverts black, barred with white. a'. Quills barred with chestnut and black p&cilopterus, p. GO. b'. Quilh black, with few white spotb or bars . tooodfordi, p. 50. 1. Enlabeornis castaneiventris. Eulabeomis castaneiventris, Gould, P. Z, 8.1844, p. 56 (N. Australia); id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 78<1844) j Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 596 (1840) ; Meichenb. Handb., Fulicar. Taf. cxxiii. tigs. 1211-14 (1852); Bp. C. M. xliii. p. 600 (1850); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 198, 198 (Aru Islands); id. Cat B. New Guinea, pp. 52, 63 (1859) j id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 (Louisiade Isl.) j Mosenb. Nat Tijdschr. NederL Ind. xxv. p. 255 (1863) ; id. Xf. 0.1864, p. 282 (New Guinea); Fimch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865) • Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 338 (1865); Mosenb. Meis naar Zuidoostereil. p. 53 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-L B> iii. p. 56, no. 10369 (1871); Mamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 193 (1876), ii. p. 199 (1877) ; Mosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 373 (1878-79: Aru); Meyer, Verh.z.-b. Ge^ellsch. Wien, xxiii. p. 773 (1873); 8ahad. Ann.'Mas Genov. xviii. p. 320 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 267 (1882) ; Meyer, Zeitschr. gss, Orn. i. p. 294, pi. 17. fig. 3 (1884: egg); Mamsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 196 (1891). Eallina castaneiventris, Schl. N. T. D. iii. p. 349 (1806). Adult female. General colour above dark ochraceous brown, with somewhat of a rufous tinge on the lower back, rump, and upper tail- coverts * wing-coverts like the back; primary-coverts and quills reddish brown, somewhat olivaceous externally; tail-feathers dull reddish brown, more chestnut below; crown of head and entire sides of face clear slaty grey; chin whitish, shading into pale vinous on the throat, which passes into vinous chestnut on the lower throat, fore neck, and rest of under surface ; the abdomen and vent somewhat paler vinous ; thighs greyish externally ; under tail-coverts, as •well as the under wing-coverts and axillaries, deep chestnut: " bill yellow at the base, horn-coloured at the tip ; legs and feet brown " {J. Gould). Total length 17 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 8*5, tail 4*7, tarsus 2*75, middle toe and claw 2-7. Hob. North Australia and the Aru Islands. a. Ad. sk. Aru Islands. Wallace Coll. b-i. Ad. sk. [Aru Islands] {J. T. Cocherell). Salvin-Godman Coll. VOL. XXIII. 50 RALLIDJ3. 2. Eulabeornis pcecilopterus. Kullina pa>eiloptera, Hartl.bis, 1860, p. 171 (Viti Levu) ; Finscli $ Ilartl Faun. Centralpohpi. p. 150, (ab. 12. fig-. 1, tab. iii. fig. 4 (egg) (1807); Lai/ard, 1\ £.8. 1875, p. 488; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 155 (Itewa), p/3iW (Viti Levu); JReichen. J. f. 0. 1891, p. 127; Wigleno, Abhandi l\ Zool Mas. Dresden, no. vi. p. (SO (1891). Eulabeornis pcecilopterus, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10387 (1871). Adult male. General colour above brown ; the scapulars like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts also brown ; wing- coverts like the back, but a little more rufescent: greater coverts chestnut, barred with rufous and black ; bastard-wing feathers blackish, externally washed with rufous brown and with distinct bars of light chestnut; primary-coverts uniform rufous brown ; quills chestnut, with broad blackish ends and broadly barred with blackish on the inner web and chequered with black and rufous bars on the outer web ; the inner secondaries like the back; tail-feathers reddish brown, blackish in the centre ; head ruddy brown from the centre of the crown to the hind neck; forehead dull slaty grey, as also the lores; sides of face and ear-coverts, the sides of the hinder crown, and the entire cheeks and sides of neck slaty grey ; chin and throat white, the latter washed with slaty grey; the rest of the under surface, from the fore neck downwards, darker slaty grey ; sides of body and flanks blackish, as also the under tail-coverts; thighs dark slate-colour; the shafts of the breast-feathers whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, barred with white ; under surface of quills rufous, barred with black: " bill orange and yellow; feet yellow : iris light brown " (E. L. Layard). Total length 13 inches, culmen 1'8, wing 6-8, tail 3*1, tarsus 2-55, middle toe and claw 2*4. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 6*4, tail 2*6, tarsus 2-25, middle toe and claw 2*15. IJab. Fiji Islands : Ovalau and Viti Levu. a. Ad. st. b) c. cS $ ad. sk. Fiji Islands. Korotumba, Viti Levu, Nov. 2 Purchased. Tweeddale Coll. d. $ ad. sk. (B. L. Layard). Ovalau, Jan.' 10 (E. L. Layard). Tweeddale Cott. 3. Eulabeornis woodfordi. (Plate VII.) Ballina woodfordi, Ogilme Grant, Ann. 8? Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iv. p. 320 (1889) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Fapaasia, iii. p. 190 (1891). Immature (type of species). General colour above dark chocolate- brown, the groundwork of the feathers being black ; wings browner than the back; bastard-wing black, with white spots or bars on the inner web; quills black, externally chocolate-brown, with white spots on the inner web of the latter, decreasing in number on the secondaries ; tail-feathers black, externally chocolate-brown ; head 6. TEICHOLIMNAS. sooty brown, with, a distinct shade of dark slaty grey on the eyebrow; lores and feathers below the eye and ear-coverts black; cheeks also black, with a slaty-grey shade along the malar line ; chin whitish, the throat becoming ashy black; remainder of under surface of body black, with a slight ashy shade on the breast; the sides of the body washed with chocolate-brown ; under wing-coverts black, barred or spotted with white; axillaries black: " bill black ; feet grey : iris red" (C. M. Woodford). Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6-8, tail 2*8, tarsus 2*35, middle toe and claw 2'2. Hah, Solomon Islands. a. Imm. sk. Aola, Guadalcanal'. C. M. Woodford, Esq. [C.]. (Type of species.) 6. TEICHOLIMKAS. Type. Tricholimnas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. (Jan. 1893, p. xxviii) T. lafresnayanus. Range. Confined to New Caledonia. 1. Trlcholimnas lafresnayanus. Gallirallus lafresnayanus, Verr. et Des Murs, Rev. et May. de Zool. 1860, p. 437 ; Jouan, Mem. Soc. Ckerb. ix. p. 246 (1663) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1873, p. 403; Marie, Actes S. L. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 303. Eulabeornis lafretnayanus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 5G, no. 10370 (1871); id. Cruise*of ( Curacoa,' pi. xxi. (1873); K L. ty L. C. Bayard, Ibis, 1882, p. 535 (New Caledonia); Wigksw. Ablumdl. h. Zool Mvs. Dresden, no. vi. p. 60 (1891). Ocydromus lafresnayanus, Gielel, Thes, Orn. ii. p, 230 (1875); Butter, Tr. N. Z. Inst x. p. 216 (1877). Adult male. General colour above brown, with a slight shade of olive on the scapulars; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail dusky blackish, washed with dull rufous brown; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally rufous brown, which colour is much more distinct on the secondaries; crown of head for the most part dusky ashy, especially on the forehead and sides of the crown; nape decidedly browner, and gradually verging into dark chocolate on the hind neck; lores dusky, with a narrow supraloral streak of isabelline; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks and throat light ashy grey; sides of neck brown ; rest of under surface of body dark slaty grey, washed with brown on the fore neck, chest, and sides of body; flanks dark chocolate- brown ; thighs slaty grey; under tail-coverts chocolate-brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, barred across with white ; quills below blackish; secondaries rufescent on the lower surface. Total length 17 inches, culmen 2'o, wing 8, tail 4*2, tarsus 2*4, middle toe and claw 2*5. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller, the bill being conspicuously so. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen I'd, wing 7*5, tail 4, tarsus 2*35, middle toe and claw 2*35. E2 52 RALLIPJE. Young. Differs from the adult in being almost entirely black, •with a shado of chocolate-brown on the back and sides of neck, the under surface being somewhat more slaty black; head and throat more slaty grey, with a patch of orange-brown on the fore neck : "bill and legs dark brown; iris crimson" (E. L. Lay aril). Hah. New Caledonia. a. tf ad.; b. $ ad. sk. New Caledonia. M. Verreauv. c. $ juv. sk. Boulai, New Caledonia, Dec. 16 (B. L. Zm/ard). Tweeddale Coll. *• GYMNOCREX. Type. Gymnocrex, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 078 '(1875) G. rosenbergi. Schizoptila, Briiggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 94 (1870) G. rosenbergi. Range. Celebes, Molucca Islands (Morotai, Halmahera), Hysol, Aru Islands, Southern New Guinea, Solomon Islands. ? ^\ew Ireland. 1. Gymnocrex rosenbergi. Ilallina rosenbergi, Schl. i\r. T. I), iii. p. 212 (1800: Kema, Celebes); id. Mus. Pays-Bas, llalli, Index, p. 78. Eulab^ornis rosenbergii, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10382 (1871). Rallina (?) rosenbergii, Walden, Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 06 (1872). Gymnocrex rosenbergii, Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 678 (1875 : Menado). Schizoptila rosenbergii, Briiggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 94 (1870). Adult. Lores, region round the eye, and a large space behind the latter bare; sides of head and neck, as well as the lower parts, greyish black: tail, with the rump and upper tail-coverts, deeper black; wings, back, mantle, and upper part of neck dark reddish brown and purplish, inclining to brownish buff on the larger quills ; upper part of head blackish; lower wing-coverts blackish, with a large whitish patch at the end of each feather: " bill and bare skin round the eye pale greenish yellow; feet greenish grey ; iris brownish red " (Von Rosenberg). Q-otaHtofigik 6*9 inches, tail 3*1, bill from gape 2*1, tarsus 2*8. (Schlegel.) JIab. Celebes. 2. Gymnocrex plumtoeiventris. Itallus plumbeiventris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 432, 438; Fimch, Neu-Guinea, p. 180 (1805). Rallina plumbeiventris, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Tfcalli. pp. 17, 78 (1805); id. Nederl Tijdschr. Dierh. 'iii. p. ?A9 (1860); Gray, H.and-1. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10402 (1871) ; Sharpe, Jour. Linn. JSoc. xiii. p. 505 (1877). Rallus hueveni, Rosenb. MS8.; Schl Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierh. iii. 8. A RAM IDES. 53 p. 319 (1866); Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xxlx. p. 144 (1867); id. lieis naar Zaidoosterail. p. &3 (18(57). Rallus intactus, Scl. P. Z. IS. 1869, p. 120, pl. x.; Tristr. Ibis, 1882, p. 144 5 Ramsay, Proc. Linn. tioc. N. JS. IK vii. p. #3 (1882). liallina intacta, Gray, lland-l. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10404 (1871). (Jymnocrex plumbeiventris, tialmd. Ami. MILS. Ge?iov. vii. p. 703 (1875) ; Jj1 Albert. # /tefoad. ojy. czY. xiv. p. 1:29 (1879); *SWm/. op. cit. xvii. p. 320 (1882J ; wZ. Or/?. Papuasia, iii. p. 208 (18b2); Meyer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 295 (1884); Sharpe in Gould's B. New Gui?iea, v. pi. 71 (1888) ; ISalvad. Agg. Orn, Papuasia, iii. p. 196 (1891). Adult (type of species). General colour above ochraceous olive- brown, the lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black; wing-coverts ochraceous brown like the back; bastard-wing,primarycoverts, and quills rufous, shaded with olive-brown at the tips; secondaries olive-brown, slightly rufescent in the middle, the innermost secondaries like the back; entire head and neck as far as the mantle on the upper surface, and as far as the chest on the lower surface, vinous chestnut, paler on the throat; breast and remainder of under surface leaden grey, blacker on the lower flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, with large ovate spots of white : '* bill black, greenish at the base; feet coral- red ; iris red " (D'Albertis). Total length 13 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 7*2, tail 2*8, tarsus 2*1, middle toe and claw 2. Several specimens have the throat whitish, with chestnut tips to the feathers, whereas in a few individuals the throat is perfectly uniform. The abdomen is blackish in many specimens. Young birds appear to have the abdomen mixed with rufous. Hah. Molucca Islands (Halmahera, Morotai), New Guinea, Mysol, Aru Islands, Solomon Islands. ? New Ireland. a. Ad. sk. b-e. Ad.; / . Juv. sk. y. Ad. sk. Morotai or Morty Island. [Aru Islands] (J. 2\ Cockerell). Port Moresby, S.E. NewGuinea. Wallace Coll. (Type of species.) Salvin-Godman Coll. C. Ilunstein [C.]. h. Ad. sk. Solomon Islands (L. Brazier). F.L.Sclater,Esq,[lVJ. (Type of R. inta< tus.) 8. ARAMIDES* TyPe* Aramides, Pucher. Rev. ZooL 1845; p. 277 .. A. cayanea. Ortygarchus, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. iii. p. 759 (1848) A. cayanea Range. Confined to the Neotropical region. * ARAMIDES PLUMBEICOLLIS. Aramides plumbeicollis, Zcledon, Andes Mus. Fac. Costa Rica, i. p. 131 (1887), ii. p. 3 (1888). Hah. Costa Rica. This species is unknown to me. 54 EALLIBJ5. Key to the Species. a. Quill-lininpr rufous. a'. Breast chestnut, or vinous, or ruddy "brown. a". No grey on the throat or fore neck. a'". Crown of head and hind neck grey. aK Smaller ; tardus 2 inches : under surface light rufous; thighs pale ashy; under wing-coverts black, with some white and rufous cross bars ; abdomen ashy mangle, p. 54, IK Larger; taisus 2*8 inches: under surface ruddy brown, washed with olive; fore neck dusky vinous; thighs reddish brown or slaty black: under wing-coverts chestnut, with a few black bars; abdomen black wolf.^ p. 55. //". Crown of head and hind neck rufous; mantle clear bluish grey; throat and breast chestnut; under wing-coverts blackish, with white bars axillaris, p. o(S. I/'. With grey on the throat and fore neck. (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 316 (1871: Sapitiba) : ScL $ Salv. Nomencl. Ai\ Neotr. p. 139 (1873). Aramides ruflcollis, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 598 (1856, pt.): Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 15 (1865). Adult. General colour above olive; scapulars like the back ; »wer back and rump chocolate-brown, becoming black on the pper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts olive like the back ; bastard-wing others rufous, with dusky brown tips; primary-coverts oliverown, edged with rufous; quills rufous, with dusky brown tips ; 8. AH AMIDES. 55 inner secondaries olive-brown like the back; tail-feathers black; crown of head ashy grey, becoming clearer and more slaty blue on the hind neck and upper mantle; lores and feathers over the eye ashy : sides of face and ear-coverts light ashy grey; cheeks and throat white ; sides of neck ashy grey; remainder of under surface from the fore neck downwards rufous; abdomen isabelline ; lower flanks brown, washed with grey; thighs pale ashy; under tail- coverts black; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, with narrow white or rufous cross bars; edge of wing rufous. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 6*2, tail 2'2, tarsus 2-05, middle toe and claw 2*05. Hab. Brazil. a. Ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. LnscJinatk). Salvin-Godman Coll. h. Ad. sk. c. Ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. Wucherer). [Brazil.] Salvin-Godman Coll. Old Coll. 2. Aramides wolfi. Aramides wolfi, Berl $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 576 (Chimbo, W. Ecuador). Adult. General colour above olive-brown; scapulars like the back; lower back and rump reddish brown; upper tail-coverts black; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing and primary- coverts dull chestnut, inclining to dusky olive at the ends; quills chestnut, dusky brown at the ends; inner secondaries reddish brown, externally olive; tail-feathers black; crown of head light grey, becoming tinged with vinous on the nape; hind neck vinous brown, inclining to chestnut towards the mantle ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy grey; throat ashy white; sides of neck and fore neck vinous brown; breast ochreous olive, washed with reddish brown; p.bdomen blackish; lower flanks black, mixed with brown; thighs vinous brown; under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut, with black bars, indistinct on the former, but more distinct upon the latter; quills below chestnut, with dusky tips. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 7*0, tail 2*7, tarsus 2-8, middle toe and claw 2-6. Of the two specimens in the Salvin-Godman Collection, there is a curious difference to note in the colour of the thighs -^ in tho bird described they are vinous brown, but in the other blackish. Hab* Ecuador. a, b. Ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. (Illingworth). 5G KALLIDJE. 3. Aramides axillaris. Ortvgarchus mangle {nee Spix), Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 7t>0 (1848)* Aramides axillaris, Lawr. Brae. BJrilad. Acad. 1863; p. 107 (Barraitquilla, New Granada); Scl. fy Sale. P. Z. S. 18(58, p. 449 (Belize); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. GO, no. 10427 (1871) ; Scl # Sato. Komencl Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873) ; Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II. ii. p. 311 (1874: Mazatlau); Sato. Ibis, 1874, p. 327 (N. Yucatan); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 4G2 ; Salcin, Ibis, 1880, p. 170. P Ortygarchus riificollis {nee Spiv), Licld. Komencl p. 96 (1854: Guiana, Venezuela). Ortvgarchus axillaris, Seine $ Beichen. JSromencl. Mus. Hem. p. 320 (1890: Guiana ; Puerto Cabello). Adult female. General colour above greenish olive: scapulars like the back; lower back and rump brownish black; upper tail- coverts black; -wing-coverts olive like the back; bastard-wing rufous, inclining to olive at the ends ; primary-coverts olive, slightly washed with rufous at the base; quills light chestnut or bay for the basal part, olive for the terminal part; secondaries olive like the back; tail-feathers black ; crown of head, hind neck, and sides of the face rather paler chestnut; throat white tinged with rufous ; the mantle and lower hind neck bluish grey, forming a distinct triangular patch; sides of neck and under surface of body bright chestnut; lower abdomen ashy grey; lower flanks black like the under tail-coverts ; thighs dark slate-colour ; under wing- coverts and axillaries blackish, barred with white or rufous ; quill- lining pale chestnut: a bill green, yellowish at base ; feet vinous red; eyelids and iris red " (Leotaud). Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing G-9, tail 2*2, tarsus 2*15, middle toe and claw -1 in Sexes alike (Leotaud). Young. Upper part of the head and nape dull browrf; on the upper back an indication of the blue-grey patch of the adult, but only feebly developed ; remainder of mantle and back olive-brown ; rump blackish; throat and cheeks dirty white ; remainder of underpays dull dark grey, slightly washed with rufous : " iris very pale red " (Leotaud). Hah. Colombia to Venezuela, Trinidad, and British Guiana. Re-occurring in Central America, from Honduras to Yucatan and Mazatlan. a. <$ ad. sk. Venezuela (Spence). Salvin-Godman Coll. b. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Old Coll. * Dr. Keichenow has very kindly compared Schomburgk's specimen in the Berlin Museum for me, and there is no doubt that it is A. axillaris, thus confirming the surmise of Messrs. Sclater and Salvin. 8. ARAMIDES. 57 4. Aramides gutturalis *. (Plato V.) ? Black-bellied Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1; p. 253 (1785: Cayenne). ? Fulica ruticollis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 700 (1788, e.v Lath.). ? Gallinula ruficollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 707 (1790). liallus ruficeps, pt., Gray, Lid Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 115(1844; spec. d). Aramides ruficollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (184G) ; Set. # Salu. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 448 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 00, no. 10429 (1871) j Scl. # Salv. Nfo?nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873). Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown : scapulars and lesser wing-coverts like the back; lower back more chocolate-brown, becoming black on the rump and upper tail-coverts; median and greater wing-coverts reddish brown; bastard-wing dusky brown, externally rufous brown; primary-coverts and quills chestnut, dusky brown at the ends, the secondaries dusky brown, externally reddish brown, the innermost ones like the back; tail-feathers black; crown of head dark chestnut-brown; forehead and ear-coverts tinged with grey; lores and sides of face paler and more vinous red; cheeks more decidedly grey; chin and upper throat greyish white, shading off on the lower throat into a patch of blue-grey; remainder of under surface from the lower throat downwards rich chestnut; lower abdomen blackish mixed with rufous ; lower flanks and under tail-coverts black; thighs ashy brown; under wing- coverts and axillaries rufous, broadly barred with black; quills below rufous. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 6*8, tail 2*4, tarsus 2*7, middle toe and claw 2*35. Hah. South America; but exact locality not known. a. Ad. sk. [Lima.] Purchased. (Type of species.) 5. Aramides cayanea f. Poule d'eau de Cayenne, Daubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 352. Fulica cajanea, P. L. S. Midler, Syst. Nat. &u pi. p. 119 (1776); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1804, p. 216. La Grande Poule d'eau de Cayenne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 182 (1781). Fulica major, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 21 (1783). Cayenne Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 252 (1785). # This is the species referred to as Aramides ruficollis, Gm. (founded on the " Black-bellied Gallinule " of Latham), by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin. The dimensions, however, do not agree, and the species differs from Latham's description in many important particular. No mention is made by Latham of the grey on the lower throat, while he further describes the sides as " barred with rufous and black," and the thighs as " black." t Muller wrote this word cajanea, and, as Oassin has shown, this is the oldest name for the species. Even if Muller's work should some day be repudiated by ornithologists on account of his carelessness and his apparent colour-blindness, then the proper name of the species, would be Aramides major (Boddaert), founded on Laubenton's plate. 58 EALLTDJE. Fulica cayennensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 700 (1788; ex Lath.). Galliuuk eayeimensis, Lath. Ind. Or?i. ii. p. 767 (1790), ltallus rnficeps, pt., Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1844). Aramides cayennensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846); Geoff. St.- Iliiaire, Bull. Soc. Accl'im. (2) vii. p. 139 (1870); Pels. Ibis, 1873, p. 122 (Cayenne); ScL $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 447 (pt.); nd. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873, pt.); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. <54o (Antioqnia); Berl Ibis, 1884, p. 440 (Angostura) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 176; Meyer, Abbild. Voyet-Sk.ylAxxiv. (1885). Ortygarclms cayennensis, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 759 (1848); Heine # Beichen. NomencL Mas. Hein. p. 320 (1890: Santa Marta; Puerto Cabello). Aramides maxiraus, Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 14 (1865). Aramides cayanea, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10425 (1871). Adult male. General colour above olive, greenish on the back and scapulars and browner on the lower back; rump, upper tail- coverts, and tail black; lesser wing-coverts olive-greenish like the back ; remainder of wing chestnut, with dusky tips to the primary- coverts and quills; the greater coverts and inner secondaries externally washed with olive, the innermost secondaries dark greenish olive with black shaft-streaks ; crown of head dusky slatecolour, lighter on the hind neck, the grey extending on to the upper mantle; sides of face ashy grey, becoming lighter and purer grey on the cheeks, sides of the neck, and on the fore neck; throat white; remainder of under surface from the fore neck downwards orange-chestnut; the abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts black ; thighs slaty grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries rufous, barred across with black. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 7*2, tail 26 , tarsus 2*7o, middle toe and claw 2'5. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with the abdomen a little more rufous (? a sign of immaturity). Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 2, wing 6-7, tail 2-2, tarsus 2*7, middle toe and claw 2-2. Hob. Colombia and British Guiana to Northern Brazil. a. Ad. sk. South America. b. l. I/litstr. iii. pi. 173 (1822-23)^ Gallinula ruficeps, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 74, tab. xcvi. (1825). Gallinula cayennensis (nee Gm.), JVemvied, Beitr. Orn, Bras. iv. p. 798(1832). Aramides clriricute, Ilartl, hid. Azara, p. 23 (1847). Aramides cayenneiibis (nee Gm.), Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 384 (18*50; Lagoa Santa, Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Janeiro); Scl 1\ Z. S. 185G, p. 143 (Panama); Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1G1; Scl # Salv. F. Z. S. 1874, p. 308 (Lower Ucayali); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 558 (Amable Maria, C. Peru); Forbes* Ihi*, 1881, p. 353 (Pernambuco); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 318 (1880); Berl J.f. 0. 1887, p. 3 > (Pilcomayo); Riher # Chapm. Auk, riii. p. 1(53 (1891: Santarem). Aramides, sp., Scl 8? Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200. Aramides cayauea; pt., Gray, FLand-l B. iii. p. 60, no. 10425 (1871). Adult male. Similar to A. cayaneu, but differing in the brown or rufous brown on the hinder part of the crown and nape, which separates the grey forehead from the grey of the hind neck; there is also a little brown shade on the ear-coverts: " iris bright carmine, as also the eyelid; bill yellow from the base to the end of the nasal groove, the tip bright green; feet light sealing-wax red" (Neawied). Total length 13 5 inches, culmeu 2-05, wing 7'3, tail 2*7, tarsus 2*8, middle toe and claw 2*45. Bab. Brazil, through Amazonia to Central Peru and northward to New Granada and Panama. a-c. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased. (1. Ad. sk. South America.* Riocour Coll. /. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wuclierer). Salvin-Godman Coll. e\ y- Ad. sk. Para, Lower Amazon. B. Graham, Esq. h. 5 ad. sk. Uppdr Amazons, June 1850 Salvin-Godman Coll. (A. R. Wallace). i. 2 ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, BraSalvin- Godman Coll. zil, Nov. 22 (D. W.Smith). L 5 ad. sk. Yquitos, Peui, Oct. 11 (II. Salvin-Godman Coll. WHtely). L Ad. sk. Interior of New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. on. Ad.sk. Panama. Capt. Kellett & Lieut. Wood [P.J. n. $ ad. sk. Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. (J. McLeannan). 0. Ad. sk. Veragua (E. ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. Subsp. /3. Aramides albiventris. Aramides cayennensis (nee Gm.), Sel F. Z. S. 1857, p. 206 (S. Andres Tuxtla); "Moore, F. Z. S. 1859, p. 64 (Omoa); Sel t c. p 393 (Oaxaca) j id. $r Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 230; iid. F. Z. S. 18(57, p. 280 (?); Ridgw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 594 (1887 : Segovia Elver, Honduras). * Identified by Vieillot as his Ballas maximub. 60 JRALLID.E. Aramides albheniiis, Lawr. Proc. Phi lad. Acad. 1807, p 234; id* Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 143 (1868; Costa PicaJ j ScL § Salv. P. Z. S. "18(18, p. 447; ticl. $- Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. bSS (Honduras); Gray, Ilawl-l. 11. iii. p. (50, no. 10400 (1871); Scl. fySalv. Nomencl. AD. Neofr. p. 109 (1870); Salo. Ibis, 1874, p. 327 (W. Yucatan); Boucard, P. Z. K 1880, p. 402 (Yucatan); Ferrari-Perez,Proc. U.S. Nat Mas. ix. p. 177 (1887: Vera Oruz) j Salv. Ibis, 1889, p. 378 (Cozumel), 1800, p. 89. Adult male. Similar to A. chiricote, but with a more distinct patch of reddish brown on the hinder part of the head, and further distinguished by the paler colour of the long tawny feathers of the lower breast, which have whitish ends; the general colour of the plumage of the upper surface a little more greenish grey. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 2-G, wing 7*7, tail 2*3, tarsus 3*4, middle toe and claw 3. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 2*05, wing 7, tail 2*1, tarsus 3, middle toe and claw 2*7. Hah. Central America from Mexico to Costa Rica. It is uncer tain whether the Aramkles from Mosquiria belongs to the present species or A. chiricote (ef. Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 448). a^b. <$ 2 ad.sk. Tampif-o, Mexico, June ( W. Sakin-Godman Coll. B. Richardson), c, d. Ad. j e. § Plava Vicente, Vera Cruz, Salun-Godman Coll. ad. sk. Dec. (M. Trajillo). f. cTaci.sk. Veara del Casadero, Vera Ciuz, Salvin-Godman Coll. Dec. (AT. Trajillo). y. c? ad. sk. Lag una Verde, Vera Cruz, Salvin-Godman Coll. Sept. (M. Trujillo). h. S ad. sk. Tehuantepec, Oaxaea, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. (W. B. Richardson), i. S ad. sk. Retalkuleu, July 15 (W. R. Salvin-Godman Coll. Richardson), k. Ad. sk. Mouth of River Samala, Salvin-Godman Coll. Guatemala (O. Salvin). I, m. Ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. n. $ ad. sk. Cozumel Island (G. F. Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll. mer). o. Ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. Blarteaneain). p. 2 &&• sk. Costa Pica (/. Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll. q. Skeleton. Guatemala. Salvin-Godman Col.. 6. Aramides ypacaha, Ypacaha, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 210 (1805). Rallus ypacaha, Vteill. N. Diet. aVHist. Nat. xxviii. p. 568 (1819); Gould in Da) wins Toy. ' Beagle? Birds, p. 133 (1841: Buenos Aires); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1844). JUrex melampyga, Licht. Terz. Doubt, p. 79 (1823). Gallimila gigas, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 75, tab. 99 (1823: Minas Geraes). Aramides gigas, Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 14; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846); Bwm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 383 (1850: Minas 8. ARAMIDES. Gl f-reraes, Rio de Janeiro); id. Reis. La Plata-St. ii. p. 501 (186L: Panama) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 14 (1805). Aramides ypacaha, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846); Hartl. ln<1 Azara, p. 23 (1847); Sol. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas); iid. t. c. p. 448 (Monogr.); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. GO, no. 10424 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 316 (note), p. 458 (1871); ScL <$• Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 105 (Buenos Aires); Bumf. IbU, 1877, p. 194 (Baradero); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 433 (La Plata) ; Barrows, Auk, i. p. 276 (1884: Ooncepcion); Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 34 (Pilcomavo); Sol. # Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 150 (1889); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 148 (Lower Pilcornayo). Ortygarchus melampygus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 96 (1854). Adult, General colour above olive, "browner on the lower back : rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts olive with a slight reddish tinge; quills light chestnut, externally olive, the inner secondaries like the back; fore part of crown, eyebrow, and sides of face ashy grey ; hinder crown reddish brown, becoming vinous chestnut on the nape and hind neck, brighter on the sides of the neck; chin and upper throat -whitish ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest light bluish grey; breast pale vinous; abdomen and vent white; thighs ashy grey; sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts black; under wing- coverts and axillaries chestnut, the former barred with black; quills below pale chestnut. Total length lt>%5 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 8-7, tail 3-3, tarsus 3*45, middle toe and claw 3*4. Hah. Southern Brazil and Argentina. a. Ad. sk. Brazil. Massena Coll. b. § ad.sk. Conchitas, Buenos Aires, Oct. (W. Salvin-Godinan Coll. H. Hudson). 7. Aramid.es saracura. Chiricote aplomado, Azara, Apunt.iii. p. 216 (1805). Hall us nigricans (nee V.), Bp. Jour. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 386 (\S'2o);'Burnt. J.f.O. 1853, p. 176 (egg). G-allinula saracura, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 75, Taf. 98 (1825). Kallus melanurus, Bp. Jour. Philad. Acad. v. p. 139 (1825), Gallinula plumbea, Neuwied, Beitr. Orn. Bras. iv. p. 795 (1832); Tschudi, Faun. Peruan , Aves, pp. 52, 302 (1845-46). Aramides plumbeus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846); Hartl. hid. Azara, p. 23 (1847); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 383 (1856); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 15 (1865). Aramides saracura, £W. # Sal v. P. Z. & 1868, p. 449; Reinh. Vid. Medd. Kjobenh. 1870, p. 44 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10428 (1871); 'Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 316, 458 ; ScL Sf Salv. No??iencL Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); Tacz. Orn. Peron, iii. p. 319 (1886). Ortygarchus surucura, HeinetyReichen. Nomencl. Mm. Hem. p. 320 (1890). Adult. General colour above greenish olive ; scapulars like the back; lower back brown, becoming blacker on the rump; upper tail-coverts and tail black; wing-coverts like the back; bastard 62 BALLlDiE. wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, with a slight tinge of rufous, olive externally; quills light chestnut or bay for'the basal part, olive towards the ends ; secondaries entirely olive-brown; hinder crown brown, becoming more rufescent on the nape and hind neck, the latter becoming ruddy olive-brown on the mantle, the sides of face a little paler; hinder ear-coverts washed with ruddy brown ; throat white ; sides of neck and entire under surface of body slaty blue; sides of body and flanks blackish; thighs slaty grey; under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts and axillaiies chestnut, barred with black ; quills below light rufous, dusky at the ends: " bill light green, bluish green at the base; feet clear dark red, with a tinge of brownish grey ; iris carmine, as also the eyelid " (JSemviecl). Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 2'2} wing 7*2, tail 2*4, tarsus 2*9, middle toe and claw 2-6. Ilab. Brazil, extending into Peru (Tsclmdi). a. Ad. sk. South America. Iiiocour Coll. b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. d,e. Ad.sk. Brazil. IVI. Claussen [P.]. f. Ad. sk. Santa Fe, Minas Gerues, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll. (II. Rogers). g. 2 ad. sk. Pelotas, llio Grande do Sid Salvin-Godman Coll. {Joyner). h. <$ ad. sk. Ypanema, Brazil, April (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. Natterei'). 8. Aramides callopterus. Aramides callopterus, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 439, pi. xxviii. Adult (type of species). General colour above greenish olive; scapulars like the back; lower back and rump chocolate-brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts beautiful chestnut, with olive bases ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, slightly olivaceous on the outer webs ; the inner secondaries olive like the back, browner towards the ends; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black; crown of head dusky olive-brown, becoming rather clearer olive on the hind neck; forehead dusky slate-colour; lores, region of the eye, and cheeks ashy; ear-coverts pale vinous; throat white, with a shade of pale pearly grey; sides of neck deep maroon chestnut; fore neck and under surface of body slaty blue, more dusky blackish on the vent and under tail-coverts; lower flanks dusky brown ; under wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; axillaries black, barred across with white. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 6'5, tail 2, tarsus 2-55, middle toe and claw 2-25. Ilab. Ecuador. a. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (G Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll. %)• (Type of species.) b, Cj d. Ad. sk. Sarayacu (G Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 9 . MEGACREX.—10. HABROPTILA.. 0 3 9. MEGACEEX. Type. Megacrex, B" Albert. § Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 129 (1879) M. inepta. Range. Southern New Guinea. 1. Megacrex inepta. Megacrex inepta, B* Albert, fy Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 130 (1879) ; DAlbert. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 218; BeicJien. $ Sthalow, J.f.O. 1879, p. 310; Gould, B. New Guinea, v. pi. 69 (1880) ; jyAlbert. Nuova Guinea, p. 588 (1880) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xviii. p. 321 (1882); id. Orri. Papaasia. iii. p. 272 (1882). Adult male. Crown and hind neck dusky "brown, the forehead ashy; sides of head ashy grey, the lores darker; throat whitish; sides of neck pale vinous in the centre, below brownish olive ; back olive-greyish; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, which is very short and concealed, brown; lower part of fore neck, upper breast, and sides of breast rufescent; centre of breast and abdomen white, slightly tinged with rufous : sides olive; lower abdomen and thighs greyish vinous ; sides of abdomen and under tail-coverts brown ; wing-coverts greyish olive, uniform with the back; quills brownish olive : bill yellowish green; feet black; iris dark blood-red. {Salvadori.) Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. Total length about 17-21*5 inches, culmen witn. frontal shield 2-84-3-05, wing 7-7-6, tail 1-6, tarsus 3-6-3-9. (Salvadon.) Hah. Ply Eiver, S.E. New Guinea. 10. HABROPTILA. Habroptila, Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 365. Range. Island of Halmahera, in the Moluccas. 1. Habroptila wallacei. Habroptila wallacei, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 305, pi. 172; Finsck, Neu-Gttin. p. 180 11805); Schleg. Bierent. p. 2(32, cumtig. p. 2&2 ; id. Ned. Tijdsch. Bierk. iii. p. i50 (1866) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10512 (1871); Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 793 (1875), xviii. p. 320, no. 10 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuabia etc. iii. p. 271 (1882). Eallina (Habroptila) wallacei, Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 78 (1865). Adult (type of species). General colour above dull slate-colour, with a slight tinge of olive-green • lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts chocolate-brown, the latter inclining to blackish; wing- coverts brown, externally slaty, the greater series more chocolate 64 IULLIDJE. brown, with dusky centres ; primary-coverts and primaries blackish, the inner secondaries like the back ; head and neck all round dusky slate-colour, a little brighter on the under surface of the body, which is somewhat barred with brown centres to the feathers; thighs and under tail-coverts blackish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2-85, wing 7, tail 2-5, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2-85. Hob. Island of lialmahera or Gilolo, in the Moluccas. a, b. Ad. sk. lialmahera. Wallace Coll. (Types of species.) 11. OCYDEOMTJS. „ Type. Ocydromus, Wayler, Nat. Si/st. Ampliib. p. 93, note (1830) ' 0. australis. Gallirallus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 243 0. brachypterus. Range. Confined to New Zealand. Supposed to have formerly inhabited the Chatham Islands as well. Key to ike Species. a. Tail always distinctly barred with black and sandy buff, or rufous, the region of the shaft only black; colour of upper parts mostly tawny; throat and a chest-patch grey, separated by a broad patch of tawny or cinnamon; flanks always barred across with black australis, p. 04. b. Tail black, with no cross bars, but occasional ruf escent margins; flanks not barred. a'. General colour above dark rufous brown, broadly streaked with black; under surface of body slaty grey, the throat separated from the chest by a band of reddish brown across the fore neck earli, p. 6C. b'. General colour above black like the under surface, with margins of rufous brown to the feathers; throat dull ashy; centre of breast, abdomen, and thighs aLo ashy brown brachypterus, p. 67. 1- Ocydromus australis. Eallus troglodvtes, Forster, Icon. ined. tab. 128 (descr. nulla). Troglodyte Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 229 (1785). Eallus australis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, i. pi. 14 (1786) ; Gm. Si/sf. Nat. i. p. 717 (1788, ex Sparrm.); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 560, pt. (1819); Sundev. Krit. om Sparrm. p. 5 (1858). Eallus troglodvtes, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 713 (1788); Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 110 (1844). Ocydromus troglodytes, Wagl. Nat. Si/st. AmpHb. p. 98, note (1830); Fwseh, Tr. N Zeal Inst. v. p. 209 (1872) ; Mutton, op. cit. vi. p. 110 (1873 : Te Anau Lake); Finsch, op, cit vii. p. 231 (1874); 11 . OCYDROMUS. Sharpe, Voy. 'Erebus1 $'Terror,1 App. Birds, p. 28 (1875): Butter, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. viii. p. 202 (1875). fig. 1210 (1851); Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 237; Schl Mm. Pays-Bas, lUlli, p. 73 (1865); Wolf, Zool. Sketches, 2nd series, 1865, pi. ; Butter, Tr. N. Zeal Inst. i. p. 56 (1808) ; Travers, t 1. Society. />, c $ ad. sk. Kaizarako, Denkera {Gov. Ussher). Shelley Coll. , pp. 104,114. Le Rale de Madagascar, Sganzm, Mem. Soe. Mus. Strash. 1840, p. 40. Rail us cuvieri. Pitcher. JRev. et Mag. deZool. 1845, p. 279. Eulabeornis gularis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (184(5); id. Hand-l. B. hi. p. 50, no. 10372 (1871); E. Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68. RoiifXPtius beraieri, Bp. C. P. xliii. p 599 (1865); Hartl. Fami. Madag. p. 79 (1801); E. Newt. Ibis. 1863, p. 458; Sol. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 165 ; A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837. Rougetius gularis, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 599(1856). Canirallus kioloides {nee Pucker.), JRoch $• E. Neivt. Ibis, 18153, p. 173. Rail us bernieri, Grandid. Pev. etMag. de Zool. 1868, p. 4; Sharp*** P. Z. S. 1870, p. 400. Calamodromus bernieri. Heine & Peicken. Nomencl. 3Ius. Ihia. p. 322 (1890). Adult. General colour above greenish, olive, with black mesial streaks to the feathers of the back and scapulars ; lower back, ramp, 16 . DRYOLniNAS. and tipper tail-coverts uniform greenish olive; wing-coverts like the back, but not streaked with black; bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills sooty brown, externally olive-green, the inner secondaries entirely of this colour and centred with black like the back; tail-feathers blackish, externally olive; crown of head and hind neck, sides of neck, and under surface of body deep vinous chestnut, a little washed with dull olive on the top of the head; cheeks and throat white; sides of body and flanks dark olive- brown ; abdomen and thighs dusky, barred with fulvous or ashy buff; under tail-coverts blacker, with fulvescent bars ; under wing- coverts and axillaries black, broadly barred with white; quills dusky, with an olive gloss ; " bill dark pinkish olive, with black tip; feet dark olive; iris reddish1' (#. lloch). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 6*7, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*85. The amount of whitish barring on the abdomen varies greatly with individuals, and in some instances it is entirely absent. The specimens with uniform lower parts are apparently younger birds, as they are also less distinctly streaked on the back. Hab. Madagascar and Mauritius. a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]* b. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. c, d. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard [0.]. e. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Rev. J". Wills). Gurney Coll. /, g. h. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Shelley Coll. L Ad. sk. Madagascar {Pollen). Tweeddale Coll. k,l S ? ad. sk. Ankafana Forest, Feb. , March Tweeddale Coll. (W. D. Cowan). m. $ ad. sk. Ankafana, March 14. Rev. W. Beans Cowan [C.l. n. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev. G. Shaw [0.1. o. Skeleton. Madagascar. Rev. "W". Deans Cowan [C.]. Subsp. a. Dryolinmas aldabra&us. Eallus aldabranus, Giinther, Ann, $ Mag. Nat. Hist (5) iii. pp. 104168 (1879). Adult (type of species). Similar to D. cuvieri, but much paler olive-brown, especially on the abdomen and sides of body, and with a somewhat shorter tarsus; the back very slightly streaked. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 4*65, tail 1*95, tarsus 1*55. A younger bird has the abdomen banded with white, and the back uniform without dusky streaks. Hub. Island of Aldabra. a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Aldabra Island. Capt. Whartcn [P.]. (Types of species.) TRALLIDJE. n 17. CANIEALLUS. Type. Canirallns, Bp. C. R xliii. p. 600 (1856, descr. nulla), C. oculeus. wide Canirallus, Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 350 (1877) C. kioloides. Range. West Africa ; Madagascar. Key io the Species. a. Larger: throat bluish grey like the forehead and sides of face; large white spots on the outer aspect of the quills; wing-cov erts olive like the hack ocideus, p. 72. b. Smaller: throat white ; forehead and sides of face bluish grey; small buff spots on the outer aspect of the quills; wing-coverts deep chestnut like the back 7 kioloides, p. 73. 1. Canirallns ocnletis *. Gallinula oculea, Hartl J.f.O. 1855, p. 357 {ex Temm. MBS.); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 67, no. 10506 (1871). Canirallus oculeus, Bp. C. It xliii. p. 600 (1856); Hartl Faun. Madag. p. 80 (1862). Itallus oculeus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 241 (1857) ; Cass. JProc. lJhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 174 (Camma llivei); Sharpe, Ibib, 1869, p. 195 (Fantee); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 614 (Cameroons); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 74 (Fantee); Oust N. Arch. Mas. (2) ii. Bull p. 142 (1879: Gaboon); Reichen. J. f O 1890, p. 106 (Cameroons). Hypotaenidia oculea, Hartl J.f.O. 1861, p. 274. llallina oculea, Schl Mus. Bays-Bas, lialli, p. 20 (1865); Buttik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 102 (1888: Liberia), si. pp. 128, 137 (1889). Adult. General colour above olive-brown, with, a slight russet tinge on the rump; wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater series blackish, externally olive, and conspicuously marked with large white spots or bands, these white markings having a black margin; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally shaded with olive, with the same large ovate spots and bars of wrhite; the innermost secondaries like the back, with a few reddish bars or spots ; upper tail-coverts and tail chestnut; crown of head dark brown, this shade extending down the hind neck; forehead and anterior part of crown, as wTell as the lores, anterior cheeks, and throat, light ashy grey; sides of hinder crown, ear- coverts, hinder cheeks, bides of neck, lower throat, and entire breast rich, vinous chestnut; remainder of under surface of body dingy olive-brown, with a slight reddish, tinge, the abdomen nearly * This species has been included in the Avifauna of Papuasia, but without reason (cf. Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 284). The following is the synonymy :— Eallus oculeus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (Louisiades). llallina oculea, Gray, JP. Z. S. 1801, p. 438 (Mysol, Aru). Eallus oculea, Finsch, Neu-Gmnea, p. 181. These synonyms probably refer to Gymnoceres plimbeiventris. 17 . CAN1RALLTJS. uniform, but the flanks, thighs, and under tail-covorts reddish white, the cross bars bordered with blackish; under tail-coverts like the lower flanks, but more tinged with chestnut; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, with large ovate spots and bars of pure white; quills blackish below, with broad white bars : " bill green; foot brown, soles yellow; iris reddish brown" (J. Buttlhofer). Total length 13 inches, culmen 145, wing 7, tail 2'6, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 0*85. / Young. Similar to the adult, but rather more ruddy olive-brown ; the wings barred indistinctly with reddish buff and spotted with white, but the spots by no means so largo as in the adults and always slightly tinged with fulvous; crown of head dark brown, with no grey on the sides of the face or forehead; sides of neck and under surface of body dull brown, with a reddish tinge, the lower flanks and thighs barred with dingy ochreous bars ; under tail-coverts clear ochreous buff, with blackish bands ; a slight tinge of vinous on the sides of the neck and breast A bird from Gaboon is similar to the true R. oculeits, but is more greenish olive above, and has a greater amount of grey on the face, the ear-coverts and greater part of cheeks being grey. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6*9, tail 2-6, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2-05. On comparing the series in the Museum, I find that the above specimen is approached by some of these from the Gold Coast, and it maybe that the Gaboon bird belongs to a rather more brightlycoloured race. Hah. "West Africa, from Liberia to the Gold Coast. a. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. Gould Coll. b,c. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. Shelley Cull. (I Ad.; e,f,g. Juv.sk. Denkera (Gov. Ussher). Shelley Coll. h. Ad. &k. River Volta (Gov. Uglier). Shelley Coll. ?". Ad. sk. Cameroons (A. Crossley). Shelley Coll. k. <$ ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Yerreaux. L Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 2. Canirallxis kioloides. Gallinula kioloides, Pucher. Rev, et Mag. de Zool. 1845, p. 279. Corethrura griseifrons (descr. nulla), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846). Ortygometra griseofrons, Gray, t. c. pi. 101 (1846). Eulabeornia griseifrons, Reichenb. tlandb., Fulic. Taf. cccvi. fig. 2475 (1851). Canirallus kioloides fip. C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1856); llartl. Faun. Madag. p. 80 (1861); A. Newt. P.Z. 8. 1865, p. 830. Rallina kioloides, Schl. P. Z. S. 18(10, p. 425; id. § Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 135, pi. xxxvi. (1878). Porzana kioloideb, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1808, p. 4. Gallinula griseofrons, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 67, no. 10507 (1871). 233,233 A, 23 3 B (1879); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, pp. 105,114. 74 BVLLIDjE. Adult. General colour above bright olive-brown, the scapulars like the back ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail bright chestnut; lesser wing-coverts bright chestnut, the inner ones somewhat olivaceous ; median and greater coverts olive-brown, with a slight wash of chestnut; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the bastard-wing feathers with white bars on the inner web, the quills chequered with rufous spots on the outer web and barred with white on the inner web; the inner secondaries ruddy olive with a rufous tinge ; crown of head like the back; forehead and lores and feathers round eye ashy grey; sides of face and ear-coverts bright chestnut like the under surface; upper margin of ear-coverts olive-brown ; throat white, with a faint dusky margin; sides of neck also chestnut like the under surface; lower abdomen, flanks, and thighs dusky olive, barred with blackish; under tail-coverts with rather more rufescent bars ; under wing-coverts and asillaries black, broadly barred with white; quills below black, crossed by four rows of white or fulvous spots, forming bands : " bill bluish, blackish at the base ; feet reddish brown; iris brown " (A. Grandidier). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5'2, tail 2-1, tarsus 1*5. Bab. Madagascar. a. Ad. sk. JS\E. Madagascar (A. Cross- Shelley Coll. ley). b. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [C.]. c. Ad. sk. Madagascar. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. (Type of C. griseofrom.) d. e1 f. $ ad. et Forest of North Senbendra, A. Majastre [0.). juv. sk. Madagascar. 18. RALLBTA. Type. Rallina, Meiclienh. Handb., Fulicar. p. xxi (1846) R. fasciata. Euryzona, Bp. O. JR. xliii. p. 599 (1856, descr. nulla) ,. It. fasciata. Range. India and Ceylon, through the Burmese countries and the Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago to N.E. Australia. Key to the Sjoecies. a. Wing-coverts broadly barred with white or burly white; quills regularly banded with white below fasciata, p. 75. b. Wing-coverts uniform, or with a few zigzag irregular white bars. a. Throat white j brown colour of back ascending to the nape, leaving the head, sides of faee^ and lower throat and fore neck orange- chestnut ; white bars on abdomen as distinct as the dusky ones superciliaris, p. 76. //. Throat rufous or isabelline. a". Hind neck chestnut as well as the crown ; mantle dark olive-brown like the back; white bars distinct on abdomen. a1". White spots on under wing-coverts larger ; white bars on breast rather broad ewyzonoides, p. 78. 18 . EALIIJSTA. b'". White spots on under wing-coverts and white Lars on breast narrower minahasa, p. 78. b". Hind neck and mantle rich chestnut like the head, throat, and chest; hack slaty; fulvous bars on abdomen obsolete tricolor, p. 70. 1. Eallina fasciata. Eallus fasciatus, JRqffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328 (1822). Gallinula euryzona. Temm. PL Col. v. p. 417 (182G). Rallusraflcep*s,6Ww, Mus. Pan's; Less. Traite dOrn. p. 557 (1831). Crex fasciata, Blyth, J. A. S. Bern/, xl p. 707 (1842). Oorethrura fasciata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846). Porzana fasciata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 285 (1840: Malacca, Penang); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 483 (1874: Tenasserim). Railina euryzona, Beickenb. Handb., Fulicarice, tab. cxx. %. 1180 (1851) Ilypolsenidia euryzona, Reichenb. t. c. p. 23 (1852). Euryzona fasciata, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 509 (1856). Rallina fasciata, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 19 (1865); id. X. T. D. iii. p. 349 (1866),- Hartl. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 831 (Pehnv Islands); Hartl $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 7; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 58, no. 10390 (1871); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 337 (1874); Wald. in Blyths B. Burm. p. 162 (1875) ; id. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 231 (1875); Finsch, Joum.Godefr. ilfws. Heft viii. p. 37 (1875 : Pelew Islands); Hume f Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 467 (1878: Tenasserim) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 70 (Malay Peninsula), p. 113 ; id. <§ Marsh. Game Bi?*ds Ind. ii. p. 235, cum tab. (1879); Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 271 (Lawas); id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 352 (Labuan); Brilgg. Abhandl. Bremen, v. p. 464 (1876 : Moera Teweh); Salvad. dm. Paj)uasia,m. p. 264 (1882); Oates, Handb. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 341 (1883); Everett, J. As. Soc. Straits Branch, 1889, p. 201; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, p. 145 (Kina Balu); Wiglesw. Abhandl. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, p. 60 (1891); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xii. p. 141 (181)2 : Kug-ano). Gallinago fasciata, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (lapsu). Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, the scapulars like the back; the rump a little more olive-brown; upper tail- coverts and tail-feathers reddish brown ; lesser and median coverts ruddy brown, with bufFy white bars, each of which is margined with black ; greater coverts black, rather broadly barred with white, as well as the bastard-wing and -primary-coverts; quills blackish brown, chequered with white spots on the outer web, and barred with white on the inner one; the secondaries broadly barred and tipped with white, these white markings obsolete on the innermost rufous-brown secondaries; crown of head and neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest chestnut, a little lighter on the throat; breast and sides of body white, broadly banded with black, the abdomen white ; thighs white externally, ashy brown internally ; under tail-coverts barred with black and white or rufous white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, barred with black like the inner lining of the quills: " bill dark horny ; orbital skin and gape vermilion; feet and exposed portion of tibia bright coral-red; iris dull cinnabar-red " (W. Davison). Total length 8*5 inches, culnien 0-95, wing 5-2, tail 1-9, tarsus l-o. 76 HALLTBiE. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little browner and with less broad black bars on the under surface, the abdomen being therefore whiter : " bill plumbeous ; feet coral-red; iris reddish brown" ( W. Davison). Total length 9 inches, oilmen 0*9, wing 4'9, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*5. Young. Differs from the adult in being browner, the bands on the wing being buffy white; sides of face, fore neck, and chest ashy brown, w7ith a rufous tinge, the throat whitish, as also the breast and abdomen, which have a few bars of dusky blaekibh on the sides of the body. Ilab. Prom the Burmese countries south through the Indo- Malayan region to Celebes and the Moluccas. a, b. J ad. sk. Moulmein, August (W. Hume Coll. e, d. cJ ad. sk. a-i. Ad sk. k, I Ad. sk. m. Ad. sk. Davison). Amherst, July 3 (TV. Davison). Penang (Dr. Cantor). Malacca. Malacca. Hume Coll. India Museum. Capt. Charlton [P."1 . W. Harvey, Esq. n. Ad. sk. o-v. Ad. sk. w. $ ad. sk. .f. Ad. sk. y, s. Ad. sk, a' Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Malacca, Jan., Feb., July, Aug. (W. Davison). Pub Seban, Kov. 11 (W. Davison). Singapore ( W. Davison). Sumatra. Billiton. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Wallace Coll. Tweeddale Coll. b' c? ad. sk. Taguso, Palawran, July 2. J. Whitehead, Esq. c'. Ad. et juv, sk. d'. Ad. sk. e'. Ad. sk. /' . <$ ad. sk. //. Ad. sk. hf . Imm. sk. Labuan (Sir Hugh Z020). Labuan. Labuan, Nov. 10. Sarawak, Sept. 20 (A. H. R). Halmahera. Pelew Islands (Cohen). [O.]. SLarpe Coll. T. B. Moodv, Esq. [P.]. A. II. Everett, Esq. [C.]. Hume Coll. Tweeddale Coll Tweeddale Coll. 2. Eallina superciliaris. The Rail, Brown, lllustr. Zool. pi. 37. Rallus nigrolineatus, Gray, List Grallee Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1844, descr. nulla). Zapomia nigrolineata, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844, nom. nudum). Rallus superciliaris, Eijbon, Ann. fy Mag. A7". H. xvi. p. 230 (1845); Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 451 (1878), viiL p. 40 (1879). Ortygonietra superciliaris, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallse, pi. 11(3 (no. 7(35); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal, p. 143 (184G). Corethrura superciliaris, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1840). Poizana ceylonica (nee Gm.), Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 285 (1849); layard, Ami. $ Mag. iV. H. xiv. p. 2(57 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 725 (18(14); Hume, Str. F. I p. 440 (1873: Sind), iii. p. 188 (1875), iv. p. 405 (1870: Travancore), vii. p. 465 (1878). 18 . KALUGA. Porzana superciliaris, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc p. 339 (1340). Coretlirura zeylanica, Keltart, Prodr. Oat. p. 1*35 (18*5:2). Euryzona euryzonoides, Bp. (?iec Lafr.) C. JR. xliii. p. 509 (1856). Porzana zeylanica,(nec Gm.), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, pp. 171, 300. Porzana amauroptera, Jercl B. Inch iii. p. 725 (1864. ev Bh/th, MSS.) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 310; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 410 (1873), iii. p. 188 (1879). Ealliua euryzonides, Gray (?iec Lafr.), Hand-l iii. p. 58 (1871); Tioeedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 767; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Legye, B, Ceylon, p. 772 (1879); Hume # Marsh. Game B. Lid. ii. p. 237, cum tab. (1879): Oates. Ilandb. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 310 (1883). Kallina ceylonica, HoUsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 476; Wald. in Bh/th, B. Burm. p. 162 (1875). Eallns telmatophila, Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 142 (1878); id. t. c. p. 451. Eallina superciliaris, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 70 (1879); Sakad. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 275 (1882). Eurvzona eurizonoides amauroptera, Stem. Proc. Bost. Soc. K H. xxiii. p. 462 (1888). Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown; the wings and tail like the back, excepting for a few white bars on the coverts, these bars having a conterminous black line above and below; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown • crown of head and hind neck, throat and chest bright chestnut; the chin and upper throat white; remainder of under surface of body white, barred with dusky black, the bands on the sides of the body being broader; abdomen white, with narrow dusky bars ; under wing-coverts and axillaries barred with black and white like the under tail-coverts; sides of upper breast marked with olive-brown : Marsh. Game Birds hid. ii. p. 241 (1879); Oates, ed. Hume's NestsfyJEggs Ind. B. iii. p. 398 (1890). Adult male. General colour above maroon-chestnut; the wing- coverts and inner secondaries like the back; bastard-wing feathers externally chestnut, blackish on the inner web with reddish-buff bars ; primary-coverts reddish brown; quills blackish, externally rufous with blackish bars, the outer web chequered with rufous spots, the inner webs barred rather broadly, with rufous-white bars, the secondaries externally unspotted but barred on the inner web with, rufous bars; tail chestnut; entire head and neck as well as the throat, fore neck, and chest maroon-chestnut*like the back ; breast, abdomen, sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with black and white, the bars much narrower on the latter portions of the body; under wing-coverts and axillaries broadly barred with black and white: " bill delicate pale green ; legs and feet olive- green ; iris red " (JR. J. Wimberley). Total length 11-5 inches, culm en 1*25, wing 6*1, tail 3*25, tarsus 2. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 6, tail 8, tarsus 2. Hab. Confined to the Andaman Islands. 20 . CRECOPSIS. 81 a, b. <$ § ad. bk. c. $ ad. sk. d-h. ad.sk. (F. D. G.). Morocco. Damietta, Egyptponi). (Filip- Tweeddale Coll. Shelley Coll. a'. S ad. sk. b'. <$ ad. sk. c. 9'Ad. sk. h'. Ad. sk. Persia. Fao, Persian Gulf. Muscat. Old Collection. WD. Cumming, Esq. [P.]. Colonel Mills [P.]. 8(5 1UTX1DJG. *\ Ad. 8k. Kashgar, Sept. 15. Rev. Dr. Lansdell k',. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. [C.J- John Eocke, Esq. I'. Ad. sk. Natal. T. Avres [0.]. m '. <$ ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, March 19 Shelley Coll. (T.L.Ayres). nf .. S ad. sk. Zulu-land, June (Gordge). Shelley Coll. o'., tf ad. sk. Potchefatrooin, Transvaal, Giirney Coll. March 10 {T. Ay res). P'$'• . ? ad. sk. tf ad. sk. Macamac, Dec. 3. Tati, Matabele-land, Mar. (F. Oates). F. A. Barratt [0.1. W. E. & C. G. Gates, Esqrs [P.]. r'. Ad. sk. Zomba, Nyassaland, Jan. H. II. Johnston, Esq. 11 (A. Whyte). ^ ' s'. Ad. sk. 100 miles at sea S. of MaCapt. Beckett [P.]. tf . Skeleton. dagascar. England. Dr. Giinther [P.]. ur .. Skeleton. England. Purchased. v', v/. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther [0.]." x'. , Sternum. Purchased. 22. (ENOLDOTAS. Type. OEnolinmas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii (Feb. 1893) (E. isabellina. Range. Confined to Celebes. 1. (Enolimnas isabellina. Euryzona isabellina (ex Temm. MSS.), Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 599 (1856 j descr. nulla). Eallina isabellina, Sohl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 16 (1865, ex Temm. MSS.: Gorontalo, Ayer-Pannas, Modelido); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10397 (1871); Briiggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 95 (1876); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Menado); Blasius,J.f. 0. 1883, p. 140. Eallus isabellinus, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 96 (1872). Amaurornis isabellina, Blasius, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. iii. p. 158 (1886). Erythra isabellina, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 679 (1875: Menado). Onolimnas isabellina, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii (1893). Adult. General colour above olive-brown with an ashy tinge; wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts like the back; quills and tail-feathers reddish brown, externally olive-brown; crown of head like the back; lores and feathers below the eye dusky with a faint reddish tinge; cheeks and throat vinous isabelline; ear-coverts and sides of neck darker vinous rufous; rest of under surface of body from the fore neck downwards vinous chestnut, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries; quills below bronzy brown. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1/4, wing 6-2, tail 2*45, tarsus 2*4, middle toe and claw 2-6. Hah. Celebes. a. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 23 . AMAUIiOLiaiNAS, 87 23. AMAUROLXMNAS. Type. Ainaurolimnas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii (Feb. 1893) A. concolor. Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 1. Amaurolimuas concolor. Eallus castaneus, Cuv. 3ISS. in Mies. Paris; Less. TraiU, p. 537 (1831 j debcr. nulla); Pucker. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 279. Rallu* concolor, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 369, pi. 103 (1847); Albrecht, Jf. 0. 1862, p. 206; March, Proc. Philad. Acad 1861, p. 69. Itallina concolor, Peichenb. Handb. Fulicariae, Taf. ccexxii.fig'. 2577 (1851). Rufirallus castaneus, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Rufirallus boecki, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Oorethrura cayennensis (nee Gm.)} Moore, P Z. S. 1859, p. 64; Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 230. Oorethrura guatemalensis, Lawr. Proc. Philad. Acad. 18G3, p. 106. Eallina castanea, Schl. Mas. Pays-Bas, Rafli, p. 17 (1865). Porzana concolor, Sol # Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 452 j Pelz. Orn. Bras. p, 316 (1871: K. Guapore); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Scl Ibis, 1873, p. 373 (Nicaragua); A.&& Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 114 (1881); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176 (Merume* Mts.); Cory, B. W. hid. p. 255 (1889); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 11 (1892); Cory, Cat. W. Lid. B. p. 91 (1892). Aramides concolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 61, no. 10435 (1871). Aramides boecki, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 01, no. 10438 (1871). Eiythrolimnas boecki, Heine fy Peichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 820 (1890). Amaurolimnas concolor, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii (1893). Adult (type of species). General colour above rufous brown, clearer and more chestnut-brown on the scapulars and wing-coverts; bastard-wing and quills dark sepia-brown, edged with lighter brown; primary-coverts deep sepia; inner secondaries chestnut- brown like the back; tail-feathers chestnut-brown; crown of head and nape dusky brown, slightly rufescent on the forehead; lores and sides of face dull rufous, browner on the ear-coverts; sides of neck and under surface of body dull vinous chestnut, paler vinous on the chin and centre of breast and abdomen; sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts vinous chestnut; under wing- coverts and axillaries uniform dusky brown with a slight rufous tinge; quills below dusky brown: "bill yellowish green, blackish above ; feet dull purplish crimson or pink ; iris vermilion " (P. H. Gosse). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5, tail 2*1, tarsus 1-5, middle toe and claw 1*5. Young. Similar to the adult, but more dusky and with less chestnut on the upper surface; below dingy vinous brown, with white shaft-streaks to the feathers of the throat and chest; centre of breast and thighs ashy isabelline. Hah. Jamaica. Central America from Guatemala south to Guiana and Brazil. 88 RALLID^l. a, b. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. (Types of species.) v. Ad. sk. Guatemala (J. McLeannari). Salvin-Godman Coll. d. Ad. sk. Ckontales, Nicaragua (T. Salvin-Godman Coll. Belt). e. c?ad.sk. MerumS Mta., British. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. July 12 (H. WMtely). /, ff. Ad.; h. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wncherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. Juv. sk. i. Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 24. AJTCJEOIIJOTAS. Type. Anurolimnas, Shurpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii (Feb. 1893) A. castaneiceps. Range. Amazonia and Ecuador. Key to the Sjpecies. a. Larger: head like the back; forehead and sides of face chestnut like the throat and breast; abdomen and flanks uniform castaneiceps, p. 88. b. Smaller: head chestnut like the throat and chest; lower breast and abdomen rufescent, with black bars hauxioetti, p. 88. 1. Anurolimnas castaneiceps. Porzana castaneiceps, Scl fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 453 (Rio Napo); iid. JSxot. Orn. pi. lxxviii. (1869) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Salvm, Ibis, 1874, p. 320. Micropygia verreauxi, Bp. 6. B. xliii. p. 559 (1856, descr. nulla). Aramides castaneiceps. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 61, no. 10436 (1871). Ortygometra verreauxi, Gray, t. c. p. 63, no. 10467 (1871). AcLult. Above olive, the hinder crown like the back; wing- coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive like the back; forehead and fore part of crown, eyebrow, sides of face, throat, and breast bright chestnut, a little paler on the chin ,* lower breast, abdomen, and sides of body olive-brown. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*5, tail 1*15, tarsus 2-05, middle toe and claw 1*7. Eab. Ecuador. a, b, c. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C Salvin-Godman Coll, Buckley), d. Ad. sk. Eio Napo. J. Gould, Esq. (Type of species.) 2. Anurolimnas hauxwelli. Micropygia sclateri, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856; descr. nulla). Corethrura sp., Scl P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200. Porzana fasciata (nee Rctffl.), Scl Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 981. Porzana hauxwelli, Scl. fy Salv. JExot. Orn. p. 105, pi. liii. (1868) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 453,1873, p. 308 (Sarayacu, Pebas, Chami 25 . ZA.POENIA. 89 euros) ; iid. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p, 140 (1873); Salvin, Ibis, 1874 p. 320; Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 324 (1886). J Axamides hauxwelli, Gray, Hand-l, B. iii. p. 01, no. 10440 (1871). Ortygometra sclateri, Gray, t c. p. 63, no. 10466 (1871). Adult male. General colour above rufous olive-brown, the wing- coverts like the back ; quills dark brown, externally like the back; head and neck all round, throat and breast chestnut; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts reddish buff, barred across with dusky blackish; under wing-coverts rufescent, the lower series dusky with reddish margins; quills uniform dusky brown below. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3"65, tail 1*05, tarsus 1-55, middle toe and claw 1*55. Hab. Upper Amazonia. a. Ad. sk. Chamicuros, Upper Anta- J. Hauxwell, Esq. zons. [C.]. b. <$ ad. sk. Pebas, Upper Amazons, Salvin-Godman Coll. June 27 (/. Hauxwell). (Type of species.) c,d. d $ ad. sk. Yquitos, Oct. H. WMtely [C.J. e. <$ ad. sk. Sarayacu. E. Bartlett [0.]. 25. ZAPOKNIA. Type. Zapornia, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fy B. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1816) Z. parva. Phalaridion, Kaup, Naturl Syst. p. 137 (1829) * Z. parva. Phalaridium, Heine ty Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 319 (1890 ; nom. emend.) Z. parva. Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 1. Zapornia parva. Rallus parvus, Scop. Ann. I. p. 108 (1769); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (Pisa). Rallus mixtus, Lapeyr. Mamm. et Ois. Haute-Garonne. p. 38 (1799). Gallinula minuta, Mont. Orn. Diet. (u Gallinule, Little"); cum fig. (1813). Gallinula foljamhei, Mont Orn. Diet. (" Gallinule, Olivaceous"). Zapornia minuta {nee Ball), Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm.fyc, Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1816); Forst Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 27 (1817); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856); Loche, Expl Sci.AlgSr., Ois.ilp. 341 (1867). Rallus peyrousii, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 562 (1819); Roux, Orn. Proveng. pi. 331 (1825); Fritsch, J.f. 0.1871, p. 381 (Bohemia). Gallinula pusilla (nee Pall), Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 340 (1883); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 690 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 36 (f827) ; Brehm, Tog. Deutschl p. 699 (1831) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 450 (1840) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. ciii (1844); Kjcerb. Orn^ Dan. Taf. xxxviii. fig. 3, Suppl pi. xviii. figs. 3, 4 (1852); * P. pygmma is also included by Kaup, who does not seem to have appreciated the different structure of the wing in the two species. 90 BALLIDJE. Brehn, Fogelf. p. 330 (1855); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 76. fig. 5 (185C>) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 183 (1875); Collin, Skand. Fugle, tab. xxxviii. tig. 3, Suppl. tab. ix. figs. 3,4 (1879) ; Schalow, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 297 (Brandenburg) ; Koenig, J.f 0,1888, p. 275 (Tunis). Orex pusilla (nee Fall), Bote, Ibis, 1822, p. 561; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1823); Naum. Tog. Deutschl. ix. p. 238 (1888); Nordm. in Demid. Voif. Buss. Mend. iii. p. 275 (1840: Crimea;; Selys-Lonqch. Faun. Beige, p. 117 (1842); Macgilliv. Brit. B. iv. p. 541 (1852) ; Foivys, Ibis, 18(30, p. 349 (Corfu); B. Gray, B. W. Srotl. p. 334 (1871); Hartiny, Ha?idb. Br. B. p. 58 (1872); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1876, p. 180 (Heligoland); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 336 (Cypim); GatJce, Vogelw. Helgoland, p. 5*31 (1891). Ortygometra olivacea, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 226 (1824). Zapornia pusilla (nee Ball), Steph. t. e. p. 231, cum k%. (1824); Gould, B. Fur. iv. pi. 345 (1837); Reichenb. Sgst Nat. Pulic. tab. cxix. figb. 1176-78 (1852). Phalaridion pusilla (nee Fall.), Kaup, Nat. Sgst. p. 173 (1829). Ortygometra pusilla, Bp. Co?np. ListB. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 53 (1838); toes. Bull. Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 160 (1877: Poland). Porzana minuta, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Bur. p. G5 (1842); Gould, B. Gt. Br. iv. pi. 90 (1864); Schl. Mus. Fays-Bas, Ralli, p. 31 (1865: Lower Volga, Mavj Sarepta); Deglfy Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 257 (1867); Fritsch, Fog. Fur. tab. 32. figs. 4, 5 (1870); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 251 (1873 : Sind); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 142 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 413; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 265 (1884). Tlie Little Crake, or Olivaceous Gallinule, Tarrell, Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 15 (1843). Ortygometra minuta (nee Fall), Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. lxviii (1840, pt.); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 119 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846); Linderm. Fog. Griechenl p. 129 (I860) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 179 (1863); Borggr. Yogelf. Norddeutschl p. 106 (18G9); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 172 (S. Spain); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 231 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 63, no. 10462 (1871); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 386 (Sardinia); Marscli. $ Feb. Orn. Vindob. p. 118 (1882) ; Badde, Oni. Catic.^. 877 (1884). Gallinula minuta (nee Fall), BreJim, Vogelf. p. 330 (1855). Porzana pusilla (nee Fall), Jaub. fy Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 488 (1859); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 224 (Seville : breeding). Rallus pusillus (nee Pall), Winght, Ibis, 1864, p. 150 (Malta). Porzana parva, Boderl, Avif. Sicil p. 200 (1869) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 283, pi. 498 (1878); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind #c. p. 67 (1879); Hume § Marshall, Game B. Ind. ii. p. 209, cum tab. (1879); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 98 (Gilgit) ; Scully, t. c. p. 590 ; C. Sivinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 123 (Kandahar) ; B. O. U.List Brit. B. p. 148 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 148 (1883); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 147 (Slaionia); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 53 (1884); Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital p. 235 (1887); Fleske, Mem. Acad. Fetersb. (7) xxxvii. p. 48 (1888 : Tscliinas; Kkander Kul); Guillem. Ibis, 1888, p. 110 (Cyprus); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 4 (Canaries): St. John, t. c. p. 178 (Quetta). Crex minuta, Elwes 8f Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 832 (Turkey; ; Danf. § Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 418 (Transylvania); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 226 (A&trackan). Phalaridium pubillum (nee Fall), Meves, J.f.O. 1875, p. 433 (Karabolska: nesting). 25 . ZAJPORNTA. \n Rallus minutus, Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 578 (Biskra); Seek Ibis, 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus). Crex parva, keeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 457. pi. 23(1881): id. Ibis. 1892, p. 26 (Heligoland, April). Ortygoinetra parva, Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 351 (1886); id. op. cit. 1st Ilesoc. p. 544 (1889) ; Ilartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 593 (E. Prussia). Ortvgometra pusilla (nee Ball.), Iteichen. tiyst. Ferz. Voy. Deutschl. p. 44(1889). --— Ortvgometra pygmoea, Madardsz, Ausstell. Una. Vogelf. p. 113 (1891). Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above ochreous brown, varied with black centres to the feathers and a few wrhite spots; the scapulars and innermost secondaries ochreous brown with black centres, the latter pale ochreous along their inner web, forming a longitudinal band on each side of the back; the rest of the wing-coverts nearly uniform brown; bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills sepia-brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail- coverts darker and with more black than the rest of the back, the feathers being black edged with brown; tail-feathers also black edged with brown; hinder crown uniform reddish brown like the hind neck; forehead, a broad eyebrow, sides of face, and entire under surface of body light slaty grey; sides of breast ochreous brown like the sides of the neck; flanks almost entirely uniform, excepting for a few white bars, and dusky on the lower thighs and vent; under tail-coverts white, washed with ochreous and crossed with blackish bars; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform brown like the quill-lining: u bill green, tinged with red at the base; legs and feet green; iris deep carmine" (II. Seebohm). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4, tail 2, tarsus 1/15, middle toe and claw 1*6. Adult female. Similar to the male on the upper surface, but a little brighter and more olive; brown colour of the head extending in a narrow line to the base of the bill; lores hoary grey; sides of face and a broad eyebrow grey; a faint tinge of brown on the ear- coverts ; cheeks and throat white; remainder of under surface, from the fore nock downwards, pale vinaceous isabelline; thighs clear ashy, as also the lower flanks, -which have dusky bars and white edges to the feathers ; vent and under tail-coverts barred with black and white, the latter tinged with ochreous buff. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 4*05, tail 2*2, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 1'65. Young. Similar in general to the adult female, but having the scapulars mottled externally with white bars; under surface of body entirely white, as also the sides of the face and eyebrow; the breast more or less varied with the remains of dusky edgings to the feathers; the thighs distinctly banded with brown and white; the greater coverts, primary-coverts, and quills with more or less distinct white spots at the tips. Hob. Central and Southern Europe; accidental in the Faeroes, Great Britain, and also Southern Sweden ; East to Central Asia, wintering in N,W. India and N.E. Africa. 92 EALLID.E. a. Juv. sk. Ashburton, Devonsliire. Montagu Coll. b. £ ad. sk. Europe. Gould Coll. c. d. Ad. sk. France. Riocour Coll. (? Type of Rattus peyrousii.) e. $ imm. sk. Galicia, May. Gould Coll. /. d juv. sk. Bosphorus, Aug-. (T. Rob- Tweeddale Coll. son), g. Ad. sk. Erzeroum. Gould Coll. h. Juv. sk. Marshes of Babylonia India Museum. {Commander Jones). i, h. $ ad. sk. Candahar, Feb. Col. Swinhoe [P.], I, cS ad. sk. Candahar; March. 10 (Sir Hume Coll. 0. St. John), m. S ad. sk. Bolan River, Bolan Pass India Museum. (Griffith), n-q. $ ad. j r-v, Larkkana, Sind, Jan. (A. Hume Coll. $ ad. et imm. 0. U.). sk. w. Ad. sk. Uganda, Equatorial Africa Sharpe Coll. (Piaggia). 26. PORZANA*. Type. Porzana, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 61 P. porzana. Mustelirallus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) P. albicollis. Galeolimnas, Heine in Heine ty Reichen. Nomencl Hein. p. 320 (1890) , P. Carolina. Range. Nearly cosmopolitan. Key to the Species. a. Axillaries barred with white; back streaked with black and spotted or lined with white. af. Vent white or tawny buff, the grey not extending beyond the upper breast. a". Centre of throat ashy; the inner web of the innermost secondaries light fulvous brown porzana, p. 93. b". Centre of throat black, as also the fore part of the cheeks and lores; inner web of secondaries like the rest of the quills and fringed with white Carolina, p. 97. b'. Vent black; the grey of the breast extending to the abdomen Jluminea, p. 101. * I have not been able to identify the following species :— PORZANA MAKGINALIS. Porzana marginalis, Bp. C.R. xliii. p. 599 (1856, descr. nulla); Hartl. Oroi. W.-Afr. p. 241 (1857: G-aboon); Taoz. J. f. 0. 1870, p. 54 (Biskra, Algeria); Heugl. t c. p. 385; Tacz. t. c. p. 371; Oust. Muv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull p. 143 (1879: Gaboon). Ortygometra marginalis, Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Zd: p. 318 (1872 : Ondonga). Crex marginalis, Sharpe, ed. Layartfs B. S. Afr. p. 613 (1884). Hab. Algeria and West Africa from G-aboon to Damara Land. 26. POKZANA. 93 b. Axillaries uniform, not barred with white (occasionally a few white spots). c'. With the back mottled, not uniform. e". With no white frecklings or bars on the upper surface, which is olive-brown mottled with black centres to the feathers; under surface of body ashy grey; throat white albicolhs, p. 102. d". With white frecklings or bars on the upper surface. a"1. Wing-coverts spotted with white or uniform. aK Ear-coverts blue-grey, or ashy, with no brown streak along their upper portion , intermedia, p. 103. bK Similar to P. intermedia, but with lighter colour and a longer bill affinis, p. 106. cli. Ear-coverts grey, with more or less of a brown streak along their upper margin. a5. Larger: olive-brown above, ashy grey below; sides of body barred, pusitta, p. 106. b5 . Smaller: more tawny above ; pearly grey below; lower throat and abdomen white; flanks barred paltistris, p. 109. b'". Wing-coverts with white bars. d*. No white streaks on the back, which is olive-brown with blackish centres to the feathers; throat and breast uniform slaty grey spiloptera, p. 109. eK Back broadly streaked with white; under surface of body white, tinged with tawny buff on the chest Jlaviventris, p. 110. d'. With the back uniform. e". Of smaller size : under tail-coverts barred with white; back rufous-chocolate; bill entirely black. c"\ Larger; wing 3*6 inches: wing- coverts conspicuously edged with white tabuensis, p. 111. d'". Smaller; wing 2*7 inches: white edgings to the wing-coverts obsolete.. galapagensis, p. 113. /" . Larger: under tail-coverts uniform black; back reddish brown; bill for the most part yellow Mcolor, p. 113. 1. Porzana porzana. Le petit Rasle d'eau, ou La Marouette, Briss. Orn. v. p. 155, pi. xiii. fig. 1 (1760). Kallus porzana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 262 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 712 (1788); Tall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 154 (1811: S. itussia, Crimea, Siberia) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 557 (1819); Roux, Orn. JProv. pi. 330 (1825); Wright, lbis} 1864, p. 150 (Malta); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus). 94 •RALLIDJ3. Rnlhw fulicula, Scop. Ann. I. p. 108 (1769). La Marouetto, Baubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 751; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 157(1781). Spotted Gallinulo, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 264 (1785), Gallinula porzana, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 772 (1790); Forst. Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 27 (1817) ; Temm. Man. cWm. ii. p. 688 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 35 (1827); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 449 (1840); Schl. Me)). Crit p. ciii (1844); Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. pi. xxxviii. fig. 4 (1852); Sundew So. Fogl. pi.' 45. fig. 3 (1856) ; Filippi, Viagg. Pen. p. 352 (1865) ; Serertz. TurJcest. Jevotn. p. Gl> (1873); Fallon, Oh. Belg. p. 183 (1875); Collin, Skand. Fugle, pi. xxxviii. fig. 4 (1879); Koenig, J. f. 0. 18907 p. 313 (Madeira); Reiser, Yog. Mus. Sarajevo, p. 117 (1891). Grtygometra maruetta, Leach, Sgst. Cat. Mamm. § B. Brit. Mas. p. 34 (1816); Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 128 (1845). Crex porzana, Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 80; Naum. Vog. Beutschl. ix. Taf. 2t\7 (1*38); Macgill Brit. B. iv. p. 535 (1852); Kordm. in Bemid. Toy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 274 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 117 (1842); Heivits. Fggs Br. B. ii. p. 318, pi. lxxxix. figs. 2, 3 (1846); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 318 (1&49); Poivys, Ibis, I860, p. 349 (Epirus); Schl. Bier. Nederl, Tog. pi. 26. fig-. 3 (1861); Ehoes # Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Turkey); R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 333 (1671); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 58 (1872); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 18(3 (Heligoland); Ban/. $ liar vie Brown, t. c. p. 418 (Transylvania); Setbohn, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 540, pi. 23 (1884) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 264 (1884); Lilford, Ibis, 1888, p. 336 (Cyprus) ; Gathe, Vugelw. Helgoland, p. 531 (1891); Seek Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland;. Ortygoinetra porzana, Steph. in SJiaias Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 223 (1824); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. lxvii (1840); Gray, List Gralles Brit. Mus. p. 118 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1840; ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 64 (1856) ; Lindenn. Vog. Griechenl. p. 128 (1860) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 12 (Greenland) ; Gray, List Br. B. p. 179 (1863): Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (Piba); Moore, t. c. p. 439 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282; Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutschL p. 106 (1869); Salmd. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 230 (1871); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 62, no. 10451 (1871); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 1241 (1873: Egypt to Blue and White Nile); Alston £ Haruie Brown. Ibis, 1873, p. 07 (Archangel); Brooke, t. c. p. 336 (Sardinia) ; Wharton, Ibis, 1875, p. 27 (Corsica): Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 160 (1877 ; Poland); Cab. J.'f. 0.1878, p. 246 (Kitui in Ukamba); Marsch. fy Pelz. Orn. Vindob. p. 118 (1882); Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 376 (1884); Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 117 (Zanzibar); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 349 (1886); id. op. cit. 1st Piesoc. p. 540 (1889);' Madardsz, Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 112 (1891)- Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 513 (E. Prussia). Gallinula maculata, Rrehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 698 (1831). Gallinula punctata, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 699 (1831). Zapornia porzana, Gould, B. Fur. iv. pi. 343 (1837). Porzana maruetta, Bp. Cat. Metod. Ucc. Eur. p. 64 (1842); Blyth Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 284 (1849 : Calcutta); Reichenb. Handb. Fulio. Taf. cxvii. figs. 1159,1160 (1851); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm, Rich. Orn. p. 487 (1859) : Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 346 (Oudh); Gould, B. Gt. Br. iv. pi. 88 (1864): Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 722 (1864); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Palli p. 29 (1865) j Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 (Morocco); Begl. \ Gerbe Orn. Eur. ii. p. 256 (1867) ; Loche, Ea.pl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii! 26. roKZAJU. !),"> p. 338 (1807); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 200 (1869); Bettoni, Uec. nidif. Lomb. tav. 84 (1870); Fritsch, Vdq. Eur. tab. 32. fig. I; id.J.f. 0. 1871, p. 381 (Bohemia); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p? 224 (S. Spain); #wvw^, £. c. p. 299 (Laghonat); Shelby, B. Egypt, p. 274 (1872); Hume Sf Renders. Lahore to Yark. p! 293 (1873); -fliwie, 6?r. JP. i. p. 231 (1873: Roree); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 143 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 413; Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 288 (187G: Shiraz) ; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 103 (1870 : E. Turkestan); Fairb. t c. p. 263 (Ahmednuggar); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 215 (1877: Deesa); id. t. c. p. 233 (Guzerat) ; Drew, B. Eur. vii. p. 267, pi. 496 (1878); Davids. $ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 90 (1878: Deccan); Butler, t. c p. 187 (Sind); Hume, t. c. p. 487 (Calcutta); Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 66 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); id. fy Marsh. Game Birds hid. ii. p. 213, pi. 37 (1879); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. pp. 20, 222 (1880); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 80 (1880: Belgaum); G.£eid,Str.F.x.-p.7S(l881: Lucknow); Biddulph,Ibis, 1881, p. 98 (Gilgit); Scully, t c. p. 590; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 322 (1889: W. Khandeish); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 366 (Selenia Pan); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 143 (1884); B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 147 (1883); Ziemer, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 184; Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 92 (Andalucia); Saunders, t. c. p. 388 (Pyrenees) ,* Baird, Breioer, # Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 368 (1884); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 125 (1884); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 52 (1884) ; Bilchner, J. f. O. 1885, p. 207 (S. Petersburg); Booth, Bough Notes, vol. ii. (1887); Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xvi. p. 17 (1887); Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 92 (Andalucia); TiHtiteh. Ibis, 1885, p. 44 (Corsica); Savile Ileid,Ibis, 1887, p. 252 (Marocco); Tait, t. c. p. 382 (Portugal); Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 58 (1887); Pleske, Mem. Acad. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 48 (1888: Tscliinas); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 430 (Canaries); Dresser, Ibis, 1891, p. 369 (Erzeroum) ; Sharpe, ScL Res. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 147 (1891). Spotted Crake, Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 11 (1843). Gallinula leucotborax, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 329 (1856). Gallinula gracilis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 329 (1856). Porzana porzana, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 613 (1884); id. Ibis, 1886, p. 489 (Fao); A. O. U. Check!. N. Amer. B. p. 141 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 139 (1887); Chamberl Auk, vi. p. 217 (1889 : FredericksLaab). Porzana fulicula, Scdvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 234 (1887). Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above olive- brown, mottled with white and black markings, the white being distributed in the form of lateral spots on the dorsal feathers, and on the scapulars and wing-coverts in the form of arrowhead spots or bars, which are margined with black; all the feathers of the upper surface with more or less concealed black centres; wing- coverts rather lighter brown than the back, the white spots somewhat less plentifully distributed, excepting on the greater series and innermost secondaries, whore the white bars with their accompanying black lines are very distinct and somewhat zigzag in character on the latter; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills sepia- brown, externally whitish brown, with a white edging to the first 9d RALLIDJB. primary and outer feathers of the bastard-wing; the innermost secondaries paler and more sandy brown along their inner webs; lower back black, with a few small white markings ; rump and upper tail-coverts olive-brown centred with black, the lateral feathers rather conspicuously barred and edged with white• tail- feathers dark brown, externally lighter brown; crown of head olive- brown, the feathers spotted with black like the back: forehead and eyebrow slaty grey, the latter profusely dotted with white; a narrow line at the base of the forehead and a loral spot black, extending below the eye and on to the fore part of the cheeks ; above the lores a faintly indicated spot of white; cheeks and throat slaty grey, dotted with white: ear-coverts uniform brown, extending on to the sides of the neck ; neck, fore neck, breast, and sides of the body everywhere spotted with white, which takes the form of cross bars on the sides of the body, each white bar skirted by a narrow blachish bar above and below; the chest and upper breast shaded with ashy; lower breast and abdomen white, shading off into sandy buff on the vent and under tail-coverts ; lesser under wing-coverts and edge of wing conspicuously white* remainder of under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown barred with white, resembling the flanks ; quills dusky below: " bill yellow, orange-red at base, dusky on the culm en and at the tip; legs and feet green ; iris brown" (K A. Butler). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*85, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*3, middle toe and claw 1*7. The female differs from the male in having the sides of the face more mottled, the breast and throat apparently never so uniform grey as in the male. Adult in summer jplumage. Very similar to the winter plumage, but not so distinctly varied with white above; the white dots also absent for the most part on the eyebrow, sides of neck, throat, and breast, which are almost uniformly grey, the latter slightly washed with brown. Young. Easily distinguished from the adults by its white throat and more profusely spotted appearance. The streaks on the back are also very distinct as a rule. The adult plumage appears to me to be gained without a moult, the grey colour being gradually assumed as the spring advances ; but I have not had a sufficient series to determine accurately the various phases through which the species passes. The young bird has the brown of the head continued to the base of the forehead. Hab. Europe generally up to about 65° W. lat. • as far east as Yarkand; wintering in the Indian Peninsula and in Africa. Accidental in Greenland. a. Jr. sk. • England. Hume Coll. b. Ad. j c, d, e. Pull. sk. England. Gould Coll. / . Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Purchased. j7, k, i. Pull. st. h. $ jr. st. /, m, n. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Near Cambridge, Waterbeach, IN ov Oct. Purchased. Harting Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. 26 . PORZANi. o. Jr. st. p. S jr. 8k. q. Jr. sk. r, 5. Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 545 (Medellin) ; Maynard, J5. East. N. Amer. p. 430 (1879); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 167 (1880; winter); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 292 (1880); A. fy E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 114 (1881); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 547 (1882), vi. p. 351 (1883: La Paz); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 147 (1883); Stearns, New Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 286 (1883); Keels, Canad. Sportsm. iii. p. 283 (1883; nesting) ; Berl. $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 313 (W. Ecuador) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water*-B. N. Amer. i. p. 370 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 673 (1884) ; Talbot, Auk, i. p. 99 (1884: Dakota); Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 248 (1885 : Labrador); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885 : Colorado) ; Merriam, t. c. p. 62; Loomis, t. c. p. 190 (S. Carolina) ; Agersb. t. c. p. 287 (S.E. Dakota); Brewster, Auk, iii. p. 179 (1886 : JST. Carolina) ; Scott, t. c. p. 386 (Arizona); Tacz. Orn. Peron, iii. p. 320 (1886: Tumbez); Wells, List B. Grenada, p. 9 (1886); Ferrari- Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 177 (1886 : Puebla) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 142 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 139 (1887); W. E. Bryant, Forest and Strea?n, xxvL p. 425 (1887 : California): Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 163,197, 234 (1887: N. California): Ridgw. t. c. p. 578 (Swan Island); Beckh. t. c. pp. 637, 650 (Texas); Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 90 (1887 : Ventura Co.); Richm. Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: W. Colombia; breeding); Cliapm. t. c. pp. 38, 39, 209 (Florida); Merrill, t. c. p. 144 (Ft. Klamath; breeding); Kumlien, t c. p. 328 (1888); 2(j. PORiSANA. 99 Slwfeldt, Journ. Comp. Morph. 1888, art. xvii. pp. 1-16: Con/, B. W. Ind. p. 256 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 155 (1889: Florida) $ Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 378 (CozumeU; Mearns, Auk, vii. p. 51 (1890: Arizona); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. xiii. p. 494 (1891: Manitoba); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 11 (1892; Jamaica); id. t. c. p. 212 (Florida, winter); Attic. Auk, ix. p. 232 (San Antonio) ; Cherrie, t. c. p. 239 (San Jos£, Costa Rica). Aramides Carolina, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 60, no. 10431 (1871). Crex Carolina, Hartim/, Handh. Brit, B. p. 152 (1872): Seeb. Hid. Brit B. ii. p. 541 (1884). Galeolimnas Carolina, Heine & Reiehen, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890). Adult male. General colour above olivaceous brown, varied with black centres and white margins to the feathers ; the lower back and rump darker, the black centres to the feathers being more pronounced; wing-coverts for the most part uniform olivaceous brown, with white spots and freckles on the greater series ; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olivaceous brown, the bastard-wing feathers and outer primary edged with white; the innermost secondaries centred with black and edged with white like the back; tail-feathers olivaceous brown, with blackish centres ; crown of head and neck more rufous brown than the back and more uniform ; forehead and centre of crown black, as well as the lores, fore part of cheeks, and centre of throat and fore neck; a narrow eyebrow, sides of face, sides of neck, and chest ashy grey ; breast white, the lower flanks barred with black; the sides of the body brown, barred with white, each white bar with a narrow border-line of black; thighs brown, under tail- coverts white, the vent tinged with fulvous; under wing-coverts brown, edged with white, the edge of the wing white; axillaries brown, distinctly barred with white: " bill yellow at base, dusky towards the end; feet yellowish green; claws light brown; iris bright chestnut" (J. J. Audubon). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-3, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*45, middle toe and claw 1-75. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4*25, tail 2*85, tarsus 1*1, middle toe and claw 1*65. Young. Upper surface resembling that of the adult, but the under surface for the most part white; the lower throat and fore neck sandy buff; the under tail-coverts light tawny buff; sides of the breast brown, and the flanks black, both barred across with white; lores and sides of face ashy brown; a supraloral streak, eyebrow, and cheeks sandy buff. The adult plumage is gained in the first winter, but the grey feathers of the neck still retain brownish margins. Bab. Temperate North America generally, wintering in Central America, the West India Islands, and Northern South America. a. Juv. sk. Avigait, Greenland, Sept. 30 Hargitt Coll. b. Imm. sk. (II. C. Muller). Hudson's Bay. Sir G. Back [P.]. H 2 100 RALLIDiE. a. Ad.sk. 49th Parallel, May (G. M. Dawson), el $ ad. sk. Canada (Col. Shelley). e. Imm. sk. /• 6 juv. sk. (j. Ad. sk. h. Ad. sk. i. Ad. sk. h. Ad. st. /, m, n. S ad. etjuv.; o,p. <$ juv. sk. q. "Pull. sk. r, s. <£ $ ad. sk. t. $ juv. sk. n. $ ad. sk. ?;. c? ad. sk. w-a'. c? ad. etimm. ,* br, d. 5 imm. sk. d', e'ff. cjad. sk. New Brunswick, Sept. 24. Lyons Falls, New York, Oct. 7 (A. I. Dayan: Hensh. Coll.). Rockford, Illinois (Blackman). Riverdale, Illinois, May 3 (2?. W. Nelson : Hensh, Coll.). Fremont, Illinois {W. J. Shaw), Cleveland, Ohio. Pawtuxent R., Indiana, Sept. (Hensh. Coll.). Davis Station, Indiana. Lake Borgue, Louisiana, March {Hensh. Coll). Provo R.7 Utah, July (Hensh. Coll), Riverside, California, Feb. 17. San Luis, Obispo, California, Oct. 28 (Hensh. Coll.). Corpus Christi, Texas, Sept., Oct. (F. B. Armstrong). Brownsville, Texas, March, April (F. B. A.), g', h'. S ad. j %'. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Oct. imm. sk. Jc', I'. S ad. ,• m', n'. 2 "am. sk. o'. $ ad. sk. 2?'. Ad. sk. q\ r\ Ad. et imm. sk. sr. Ad. sk. f, u'. Ad. sk. v'j w\ x\ Ad. et imm. sk. y'. Ad. sk. z'. tf ad. sk. a", b". Ad. et imm. sk. c". J imm. sk. d". Ad. sk. e". Ad. sk, /".Ad sk. Dec, April ( W. F. D. Scott). Bermuda, April, Oct. Chapulco, Puebla, Mexico, Aug. 20 (Ferrari-Perez). Progreso, Northern Yucatan, Feb. (F. C. J. Devis). Cozumel Island (G. F. Gaumer). Belize, British Honduras (F, Blancaneaux). Guatemala. Duenas, Guatemala, Oct., Feb. (0. S.). Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. (0. S.). Chiriqui, Panama (E. ArcS). Lion Hill, Panama (J. MeLeannan). Medellin, Antioquia, U.S. Colombia (T. K. Salmon), Quito, Ecuador. San Lucas, Ecuador (Villagomez). Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). N. A. Bound. Co mm. Shelley Co!l. Capt. Savile Reid Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Prof. Kirtland [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Howard Saunders, Esq. [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Wilson Crewdson, Esq.. [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Capt. Savile Reid [C.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. 26. roRZANi. 101 g". Ad. sk. Trinidad. Old Collection. h",i", k". Ad. et Union Island, West Indies, Salvin-Godman Coll. imin. sk. Oct., April (D. W. Smith). l"-p". Ad. et St. Vincent, Oct., Jan. (£>. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. iwm. sk. /Smith). q'\ ($ ad. sk. Metcalfe Parish, Jamaica, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. (W. Osburn). r". Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 3. Porzana fluminea. R alius novae hollandiaa, CUD. MSS. in Mus. Paris} Less. Traite, p. 537 (1831 ; descr. nulla); Pitcher. Reo. et May, de ZooL 1851, p. 278. ' Porzana fluminea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 139; id. £. Amtr. \i. pi. 79 (1848); id. Eandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 339 (I860); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 80c. JSf. 8. TV. i. p. 193 (1876;, ii. p. 199 (1877); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 345 (Queensland); North, Proc. Linn. 80c. N. 8. W. (2) ii. p. 1779 (1888: Cumberland district); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. £. p. 23 (1888). Ortygometra fluminea, Gray, List Gralla Brit. Mus, p. 118 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846). Porzana novas-hollandiae, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1850). Ortygometra novse-kollandiae, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. Q2, no. 10452 (1871) ; Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 319 (i890). Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, dotted all over with, white spots and tiny streaks, the feathers centred with black ; wing-coverts like the back, but more uniform, less plentifully spotted with white: bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills olivaceous brown, with white margins to the bastard-wing feathers and the first primary; the innermost secondaries centred with blackish and spotted with white like the back; tail-feathers olivaceous brown, with dusky centres ; crown of head exactly like the back, the forehead dark slaty grey, blackish at the base and on the lores and base of cheeks ; sides of face slaty grey, the ear- coverts shaded with brown and dotted with white, like the sides of the neck; throat and entire breast dark slaty grey; the abdomen white; sides of body black, barred with white ; under tail-coverts white, with a mesial patch of black on the vent; under wing- coverts blackish, with whitish edges, the edge of the wing white; axillaries dusky brown, with white bars; quills uniform dusky brown below: ''bill olive-green, orange-red at the base; feet dark olive-green " (J. Gould). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*1, tail 2% tarsus 1/2, middle toe and claw 1*5. Bab. Australia. a. Ad. sk. South Australia (J. Gould). Sir G. Grey [P.]. b. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. c. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. d. e. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll 102 IULLIOE:. 4. Porzana albicollis. Ypacahn aplomado y pardo, Azara, Ayunt iii. p. 220 (1810). Rallus albicollis, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 501 (1819). Rallus olivneeus, Vieill. t. c. p. 561 (1819). Crex mustelina, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 79 (1823)• Cab. in Schomb, Reis. Guian. iii. p. 760 (1848). Crex gularis, lord. $ Selby, III Orn. i. pi. 39 (c. 1836). Ortygometra olivacea, Gray, List Gralla Brit. Mus. p. 118 (1844). Ortygometra albicollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 093 (1846); Hartl Inrf. Azara, p. 24 (1847); Burnt. Th. Bras. iii. p. 387 (1856 : San Paulo to Montevideo). Corethnira mustelina, Licbt. Nomenel. Av. p. 90 (1854). Mustelirallus albicollis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Crex olivaceus, E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1804, p. 96 (Trinidad). Porzana albicollis, Schl M?/s. Paijs-Bas, Ralli, p. 34 (1865: Suri nam) ; Sol. $ Salv. P. Z. S 1868, p. 451; Pelz Oin. Bras. p. 316 (Ypanema, Irisanga), p. 459 (1871); Sol fy Salv. Nomenel Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 176 (Roraima). Corethrura olivacea, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 499 (1866). Aramides albicollis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10432 (1871). Galeolimnas albicollis, Heine 8f Reich. Norn. Mies. Hein. p. 320 (1890). Adult General colour above olivaceous brown, with broad black centres to all the feathers; the head like the back and similarly centred with black; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform dusky brown, slightly edged with olivaceous brown: tail-feathers blackish, with olivaceous brown margins; lores, a narrow eyebrow, and sides of face pale ashy grey, the sides of the neck browner; throat whitish, shading off into ashy grey on the fore neck ; the tinder surface of the body ashy grey, with whitish edges to the feathers of the lower abdomen and vent* sides of the body washed with brown ; lower flanks and under tail-coverts black, edged and barred with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, with whitish edges to the feathers ; quills uniform dusky brown below: " bill green ; feet, toes, and claws purplish brown; iris reddish hazel" (H. Whiteh/). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*5, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*5, middle toe and claw 1*8. Hah. From Paraguay and Southern Erazil to Guiana, Venezuela, and Trinidad. a. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased. b, e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. d. Ad. sk. e. c? ad. sk. Brazil. San Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). M. Clatissen [P.]. Salvin-Godman "Co1!. / . Ad. sk. Santa F<*, Minas Geraes {H. Salvin-Godman Coll*. Rogers). (I, h, I Ad. sk. Bahia {Br. Wvcherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. Jc, I. Ad. sk. Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll m. Ad, st. P.Amazon. J. Gould, Esq. n. Ad. sk. Maroni River, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll. (Kappler). o. Ad. sk. Georgetown, Bemerara. Salvin-Godman Coll p. tf ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll Bee. 29 (H. Whitely). 26 . POUZA.NA. 5. Porzana intermedia. Itallus intermedins, Hermann, Obs. Zool. i. p. 198 (1804, Strasbourg. Rallus bailloni, Vieill N. Diet cVIIist. Nat. xxviii. p. 548 (1810*Picardy); Roux, Orn. Frov. pi. 322 (1825) ; Wright, Ibis, 1804. p. 150 (Malta). Gallinula bailloni, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. G92 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 37 (1827); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 452 (1840) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. ciii (1844); id. Vog. Nederl p. 255 (1854); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 80 (N. Africa) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 184 (1875). Gallinula stellaris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 692 (1820). Crex bailloni, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 561; LicH. Verz. Douhl. p. 80 (1823); Jard. $ Selhj, III Orn. i. pi. xv. (c. 1837); Seh/s-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 117 (1843); Ilewits. Eggs Br. B. ii. p. 321, plxe. fig. 1 (1846); Tkomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 321 (1850); Macqill Hut. Brit. B. iv. p. 539 (1852) ; Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 361 (E. AtLs); Schl Dier. NederL Vog. pi. 26. figs. 4, 5 (18(51); R. Gray, B. W. Scotl p. 334 (1871); Harting, Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 58 (1872); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 186 (Heligoland) ; Seeb. Hist Br. B. ii. p. 543, pi. 23 (1884); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 336 (Cypru*) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 26 (Heligoland, May). Ortvgonietra bailloni, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 228, pi. 27(1824) ; Sealy, Zool. 1859, p. 6329; Gray, List Br. B. p. 180 (1863); Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (Pisa); More, t. c. p. 440; Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 172 (S. Spain) ; Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 231 (1871) ; Radde, Orn. Cave. p. 378 (1884) ; Gigl Amf.Ital p. 350 (1886); id. op. cit. 1st Eesoc. p. 542 (1889; ; Ilmtert, Ibis, 1892, p. 513 (E. Prussia). Gallinula pygmsea, Brehn, Lehrb. Naturg. Fur. Vog. ii. p. 641 (1824, ex Naum.); id. Vogelf. p. 330 (1856) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873). Phalaridion pygmsea, Kaup, Natilrl Syst. p. 170 (1829). Crex foljambei [nee Mont), Eyton, Cat Brit B. p. 46 (1836). Zapornia pygmaia, Gould, B. Fur. iv. pi. 344 (1837). Crex pygmsea, Naum. Vog. Deutsehl. ix. p. 567, Taf. 239 (1838); Nor din. in JDemid. Voy! Rw>s. Merid. iii. p. 275 (1840: Crimea); / Rtipp, Syst. Uebers. p. 128 (1845) ; Danf. § Haruie Brown, lbi\ 1875, p. 418 (Transylvania) ; Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgola?id, p. 532 (1891). Ortysrometra pvgmsea, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. lxviii (1840); Gray, List Gralles Brit Mus. p. 119 (1884); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846) ; Heugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 62 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 129 (I860); Gumey, Ibis, 1865, p. 273 (Natal); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 106 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 113, no. 10461 (1871); Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 317 (1872 : Omanbonde'; Lake Ngami); Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 283 (Transvaal); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1235 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia); Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 107 (Transvaal); Fischer fy Reichen. J.f 0.1879, p. 338 (Muniuni, Oct.); Marsch. Sr Pelz. Orn. Vindob. p. 139 (1882); Fischer, J.f O. 1885, p. 117 (W apokomo-land). Porzana pygmaa, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 64 (1842); Jaub. $ Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 489 (1859); Hartl Faun. Madag. p. 81 (1861); E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 458 (Antananarivo); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 89 (1864); Schl. Mm. Paijs-Bas, Ealb", p. 30 (1865 : Picardy; Metz); Overend, Zool. 1866,[p. 389; Brake, 104 KALLIDiE. Ibis, 1SG7, p. 429; Fritseh, Vbg. Bur. tab. 32. fig. 3 (1870); id. (Transvaal); Marti. Voq. Madag. p. 342 (1877); Milne-Bdio. $ Grand. B. N. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 578 (1879); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 382 (Portugal) ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Beutschl. p. 44 (1889) ; Schaloio, J.f. 0.1890, "p. 39 (Brandenburg); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 114 (Madagascar). Baillon's Crake, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 20 (1843). Zapornia pygmaea, Reichenb. Handb. Fulicarise, Taf. cxix. figs. 11/982 (1851) ; Bp. C.li. xliii. p. 599 (1856); Loche, Bxpl Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 340 (1867); Bartl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 772. rorzana bailloni, Deql $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 258 (1867) ; DoderL Avif SiciL p. 201 "(1869) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 224 (S. Spam) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 413; id. B. Bur. vii. p. 275, pi. 497 (1878); More, Zool. 1882, pp. 114,115; Butler, Feilden, § Reid, ZooL 1882, p. 426 (Newcastle, Natal); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 154 (1883); B.O.U. List Brit. B. p. 148 (1883); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 614 (1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 346 (Transvaal) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 18S8, p. 489 (Facri ; Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Ital. p. 235 (1887); Bleske, Mem. Acad. St. Betersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 48 (1888). Ortygometra minuta {nee Ball.), Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 338 (1867); Madarasz, Aasst. Ungar. Vogelf.y. 113 (1891). Ortygometra pusilla {nee Ball), Goebel,Jf. 0.1879; p. 272 (Uman); Midler, J.f O. 1887, p. 178 (Hesse). Porzana pusilla {nee Ball), Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 54 (1884, pt). Phalaridium sp. indet., OIphe-Gall, Contr. Faun. Orn. Bur. Occul fasc. xvL p. 30 (lfc87). Gallinula pusilla [nee Ball), Koenig, J.f.O. 1888, p. 275 (Tunis). Gallinula minuta {nee Ball), Reiser, Vbg. Mus. Sarajevo, p. 117 (1891). Phalaridium bailloni, Heine # Reichen. Nomeyicl Mus. Hein. p. 319 (1890). Adult male. General colour above dark ochreous brown, with black centres to nearly all the feathers, which are marked with white spots freckled with black; lower back black, freckled with white, but only slightly washed with ochreous brown; upper tail- coverts ochreous brown with black centres ; lesser and median wing-coverts uniform ochreous brown like the back, the greater series with blackish centres and white frecklings; the innermost secondaries like the back, with broad black centres, the inner webs paler ochraeeous brown, thereby forming a broad longitudinal band on each side of the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills sepia-brown, the edges of the bastard-wing feathers and the first primary white; tail-feathers blackish, edged with dark ochreous brown; centre of crown and hind neck dark ochreous or reddish brown, only feebly streaked with black centres to the feathers; forehead and a broad eyebrow as well as the entire sides of face, throat, and breast clear slaty grey; abdomen, flanks, and thighs blackish mottled with white bars; under tail-coverts deep black barred with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky 26. POBZANA. brown with a few white spots and bars ; quills dusky below : " bill green, darker at the tip ; legs, feet, and claws olive; iris crimson " (H. Seebohm). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-5, tail 1-75, tarsus 1*05, middle toe and claw 1*5. The adult male in winter plumage appears to have a whiter throat than in summer, and in all probability the entire throat gradually becomes slaty grey as the breeding-season approaches; " bill grass-green, the culmen dusky; tarsi and toes greenish; iris reddish orange " (T. Ay res). Young. Is like the adult on the upper surface and is similarly marked with black and white, but the general tone of the plumage is rather more rufous; the head like the back; sides of the face rufous brown, as also the eyebrow; lores whitish; throat, breast, and abdomen dull white; the fore neck and chest rufescent, barred across with dusky ; lower flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts black, barred with white : " iris light ashy brown " (T. Ayres). The young birds probably do not attain their full grey plumage for at least a year, as a specimen procured near Potchefstroom on the 24th of April is still in immature plumage like the young bird above described, and differs only in the whiter under surface, the fore neck and chest alone retaining some remains of rufous shading and dusky bars. The eyebrow is whitish and more distinct. If this bird was going to moult into the grey plumage before its returm to Europe, the change must be very rapidly performed. Bah. Central Europe; east to Persia, and south to Africa and Madagascar. a, h, c. Ad. et Europe. Gould Coll. pull.; d. Juv. sk. e. Pull. st. Europe. Old Collection. / . Ad. sk. Great Britain. Gould Coll. \(j. Ad. sk. Great Britain. Hume Coll. h, i. Ad. et juv. Holland (/. Baker). Salvin-Godman Coll. sk. k. Ad. sk. Nice (R C. Taylor). Shelley Coll. I Ad. sk. Fao, Persian G ulf. W. D. Cumming, Esq. [P.]. m. <$ ad. sk. Damietta, Egypt (Filipponi). Shelley Coll. n. 2 juv« sk-Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. o. 2 ad-5 P- ?• Potchefstroom, Jan. to April Gurney Coll. tf 2 j -fik. (T. Ayres). uv r, s. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Salvin-Godman Coll. t. Ad.; u, v, w. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.]. Imm. sk. x, y. $ ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Oct. (R A. Shelley Coll. Butler Sr S. Reid). z. a'. Ad. et iuv. Madagascar (F. Plant), Tweeddale Coll. sk. J V. Ad. sk. Madagascar. , helley Coll. c'j d'. Ad. sk. Ankafana Eorest, B^t ii o Tweeddale Coll. ( W. Deans Cowan)* 106 lULLIDiE. 6. Porzana affinis. Ortygometra affinia, Gray, Voi/.'Erebus1 $ 'Terror,1 Birds,p, 14 (1840 : North Island, N.Z.){ id. 'Gen. B. p. 593 (1846); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 239; ILitton, Ibis, 1870, p. 394, 1872, p. 247 (Chatham IsL): Gray, HamU. B. iii. p. 02, no. 10457 (1871); TVarcw*, Tr N Z. Inst v. p. 218 (1872, Chatham IsL); Bidler, B. N. Zeal p. 182, pi. 22. fig. 1 (1873); Sharpe, Toy. 'Erebus1 'Terror,1 App. p. 29 (1875); Finsch, J. f. O, 1878, p. 182; Butter, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 103 (1888). Porzana affinis, Bp. C. R xliii. p. 599 (1856). Hallus punctatus, Elhnan, Zool. 1801, p. 7470. Ortygometra pygmasa, Finsch (nee Brehm), Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 102 (1876). Adult. Similar to P. intermedia, but rather paler in general coloration and with a longer hill: " bill, tarsi, and toes pale brown, tinged with olive ; iris dull red"' (Sir W. Buller). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3-3, tail 1*8, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1-45. (Mus. Rothschild.) Hah. New Zealand. a. Ad. sk. North Island, New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [C.]. (Type of specie*.) 7. Porzana pusilla. Rallus pusillus, Pall. Reis. Puss. Reiehs. iii. App. p. 700 (1776) : Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 719 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 761 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet dRist Nat xxviii. p. 563 (1819). Dwarf Rail, Lath. Gen. Sijn. Suppl. ii. p. 323 (1801). Kallus minutus, Pall. Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 155 (1811). Zapornia pusilla vel bailloni (nee V.), Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 113. fig. 1 (no. 568); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). Ortygometra pygmsea (nee Brehm), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Rodgs. p. 142 (1846); Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 301 (1874: Andamansj; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 94 (1878: Ordos). Porzana pygmaea (nee Brehm), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 284 (1849: Calcutta); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 723 (1864); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Balli, p. 30 (1865, pt.); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 414; Hume # Renders. Lah. to Yark. p. 223 (1873); Tacz, J. f. O. 1873, p. 106; Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 134 (Chefoo); Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 193 (1876: E. Turkestan) ; Ball, t. c. p. 234 (Sumbulpur); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Ahmednuggur); Blanf. Str. F« v. p. 247 (1877: Munchur Lake); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, I p. 259 (1876) ; David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 487 (1877) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. pp. 230, 412 (1875); Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 24 (Bintulu); Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 225; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 98 (Gilgit) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 264 (1884); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 501 (Lower Yangtze). Ortygometra minuta (nee Pall), Radde, Peis. Sibir., Voq. p. 311 (1863: Tarei-norjKarmsk). Porzana bailloni {nee V.), Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 839 (Amoy, Foochow); Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 467 (1878: tavoy) ; Ball, Str v " ,. 229 (1878: Godaveri); Hume, to. p. 489 (Calcutta i ,, // Ceylon, p. 766 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 67 • ' < ne, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Scully, t. c. p. 358 (I.oi ji twe fy Marsh. Game Birds Ind. ii. p. 203, pi. 35 (16, . Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 80 (1880); Vidal, 26 . PORZANA. 107 Sir. F. ix. p. 87 (1880: Patnagiri); Hume, t. c. p. 250 (Cachar); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 73 (1881: Lucknow); Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 590 (Cxilgit) ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 123 (Kandahar); Oates, Ilandb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 334 (1883) • Davison, Str. F. x. p. 415 (1883: Wynaad); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 269 (Kiukiang); Swinh. 8r Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 135 (Mhow); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 161 (Manilla); McGregor, Str. F. x. p. 441 (1887: Mahratta country); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 328 (1888) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 178 (S. Afghanistan) : Everett, Journ. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 202. Ortygometra bailloni (nee V.), Lijboicski, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria, breeding-) • Dedithts, J.- f. 0. 1886, p. 538 (Iloangho River) ; Shaipe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 90(1889). Crex baillom (nee V.), Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 86 (1872: Cashmere). Zapornia pygmsea (nee Breh?n), Hume, Nests $• Eggs Ind. B. p. 603 (1873); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 215 (1877: Deesaj. Eallus bailloni (nee V.), Blahist. Amend. List B. Japan, pp. 13, 42 (1884); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 35 (Yokohama). Porzana pusilla, Bor/d. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 54 (1884, pt.); Tacz. F. Z. S. 1888, p. 458 (Corea); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests 8? Fggs, iii. p. 395 (1890); Grant, Ann. 8? Mag. N. H. (6) v. p. 80 (1890); Sharpe, Sci Res. Sec. York. Miss., Aves, p. 147 (1891). Crex pusilla, Seeb. B. Japan. Fmp. p. 356 (1890). Porzana intermedia (nee Hermann), Stejneger, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mtis. ix. p. 396 (1880). Adult male. Similar to P. intermedia, but rather paler grey, and distinguished by having a distinct band of reddish brown along the ear-coverts to the sides of the neck: " bill green, dusky on the culmen and at the tips; legs and feet green, with a yellowish tinge, sometimes brownish olive, sometimes pale green or pale olive-green ; claws pale brown ; iris normally red, sometimes briar-red, crimson, or carmine" (A. O. Hume). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*5, tail 1*65, tarsus 1*1, middle toe and claw 1*5. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*7, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*1. Young, Pesembles that of F. intermedia : " iris orange-red or reddish brown " (A. O. Hume). Two specimens from Calcutta in the Hume Collection, procured in January, are changing into the full plumage of the adult, and apparently by a change in the actual colour of the feather from white to grey, as I cannot discover any moulting feathers. This Eastern race of F. intermedia appears at first sight to be very distinct and to be easily recognized by the brown stripe along the ear- coverts ; but this is not absolutely characteristic of P. pusilla, for in a specimen of P. intermedia from Nice the brown mark on the ear-coverts is very distinctly indicated, while on the other hand specimens of P. pusilla from Deesa show scarcely any brown on the ear-coverts at all; and it is probably on the border lino of the range of the two species that a transition takes place between them. Hob. Eastern Siberia and Japan, wintering in China and the Philippine Islands, and in the Indian Peninsula, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. 108 BALLIBJE. a. Juv. sk, Mekran Coast (D. A. Butler). Shahidula, Yarkaud, Sept. 19 b. Juv. sk (Dr. G. Henderson). c. d. <$ 5 ad. sk. Kandahar, Feb. e. Juv. sk. Afghanistan (Ginffith). **. $ juv. sk. Nushki, N. Afghanistan, Sept. 26. g. tf juv. sk. Quetta, Oct. 8 (Sir 0. St John). h, i. $ ad. et Deesa, Sept. 11-13 (E. A. imm.; h, I. $ Butler). juv. sk. m. Ad. sk. Delhi, Jan. «~jo. 2 ad. et Gurgaon District, Sept., April imm. sk, (W. N. Chill). q. Ad. sk. Sirsa District. r. 5 ad. sk. Cashmere, May 21 (W. B. Brooks). s-v. <5 juv. sk. Simla, Aug. (F. Thompson). w. 2 ad. sk. Simla. .t'. J ad.; y. <$ Allahabad, Oct. (J. Cockburri). juv. sk. z. $ juv. sk. Etawah. a, b'. Ad.; e\ J juv. sk. Jheenjuck Jheel, Etawah, Sept. c?.A\ vi. pi. 80 (1848); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 340 (1865); Ramsay, Proo. Linn. Soc. N S. W. i. p. 193 (1876), ii. p. 200 (1877); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 345 (Queensland); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 53, pi. 3. fig. 14 (1882: egg); id. op, cit. (2) i. p. 1172 (1886), iii. p. 1779 (1888: Cumberland distr.); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 24 (1888) ; North, Nests # Eggs Austr. B. p. 332 (1890). Ortygometra palustris, Gray, 'List GrallcB Brit. Mus. p. 119 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846); id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 62, no. 10453 (1871) ; Reichen. $ Heine, Nomencl. Mus. tfein. p. 319 (1890). Adult male. Similar to P. intermedia, but everywhere paler; the throat and breast pale ashy grey ; centre of abdomen white : " bill and feet olive-brown" (J". Gould). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*2, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*95, middle toe and claw 1*4. Young. Differs from the adult exactly in the same way as the young of P. intermedia. Hob. Australia. a, h. Ad. sk. South Australia (X Gould). Sir G. Grey [P."|. c. Ad. sk. South Australia (J. Gould). Sir G. Grey [P.]. d, e. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. / . Juv. sk. Dobroyde, N. S. W. Gould Coll. g, h. Ad.sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. i. Ad. sk. Wanganui River, New Zea- Percy Earl, Esq. [P.]. land. 9. Porzana spiloptera. Porzana spiloptera, ex Burm. MSS., Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 194, pi. 3 (Buenos Ayres). Porzana salinazi {nee Philippi), Scl. ty Hudson, Argent Orn. ii. p. 155 (1889). Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark olivo" brown, the feathers with broad Mack centres ; wing-coverts with a good deal of black, which is crossed by bars of white, giving an appearance of being barred with black and white; the outer coverts and bastard-wing brown, with a few white spots on the edge of the latter; primary-coverts uniform blackish brown; quills brown, the first primary notched with whitish spots 110 KALLID^E. on the outer web; tho inner secondaries olive-brown, with broad black centres, resembling the dorsal plumage; upper tail-coverts like the back, but with a few white spots : tail-feathers black, edged with olive-brown ; crown of head rather darker than the back, the forehead and lores being especially blackish, as well as the feathers round the eye and ear-coverts, these last having a shade of leaden grey; cheeks, sides of neck, and under surface of body leaden grey; the lower abdomen whitish ; vent-feathers fulvous ; flanks black, conspicuously barred with white; under tail-coverts black, barred or spotted and tipped with white; under wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish bases to the feathers ; lower primary-coverts uniform ashy like the quill-lining; axillaries blackish, with whitish bars: a bill very dark horn, nearly black; legs and feet of a browner colour and rather lighter ; iris crimson, inclining to scarlet " (H. Dumford). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 06, wing 3, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*9, middle toe and claw 1-1. Bab. Buenos Aires. a. <$ ad. sk. Belgrano, Buenos Aires, H. Dumford, Esq. [C.]. Aug. 24. (Type of species.) 10. Porzana flaviventris. Petit Rale de Cayenne, JDaubent. PL Enl ix. pi. 847; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 167 (1781). Little Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 239 (1785). Rallns flaviventer, Bodd. Tabl PL JEnl. p. 52 (1788). Kallus minutus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 719 (1788); Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 41 ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 109 (1850) ; Brewer, Proc. Post. r Soc. N. H. vii. p. 808 (1860). Ypacaha ceja "blanca, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 231 (1806). Kallus superciliaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 505 (1819). Qrtygometra flaviventris, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846): Hartl Lid. Azara, p. 24 (1847). Oitygometra ruinuta, Gusse, B. Jamaica, p. 372; pi. civ. (1847) j Burm Th. Bras. iii. p. 358 (185(5). Crex minuta, Reiclienb. Kandb. Fulicarias, pi. ccexxii. fig. 2574 (1851) • Scl P. ZS. 1861, p. 81. Corethrura minuta, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 96 (1854). JLaterirallus gossii, Bp. O. P. xliii. p. 591) (185(5). Ervthra minuta, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 600 (1856). Crybastus gossii, Cab. J.f.O. 1856, p. 428 ; Gundl J. f. O. 1875, p. 858; id. Orn. Cuba, p. 191 (1876). Porzana minuta, March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 69. Porzana flavivenrer, Schl. 3£us. Pays-Bas, Ralli. p. 31 (1865); A & R Newt. Handb. B. Jamaica, 1881, p. 114. Porzana flaviventris, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 455 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 459 (1871: S.E. Brazil); Scl § Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Conj, B. W. 2nd. p. 255 (1889); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 11 (1892: Jamaica). Aramides flaviventer, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. Cl; no. 10443 (1871). Adult. General colour ahove "brown, the feathers centred with 26. PORZANA. Ill black, aud many of them having mesial streaks of white ; scapulars for the most part tawny colour, forming a broad longitudinal band down each side of the back ; the lower back and rump marked like the upper back, but not so distinctly as the latter; wing-coverts light tawny brown, the median and greater series mottled with black and spotted and barred with white; primary-coverts dark sepia-brown, the bastard-wing and quills more ashy brown edged witli lighter brown; the first primary externally white, the inner secondaries like the back; tail-feathers blackish, externally light brown ; crown of head uniform blackish brown ; sides of the crown lighter brown like the sides of the neck; lores blackish, with a very distinct supraloral streak of white; the sides of the face and ear- coverts tawny buff, the latter somewhat washed with ashy; under surface of body whitish, the fore neck and chest washed with pale tawny buff; the sides of the breast and flanks as well as the under tail-coverts regularly barred with black and white ; the under wing- coverts white, with a few dusky bars principally near the edge of the wing; axillaries white, barred with dusky blackish : " bill olive ; legs and feet yellowish " (W. E. D. Scott). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2 7, tail 1 -35, tarsus 0-8, middle toe and claw 1-35. Hah. Cuba; Jamaica; South America from Guiana to Southern Brazil. a. $ ad. sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. (Type of L. gossii.) b. Ad. sk. Oyapoc River, Cayenne (Jelsld). Salvin-Godinan Coll. c. $ ad. sk. Ovalau, Fiji Islands, Aug. Voy. H.M.S.< Herald.' (F. M. Bayner). c9 d. ? ad. sk. Ngau Island, Oct. (F. M. Voy. II.M.S. < Herald.7 Bayner). e. J juv. sk. Viti Levu, Jan. 22 (F. L. Tweeddale Coll. Layard). f. Ad. sk. Savage Island. Kev. J. S. Whitmee [C.]» g} h-6 ? ad. sk. Aneiteurn, New Hebrides, Voy. II.M.S. ' llattle- Dec. 8 (/. Macgittivray). snake.' i. Ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. k. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. I, m. Ad. sk. West Australia. Purchased. n. $ ad. sk. West Australia, April. Hume Coll. o. Ad. sk. t South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. p. Ad. ak * New Zealand. W. Mantell, Esq. JCJ. q. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [P.J. r. Ad. sk. Stewart's Island, N.Z. Capt. Stokes [P.]. s. Imm. sk. Chatham Islands. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [G.]. t Juv. sk. Manila, Luzon (Maiiland Tweeddale Coll. Heriot). 12. Porzana galapagoensis. Porzana spilonota (pt.); Salvin, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 500 (1876). Adult male. Similar to 0. tabuemis, but distinguished by the absence of the white edge to the first primary and also by the shorter wings and tail. Total length o-o inches, culmen 1*6, wing 2*9, tail 1, tarsus 1, middle too and claw 1*2. Hab. Galapagos Archipelago ; exact island not indicated. a. Ad. sk. Galapagos Islands. Voy. H.M.S. l Beagle.' b. Ad. sk. Galapagos Islands. Capt. Burnett & Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 13, Porzana bicolor. Porzana bicolor, Walden, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat Hist (4) ix. p. 47 (1872) j Godivin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 174 (1874: Shillong); Hume. Str. F.viii. p. 113 (1879) ; id. $ Marsh, Game B. Ind. ii. p. 223, pi. 38. fig. 1 (1879); Hume, Sir. F. xl p. 329 (1888: Manipur). Porzana elwesi, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 283 note (1875). Adult General colour above rufous brown, the wing coverts and •VOL. xxiir. i 114 KAJLLID^. iunor secondaries like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally rtifescent brown; tail-feathers black; head, neck, and underpays dark slaty grey, a little more dusky on the head; cheeks and throat a little paler grey ; sides of vent and under tail-coverts dusky brown ; under wing-coverts and axiilaries dusky, slightly washed with rufous brown^ Total length 8 inches, culmon 1*05, wing 4*4, tail 1-9, tarsus 1*35. Hal. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to the Hills of Assam and Manipur. a. Ad. sk. b. Ad. sk. c. d, e. Ad.; f. Juv. sk. Himalayas. Nepal (Z?. II. Hodgson). Native Sikhim, March, M Dec. (L. Mandelli). Purchased. India Museum. ay, Hume Coll. g. 2 ad. sk. h. Ad. sk. i. Ad. sk. Ckoongtam, Sikkim, Sept. (II. J. Ehves). Lebong, Sikhim. Darjeeling. Nov. 29 Hume Coll. (Type of P. elwesi.) Hume Coll. Tweeddale Coll. (Type of species.) 27* PENNULA. Type. Penniua, Dole, Haiuaiian Annual, 1879, p. 14 P. ecaudata. Range, Sandwich Islands. 1. Pennula ecaudata. Ballus ecaudatus, J. King in Cook's Voyage Pacific Ocean, iii. p. 110 (1784). Dusky Bail, Lath, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 237 (1785). ? Sandwich Bail, Lath. t. c. p. 236. Ballus obscurus, Gm. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 718 (1788). ? Ballus sandwickensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 325 (1788) ; Hartl. AbhandL not. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft 3, p. 397 (1892). Moho, Peak, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 145. Pennula millsi, Dole, Hawaiian Annual, 1879, p. 14; A. Newton, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 5. Pennula ecaudata, Hartl. AbhandL not. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft 3. p. 396 (1892); Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx (Dec. 1892); Hartl op. cit. no. v. p. xxiv (Jan. 1893). Pennula sandwichensis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx (Dec. 1892)*. Adult. General colour above dark vinous chocolate-brown, a little more dingy on the head, lower back, rump, and upper tail- coverts, the latter being all somewhat mottled with blackish bases to the feathers ; wiug-coverts like the back; quills blackish, with chocolate-brown edges; tail-feathers concealed, blackish with chocolate-brown edges; lores fulvescent; ear-coverts dark ashy ; cheeks, throat, and breast deep vinous, shading off into dusky chocolate-brown on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; * Dr. Hartlaub (op. cit. no. v. p. xxiv) dissents from my opinion that P. sandwickensis is the same as P. ecaudata. 28. AriiANOLniNAs.—29. coxmnmxjEA. 115 chin whitish; under wing-coverts and quill-lining dark chocolate- brown. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-0, tail 0-55, tarsus 1-1, middle toe and claw 1-5. (Alus. If. Hab. Uplands of Hawaii, Sandwich Islands. Rothschild) 28. APHAITOLLIKAS. Type. Kittlitzia, Hartl. Abhandl. Ver. Bremen, xii. nat. Heft S, p. 391 (1892; nee HarteH, Eat. Vogels. Senckenb. Mas. p. 75) A. monaaa. Aphanolininas, Sharpe, Bull, Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx (1892) A. monasa. Range. Island of Kushai or Ualan. 1. Aphanolimnas monasa. Rallus monasa. Kittl. Denkwurd. JReis. russ. Amerika. ii. p. 30 Q858). Kittlilzia monasa. Marti. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. .391 (1892). Aphanolininas monasa, Sharpe. Bull, Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx (1892). Adult. Black with a bluish-grey reflexion ; quills and tail somewhat browner; inner wing-coverts brownish with white spotting, outer edge of first primary dull brownish ; chin and middle of the throat somewhat paler ; bill blackish. (Hartlaub.) Hab. Kushai. 29. CORETHRURA*. ^ Alechthelia, iSwains. (nee Less.) Class. B. ii. p. 358 (1837). ., ; 0. lineata. Corethrura, Meichenb. ttyst. Av. tab. xxi. figb. 1-4 (184o? descr. nulla). Saurothrura, Heine $- Reiehen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. p. 319 (1890; nom. emend.) O. rufa. Range. Africa and Madagascar. Key to the Species. a. Tail uniform chestnut. d. Wing-coverts black, spotted with white like the back and breast . pidchra S, p. 116. V. "Wing-coverts streaked with white or buffy white like the back and breast. * I have not yet been able to identify the following species, which was also a puzzle to Lord Tweecldale (of. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 232) :— Porzana cirooleps, Less. Traite, p. 538 (1831, ex Bale ecaucle, Cm. MSS. in Mus. Paris). Corethrura circoleps, Bonap. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Eallus ecaudatus, Guv., teste Bp. Ortygometra cercoleps, Ghray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 64, no. 10474 (1871). Eallus caudatus, Cuv., teste Gray. Hab. Pliilippine Islands ? i2 116 KA.I&IDJ3. a". Larger: throat, fore neck, and chest rufous like the crown insularis d, p. US. b'\ Smaller: throat whitish, washed with rufous; the lower throat, fore neck, and chetst black, streaked with white like the rest of the under surface Uneata <$, p. 118. c'. Wing-coverts handed with sandy huff like the hack and breast pulchra $ ? P* H6. d'. Wing-coverts dark chocolate-brown, with indistinct black centres to the feathers, like the back; breast ashy brown water d $, p. 119. b. Tail chestnut, barred with black. e'. Head and neck chebtnut like the throat and chest; back black, banded with ocheous.. pulchra J , p. 116. f. Head and neck streaked with black and ochre, like the back insularis $, p. 118. c. Tail black, with rufous bands. (j. Head and neck bright chestnut, like the lower throat and chest eleyans <$, p. 120. h'. Head brown, with fulvoiib streakb or bars.. reichenovi <$, p. 121. c". Larger: crown of head barred with black,- back and wing-coverts spotted with ochre; chest brown, mottled with ochre and black bars; abdomen white, barred with black elegans J , p. 120. d". Smaller: crown of head streaked with black; back and wing-coverts barred with black; under surface of body white, with spots of black, only the flanks being- barred with black Uneata $, p. 118. i'. Head uniform brown; throat and chest whitish wateni 2? p» 119. d. Tail black, or with minute spots of white. h'. Head and neck chestnut like the throat and chest. e". Larger: tarsus 1 inch ; head and neck) rufa <$, p. 121. deep vinous chestnut , j lugens <$, p. 123. f. Smaller: tarsus 0*8 inch; head and neck lighter chestnut honapartii tf, p. 123. I'. Head and neck blackish, dotted with ochre ; throat white rufa $ , p. 121. 1. Corethrura pxilclira. (Plate IX.) Rufous-headed Rail, Lath. Gem Hist B. ix. p. 379 (1824: Sierra Leone). Crex pulchra, J. E. Gray, in Griffith's ed. Cuvier, An. Kingd., Aves, pp. 410, 542; cum %.; id. ZooL Misc. p. 13 (1831); Sctil Mus. Bays-Bas, Ealli, p. 26 (1865 : Gold Coast). Gallinula pulchra, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 243 (1837). Alectura pulchra, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 243. Rallus cinnamomeus, Less. Mev. ZooL 1840, p. 99 (Casamance). Ortygometra pulchra, G. B. Gray, List Grattce Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1844); id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 63, no. 10468 (1871). Ortygometra cinnamomoa, Gray, List Grattce Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1844: E. Gambia); id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 63, n. 10471 (1871). Corethrura pulchra, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846); Marti. Orn. 29 . CORETHRTTEA. 117 West-Afr. p. 241 (1857: Ashantee, Aguapim, Gaboon, Cape Lopez); Biittik Notes Leyd. Mus. x. p. 102 (1888: Liberia), xi. pp. 128, 137 (1889); Skarpe, in Jameson's c Rear Column,1 p. 411 (1890: Aruwlrimi Kiver). Corethrura cinnamomea, Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 242 (1857); Sharps, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool xvii. p. 441 0884: Niam-niam); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49 (Tingasi). Corethrura dimidiata, pt., Bp. C JR. xliii. p. 598 (1856). Adult male. General colour above black, with ovato spots of white; the wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills blackish brown, with very few spots of white, the primaries with a single spot near the end of the outer web, the secondaries more spotted, and the innermost ones showing twin- spots like the feathers of the back; lower back and rump rather browner, and spotted with white ; upper tail-coverts and tail deep chestnut; head all round, neck and mantle, throat and breast bright chestnut; rest of under surface of body black, spotted with white, less distinctly on the thighs and flanks ; under wing-coverts dusky blackish, with white edges to the feathers, and a few white spots; quills dusky blackish below: " bill greyish green; feet reddish brown; iris red" (J. BilttiTcofer). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*15, tail 1*6, tarsus 1*1, middle toe and claw 1-15. Adult female. General colour above black, transversely barred with narrow lines of ochreous buff; all the wmg-coverts and innermost secondaries black barred with ochre like the back; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, with a few ochreous spots on the outer web ; upper tail-covcrts and tail dark chestnut, barred across with black; head and neck all round, mantlo and sides of neck, throat and breast, rich chestnut; remainder of under surface dusky blackish, barred across with dull ochre; the sides of the body black, with ochreous bars ; under wing-coverts dusky blackish, with obsolete ochreous margins; quills below uniform dusky blackish. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*1, tail 1*75, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 1*15. Young. Differs from the adult female in being browner and in having the head and neck reddish brown, with a few dusky bars ; throat whitish; the breast dull reddish brown, with dusky bars; sides of the body barred with rufous and black as strongly as in the adult female. Hah. "West Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon and the Upper Congo, east to the Monbuttu Country. «.[, f. 6 2 ad. sk. Ankafana Forest, March (IV. Shelley Coll. Deans Cowan). //. S ad. sk. Madagascar, Feb. Salvin-Godnmn Coll. )/. 2 fld. sk. Madagascar. Seebohm Coll. i, k. <$ 2 ad-&k. Madagascar. Mr. Crossley [C.]. 3. Coretlirnra lineata. Alecthelia lineata, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 339 (1837); id. Classif. B. ii. p. 358 (1837). ' J Gallinula jardinii, Smithy Illmtr. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pl.xxi. (1839). Alechthelia jardinii, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. text to pi. xxi. (1839). Coretlirnra ruficollis, pi, Gray, Gen. B. ii'i. p. 595 (1846). Corethrura jardinii, Reiclienb, Handb., Fulicarice, tab. exxv.fio*. 1224 (1851) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Crex jardinii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Balli, p, 27 (1856). 29 . COKETilKTrBA. 110 Corethrura ruficollis {nee Gray), Zmjard, B. S. Afr. p. 339 (1807); Layardj Ibis, 1869, p. 377; Sharpe. eel Lauard's B. S. Afr. p. 610 (1884). ~ Ortygometra jardinii, Gray^Hand-l B. iii. p. 63, no. 10470 (1871). Adult male. General colour above black, numerously streaked with whitish, some of the streaks tinged with fulvous, especially on the rump; wing-coverts like the back and similarly streaked; the greater series, however, uniform sepia-brown like the bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills; the bastard-wing edged with white externally, and the outer primary also, the second primary with faintly indicated fulvous spots on the outer web; upper tail- coverts and tail chestnut *, crown of head and neck, as well as the sides of face and cheeks, bright chestnut; throat white, with a slight rufous tinge; remainder of under surface, from the lower throat downwards, black, streaked with white, rather more broadly than the upper surface ; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing- coverts uniform dusky brown, excepting for a few obsolete whitish margins. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-85, tail T45, tarsus 0*7, middle toe and claw 0*9. Adult female. General colour above black, numciously barred with sandy buff; the head and neck streaked with sandy buff, more broadly on the latter; wing-coverts like the back, and barred across with sandy buff; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries nearly uniform sepia-brown, with very few buff spots on the outer webs, the bastard-wing feathers and the first primary white along the outer web; inner secondaries barred and mottled like the back; tail-feathers chestnut, barred with black; lores whitish; sides of face" and sides of neck sandy brown, minutely spotted with black ; throat and under surface of body white, with black streaks on the lower throat, fore neck, and chest; sides of body numerously banded across with black and shaded with brown; under tail-coverts banded black and rufous. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-8, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*0, middle too and claw 0-85. Hal. S. Africa, from the Knysna to Natal. a. S ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Major Trevelyan [P.]. b. $ ad. sk. Pinetown,Natal, June 14 (T. L. Shelley Coll. Ayres). c. 5 ad. sk. Natal. Br. Gueinzius [O.]. 4. Corethrura waters!. Zapornia watered, Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 772, pi. lxiii. Ortygometra watersi, Milne-Edwards § Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 577, pi. cexxx. B. fig. 4, pi. cexxxiv. Adult male. General colour above dark chocolate-brown with an olive shade, and with black centres to the feathers, not very distinctly indicated; wing-coverts like the back and with the same black centres; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform 120 KALLIBiE. dark brown; the inner secondaries black, with chocolate-brown edges ; upper tail-coverts chestnut, tipped with black; tail chestnut; crown of head and hind neck, sides of face, lower throat and breast vinous chestnut; throat isabelline, washed with vinous chestnut, shading off into the latter ; lower breast, abdomen, thighs, sides of body, and flanks ashy biown, a little daiker on the latter; under tail-coverts chestnut with black tips; under wing-coverts uniform brown. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-05, wing 2'9, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-95, middle toe and claw 1*2. Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above chocolate-brown, with a few wThite dots, the mantle and upper back rather darker brown than the crown and lower back ; wing-coverts uniform chocolate-brown, with a few white dots on the greater series; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform sepia- brown, with a few whito spots and bars on the secondaries, more distinct on the inner secondaries, v\ hich are blackish in the centre with olive-brown margins ; upper tail-coveits black, crossed with whitish bars, and with chestnut bars near the base; the tail-feathers black, with narrow whitish and broad chestnut bars ; crown of head uniform dark brown ; eyebrow and sides of face isabelline brown, speckled with darker brown; the loral region dark brown ; cheeks, throat, and centre of breast isabelline ; sides of neck and entire sides of body dark brown, paler and more ashy brown on the abdomen ; under tail-coverts black, narrowly barred with white and broadly with chestnut; under wing-coverts uniform brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-7, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-9. Hah. Madagascar. a. $ ad. sk. Madagascar. Seebohm Coll. b, c. $2 ad. sk. Betsileo, Madagascar, Dec. Rev. W. Deans Cowan 5. Coretlmira elegans. Gallinula elegans, Smith, III Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. xxii. (1839). Coretlmira pulchra, pt., Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (184G) • Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 839 (1807: Knybna); Gray, Ilcmd-l B. iii. p. 63, no. 10468 (1871, pt.); Sharpe, ed. LaijanVs B. S. Afr. p. 615 (1884;. Gorethrura elegans, Meichmb. Handb., Fidicarite, tab. exxv. fig. 1221 (1851); Finsch. J. f. O. 1867, p. 249 (Durban) ; Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Adult male. General colour above black, numerously and thickly mottled with ovate spots and bars of ochre; the wing-coverts like the back, the greater series distinctly barred rather than spotted; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, freckled with minute spots of pale ochre along the outer edge; upper tail- coverts and tail cinnamon-rufous, banded with black; head and neck all round bright cinnamon-rufous as well as the throat and breast; remainder of under surface black, numerously spotted and barred with white, the bars on the lower flanks being pale ochre ; 29 . COllETltRTJBA. 121 sides of upper abreast spotted with ochre like the back; under i ail- coverts reddish buff, barred with black; under wing-coverts blackish, . and axillaries blackish, narrowly barred with whitish ; quills dusky below. Total length G inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*4, tail 1-6, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1*2. Adult female. General colour above warm brown, numerously spotted with ochre, each of the ochre spots bordered with black above and below; wing-coverts like the back, and with similar ochreous spots; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform brown, with very tiny ochreous spots on the outer web ; quills dark brown, minutely spotted with ochre on the outer web, the inner secondaries exactly like the back; the upper tail-coverts and tail reddish brown barred across with black; head brown, minutely dotted with ochre and narrowly barred across with black; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face light sandy buff, numerously dotted with brown; ear-coverts with a dark brown line along the upper margin ; throat white, with a few dusky bars; lower throat, fore neck, and chest, as well as the sides of the body, brown, with lighter buff cross markings and black bars; abdomen white, with blackish cross bars ; under tail-coverts reddish brown, with black bars and spots of lighter buff; under wing-coverts dark sepia-brown, with a few whitish edges to the feathers : " bill reddish brown, the lower mandible with a yellowish- white line along the under edge of each ramus; legs and toes reddish brown " {Sir A. Smitli). Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*6, tail 1-5, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1-2. Bah. South Africa, from the Knysna district to Natal. a. 2 ad. sk. Cape Colony. M. J. Verreaux [C."|. b. <$ ad. sk. Kin^williamstown. Major Trevelyan [P.]. c. d. $ ad.; e. g Natal. Sharpe Coll. ad. sk. f,c?.<$2 ad. sk. Natal. Shelley Coll. h. <$ ad. sk. Durban, Natal, Aug. 29 Sharpe Coll. (T. L. Ayres). i,k. c?ad. ;l 5 ad.sk. Durban, Feb. (Gordf/e). Shelloy Coll. Subsp. a. Corethrura reicheuovi. Corethrura elegans (nee Smith), Reichen. J. f. 0. 1892, p. 178 (Cameroons). Adult male. Similar to 0. elegans, but everywhere much darker in colour, the rufous of the head and breast being deep chestnut instead of orange-rufous, this chestnut colour extending over the wholo throat to the base of the bill. Hal. Cameroons, W. Africa. 6. Corethrura rufa. Rallus rufus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist Nat xxviii. p. 564 (1819). Porzana dimidiata, Temm. (ubi?), Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 537 (1831). Orex ruficollis,/. E. Gray (nee V.)} Zool Misc. p. 13 (1831), 122 EALTJD2E. Gallinula dimidiata, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 20 (1839 Cape Town). Ortygometra ruficollis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1844). Ortyg'ometra dimidiata, Gray, List Gratia Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1844 spec. exam.). Coretlmira dimidiata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846)* Beiclienb TJaudb., Fulicaria, Taf. cxxv. figs. 1223, 1224 (1851); Bayard, B, S. Afr. p. 339 (18G7: Cape Colony) ; Bocac/e, Orn. Angola, p. 482 (1881: Caconda); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 615 (1884). Coretlmira ruficollis, Bp. C. M. xliii. p. 599 (1856); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 249 (Natal), 1868, p. 201 (Natal; Transvaal). Crex dimidiata, Schl Mus. Bays-Bas, Ralli, p. 27 (1865). Alectlielia dimidiata, Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Zd. p. 320 (1872). Adult male. General colour above black, longitudinally streaked with white, which takes the form of small spots upon the secondaries, lower back and rump, and even on the upper tail-coverts and tail; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown, spotted with white, the former edged with white like the first primary: quills uniform blackish ; head and neck all round with the throat and chest rich vinous chestnut; the breast white, streaked and barred with black • sides of the body and flanks black, streaked with white, like the upper surface, the black markings becoming less pronounced on the lower flanks and under tail-coverts, which have only a few spots of white : under wing-coverts black, with a few small spots of white : " bill reddish brown ; lower mandible faintly edged above and below with yellowish brown" (Sir A. Smith); " legs and toes yellowish brown" (C. J. Andersson). Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*9, middle toe and claw 1*3. Adult female. Blackish, mottled with ochre like the female of other species of the genus, but easily distinguished from all others by its black tail: " bill, feet, and iris dusky brown " (T. Ayres). Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*9, 'middle toe and claw 1*2. Young birds are almost entirely black, very minutely spotted with white; the tail entirely black. Underneath, the throat and centre of breast dusky white ; remainder of under surface sooty black. Hab. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal and the Transvaal, Damara-land, and Benguela. a. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. b. Ad.sk. South Africa. Old Coll. (Type of c,d. $ $ ad. sk. e. S ad. sk. / . 6 juv. sk. g. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Port Natal, Sept. 25. Potchefstroom, March 20(T. Ayres), Potchefstroom, July 10(T. Ayres). C. ruficollis.) Sir A. Smith [O.]. Tweeddale Coll. Gurney Coll. Sharpe Coll. 30. 1ULLICULA. V2Z 7. Corethrura lugens. Crexlugens, Boelim, J.f. 0. 1884, pp. 176, 244(Ugalla), 1885. p. 01; MatscMe,J.f. 0.1887, p. 139. Corethrura lugens, ftlatschie, J.f. 0.1887, p. 145 (Urua; Likulwo). Adult male. Yery like the male of 0. rufa (Vieill.), but differs in the white chin, lighter brownish-reel colour of the breast, the uniform wing-coverts, and the unspotted tail, the feathers having only a whitish edging (Matschie, I. <*.). Hal. Interior of Africa, near Lake Tanganyika. 8. Corethrura bonapartiL Corethruia bonapartii, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856; ? «r Earth MSS.); Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 242 (1857: Gaboon); Oust N. Arch Mas. (2) ii. Bull. p. 142 (1879). Ortygonietra bonapartii, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 64, no. 10473 (1871). Adult male. Similar to C. lineata, but easily distinguished by having the tail black, spotted with white, and having the rufous colour of the throat extending to the fore neck and breast. Total length 4-8 inches, cnlmon 0*5, wing 2*8, tail !•£>, tarsus 0-75, middle toe and claw 1*05. Hah. West Africa. a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Vevroaux [O.]. 30. EALLICULA. Typo. Kallicula, Schl N. T. D. iv. p. 55 (1871) 11 rubra. Gorethruropsis, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Gcnov. A ii. p. 975 - (1875) Ii. leucospila. Range. Confined to New Guinea. Key to the Species. a. Back and wings chestnut, with black shafts or blackish centres to the feathers; no white or fulvous spots rubra, p. 12.3. b. Back and wings black. a'. Back with white marginal streaks to the feathers levcospila <$, p. 124. b'. Back with white spots kucospila $, p. 124. c'. Back uniform, without any white or fulvous spots forbesi of breast, and flanks reddish brown, barred with dusky blackish, the feathers edged with white ; breast and abdomen white : " bill deep brown, greenish yellow on lower mandible, base, and rictus; legs and feet light flesh-brown, dark on joints and claws ; iris brown " (JK. Sivinhoe). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3, tail 1-05, tarsus 0*8, middle toe and claw 0*95. Hah. Eastern Siberia and Japan to North-eastern China. a. § ad. sk. Chefoo, May (R. Swinhoe), Seebohm Coll. (Type of species.) 3. Ortygops notata* Zapornia notata, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,7 Birds, p. 132, tab. 48 (1841). Ortygometra notata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846). Porzana notata, Sol.tySalv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 456; iid. Nomencl. Av. 32 . OEIYGOPS. 129 Keotr. p. 140 (1873V, ScL P. Z. S. 1876, p. 253 (Uruguay); id. § Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 155 (1889). Araniides notata, Gray, llcmd-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 1044-5 (1871). Ad alt (type of species). General colour above chocolate-brown, mottled with black centres to the feathers, which are spotted with white; wing-coverts like the back, but the white spots sometimes in the form of bars, which is also the case on the inner secondaries, lower back, and rump; bastard-wing and primary-coverts brown, with scarcely any white spots ; quills blackish brown, the middle secondaries for the most part white on the inner webs, this white patch varying in size; tail blackish brown; the upper tail-coverts with tiny white spots ; crown of head and hind neck rather darker than the back, and profusely dotted with little spots of white ; lores dusky brown, surmounted by a whitish streak; sides of face and cheeks blackish, varied with white spots; chin and upper throat whitish, the latter slightly mottled with dusky brown ; remainder of throat, fore neck, and chest whitish, profusely mottled with dusky blackish centres to the feathers; centre of brenst and abdomen whitish, with dusky cross bars; sides of body and flanks blackish, with narrow white bars and tips; under tail-coverts blackish, with pale vinous tips ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, mottled with brown bases near the edge of the wing. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 045, wing 3*1, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*8, middle toe and claw 0-9. Bah. Prom Uruguay south to Patagonia. a. Ad. sk. Hio Plata (<7. Darwin). Voy. H.M.S. ' Beagle.' (Type of species.) b. Imm. sk. At sea off Cape Santa Maria, Salvin-Godman Coll. Uruguay. [P. Z. S. 1876, p. 255.] 4, Ortygops ayresi. ? Oorethrura ruficollis (nee T.), Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 377. Coturnicops avresi, Gurnet/, Ibis, 1877, p. 352, pi. 7 (Transvaal); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. 8. Afr. p. 616 (1884). Adult female (type of species). General colour above dark brown, mottled with black centres to the feathers, and streaked with white on the margins, also occasionally spotted with white; scapulars like the back; wing-coverts blackish, with brown margins, the coverts not so profusely spotted with white as the back; bastard- wing blackish brown with white margins; primary-coverts and quills uniform dusky brown, the first primary white along the outer web, the middle secondaries pure white, the inner secondaries like the back; lower back and rump like the back, but less profusely spotted with white : upper tail-coverts and tail bright rufous barred with black ; crown of head black, slightly varied with rufous tips to the feathers, and having a faintly indicated rufescent eyebrow ; nape, hind neck, and sides of neck deep vinous, mottled with black centres to the feathers; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and VOL. XXIII. * 130 KALLTDiE. cheeks dusky blackish; under surface of body dull white, tinged with reddish on the fore neck and sides of chest, which are also mottled with small dusky spots; sides of the breast and flanks blackish, spotted and streaked on the former with white, and obscurely barred on the latter with white; under tail-coverts chestnut, barred with black like the tail: under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly mottled with dusky bases : " bill pale dusky, darkest on the riclgo ; tarsi and feet pale dusky; iris ashy hazel" (T. Ay res). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*1, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*8. Two specimens were obtained by Mr. Ayres, and the one described was presented to the Museum by Mr. Gurney. The other specimen I have not seen, but it is apparently a more adult bird than the one the Museum possesses, as it has a rufescent chest. Ilab. South-eastern Africa. a. 2 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Sharpe Coll. (One of Oct. 4. the types of species.) b. Imm. sk. Kingwilliamstown, Aug. Major Trevelyan [P.]. (F. 0. Anstey). 33. POLIOLIMNAS. Type. Poliolimnas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii (Jan. 1893) P. cinereus. Range. The same as that of the single species. 1. Poliolimnas cinereus. Sandwich Rail, var. (ex ins. Tanna), Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. p. 235. Rallus sandwichensis, var., Gm. S. N. ii. p. 717 (1788). Porphyrio cinereus, Vieill (nee Rallus cinereus, Vieill) Nouv. Diet. xxviii. p. 29 (1819); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 598 (1845); JPucher. Rev. et May. 4e Zool. 1851, p. 563. Rallus quadristrigatus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 196 (1821). Gallinula leucosoma, Sw. Anim. in Menag. p. 348 (1837). Rallus tannensis, Forst. Lescr. An. p. 275 (1844). Crex quadristriata, Licht. in Forst. Descr. An. p. 27o (1844). Ortygometra ocularis (nom. nudum), Gray, List Grall inches, culmcu 0*8, wing 2% tail 0-8, tarsus 0-9, middle toe and claw 1*2. Hah. Laysan Island, North Pacific. a. Ad. flk. Laysan Island. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.]. b. Ad. (in spirits). Laysan Island. Hon. W. Kothschild [P.]. 35. CEECISCUS. ^ Creciscus, Cab. J. f. 0. 1856, p. 428 C. jamaicensis. liutirallus, Bp. C. *R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) C. cayennensis. Laterirallus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1850) ..... . 0. melanophams. Dunacopliilus, Reiehen. in Heine <§- Reiehen. No- mend. Mm. Ilein. p. 320 (1890; nom. emend, pro Laterirallus). Erythrolimnas, Heine $• Reiehen. Nomencl. Mus. *Hein. p. 320 (1890; nom. emend, pro Rufirallus). Range. The greater part of the New "World. Key to the Species. a. Axillaries barred with white, or at least spotted with white *; . flanks or under tail-coverts always barred or spotted. a'. Breast ^slatj^ grey; > hind neck rufeseent or (ti>, rufous tshocolate, contrasting with the head. • a". Wings and back profusely spotted or barred wjth white; flanks also conspicuously barred. a'". Smaller: nape grey like the crown; back and wings not profusely barred or spotted with white jamaicensis, p. 135. b>". Larger: nape brown like the hind neck and mantle; back arid wings profusely barred and spotted with white '. salinazi, p. 136. h''. Wings and back with only a few scattered spots of white, these being even absent in some specimens j flanks with scarcely any , 7 . 10^ white bars \ \ SPf™0™** P- •*«" • V. Breast whitish, rufous or grey on the sides. * ™tumiculus, p. 13/. c". Ilind neck bright chestnut", contrasting with the bluish-grey crown: sides of breast , .7. no o light bluish grey...... \e.vzhs, V. 1S8 d". Hind neck brown like the crown and W^* ? P-L39. back; sides of face, sides of neck, and sides of breast rufous, c'". Throat and breast white. aK Forehead and eyebrow rufous anops, p. 140. bK Forehead and eyebrow brown like the [p. 139. back ". melanophceus, d'". Fore neck and breast chestnut albigularis, p. 140. C spilonotus, when adult, has uniform axillaries and flanks. 35. CRECISCUS. 135 b. Axillaries uniform, not barred or spotted with white. c'. Flanks barred with white; under surface of body white; sides of face, sides of neck, and sides of breast orange-rufous; flanks barred with black leucopyrrhus,])M-2. d'. Flanks uniform. e'r. Throat and breast white; ear-coverts and sides of body chestnut; head like the back , levraudi, p. 142. /" . Throat and breast orange-rufous or chestnut, with no white ; sides of face grey. e'". Crown of head grey; mantle dark chestnut, becoming chocolate-brown on the lower back; inner secondaries and tail black ruber, p. 143. f". Crown of head chestnut; rest of upper surface olive, including secondaries and , • „ -M Q tail .. . . \cayanensis^.U3. * ' *" J facialis, p. 14o. 1. Creciscus jamaicensis. The Least Water-hen, Edwards, Gleanings, vi. p. 142, pi. 278. fig. 2 (1760). Le Rale de la Jamaique, Bri&s. Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 140 (1760). Le Rale Bidi-Bidi, Buff. Rist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 106 (1781). Jamaica Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 239 (1785). Rallus jamaicensis, Gm. Si/st. Nat, i. p. 718 (1788) ; Weill N. Diet. d'Ifist. Nat xxviii. p. 550 (1829) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 349; id. Orn.Biogr. iv. p. 359 (1858). Ortygometra jamaicensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 221 (1824) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. fy N. Amer. p. 53 (1838); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 157, pi. 308 (1842); Gray, List Gralke in Brit. Mus. p. 119 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 375 (1847); Bp. C. R xliii. p. 599 (1856); Saloin, Ibis, 1860, p. 198 (Duenas). Crex pygmaea, Blachw. in Brewster s Joiwn. vi. p. 77 (1832, nee Bechd.). Corethrura jamaicensis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 96 (1854). ' Creciscus jamaicensis, Cab. J.f. 0.1856, p. 428 (Cuba) ; Gundl Orn. Cuba, p. 362 (1876). Porzana jamaicensis, Baird, Cass, fy Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 745 (1858); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 81 (Jamaica); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 69 (Jamaica) ; Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Italli, p. 67 (1865); Coves, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 124 (1868: S. Carolina); Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 455 (pt.); Tumb. B. Bast Penmyh. p. 33 (1869 ; breeding); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 274 (1872); Snoiu, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873); Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873, pt.); Coues, B. N-West, p. 539 (1874); Bidgw. Am. Nat. viii. p. 540 (1875); id. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 387 (1874: Illinois); Beldmg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. I p. 443 (1878: Stockton, Cal.), Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 432 (1879); Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 202 (1880) ; A. fy B. Newt. Eandb. Jamaica, p. 114 (1881) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Bidqw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 377 (1834); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 674 (1884); Grinnell, 136 EALLIDiK. F. # S. xxiii. p. 24 (1884: Long Lsl.); Clarice, Auk, i. p. 393 (1884 : Connecticut; breeding); McCormick, t. c. p. 397 (D. Columbia); A. 0. U. C/ieck-L B. p. 142 (1886); Brewster, Auk, iii. p. 139 (1880 : Texas); Goes, t. c. p. 408 (Kansas); Bktyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 140 (1887); Cory, B. West 2nd. p. 256-(1889); Scott, Auk, vii. p. 400 (1890: Key West, Florida) ; Zoomis, Auk, viii. p. 55 (1891); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 11 (1892: Jamaica) ; id. t. c. p. 213 (Florida; rare visitant). Araniides jamaicensis, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10444 (1871). Adult. General colour above brown, barred across and spotted with white, these white bars margined with corresponding bars of black ; scapulars like the back; lower back and rump rather more blackish, barred with white like the back; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, with white bars; tail black; wing-coverts like the back and barred or spotted with white ; bastard-wing dusky brown, with whito spots; primary-coverts uniform black; quills dusky brown, with white spots on the outer web of the first primary and white bars on both webs of the secondaries, rather irregular and zigzag in shape ; the inner secondaries like the back, and similarly barred with white; crown of head slaty black, the hinder neck dull rufous brown, overspreading the upper mantle; lores blackish ; sides of face and under surface of body slaty grey ; abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts black, with whitish bars, the latter with broad rufescent margins ; thighs ashy externally, whitish, internally: under wing-coverts whitish, with dusky bases; axillaries blackish, barred with white : " bill black; feet bright yellowish green; iris red" (J. J. Audubon). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*65, tail 1-2, tarsus 0*8, middle toe and claw 1. Young birds have the abdomen white as well as the throat, are less profusely barred with white, have the hind neck ruddy brown instead of inclining to chestnut, and have the crown of the head for the most part brown. Eab. Temperate North America to the "West Indies and Central America. a. Ad. sk. California (Henshaw Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. b. Juv. sk. Puenas, Guatemala (O. JSalviri). Salvin-Godman Coll. c. Sternum. Jamaica. , Gosse Coll. 2. Creciscus salinazi. Ortygometra chilensis, Bp, C. JR. xliii. p. 599 (1856; descr. nulla). Pi alius salinazi, Philippi, Arch./. Nat. 1857, p. 262. Gallinula salinazi, BMUppi, Cat. p. 38 (1869, teste Coues). Porzana jamaicensis (nee Gm), Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 333 (Chili), p. 343 (Lima) ; id. $ Salv. B. Z. S. 1868, p. 455 (pt.); iid. Komencl Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873, pt.); Tacz. Orn. BSrou, iii. p. 321 (1886). Adult. Similar to C. jamaicensis, but larger and paler in colour ; the back and wing-coverts, and sides of body much, more profusely banded with white ; the hinder head and nape rufescent brown like 35. ciiEciscus. the hind neck and mantle. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-G3, wing 3-3-1, tail 1-35, tarsus 1, middle" toe and claw 1-2. The white spots on the quills vary in number with individuals, and, as in the case of the allied G. Sjpilonotus, seem to disappear with age. Hob. Western South America from Chili to Peru. a. Ad. sk. Lima. Peru (D. Forbes). Salvin-Grodman Coll. fi.Ad.sk. Lima ( W. Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll. c Juv. sk. Chili (Let/bold). Salvin-Godman Coll. d, e. Ad.; /. Juv. Piovince of Santiago, Chili Salvin-Godman Coll. fck. [Philippi $• Landbech). g. Ad. sk. Province of Santiago (R C. Berkeley James Coll. Reid). 3. Creciscus spilonotus *. Zapornia spilonota, Qoidd in Darwin's Toy. l Beagle] Birds, p. 132, pi. 49 (1841); Bp. C R. xliii. p. 599 (1850). Ortvgometra spilonota, Gray, List Grail® Brit. Mus. p. 119 (1844); id. Gen. B. hi. p. 594 (1846). Porzana spilonota, Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 456, 1871, p. 323; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Salmi, Trans. I. S. x. p. 500 (1870); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xh. pp. 120, 123 (1889: Indefatigable & James Ms.). Aramides spilonota, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10446 (1871). Adult male. Uniform chocolate-brown, including the wings ; lower back, rump, and tail blacker ; quills dusky brown, externally chocolate like the back; head all round and under surface of the body dark slaty grey, the lores and sides of face blackish ; sides of body and flanks chocolate-brown; under tail-coverts blackish with white bars : " bill black, the lower mandible blackish brown ; feet olive-brown ; iris red " (A. Hahel). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 2-75, tail 0*9, tarsus 0*8, middle toe and claw 1*1. The male described is from Indefatigable Island, and three other specimens from the same island in the Salvin-Godman Collection have tioy white spots on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries, and have the lower abdomen almost pure white. This peculiar * CRECISCUS COTURNICULUS. Porzana jamaicensis, var. coturniculus, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii, p. Ill (1874, 'ex Baird MSS.); Cones, Clieck-l. N Amer. B. p. 110 (1882). Porzana jamaicensis, /3. coturnicalus, Cones, B. N-West, p. 540 (1874); Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. p. 378 (1884). Porzana jamaicensis coturniculus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. pp. 202, 222 (1881); Bidgw. A. 0. U. CliecJc-l p. 143 (1886); op. cit. xiii. pp. 309-311 (1889). Porzana coturniculus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 311 (1889). Hab. Supposed to be the Paralon Islands, off California. Mr. Eidgway (I. c.) has given a full account of this species, which is represented by the single type specimen in the U.S. National Museum. He suggests that it is closely allied to C. spilonotus and is probably identical with that species. 138 EALLIDiE. character is not easily explained as a sign of ago or sex, but it is probable that the white spots disappear with age, as they vary in number in all the specimens in the Museum. The type specimen seems not to have been transferred with the rest of the Zoological Society's Collection. Ilab. James and Indefatigable Islands in the Galapagos Archi* pel ago. a-c. <$ ad.; d. $ Indefatigable Island, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. ad. &k. (JDr. A. Ilabel). e. Juv. sk. [Galapagos.] Purchased. 4. Creciscus exilis. IUllus cinereus {nee Porphvrio cinereus, Vieill.,=V. cinerea, svpra, p. 130), VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist. JSat. xxviii. p. 55G (1819). Kallus exilis, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 523 (1831). Gallinula ruficollis, Swains. An. in. Menag. p. 349 (1837). Ortygometra cinerea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 693 (1846); Leot Ois. frimd, p. 495 (1866). Laterirallus exilis, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Porzana exilis, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 35 (1865: Guiana) ; Scl # Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 5iS7 (Ucayali). Porzana cinerea, Scl. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 456: Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 317 (1871); Sal. § Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 140; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 308; Tacz. Orn. Ptrou, iii. p. 322 (1886). Aramides cinerea, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10447 (1871). Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, including the scapulars and wing-coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, the inner secondaries chocolate-brown like the back; rump and upper tail-coverts black, narrowly barred with white; tail-feathers blackish, edged with chocolate-brown ; crown of head slaty grey; nape and hind neck maroon-chestnut: a narrow supraloral streak of whitish ; sides of face ashy grey; throat, fore neck, and centre of chest white, slightly overshaded with grey on the fore neck; the sides of the neck and of the upper breast bluish grey; rest of under surface oi body barred with black and white, broadly ou the sides of the breast and more narrowly on the flanks and under tail-coverts, the latter tinged with rufous ; under wing-coverts white, mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; axillaries barred with black and white; quills ashy brown below : " bill black, with a greenish tinge for the basal two-thirds of the lower mandible; feet very clear brown ; iris red" (Leotaud). Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing2*9, tail 1*35, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1*35. Hab. Amazonia to Guiana and Trinidad. a. Ad. sk. America. Old Coll. b. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Old Coll. c. d. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll. e,f. Ad.sk. Maroni Eiver,, Surinam {Kappler). Salvin-Godman Coll. ff. S ad. sk. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons, Jan. E. Bartlett [C.]. h. $ ad. sk. Nauta, Aug. (J. Eauxwell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 35 . CEECI&CUS. 139 Subsp. a. Creciscus vagans. Porzana exilis vagaus, Ittdyw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 595 (1887; Segovia lc, Honduras). Similar to G. exilis, but rather larger, with decidedly larger bill and feet. Total length 5-30 inches, wing 2* 85, tail 1*25, bill from gape 0*80, tarsus 1-05, middle toe and claw 1*38 (Bidgway). Hob. Segovia River, Honduras. Mr. Bidgway compares the measurements of this new race with those given for G, e.vills by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and finds them larger. The dimensions, however, do not greatly exceed those given by myself, and I greatly doubt if the Honduras bird is different. 5. Creciscus melanophaeiis. Ypacaha pardo obscuro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 230 (180G). Rallus melanophaius, Vieill. N. Diet, d'tfist. Nat. xxviii. p. 540 (1819j. Crex lateralis, Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 79 (1823). Gallinula albifrons*, Swains. An. in Mmag. p. 338 (1837). Gallinula lateralis, Neuivied, JBeitr. Naturg. Bran. iv. p. 805 (1833). Corethrura melanophaea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1840) j llartl. Ind. Azara, p; 24 (1847). Corethrura albifrons, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846). Corethrura lateralis, Licht, Nomencl Av. p. 96 (1854). Ortygometra lateralis, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 387 (1856 : C. Brazil to Paraguay). Laterirallus albifrons, Bjp. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Porzana melanoplmea, Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Ralli, p. 35 (1865) j Sol. 8f Sah. Bxot. Orn. p. 107, pi. 54 (1868) j iid. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 453 ; Belz. Orn. Bras. p. 317 (Bio Janeiro), p. 459 (1871); Sol $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873). Aramides melanopliaia, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 61, no. 10439 (1871). Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown ; the scapulars and wing-coverts like the back; the inner secondaries more sooty brown, like the lower back and rump; bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive brown; upper tail-coverts and tail sooty brown ; head like the back, but a little more dusky, the lores and feathers round the eye somewhat more ashy; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and sides of chest bright ferruginous ; throat and under surface of body white, tinged with reddish on the fore neck and chest; sides of body and flanks blackish, barred with white, a little broader on the latter; under tail-coverts uniform ferruginous; under wing-coverts white with a few dusky bars : " bill blackish brown, bright green on the sides ; feet clear olive- brown ; iris bright reddish" (Neuwied). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*1, tail 1*5, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 1*4. * I cannot help thinking that this specific title must be due to a printer's error. The species has not a white forehead, nor is such a character mentioned by Swainson. 140 RALTJDiG. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 6-o inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-1, tail 1*5, tarsus 1-15, middle tee and claw 1-15. Hah. Brazil. a. Ad. sk. South America. Old Coll. IK Ad. sk. South America. Salrin-Goclman Coll. e. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.]. tf, e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. /'. 2 ad. sk. Para, July 22 (& L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. (/. Ad. sk. Pernambuco (IF. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. h. Ad. sk. liio Grande. Salvin-Godman Coll. i. Ad. sk. Bio Grande do Sul. Tweeddale Coll. l\ Ad. sk. Santa Fe, Minas Geraes [Rogers). Salvin-Godman Coll. 6. Creciscus senops. Porzana ffinops, Scl. § Sail). -P. Z. S. 1880, p. 161 (Sarayacu). Adult (type of species). Similar to 0. melanopliceus, but differing in the vinous-red forehead, which is like the ear-coverts. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*25, tail 1-45, tarsus 1-3, middle toe and claw 1*55. young. Differs from the adult in being less brightly coloured and in having the sides of the body brown with a few whitish bars ; forehead dusky, with less rufous. Hab. Ecuador. a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {C. Salvin-Godman Coll. Buckley). (Types of species.) 7. Creciscus albigularis *. Corethrura albigularis, Laicr. AMI. Lye. JV. Y. vii. p. 302 (1861: Panama). * I have found it impossible, with the limited number of specimens at my disposal, to form a definite opinion as to the races into which Mr. Kidgway has divided these small Red-breasted Crakes. In his paper (Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 409, note) he has recognized three forms as follows:— A. CRECISCUS ALBIGULARIS. "Head without any grey, the pileum russet-brown, sides of head rufous. Chin and throat distinctly white, wing-coverts with lighter bars." Hab. Panama. I may here remark that of three specimens from Panama, collected by MeLeannan at Lion Hill (Station, two have white bars on the wing-coverts while the third has the wing-coverts uniform, like those from Colombia. B. CRECISCUS LEUCOGASTER. " Porzana leucogaster, Bidgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 408 (1883). " Head mostly grey, wing-coverts without lighter bars; chin and throat distinctly white, the jugulum pale cinnamon, fading into white on the louer breast; white bars on sides and flanks very narrow." Hab. N.E. Nicaragua. 35 . CRECISCUS. 141 Porzana albigularis, Scl. cj Salv. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 372 (Panama): iid. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 280 (Mosquitia); iid. Rvot. Orn. p. 101), pi. 55 (1868) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 454; iid. NomencL Av.Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.h. p. 142 (1808: Nicoya): Scl # Salv. P. Z. S.1879, p. 546 (Antioguia), Pidgio. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. vi. p. 409 (1883 : Panama). Aramides albigularis, Gray, Iland-L B. in. p. 61, no. 10442 (1871). Adult male. General colour above reddish chocolate-brown with a slight olive tint; scapulars and wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally lighter brown ; inner secondaries like the back : upper tail-coverts and tail dark chocolate-brown; crown of head dusky olive-brown with a reddish tint, more especially on the forehead and eyebrow; lores ashy; sides of face and sides of neck chestnut, this colour extending over the hind neck and mantle; throat white, with a chestnut tinge on the lower part, the fore neck and chest entirely chestnut, paler in the centre of the latter; remainder of under surface of body white, regularly barred with black; thighs brown externally, white internally ; under wing-coverts white, the axillaries white, barred with black; quills ashy below. Total length 5S inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*9, tail 1*25, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1*45. Hah. Prom Colombia to Costa Eica and Nicaragua. C. CEBOISCUS CINEREICEPS. Porzana cinereiceps, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. ft'. Y. xL p. 90 (1875); Bidqw. Pror. U.S. Nat. Mus.i. p. 252 (1878: Costa Eica); id. ojp. cit. vi*. p. 409, note (1883: Costa Kica). Head mostly grey; wing-coverts without lighter bars ; chin and throat pale cinnamon, the former inclining to whitish; jugulum and whole breast rich chestnut rufous, with the white bars on sides and flanks very broad. Hab. Eastern Costa .Rica. (Talamanca). He has likewise named a fourth species, of which I transcribe the description :— CRECISCTJS ALFARA. Porzana alfara, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. x. 1887, p. Ill (Costa Eica). ''Similar to P. albigularis, but has the black bars on the flanks much broader. " Adult female. Pileum deep bistre-brown, becoming lighter and more of an umber tint along the hind neck; rest of upper parts deep bistre anteriorly, deepening gradually into blackish brown posteriorly; the tail almost black. Sides of head, neck, and breast cinnamon rufous, most intense laterally, much paler along the middle line, the chin and throat being almost white; lores dull light greyish brown, bordered above by a very indistinct rusty streak on each side of the forehead; ear-coverts greyish brown; entire sides, flanks, thighs, under tail-coverts, anal region, and belly distinctly and regularly barred with black and white, the bars of the latter colour everywhere much narrower than the former; bill dusky olive-greenish, legs and feet olive-blackish. Length (skin) 5*50 inches, wing 3, culmen 0'70, tarsus 1*20, middle toe 1'25." (B. Bidgway.) Hab. Costa Eica. 142 EALLTDiE. a. ,Tuv. &k. b. Ad. sk. e,d. c?; e. ad. sk. f-u d ad. juv. sk. $ et La Barranca, Nieoya, CostaItica, March (E.Arce). Voragua (J?. -4rce). Lion Hill Station, Panama (McLeannmi). Remedies, Antioqma, Colombia (T. K. Salmon). Sabin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. S. Creciscus leucopyrrhus. Ypacaha pardo acanelado y bianco, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 228 (1802). 1J alius leucopyrrhus, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxviii. p. 550 (1819). Curetlmira leucopyrrlia, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846); Burm. Beis. La Plata, ii. p. 505 (1861: Tuouman). Corethrura hypoelucos, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 96 (1854). Laterirallus hypoleucus, Bp, C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856). Porzana leucopyrrlia, Scl.tySalv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 454; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873) ; Scl. 8? Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 154 (1889); Bed. % Ihering, Zeitsch.ges. Orn. ii. p. 109 (1885). Arainides leucopyrrlia. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 01, no. 10441 (1871). Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown with a rufescent tinge; wings like the back; quills darker brown ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail more dusky brown than the back ; fore part; of crown, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-eoverts bright rufous like the sides of the neck and sides of the breast; throat and under surface of body white, the flanks distinctly barred with black ; under tail-coverts black, the lateral ones white ; under wing- coverts and axillaries white; quills ashy brown below. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-2, tail 1*9, tarsus 1-25, middle toe and claw 1*45. Hob, Southern Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. a. Ad. sk. South America. Salvin-Godman Coll. b. Imm.sk. [Chili.] Old Coll. 9. Creciscus levraudi. Porzana levraudi, Scl. 8r Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 452, pi. xxxv. (Caracas); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 512 (Venezuela). Aramides levraudi, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10437 (1871). Adult General colour above dark olive-brown; wing-coverts and scapulars like the back; primary-coverts and quills paler brown; inner secondaries dark brown, like the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, as well as the tail-feathers; crown of head and hind neck like the back; lores ashy, surmounted by a narrow line of vinous white; sides of face and ear-coverts as well as the sides of the neck, sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts vinous chestnut; throat and centre of breast and abdomen white, with a tinge of reddish on the fore neck; under wing-coverts and axil 35 . CEECISCTTS. 143 laries pale vinous red, the median series whitish. Total length G*(> inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-3, tail 1*4, tarsus 1*25, middle toe and claw 1*5. Hah. Venezuela. a. Ad. sk. Venezuela (Speuce), Salvin-Godman Coll. 10. Creciscus ruber. Corethrura rubra, Scl. $ Salv. T. Z. S. 18G0, p. 300 • iid. Ibis, 1860, p. 277 (Coban). Porzana rubra, Scl. fy Salv. Fx. Orn. p. 31, pi. xvi. (1807): iid. F. Z. S. 1868, p. 452; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); Salvin, Ibis, 1890, p. 89 (Yucatan). Aramides rubra, Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 60, no. 10434 (1871). Adult General colour above chocolate-brown, slightly washed with rufous; wing-coverts like the back, but with a little more rufous tint; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills ashy brown, the inner secondaries brown like the back; tail-feathers dark brown; crown of head slaty grey, as also the entire sides of the face; hind neck and mantle deep chestnut, as also the sides of the body and the under tail-coverts; a faint supraloral line of isabelline; throat and under surface of body bright chestnut, darker on the sides and inclining to vinous* on the abdomen; thighs externally grey, internally vinous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale chestnut, the greater series ashy, edged with rufous; quills ashy below. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3-2, tail 1*35, tarsus 1*25, middle toe and claw 1*55. Hah. Central America. a, b. d1; c. ^> P' I*. Limnocorax mosainbicus, Peters, I. c.; JKr/c, 12>w, 1804, p. 335 (Zam besi) j Cab. in Von der Decken, Meis. iii. p. 51 (1809); Cab. J.f.O. 1878, p. 246(Kitui). Limnocorax flavirostris, Ilartl. J.f.O. 18-58, p. 301 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1802, p. 35 (Natal) ; Sol. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 144; Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1806, p. 95 (Angola); Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 195 (Fantee); Ilartert, J. f O. 1886, p. 608 (Loko, June); Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 546 (Turquel). Ortvgometra erythropus, Heuql. Syst. Uebers. p. 64 (1850); id. J. f. 0.1863, p. 28; Antin. Cat. descr. Uce. p. Il l (1804). Ortvgometra flavirostra, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 175 (Camma E.); Ilartl. J.f O. 1861, p. 272 (Casamance) j Graij, Hand-l B. iii. p. 62, no. 10459 (1871). Limnocorax erythropus, Ueugl. J.f O. 1863, p. 170. Porzana nigra, Schl. Mus. Pay,s-Bas, Kalli, p. 31 (1865). Gallinula nigra, Layard.B. S. Afr. p. 342 (1867). Gallinula aterrima, Hevgl J.f O. 1867, p. 303. Limnocorax niger, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 470 (Mooi River); Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 105; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 213 (Potchefbtroom); Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 301 (Potchefstroom); Oust. K Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 114 (1879: Ogowe River, Dec); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 481 (1881); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, pp. 512-537 (Niger); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 618 (1884); W. Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 62 (Umzeila's Country); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p.'304 (Jipi); id. Ibis, 1893, p. 29 (Mpimbi). Adult male. General colour above and below black, the hind neck, mantle, scapulars, and wing-eoverts shaded with ashy grey, a tint of which colour also overspreads the under surface; the back and wings with a shade of deep chocolate-brown: " bill dull dark green; tarsi and feet dull red; iris crimson (T. Ayres). Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*9, tail 1*3, tarsus 1-5, middle toe and claw 1-8. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: " bill light greenish yellow; tarsi and feet deep rose-red; iris bright crimson; eyelids rosy red " (T. Ayres). Nestling. Entirely covered with black down: " bill flesh-colour, with a black cross-band before the nostrils, becoming broader on the lower mandible ; feet brown; iris brown " {J. Buttilcofer). Young. Chocolate-brown instead of black like the adult, with a little ashy grey, showing the adult plumage; lores and feathers above and below the eye whitish; under surface of body ashy grey, whiter on the cheeks and throat. The depth of grey shading on the adult bird varies greatly. The most intensely black individuals are those from Gaboon, and there is scarcely any grey or brown shades on their plumage. Eah. Nearly the whole of Africa. 152 BALLIDJE. a. Ad. sk. Senegal. Riocour Coll, b) c. Ad. et imm. Senegambia. Governor Kendall sk. [0.]. d. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased. e. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Shelley Coll. /. Iinra.sk. Elmina, Gold Coast, April 10 Shelley Coll. (H. F. JBlissett). Burton and Commander Cameron [P.]. ff>Ad. sk. Ancobra River. _.Sir_ E. _.. _ . h. Ad. sk. Magua Rher (II. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. i. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Shelley Coll." k. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Duchailhi). Tweeddale Coll. /. Ad. sk. Muschra Req., Equatorial F. Bohndortf [C.]. Africa, March. m. Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. /i. $ ad. sk. Kio Coroca, Mossarnedes, Jan. Shelley Coll. (Anchietd). o. Ad. sk. Cape Colony (Butler). Shelley Coll. p. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. F. Thackeray, Esq. [P.]. p. Pull. st. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.]. r. Ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). Gurney Coll. s. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal. F. A. Barratt, Esq. tf, w. $ ad. et Potchefstroom, Sept., Jan. (T. Gurney Coll. imm. sk. Ayres). v. J ad. sk. Umzeila's Country ( W. Ay res). Gurnev Coll. «?. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country. Dr. Bradshaw [C.]„ x. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Meller). Tweeddale Coll. y. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.]. s-a'. Ad. sk. Mpimbi, Upper Shire" River, H. H. Johnston, Esq., Feb. 27 (A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. V. Ad. sk. Dar-es-salaam (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. e\ Ad. sk. Pangani River (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. d% e'. (S 2 a(l's^-Jipi. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]. 38. AMAUEORNIS. Type Amaurornis, Reichenb. Naturl. Syst. Vdg. p. xxi (1852) A. olivacea. Erythra, Reichenb. t. c. p. xxi ; A. phoenicura. Pisynolimnas, Heine, in Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mm. Hein. p. 317 (1890) A. phoenicura. Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon to China, and throughout the Indo-Chinese countries to Malacca and the Philippines, thence through the Moluccas to N.E. Australia and New Britain. Key to the Species. a. No white on forehead or face; fore-neck and breast grey. a'. Throat grey like the breast (whitish in young birds only); vent and under tail-coverts perceptibly vinous or chestnut. a". Larger: darker and more olive above; dark slaty grey below; reddish colour on under tail-coverts not pronounced olivacea, p. 153. 38 . AMATJEOKNIS. i;>3 b". Smaller : browner above, especially on lower back and rump; light ashy grey below; reddish colour on \ ent and under tail-coverts strongly pronounced moluccana, p. 153. b'. Throat white; no vinous colour on the vent and under tail-coverts aJcool, p. 155. b. Throat and breast white: lower flanks and vent chestnut; forehead white (adults), or like the , nhamicurfr „ -, 5(* 1. Amaurornis olivacea. Gallinula olivacea, Met/en, Nova Acta C. L.-C. Acad. Nat. Cur. xvi. SSuppl. i. p. 109, pi. xx. (1834: Manila); Gray, List GralUe Brit. Mas. p. 123 (1844: Manila); id. Gen. B. in. p. 509 (1845); id. Hand-L B. iii. p. 6Q, no. 10505 (1871). Amaurornis olivacea, Meichmb. Naturl. Syst. Vdg. p. xxi (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. GOO (1856); Walden, Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 231, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2 (1875); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 702 (Monte Alban), p. 768 (Cebu); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 345 (S. Leyte, July); JSteere, List B. $ Mamm. Biped. P/ulipp. y. 26 (1890; Luzon, Siquijor); Blasius, J.f.O. 1890, p. 145 (Mindanao). Adult male. Dark slaty grey, the thighs entirely slaty grey, without the pale vinous isabelline inner face seen in the other species, and with the under tail-coverts dark rufous or rufous brown: " bill light green ; feet yellowish brown; iris bright blood-red" (A. E. Everett). Total length 11*8 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6-5, tail 2*45, tarsus 2-35, middle toe and claw 2*5, Adult female. Similar in colour to the male : " bill grass-green ; feet dull brownish yellow; iris bright blood-red or crimson " (A. II. Everett). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1 -45, wing 6, tail 1*9, tarsus 2*35, middle toe and claw 2-6. Hah. Philippine Islands. a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Tweeddale Coll. b. Ad. sk. Manila, June 14 (If. Cuming). Gould Coll. c3 d. d J ad. sk. Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb. Tweeddale Coll. (A. H. Everett). e,f-6 $ ad. sk. Cebu, March. Tweeddale Coll. //. S ad. sk. Boac, Marinduque, May. E. L. Moseley, Esq. [C.]. h, i. $ $> ad. sk. Amparo, S. Leyte, July (A. II. Tweeddale Coll. Everett), k. <$ ad. sk. Catbalogan, Samar, April 14. E. L. Moseley, Esq. [C.]. I. $ ad. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 24. E. L. Moseley, Esq. [0.]. 2. Amaurornis moluccana. Gallinula olivacea, Schl. (nee Meyen), Mus. Pay$~Bas, Ealli, p. 43 (1865: Ternate, Halmahera); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 66, no. 10505 (1871); Rosenb. Heist, naar Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875); id. Malay Arch. p. 407 (1879). 154 KALLID2E. Porzana moluccana, Wall. P;Z. S. 1865, p.*480 (Aniboina, Ternate). Gallinula ruficrissa, Gould, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) iv. p. 110 (1869: Cape Kiver, Queensland); id. Suppl. B. Austr. pi. 79 (1809); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10-310 (1871); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 193 (1877: N. Australia); p. 395 (Port Moresby) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 344 (Brisbane); Sharpe, Journ. Linn." Soc. xiii. p. 505 (1877: Pt. Moresby); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N S. W. ii. p. 199 (1878); id. op. cit. iii. p. 298 (1879: S.E. New Guinea), iv. p. 102 (1880: Pt. Moresby); North, op. cit. (2) ii. p. 446 (1887 : egg); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1880); North, Nests # Eggs Austr. B. p. 326 (1890). Rallina moluccana, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10394 (1871). Erythra moluccana, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 795 (1875), x. p. 164 (1877). Gallinula frankii, Schl. Notes Leijd. Mus. i. p. 163 (1879); Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xiv. p. 945 (1879). Amaurornis moluccana, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xiv. p. 944 (1879); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 447,451 (Duke of York Isl), 1880, p. 65; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 321 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 276 (1882); Blasius u. Nehrk. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxii. p. 431 (1882 : Amboina); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. JV. viii. p. 6Q5 (1882: St, Anna, Solomon Arch.); Meyer, Sifz. Abhandl. Ges. Isis, Dresden, 1884, Abth. i. p. 55 (Siao, Gt. Sanghir) ; Pleske, Bidl. Akad. St. Petersb. xxix. p. 536 (1884: Ternate) ; Blasius, Ornis, iv. p. 638 (1888: Siao); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N S. W. (2) ii. p. 446 (1887 : New Britain; egg;; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 197 (1891). Amaurornis olivacea (nee Meyen), Finsch, Vog. der Sildsee, p. 21 (1881: New Britain). Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, including the bead; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather more ruddy brown; wing-coverts like the back, but somewhat ashy round the bend of tbe wing; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive-brown, the innermost secondaries exactly like tbe back; tail-featbers dark brown, marked witb olive-brown; a faintly indicated supra-loral spot of dull wbitisb; lores and base of cheeks black ; sides of tbe face, cbeeks, throat, and under surface of body slaty grey, the sides of tbe body marked with olive-brown; the flanks clearer brown; lower abdomen and vent vinous isabelline, as also tbe thigbs ; under tail-coverts and sides of vent deeper and more sandy buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries asby olive-brown; quills dusky brown below: " bill greenish, yellowish towards the forehead; feet greenish; iris chestnut" (0. Beccari). Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5'75, tail 2\2, tarsus 2*2, middle toe and claw 2-35. Young birds seem to be rather duller in colour and to have the throat whitish. Hob. Molucca Islands and New Guinea to New Britain, Duke of York Island, and N.E. Australia. a. Ad. sk. Batchian. Tweeddale Coll. b. Ad. sk. c. Ad. sk. Halmah&a. Ternate. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.]. "Wallace Coll. 38. AMAURORNIS. 17)7) (I d ad. sk. Mysol, July 27 (Hoedt). Twooddnle Coll. e. Ad.sk. Rockingham Bay, Queensland. Gould Coll. f. 1mm. sk. Thirsty SoundJ Rockingham. Salvin-Godman Coll. Bay (J. T. Cocherell). tj. 2 imm. sk. Duke'of York Island, Aug*. Rev. G. Brown [().]. h. J ad. sk. Kabahadai, New Britain. Rev. G. Brown (_C.J. i. d ad. sk. Kahahadai, New Britain, Feh. Tweoddale Coll. (G. Broivn). k, l> 6 ? ad New Britain, June (Dr. KleinSharp? Coll. sk. «s schmidt). 3. Amaurornis akool. Rallus niger, FranJcl (nee Lath.) P. Z. S. 1831, p. 124 Porzana akool, fykes, P. Z. & 1832, p. 164 (Deccan); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 284 (1849: Chaibasa, Calcutta) • Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 722 (1864); Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 171; Hume, Nest? $ Eggs, Ind. B. p. 602 (1873); Adam, Str. F. i. p. 398 (1873: Sambhur) ; Butler, Str.F. iv, p. 21 (1876: Mt. Aboo), v. p. 224 (1877: Milana); Ball, Sir. F. vii. p. 229 (1878: Ganges to Godaveri) ; Hume, t, c. p. 489 (Calcutta); id. op. cit. viii. p. 113 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. 8ind, etc. p. 67 (1879: Deesa, breeding in August); id. Cat B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 110 (1880 : not seen) ; Davidson, 8tr. F. x. p. 322 (1882: W. Khandeish); Swinh. Sf Barnes, Il>is,188r>, p. 135 (Mhow) • McGregor, JStr. F. x. p. 441 (1887: Bel^aum, breeding); Taylor, t c. p. 466 (Manzeerabad, breeding) j Hume, 8tr. F. xi. p. 328 (1888: N. Khasia Hills); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests §• Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 396 (1890) j Barnes, Jovrn. Bomb. 8oc. N II vi. pi. to p. 129 (1891: egg). Gallinula inodesta, Sioai?is. An. in Menacj. p. 348 (1837). Rallus griseopectus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1844: nom. nudum). Ortygometra griseopectus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Gralla>, App.pl. 183 (no. 929); Gray, Cat.Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodt/s. p. 75 (1863). Corethrura akool, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846). Corethrura modesta, Gray, t. c. p. 595 (1846). Hypotsenidia akool, Bp. C. P. xliv. p. 599 (1856). Ortygometra akool, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 62, no. 10454 (1871). Gallinula (Amaurornis) coccineipes, 8later, Ibis, 1891, p. 44 (Swatow). Gallinula coccineipes, Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 235, 501 (Shanghai); De La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 493, pi. xii. (Swatow, Tayang Hills). Adult male. General colour above uniform olive-brown, the head and neck like the back ; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,and quills dusky brown, externally chocolate-brown; the inner secondaries olive like the back 5 lores, eyebrows, sides of face, and under surface of body dark slaty grey; fore part of cheeks and throat white ; lower abdomen and vent slightly more vinaceous : sides of body and under tail-coverts dark olive-brown, as also the under wing-coverts : " bill greenish.; legs and feet fleshy brown or livid purple; iris brown " (T. C. Jerdon). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*85. The type of Amaurornis coccineipes has been kindly lent to me by 156 RALL1DJE. the Eev. II. H. Slater. I find that this bird is not to be specifically separated from A. akool, being alike in plumage, but just a trifle larger in size. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 5-15, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-95, middle toe and claw 2*1. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: " bill green; the culmen dark brown ; the tip of the lower mandible lavender; feet dull lake-red; iris crimson " (A. K Butler, M88.). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 4*7, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*9. Bab. Indian Peninsula generally, ranging eastward to Assam and the Khasia Hills. a. Ad. sk. India. J. R Keeves, Esq. (Type of B. griseopectus.) b, c. $ $ ad. sk. Deesa, Aug., Sept. (B. A. Plume Coll. Butler). d. Ad. sk. North-west India (Griffith). India Museum. Kurki, N.W. Provinces. Tweeddale Coll. e. Ad. sk. Mount Aboo, May 2 (B. A. Hume Coll. /. $ ad. sk. Butler). ff, h. c? ad. j i-m. Sambkur, Jan., April, July, Hume Coll. 2 ad. et juv. sk. Dec. (R. M. Adam). n. Ad. sk. Jhansie, Aug. 7. Hume Coll. o-q. Ad. sk. Delhi, Jan., March (C. T. Hume Coll. Bingham). f. Ad. sk. Cashmere, May 5. Hume Coll. s. Ad. sk. Dehra Dhoon. Tweeddale Coll. I Ad. sk. Delira Dhoon. Hume Coll. u, J ad. sk. Sewalik Hills, March (Dr. Tweeddale Coll. Scott). i'. $ ad. sk. Kumaon, Jan. 28 (G. King). Hume Coll. w. Ad. sk. Kumaon (jStrachey). India Museum. .r. Ad. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. y. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. II. Hodgson). India Museum. s, a'. Ad. sk. Darjiling Terai. Hume Coll. b'. Ad. sk. Bhotan Doars, Jan. (Z. Man-Hume Coll. delli). c'. Ad. sk. Assam (A. W. Chennell) *. Tweeddale Coll. d', e'. Ad. sk. Behar. Hodgson Coll. f',f.6$ ad.; h>, Saugor, Jan., Aug. Hume Coll. i'. Pull. sk. Je'. 2 ad. sk. Depalpor, Jan. 9. Col. Swinhoe [P.]. I', m'. Ad. sk. Gwalior. C. Maries, Esq. [P.]. n'. Ad. sk. Deccan (Burgess). Gould Coll. o'. Ad. sk. Deccan (Colonel Sykes). India Museum. y . Ad. sk. Western Ghats (Coussmaker). Gould CoU. 4. Amaurornis phoenicnra. Poule Sultane de la Chine, Daubent Bl. Bnl. ix. pi. 896. La Poule Sultane brune, Buff. H. N. Ois. viii. p. 204 (1781). Kallus phcenicurus, Borster, Zool 2nd. p. 19, pi. 9 (1781: Ceylon): Gm. %st. Nat. p. 715 (1788). * ?Xhasia Hills: of. Hume, Str. P. xi. p. 328. 38. AMAXTRORNIS. Fulica chinensis, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783). Red-tailed Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 259 (1785). Gallinula erythrura, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. Tag. p. 471 (1811) Reichenb. Handb. Fulicarice, tab. xc. figs. 1116,' 1117 (1850). Porphyrio plicenicura, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 29 (1819). Gallinula javanica, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 196 (1821: Java) • Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 164 (Deccan). Rallus sumatranus, Baffi. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328 (1821). Gallinula leucomelsena, S. Mull. Verh. nat. Gesch. Land-en Volkenk p. 158 (1839-44: Timor); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 599 (1845); Sold. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 42 (18(35 : Timor, Bouru) : Gray, Eand~l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10509 (1871). Zapornia tkerniophila, Hodgs. Icon, tried, in Brit. Mus,. Grallce, pi. 215 (no. 759); id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844). Gallinula plicenicura, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 599 (1845); id. Cat. Mamm. fy B. pres. Hodgs. p. 143 (1846); id. List Grallce etc. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1848); Motley $ JDHlw. Contr. Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 60 (1855); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 427 (Formosa); Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 720 (1864); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,~R&\\i, p. 41 (1865); Godioin- Austen, J. A. S. Benq. xxxix. p. 254 (1870: Mymensing); Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 276 (1871: Wardha Valley); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 364 (Hainan); id. P.Z. 8. 1871, p. 414 (S. China, Formosa); Holdsw. P. Z. S.1872, p. 476 (Ceylon); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 67, no. 10508 (1871); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 67 (1872); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 418 (Kathiawar); Hume, Nests 8? Eggs Ind. B. p. 599 (1873) ; Aitken, Str. F. i. p. 424 (1873: Bombay, breeding); Hume Str. F. iii. p. 187 (1875: Upper Pegu) j Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 21 (1876: Mount Aboo); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Mahabaleshwur); HumeSf Davis. Str. F. vi.p. 466 (1878 : Tenasserim); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 229 (1878 : Ganges to Godavery); Vorderm. Nat Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xiii. p. 112 (1882: Java); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 263 (1884); Snellem. in Veth, Midden-Sumatra, p. 50 (1885); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xlix. p. 416 (1889) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 501 (Yangtze Basin); Hartert, Omis, vii. p. 123 (1891: Preanjer, W. Java). Porzana phoenicura, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus, As. Soc. p. 284 (1849) ; Swink Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (Amoy), 1861, p. 57 (Canton); Irby, t. c. p. 246 (Oudh); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 223 (Banjarmassing) ; Schomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 261 (Siam); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 171; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 251 (Sind); Blythfy Wold. B. Burm. p. 161 (1875). Erythra pboenicura, Reichenb. Handb. Fulicarice, p. xxi (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1856); Salmd. Ucc. Born. p. 340 (1874); Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1875,p.Ill (Labuan); Walden, Trans. Z. & viii. p.94(1872), ix, p. 229 (1875); Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 323 (Mysore); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877: Cachar); Oates, t. c. p. 165 (Pegu); Butler, t c. p. 224 (Milana); Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 327 (Lampong); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 833 (Butuan) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 953 (Zaniboanga) ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 486 (1877); Anders. Pep. Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 691 (1878 : Bhamo); Cripps, S/r.F. vii. p. 306 (1878: Faridpur); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 786 (1879); Sharpe, P. Z. S.1879, p. 352 (Labuan); Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 70 (Malacca), 113; Doig, t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 67 (1879) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 253 (1879 : Sumatra); Meyw, Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Celebes); Sharpe, t. c. p. 271 (Borneo) ; Butler,Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 80 (1880); Vidal, Str.F. ix. p. 87 (1880: S. Konkan); Bingham, t. c. p. 197 (Thoungyeen); 158 BALLIDJB. Feid, Str. F x. p. 73 (1881); Wardlaw Ramsay, Tiveedd. Mem. p. 059 (1881) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 (Sandakan) ; Midler, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 438 (Salano-a); Nichols. Ibis, 1882, p. 65 (S.E. Sumatra) ; Eelham, t. c. p. 188 (Perak); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 322 (1882: Khandeisli); Parker, Ibis, 1883, pp. 104, 195 (Ceylon); Davison, Str. F. x. p. 415 (1883 : Mysore) ; Guillem. F. Z. S. 1885, pp. 273 (Sula Isl.), 500 (Menado, ivema); Biittik. Notes Letjden MILS. ix. p. 80 (1880: W. Sumatra) ; McGregor, Str. F x. p. 441 (1887); Tat/lor, t. . 6-2-6-8]. jr.). g\ $ imm. sk. [w. Allahabad (/. Cochhtm). Hume Coll. 6-7]. 160 h' %'. Ad. sk. [w. 6*15-6*4]. k'-m'. 2 ad. e* imm. sk. n', o\ Ad. sk. [w. 5-7-6*5]. p' q'. Ad. sk. [w. ?•'. Ad. sk. [w. 6*4]. s', t'. Ad. sk. [w. 5-9-6-8]. u'-w'. Ad. sk. [w. 6*6]. x'. $ ad. sk. [w. 6-11. y'. Ad. sk. [w. 6*0]. z'-b". Ad. sk. [w. 5-8-6*6]. c". Ad. sk. [w. 6*2]. d". $ ad. sk. [w. 6*8]. e". Juv. sk. /" . Ad. sk. [w. 5*9]. g". 2 ad. sk. [w. 6-2]. h"-k". S ad. [w. 6-4-6-81; I". ? ad. sk. [w. 6'3]. m"-o". cS 2 ad. sk. [w. 5*9-6*2]. p"-8". d ad. [w. 6*0-6*6] • t"-w". 2 ad. [w. 5*8-6*2]; x",y".S Jjuv.sk. s". Ad. sk. [w. 7*0]. a3. S ad. sk. [w. 6*15]. ¥. <$ ad. sk. [w. 6*7]. c3. <$ ad. sk. [w. 6-6]. d3-f3. d ad, sk. [w. 6*0-6*4]. g3,h3. tf 2 ad. sk. fw. 6*35-6-5]. F. 2 ad. sk. [w. 6*4]. k\ Ad. sk. [w. 6*0]. f. 2 ad. sk. [w. 5*8]. m3~o3. 2 ad. [w. 6*15-6*5]\f .$ ad. sk, [w. 6*55]. q*, r3. Ad. [w. 5'5~ 6*9]; s3. Juv.sk. KALL1D2E. Etawah, Feb., May. Futtehgurh district, Aug., Nov. (A. Anderson), Oudh. Oudh, Jan., Feb. Bebar. Nepal. Bhotan Doars, Jan. to April (X. Mandelli). Barrackpur, Jan. Calcutta, Feb. 10. Dacca, March. Assam (McClelland). Sadhya, April (J. Cockhum). Dibrugbur, Aug. 8 (/. H. Cripps). Cacbar (J. Inglis). N. Kbasia Hills, Feb. (A. W. ChennelT). Manipur, Feb., March (A. O.K.). Lower Pegu, Jan. to March. Tonghoo, Nov. to June (is!. G. W.H.). Great Coco Island, March (W. Davison). Pahpoon, Tenasserim, Jan. 6 (W. Davison). Kanee, Houngthraw Piver, March (W. Davison). Wimpong, Thatone, Dec. 20 (W. Davison). Tavoy, March, April (W. Davisoti). Amherst, June, July (W. Davison). Houngthraw/ Feb. 27 (W. Zimborq). Kyaeen, May 2 (7. Darling). Bankasoon, May (W. Davi son). Salang, Feb., March (X Darling) Penang (Dr. Cantor). Hume Coll. Seebohm Coil. Pinwill Coll. Hume Coll. Hodgson Coll. Hodgson Coll. Hume Coll. Col. Biddulpli [C.]. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. India Museum. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. Oates Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. India Museum. 38 . AMAUROSIS. ^.Ad.sk.[w.6-8]. Province Wellesley (Dr. India Museum. w3, v2. ($ 5 ad. sk. [w. 6-9o-6-8]. w3. $ ad. sk. [w. 6-4]. x2. Ad. sk. "w.6-1 y3. Ad. sk. w. 6-9" s3. Ad. sk. w. 6-0^ a\ Ad.; >l. Juv. sk. [w. 6-3]. c% dx. Ad. sk. Port Lincoln.' J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. e. Ad. sk. River Darling. Gould Coll. 166 BALLIDiE. / . Ad.sk. g, h. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T, Cockerett). South Queensland. Salvin-Godinan Coll, Tweeddale Coll. i,k. S 2 ad. sk. /. Skeleton. N.W. Australia (P. II. BoiuyerBower). Australia. Capt. Bowyer Bower [P.]. Purchased. 43. PAEEUDIASTES. T Type. Pareudiastes, Hartl $ Finsch, P. Z. S. ]871, p. 25 ... . P. paciiicus. Bawje. Confined to the Samoan Islands. 1. Pareudiastes pacificus. Pareudiastes pacificus, IlartL fy Finsch, P. Z. S. 18/1, p. 25, pi. 2 (Savai: Parotonga); Finsch, J.f. 0.1872, pp. 33; 54 (Savai); Whitmee, P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 184, 185 (habits). Adult. General colour above dark olive, with a somewhat greenish tinge•. wing-coverts like the back ; quills black, externally somewhat greenish ; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black ; head rather browner than the back; a line over the eye, lores, sides of face, and throat blackish, with a slight ashy tinge : lower throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast bluish slate-colour; remainder of under surface dark olive-greenish ; under tail-covarts, under wing- coverts, and quill-lining black. Total length 9 inches, culmen with frontal shield 1*5, wing 4-6, tail 2*35, tarsus 1-45, middle toe and claw 1-6. Hab. Samoa Islands. Ad. sk. Samoa. Old Coll. a. h. xVd. sk. Samoa. Kev. S. Whitmee [0.]. 44. POKPHYKIOEMS. Type. Porphyriornis, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. iv. art. vi. p. 57 (1892) P. comeri. Range. Confined to Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Island. 1. Porphyriornis nesiotis. Gallinula nesiotis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 261, pi. xxx.; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 66, no. 10501 (1871); Scl. P. Z. & 1878, p. 577; id. Bep. Voy. i Challenger,1 ii. Birds, p. 113 (1880). Porphyriornis nesiotis, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. iv. art. vi. p. 58 (1892). Adult (type of species). General colour above dark olive-brown ; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back; quills and tail- feathers blackish, the first primary edged with white; head and neck all round and entire under surface black, with a few narrow ovate streaks on the sides of the body; under tail-coverts white, the central ones black • under wing-coverts and axillaries black like the breast, with a little white along the edge of the wing : " bill crimson, yellow at the tip ; feet yellowish " (P. L. Sclater). " A red 45. GALTJOTLA. garter above the heel" (J. Wolf ex spec. viv.). Total longth 10 inches, culnien with frontal shield 1*05, wing 5*3, tail 2-2, tarsus 3*2, middle toe and claw 2*7. Eab. Island of Tristan d'Acunha. a. Ad. sk. Tristan d'Acunha. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.]. (Type of species.) b. Ad. sk. Tristan d'Acunha. Zoological Society. c. Bones of trunk. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.]. 2. Porphyriornis corner!. Porphyriornis comeri, Alien, Bull Am. Mm. Nat. Hist. iv. art. vi. p. 57 (1892: Gough IsL). Adult. Similar to P. nesiotls, hut having scarcely any white on the outer edge of the first primary, and narrower and smaller streaks of white on the flanks. " Tip of bill bright yellow, scarlet between the eyes; legs and feet yellow, with reddish spots" (G. Comer). Total length 11 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1*6, wing 5-Q, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*95, middle toe and claw 2*6. Bab. Gough Island. a. Ad. sk. - [Gough Island.] Shelley Coll > 45. GALLBTULA*. Type. Fuliea? pt., auct. antiq. Gallinula, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 3 (17C0) G. chloropus. Hydrogallina, Lacep. Mem. de VInst. iii. p. 518 (1800 1801) G. chloropus. Stagnicola, Brehm, Vdg. JDeutschl. p. 702 (1831) G. chloropus. Range. Over the greater portion of the Old and New Worlds. Key to the Sjpecies. a. No broad white streaks on the sides of the body. a'. Under surface of body light grey; light colour of toes above yellow tenefovsa, p. 168. V. Dark slaty grey below; light colour of toes above red, like the tarsi frontata, p. 168. * I have not been able to determine the following species:— GALLINULA LEPIDA. Gallinula lepida, Brilgg. Jbhomdl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 91 (1877: patr. ign.). The following are extinct (Mlinules :— GALLINULA STRENUIPES. Gallinula strenuipes, Be Vis, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. iii. pp. 1283-1286, pis. 34, 35. From Queensland. GALLINULA PERALATA. Gallinula peralata, Be Vis, op. eit. (2) vi. p. 440, pi. xxiv. figs. 3 a, 3 b (1892). From Queensland. 1G8 KALLlDiE. b. Sides of "body broadly streaked with •white. e'. Base of lower mandible red; toes darker than tarsi. «"• Frontal shield rounded at top cldoropus, p. 169. 6". Frontal shield truncated { f^^emk, p. 180. Ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Coll. c, d, e. Ad. sk.; Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. /, g. Juv. sk. 2. Gallinula frontata. Gallinula tenebrosa, pt, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 600 (1856). Gallinula haamatopus, Temm. MSS. in Mm. Lugd.; Bp. C. P. xliii. n. 600 (1856, descr. nulla); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Haiti, p. 44 (1865: Celebes; Amboina); id. Dierentuin, p. 263 (1872); Gray, 45. GALLINULA. 169 Hand-l. B. iii. p. GG, no. 10497 (1871); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 680 (1875). Gallinula frontata, Wall. P. Z. S. 1803, pp. 35 (Bourn), 487 (Flores); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (18G3); Wald. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 93 (1872); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. "vii. p. G80 (1875), ix. p. 48 (1876 : Hall Bay); Briigqem. Abhandl. nat Ver. Bremen, v. p. 90 (1876: Celebes); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Lakes of Lino, Tondano, and Limbotto); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 321 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, <§-c. iii. p. 279 (1882); Blasius, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 219 (S.E. Borneo ^breeding); Kutter, t. c. p. 225; Blasius, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. iii. p. 150 (1886) ; JSverett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 202. Gallinula tenebrosa (nee Gould), Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 398 (1877: Port Moresby), iii. p. 298 (1878 : Laloke River), iv. p. 102 (1879). Adult male. Similar to G. tenebrosa, but darker grey above and below, and distinguished by the red colour of the toes resembling that of the tarsi: " bill and frontal shield red, excepting the terminal third which is yellow ; feet red, the joints greenish; bare part of tibia olive-green behind, the hinder part of the tarsi dusky leadcolour" (Wallace): " iris black" (D'Albertis). Total length 14 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1*75, wing 7, tail 2*5, tarsus 2*15, middle toe and claw 3*4. Adult female. Similar to the male in colour of plumage. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen with frontal shield 2-01, wing 7, tail 2-4, tarsus 1*4, middle toe and claw 3*3. Hal. Australia, New Guinea, and the Moluccas, as far as Celebes • S.E. Borneo. a. Ad. sk. Celebes. Wallace Coll. b. Ad. sk. jkenado. Tweeddale Coll. c. $ ad. sk. " Makassar. Wallace Coll. d. $ ad. sk. Bourn. Wallace Coll. (Type of species.) e. Ad. sk. Ceram. "Wallace Coll. /'. Ad. sk. Moluccas.] Tweeddale Coll. //. Ad, sk. Port Moresby. A. Goldie [O.]. 3. G-allinula chloropus. The Water-Hen or Moor-Hen, Albin, Nat. Hist B. ii. p. 66, pi. 72 (1738). The More-Hen, Albin, op. cit. iii. p. 86, pi. 91 (1740). La Poule d'eau, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 3, pi. 1. figs. 1,2 (1760) ; Daubent. PL JEnl. ix. pi. 877; Buff. Hist Nat Ois. viii. p. 171, pi. 15 (1781). La petite Poule d'eau, Briss. t c. p. 6 (1760). La grande Poule d'eau, Briss. t. c. p. 9 (1760). Fulica chloropus, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 258 (1766); Scop. Ann. Z p. 106 (1769); Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 698 (1788); Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 157 (1811). Fulica fusca, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 257 (1766)7* Gm. Syst Nat I p. 697 (1788). La Poulette d'eau, Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. viii. p. 177 (1781). La Glout, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. viii, p. 181 (1781). 170 BAILIDJ3. Common Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 258 (1785). Brown Gallinule, Lath, t c. p. 260 (1785). Piping Gallinule, Lath. t. c. p. 267 (1785). Fulica fistulans, Gm. Si/st Nat i. p. 702 (1788). Gallinula chloropns, Lath. Ind. Oni. ii. p. 773 (1790); Weill. N. Bict d'Eist. Nat. xii. p. 404 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 393 (1820); Poux, Orn. Provenc. pis. 234,235 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 38 (1827); Menetr. Cat rais. Cauc. p. 52 (1832); Gould, B. Bur. IV. pi. 342 (1837); Naum. For/. Deutschl ix. p. 587, Taf. 240 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 453 (1840); Keys. § Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 205 (1840); Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Miss. Merid. iii. p. 276 (1840); Selys-Longch. Fame Beige, p. 118 (1842); Schl. Pev. Crit. p. ciii (1844); Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl p. 92 (1844); Gray, List Grallce #c. Brit Mas. pt. iii. p. 122 (1844) ; Kodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus. Grallce, pi. 118 (nos. 633, 634); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 599 (1845) ; P'upp. Syst. Uebers. p. 128 (1845); Keioits. Eggs Br. B. ii. p. 325, pi. xci. tig. 1 (1846); Gray, Cat Mamm. fyc. Nepal, pres. Kodgs. p. 143 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 286 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. ii- p. 327 (1849); Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. Suppl tab. xxxviii. fig. 5 (1852) j Macg. Br. B. iv. p. 547 (1852) ; Schl Fog. Nederl. pis. 252, 253 (1854; ; Ileugl. Syst Uebers. p. 64 (1856); Cass, in Berry's Exped. ii. p. 245 (18oG) ; Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 244 (1857) ; Grill, Zool Anteekn. pp. 11, 54 (1859: Karroo); Janb. § Barth.-Lapomm. Mch. Orn. p. 491 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 361 (E. Atlas); Gurney, t. c. p. 249 (Natal) ; Leith Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 188 (Cashmere) ; Schrenck, Meis. Amur-L. p. 527 (1859); Linderm. Vdg. Griechenl. p. 180 (1860) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 349 (Epirus) ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pL xlv. fig. 4 (c. 1860); Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 26. figs. 2, 2 a (1861); Sminh. Ibis, 1861, p. 56 (Hongkong); Irby, t.c. p. 246; Eartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 272 (Bissao) ; id. Faun. Madag. p. 81 (1861); Swinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 307 (Annoy); Gould, B. GtBr. iv. pi. 851 (1862); Swi?ih. Ibis, 1863, p. 427 (Formosa); Gray, List Br. B. p. 180 (1863) ; E. Newt Ibis, 1863, pp. 358, 359; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 718 (1864); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Palli, p. 45 (1865); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (Pisa: winter) ; Sioinh. t. e. p. 355 (Formosa); More, t c. p. 440; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 341 (1867); Beql. 8f Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 262 (1867); Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 425 (Tangier); Loche, Eapl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 347 (1867); A. $ E. Newt. Ibis, 1867, pp. 358, 359 ; Chap?n. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p, 421 (1868); Schl. $• Poll. Fame Madag., Ois. p. 136 (1868); Bybowski fy Parvex, J.f. 0.1868, p. 338 ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 107 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 201 (1869) { Broste, Vogehv. Bork. p. 137 (1869); Ehoes Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Macedonia) ; Godman, Azores, pp. 36, 41 (1870); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 35. figs. 1, 2 (1870); Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. pi. 96 (1870) ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 274 (1870: Kbasia Hills); Blanf. Zool Abyss, p. 434 (1870: Lake Ashangi); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vli. p. 300 (1870: Senaf£); «*• $ Sartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 787 (1870); Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 1224 (1871); Gray, Kand-l B. iii. p. 66, no. 10495 (1871); Saload. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 232 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 414 (China: resident) ; P. Gray, B. W. Scotl p. 335 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 225; Molds w. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 475 ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam.-Ld. p. 323 (1872) ; Marting, Eandb. Br. B. p. 58 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 275 45 . GklLLINUXA. 171 (1872); Collett, Norges Fugle, p. GO ; Hume § Llenders. Lahore to Yark. p. 293 (1873) ; Hume, Nests $ Bgc/s Lid. B. p. 507 (1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 250 (1873 : Sindli); Adam, t c. p. 398 (Sambhur); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia); Sever tz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 32 (1874: Chota Nagpur) ; Stoliczka, t c. p. 461 (Wooler Lake : breeding); Saxby, B. ShetL p. 225 (1874); Ayres, Lbis, 1874, p. 107 (Mod River); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 187; Cordeaux, Lbis, 1875, p. 186 (Heligoland); Swinh. t. c. p. 134 (Chefoo); Lrby, B. Gibr. p. 144 (1875); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 162 (1875); Wald. fr. Z. 8. ix. p. 229 (1875 : Luzon); Danf. 8f Harvie~B?*oivn, Lbis, 1875, p. 418 (Transybama); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 184 (1875); Wharton, Lbis, 1876, p. 27 (Corsica); Barratt,t.c. p. 213 (S.E. Africa); Swinhoe, t c. p. 336 (Ilakodadi) ; Dresser, t.c. p. 413 (Turkestan: breeding); Blanf.East. Persia, ii. p. 288 (1876); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 260 (1876: Darasun and Kultuk); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 20 (1876 : Deesa) ; Scully, t. c. p. 192 (Turkestan : breeding); Godiv.Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. pt. 2, p. 84 (1876 : Dafla Hills); Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 347 (1877) ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 160 (1877: Poland); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 485 (1877); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877 : Cachar); Dates, t. c. pp. 165, 233 ; Butler, t. c. p. 224 (Deesa: breeding); Blakist c$* Fryer, Lbis, 1878, p. 225 (Japan) ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 94 (1878); Anders. Bep. Zool. Fxped. Yun-nan, Aves, p. 692 (1878) ; LLume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 466 (1878); Davids.