Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume XXIV 
1896 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
CATALOGUE 


BIRDS 


BRITISH MUSEU M. 

VOLUME XXIY. 

LONJ 
PRINTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES. 
1896. 

\_ATL riglils reseroed.~\ 

. /?? 

CATALOGUE 

LIMICOL M 


COLLECTION 

OK THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

Br 

B. BOWDLER SHARPE. 
LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OP THE TRUSTEES. 


SOLD BY 

LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW ; 
B. QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.; 
KEG-AN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING- CROSS ROAD; 

AND AT THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 

1896. 

vt* -fi 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AM) TRANCIS, 

RrD HON COURT, TLTWT STRErT 

PBEFACE. 

THE causes of the delay in the publication of this, the twenty-
fourth volume of the Catalogue of Birds, are explained in the 
Author's Introduction. 

In such a group as the LiroicoUe, which have widely extended 
ranges of distribution, and migrate to almost all parts of the world, 
the references in ornithological literature are naturally extremely 
numerous, and the collection is also a remarkably extensive one. 

When the volume was nearly completed, the great series of 
"Wading-Birds which formed part of the collection of the late much-
lamented Mr. Henry Seebphm came to the Museum by his bequest. 
These had to be incorporated either into the text in the part still 
unfinished, or as Addenda to the earlier portions of the work. 

As in the case of the former volumes, Dr. Griinther has revised 
the proofs, the greater part of which passed through the press 
during his Keepership of the Zoological Department. 

W. H. FLO WEE, 
Director. 

British Museum (N. II.)July 
10th, 1896. 

INTRODUCTION. 

THE delay in the publication of the present volume has been 
caused by the fact that the labour involved in its preparation has 
far exceeded my expectations. The specimens arranged and catalogued 
in it are 13,440, exclusive of many hundreds of duplicates. 
The references quoted in the synonymy are 18,892. With the 
exception of a few books, which proved to be inaccessible, the 
whole of this mass of literature has been actually consulted. 

The collection of specimens is a truly wonderful one. Of the 255 
species recorded, the British Museum contains 250, and the types 
are 68 in number. It is in connection with the distribution of 
birds like the Limicolse that one is able to estimate the value 
of those great donations which have been made to the Museum 
by Mr. A. 0. Hume, Major Wardlaw Eamsay, and Messrs. Salvin 
and Grodnian. In many instances the entire range of a species is 
demonstrated by the series of skins in the collection. The Wading-
Birds were also special favourites with the late Mr. Henry Seebohm, 
whose work on the geographical distribution of the Charadriidae is 
the most important treatise on the group. His untimely death last 
year deprived the Museum of one of its best friends; but by his 
generous bequest the collection of Limicolse has been greatly 
enriched, as will be seen by the long list of ' Addenda/ which 
consist chiefly of specimens presented by Mr. Seebohm. 

In the preparation of the present volume I have received help 
from many friends, amongst whom I must especially number the 
following, who have contributed to its completeness by donations 

 ixTKODumotf. 

or by tlio loan of specimens :—Hon. "Walter Rothschild, Sir H. H. 
Johnston, K.C.B., Colonel Irby, Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton, 
Professor Robert Collett of Cliristiania, Dr. Bassett-Snrith, Br. H. 

0. Forbes, and Messrs. St. George Littledale, G. [Caton Haigh, 
J. E. Harfcing, W. E. Be ^Ymtoni W. T. Blanford, P. W. Styan, 
C. B. Rickett, and C. W. Campbell. 
The same symbols are employed as have been customary in 
previous volumes of the 4 Catalogue.' a [P.] " means 4i Presented 
by v ; " [C] " means " Collected by " ; " [E.] " means " Received io 
exchange." 

R. RQWBLER SHARPS. 
British Museum (N". H.). 
May 10, 189G. 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX 


OrderXII. LIMICOL./E. 

Fam. I. (EDiCNEMiBiE. 
Page 

1. (Edicnemus, Temm. ... 3 
1. oedignemu^ (L.).... 4, 721 
2."sene&alensis, Swains. 10,721 
3. vermiculatus, Cab. 11, 721 
4. bistnatus ( Wagl.).. 12; 72] 
5. Jomimcensis, Cory .. 14 
6. sj^rciliaris, Tschudi. . 14 
7. capensi§71/2cAi. .. 15, 722 
8. alms, JRUpp 17,722 
2. Burliinus, lllig 18 
1. grallarius [Lath.).. 18, 722 
3. Esa'cusT^eii 20 
1. recur virostris (Cuv.) 20,722 
4. OrtKorhampliusJ Salvad. . 22 
1. niagnirostris (V.).. 22,722 
Fam. II. CURSOHIIDJE, 

1. Bromas, Payk 27 
1. ardeola^ Payk 28,722 
2. Ortyxefus, V.'. 30 
1. meiffrem (V) ... . 30,722 
3. Pluvianua, V. 32 
1. mjMna (L.) ... . 32,723 
4. Oursorius, Lath 34 
1. gallicus (Gm.) ... . 34,723 
2.feomalen&is,Shelley 37, 723 
3. rufus, Gould 38,723 
4. 
coromandelious (Gm.) 39, 
723 
5. tejamj^cM, Swains. 41,723 
5. Rbinoptilus, Strickl .... 43 
1. bicinctus, Temm. ..43,724 
2. bisignatus, Earth. .45,724 
3. lartingi, Sharpe ..46,724 
4. cm^tjjs, Seugl 46, 724 
5. seebohmi, Sharpe . .47,724 
6. c^gQ^te^myTemm. 48,724 
7. albofasciatus,#Aarpe49,725 
8. bitorquatus (Blyth) 50,725 
6. Stiltia, Bp 51 
l.isabellajr.) ..,. 51,725 

vol,. XXIV. 

IJago 

7. Glareola, Briss 53 
1. pratincola (L.) 53,725 
2. melmQyt<$™,Nordm. 57,725 
3. on^fljalia, Leach.. 58,726 
8. (lalactoclirysea, Bp 62 
1. 0Qulari^(Ferr.)....62,726 
2. marchei (Oust.)... .63, 726 
3. emrni (Shelley) ... .64,726 
4. nuchalis (Gray) 64 
5. cjngrea„ (Fraser) 64,726 
6. laetea (Temm.) 65,727 
Fam. III. PARRIDiE. 

1. Hydrophasis, Sharpe .... 69 
1. cMrurgtis (Scop.) . .69,727 
2. Metopldius, Wagl. 72 
1. indicus (Lath.) ....72,727 
3. Phyllopezus, Sharpe 76 
1. africanus (Gm.) 76,727 
2. albinucna^Z^of.) 78,727 
4. Hydralector, Wagl. 79 
1. gallinaceus (Temm.) 79,728 
2. novae guineas, Bams... 81 
5. Jacana, Schaeffer 81 
1. jacana (£.) 82,728 
2. melanopygia (Sol) .. 84 
3. nigra (Gm.) 84 
6. Asarcia, Sharpe 86 * 
1. variabilis (L.) ... . 86,728 
7. Microparra, Cab 88 
1. capensis (Smith) .. 88,728 
Fam. IV. CIABADRIID^. 

Subfani I. ABENABIIMI. 

1. Arenaria, J5ms 91 
1. interpres (X.).... 92,728 
2. 
melanocepbala (Vig.) 103, 
729 
Subfam. II. Hj2MA.TOPODINiE. 

2. Hsematopus, L 105 
1. ostralegus, L 107,729 
2. c^jilan^ Sioinh.., 111, 730 
SYSTEMATIC I3TDEX. 

3. lcjogirostrisj V. .. 112,730 
4. Jeug2xms7~&'^?*?z... 113,730 
5. palliatug^y^wz. 114, 730 
6. gaTapagensis, Ridgw.. 116 
7. frazari, Brewst. . . 117,730 
8. durafordi, Sharpe 117,731 
9. unicolor, IF«?Z.. . 118, 731 
10. moqnmi, Bp 110, 731 
11. mg-er/iVz/Z 120. 731 
12. aYer (Less.) 121,731 
Subfam. III. LOBIVANELLIX^. 

3. Oreophilus, J. $ 8. 123 
1. ruficoliis (Wagl.) 123,731 
4. Erythrogonys, Gould .... 124 
1. cinctus, Gould . . 125,731 
5. Detilippia, Salvad. 12(5 
1. cras&iyostris(X)<?Xy/.) 126,732 
2. leucoptera( Reichen.) 127,732 
6. Sarciophorus, Gould ... . 128 
1. tectus{Bodd.) .. 128,732 
2. latifrons, Reichen 130 
7. Lobipluvia, Bp 130 
1. malabarica {Bodd.) 131, 732 
8. Microsarcops, Sharpe ... . 133 
1. cinereus (Myth)... 133, 732 
9. Hoploxypterus, Bp 135 
1. cayanus (Lath.) . .135,732 
10. PtiloscSigT, Bp 137 
1. regglendens (Tschudi). 137, 
733 
11. LobiTranellus, Strichl 138 
1. loUtiisJLath.). .. 139,733 
2."miles (Bodd.) .... 140, 733 
3. senegalus (L.) 3 41, 733 
4. lateralis (Smith) 144, 733 
Subfam. IV. CHARADE IINJS. 

12. Xiphidiopterus, Reichenb.. 14G 
1. albiceps (Gould) . .147,734 
2. cucullatu1". (Te?n?n.) .. 148 
13. Sarc-Fgranmius, Reiche?ib.. 148 
1. indicus (JWtf.) .. 149, 734 
2. atrinucbalis (Vertf.) 152,734 
14. Tylibyx, Reichenb.153 
1. 
melanocepbalus(j5#2>j9.)I53, 
' 734 
15. Zonifer, Sharpe 154 
1. tricolor (V.) ... . 154,734 
16. Anomalopbrys, Sharpe .. 156 
3. superciliosus (Reichen.) 156 
17. Hoplopterus, Bp 157 
1. spinous} (X.) 157,734 
2. ventralis (Wagl.) 159,734 
3. specipsujj ( Wagl.) 161,735 
Page 

18. Belocopterus, Reichenb... 163 
1. cayermensis (Gm.) 163, 735 
2. ebllensis (Mol) .. 165,735 
19. Vanellus, Briss 166 
1. vanellus (X.) 166, 735 
20. Euhyas, Sharpe ... . 171,736 
1. leucura [Licht.).. 171, 736 
21. Chsetusia, Bp 174 
1. gregaria (Pall.) .. 174,736 
22. StepEanibyx, Reichenb. .. 177 
1. coronatus (Bodd.) 178, 736 
2. melanopterus 
! (Cretzschm.) .... 180,736 
3. mom&tii>(S2aains.) 181,737 
23. Squatarola, Leach 182 
1. helvetica (X.).... 182,737 
24. 
Charms; £...., 191 
l.jtajfilfei. .... 191,737 
2. ciamjaiQiw* P. L. S. 
Mull. 195,738 
25. Aphriza, Atidub 208 
1. vjrgata, (Gm.) .. 208,739 
26. Ochtliodromus, Reichenb.. 209 
1. obscurus (Gm.)... 211,739 
2. bicinctus (J. $ S.) 212,739 
3. wiFonfjOr^) .. 214, 739 
4. ffeoffrovi ( Wagl) 217, 740 
5. mongolus (Tall.) 223,740 
6. 
pvrmotTiorax 
jGould) 226,740 
7. asiaticus (Pall.) .. 230,741 
8. veredus (Gould).. 232,741 
27. Eudromias, Brehm 234 
I 1. morinellus (L) .. 234,741 
I 28. Zumbvx, Reichenb 238 
1. modesta (Licht.). . 23S, 742 
29. Podassocys, Coues 240 
1. m on tan us (Totcns.) 240,742 
30. Ox\ echns, Reichenb 242 
1. vrcifeius (X.) 242,742 
2. tricollaris { V.) .. 247,743 
3. BTfrontatus, Cab. 249,743 
•i.forbesi (Shfey).. 250,743 
31. ^Egialeiis, Reiche?ib 250 
1. semipalmatusfjfo/) 250,743 
32. yEgialitis, *"Boie 254 
, 1. biaticoia (X.) 2*56,743 
I ~-iksi^1 (Gray) • • -* 

3. $3ti&(Seop.) .... 263, 744 
! 4. perobi (Bp.) .... 213,745 
5. alexandrina (X.) 275, 746 
6. inanrinata ( ^) • • y282,747 
| 7. pallida (Strickl) 284,747 
8. venu&ta 
(Fischer 8? 
Reichen.) 286,747 
9. ruficapillafTfewm.) 286,747 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

XI 

Pa/re 

10. collaris (V.) .... 288,747 
11. nivosa (Cass.) 290, 748 
12. meloda (Ord).... 292,748 
13. jaccid&ntalis, Cab. 295,748 
14. falklandica {Lath.) 295,748 
35. pecuaria (Te?nm.) 297,749 
loa. thoracica, Rlchm 749 
16. sanctse kelense, Harting) 
299,749 
17. nielanopa (V.) .. 300,749 
18. cucullata (V.).... 302, 749 
33. 
Pluvlanellus, Jacq. fy 
Pucker 303 
1. sociabilis, Jacq.fyPucker. 303 
34. Thinornis, Gray 304 
1. novse Zealandise 
{Gm.) 304,750 
2. rossi, Gray 305 
35. 
Anarh} nchus, Quoy fy 
Gaim 30G 
1. frontalis, Quoy fy 
^Gaim..'. 306,750 
Subfam. V. PELTOHYATINJE. 

36. 
Peltohyas, Sharps 307 
1. australis [Gould) 307,750 
Subfam. VI. HlMANTOPODIltfiE. 

37. 
Hiraantopus, Briss 309 
1. himantopus (X.).. 310, 750 
2. jnelanurus, V. .. 316, 750 
3. leucocepbalus, Gould 317, 
" 751 
a. picatus, JEllman 319, 751 
4. mexicanus (P. X. S. 
Midi) ........ 320,751 
5. knudseni (Stejn.) 323, 751 
6. meTasJ' Kombr. 8r 
"Twq 323,751 
38. Cladorhynchus, Gray 324 
1. leucocepbalus (V.) 324, 751 
39. 
Recurvirostra, X 326 
1. avocetta, X 326, 751 
2. amefieana, Gm. .. 330, 752 
3. novae hollandise, V. 333,752 
4. andina^.^ Landb. 334,752 
Subfam. VII. IBIDORHTNCHIN^S. 

40. Ibidorhvnchus, Vig 335 
1. struthersi, Vig. .. 335,752 
Subfam. VIII. TOTAXENJE. 

41. Numenius, Briss. 340 
1. ajauatus (X.). ... 341,753 
Page 

2. tenuirostris, V. . 348,753 
3. cyanopus, V. 350,753 
Mongirostris, Wils. 352,753 
5. p>kseopus (X.J ... . 355, 753 
a. variegatus (Scop.).. 361, 
754 
6. hudsonicus, Latk. 364, 754 
7. tahitiensis (Gm.) 367, 754 
8. borealis {Font).. 3(38,755 
42. 
Mesoscolopax, Sharpe 371 
]. minutus {Gould) . .371,755 
43. Limosa, Briss 372 
1. lapponica (X.) .. 373,755 
a. uova3 zealandise, 
Gray 377, 755 
2. limosa (X.) 381,756 
3. hudsonica (Xfltf/i.) 388,756 
4. fedoa(X.) 391,750 
44. Macrorhamphus, Leack .. 393 
1. griseus (Gm.) 394, 757 
2. taczanowsksi( Ferr.)400,757 
s5. Micropalama, Baird .... 401 
1. himantopus (Bp.) 401,757 
46. Symphernia, Pa fin 405 
f. semipalmata" {Gm.) 405,757 
47. Totanus, Becli&t 409 
1. fuscus (X.) 409, 758 
2. calidrib (X.) ... . 414,758 
3. stagnates, Beckst. 422,759 
4. nieHnoleucus (£m.)426,759 
5.flavipes(Gm.) .. 431,759 
48. Helodromas, Kaup 437 
1. ochropus (Temm.) 437, 759 
2. solitarius (Wilson) 444, 760 
a. ciunamomeus 
{Brewst.) 760 
49. Heteractitis, Stejn 449 
1. brevipes, V. .... 449,761 
2. incanus {Gm.) .. 453, 761 
50. Tringoides, Boie 456 
1. hvpoleucus(X.) .. 456,762 
2. macularius (X.) .. 468,762 
51. Terekia, Bp 474 
1. cineven, (Guldenst.) 474,763 
52. Pseudoglottis, Stejn 479 
1. auttifer (Nordm.) 479,703 
53. Glottis, Kock 480 
1. nebularius(6rww?2.) 481,763 
54. Rhvacophilu*, Kaup .... 490 
1. glareola (Gm.) .. 491,764 
55. PavoncelTa, Leack 499 
1. pugnax (X.) ... . 500,764 
56. Bartramia, Less 509 
1. longicauda (Beckst)509,765 
57. 
Kreu1Tetes,"T/%er 514 
l.pusillus(X.) ... . 514,766 
Xll 
S rSTEMATIC 1XDEX. 

Page 
| 

Subfam. IX. SCOLOPACINJE. 17. stricklandi, Gray .... 660 

58. 
Tringites, Cab 521 I 18. jarQesoiri (Bp.)

1. subruficollis ( F.). .521,766 

59. yEcbmorbynchus, Coues.. 524 

1. cancellatus (Gm.) .... 524 

60. Prosobonia, Bp 525 

1. leucoptera [Gm.) .... 525 

61. Calidris, Illiger k.. 526 i 

1. arenaria (Z.) ... . 526,766 ' 

62. Eurynorbyncbus, Niks... 535

1. pygmaeus(Z.) 535, 766 | 

63. Limonites, Kaup........ 537 


1. minuta (Lewi) .. 538, 766 | 

2. rtificollis (Pall.) .. 545, 767 I 

3. minutilla (V.) . . 548, 767 I 

4. damacensis Korsf. 553,767 

5. temmincki (Leiil.) 555, 767 j 

64. 
Heteropygia, Coues 561 

1. maculata (F.) .. 562,767 

2. acuminata (Horsf.) 566,767 

3. hoivdi(Coues) 570, 768 

4. fuscicollis (F.) .. 574,768 

65. Arquatella", Baird 578 

1. maritima {Gm.).. 578,768 

a. couesi, Bidgw 583 

2. ptilocnemis (Coues) .. 584 

66. Ancyloebilus, Kaup .... 585 

1. subarquatus (<?«&?.) 5S6, 768 

67. TringafZ 593 

1. canutus, L 593,768 

2. cfassirostris, T.&8. 600,768 

68. PeEariaf <^T 602 

1. alpina (Z.) 602,768 

2. americana (Cass.) 608, 769 

69. Liiincbla, ZToc/t 612 

1. platyrbyncba (T.) 612,769 

70. 
Gallinago, Leach 616 
L stenura (Bp.) 619 

2. megala, Swinh. .. 624, 769 j 

3. major (Gm.) 62(5 

4. nigripennis, Bp 631 j 

5. gallinago (L.) 633 j 

6. delicata (Ord) 642 

7. fisaata (Illiger) 646 

8. mdim, (Tacz.) 648 
9.nobilis, Scl 648 

10. macrodactyla, Bp 649 

11. paraguaya3 ( F.) 650 

12. austraEs (Lath.) 653 

13. sblitaria, Hodgs 654 

14. nemoricola, Hodgs. .. 657 | 

15. gigantea (Temm.) ..,. 658 I 

16. undulata (Bodd.) .... 659 I 

19. auc^bjadica, G?-ay..., 661 

a. huegeli, Tristr 663 
j3. pusilla, Buller 663 

20. imperialis, Scl. § Salv. 664 

71. Limnocryptes, Kaup

1. gaUinula (Z.)

72. Neoscolbpax, Sahad. 
» 1. rochusseni (Schl)

73. Scolopax, L

1. rusticula, L2/saturata, Horsf.

74. 
Pbilobela, Gray

1. mmm {Gm.)

75. 
Pbegornis, GrayL mitcbelli (Fraser)

76. 
Kostratula, F. . .

1. capensis (Z.)

2. australis, Gould

 .... 665 
665 
.... 670 
.... 670 
671 
671 
678 
679 
.... 679 
, 681 
682 
683 
683 
690 

3. semicollaris (F.)...... 690 

Subfam. X. PHALAHOPINJB. 

77. Cryniopbilus, F. €m 

1. fulicarius (Z.) 693 

78. Pbalaropus, Briss 698 

1. byperiioreus (Z.) 698 

79. Steganopus, F. 705 

1. tricolor, F. 705 

Fam. V. CHIOXN-IDID.5. 

1. Cbionis, Forst

1. alba (Gm.)

2. 
Cbionarcbus, KidderCoues

1. minor (HartL)

2. crozettensis, Sharpe

FanuVI. 

 710 
710 

Sf 

 711 
. . 712 
. . 713 

T HI N O C O BY T HID M. 

1. Attagis, Less. $ Is. Geoffn 714 

1. gayi, Less. .......... 715 


2. cbimborazensis, Scl. .. 716 

3. malouiuus (Bodd.)..,. 716 

2. Tbinocorus, Esch. ...... 717 

1. 
orbignianus, Geoffr. $'. 
Less 718 
2, rumicivorus, Esch 719 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

BIRDS. 


Order XII. LIMICOLiE. 

Palate sehizognathous. 
Fostrils schizorhinal (except in the (Edicnemidm and the genus 


Pluvianus), 
Bill simple (exeept in the Qhionididoe). 
Cervical vertebra 15 (except in the (Edicnemidm and the Parridce). 
Coraeo-humeral groove distinct. 
Pureula with hypocleidium. 
Primaries eleven. Pifth secondary wanting (hence the wing 

aquintocubital). t ^ 
Oil-gland tufted. 
Affcershaft to the contour-feathers present. Spinal feather-tract 

well-defined on the neck and forked on the upper body, with lateral 
bare tracts. 
Hallux, if present, connected with the flexor longus hallucis, and 

never with the flexor perforans digitorum. 
Toes only partially webbed, or not webbed at all. 
Young covered with elose and fluffy down, and able to run shortly 

after being hatched. 
Eggs variable in colour, generally clay-brown, mottled or spotted 
or scribbled all over with black, but in JDromas white 1 

(Of. Gadow, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 246.) 

YOIi. XXIV. B 

CEDICKEMIDJE. 

Key to the Families* 

a. 
Nostrils holorhinal; tarsus covered on both 
aspects with hexagonal scales (Edicnemidse, p. 2. 
b. 
Nostrils schizorhinal *. 
a'. Crop not globular. 
a". 
Bhamphotheea simple. 
a'". Without basipterygoid processes .. Cursoriida3, p. 26. 
b'". "With basipterygoid processes. 

a\ Lateral occipital fontanelles 
o4 .
absent 
Lateral occipital fontanelles 
Parridse, p. 68. 
[p. 90. 
present Charadriidse, 
b". Ehampotheca complex GhionididsB,p.710. 
V. "With a globular crop Thinocorythidae, 

[p. 714. 
Although the above characters may be of great importance in an 
arrangement of these birds, they are not of much assistance in the 
determination of specimens. Other external characters are given 
below under the headings of the respective families. 

Family I. (EDICNEMIML 

Palate schizognathous. 
Nasals holorhinal. 
Basipterygoid processes absent. 
Spinal feather-tract not forked on the upper back. 
Peet not webbed. 
Hind toe absent; middle claw not pectinated. 
Tarsus entirely reticulated, both in back and front. 


Nest none. 
Eggs two in number, stone-colour, with sparse black lines and 
markings. 
Nestling covered with dense down, of a sandy colour, with two 
black lines down the black. 

Of. Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 37 ; Sharpe, Clasaf. B. p. 73 (1891). 

The great resemblance which these birds present to the Bustards 
(Otides), and the fact that in both families the nostrils are 
" holorhinal," have led to their close association in many systems 
of classification. Among the IAmicolm, the (Edimemidce stand 
.somewhat isolated, but their nearest allies are undoubtedly the 
Oyster-catchers, their eggs very much resembling those of the last-
named birds. 

* Except JPluvianus, which is referred to the CursoriidcB* 
1. (EDICNEMUS. 
Pig. 1.—Foot of (Edicnemus cedicnemus, to show scaling. •£ nat. size. 

0 

u 

(Til 

hid 

0J£ 

Fig. 2.—Front and hind aspect of tarsus of (Edicnemus (edicnemus, 
to show scaling. 

Key to the Genera, 

• a. Bill shorter than the head, the apical portion 
swollen, forming a marked dertrum, and 
the apical curve of the genys ascending 
gently. 
a'. 
Tail somewhat short, only equal to the 
length of the head and bill 1. (EDICNEMUS, p. 3. 

V. 
Tail much longer, considerably exceeding 
the length of the head and bill 2 BURHINUS, p. 18. 
b. Bill as long as or longer .than the head. 
c'. Apical portion of bill slightly swollen, 
forming a scarcely evident dertrum; the 
tip of the upper mandible gently curved, 
and the genys abruptly ascending, the 
distance from the gape to the angle of the 
genys exceeding the distance from the 
latter to the tip of the lower mandible.. 3. ESACUS, p. 20. 

d'. 
Oilmen perfectly straight; angle of genys 
very abrupt, its distance from the tip of 
lower mandible about equal to its dis-[p. 22. 
tance from the gape 4. ORTHORHAMPHUS, 

1. (EDICNEMUS. 
(Edicnemus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 321 (1815) <E. cedicnemus. 
; Fedoa, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. <y Birds Brit. Mus. 

p. 28 (1816) 
(E. cedicnemus. 
Range. Temperate portions of the Palaearctic Eegion, and nearly 
the whole of the Ethiopian, Indian, and Australian Eegions. South 
America, from Amazonia and Peru northwards to Mexico and San 
Domingo. 

B2 

CEDIClTB3IID.a:. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Centre tail-feathers uniform or slightly vermieulated 
or barred, but the bars very narrow 
and not equal in width to the interspaces. 
a'. No black patch on the sides of the hinder 
crown ; throat, breast, and flanks conspicuously 
streaked with black. 


a". Upper surface of the body not verrniculated. 


a'". A white band across the line of the 
median coverts, bordered above and 
below by a line of black feathers ... . cedicnemus, p. 4, 

b'". No white band across the median 
coverts, which are grey like the 
major-coverts, with longitudinal black 
centres senegalensis, p. 10. 

b'f. Upper surface of body verraiculated, a 
narrow line of white across the median 
coverts, plainly bordered above, but 
scarcely below, by a line of black; rest 
of median coverts pale ashy grey, like 
the greater series vermiculatus, p. 11. 

b, A black patch on the sides of the hinder 
crown; throat, breast, and flanks not 
streaked with black. [ hi t ' it 12 


c" Upper surface mottled, tawny and black ^mcetib, F p.* 14. 

d 
. Upper surface greyish, vermiculated with l '
dusky and dull sandy buff supereiliains^ p. 14. 
b. Centre tail-feathers broadly barred across with 
rufous and black; upper surface of body 
coarsely spotted and barred with black, but 
not streaked. 
c\ 
Larger; bands on median wing-coverts broad 
and coarse; tarsus 3*7 capensis, p. 15. 
d'. Smaller; bands on median wing-coverts • 
narrower; tarsus 3'2 qffinis, p. 17. 


1. CEdicuennis cedicnemus. 
The Stone Curlew, Albin. Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 66, pi. 69 (1738: 
Norfolk). 
Le Grand Pluvier, appelle* vulgairement Courly de Terre, Briss. 
Orn. v. p. 77, pi. vii. fig. 1 (1760). 
Charadrius cedicnemus, Linn. Sust. Nat. i. p. 255 (1766): Gm. Byst. 

JMrf.i.p.689(1788). 
Charadrius scolopax, S. G. Ghnel. Beis. Bussl. iii.p. 87, pi. 16 (1774). 
Le Grand Pluvier, D'Aubenton, PL JEnl ix. pi. 919 (1765-1781): 

Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 105 (1781). 
Charadrius illyricus, Bitter, It. Boseg. Sclav, p. 26 (1783). 
Thick-kneed Bustard, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 806 (1783). 
Otis cedicnemus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 661 (1790). 
CEdicnemus crepitans, Temm. Man. cPOrn. p. 332 (1815); Werner, 

Atah} Coureurs, pi. 6 (1827); Memtr. Cat. Bais. Cam. p. 54 
(1832); Naum. Fog. Beutschl. vii. p. 92, pi. 172 (1834); Gould, 

B. Bur. iv. pi. 288 (1838); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. 
p. 45 (J 838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 350 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. 
1 . CEDICNEMUS. 
5 

Wirb. Eur. p. Ldx (1840); Nordm. in B6mid. Voy. Muss. Mirid. 

iii.p. 230 (1840: Odessa, March to Oct.); Schl Rev. Crit p.lxxxi 
(1844) j Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl. p. 94 (1844) Gray, Gen. 
B. iii. p. 535 (1844); id. List Grail Brit Mus. p. 59 (1844); 
Hewits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 247, pi. Ixvii. (1846); Blyth, Cat B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 260 (1849: Calcutta) j Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 82 
(1850); Macgill Brit B. iv. p. 77 (1852); Schl Fog. Nederl 
pis. 209, 210 (1854); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 416 (1856); Jaub. et 
BaHh.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 441 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 36 (S. Palestine); B. C. Taylor, t c. p. 51 (Egypt); Salvin, 
t c. p. 354 (Eastern Atlas); Linderm. Vog. Grieehenl. p. 132 
(1860); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 76 (N. Sahara); Powys, t e. p. 338 
(Corfu & Epirus); Schl. Bier. Nederl., Vog. pi. 21. figs. 1,1 a 
(1861); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh); Gray, List Brit B. 
p. 135 (1863); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 28 (Egypt); Wright, t c. 
p. 141 (Malta: breeds); Sperling, t. c. p. 286; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 
p. 654 (1864) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa: resident); More, t c. 
p. 430; Schl Mus. Bays~Bas, Cursores, p. 20 (1865); Lilford, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 178 (Madrid) ; Chambers, Ibis, 1867, p. 101 (Tripoli); 
Blyth, t c. p. 166; Brake, t. c. p. 429 (Tangier); Begl et Gerbe, 
Orn. Bur. ii. p. 115 (1867); Loche, Expl Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. 
p. 258 (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 322 (Jericho: breeding); 
Beavan, t. c. p. 391 (Maunbhoom); Smith, t c. p. 452 (Portugal); 
Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 108 (1869); Boderl Avif. Sicil 
p. 173 (1869); Gould, B. Gt Brit. iv. pi. 35 (1869); Saunders, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 173 (Spain); Blwes # Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 
(Turkey): Blanf. t. c. p. 470 (Irawadi Valley); Gurney, Ibis, 
1871, p. 298 (Algeria); Saunders, t c. p. 386 (S. Spain); Sahad. 
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 119 (1871); B. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 251 
(1871: S t Andrew's); Gray, Hand-l. B.m. p. 9, no. 9939 (1871); 
Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 220 (Teneriffe: breeding); Sorting, 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 42 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 230 (1872); 
Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 416 (Kathiawar); Brooke, t. c. p. 337 
(Sardinia); Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. Boqos, p. 142 (1873: Assab); 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 985, pt. (1873: Egypt and Nubia); 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: breeding); Hume, Str. F 
i. p. 232 (1873: Sindh); Adam, t. c. p. 395 (Sambhur); Hume, 
Str. F. iii. p. 182 (1875: Thayetmyo); Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 323 
(S. India); Ban/, fy Harvie-Broim, t c. p. 419 (Transylvania); 
Irby, B. Gibr. p. 153 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 147 (1875); 
Bresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 326; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 14 (1876: 
Mount Aboo); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 154 (1877: 
Poland); Banford, Ibis, 1878, p. 34 (Asia Minor); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 221 (Astrakhan); id. Ibis, 1883, p. 28 (Caucasus); 
Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 78 (Spain); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. 
ii. p. 596, pi. xxi. figs. 6, 7 (1884) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. 
Boss. fasc. i. p. 66 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 412 
(1884: breeds up to 3000 ft.); Koenig, J.f.O. 1886, p. 523 
(Isl. of Capri); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 174 (1888); 
Koenig, J. f. O. 1888, p. 268 (Tunis); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 338 
(Cyprus); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 88 
(1889: Gulran); Koenig, J. f. O. 1890, pp. 312, 451 (Madeira); 
Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1890, pp. 430, 432 (Canary Isl.: breeding); 
Frivaldszky, Av. Hung. p. 119 (1891); Reiser, Vogels. Landesmus. 
Sarajevo,?-105 (1891: Herzegovina, May, Oct.); Madardsz, Ausst 
JJngar. Vog. p. 101 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland); 
Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 202 (Canary Isl.: breeding). 

(EDICSEHIDJE. 

CEdicnemus griseus, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 266 (1816). 
Fedoa cedicnemus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit. Mus. p. 28 
(1816). 
CEdicnemus europaeus. Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat xxiii. p. 280 
(1818). 
CEdicnemus belonii, Boitx, Orn. Prov. pi. 266 (1825); Flem. Brit 

Animals, p. 114 (1828). 
CEdicnemus desertorum, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl p. 539 (1881). 
CEdicnemus arenarius, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 539 (1831). 
iEdicnemus crepitans, Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 120 (1842); 

Fritsch, Fog. Fur. Taf. 39. fig. 8 (1870). 
The Great Plover, Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 380 (1843). ^ 
CEdicnemus indieus, Salvad. Atti Soc. Hal. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 381 

(1866); Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 581 (1873); id. Sir. F i. 

p. 96 (1873: Sindh); Ball, Sir. F. ii. p. 430 (1874: Chota Nagpur); 
Fairb. Sir. F. iv. p. 263 (1876: Khandala) ; Armstrong, t c. 
p. 340 (China Ba-keer). 
CEdicnemus crepitans /3. senegalensis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn* p. 59 
(1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327. 
CEdicnemus scolopax, Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 401, pi. 512 (1876) j 
Hume fy Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 458 (1878: Tenasserim); Davids. 
8f Wendm, Sir. F.TO. p. 88 (1878: Deccan); Ball, te. p. 227 
(Ganges to Godavery); Hume, t c. p. 483 (Calcutta); id. Sir. F. 

viii. p. 112 (1879); Finsch, VerhandL z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 243 
(1879: N. Saissan); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 59 (1879); id. 
Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880); Zegge, £. Ceylon, p. 969 
(1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 82 (1880: S. Konkan); Butler, Sir. 
F. ix. p. 427 (S. Mahratta Country); Beid, Str. F. x. p. 67 
(1881: Lucknow); Davidson, t. c. p. 319 (1882: W. Khandeish); 
Barker, t c. p. 482 (Ceylon: breeding); Salv. Cat Strickl Coll. 
p. 591 (1882, pt.) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 155 (1883); Saunders, 
ed. Yarr. Brit B. ill p. 225 (1883); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 388 
(Pyrenees); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 356 (1883) j Tristr. Faun. 
# Flor. Palest p. 128 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 41 
(Corsica); Siuinhoe <§* Barnes, t. c. p. 133 (Mhow Distr.); Beid, 
t. c. p. 252 (Morocco); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden); Sharjpe, 
t c. p. 167 (Muscat); Gigl. Avif. Hal. p. 366 (1886); Salmd. 
Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 206 (1880); Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 74 (E. 
Pyrenees); Tait, t c. p. 384 (Portugal: breeding) ; Beid, Ibis, 1888, 
p. 77 (Teneriffe: breeding); Beichen. Syst. Verz. Yog. Deutschl. 
p. 51 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 515 (1889); Eagle 
Clarke, Ibis, 1889, p. 551 (Mediterranean); Seebohm, Ibis, 1890,. 
p. 403 (Ireland); Gigl. 1st Besoc. Avif. Ital p. 562 (1889) ; id. 
2nd Besoc. p. 656 (1890); id. Srd Besoc. p. 514 (1891); Heine §-
Beichen. NomencL Mm. Hein., Orn. p. 333 (1890); Evans, Ibis, 
1891, p. 795 Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 169(Aden: cold season). 
CEdicnemus crepitans indieus, 
Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr, Charadr. p. 77 
(1880). 
CEdicnemus cedicnemus, B?*usina, Motr., etc. (Orn. Croatia), p. 86 
(1890); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao); Hartert, Ibis, 1892. 

p. 516 (E. Prussia). 
CEdicnemus oedicnemus saharae, Beichen. J.f. 0.1894, p. 102. 
Adult male. General colour above sandy buff, streaked with 
blackish centres to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts a little more tawny 
than the back, with broad black streaks; median coverts 
greyish, with brown bases and mesially streaked with black, with &J 

1 . (EDIONEMirS. 7 
broad white band along the upper row, the feathers having blackish 
tips with a broad subterminal bar of white; greater coverts for the 
most part white, with ashy bases and a broad subterminal band of 
black; bastard-wing blackish, with a narrow white fringe; primary-
coverts and quills blackish, the outer primary white along the 
middle of the outer web and across the inner web, the second 
primary with a white spot on the outer web and a certain amount 
of ^ white on the inner web, which becomes less on the inner 
primaries, the latter tipped with white and with a white bar across 
the base of the feathers, the inner secondaries elongated and tinged 
with tawny; central tail-feathers ashy brown, barred with black 
at the end and across the feather before the white subterminal bar, 
the outer feathers more broadly barred with black and white, the 
two terminal bars becoming gradually broader towards the outermost 
feather, which is almost entirely white with a black tip; 
crown of head like the back, but with narrower stripes; lores, 
eyebrow, and a band below the eye white, extending across the 
ear-coverts, the upper margin of which is blackish brown continued 
into a black line underneath the eye and ending in front of the 
latter; cheeks and throat white, with some black-streaked feathers 
along the upper margin of the former; lower throat and fore neck 
tawny buff streaked with black, these streaks becoming narrower 
on the breast and sides of body, which are paler tawny buff; breast, 
abdomen, and thighs white; under tail-coverts tawny; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, with the small coverts round the edge 
of the wing ashy brown, tinged with tawny; primary-coverts 
blackish, with white bases forming a speculum; quill-lining for 
the most part black, with the white markings like those of the 
upper surface of the wing : " bill black at the point, greenish yellow 
at the base; feet yellow; iris very large and golden yellow" 

(H. Saunders), Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 9*35, 
tail 4*7, tarsus 3*1. 
Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour or markings* 
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 9*5, tail 4*9, tarsus 2*75. 
Nestling. Clothed with sandy-coloured down, paler on the throat 
and abdomen, and streaked with the following bands and lines of 
black:—a narrow line from eye to eye across the forehead ; over 
the eye a small line, and another in the middle of the crown, these 
markings being indistinct; another small spot on the lores, and a 
distinct line along the upper margin of the cheeks; from behind 
the eye a narrow line of black, continued down the side of the hind 
neck,* and extending in a broader line down each side of the spine; 
another broad band of black extending from the middle of the 
flanks and uniting at the base of the tail; on the carpal bend of the 
wing a faintly indicated line of black. 

The characters of the Indian bird, which Mr. Seebohm has 
kept distinct under the name of (Edicnemus crepitans indicus, are 
supposed to consist of the shorter wing, and the continuance of 
the white patch on to the third quill. In European specimens of 
(Edimemus cedienemus the length of wing ranges from 9 to 10 
inches, while in the Indian specimens it varies from 8 to 9 inches, 

(EDICNEMID-aE. 

and in the latter bird the third primary is marked with white like 

the first and second; whereas in (E. cedicnemus only the first and 

second primaries show any white (cf. Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. 

Charadr. p. 77). Even these small distinctions, however, cannot be 

maintained, for in the series in the British Museum there is a 

specimen from Italy and another from Sussex which have a white 

mark on the third primary; while, on the other hand, there are 

several specimens 
in the Hume Collection which show the white 

marks on the first and second primaries only. Young birds appear 

to be invariably of a lighter rufous and more tawny colour than the 

adults, which are decidedly greyer. 

The race which Dr. Eeichenow has described as (Edicnemus 

cedicnemus saharw is founded on an adult bird, and has apparently 

been compared only with young birds. The principal difference 

between young and old individuals lies in the colour of the greater 

wing-coverts, which in young birds are dusky blackish or greyish, 

at the base, and have broad white ends; whereas in the old birds 

the bases are white, and the tips are also white with a very broad 

subterminal bar of black. 

Hah. Central and Southern Europe, as far east as Central 
Asia. The countries bordering the Mediterranean to N.E. Africa, 
as far south as Aden. Indian Peninsula and Burmese countries, in 
suitable localities. 

a. $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, May. Harting Coll. 
b. Imm.; e} d. Cambridgeshire, May. Purchased. 
Pull. st. 

e. Juv. sk. Norfolk. J. Scales, Esq. [P.]. 
/, g. Ad. j hfi. Merton, Norfolk. Lord Walsinorham 
Pull. st. 
k-n. Pull. sk. Norfolk. Gould Coll. 

o. Pull. sk. Scotts Hall, Suffolk. Shelley Coll. 
p, 
$ ad. sk. Brandon, Suffolk, July (J, E. Seebohm Coll. 
Harting). 

q. $ ad. sk. Warwickshire (J. E. EC.). Seebohm Coll. 
r. Ad. sk. Sussex. Hume Coll. 
£. <$ juv. sk. Near Chichester, Sussex, Nov. 6 Hume Coll. 
[J. E. S.). 
t Ad. sk. "Wiltshire. Montagu Coll. 
u} v, w. Ad. et Hungary, Sept., Oct. Hungarian National 
imm. sk. Museum [P.~|. 
x, $ ad. sk. Tuscany, Sept. 3. Seebohm Coll. 

y. Ad. sk. Italy. 
Gould Coll. 
2. S ad. sk. Malta, Feb. 1854. Gould Coll. 
a. Juv. sk. Tunis. 
Eraser Coll. 
V. Ad. sk. Ghuelma, Algeria. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Ghuelma. 
Purchased. 
d', e'. Ad. et Tangiers, June (A, von JSugel). Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk, % 

f. tf ad, sk. Andalucia, Spain, Jan. Colonel Irby [P.I 
g\ cf ad. sk. Orotava, Teneriffe, April 29 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. D. G.). 
h%i'. Ad.sk. Egypt, March (G. E. Shelley). Seebohm Coll. 
k'. ? ad. sk. Egypt, March {G. E. Shelley), Tweeddale Coll. 
l\ $ ad. sk. Shoohra near Cairo. Seebohm Coll. 
in'. Ad. sk 

n'. Ad. sk 
o'. J ad. sk 
p'. Juv. sk. 
q'. Ad. sk 

r',s'. c?ad.; t\ 
2 ad. sk 
uf. $ ad. sk. 

-y'. Ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 

x\ Ad. sk. 
y'. J ad. sk 

s'. ? ad. sk. 
a". Ad. sk. 
A". Ad. sk. 


c". § ad. sk 
d". 2 ac*. s^* 
«". $ ad. sk. 
/"-{". Ad. et 
imm. sk 
k". Ad. sk. 
I". Ad. sk. 
*w". d juv. sk 
«", </'. $ ad. 
et juv. sk 
p". $ ad. sk 

?". 2 ad. sk 
r", a", t". Ad. 

et imm. sk 
«". Ad. sk 
2?", to", #". Ad. 

sk. 
y", s". Ad. sk 
a?. Juv. sk. 

h3 

. Ad. sk 
<?3. Juv, sk 


d\ Ad. sk. 

^ f,f-$ ad. 

et juv. sk 
A3. J ad. sk. 


iz 

. $ ad. si. 
&3. Ad. sk. 


P. J ad. sk. 
mz. Sternum. 
*i3. Skull. 


1 . CEDICNEMTTS. 
Suakin. 

Beersheba, Palestine. 
Wilderness of Judea. 
Erzeroum (Pavilion), 
Bagdad; Persia. 

Mesopotamia (Commander 
Jones). 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. 27. 

Muscat. 
Gulran, Northern Afghanistan, 


March 11. 
Baluchistan (Griffith). 
Sharpur, Sindh, Nov. 25 (A. 

0. H.). 
Larkhana, Jan. 7 (A. 0. If.). 
Kutch, Jan. (F. Stoliczha). 
Rajkote, Kathiawar, June 13. 
Deesa, March 30 (B. A. Butler). 
Sambhur, Mav (It. M. Adam). 
Delhi, May 21 (C. T. Bingham). 
Sirsa, Punjab, Dec. to Feb. 


Murdan, Dec.
Lahore.
Peshawnr.
Umbala, Sept., Feb. (B. C. Bea-


van). 

Kumaon Bhabur, March 22 ((•?.

Zing). 

Etawah, April 1.
Oudh, Dec, Jan.


G-ondah, Oudh (S. Bimvill). 
Nepal. 


Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Maunbhoom, March (JR. C. Bea-
van). 

Raipur, January. 
Dhulia, Khandeish, Oct. 4 (/. 


Davidson). 
Deccan (Copt Burgess). 
Seegore, Mysore, 'Dec, Feb., 


May (W. Davison). 
China Ba-keer, Rangoon, Dec. 20 

(J. Armstrong). 
Pegu, Jan. 9 (B. W. 0.). 
Ava, British Burma. 
Theinzeik, Thatone, Tenasserim, 

Dec. 13 {W.Davison). 
England. 
England. 


Surgeon-Oapt. R. H 

Penton [P.], 
Canon Tristram [0.1 
Canon Tristram [O.J. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Kenneth Loftus, Esq. 

[P.]. 
India Museum. 

W. D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Colonel Mills [P.l 
Dr. Aitchison [07]. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Hayes Lloyd 


[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll, 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 

W.T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


John Ray, Esq. |T.l 
John Ray, Esq. [P.J, 

(EDICNEMIDJ2. 

2. (Edicnemus senegalensis. 
(Edicneme du Senegal, Temrn. Man. ii. p. 520 (1820). 
(Edicnenius senegalensis, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 228 (18371 
Senegambia); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844: Gambia, 

K. Quorra); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 535 (1844); Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 
p. 208 (1857 : Casamance; Gaboon) ; Brehm, J.f. 0.1857, p. 383; 
Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859,, p. 172 (Ogowe" River; Gamma 
River); Eartl J. f. 0. 1861, p. 268 (Bissao; Galam) ; Eartm. 
J.f. 0.1864, p. 227; Gurney, Ibis, 1868. p. 254 (critical remarks); 
Gray, Eand-l B. iii. p. 9, no. 9940 (1871); Shelley, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 145; id. % Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 292 (Gold Coast); Pete, 
verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 616 (1881: Lado); Salvad* 
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. pp. 216, 274 (1884: Shoa); Hartert, 

J.f. 0.1886, p. 609 (Loko); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 367 (1886: Tuscany) 
; Salvad. Flench. TJcc. Ital. p. 206 (1886); Seeb. Geogr* 
Bistr. Charadr. p. 78 (1888); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 48 (Lado); 
Gigl Avif. Ital i. Besoc. p. 564 (1889), ii. p. 656 (1890); Seine 8r 
Beichen. Nomencl Mus. Eein., Orn. p. 333 (1890 : Abyssinia). 
(Edicnemus crepitans 
(nee T.), StricH. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kordofan). 
(Edicnemus assimilis, BddeTcer, J. f. O. 1853, Suppl. p. 117 (ex 
Brehm, MSS.), pi. v. %. 3 {egg). 
(Edicnemus crepitans, pt., Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, Cursores, p. 20 
(1865 : Abyssinia ; Senegambia) ; Blanf. Geol $* Zool. Abyss. 

p. 428 (1870: Massowa); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 294 (1870: 
Amba; Zoulla) ; id. $ Eartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 619 (1870). 
(Edicnemus inornatus, Salvad. Aiti Soc. Ital Sci. Nat. viii. p. 381 
(1866) ; Finsch $ Eartl. Vdg. Ostafr. pp. 621, 872 (1870); Gray, 
Eand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9944 (1871); Eeugl Orn. N.O.~Afr. ii. 
Abtb. i. p. 989, App. p. clxxix (1873) ; Eartl. Abhandh. naU 

Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 120 (1881: Lado). 
(Edicnemus crepitans senegalensis, Eeugl in Peterm. Mitth. 1869, 

p. 415. 
(Edicnemus scolopax, pt., Salvin, Cat. Strichl. Coll. p. 390 (1882; 
Khartoum). 
(Edicnemus vermiculatus (nee Cab.), Biittih. Notes Ley den Mus* vii. 

p. 232 (1885: W.Liberia). 
Adult. Similar to (E. oedicnemus, but distinguished by the absence-
of the white band across the line of the median wing-coverts, the 
latter being grey like the greater coverts with distinct black shaft-
lines ; the greater coverts with a black subterminai bar, a white 
ending being occasionally present: " bill black, the base, eyebrows, 
and feet pale yellowish green ; iris yellow " (J". ButiiTcofer). Total 
length 14 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 8*5, tail 3*9, tarsus 2*95. 

The connection between (E. senegalensis and (E. vermiculatus is 
much closer than I supposed, for on more than one specimen of 

(E. senegalensis traces of vermiculations are apparent, and even in 
two specimens there is a faint indication of a white wing-bar. 
One of these slightly vermiculated birds is from the Quorra Eiver, 
and the others are from Accra. Of course these slight vermiculations, 
and even the white on the wing-bar, might be caused by the 
abrasion and bleaching of the feathers. 
1 . CEDICKEMXTS. 
11 

Hal. West Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon. North-eastern. 
Africa from the neighbourhood of Lado to Shoa, and north to Kordofan, 
Senaar, and Egypt. 

a. Ad. sk. Egypt Q. Turabull, Esq. 
[P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Tweeddale Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Near Massowa. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
d. S ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk. 
Amba, Abyssinia, Aug. 21 (W.
Jesse), 
Lado, Equatorial Africa,
March 15. 
[0.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Emm Pasha [P.]. 
f. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk. 
River Quorra. 
Accra (T. F. Buckley). 
Accra (J. Smith). 
Gambia. 
Capt. Allen [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
7c. Ad. sk. Gambia {Sir A. Moloney). Shelley Coll. 

3. (Edicnemus vermiculatus. 
(Edicnemus natalensis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844: 
nom. nudum). 

(Edicnemus 
senegalensis {nee Sto.), Kirk, His, 1864, p. 331 (Zambesi) 
; Gumey, Ibis, 1865, p. 270 (Natal); Bocage, Jam. Lisb. 
1867, p. 228, 1870, p. 350; Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool 
France, i. p. 52 (1876: Landaua): Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 

p. 646 (1884). 
^ J 
(Edicnemus vermiculatus, 
Cab. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 413; id. in Von 
der JDecken's Beis. iii. p. 46, pi. 16 (1870); Finsch fy Marti. Tog. 
Odafr. p. 622 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 9, no. 9942 (1871); 
Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 2Q6 (1872: Orange River ; 
Namaqualand); Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast); 
Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 245 (Mombasa; Zanzibar); Fischer, J.f. 0. 
1879, pp. 296, 303; id. $ Beichen. t. c. p. 338; Bocage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 428 (1881 : S. Angola; Quillengues; Humbe); 
Shelley, P. Z. & 1881, p. 598 (Usambara Hills); Bohm, J. f. 0. 
1882, p. 185; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 362 (Quae Quae River); 
Sclialoxo, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 339 (French Is.) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. 
Orn. i. p. 389 (1884: Pangani); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 

p. 647 (1884); Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 116 (Wapokomoland; 
Bagamoyo; Zanzibar); Beichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 47 (Kagehi); 
Matschie, t. c. p. 138 (Tanganyika); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 338 
(Umgeni River; Natal) ; id. Geogr. Bistrib. Charadr. p. 80 (1888) ; 
Beichen. J. f 0. 1889, p. 266 (Quaqua River); Bmin, J. f. 0. 
1891, p. 339 (Victoria Nyansa); Beichen. J. f 0. 1892, .p. 8 
(Bukoba); id. JH. Hamburg, wiss. Amt. x. p. 6 (1893: Quaqua 
River). 
Adult. General colour above distinctly vermiculated with dusky 
cross bars, not only on the back, but also on the wings and tail, the 
usual black centres to the dorsal feathers being present; lesser 
wing-coverts brown, followed by a black band, which is again succeeded 
by a white band across the upper line of the median coverts, 
the rest of the median and greater coverts ashy grey, with a black-
band on the latter and well-marked black shaft-streaks on the


12 
CEDICNEMIB2B. 

former; quills black, the first three, and sometimes the fourth 
primary, having white marks on both webs: inner primaries with 
white bases, forming a speculum; centre tail-feathers like the back, 
similarly mottled and verrniculated, the rest of the feathers barred 
with black and white near the ends, the terminal bars being Yery 
broad; head like the back; lores, eyebrow, and a band below the 
eye white; hinder ear-coverts and cheeks brown, streaked with 
black; throat and underparts white, washed with tawny buff on 
the lower throat and breast, which are also streaked with brown; 
the sides of the body with narrow shaft-stripes of the same colour ; 
under tail-coverts light cinnamon; under wing-coverts and asiLlaries 
white, the small coverts round the bend of the wing brown 
like the upper surface : " bill black, with a patch round the nostrils 
and the base of the lower mandible yellow; tarsi and feet very 
pale ashy green; iris tawny yellow" (T. Ayres). Total length 14 
inches, culmen 1*5, wing 7*9, tail 4, tarsus 2*75. 

Hob. Southern Africa from the eastern districts of the Cape 
Colony north to Loango on the west, and on the east extending as 
far as the Yictoria Nyanza. 

a. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Major Trevelyan [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Krauss [C.]. 
(Types of (E. naialensis.) 
d, e. Ad. sk. Natal (Gordge). Tweeddale &Seebohm 
Colls. 
/ . Ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Mellar). Tweeddale Coll. 

g. 
Ad. sk. Tette, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 
h. Ad. sk. Tshiromo, Nyasaland. H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
O.B. [P.]i. 
Ad. sk. Usambara Hills {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
k. Ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (Anchieta). Lisbon Museum [P.]. 
4. (Edicnemus bistriatus. 
Charadrius bistriatus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 648 (Mexico). 
CEdicnemus vocifer, EKerminier, Mag. de Zool. 1837, pi. 84 (U. S. 
Colombia); Lielit. Nomencl. Av. Mus. JBerol. p. 93 (1854). 
CEdicnemus americanus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 349 (1837; interior 
of Guiana). 

(Edicnemus bistriatus, 
Gray, List GrallcB in Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844: 
British Guiana) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 535 (1844); Cab. in Schomb. 
Beis. Guian. iii. p. 749 (1848); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 416 (1856); 
Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 68 (Guatemala) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 356; id. Ibisf 
1865, p. 198 (Pacific coast of Guatemala); Set. B. Z. S. 1865, 

p. 397 (Vera Cruz, Mexico) ; Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 19 
(1865 : Guadeloupe, Brazil); Scl. § Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 60 (1867); 
Franz. J. f. 0.1869, p. 378 (Nicaragua, Costa Rica); Belz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 296 (1871: Forte de Bio Branco) ; Gray, Kand4. B. iii. 
p. 10, no. 9945 (1871); Sol. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142 
(1873); Nutting, Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 389 (1883: Nicaragua) 
; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 (Venezuela) ; Salvin, Ibis, 
1886, p. 177 (British Guiana) ; Seebohm. Geogr. Distr. Charadr, 
p. 85 (1888). 
1 . GEDIONEMUS. 
(Edicnemus mexicanus, teste Schl Mus. Pays-Has. Cursores, p. 19 
(1865). * 
(Edicnemus P, G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 314 (Honduras). 

Adult female. General colour above tawny rufous, mottled with 
black centres to the feathers, narrower and more longitudinal on 
the head and neck; upper tail-coverts washed with grey and centred 
and barred with dusky; wing-coverts like the back, with conspicuous 
blackish, shaft-stripes, the greater series ashy brown edged with 
tawny buff and having a sub-terminal line of dusky, following the 
outline of the feather; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dark brown, with a great deal of white on the inner web, extending 
over the outer web of the first primary ; the inner webs conspicuously 
white at the base, forming a large speculum, the innermost 
secondaries like the back; centre tail-feathers brown, edged with 
tawny and vermiculated with dusky, the remainder white, barred 
across with, dusky brown and tipped with a broad bar of black, 
wider on the outer feather, which has a broad subterminal white 
band; lores and a broad eyebrow dull white, above which is a 
broad black patch on the sides of the crown; sides of face, cheeks, 
and ear-coverts light tawny bufi with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; 
throat, breast, and abdomen pure white, the lower throat and upper 
breast ashy brown tinged with tawny, with narrow blackish shaft-
lines ; sides of lower back tawny rufous with blackish centres; 
under tail-coverts pale cinnamon; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pure white, the lesser coverts tawny rufous like the upper series; 
the lower primary-coverts ashy: " feet greenish yellow; iris yellow " 

(T. G. Nutting), Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 9*6, 
tail 4*7, tarsus 3*8. 
The Mexican specimens appear to be rather larger than those 
from more southern localities, and have a tarsus measuring 4*7 
inches. Some birds are much more rufous than others, and these 
are apparently younger birds. An immature bird collected by 
Mr. Salvin at San Geronimo is much more mottled than the adults, 
all the feathers having sandy-coloured edges. The grey shade which 
is apparent in most individuals of this species is also present in the 
young bird. 

Hab, Erom Mexico through Central America, in suitable localities, 
as far south as Yenezuela, Colombia, Guiana, and the Rio 
Branco. 

«. tf ad. sk. 
Mizantla, Vera Cruz, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
29 (Ferrari-Perez). 
b, J ad. sk. Torula, Chiapas, June 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. B. JRiehardsori). 
c d A 9. ad. sk. Huamuchal. Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
' Feb. (0. S.). 
e 
Juv sk San Geronimo, Guatemala, Salvm-Godman Coll. 
July(0, &). 

rchas

/. Ad. sk. Bogota. 
Iu1 r?d^ n « 

g. Juv. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
X Ad. sk. Merida, Yenezuela. Old Coll. 
14 CEDICNEMID^;. 
h k. 8 2 ad. sk. Aunai, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mai-ell, May {H. Whitely). 
1. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Old Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. Forte de Rio Branco, BraSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
zil (J. Natterer). 
n. Ad. sk. [South America.] Salvin-Godman Coll. 

5. (Edicnemus doniinicensis. 
CEdicnemus 
doniinicensis, Cory, Journ. Bost, Zool. Soc. ii. p. 46 
(1883 : San Domingo); id. Auk, i. p. 4 (1884); id. B. S. Domingo, 

p. 140, pi. 19 (1884); F. J. Thompson, Auk, ii. p. 110 (1885) ; 
Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 25 (1886: S. Domingo); id. B. West 
Ind. p. 225 (1889); id. Cat. B. West Ind. p. 95 (1892). 
" Male. Top of the head, back, wing-coverts, and tail brown; 
feathers with very pale edgings, giving a mottled appearance to the 
back, the tail-feathers showing a band of dull white, succeeded by 
a broad black tip* breast slaty, becoming dull white on the throat; 
abdomen white tinged with very pale ruf ous; a line of black passing 
from the top of the eye, along the sides of the head, to the neck; 
under surface of wings white, becoming dark brown at the tips ; 
the shafts of the feathers on the breast and throat dark brown, 
forming numerous hair-like lines on the surface of the plumage: " legs 
and feet greenish yellow; upper mandible black, under mandible 
green at the base, shading into black at the tip" (Cory). Total 
length 14-50 inches, wing 8*50, tail 3*75, tarsus 3*75, bill 1*50. 

The sexes appear to be similar. 

The single specimen in the British Museum was obtained by Salle 
in San Domingo forty years ago, and is moulting, so that it is not 
in good plumage for comparison. The only distinction that I can 
see is the smaller bill and the somewhat stronger shaft-lines on the 
chest-feathers. In both these characters it is approached by a 
specimen from British Guiana, and I strongly doubt the distinctness 
of the San Domingo bird. 
Hah. San Domingo. 

u. Ad. sk. San Domingo. A. Salle* [C.]. 
6. CEdicnemus superciliaris. 
CEdicnemus 
superciliaris, Tschudi, Arch. f. Nat. 1843, pt. L p. 387 
(coast of Peru); id. fy Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 49, 293 
(1845-46); Scl % Sah. Ex. Orn. p. 59, pi. 30 (1867); iid. P. Z. S. 
1868, pp. 176,570 (W. Peru) • Gray, Sand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9946 
(1871); Scl §• Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142 (1873) • Taezan. 
Orn. FSrou, iii. p. 333 (1886: coast of Peru from Lima to 
Tumbez), 

Adult male. Similar to (E. bistriatus, and having a broad black 
patch on the sides of the hinder crown, but distinguished from that 
species by being ashy grey above, vermiculated with dusky cross 

1 . CEDICNEMUS. 
15 

"bars and subterminal lines of dusky blackish, following the margins 
of the feathers, which are sandy buff, there are also bars of a sandy 
buff on the feathers of the upper surface; the throat, lower breast, 
and abdomen pure white ; under tail-coverts very pale cinnamon ; 
the fore neck and breast pale ashy grey, the former with dusky 

•shaft-lines, the sides of the neck browner: " bill blackish, with the 
.basal half of the upper mandible green; feet green ; iris white " 
{Stolzmann). Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 8*5, tail 4*3, 
tarsus 3*7. 
Young. More thickly mottled with sandy-buff margins to the 
feathers, especially the dark lesser wing-coverts; the white eyebrow 
continued in a ring round the nape; the dark band on the hinder 
side of the crown not so broad as in the adults; a second band of 
black behind the ear-coverts: " bill black, the base of the lower 
mandible grey ; feet olive ; iris beautiful yellow " (Stolzmann). 

Hab. Western Peru, from Lima to Tumbez. 

a. Juv. sk. Lima, Peru. Salvin-Godman ColL 
b. <$ ad. sk. Northern Peru, Dec. 18 Count Branicki [P.]. 
(J. Kalinowski). 
,2. Ad. sk. Western Peru. Zool. Society. 
7. CEdicnemus capensis. 
CEdicnemus 
capensis, Licht. Verz. JDoubl. p. 69 (1823: Cape); 
Finsch # Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 624 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. JB. 

iii. p. 9, no. 9941 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 266 
(1872; Great Namaqua and Damara Land); Ayres, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 104 (Potchefstroom); Hurting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 457; Ayres, 
Ibis, 1880, p. Il l (Transvaal); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 424 (1881: 
S. Angola, Quillengues, Humbe, Caconda); Sharpe, in Oateis 
Matabele-Land, App. B, p. 326 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 
(Spalding's, Hart R) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 389 (1884: 
Nguruman) * Sharpe, ed. Layartfs B. S. Afr. p. 645 (1884: Cape 
Colony generally and Natal); Fischer, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 116; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 338 (Natal); id. Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. 
p. 81 (1888); Buttih. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 243 (1888: Humpata); 
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371 (Kilimanjaro); Seme $ 
Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Sein., Orn. p. 333 (1890: S. Africa); 
Beichen. J. f. 0. 1891, p. 141 (Yura, Uniamuesi); Sartl. Abk 
Ver. Brem. xii. pt. 1, p. 41 (1891: Usamhiro) ; Beichen. J. f. 0. 
1892, p. 8 (Victoria Nyanza). 
CEdicnemus maculosus, Temm. PL Col v. pi. 292 (1824); Gray, Gen. 

B. iii. p. 535 (1844) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 217 (Natal); Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 288 (1867 : Natal, Kafiraria) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 254; Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 76; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 104 
(Potchefstroom); Sartert, Eat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. p. 219 
(1891). 
CEdicnemus macrocnemus, Licht. Vdg.Kqffernl. p. 19 (1842); Hartl. 
J-./.0.1854, p. 213. 

CEdicnemus affinis 
{nee Bupp.), Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 245 (Ndi, 
Teita); Bohm, J. f. 0.1882, p. 185 (Tabora); Schalow, J. f. O. 
1883, p. 339 (Tabora); Beichen. J. f. 0.1887, p. 47 (Schasche). 

Adult male. General colour above tawny or sandy rufous, mottled 

(EDICNEMID^. 

coarsely with black, which takes the form of bars and terminal 
spots ; wing-coverts like the back; the median coverts also with 
large bars and spots of black, but the outermost greyish with irregular 
bars of dusky black; the greater series ashy grey, with a black 
band at the end and narrowly tipped with white, the shafts prominently 
black and the inner major coverts regularly barred across 
with black; primary-coverts and quills black, the inner primaries 
narrowly tipped with white, the secondaries white at the base and 
for a great part of the inner web, the three outer primaries with a 
large white mark on both webs, and the seventh, eighth, and ninth 
having a conspicuous white mark forming a speculum; the innermost 
secondaries barred across with black ; lower rump and upper tail-
coverts similar to the back, but a little more definitely streaked 
longitudinally; the centre tail-feathers with regular black bars, increasing 
in width towards the outside of the tail, the external feathers 
having a broad black band at the end, before which is an equally 
broad white bar; head like the back, the black predominating; 
lores whitish, as well as the feathers above and below the eye, and 
a broad band across the sides of the face, this whitish band surmounted 
by a line of black; the cheeks and ear-coverts tawny, 
streaked with black ; throat white ; the lower throat, fore neck, and 
breast, as well as the sides of body, clear tawny or sandy buff, longitudinally 
streaked with black centres to the feathers; abdomen 
white; under tail-coverts orange-rufous or pale cinnamon; under 
wing-coverts white, but the lesser series and those round the bend 
of the wing brown, lined with black so as to resemble the upper 
series; the lower primary-coverts black at the ends, forming a large 

patch; axillaries grey with a black shaft-streak: u bill yellow at 
the base, black towards the tip ; feet yellow, dark along the front; 
iris bright yellow " (T. Ay res). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*35, 
wing 9-1, tail 4'5, tarsus 3*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 
15 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 8'7, tail 4-2, tarsus 3*65. 

I have had no means of determining, from the :es in the British 
Museum, the precise differences between the ] young birds ; 
but as some are very much darker than o*" 't that these 
will probably be found to be less matu re rufous 
specimens. 

Hah. Cape Colony, extending on the west and 
throughout South-eastern Africa to Tabora an ro 
district in Eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Elephant Yley, Damara-Twc 
&, c. Ad. sk. 
land (C. J. Andersson). 
South Africa. Twee 
d. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A 
e. Ad. sk. South Africa. Seebc 
/ . J ad. sk. Berg River, S. Africa (E. Seebc 
L. Layard). 
g. Ad. sk. Natal. Seebc 

1 . CEDICNEMTTS. 17 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
Natal, May 25 (T.
Buckley). 
Natal (F. Oates). 
R Shelley Coll. 
W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
k. $ ad. sk. 
/. J ad. sk. 
m,n. $ 5 ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
Newcastle (E. A. Butler). 
Swaziland, June 17 (T. JE. 
Buckley). 
Potchefstroom, Transvaal, 
Dec. (T. Ayres). 
Marico District. 
Tete, Zambesi (SirJ.Kirk). 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Gurney Coll. 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Livingstone Expedition. 
q. 5 ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s. Skeleton. 
Tabora, Dec. 22. 
Kilimanjaro. 
Dr. P. Bohm [CI. 
H. C. V. Hunter, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
8. (Edicnemus affinis. 

(Edicnemus affinis, Rupp. Mus. Senck. ii. p. 210 (1837); id. SysL 
Uebers. p. 117, Taf. 42 (1845); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kordofan); 
Reichenb. Handb., Grail. Nov. Taf. xxxvi. figs. 2440-41 
(1851); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 54 (1856: Abyssinian coast; 
White Nile, south of 6°); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 209, note 
(1857); Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 344 (Habab; Danakil; Tajura); 
Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 248 (Somali); Hartl J.f. 0. 1801, p. 268; 
Aniin. Cat. descr. TJcc. p. 96 (1864: 11° N. lat.); Schl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 21 (1865 : Nubia; Kordofan; Bissao ?); 
Blanf. Geol. $ Zool Abyss, p. 428 (1870 : Anseba Valley); Finsch, 
Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 294 (1870: Gabena-welt-Gonfallon); Finsch § 
Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 62Q (1870: Somali); Gray, Hand-l B. 

iii. p. 9, no. 9943 (1871); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 990 (1873 : 
coast of Samhar; E. Kordofan; Upper Kir and Gazelle Eivers); 
Antin. $* Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 142 (1873: Samhar; Bogos ; 
Barka); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 590 (1882); Shelley, P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 49 (Lado); HeinefyBeichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. 
p. 333 (1890: Abyssinia); Hartert, Hat. Vogels. Mm. Senck. 
p. 219 (1891: Abyssinia). 
(Edicnemus 
capensis amnis, JSeeb. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 82 
(1888). 

Adult. Similar to (E. capensis, but more tawny rufous above, and 
with the tarsus much shorter : " terminal half of the bill blackish, 
the base yellow; eyelids bare; feet and iris bright yellow?> (yon 
Heuglin). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 8*75, tail 
4*85, tarsus 3*2. 

Hah. North-eastern Africa, from Kordofan and Bogos, south to 
Somali-land, and to Lado in Equatorial Africa. 
Bogos-land. Mr.Esler[C.]. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Aug. 3. •W.T.Blanford,E&q.[C.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Aug. 6 Tweeddale Coll, 
(W. Jesse). 
d. Ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.]. 
April 14. 
VOL. XXIV. 

(EDIC^EMTDiE. 

2. BUKHIinrS*. 
Type. 
Burhinus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 250 (1811) B. grallarius. 
Range. The same as that of the single species. 

1. BurhintLS grallarius. 
AUSTRALIAN THICE>ENEE. 
Oreat-billed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supjjl.il p. 310 (1801). 
High-legged Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 319 (1801: New South Wales,). 
Bridled Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 320 (New South Wales). 
Oharadrius magnirostris (nee Vieill), Lath. Ind. Orn. Stcppl p. lxvi 

(1801). 
Charadrius grallarius, Lath. Lnd. Orn. Suppl p. lxvi (1801). 
Oharadrius frenatus, Lath. op. tit. p. lxvii (1801). 
(Edicnemus longipes, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii.p. 232 (1818 j ; 

Temm. PI Col. v. pi. 380 (1826); Vieill Gal des Ois. ii. p. 84, 
pi. 228 (1834); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 35 (1888). 
(Edicnemus magnirostris (nee Geoffr.), Stephens, in Shattfs Gen. Zool 

xi. pt. 2, p. 462 (1819: New South Wales). 
Himantopus grallarius, Stephens, in Shaiifs Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 184 
(1824: New Holland). 
Burhinus novse hollandise, Stephens, in Shaitis Gen. Zool xiv. pt. 1, 

p. 342 (1826: New Holland). 
Charadrius giganteus, Wagl Isis, 1829, p. 647 (Australia). 
CEdicnemus grallarius, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mu$. p. 59 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 535 (1844); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. o (1848); 
Licht. Nommcl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854); Schl Mus. Pays-
Bos, Cursores, p. 18 (1865: Australia) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. 

ii. p. 210 (1865); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 334 (Port Denison); 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 10, no. 9947 (1871); Harting, P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 459 (W. Australia, breeding, Sept.-Oct.); Ramsay, P. Z. &\ 
1877, p. 335 (Queensland); Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 
p. 59 (1877: Percy Is., N.E. Coast); Ramsay, op. tit. ii. p. 196 
(1878); Masters, t. c. p. 275 (Port Darwin); Nehrk. J. /. O. 
1879, p. 408; Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll p. 590 (1882); Meyer, 
Sitzb. u. Abh. Ges. Isis, 1884, p. 215 (Timor-laut); North, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1170 (1886, esrgs); Ramsay, op. tit. 
(2) ii. p. 171 (N.W. Australia); id. Tab^ List Austr. B. p. 19 
(1888: nearly the whole of Australia); Seebohm, Geoqr. JDistr. 
Charadr. p. 83 (1888); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iii. 
p. 1778 (1889 : Cumberland Co., N. S. W.); Cox 8? Hamilton, op. 
cit (2) iv. p. 419 (1890: Mudgee Bistr.); Sahad. Aggiunte Orn. 
Pap. iii. p. 198 (1891). 
* This generic name is in general use and must therefore be employed; but 
in strictness it should be rejected, as it was not founded by Illiger on an 
actual specimen, but on the description of Latham's ' Great-billed Plover7 
(Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 319). This description is evidently taken from a 
coloured figure and not from a bird, and, moreover, he describes the bill as 
"very broad, resembling the Tody genus." It is on this statement that 
Illiger founded the genus Burhinm. Latham further described his * Great-billed 
Plover' as being of the size of the ' Golden Plover': further evidence that 
Latham himself never saw the bird. For the rest, the description is evidently 
that of the Australian Thick-knee. 
2 . BUKHINUS. ' 1 9 
Burhinus grallarius, Reichenb. Av. Syst Nat. p. xvii, Taf. 184. 

fig. 665, Taf. 186. figs. 2442-43 (1852); Bp. C. 22. xliii. p. 410 

(1856); Heine £ Reichen NomencL Mm. Rein. Orn. p. 333 (1890). 
(Edicnenms australis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 212: id. Ibis, 1859, 

p. 336. 
Adult. General colour above ashy grey, the crown, neck, and 
mantle streaked with blackish stripes, much more emphasized on the 
feathers of the back and scapulars, many of which have broad black 
centres and tawny margins; the lower back and rump ashy grey, 
streaked with blackish shaft-stripes; the upper tail-coverts similarly 
marked, but having also some remains of bars like the tail-feathers, 
which have narrow and irregular cross-bars, the outer ones with a 
broad black band at the tip, before which is a broad sub-terminal bar 
of white ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown with tawny margins, the 
median series dull white with broad black shaft-streaks, the greater 
series dark ashy brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, the first four primaries with a broad band of white on both 
webs, and the inner primaries with a white mark at the base; second


aries white towards the base of inner web, the innermost secondaries 
like the back; head ashy like the back, streaked with blackish shaft-
lines ; lores and a narrow eyebrow, as well as a spot below the eye, 
white ; a band below the eye crossing the ear-coverts, black, slightly 
washed with rufous, and extending in a line of black-streaked feathers 
down the sides of the neck, this black line followed by a broad 
white band stretching below the eye and losing itself in the brown 
of the ear-coverts; cheeks reddish brown, streaked with black; 
throat and under surface of body white, more or less tinged with 
tawny on the lower throat, fore neck, breast, and sides of body, all 
of which parts are streaked with black, the breast very broadly; 
under tail-coverts very pale cinnamon-buff; lesser under wing-
coverts blackish, the remainder as well as the axillaries and lower 
primary-coverts broadly tipped with black: " bill black; legs sickly 
yellowish olive, gradually passing into the brown of the feet; iris 
yellow; eyelash black" (/. Gould). Total length 20*5 inches, 
culmen 1-9, wing 10*5, tail 6, tarsus 4*6. 

Hab. Australia. Said to have occurred also in Timor-laut. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
Oapt. Sturt [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . (J ad. sk.
a. <S ad. sk. 
Sydney, New South Wales. 
Sydney. 
Queensland. 
Australian Museum 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
h, i Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
I £ ad.sk.
m. Skeleton. 
Queensland (/. T. Cockerell), 
Cape Upstart, Queensland,
April 1 (/. B. Jukes). 
N.W. Australia (T. B.
Bowyer Bower). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Fly/ 
Capt. Bowyer Bower 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
o2 

 OBDICNEMIDJE. 

3. ESACUS. _ 
Type. 
Esacus, Lesson, TraiU, p. 547 (1831) E. recurvirostris. 
Carvanaca, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 775 (1836) . E. recurvirostris. 
Pseudops, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. pt. 1, p. 27 

(] 841) E. recurvirostris. 
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Esacus recurvirostris. 
GEdicnemus recurvirostris, 
Cuvier, JRegne Anim. i. p. 500 (1829); 
Schl. Mus. Fays-Bas, Cursores, p. 25 (1865: Bengal; Cambodia). 
Esacus recurvirostris, Lesson, Trait e, p. 547 (1831) ; Gray* List 
Grallm Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1844: Nepal ^ Boo tan); id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 535 (1844); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 131 
(1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 2C0 (1849: Calcutta) ; 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh); Jerd. JB. Ind. iii. p. 652 (1864); 
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 391 (Sewalik Hills); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 10, no. 9949 (1871); Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 102, 232 (1873: 
Sindh) ; id. Str. F. ii. p. 482 (1874: Attaran Rher); id. Str. F. 
iii. p. 182 (1875 : Thavetmyo) ; id. Nests % Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 57Q 
(1875) ; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 152 (1875: Kyasoo Creek); 
Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 14 (1876: Mount Aboo); Ball, t. c. p. 234 
(Sunxbalpur); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877: Guzerat); Hume 
fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 458 (1878: Iloungthraw and Attaran 
Rivers); Davidson $ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 88 (1878 : Deccan); 
Butler, t. c. p. 186 (Karachi, breeding): Ball, t. c. p. 227 (Ganges 
to Godavery); Cripps, t. c. p. 301 (Faridpur); Butler, Cat. B. 
Sindetc. p. 59 (1879); Hume, Sir. F. viii. p 112 (1879); JDoig, 
t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra, breeding); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 976 
(1880); C. Swink Sir. F. ix. p. 237(1880: R. Hub, breeding); 
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 427 (Bhima R., Deccan); Reid, Str. F. x. 
p. 67 (1881: Lucknow); Barnes, t. c. p. 166 (Indus, near Kotri, 
breeding); Davidson, t. e. p. 319 (W. Khandeisli, resident); Oates, 
Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 357 (1883) ; Sivinhoe 8f Barnes, Ibis, 
1885, p. 133 (Mhow district); Barker, Ibis, 1886, p. 188 (Ceylon); 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Ge?wv. (2) iv. p. 613 (1887: Bhamo); Hume, 
Str. F. xi. p. 316 (1888 : Manipur); Oates, ed. Humis NestsfyEggs 
Ind. B. iii. p. 335 (1890). 
Carvanaca grisea, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 776 (1836: Nepal); id. 

Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 45, no. 118. 
Pseudops griseus, Hodgs. in Cb'ay's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 
Carvanaca recurvirostris, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii, Taf. 185. 

fig. 1071 (1852); Bp. C. It. xliii. p. 416 (1856). 
Pseudops recurvirostris, Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. Orn. 

p. 333(1890: Madras). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, with slightly 
indicated sandy-buff or whitish margins to the feathers; wing-
coverts lighter and more pearly grey than the back, with narrow 
white ends to the outer median and the greater series; the lesser 
wing-coverts blackish, followed by a narrow white line; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the outer primaries 
crossed by a white band, the inner primaries white on the inner 
web, the innermost white at base and tip and crossed with a subterminal 
blackish band; the secondaries blackish brown, white for 

21 

3 . ESACTTS. 
the greater part of the inner web, the innermost secondaries brown 
like the back ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and centre tail-
feathers brown like the back; the outer feathers with a black bar 
at the ends, preceded by a bar of white, before which is a narrow 
blackish bar; crown of head and neck ashy brown like the back, with 
narrow blackish shaft-lines; base of forehead and lores white, extending 
in a band across the sides of the face to the hinder cheeks ; above 
the eye a line of white, extending backwards above the ear-coverts 
to the sides of the neck ; above this a band of black; below the eye 
a white patch, followed by a line of black, running to the black ear-
coverts ; from the angle of the mouth a black line along the upper 
line of the cheeks ; the latter, as well as the under surface of the 
body white, with an isabelline tinge on the lower throat and fore 
neck; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, the lower 
greater coverts tipped with black; lower surface of quills white, the 
tips black : " edges of eyelids, bill, and nostrils yellow; remainder 
of bill black ; feet plumbeous white, claws black ; iris yellow " (E. 

W. Oates). Total length 19 inches, culmen 3, wing 10*3, tail 
4*75, tarsus 3*1. 
*Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: " bill black, the 
region of the nostrils, gape, and base of lower mandible pale green; 
feet very pale bluish green ; iris greenish yellow " (W. Davison). 
Total length 20 inches, culmen 3*05, wing 10*3, tail 4*3, tarsus 3*25. 

Hob. Elvers of the Indian Peninsula from Sind, south to Ceylon, 
and eastwards to the Burmese countries, as far south as Tenasserim. 

a. <$ ad. sk. River Jkelum, near Sharpur, Hume Coll. 
Sind, Nov. 26 {A. 0. E.). 
b. Ad. sk. Sirza district, Punjab. Hume Coll. 
c. (S ad. sk. Gurgaon district, March 21 Hume Coll. 
(W. N. Chill). 
d. Ad. sk. Delhi. Hume Coll. 
e-i. c? $ ad. sk. River Jumna, near Etawah, Hume Coll. 
Dec. 
k <$ ad, sk. River Jumna, March (Dr. Tweeddale Coll. 
Scott). 
I, ?n. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of Carvanaca grisea.) 
n, o,p. Ad. sk. Nepal (JB. S. Hodgson). India Museum. 

q. <$ ad. sk. Futtehgurh, March 13 Hume Coll. 
{A. Anderson). 
r, 5. Ad. sk. Bhotan Dooars, Feb., May Hume Coll. 

(L. Mandelli). 
t. Ad. sk. Bhotan (PembeHori). India Museum. 
u. Ad. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum. 
v, w. d 2 ai-sk- Khandeish, April, Nov. Hume Coll. 
(J. Davidson), 
x. Ad. sk. Shemogah district, April 20 Hume Coll. 
(G. F. L. Marshall), 
y. Ad. sk. Ceylon. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
z. 
2 ad. sk. Kyasoo Creek, Burmah, Tweeddale Coll. 
Oct. (JR. G. W. JR.). 
d. P ad. sk. Sittang "Valley, Dec. 29 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JR. G. W. JR.) 

CEDICNEMIDJE. 

b', c'. c? 2 ad. sk. Lower Pegu, May, Nov. Gates Coll. 

{E. W. 0.). 
d\ e',f. J ad. sk. Thatone, Tenasserim, Nov., Hume Coll. 
Dec. ( W. Davison). 
g'. S ad. sk. Amherst, Dec. 30 (W. £>.). Hume Coll. 
ti. Sternum. Pegu. Gates Coll. 

4. OETHOEHAMPHUS. 
Type. 
Burliinus {nee Illig.), Lesson, Traite, p. 547 (1831) . 0. magnirostris. 
Esacus {nee Less.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 100 

(1871) 0. magnirostris. 
Orthorhamphus, Salvad. TIcc. Bom. p. 312 (1874) .. 0. magnirostris. 

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Orthoramplras magnirostris. 
(Edicnemus magnirostris, Vieill. N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xxiii. p. 231 
(1818: ex Geqffr. M88.); id. Enc. Meth. i. p. 834, pL 2U. fig. 1 
(1820); Temm. PI. Col v. pi. 387 (1820); 8. Miill Verh. Land-
en Volhenk. p. 23 (1839-44: Oetanata); Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, 

p. 363; Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xxv. p. 253 (18(33: 
Ceram) ; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 135 ; 8eebohm, Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr, p. 89 (1888); Everett, Journ. As. Soc. Straits Branch, 
1889, p. 203 (Cape Simpangmengaio); Hose, Ibis, 1893, p. 424 
(Baram Mouth). 
f 
Oharadrius magnirostris, Wagl. Syst. Ad. Charadrius, sp. 3 (1827). 
Oharadrius giganteus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 647 {ex Licht. in Mus. \ 
' Berol). ^ J 
Burhinus magnirostris, Less. Traits oVOrn. p. 547 (1831: New 
Guinea); id. Compl. de Buff'., Ois. p. 677 (1838); Gray, List Gen. 

B. p. 83 (1841); Licht. No?nencl.Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854). 
Esacus magnirostris, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 88 (1841); id. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 535 (1844) ; Gould, B, Austr. vi. pi. 6 (1848) ; Macgill Toy. 
RaUlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852); Gray, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 187 (Am), 
p. 196; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856); 8el. Proa. Linn. Soc. ii. 
p. 169 (1858); Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 359 (1858); Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. % B. New Guinea, p. 50 (1859); Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, 
p. 438 (Salawati); Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335, 346 (Sula 
Isl.); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 35 (Bouru); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. 
ii. p. 213 (1865) ; Finsch, Neu-Giiinea, p. 181 (1865); Sehl Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 22 (1865); Rosenb. Reis naar Zitidoostereil. 
p. 8'2 (1867); Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 
(1870: New Caledonia) ; Gray, ECand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9948 
(1871); Wold. Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 91 (1872: Celebes); Hume, 
Str. F. ii. p. 290 (1874 : Anclamans, breeding); id. op. cit. iii. p. 224 
(1875); Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 581 (1873) ; Wald. 
Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 227 (1875 : Sooloo Is.); Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 293 
(1876); Scl. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 461 (Huon Gulf); Masters, Proc. 
Limi. Soc. N.8. W. i. p. 59 (1877: Cape Grenville; Long IsL); 
Ramsay, t. c. p. 187 (Queensland); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 335 
(Port Denison); Scl t. c. p. 556; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 121 (1877) ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p.'196 (1878); Masters, t c. 
4 . ORTHOBHAMPHUS. 
23 

p. 275 (Port Darwin); E. L. <$• E. L. C Lai/ard, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 262 (New Caledonia); Posenb. Malay. Archip. pp. 277, 37;*, 
396 (Mysol), p. 563 (1878-79); Hume <§• Davison, Str. F. vi. 
p. 459 (1878: Mergui Is.); Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 112. 384 
(1879); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 9,14 (Duke of York M.) ; E. L. 
# F. L. a Layard, Ibis, 1881, p. 136 (Huon Is., New Caledonia); 
Finsch, t c. p. 540 (New Britain) ; Scl. Voy. « Challenger; ii. p. 33 
(1881: Pigeon Is.); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 996 (Louisiades); id. 
Ibis, 1882, pp. 140,144 (Solomon Is.); E. L. cfE. L. C. Layard, t c. 
pp. 532,544 (Huon Is., breeding) ; Oates,Handb. B. Brit Burm.il 
p. 351 (1883); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); Grant, P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 201 (Guadalcanal*); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 
(1888); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan); Sharpe, t. c. 
pp. 141, 284 (Abai, N. Borneo); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests Sr Eggs 
Ind. B. iii. p. 334 (1890); Be Vis, Ann. Pep. Brit New Guin. 
p. 62 (1890); id. Colon. Papers, no, 103, p. 116 (1890); id. Ibis, 
1891, p. 41 (Fergusson Is.); Walker, Bis, 1892, p. 257 (Adele 
Is., N.W. Australia) ; Tristr. t c. p. 299 (Solomon Is.). 
GEdicnenius giganteus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 535 (J 844). 
GEdicnenius major, Brehm, teste Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 10, no. 9948 
(1871). *' * ' 

Orthorhamplius 
magnirostris, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 312 (1874: 
Borneo); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 121 (1877: critic.); Saload. Ann. 
Mus. Genov. ix. p. 47 (1876); id. op. cit xiv. p. 665 (1879); 
UAlb. Nuooa Guin. p. 585 (1880); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. 

xviii. p. 323 (1882); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 290 
(1882); Scl P. Z. S. 1883, p. 52, 195, 200 (Kirimoen; Larut; 
Timor-laut); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 433 ; Nehrk. J.f 0.1885, 
p. 35 (Waigiou) 5 Ghdllem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 (Mysol); Meyer, 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. iii. p. 38 (1886: Jobi); Heine ty Peichen. 
Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 333 (1890); Salvad. Aggiunte Orn. 
Pap. iii. p. 198 (1891). 
JEsacus magnirostris, 
Pamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 40 
(1860: Solomon Is.); Sharpe, Pep. Zool Coll Voy. H.M.S. 
L Alert," p. 26 (1884). 

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, with dusky shaft-lines 
to the feathers; scapulars like the back; upper tail-coverts ashy 
like the back, but freckled and barred with dusky brown; lesser 
wing-coverts dark brown, the lower ones blackish at the ends 
and forming a broad band across the wing, followed by another 
band of white, formed by the median coverts, which are grey at 
the tips, with a broad white band across the middle followed by 
another bar of dusky blackish; greater coverts entirely grey, fading 
of into whitish at the ends; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
blackish, the smaller primary-coverts white like the quills they 
cover; primaries brownish black with white along the inner web, 
extending across the outer web of the first two; inner primaries 
pure white; the secondaries dark brown, externally grey, with white 
bases and small white tips, also white along the inner webs, on the 
inner ones the white confined to the inner web, the long innermost 
secondaries ashy brown like the back; tail-feathers ashy 
brown, with a black baud at the end, before which is a broad band 
of white, preceded by a narrow black band, the two centre feathers 

(EDICNEMIDJS. 

light ashy brown freckled with dusky mottlings, the other feathers 
also slightly freckled with dusky; crown of head and neck like the 
hack; lores blackish, as also a broad band along the sides of the 
crown, extending to the sides of the neck, where it joins the black 
ear-coverts and encloses the white of the face, which consists of a 
white band above and below the eye extending above the ear-coverts; 
cheeks white, extending in a line along the base of the upper 
mandible and forming a streak in front of the eye; fore part of 
cheeks black- chin and throat white; lower throat ashy brown, 
streaked with darker brown, as also the sides of the neck ; breast 
pale ashy• remainder of the under surface of body white with a 
slight tawny tinge; under tail-coverts tawny buff; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, as also the quill-lining: " base of bill 
sulphur-yellow, continued along the sides of the upper mandible 
above the nostrils• remainder of bill black; tibia lemon-yellow; 
tarsi and feet wine-yellow; upper ridge of scales of toes lead-colour; 
eyelids primrose-yellow; iris pale yellow" (J. Gould), Total 
length about 19 inches, culmen 3, wing 10*8, tail 4*3, tarsus 3*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length about 
20 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 10*6, tail 4*3, tarsus 3*3. 

Young. Two specimens from the Duke of York Island and Guadalcanar 
are apparently immature, having the feathers of the upper 
surface tipped with sandy buff, especially on the wing-coverts, where 
the white band on the median series is not so defined as in the 
adults, but showing a broader band of brown-tipped feathers below. 
There is, however, a second white band formed by the white tips 
to the greater wing-coverts, and it is somewhat curious that this 
should be a sign of immaturity. 

Hob. Shores of Australia and throughout the Malayan Archipelago 
to Eorneo and the Andamans. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Imm. st. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.l 
Sir E. Belcher [P.]. J 
c. Ad. sk. Australia. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. J ad. sk. 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerell).
Port Molle, Queensland 
(Dr. Coppinger). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Alert/ 
/. Ad. sk. Rockingham Bay, May 24 Captain Owen Stanley 
g. $ ad. sk. 
h. <S juv. sk. 
(J. Macgittivray).
Admiralty Islands. 
Guadalcanal-, Solomon IsL, 
[P.]. 
Voy. H.M.S.
lenger.' 
Gould Coll. 
-Chali. 
$ juv* sk. 
Dec. 2Q (J. Macgittivray).
Duke of York Island, Oct. 15 
{Dr. Kleinschmidt). 
Sharpe Coll. 
k. Ad. sk. Huon Gulf, Eastern New Tweeddale Coll. 
Guinea (Dr. Comrie). 
/, m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. 2 ad- sk. 
Aru Islands. 
Am Islands. 
Kirimoen Isl., Tenimber 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll, 
Dr. H. 0. Forbes [C.]. 

p. $ ad. sk.
q. 2 &d» skr. 
J ad. sk.
s, $ ad. sk.
t} u. <$ 9 ad.
sk.
v, to. S ad. sk.

4 . ORTHOBHAMPHUS. 
Larat, Tenimlber Group, Sept.
8 (jff. O. Forbes), 
Baram Mouth, Borneo, Dec.
1893. 
Andamans, July (JR. J. Wimberley). 


 Port Cornwallzs, N. Andamans, 
April 6 (JR. J. Wimberley). 
Port Blair, Feb. (JR. J. W.).

 Little Cocos Isl.. March (A.

0. JET.). 
25 

 TVeeddale Coll. 

 C. Hose, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume and Tweeddale 
Colls. 
Hume Coll. 

CUBSOBIIDJS. 

Family II. CURSORIIDiE. 

Nostrils schizorhinal (except Pluvlanus). 

Palate schizognathous. 

Basipterygoid processes absent. 

Tarsus transversely scaled in front. 

Young covered with down at birth and able to run in a few 

hours. 

Egg white (Dromas), or thickly blotched and scribbled (Cursorius 

and 
Glareola). 

On 
account of its holorhinal nostrils Pluvianus is associated 

by Mr. Seebohm with the CEclicnemidoe* Its relations, however, are 

so manifestly with Cursorius that it is better to subordinate the 

character of the nostrils and to place the genus with the other 

Coursers, as has been done by Dr. Gradow. 

Dromas is placed by both the above-named naturalists in this 
same division, but to my mind it stands quite alone, its peculiar 
mode of nesting proving that it is neither a Courser nor a Thick-
knee* 

Ortyscelus has been relegated to the Charadrii by my colleague 
Mr. Ogilvie-G-rant, who considers that it is a Courser and not a 
Turnicine form. It is, of course, impossible to determine this 
question without an examination of the anatomy and osteology of 
the genus, but I have placed it provisionally with the Coursers. 
It is to be noticed, however, that Mr. F. J. Jackson, who 
obtained Ortyxelus in Turquel, entered it in his field-notes as a 
" Little Courser." 

Key to the Genera* 

a. Middle claw pectinated, the claw only 
slightly extending beyond the end of 
the toe itself j nostril pierced in the bill 
itself; no operculum; bill straight or 
nearly so along the culmen; the angle of 
the genys placed very far back, much 
nearer to the gape than to the apex of the 
mandible ; quills pointed, the primaries 
exceeding the secondaries in length, falling 
short of the tip of the tail, which again 
falls short of the outstretched legs; black 
dorsal feathers elongated 1. DROMAS, p. 27. 
k 
No pectination on the middle claw, which is 
slightly swollen on its inner aspect; wings 

* Qf. Shaipe, Olaraif. B. p. 72. 
1 . DEO MAS. 
27 
not pointed ; the secondaries as long as the 
primaries and not extending beyond the 
out-stretched feet. 


a'. Nostrils situated in a narrow slit, shut in 
by an operculum; upper plumage rufous, 
yermiculated and mottled with blackish 
like a Quail; no elongated plumes on 
the upper back 2. OBTYXELUS, p. 30. 

b'. Nostrils ovate, shut in by an operculum; 
plumage not vermiculated; interscapular 
plumes elongated and overhanging the 
lower .back 3. PLTJVIANUS, p. 32. 

c. Middle claw pectinated along its inner 
margin. 
c'. Wings long, the primaries pointed, but 
not extending as far as the outstretched 
feet, though they reach to the end of the 
tail. 
a". Bill long and curved, the oilmen equal 
to, or longer than, the middle toe and 
claw j lower mandible curved at the 
same angle as the upper one 4. CURSOMUS, p. 34. 
b". Bill widened at the base, the culnien 
not so long as the middle toe without 
the claw; lower mandible not decurved, 
the genys ascending towards 
^ the tip 5. KHINOPTILUS, p. 43. 
d'. Wings of extraordinary length, the 
primaries pointed and reaching far beyond 
the outstretched feet to the tip of 
the tail, or even beyond the latter. 
c". Tarsus very long, the outstretched feet 
far exceeding the tail; first primary 
produced far beyond the second, and 
extremely attenuated towards the 
tip 6. STILTIA, p. 51. 
d"t Tarsus only moderate or rather short, 
the outstretched feet not reaching 
beyond the tail. 
a'". Tail very strongly forked, the outermost 
feather far exceeding the 
others in length 7. GLAREOLA, p. 53. 

b'". 
Tail emarginate and nearly square, 
but the outer feather slightly ex- [p. 62. 
ceeding the middle one in length .. 8. GALACTOCHRYSEA, 

1. DROMAS. 
Type 
Dromas, Paykull, K. Veb.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm, xxvi. 

p. 182 (1805) D. ardeola. 
Erodia, Salt, Voy. Abyss. App. iv. p. lxi (1814) D. ardeola. 
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

 CURSOBIID^;. 

Fig. 3.—Left foot of Dromas ardeola, from the outside. 

Fig. 4.—Middle claw of right foot of D. ardeola, from the inner side (enlarged). 

1. Dromas ardeola. 
Dromas 
ardeola, Payktdl, K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockh. xxvi. 
pp. 182, 188, tab. 8 (1805: India); Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 362 
(1825) ; Bupont, Ami. Sc. Nat. 1826, p. 184, pi. 45 (Bengal); 
Strickl. Ann. N H. vii. p. 38 (1841); Gray, List Gralla Brit. 
Mus. p. 73 (1844) ; Rihpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 121 (1845 : Ked Sea); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 560 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. As. Soc. p. 276 
(1849: Ceylon, S. India); Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall. p. xii, 
Taf. 167. figs. 440-442 (1852); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxi. p. 352 
(1852) ; id. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 27 (Ceylon); Layard, Ann. $ Mag. 

N. H 1854, p. 270 (Ceylon); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 60 (1856: Red 
Sea); id. Ibis, 1859, p. 346 (Gulf of Aden); Hartl. Faun. Madag. 
p. 85 (1861); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Sternse, p. 41 (1863: Red 
Sea); Jerd. B. Bid. iii. p. 658 (1864); Pelz. Beis. Novara, Vog. 
p. 124 (1865: Nicobars); Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 270 (Natal 
Coast); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 372 (1867: Natal) j Blyth, Ibis, 
1867, p. 166; Beavan, t. c. p. 332 (Andamans); JE. Newton, t. c. 
pp. 351, 359 (Seychelles) j Heugl. J.f.O. 1867, p.285 (Dahlak); 
van der Hoeven, Nova Acta Acad. Cces. Leop. xxxiii. no. 7 (1867) ; 
Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 284 (Europa Is., Mozambique Channel); 
Schl. $ Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. ii. p. 150 (1868); Cab. in Von 
der Deckeris Beis. iii. p. 46 (1869); Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss. 
432 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 295 (1870: Suakin; Zoulla ; 
assaua); Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 627 (1870); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 41, no. 10237 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 
pt. 1, p. 1043 (1873); Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. i). 584 (1873); 
Ball, Str. F. i. p. 85 (1873: Andamans and Nicobars); Hume, 
t. c. p. 234 (Karachi); Salvad. fy Antin. Viagg. Bogos, p. 142 
(1873 : Massaua); Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 146 (Andamans); Hume, 
Str. F. ii. pp. 59, 293 (1874: Andamans); Legge, Str. F. iii. 
p. 220 (1875 : Ceylon); Le Messurier, t. c. p. 378 (Sindh) ; Hayes 
Lloyd, Ibis, 1876, p. 280 (Kathiawar); Legge, Str. F. iv. p. 246 
(1876: Ceylon); Hume, t. c. pp. 451, 464 (Laccadives), p. 496 
(Mekran Coast) ; Butler, Str. F. v. pp. 212, 232 (1877: Mandavi); 
Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 320 (1877); Oust. Bull. Soc. 
Philomath. 1878, p. 184 (Seychelles); Butler, Str. F. vii. p. 186 
(1878: Karachi Harbour); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879), 
pp. 381-384 (Mekran Coast, breeding); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. 
1 . DKOMA.S. 
29 

p. 59 (1879: Coasts of Sindh and Cutch); Father, Str. F. ix. 
p. 482 (1880 : Ceylon, breeding); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 991 (1880); 
Scl P. Z. S. 1881, p. 174 (Socotra): Salvin, Cat Strickl Coll. 
p. 617 (1882: Madras); Sharpe, ed/Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 694 
(1884: Natal); Milne-Edwards fy Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. 
p. 614 (1885); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden); Shelley, Ibis, 
1888, p. 304 (Lamu); Oates, ed. Hume's Nestsfy Eggs Ind. B. iii. 
p. 327 (1891); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao, breeding); Sibree, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 273 (Madagascar); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden); 
Finney, Journ. Bomb. N. H Soc. viii. pp. 320-322 (1893: Aden, 
breeding). 
Erodia amphilensis, Salt, Trav. Abyss. App. iv. p. lxi, curn tab. 

(1814: Bay of Ampbila); Jard. $ Selby, III. Orn. pi. 75 (1829). 
Abyssinian Erody, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ix. p. 137, pi. clxix. (1824). 
Ammoptila charadrioides (nee Swains.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. 

p. 216 (1840: West Coast of India). 
Adult male. Pure black and white, the entire mantle black, the 
lower plumes elongated to a great extent, so as to overhang the 
lower back; scapulars, wing-coverts, and inner secondaries pure 
white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the inner 
webs of the primaries ashy white and the shafts white; the 
secondaries whitish on the inner web ; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail-feathers ashy grey, the outer 
ones white on the inner webs ; head and neck all round, as well as 
the entire under surface, pure white, as well as the under wing-
coverts and axillaries ; anterior and posterior edge of eyelid black: 
" bill black; thighs, tarsi, and feet light bluish ash ; iris dusky" 

(T. Ayres). Total length 16*5 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 8*25, tail 
4-8, tarsus 3*4. 
Adult female. Exactly similar to the male, but somewhat smaller 
and with the long mantle-plumes not so strongly developed. Total 
length 13*5 inches, cnlmen 2*3, wing 7*9, tail 2*5, tarsus 3*7. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by having the mantle 
dusky grey, more or less mixed with black, the head and nape 
streaked with black, or at least shaded with dusky grey on the top 
of the head; wing-coverts and inner secondaries also ashy grey. 

Nestling. Covered with ashy-grey down above, slightly mottled 
with dusky; cheeks and under surface of body dingy grey, the 
general appearance of the bird being uniform. 

Hal. The shores of Eastern Africa and Madagascar, north to the 
Bed Sea and Arabia, thence east along the shores of the Indian 
Ocean to those of Southern India and Ceylon, as well as the 
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Nesting in burrows. 

a 1mm. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
N.E. Madagascar (VanDam). 
Lamu, E. Africa. 
J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
c <$ ad. sk. Socotra, Feb. 15. Prof. Balfour [OA 
(l Ad. sk. Jeddah, Red Sea. H. H. Calvert, Esq. 
e Ad.sk. Jeddah. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ ! J ad. sk. Suakin, Sept. 1 (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 

CUESORIID^i. 

q-h. Ad. et imm. 

8k. 

I 
Ad. sk. 

m. Pull. sk. 
n, o, p. Ad. et 
iinm. sk. 

q. 5 ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s, 
2 inim. sk. 

t, u. £ ad.; v. 2 
ad. sk. 
w,x. Ad. sk. 

y, s, «'. c5 a<3-« e^ 
imm. sic. 

V. J imm. sk. 
<?'. J ad. sk. 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct. 

Persian Gulf. 

Island of Tungistan, E. of 
Bushire, June 2 (E. A. 
Butler). 

Mekran Coast, Jan. {A. 0. 

-ar.) 

Mandavi, Kutch, Jan. 25 (JS. 
A.Butler). 
Karachi, Oct. 23 (Col Ze 
Messurier). 
Andamans, Aug. (M. J. 
Wlmberley). 

South Andamans, March 12 
(it?. J. Wimberley). 
Macpherson's Straits, Andamans, 
March (B. G. 

W. 22.). 
Jolly 
Boys Island, Andamans, 
March 9 (W. Damson). 


Aberdeen, S. Andamans, 
June 5 (W. Davison). 
Port Blair, August. 

W. D. Cummin<r, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coil. 
Hume Coll. 

2. OETYXELUS. 
TyF. 
Ortyxelus, Vieill.t, Gal. Ois. ii. p. 91 (1834) 0. meiffreni 
Torticella (ubi ?), teste Gloger. 
Psilocnemis, Gloger., Handb. Nature/, p. 403 (1842) 0. meifireni. 
Helortyx, Agassiz, Index Univ. p. 176 (1846) 0. meiffreni. 
Oxytelus, Reichenb. Av. Syst.Nat. p. xxviii (1852) 0. meiffreni. 

Mange. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Ortyxelus meiffreni. 
Turnix meiffreni, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 49 (1818); 
Heugl in Beterm. Mitth. 1869, p. 413 (Kordofan). 
Hemipodius nivosus, Szvains. Bhil. Mag. Ix. p. 353 (1822); id. Zool. 
Illustr. iii. pi. 163 (1823); id. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 225 (1837). 
, Hemipodius meiffreni, Temm. Bl. Col. T. pi. 60. fig. 1 (1823). 

Ortyxelus meiffreni, Vieill Gal. Ois. ii. p. 92, pi. 300 (1834) ; Gray. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 511 (1847); Strickl. B. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kordofan) 
; Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 204 (1857: Senegal) j id. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 267 (Grand Bassam); Gray, BLand-l B. u. p. 271, 
no. 9752 (1870); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 912 (1873; 
Central and Southern Kordofan); iSharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 543 
(Turquel). 

Ortygis meifireni, Jard. Nat. Hist. Game-birds, p. 189, pi. xxvii. 

(1834). 
Psilocnemis meifireni, Gloger, Handb. Nat. p. 403 (1842). 
Torticella meiffreni, Gloger, Handb. Nat. p. 403 (1842). 
Helortyx meifireni, Agassiz> Index Univ. p. 176 (1846). 


2 . ORTYXELUS. 
Oxytelusmeiffreni, Meichmb.Av.8yst Nat, Gall Taf. 325.figs. 18011803 
(1852). 
Ortyxelus isabellinus, Heugl, Si/st. TJebers. p. 52 (1856); id, J.f. 0. 
1862, p. 414. # 

Adult male. General colour above variegated like a Quail or 
Hemipode, vinous red, vermiculated with black and streaked with 
white or sandy buff, the feathers being edged with the latter colours, 
this light edging being accompanied by an internal line of black; 
wing-coverts white, the inner ones like the back, but with larger 
markings of white and the other pattern rather more coarsely 
indicated; primary-coverts and quills blackish, the outer primaries 
with a sandy-buff spot at the ends, vermiculated with black, and 
having a white or sandy-buff band across the basal portion of the 
feathers, increasing towards the outermost or first quill, which is 
white for two thirds of its length, with a sub-terminal black patch ; 
the inner primaries and secondaries black, with a broad white tip, 
the innermost being sandy rufous, variegated like the back, but 
much more coarsely; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more 
uniform vinous red, with a few dusky cross-bars and concealed white 
spots, the bars more distinct on the upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers 
sandy buff, the centre ones distinctly barred across with dusky 
brown, the remainder vermiculated but not barred, the outermost 
feather for the most part white, with a wash of sandy buff on the 
inner web and a dusky Hne in the centre; head a little browner 
than the back, less distinctly varied with sandy markings, the centre 
of the crown streaked with creamy buff, forming a broad longitudinal 
streak; a broad eyebrow and the sides of the face creamy 
white, with a brown streak behind the ear-coverts; throat and 
under surface of body white, washed with creamy buff on the 
throat and chest; the fore neck and sides of upper breast sandy 
rufous, vermiculated with dusky blackish and spotted with white 
like the upper surface of the body; under wing-coverts white; the 
lower primary-coverts blackish, forming a patch; inner lining of 
quills isabelHne buff, followed by a broad black patch on the 
primaries, which are tipped with white: " bill horn-yellow; feet 
and claws pale horn-yellow, the claws of the middle toes marked 
with blackish " (von Seuglin): " feet white; iris light brown " 

(F. J. Jackson). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3, 
tail 1*25, tarsus 0*65. (Mus. F. J. Jackson.) 
Hob. "West Africa, from the River Gambia to Grand Bassam, reoccurring 
in North-eastern Africa in Kordofan as far south as 
Turquel. 

a })m A.d. sk. Senegambia. Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. Senegambia. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
CURSORIIDiE. 

3. PLUVIANUS. „. 
Type. 
Pluvianus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 55 (1816) P. aegyptius. 
Cursorius, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 978 P. aegyptius. 
Hyas, Gloger in Froriep's Noiizen, xvi. p. 279 (1827) .. P. aegyptius. 
Arnmoptila, Swainson, Massif. B. ii. g. 364 (1837) P. aegyptius. 
Cheilodromas, Hupp. Mus. Senchenb. ii. p. 208 (1837) .. P. segyptius. 

Range. The greater part of West Africa, from the Coanza River 
to Senegambia and across to JO). Africa and Egypt, occurring as a 
straggler in the countries of the Mediterranean. 

1. Pluvianus asgyptius. 
Charadrius aegyptius, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 254 (176G). 
Pluvian du Senegal, DAubenton, PL Bnl ix. pi. 918. 
Le Pluvian, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii, p. 104 (1781). 
Black-headed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn.iiL pt. 1, p. 217 (1785). 
Charadrius melanocephalus, Grn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788). 
Green-headed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. 320 (1801). 
Charadrius africanus, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. Ixvii (1801). 
Pluvianus melanocephalus, Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist Nat xxvii. p. 129 


(1818); id. Gal Ois. ii. pi. 233 (1825). 
Pluvianus chlorocephalus, Vieill. N. Bict $Hist. Nat xxvii. p. 130 

(1818). 
Cursor charadrioides, Way I Syst. Av. Cursorius, sp. 6, p. 81 (1827). 
Arnmoptila charadrioides, Swains. Classif. B.ii. p. 364 (1837). 
Cheilodromas melanocephalus, Bupp. Mus. Senchenh. ii. p. 208 (1837: 

Egypt and Nubia). 
Pluvianus aegyptius, Strickl. Ann. fy Mag. N. H. vii. p. 37 (1841), 

xiii. p. 39 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 536 (1844); Bupp. Syst. 
TJebers. p. 117 (1845); Strickl B. Z. 8.1850, p. 221; Reichenb. Av. 
Syst. Nat, Gall. p. xxx, Taf. 374.figs. 2120-2123 (1852); Bp. C. B. 
xliii.p. 419 (1856) ,* Hartl. Orn. West-Afi\ p. 209 (1857); Taylor, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 52 (Egypt); Hartl J. f. O. 1861, p. 268 (Bissao; 
Gaboon; Casamanse) j T?-ist?\ Ibis, 1862, p. 279 (Jordan Valley); 
Mont t. c. p. 336 (River Coanza); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 29 (Egypt) j 
Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 99 (1864); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 62 
(1865) ; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 121 (1867: Spain); Loche, 
Bxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 276 (1867) ,* Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 68 
(Egypt); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 322 (Palestine) ; Gray, Handr-l B. 
iii. p. 18, no. 10035 (1871); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 234 (1872); 
Bresser, B. Bur. vii. p. 521, pi. 527 (1878); Hartl Abh. nat 
Verein. Brem. vii. p. 120 (1881: Lado) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. 
p. 600 (1882: Khartoum); Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 560 (Shonga); 
Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 131 (1884); Koentg, J.f 0.1888, 
p. 265,1893, p. 79 (Algeria). 
Pluvianus aegyptiacus, Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, Extraheffc, p. 102 ; 
Heugl Syst Uebers. p. 54 (1856). 
Hyas aegyptia, Cab. J.f.O. 1854, p. 70. 
Hyas aegyptiaca, Brehm, J.f. 0.1856, p. 329. 
Cursorius aegyptius, Schl. Mus. Pay-Bas, Cursores, p. 14 (1865: 

Nile). 

Pluvianus aegypticus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 976 (1873: 
Egypt, south from the Delta to Nubia, rarer on the Blue and 
White Niles, and Djur River, 8° 25' 30"). 

Hyas aegyptius, Heine $ Beichen. Nomencl Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339 
(1890: Kordofan, Senaar). 

3 . PLUVIANT/S. 3 3 
Adult male. General colour above slaty brown; crown of head, 
Mnd neck, and mantle glossy greenish black, the feathers of the 
mantle elongated and lanceolate, so as to overhang the lower back, 
concealing a white patch on the upper back; the mantle bordered 
on its upper part by a broad band of white on each side; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series white with ashy bases; 
bastard-wing black, the feathers edged externally with slaty grey ; 
primary-coverts black, edged with slaty grey, the inner ones white, 
with black tips; quills black, the outer primaries ashy at the base, 
the remainder of the quills white at the base, the primaries tipped 
with black, preceded by a broad white band, occupying nearly the 
terminal third of the feather; the secondaries crossed by a broad 
black band before the white tips, this black band narrowing and 
almost disappearing on the inner secondary quills; the innermost 
secondaries slaty blue like the back, with white ends, except on the 
longer ones, which are entirely slaty blue ; tail-feathers slaty blue, 
with broad white tips, preceded by a band of black on all but the 
centre feathers; crown of head greenish black, as also the lores, 
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts, extending in a black band 
down the sides of the neck and joining the black mantle ; from the 
base of the bill a broad streak of white, passing over the eye and 
joining on the sides of the nape, and forming a crest; cheeks and 
chin white, fading off into pale tawny buff on the lower throat and 
fore neck ; across the chest a band of black, which continues upward 

and joins the sides of the neck; centre of the breast and abdomen 
white, extending on the chest and joining the white band which 
skirts each side of the scapulars; sides of the body, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts tawny buff, deeper on the latter; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the quills also for the most part white 
below, with the black band distinctly indicated across the feathers; 
"bill black; feet bright leaden grey; iris umber-brown" (yon 
Eeuglin). Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 5'4, tail 2-3, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the long mantle-feathers 
not so strongly developed. Total length 8*3 inches, wing 5*3, 
tarsus 1*25. 

Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

<2, b. Ad. sk. Egypt. L. Cunningham, Esq. 
c, d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h. $ ftd. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
Egypt. 
Cairo, April 4. 
5th Cataract of the Nile. 
Senegal (D'Einvilk). 
Shonga, R. Niger (W. 
A. F.). 
River Coanza. 
Victor Ames, Esq. lif.j. 
Gould Coll. 
F. Galton, Esq. [P.]. 
Rioeour Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
Monteiro Coll. 

VOL. XXIV. D 

34 CURSOEIIB^]. 
4. CUKSOKIUS. T 
Type. 
Cursorius, Za^ . irc^. 0;-??. ii. p. 751 (1790) C. gallicus. 
Tachydromus, lllig. JProdr. p. 250 (1811) 0. gallicus. 
Cursor, Wagler, Syst. Av. p. 80 (1827) C. gallicus. 

Fig. 5.—Foot of Cursorius gallicus. 

Fig. 6.—Middle claw of right foot of C. gallicus (seen from inner side) to 
show the pectination (enlarged). 

Range. The whole of Africa, the Mediterraneo-Persic Sub-region, 
and the whole of India and Northern Ceylon. 

Key to tlie Species. 

a. 
No black patch on the belly. Hinder part of 
crown pale bluish or pearly grey. 
a' Axillaries and under wing-coverts black 
like the quill-lining gallicus, p. 34. 
b'. 
Axillaries ashy; under wing-coverts also 
light brown, the least series isabelline like 
the breast somalensis, p. 37. 


b. A black patch on the belly. 
c. 
Hinder head grey; secondaries with a grey 
base rufusj p. 38. 
d'. Hinder head rufous or chestnut, like the 
rest of the crown. 
a". A white band across the upper tail-
coverts ,* secondaries ashy, tipped with 
white, subterminally marked with black, coromandelicus, p. 

b". 
No white band across the upper tail-
coverts; secondaries ashy brown, externally 
black, with a small white tip.. temmincki, p. 41. 

1. Cursorius gallicus. 
Le Courvite, DAubent. PI Enl. ix. pi. 795. 
Le Coure-vite, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 128 (1781). 
Cream-coloured Courser, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 217 (1785) ; 


Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 376 (1843). 

Charadrius gallicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788) ; Webb $ Berth. 
Orn. Canar. p. 31 (1841); Bolle, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 175; id.J.f.O. 
1857, p. 335. 

Cursorius 
europaeus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 751 (1790); Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. $ N. Am. p. 45 (1838); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxx 
(1844); Yarr. Brit. B. (2nd ed.) ii. p. 431 (1845) ; Macgill. Brit. 

4. CURSOKIUS. 
35 
B. iv. p. 42 (1852); Yarr. Brit B. (3rd ed.) ii. p. 460 (1850); 
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 54 (1856); Adams, Ibis, 1804, p. 28 (Eygpt); 
PTn^, & c. p. 140 (Malta); Borggr. Yogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 105 
(1869); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 250 '(1871 : near Lanark); 
Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 220 ; Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B, iii. p. 238 
(1883): Lilford, Ibis, 1884, p. 124 (Spain); Radde, Orn. Cauc. 
pp. 44, 423 (1884: Black & Caspian Seas). 

Cbaradrius eorrira, Bonn, Enc. Meth. i. p. 23 (1791). 

Cursorius 
i«abellimis, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 328 (1810); Temm. 
Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 513 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Counters, pi. 5 
(1827); Less. Man.d,Orn.ii.j).m3(l82&); Brekm, Tog. Deutschl 

p. 536 (1831); Mentor. Cat Rais. Cauc. p. 52 (1832)"; Gould, B. 
Eur. iv. pi. 206 (1837); Cresjj. Orn. Gard, p. 346 (1840); Boyd. 
B. Cauc. p. 154 (1879) ; Koenig, J. f. 0. 1888, p. 266 (Tunis); 
Ahssi, J.f. 0. 1892, pp. 316, 317 (Tunis); Albarda, t. c. p. 424 
(Xetherlands). 
Tachydromus gallicus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 250 (1811); Roux, Orn. 
Prov. pi. 269 (1825); Lioht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 94 (1854); 
Brehm, Vdgelf. p. 279 (1855); Seine 8f Rdchen. Nomencl Mus. 
Hein. Orn. p. 339 (1890). 

Tachydromus europreus, Vieill N. Diet. dHist. Nat. viii. p. 293 
(1817). 
Cursor isabellinus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Cursor, p. 80, sp. 1 (1827); Nordm. 

in Demid. Vog. Riiss. Merid. iii. p. 230 (1840). 
Cursor europasus, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vii. p. 77, pi. 171 (1834). 
Cursorius gallicus, Gray, List Gralke Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1844); id. 

Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844) ; Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Gall p. xxx, 
pi. 374. figs. 2124-26 (1852) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 

p. 442 (1859); Remits. Ibis, 1859, p. 79, pi. ii. fig. 3 (ego); Salvin, 
t. c. p. 354 (Eastern Atlas); Trhtr. Ibi^, 1860, p. 79 (Sahara) ; 
Gray, List Brit. B. p. 136 (1863); Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, Cursores, 
p. 12 (1865: Tripoli); Heugl. J.f.O. 1865, p.'99 (resident in 
Egypt, Nubia, and Kordofan); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 44 
(1866); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 67 (Egypt); Blyth, t. e. p. 163 
(Delhi); Drake, t e. p. 429 (Morocco); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 
ii. p. 118 (1867); Locke, Expl. Sci Alger.,'Ois. ii. p. 274 (1867); 
Hume, Ibis, 1868, p. 239 (Punjab); Tristr. t. c. p. 322 (Palestine); 
Eritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 330, Taf. 32. figs. 7, 8 (1870); Gray, Iland-l. 
B. iii. p. 19, no. 10036 (1871); Ilarting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 131 
(1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 229 (1872); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Jfr. 
ii. pt. 1, p. 965 (1873 : Arabia Petrea; Coast of Bed Sea); Hume, 
Str. F. i. p. 228 (1873: Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 393 (Sambhur, 
winter); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 425, pi. 514 (1875); Irby, Orn. 
Straits Gibr. p. 155 (1875); Guniey, Ibis, 1875, p. 142 (Tibrem); 
Blanf. East Persia, ii. p. 281 (1876) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 280 (Kathiawar); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 11 (1876: Guzerat); 
id. op. cit v. p. 232 (1877: Deesa); Hume, Str. E. viii. p. 112 
(1879); Irbif, Ibis, 1879, p. 345 (Malaga); Butler, Cat B. Sind 
etc. p. 57 (1879); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 208 (Italy); Sol. P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 173 (Socotra); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 593 (1882: 
Susa, Tunis) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 156 (1883; ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 368 (1886); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 116; Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 205 
(1887) ; Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 77 (Teneriffe) ; Seebolmi, Geogr. 
Distrib. Charadr. p. 235 (1888); Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 44 
(1888); Tristr. Cat Coll. p. 22(1889: Yorkshire); Sharpe, Jr. 
Linn. Soc, Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 88 (1889: Gulran); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 
-36 CURSORIID^l. 

1889, pp. 11, 505 (Fuerteventura); Tristr. t c. p. 25 (Gran 
Canaria) ; St John, t c. p. 175 (Pishin Valley); Seebohm, Ibis, 
1892, p. 21 (Heligoland) ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 203 (Canary 
Is.); Sharpe, Bull B. O. C. iii. p. 5 (1893: Snaking Lilford, 
Col Fig. Br. B. part xxviii. (1894). 

Cursorius pallidus, Brehm, Vogelf p. 279 (1855). 
Cursorius brachydactylus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 279 (1855). 
Cursorius famesoni, " Jerd.," Stoliczha, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 250 


(1872 : foitch); Hume, Str. F. I p. 219 (1873). 
Cursorius isabellinus, var. bogolubovi, Zai-udn. Bull. Soc. Imp. Xat. 
Mosc. (7) Ixi. p. 327 (1885 : Murgab Paver). 

Adult male. General colour above isabelline-buff; wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater coverts and inner secondaries a little more 
sandy rufous * bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black* 
the secondaries black, sandy-coloured externally, fringed with white 
at the ends; tail-feathers sandy rufous, tipped with white, before 
which is a black sub-terminal band; fore part of crown sandy rufous; 
the hinder crown and nape bluish grey, concealing a black nape-
patch ; loral feathers isabelline-white; from above the eye a broad 
white band joining on the nape, followed by a black band from 
behind the eye above the ear-coverts to the nape; feathers below 
the eye whitish ; ear-coverts sandy rufous; fore part of cheeks and 
upper throat white; lower throat and under surface of body sandy 
isabelline, becoming whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining black; the lesser 
wing-coverts round the edge of the wing sandy rufous: " bill dusky 
black, angle of mouth and base of mandible white ; feet livid yellow; 
iris umber-brown " (von Heuglhi). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 6-35, tail 2-35, tarsus 2*25. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 6*2, tail 2*3, tarsus 2*1. 
Young. Eeproduces the colours of the adult, but has wavy bands 
all over the upper surface. 
Specimens from Western localities are rather more sandy in colour, 
and have often less black on the sub-terminal band of the tail. 

Hah. Desert countries of the Mediterranean, and the Canary and 
Cape Yerd Islands; eastwards to Arabia, Socotra, Persia, Afghanistan, 
and N.W. India. 

a. Ad. skb. Ad. sk.
c. d. Ad.; e, f 
Sicily. 
Cape Verd Islands. 
Fuerteventura. 
Seebohm Coll. 
M. A. Bouvier [C.]. 
E. G. Meade-Waldo, 
Pull. st.
g. Ad. sk. 
^ 
Algerian Sahara (J. H. Gurney). 
Esq.. [P.J. 
Hume Coll. 
k. Juv. sk.
i. Imm. sk. 
Tunis.^ 
Tripoli. 
L. Fraser [C.]. 
Purchased. 
7c, I Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n, S ad. sk.
o, p, a. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk. 
Egypt. 
Egypt, Feb. 4 (Q. K S.). 
Tipper Egypt, Ded. (StaffordAllen), 
Near Cairo, Feb. 
Suakin, Red Sea. 
Hon. C.Berkeley [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. Worthington 
[P.]. 
Capt. K H. Penton 
[p.]. 

4 . CTJRSOKIFS. 
3 7 
s. Ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
v. <$ ad. sk. 
w. J ad. sk. 
x. J ad. sk. 
?/. <$ ad. sk. 
s. (5* ad. sk. 
a'. Ad. sk. 
b'. <$ ad. sk. 
c'. (S ad. sk. 

d-'. Imm. sk. 

e. cS ad. sk. 
/'. Ad. sk 
g', A', *'. Ad. sk. 

&', /', ?n'. J ad. sk. 
ri-rf. Ad. sk. 
*'. Ad. sk. 

t'. 2 ad. sk. 
u\ v', to'. Q a^


sk. 
v'iy'>d ? ad.sk. 
2', a\ <$ ad. sk. 
ft". $ ad. sk. 

c", d". & ad. ; 

e"-k".$ ad.sk. 
/"-/'. Ad. sk. 
#"-£". tfad.; w", 

v", w". J ad. 

sk. 
x". $ ad- sk. 
y". Skeleton. 

Kliartoum. 

Socotra, Feb. 27. 

Near Gundwa, S. Persia, Nov. 
Karez, Khorasan, June 8. 
Gulran, N. Afghanistan. 

Chaman, S. Afghanistan, Aug. 4 

(Sir 0. St John). 

Gwadar, Baluchistan, Nov. 

Pishin, Aug. 20 (Sir 0. St. 

John). 
Kathiawar, Feb. 22. 
Karachi, Sind (Br. H. Gould). 

Near Tatta, Sind,Dec.Z(W.T. 

Blanford). 

Dil Murad, N. Sind, Dec. 23 

(A. 0. E.). 
N. of Jacobabad, Nov. 20 (Sir 
0. St. John). 
Punjab, Feb." 

Sirza district, cold season 1870


71. 
Sirza district, Nov. (A. 0. H.). 
Sirza district, Dec. 
Hissar, Punjab, Dec. 15 (A. 0. 


jr.). 
Gurgaon district, Feb. 10. 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Jan., Feb. 

(W.N. Chill).
Ajmir, Dec. (A. 0. JS.). 
Jodhpur, Feb. (A. 0. H.). 
Maidan, near Erinpura, Dec. 29 

(G. King). 
Sambhur Lake, Dec. 15 (A. 0. 
II).
Sambhur, Dec. (A. 0. H.). 
Sambhur, Dec. to Feb. (JR. M. 

Adam). 

Mukrana, Dec. 14 (A. 0. S.). 

2. Cursorius somalensis. 
Consul Petherick 
[P.]. 
Prof. I. B. Balfour 
[o.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Dr. AitchisonJT.]. 
Dr. Aitchison [P.*J. 
Hume Coll. 

W. T. Blanford. Esq. 
[0.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Col. Hayes Lloyd. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Purchased. 


Cursorius gallicus somalensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 415. 
Cursorius somalensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 116 j id. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 237, pi. xi. (1888). 
Adult. Similar to C, gallicus, but distinguished by the ashy-grey 
axillaries, the lighter under wing-coverts, and the much, larger paten 
of black on the inner web of the outer tail-feathers. Total length 
7*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 5*25* tail 1*3, tarsus 2*2. 
Hob, Somali-land. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Somali-land (B. Lort Phillips). Seebohm Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
CUBSOBIID^:. 

3. Cursorius ruins. 
Cursorius 
rufus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 81; id. Ico?ies Av. pi. 10 
(1837); Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 13 (I860); Ayres, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 299 (Transvaal, breeding); id. Ibis, 1871, p. 269 
(Transvaal) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 347 (Potchefstroom) ; id. Ibis, 
1880, p. Il l (Eustenberg); Sharjie, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 653 
(1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 347 (Transvaal, June to Sept.; 
breeding) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 117 ; id. Geogr. Disir. Charadr. 

p. 238 (1888) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1888, p. 334 (Kroonstadt). 
Tachydromus capensi-s, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 201 (1837). 
Tachydromus burchelli, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 364 (1837); id. An. 
mMenag.-p.310 (1837). 
Cursorius burchelli, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844); Layard, B. 

S. Afr. p. 289 (1867: Karoo; Nel's Poort; Beaufort; Colesbergj; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10037 (1871) ; Holub fy Pek. Beitr. 
Orn. Sildafr. p. 246 (1882 : High plateau of S. Africa to Orange 
Eiver and Vaal Eiver); Butler, Feilden, fyBeid, Zool. 1882, p. 340 
(Natal). 
Tachydromus rufus, Heine § Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. 

p. 339(1890: S. Afiica). 
Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, the wings like 
the back, with a slight shade of ashy over the wing-coverts, the 
greater series decidedly more ashy ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and primaries black; the secondaries ashy with broad white ends, 
forming a broad terminal band ; the white increasing on the inner 
web of the inner secondaries, which are somewhat rufescent externally 
; the innermost secondaries rufous-brown like the scapulars; 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers ashy grey, the latter 
tipped with a black band, which becomes sub-terminal on the outer 
feathers, which have white ends; the outermost feather almost 
entirely white, with a grey base and a sub-terminal spot near the end 
of the inner web ; forehead cinnamon-rufous, as well as the fore part 
of the crown; centre and hinder crown bluish grey, with a black patch 
on the nape, surrounded by a broad band of white, which extends to 
the hinder part of the eye ; lores and feathers below the eye whitish 
with a rufescent tinge; cheeks and ear-coverts cinnamon-rufous, 
separated from the white eyebrow by a line of black; throat white; 
remainder of under surface of body rufons-drab, paler on the chest; 
a black patch on the lower breast; abdomen, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts white; axillaries ashy brown, white at the ends ; under 
wing-coverts black, the inner ones rufous-brown; the long inner 
greater coverts white for their terminal half: " bill dusky, the 
lower mandible pale at the base; tarsi and feet white; iris very 
dark hazel" (T. Ayres). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 
5-25, tail 1*8, tarsus 1*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1, wing 5-4, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*9. 
Hah. South Africa, below the Orange Eiver on the west, but 
ranging as high as Matabele-land on the east. 

a, b. Ad, et juv. Cape Colony (Layard; Anders- Seebohm Coll. 
sk. son). 

c. J ad. sk. 
d, e. Ad. sk. 
f, g, h. $ ad. sk. 
i. $ ad.sk. 
k, I. Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
7i. <$ ad.; o, p. 

2 ad. sk. 

q. Ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
5. <$ ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
4. CUKSOBIUS. 
Hope Town, May (T. C. Atmore).
Kingwilliamstown, S.E. Africa.
Kingwilliamstown, May (C.

Newly). 

Kuruman.
Natal.
Natal {T. Ayres).
Orange Free State. June 12


(T. E. Buckley). 
Transvaal.
Potchefstroom, Nov. 18 (T.
Ayres). 
Kustenberg, July 14 (T. Ayres).
Makalaka Country (Dr. Bradshaio). 


39 

 Sharpe Coll. 
Major Trevelyan [P.]. 
Major Trevelyan [P.J. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

 Sharpe CQII. 
Gurney Coll. 

 Gurney Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

4. Cursorius coromandelicus. 
Courvite de la Cote de Coromandel, DAubent. PI Enl. ix. pi. 892. 
Coromandel Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 217 (1785). 
Chaiadrius coromandelicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788). 
Cursorius asiaticus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 751 (1790); Less. Man. 

tfOrw. iLp 302 (1828). 
Tachydromus coromandelicus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 250 (1811); Heine 

Sf Reichen. Nomencl Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339 (1890). 
Cursor frenatus, Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 80, sp. 2 (1827). 
Taehydromus asiaticus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 90, pi. 232 (1830). 
Tachydromus orlentalis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 339 (1837). 
Cursorius tarayensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pis. 44, 

44 a (no. 574); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 

Cursorius coromandelicus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844); id. List 
Grallce in Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1844: Nepal); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. 
Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 131 (1846); Reichenb. Av. Syst Nat., Gall. 
Taf. 374. %. 2128 (1852); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh) ; 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Oursores, p. 13 (1865) j Gould, B. Asia, 

vii. pi. 65 (1866); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 163; Hume, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 239 (Sirsa, Ferozepur); Beavan, t. c. p. 388 (Umbala); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 19, no. 10039 (1871); Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. 
xli. p. 250 (1871: Kutch); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 415 
(Kathiawar); Hume, Nests § Fggs Ind. B. p. 564 (1873) j Adam, 
Str. F. i. p. 393 (1873: Sarnbbur); Hume, t c. p. 421 (Sindh); 
Ball, Sir. F. ii. p. 429 (1874: Chota Nagpur); Parker, Str. F. iii. 
p. 26 (1875: Muddapur); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 10 (1876; 
Guzerat: migrant); Fairb. t c. p. 262 (Khandala); Butler, Str. 
F. v. p. 232 (1877: Deesa, Sept. to April); Blanf. t. c. p. 247 
(Sind); Butler, t. c. p. 327 (Karachi); Ball, t. c. p. 419 (Sumbalpur, 
Kaipur, Orissa); Hume, Str. F. vii, p. 67 (1878: Jodhpur); 
Davidson §• Wenden, t. c. p. 87 (Deccan); Ball, t. c. p. 226 
(Ganges to Godavery); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Il l (1879); Boig, 
t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra: breeding in Julv); Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. 
p. 977 (1880); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 56 (1879); id. Cat. B. 
S. Bomb, Pres. p. 71 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 77 (1880: S. 
Konkan); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 64 (1881: Lucknow); Davison, 
t c. p. 412 (1883: S.W. Mysore); Smnh. Sf Barnes, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 132 (Mhow); McGregor, Str. F. x. p. 441 (1887: E. of 
Belgaum); Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadr. p. 241 (1888). 
CURSOKIID^. 

Adult male. General colour above cindery grey with a faint sandy 

wash; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back ; bastard-

wing, primary-coverts, and quills purplish black• secondaries not 

so black, broadly tipped with white, and more greyish brown on 

the inner web; upper tail-coverts white; tail-feathers ashy-grey, 

tipped with white, before which is a sub-terminal black band, 

indistinct on the central feathers and only visible to a slight degree 

on the outer feather, where there is black on the inner web only, the 

outer one being pure white; crown of head bright chestnut, con


cealing a large occipital patch of black; a loral band of black 

reaching to the fore part of the eye ; a superciliary band of silvery 

white, encircling the nape and followed by a band of black, which 

extends from behind the eye round the nape; feathers below the 

eye white; cheeks and throat whitish washed with rufous, deepen


ing into cinnamon on the lower throat and chest, and becoming 

deep chestnut on the breast, the chestnut patch followed by a large 

abdominal patch of black; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-

coverts white ; sides of body and flanks, as well as the inner under 

wing-coverts and axillaries, ashy brown; under wing-coverts and 

under surface of primaries black: " bill blackish, the gape and base 

of lower mandible yellowish; feet yellowish white or whitish, the 

joints dark; claws black: iris dark brown" (W. V. Legge). Total 

length 8*8 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 5*8, tail 2*1, tarsus 2*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 9*8 

inches, culmen 0-9, wing 6*1, tail 2*1, tarsus 2*1. 

Young. Differs from the adults in being mottled all over with 

brown and yellowish buff as well as being centred with fulvous ; the 

secondaries and end of the tail varied in the same manner; head 

like the back ; the white eyebrow indistinct and washed with sandy 

buff; the facial markings visible but indistinct; the throat sandy 

white: the fore neck and breast pale cinnamon, freckled with sub


terminal spots and bars of brown; lower surface of wing as in the 

adults, but the axillaries lighter and more ashy brown. 

Hah. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. 

a. $ ad. sk. Gkiznee, Sind (Dr. II Gould). Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Bare plains near Jokee, Sind, Hume Coll. 
Dec. 25 (A. 0. H.). 
c. Ad. sk. Mooltan (Major Tweedie). Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Deesa. Colonel E. A. Butler 
[0-]. 
e. ($ ad. sk. Deesa, Nov. 21 (JS. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 
/. <$ ad.; ff, h. Sambhur Lake, Dec. {A. O.JS.). Hume Coll. 
S ad. sk. 
i, 
7c, L c? ad. Sambkur Lake, April, May, Aug. Hume Coll. 
sk. (R M. Adam). 

m. <$ ad. sk. Jcdbpur, Feb. 6 {A. 0. B.). Hume Coll. 
n, o, p. d2 Gurgaon district, Jan., Feb. (A. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. O.H.), 
a, r, 8. J ad. ; Gurgaon, Jan., June, Aug., Oct. Hume Coll. 
t, u. § ad. (W.N. Chill). 
sk. 


4. cuRSOEitrs. 
41 

v. Ad. sk. Sirza district, cold season 1870-71. Hume Coll. 
tc, .v, y. Ad. ; Sirza, Nov., Dec, March. Hume Coll. 
z. Pull, sk 
«'. Ad. sk. Hissar, Oct. 8. Plume Coll. 
6'. Ad. sk. Ferozepur ( W. Griffith). India Museum. 
c'} d'. J $ ad. Unibala,Nov. (22. C. Beamn). Tweeddale Coll. 
e',f'. J 5 ad. Muttra, Jan. 19 (A. 0. H). Hume Coll. 

sk. 
#'. xAd. sk. Kumaun Terai, March. Col. Biddulph. 
A'-w'. Ad. sk. 

Etawah, Dec, March (A. 0. II.). Hume Coll/ 

o. Ad. sk. 
Oude. Hume Coll. 

^'? q'. Ad. sk. 

-Behar. Hodgson Coll. 

/ . Ad. sk. 

Nepal Terai. Hodgson Coll. 
(Type of C. tarayensis.)

s\ <$ ad. sk. 

Mainpuri, March 7 (A.Anderson). Hume Coll. 

t',u',v'. c?ad.; 

«?'. Jad.sk. Muddapur, Jan. (W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll. 

x'-b". Ad. sk. Gwalior [S. Fimoill). Tweeddale Coll. 

e". Ad. sk. Saugor (Hooper). India Museum. 

d". Ad. sk. Saugor. Hume Coll. 

e". Ad. sk. Mundla district, April (JR. Thomp- Hume Coll. 

son).
/". <$ ad. sk. Mhow, Nov. 28. Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
y". $ ad. sk. Khandeish, July 28 (J. Davidson). Hume Coll. 

h". Ad.sk. Heccan (Col. Sykes). India Museum. 

*", &". <J ? N. of Ahmednuggur, Jan. (S. B. Tweeddale Coll. 

ad. sk. Fairbank). 

/'', m". $ ad.; Ahinednuggur, Dec. (S. B. Fair- Tweeddale Coll. 

'i",o",p". ? 

ad. sk. 

<y". c? ad. sk. Belgaum, Jan. 25 (B. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 

r", s". Ad. sk. Madras (B. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 

Madras. Hume Coll. 

t", u". s 2 ad. 
sk. 


Mysore (B. G. W. B.). Tweeddale Coll. 

v", w". Ad. sk. 

Jaffna, N. Ceylon (A. Whyte). Tweeddale Coll 

x". Ad. sk. 

5. Cursorius temmincki. 
Cursorius temmincki, Swains. Zool Illustr. ii. pi. 106 (1822) j Less. 
Man. £0rn. ii. p. 303 (1828). 
Tachydromus senegalensis, Licht. Verz. DoubL p. 72 (1823); Heine 
§* Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339 (1890: Gaboon). 
Cursor temmincki, Wagl. Syst. Av. Cursor, p. 80, sp. 3 (1827). 
Cursorius senegalensis, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. pi. 24 (1837); Gray, 
List Grallce in Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1844: Gambia); id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 537 (1844); Bilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 117 (1845); Reichenb. Av. 
Syst. Nat, Gall. Taf. 375.figs. 2129-30 (1852); Heugl Syst. Uebers. 
p. 54 (1856: E. Senaar); Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 209 (1857: 
Senegambia ; Ashantee $ Sierra Leone); Mont. Ibis, 1865, p. 335 
(Cambambe)j Heugl J. / . O. 1865, p. 99 (E. Kordofan; 
Senaar: C. Abyssinia to 6000 feet) ; Sclil. Mus. Fays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 13 (1865 : Gold Coast; Senegal); Hartl. F. Z. 8. 
1866, p. 61; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 290 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, 
p. 375 (Daggaboer's Nek, Eastern Gape Colony); Sharpe, F. Z. S. 
1869, p. 570; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 19, no. 10038 (1871); 
42 
CURSORIID.^!. 

Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p, 433 (Transvaal) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. 
Dam. Ld. p. 261 (1892: Ondonga); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 
pt. 1, p. 968 (1873 : Tana Lake, April, May; E. Kordofan, "Oct) ; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 419 (1881; Novo Redondo; Quillengues ; 
Caconda; Gambos; Humbe; Capangombe ; Bongo); Shelley, 

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 598 (Melinda); Holub $ Beh. Beitr. Orn. 
Sildafr. p. 246 (1882 ; Orange Free State ; S. Transvaal; Betchuanaland 
to Zambesi) ; Butler, Feilden, §* Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 341; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 216 (1884: Shoa); Sharpe, 
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 654 (1881: general throughout Cape 
Colony); Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 51 (Gonda); Fischer, t. c. 
p. 115 (Lindi); Matschie, J.f. 0. 1887, p. 138; Seebohm, Geogr* 
Distr. Charad. p. 239 (1888); Bilttik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 243 
(1888 : Katinga) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Lamu); Emin, J.f. 0. 
1891, p. 68 (Usagara; not on coast) ; Reichen. t. c. p. 141 (Ugogo ; 
Mpapwa; Tabora in Uniamembe). 
Cursorius capensis 
(nee Swains.), Gray, List Grallce in Brit. Mus. 

p. 61 (1844: S.Africa). 
Cursorius buxchelli (nee SzoainsX Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 217 (Natal), 
186&, p. 299. 

Adult. Similar to G. coromandeltcus, and having the same 
chestnut head and black and white facial markings ; no white 
bar across the upper tail-coverts; a large black patch on the upper 
abdomen: " bill dusky, under mandible pale; shanks, tarsi, and 
feet white; iris dusky " (T. Ayres). Total length 6*6 inches, culmen 
0*9, wing 4-8, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*5. 

Hal. The greater part of Tropical Africa in suitable localities. 

a. 
Ad. sk. River Gambia. Governor Kendall 
[O.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Bathurst (Quin). Seebohm Coll. 
c. Ad. sjk. Bissao. 
Seebohm Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Accra, April (Smith). Seebohm Coll. 
e. f. 
Ad. et Oambambe, Angola. Monteiro Coll. 
imm. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. Loanda, May (J. J. Monteiro). Sharpe Coll. 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Nov. 22, Seebohm Coll. 
(01 J. Andersson). 
i. Imm. sk. South Africa. 
Gould Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
I Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
m,n. $ $ ad." Kingwilliamstown, May 7 (C. Major Trevelyan 
sk. • Newby). [C.]. 
o,p. cfad.sk. Colenso, Natal, Nov. 21. Capt. Savile Reid 
[C.]. 

q. 2 ad- sk. Macamac, Transvaal, July 24 Gurney Coll. 
(T. Ayres). 
r. $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Lamu, E. Africa, Jan. 10. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[pj. 
*. Ad. sk. Melinda (Sir J. Kirk). Seebohm Coll. 

5 . BHIKOrTILUS. 
5. EHINOPTILUS. T A 
Type. 
Bkinoptilus, SWcfc/. P. £. & 1850, p. 220 B. chalcopterus, 
Macrotarsius («ec Lacejp.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvii. 

pt. 1, p. 254 (1848) B. "bitorquatus. 
Chalcopterus, Reichenb. Nat. Syst Tog. p. xxx 
(1852) B. chalcopterus. 
Hemerodromus, Heugl. Ibis, 1863, p. 131 B. cinctus. 
Batiye. The whole of Africa ; Central India. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Primaries not crossed with a white hand before 
the tips; no white on outer end of first 
primary. 
a'. With two hands across the fore neck. 

a". Inner primaries and secondaries for the 
most part chestnut; both upper and 
lower bands on fore neck black. 


a'". Under surface of body sandy buff, 
including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries : size larger, tarsus 2-2 3; 
wing over 6 inches bicinctus, p. 43. 

V'\ Size smaller, wing not exceeding 5 , ,. . , ,


Pi6

inches; tarsus not exceeding 2 inches. ] ^^noiX * 

b". Inner primaries and secondaries brown l J 5 ^* 
like the rest of the quills, narrowly 
edged with buff or white; upper band 
on fore neck black, lower one chestnut. 


<?'". Penultimate tail-feather with broad 
bars of black and white on the outer 
web . cinctus, p. 46. 

d'". Outer web of penultimate tail-feather 
uniform brown seebohmi, p. 47. 
b\ With one black band across the fore neck ; 
quills tipped with metallic purple. 

c". Tail-feathers tipped with white; no white 
bands across the ends of the major 
coverts chalcopterus, p. 48. 

d". Tail-feathers not tipped with white; a 
distinct white band across the wing, 
formed by the white tips to the major 
coverts albofasciatus, p. 49. 

b. Primaries with a white band; first primary 
externally white bitorquatus, p. 50. 
1. Ehinoptilus "bicinctus. 
Cursorius 
africanus, Temm. Cat Syst Cab. Orn. pp. 175, 263 
(1807). 

Tachydromus collaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Mst. Nat. vm. p. 293 
(1817). 

CTTESOBIIDA 

u 

Cursorius bicinctus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 515 (1820); Jard. $* 
Selby, III Orn. i. pi. 48 (c. 1839); Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. 

p. 61 (1844) j id. Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844): Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 11 (1863: S. Africa); Eartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 61 
(Damara-land); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 290 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, 
p. 76 (Nieuw Veldt) ; Gray, B.and-1. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10040 (1871); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 263 (Transvaal); Gurney in Anderss. B. 
Bam. Ld. p. 261 (1872: Gt. Namaqua; Damara-land); HeugL 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 975 (1873); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 212 (Orange Free State); Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 347 (Potehefstroom, 
breeding); id. Ibis, 1880, p. 266; Holub § Belz. Beitr. 
Orn. Sildafr. p. 247 (1882 : Orange Payer : Molapo); Sharpe, ed. 
Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 654 (1884: Hope Town; Grahamstown ; 
Free State; Cape Colony) ; Sy?nonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 334 (Kxoonstadt); 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadr. p. 242 (1888). 
Cursorius grallator, Leadb. Trans. Linn. Soc. n. s. xvi. p. 92 (1825). 

Cursor bicinctus, Wagl. Syst Av. Cursor, p. 80, sp. 4 (1827). 

Tachydromus bicinctus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 231 (1837); 

Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat, Gall. p. xxx, Taf. 375. nos. 2133-34 

(1852); Licit. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854). 

Rhinoptilus bicinctus, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Siklogolo River; 
Hart River); Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 339 
(1890: Cape). 

Cursorius bicinctus bisignattis (nee Hartl.), Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, 

p. 118; id. Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 243 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above sandy buff, mottled; the 
feathers of the upper surface brown, edged with sandy buff, before 
which is a sub-terminal bar of black; wing-coverts like the back, 
but the sub-terminal black bars rather broader; bastard-wing black, 
the outer feathers edged with sandy rufous; primary-coverts and 
outer primaries black, with a shade of rufous on the inner web ; the 
inner primaries and secondaries cinnamon-rufous, with narrow 
whitish tips, before which is a broken vermiculation of narrow 
blackish bands, which is more distinct on the outer web of the inner 
secondaries, which have more brownish shading on the inner webs ; 
the innermost secondaries brown, with sandy-coloured margins, 
rufescent towards the ends, which are sandy-coloured and separated 
from the sub-terminal rufous shade by a zigzag line of black, which 
extends along the outer web, forming a sub-terminal line of black; 
feathers of the lower back and rump brown, edged with sandy 
rufous, before which is a sub-terminal bar of black; upper tail-
coverts white; tail-feathers blackish, rufescent towards the ends, 
with brown bars and white notches or bands; the two outer tail-
feathers white, with a slight rufous shade near the ends, and with 
a brown bar, the penultimate feather mottled with brown on the 
inner web; crown of head like the back, and squamated in the 
same way, but more minutely; lores and a broad eyebrow sandy 
buff; sides of face and throat sandy buff, narrowly streaked with 
blackish; across the fore neck a narrow black band, extending on 
each side to the sides of the neck, followed by a broad band of sandy 
buff on the lower fore neck, which is followed by a second band of 

5 . EHIN-OPTILUS. 
45 

black on the chest; remainder of under surface of body sandy buff, 
paler and more isabelline on the abdomen; under -wing-coverts and 
axillaries blackish, broadly tipped with sandy buff, the greater 
coverts blackish, tipped with white; axillaries like the breast; quills 
below resembling the upper surface: " bill black; tarsi and toes 
white ; iris dark hazel" (T. Ayres). Total length 8 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 6-1, tail 2-35, tarsus 2-3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 6*15, tail 2*45, tarsus 1*95. 

The specimens from Great Namaqua-land in the Seebohm collection 
are paler and more sandy-coloured than those from the 
south-eastern part of Africa. The example from Ondonga mentioned 
by Mr. Seebohm (Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 243) is still paler, but 
the light colour is evidently due to bleaching in a desert land, for 
the new feathers which the bird is acquiring are not much paler 
than the ordinary rufous form of the species. Mr. Seebohm has 
called this western form Qursorius bicmctus hisignatus, but as the 
tarsus measures 2*05~2,15 inches, it cannot be of this race (vide 
infra). A freshly moulted specimen from JSTamaqua-land (June) 
can" scarcely be distinguished from the eastern specimens, and therefore 
I cannot regard the Kamaqua and Damara birds as constituting 
more than a pale race, which, moreover, it is not necessary to 
name. The wing in the series of B. hicinctus varies from 5*7 to 
6*15 inches, and it will thus be seen that it is always a larger bird 
than B. hisignatus. 

Hah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Mashona, and to 
Damara-land and Ovampo on the west. 

%hA5(C.J.A.). 

a-e. <$ S ad. sk. Beaufort, Karoo, S. Africa SeeTbohni Coll. 
(JS. L. Layard). 
f,g. 8 2 ad. st.
h. i. S 2 ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
S. Africa. 
Hope Town, Griqualand, May(T. C. Atmore). 
Sandy River, Orange Free 
Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
I $ ad. sk.
m. S ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. 2 ad. sk.
State. 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Hountop River, Great Namaqua-
land, June 3 (C J. 
Andersson). 
Great Namaqua-land (C.
J. A.). 
Otumbinque, Damara-land, 
[P.]. 
Gurney Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

2. RMnoptilus bisignatus. (Plate I.) 
Cursorius bisignatus, Hartl P. Z. S. 1865, p.-87 (Benguela); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 19, no. 10042 (1871); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. 422 (1881); Sharpe, ed. Lay art's B. S. Afr. p. 655 (1884). 
Cursorius 
gracilis, Fischer $ Beichen. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 178 (Masailand) 
j Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 390 (1884: Little Aruscha; 
Donjo Ngai; Pars'; Rongo River); id. J.f 0. 1885, p. 115; 

4 6 
CUESORIIDiE. 

Beichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 46 (Magala) ; Emin, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 58; 
Beichen. J.f 0.1891, n. 141 (Ugogo). ^ 
Cursorius bicinctus gracilis, Seebohm, Ibis, 3880, p. 118; id. Geogr. 
Bistr. Charadr. p. 244 (1888). 
Cursorius bicinctus (nee Temm.), Emin, J.f. 0.1891, p. 337 (Ussongo 

Steppes). 
Rhinoptilus gracilis, Sharpe, Bull. B. (X C. iii. p. xiv (1893). 
Rhinoptilus bisignatus, Sharpe, t. c. p. xiv (1893). 

Adult (type of species). Similar to B. bicinctus, but much smaller; 
the edges of the feathers of the upper surface whitish or pale sandy 
rufous ; tail-feathers tipped with white; outer feathers pure white; 
under surface and under wing-coverts and axillaries white: 4i bill 
brownish black ; feet white ; iris brown '' (G. A. Fischer). Total 
length 7*2 inches, culm en 0-55, wing 5-3, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*9. 

Two female specimens from Eastern Africa have the wing 5*055*
15 inches, and the tarsus 1*8-1*85 inch. 
Hab. Masai-land and Ugogo in Eastern Africa, ranging into 
Benguela in South-western Africa. 

a. Ad. sir. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
b. 
J ad. sk. Magala,Ussukcoimtrv,Xov.4, Seebohm Coll. 
(Dr. Fischer). 
c. 
J ad. sk. Muhalala, Ugogo, July 11 Berlin Museum 
(Emm Pasha). " [P.]. 
3. Ehinoptilus hartingi. (Plate II.) 
Rhinoptilus gracilis (nee Cab.), Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 416 (Somali). 
Cursorius bicinctus gracilis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 244 
(1888, pt.). 
Rhinoptilus hartingi, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. iii. p. xiv (1893). 

Adult. Similar to B. bisignatus, and of the same small size, but 
the tint entirely cinnamon-rufous, with a strong tinge of isabelline 
on the abdomen; the lower black chest-band narrower. Total 
length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 5*1, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*8. 

There are three specimens of this very distinct form in the Seebohm 
collection. All have the tarsus 1*8 inch, and the wings vary 
from 4*9-5*6 inches. 

Hab, Somali-land. 

a~c. Ad. sk. Somali-land (E. Lort Phillips). Seebohm Coll. 
(Types of species.) 

4. EMnoptiltLS ductus. (Plate III. lig. 2.) 
Cursorius cinctus, HeugL Syst. Uebers. p. 54 (1856: descr. null*!); id. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. pt. 1, p. 792 (1873); Gray, Eand-L B.iii. p. 19, 
no. 10043 (1871); Fischer f Beichen. J.f 0.1879, p. 337 (Massa); 
Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 390(1884: Pare" * r?gamka; Nguruman) 
; id. J.f. 0.1885, p. 115 (Masai) ; Seed. Ibis, 1886, p. 118 
(pt.); Beichen. J. f O. 1887, p. 46 (Masai Steppes) ; Seeb. Geogr. 
Bistr. Charadr. p. 245 (1888, pt.); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371 
(Useri River). 

5 . RHINOPTILUS. 
47 

Hemerodronius cinctus, Heugl. Ibis, 1863, p. 31, pi. i. (Grondokoro : 
descr. princeps) ; id. J. f. 0. 1865, p. 99 (Belenia Mts.); Finsch 
% Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 630, note (1870). 

Hemerodromus (Cursorius) cinctus, Heugl J. f. 0. 1863, p. 25 

(Gondolioro). 
Cursorius bicinctus, pt, Schl Mus. Pm/s-Bas, Cursores, p. 11 (1855). 
Rhinoptilus cinctus, Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 416 (Mils near Berbera); 

Skarpe, Bull B. 0. C. iii. p. xiv (1893). 
Cursorius bicinctus (nee Temm.), Salwd. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. 

p. 273 (1884: Somali Desert). 
Adult. Similar to B. seebohmi (fully described below*), but 
differing in the band of bright chestnut, which extends from the 
hinder ear-coverts down the sides of the neck to the fore neck; the 
outside tail-feather is regularly chequered with broad black bars 
along the outer web. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 6, 
tail 3*1, tarsus 2*5. 

Hah. Upper White Kile to Somali-land and Masai-land. 

a. Ad. sk. Near Berbera, Somali-land Seebohm Coll. 
b. (S ad. sk.
(H. Lort PMllijjs). 
Useri River, Kilimanjaro. H. C.V. Hunter, Esq. 

5. EMnoptilus seebohmi. (Plate III. rig. 1.) 
Cursorius cinctus (nee Heugl.), Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. 
p. 263 (1872 : Ondonga); Bocage, 6m. Angola, p. 421 (Humbe) ; 
Skarpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 656 (1884); Seeb. Ibis, 1886, 
p. 118 (pt.); id. Geogr. tiistr. Charadr. p. 245 (pt.), pi. xii. 
(1888). 
Bhinoptilus seebohmi, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. iii. p. xiii (1893). 

Adult female. General colour above pale sandy rufous, the feathers 
broadly centred with dusky blackish ; scapulars like the back, with 
whitish margins; lower back and rump uniform ashy brown, slightly 
washed with sandy rufous; upper tail-coverts white, forming a 
broad band; wing-coverts brown, with sandy-rufous edges, the 
median and greater coverts broadly margined with white; bastard-
wing blackish, with broad white tips to the feathers; primary-
coverts and quills dark brown, narrowly fringed at the end with 
white, the inner secondaries with sandy buff like the back; tail-
feathers ashy brown, broadly tipped with white, before which is a 
distinct sub-terminal bar of black, the outer feather white, with a 
few spots of brown towards the end of the inner web ; crown of 
head pale sandy rufous, streaked with blackish centres to the 
feathers; on the nape a concealed blackish patch; hind neck like 
the back, but rather lighter; base of forehead whitish; lores and a 
broad eyebrow white, uniting on the nape ; feathers round eye also 
white; ear-coverts pale sandy buff: a few blackish spots near the 
gape; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure white ; sides 

* I have given a full description of B. seebohmi, as the specimen is in better 
condition than either of those of B. cinctus. 
CimSOKIIDiE. 

of neck sandy buff like the hind neck; on the lower throat a blackish 
collar, slightly tinged with rufous, extending from the ear-coverts 
on each side, and forming a complete band, which is rather more 
rufous in the centre ; this collar is followed by a broad white collar, 
extending on each side to the hinder ear-coverts and encircling the 
throat; this again is followed by a broad band of sandy buff across 
the chest, which is mottled with longitudinal spots and streaks of 
blackish ; from behind the eye a crescentic line of black extending 
to the fore neck, and below the white band a second somewhat 
interrupted band of black; across the breast a band of light chestnut: 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with three broad 
black bars near the edge of the wing; quills dusky below, ashy 
whitish towards the base of the inner web. Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 6*5, tail 3*4, tarsus 2*5. 

Hab. South-western Africa, from Ovampo-land to the Cunene 
Eiver. 

a. J ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Jan. 25 Seebohm Coll. 
(C. J. Andersson). (Type of species.) 
6. Bhinoptilus chalcopterus. (Plate IV. fig. 1.) 
Cursorius 
chalcopterus, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 298 (1824: Senegambia) 
,* Less. Man. d?Om. ii. p. 303 (1828) ; Rupp. Mus. Bench. 

ii. p. 211 (1837 : Senegambia); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 61 
(1844: S. Africa); id. 8f Mitch. Gen. B. iii p. 537, pi. 143 (1844); 
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 54 (1856 : Blue Nile ; E. Senaar); Kartl 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 210 (1857: Senegambia); Kartl. J.f 0. 1661, 
p. 268; Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 134 (Natal); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 12 (1865 : Senegambia); Heugl J.f 0. 18G5, p. 100 
(Senaar and Kordofan) : Kartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 62; Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 290 (1867); KeugL J.f O. 1867, p. 304; Finsch, 
Tr. Z. & vii. p. 295 (1870); id. 8f Kartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 629 
(1870); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 263 (Ehinoster Eiver); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 19, no. 10044 (1871) ; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
ii. pt. 1, p. 970 (1873: Fazogloa ; Eahad, mouth of Blue Nile ; 
Upper White Nile; Kidj-Negro Land); Cab. J. f O. 1878, p. 245 
(Mombasa); Bohm, J.f. 6. 1882, p. 184 (Kakoma); Schalow, 
J. f. O. 1883, p. 340 (Mugonga); Sharps, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 
p.'656 (1884, pt) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 389(1884: 
Little Aruscha); id. J. f O. 1885, p. 115 (Usaramo); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 118 (pt.); Matschie, J.f O. 1887, p. 138 (Tanganyika) 
; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 246 (1888); JEmin, 
J. f O. 1891, p. 58 (Steppes of Ugogo) ,* JReichen. t. c. p. 141 
(Kinjakungi); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, pp. 25, 274 (Nyasa Laud). 
Cursor chalcopterus, Wagl Syst. Av. Cursor, p. 81 (1827). 
Tachydromus chalcopterus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 233 (1837). 
Bhinontilus chalcopterus, Strickl P.Z.S.1850, p. 220 (Kordofan); 

Antin. Cat. descr. JJce. p. 98 (1864: Blue Nile) * Salvin, Cat. 
Strickl. Coll p. 504 (1882), 

Chalcopterus temminckii, JReichenb. Av. Syst Nat, GaU. p. xxx, 
Taf. 3656.fig. 3543 (1852); Keine fy Reichen. Nomencl Mus. Kein. 
Orn. p. 339 (1890: Senaar). 

Cursorius superciliaris, Heugl J.f.O. 1865, pp. 98,100 (Kidj-Negro 
Land); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 19, no. 10045 (1871). 

5 . RHINOPTILTJS. 
49 

Adult. Brown above, with a broad band of white formed by the 
upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the 
back ; the edge of the wing white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and primaries black, with metallic violet tips, before which is a 
subterminal bar of metallic steel-blue with a coppery line in 
between ; the greater coverts narrowly edged with white at the 
ends ; secondaries ashy brown with black ends, and a great deal of 
white on the inner web ; tail-feathers brown, tipped broadly with 
white, before which is a broad sub-terminal band of black ; crown of 
head like the back; lores white, as also the base of the forehead; 
the fore part of the crown parted with a line of creamy-buff 
feathers ; a broad white eyebrow, followed by a narrow line 
of black above the eye; lower eyelid chestnut, as also a shade 
behind the eye; ear-coverts and sides of face sandy buff, varied 
with black, which occupies the hinder part of the ear-coverts; 
behind the eye a spot of white; cheeks and throat white, with a 
creamy-buff tinge near the gape; the sides of the upper throat 
marked with a broad moustachial band of brown, varied with black; 
fore neck and chest ashy brown, the latter paler brown, followed 
by a black band; breast and remainder of under surface of body 
white ; nnder wing-coverts and axillaries white, tinged with creamy 
buff; several patches of black feathers along the outer edge of the 
wing, the lesser coverts of which are black below: " bill blackish, 
the basal half and angle of the mouth orange-red ; feet brick-red ; 
iris umber-brown " (von Heuglin). Total length 9*7 inches, culmen 
0*8, wing 6-6, tail 3*4, tarsus 2.9. 

Eab. From Senegambia to N.E. Africa, and down the eastern 
side of the continent to Natal and British Caffraria ; occurring also 
in Damara-land and on the Coanza Biver. 

a. <$ ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Waliko, Bogos-land, Aug. 2(W. Jesse). 
Biver Coanza. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Damara-land, Feb. 3 (C. J. Seebohm Coll. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad.sk.
f. Pad.sk.
Jg. Ad. sk.
h, i. Ad. st.
Andersson). 
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 
Tschiromo, Nyasa-land, Sept.
(A. Whyte). 
Lake Shirwa, Jan. 1 (A. 
Whyte). 
Kei Road, about 18 miles eastof Kingwilliamstown. 
South Africa. 
Livingstone Exped. 
H.H.Johnston,Esq., 
C.B.[P.]. 
H.H.Johnston,Esq., 
C.B.[P.l 
Major Trevelyan 
[ r.]. 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 

7. Rhinoptilus albofasciatus. (Plate IY. fig. 2.) 
Cursorius chalcopterus (nee T.), Gurney in Anderss. B.Jpam. Ld^^ 
p. 263 (1872, pt.: Damara-land); Rmlvm. MiitkrAfrik. Ges\ 
l-^l^Qj&Jfe-M^ Orn. Angola, p. 420 (1881: ^ 
Capangombe and Rumh&i ? Butlei; Feilden, $ Beid, Zool. 1882, 
p. 341; Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 232 (Potchefstroom); Sharpe, ed. 
Layartfs B. S. Afr. p. 666 (1884, pt.) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. 
VOL. xxiv. E 

CTJKSORITD-Sl. 

Charadr. p. 246 (1888, pi) j Socage, Jorn. Lisb. (2) ix. p. 15 
(1893 : Interior of Benguela). 
RMnoptilus albofasciatus, Sharpe, Bull B. O. C. iii. p. xiv (1893). 

Adult female. Similar to B. chalcoptems, but distinguished by the 
white bar down the wing, formed by the broad white margins of 
the greater wing-coverts, by the dull bronzy green, scarcely purple 
ends of the quills, and by the absence of the white band at the tip 
of the central tail-feathers. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*85. 
wing 6*3, tail 2*85, tarsus 2-85. 

Hah. S. Africa, from Natal and the Transvaal to Damara-land and 
Benguela. 

a. Ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayrps). Seebohm Coll. 
k $> ad. sk. Colenso, Natal, Nov. 20. Capt.SavileReidXV. 
c. Imm. sk. Potcliefstroom, Transvaal, Jan. 21 (riimev Coll. 
(T. Ay res). 
d. J ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Jan. Tweeddale Coll. 
18, 1805 {C.J. Andersson). 
e. c? imm. sk. Ondonga, Jan.22 (C. J. Andersson). Seebohm Coll. 
8. Rhinoptilus bitorquatus. 
Macrotarsius bitorquatus, Bh/fh, J. A. S. Beng. xvii. p. 254 (1848). 
Khinoptilus bitorquatus, Striehl. B. Z. K 1850, p. 223 ; Jerd. B. Lid. 

iii. p. 628 (1864); Blyth, Ibis, 1806, p. 228 ; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. 
xxxviii. p. 190 (1862); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Salvin* 
Cat. Stirickl Coll. p. 294 (1882). 
Cursorius bitorquatus, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 19, no. 10041 (1871); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 119 * id. Geogr. Distrib. Charadr. p. 247, 
pi. xiii. (1888). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, with faint traces of 
sandy margins to the feathers; wing-coverts more ashy brown, 
fringed with whitish or sandy bufl, before which is a sub-terminal 
line of brown; along the wing a broad white band, commencing at 
the carpal bend, and formed of the outer median and greater 
coverts and continued by means of the white base to the outer 
secondaries; the inner secondaries resembling the other ashy-brown 
wing-coverts and similarly edged with white or sandy buff: primary-
coverts and primaries black, the four outer quills marked 
with white as follows—the fourth has only a small spot of white 
near the end of the inner web; the third has a large white spot 
near the end of the inner web; on the penultimate feather the 
white spot on the inner web is larger and extends across the outer 
web also, forming a broad sub-terminal patch ; on the first primary 
the white mark on the inner web is very large, and is extended on 
to the outer web for some distance along the middle of the feather: 
upper tail-coverts white, forming a broad band; tail-feathers brown, 
with a white spot at the end of the inner web, the base also white, 
increasing in extent towards the outermost feather, where the 
brown colour only forms a sub-terminal band; crown of head dark 
brown, parted down the centre by a broad band of creamy buff, 

6. STILTIA. 
51 

becoming sandy-coloured towards the nape; lores and baso of 
forehead also white ; followed by a broad eyebrow of creamy white; 
ear-coverts rufous-brown, with a streak of black below the eye ; 
cheeks and throat huffy white, followed by a patch of chestnut-
brown on the lower throat; this is followed by a band of white, 
circled by a fringe of blackish brown, and succeeded on the fore-neck 
by a broad band of brown; this is followed in its turn by a second 
band of white, below which is another less distinct brown shade on 
which are sub-terminal lines of black ; remainder of under surface 

of ^ body creamy white, including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries; the flanks and under wing-coverts with a rufescent tinge, 
with patches of black near the edge of the wing; the greater series 
black edged with white: " bill yellow at base, horny at the tip ; 
feet pale fleshy yellow; iris dark brown " (T. 0. Jerdon). Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 6-65, tail 2*25, tarsus 2-25. 

Bab. Central India, 

a. $ ad. sk. Badrachalluni, Godaveiy Valley, March 7 Hume Coll. 
(W. T. Stanford). 
6. 
STILTIA. « ™ 
Type. 
Stiltia, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856) S. isabella. 
lihimphalea, Heine § Beichen. NomencL Mus. Hein. 


p. 338 (1890) 
S. isabella. 
Range. Australia and Celebes, and the Moluccas, as far as Java 
and Borneo. 

1. Stiltia isabella. 
Glareola isabella, 
Vieill Analyse, p. 69 (1816); id. N. Diet, d'Eist. 
Nat. xiii. p. 221 (1817) ; Leach, Tr. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 132 (1820); 
Vteill Gal. Ois. ii. p. 159, pi. 263 (1825); Less. TraiU, p. 541 
(1831); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844); Scl. Pr. Linn. Soc. ii. 

p. 169 (1858) ; Gray, Cat. B. New Guinea, p. 50 (1859); Salvad. 
Ucc. Borneo, p. 320* (1874); Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p 769 
(1881: Timor) ; Vorderm. N T. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 264 (1884: 
Java). 
Glareola grallaria, 
Temm. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 503 (1820) ; S. Mull. 
Verk. Nat Gesck Land-en Volhenk. p. 23 (1839-44: Oetanata); 
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 22 (1848); Reichenb. Eandb., Gallin. Nov. 
tab. cccx. figs. 2499-2501 (1851;; Schl. Banal. Bierh. i. p. 445 
(1857); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, 

p. 62 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 363, 1861, p. 348 (Waigiou; 
Aru Id.) ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 35 (Bourou); Bosenb. J. f. O. 
1864, p. 135 ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 243 (1865) ; Schl. 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Ouisoies, p. 18 (1805: W. coast of New Guinea; 
Obi Major; Flores; Borneo; Java); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 
(1865) ; Bosenb. Beis naar Zuidoostereil. p. 53 (1867 : Aru), p. 82 
(Kei Isl.), p. 89 (Tijor); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 18, no. 10032 
(1871); Walden, Tr. Zool Soc. viii. p. 117 (1872: Celebes); 
Meyer, J. f. 0.1873, p. 405; Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 
p. 198 (1877); Bosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 278 (1878-79: Celebes), 
p. 396 (Waigiou); Salmd. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 666 (1879); 
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 981 (1880); Seebohm, Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 263 (1888); Bverett, Journ. Straits Br. As. Soc. 1889, p. 204. 
E 2 
CURS0RIID.2E. 

Giareola australis, Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 132, pi. 14, $ $ 

(1820); Reichenb. Syn. Av., Gall. Taf. 293.figs. 2499-2501 (1848). 
Giareola isabellina, Less. Compl. Buff., Ois. p. 66o (1838). 
Stiltia grallaria, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856). 
Stiltia isabella, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 322 (1882); id. 

Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 286 (1882); id. Agg. iii. p. 198 (1891). 
Rhimphalea isabella, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. JEein. Orn. 

p. 338 (1890). 
Adult. General colour above brown with a slight olive wash, all 
the feathers more or less washed with sandy rufous; wing-coverts 
like the back and margined with sandy rufous ; the outer coverts, 
as well as the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black ; 
the first primary-covert and first primary with white shafts ; rump 
darker brown than the back; upper tail-coverts white, forming a 
white band; tail-feathers black, white at base, increasing in extent 
towards the outermost, which are almost entirely white, all the 
feathers tipped with ashy brown, with a white spot at the end of 
the inner web; crown of head brown, with sandy-rufous edgings to 
the feathers; the hind neck, sides of neck, and sides of face uniform 
sandy bun0, with a lighter shade above the eye; lores black; cheeks 
and throat isabelline buff; fore neck and chest sandy rufous; abdomen, 
thighs, sides of vent, and under tail-coverts white; sides of 
lower breast and flanks deep chestnut; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries black: " bill red at the base, black at the tip ; feet 
brown" (J. Gould). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 8*3, 
tail 2*4, tarsus 1*85. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having a much more distinct 
rufous edging; the chestnut of the flanks paler and obscured by 
whitish edgings; sides of face and lower throat streaked with 
dusky blackish, and the fore neck also mottled with dusky 
markings. 

Hob. Australia, New Guinea, Aru Islands, Kei Islands ; and the 
-Moluccas as far as Celebes, Plores, Java, and Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Gould Coll. 
d. e,f. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. CockSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
erell). 
g. $ ad. sk. Cape York. Seebohm Coll. 
A, i. Ad. et juv. N.W. Australia (T. K> Capt. Bowyer Bower 
sk.
K Ad. sk. 
Boioyer Boicer). 
New Guinea. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
I. $ imm. sk. Bouru. Wallace Coll. 
m. $ juv. sk. Aru Islands (von RosenSeebohm 
Coll. 
berg), 
n. Ad. sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll 
o. Ad. sk. N. Celebes (A. B. Meyer). Seebohm Col. 
p. Ad. sk. Celebes. Gould Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. S. Celebes {A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 

7 . GLAREOLA.
7. 
GLAEEOLA. 
Type. 
Glareola, Brtsson, Orn. v. p. 141 (1760) G. pratincola. 
Traehelia, Scop. Ann. L p. 110 (1769) G. pratincola. 
Pratincola (nee Koch), Begl. Orn. Bur. ii. p. 107 
(1843) G. pratincola. 
Dromoehelidon, Landb. Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Wurttemb. 
1846, p. 212 , G. pratincola. 

Fig. 7.—Left foot of Glareola orientalis (from the outside). 

Fig. 8.—Middle claw of right foot (from inner side) to show the pectination 
(enlarged). 


Mange, Africa and Madagascar; Southern Europe, eastwards to 
Central Asia, India, the Burmese countries, China; south through 
the Moluccas to Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Axillaries chestnut. 
a'. Tail greatly forked; secondaries broadly 
tipped with white pratincola, p. 53. 
V'. Tail less forked; secondaries not tipped 
with white orientalis, p. 58. 


b. Axillaries black like the under wing-coverts.. melanoptera, p. 57. 
1. Glareola pratincola. 
Le 
Perdrix-de-Mer, Briss. Orn. v. p. 141, pi. xii. fig. 1 (1760); 
1/Aubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 882. (fig. pess.); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

vii. p. 542 (1780). 
Le Perdrix-de-Mer a collier, Briss. t. c. p. 145 ; Buff. His*. Nat. Ois. 
vii. p. 546 (1780). 
Le Perdrix-de-Mer tachetee, Briss. t. c. p. 147. 
Le Perdrix-de-Mer du Senegal, Briss. t. c. p. 148. 
Hirundo pratincola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 345 (1766). 
Tringa fusca, Linn. Syst. Naf. i. p. 252 (1766, ex Briss.). 
Trachelia pratincola, Scop. Ann. I. p. 110 (1769). 
CURSORIID52. 

La Perdrix de Mer grise, Buff Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 544 (1780). 
La Perdrix de Mer brune, Buff. t. c. p. 544. 
La Giarole, Buff. t. c. p. 545. 
Austrian Pratincole, Lnili. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 222, pi. Ixxxv. 


(1785: fig", pess.). 
Collared Pratincole, Lath. t. c. p. 223 (1785); Tarr. Brit. B. iii. 

p. 1 (1843). 
Senegal Pratincole. Lath. t. c. p. 224. 
Spotted Pratincole, Lath. t. c. p. 225. 
Glareola austriaca, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 695 (1788). 
Glareola eenegal^nsis, Gm. t. c. p. 696; Brehm, Tog. DeutschL p. 566 
(1831). 
Glareola nsevia, Gm. t. c. p. 690. 
Glareola torquata, Meyer, Tasehenb. ii. p. 404 (1816) ; Tewim. Man. 

d'Orn. ii. p. 500 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Alectorides, pi. i. (1828); 
Brehm, Toe/. DeutschL p. 566 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. rais. Caue. 

p. 52 (1832); Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 265 (1837); Naum. Tog. 
DeutschL ix. p. 437, Taf. 234. figs. 1,2 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, 
p. 339 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 274 
(1840); Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxvii, Taf. 291. tigs. 16191625 
(1852); Gray, B. W. ScotL p. 251 (1871); Fallon, Ois. Belg. 
p. 141 (1875). 
Glareola 
pra tin cola, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 131 (1820); 
Brehm, Vog. DeidschL p. 565 (1831); Keys. # Bias. Wirb. Eur. 

p. 66 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844); M'uhle, Beitr. 
Om. GriechenL p. 88 (1844); Schl. Bev. Crit. p. lxxx (1844) ; Bilpp. 
St/»t. Uebers. p. 117 (1845); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 81 (1850); 
Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 49 (1852); HeugL Syst. Uebers. p. 54 
(1856); HartL Orn. W.-Afr. p. 210 (1857: Senegal; Gambia; 
Gold Coast ; Gaboon) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. 
p. 433 (1859); Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 354 (Eastern Atlas) ; Linderm. 
Voy. GriechenL p. 126 (I860); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79 (K Africa); 
Bowys, t. c. p. 239 (Ionian Isl.; Corfu and Epirus); HartL J.f.O. 
1861, p. 268 (Galam ; Bissao); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 137 (1863); 
Sperli?u/, Ibis, 1864, p. 285 (Palestine); Ant in. Cat. descr. Ucc. 

p. 99 (1864: Senaar and Kordofan); Flippi, Viagg. Bers. p. 351 
(1865); Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 15 (1865: Senegambia; 
Gold Coabt; Accra); Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429 (Tangiers); Loche, 
Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 278 (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 322 
(Palestine); Sharpe, B. Z. S. 1869, p. 571 (Ambriz); Borggr. Vogelf. 
NorddeutschL p. 104 (1869) ; Elwes § Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 
(Dobrudscha); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 46 (1870); Fiitsch, Vog. 
Eur. pi. xxxiii. figs. 6, 8 (1870) yBlanf. GeoL $ ZooL Abyss, p. 431 
(1870); Finsch 8? HartL Vog. Ostafr. p. 630 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. 
ZooL Soc. vii. p. 295 (1870: Gabana-weldt-Gonfalon) ; Saunders, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 385 (S. Spain); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 18, no. 10026 
(1871) ; Ilarting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 133 (1872); Shelly, B. Egypt, 
y. 227 (1872) j Antin. fy Salmd. Viagg. Bogos, p. 141 (1873 : R. Anseba); 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 338 (Sardinia); Severtz. Ttirkest. Jevotn. 
p. 69 (1873): Ussherf Ibis, 1874, p. 73 (Gold Coast); Dresser, B. 
Eur. vii. p. 411, pi. 153. fig. 1 (1874): Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p, 154 
(1875); Severtz. J. f. O. 18757 p. 183; Kriiper, t. c. p. 283 (Asia 
Minor); Danf. fy H.-Br own, Ibis, 1875, p. 419 (Transylvania); 
Dresser, Bis, 1876, p. 328; Blanf. East. Bers. ii. p. 282 (1876); 
id. Str. F. iv. p. 507 (1876: S. W. of Kotri, Sinclb); Hume, Str. F. 
v. p. 329 (1877: Sindh); Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 271 (Asia Minor, 
/ . GLAREOLA. 

55 

from Inje-su to Kaizarieh) ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 33 ; Butler, Str. F. 
tii. p. 186 (1878); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 133 (1879); Hume, Str. F. 

viii. p. 112 (1879); Doig, t c. pp. 371-375 (E. Narra, breeding); 
Butler, Cat. B. Sindetc. p. 57 (1879j; Goebel, J. f. 0.1879, p. 274 
(Uman); Fimch, Reis. W.-Sibirien, p. 134 (1879: Ala-Kul); 
Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 78 (1880: S. Konkan; Eatnagiri); Butler, 
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 72 (1880); C. Stuinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 120 
(Afghanistan); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 592 (1882: Smyrna; 
Kartouui); B. 0. TT. List Brit B. p. 155 (1883); Saunders, 
ed. Tarrell, Brit B. iii. p. 231 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 29 
(Caucasus); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 128 (1884) ; Raddo, 
Om. Cauc. pp. 42, 422 (1884: breeding); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 652 (1884); Seek Hist Brit B. iii. p. 69, pi. 24 
(1885); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 492 (Fao); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 410 
(1886); Salvad. Elmo. Ucc. Ital. p. 204 (1886) ; Jtoenig, J.f. 0. 
1888, p. 266 (Tunis); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 256 
(1888) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 517 (1889) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital., 
1st Resoc. p. 625 (1889); id. 2nd Besoe. p. 652 (1890); Oates, ed. 
Hume's Nests $ Fggs hid. B. iii. p. 318 (1890); Koenig, J. f. 0. 
1890, pp. 312, 451 (Madeira); Heine $ Reiehen. Nomencl. Mus. 
Hem. p. 338 (1890); Brusina, Motr. (Om. Croatiea), p. 80 
(1890); Frivaldsky, Aves Hungarian, p. 124 (1891); Sharpe, Sci. 
Res. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves,?. 139 (1891: Saiikol) ; Emin,J.f.O. 
1891, p. 338 (Ussongo to Lake Victoria); Madardsz, Erlaut Ausst. 
Ungar. Vogelf. p. 103 (1891); Albarda, J. f. O. 1892, p. 424 

(Holland); Blaauw, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv, p. 224 (1893: N. 

Brabant); Lilford, Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xxviii. (1894); Shelley, 

Ibis, 1894, pp. 25,274 (Nyasa-Ld.). 

Pratincola glareola, Degland, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 107 (1849). 

Dromochelidon natrophila, Landbeck, Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Wilrttemb. 

184C, p. 228. 

Glareola limbata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844, ex Riipp. MSS.); 
Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 113, pi. 12 (1845) ; Strickl. Ann. §• Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 348 (1852: Kordofan). 

Adult male. General colour olive-brown with a slight greenish 
gloss; wing-coverts like the back, as well as the long inner secondaries 
• bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills greenish-black; 
the secondaries externally olive-brown and inclining to ashy whitish 
at the ends; upper tail-coverts white; tail greatly forked, the 
feathers blackish, with a green gloss and paler brown tips, the base 
white, gradually increasing in extent towards the outer ones, the 
white occupying the basal two-thirds of the outermost; head like 
the back ; feathers below the eye whitish : fore part of cheeks and 
throat sandy buff, surrounded by a white line, which is followed by 
a black line running from the front part of the eye, which is 
followed by a whitish shade ; ear-coverts, hinder cheeks, sides of 
neck, fore neck, and breast dark ashy brown; lower breast, abdomen, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts white; axillaries and inner under 
wing-coverts chestnut, the former with black bases; remainder of 
wing-coverts blackish, with a little patch of white near the lower 
primary-coverts : " bill dark brown, red at base behind the nostril; 
tarsi black; iris brown; no eye-ring" (F. H. H. Guilleward). 
Total length 8*8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 7*5, tail 3-8, tarsus 
1*25. 

5 6 CUKS0EIIDJ3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
9*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 7*15, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*2. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by the numerous white 
edgings to the feathers of the upper surface; all the light margins 
accentuated by a sub-terminal bar of black ; quills and tail-feathers 
similarly fringed and tipped with black; cheeks and throat creamy 
white, with narrow blackish shaft-lines; fore neck and lower throat 
ashy grey, edged with white and mottled with sub-terminal bars of 
black; chest creamy buff* remainder of under surface of body 
white. 

Hab. Southern Europe and the countries of the Mediterranean 
eastwards to Turkestan and the Indian Peninsula. "Wintering also 

in Africa. 

a, h. c? ad. sk. 

c. $ ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. Irani, sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
t, k. Ad. sk, 
/. Ad. sk. 
m. S ad. sk, 
n, o. Ad. sk, 
p, q. $ ad. sk. 

r. Ad. sk. 
s, t. cJ ad. sk, 
u, v, w. c? ad.; 

x. $ ad. sk. 
y,z. S ? ad. sk. 
a'. Ad. sk. 

V. 2 ad. sk. 
c'. Ad,; d'~f. 
Imm. sk. 
#'• 5 ad.sk. 

h'. Ad. sk. 

i'. $ ad.sk, 

h'. Ad. sk. 

T 2 ad.sk. 

m'-s\ c? ad.; P. 
2 ad.sk. 
u1. $ ad. sk. 

Malaga, S. Spain, April 

(H. Saunders). 
Seville, June 12 (H. Saundeis). 


Tangiers. 
Marocco. 
Marocco, Aug. 
Zana, Algeria, June (0. S.). 
Algeria. 
Tunis. 
Greece. 
Missolonghi, May SO (H. 


S). 
Egypt, April (0. E. &). 
Egypt, April 19 (G.E.S.). 
Fayoum, Egypt (von Heu


gliri). 

Palestine. 
Cyprus. May 21 (Dr. Guillemard). 


Csesarea, Asia Minor, Mav 3 

(C. G. Danford). 
Mesopotamia (Commander 
Jones). 
Shiraz, June (4750 feet). 
Fao, Persian Gulf, 

Sarakhs, May 15 (Mvs, 
Petrop.). 
Turkestan, May 2 (Mm. 
Petrop.). 
Sarikol, May 9 (Dr. Stoticzkd). 


Bibinani, Afghanistan, 
May 18. 
Kandahar, April 23 (Sir 

0. St. John). 
Eastern Narra, Sind, May 
to June (S.Doig). 
Allahabad, May 10 (A. 0. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

L. Fraser, Esq. [CI. 
Gould CoH. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Lord Lilford [P.J. 

Seebohm Coll. 

India Museum. 

Sir 0, St. John [0.], 
"W*. D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Second Yarkand 
Mission. 
Col. Swinhoe [P,]. 

Hume Coll, 

Hume Coll, 

Hume ColL 

7 . GLAREOLA. 57 
v.
w'.
y . 
Juv. sk. 
Juv. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Deccan (Lieut Burqess). 
Ratnagiri,
Vidal). 
Madras. 
Aug. 22 (<3. 
Gould Coll 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

African specimens. 

y'-Ad. sk. Cape Verd, Senegal (L. Purchased. 
Laglaize). 

z. 
Ad. sk. Senegambia. Governor Rendall 
rc.]. 
a". Ad. sk. River Gambia. Old CoU. 
b"., c". Ad. sk. Fantee (E T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
d"'. Juv. sk. Djeddah, Red Sea. Dr. E. Rtippell [0.1. 

r 
r 
(One of the types of G. Umbata.)
e". , $ juv. sk. Rairo, Bogos, Aug. 13. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
. Ad. sk. Lion Damp, Anseba ValTweeddale 
Coll. 
ley (W. Jesse). 
, h". Ad. sk. Melinda, E. Africa (Sir J. Seebohm Coll. 

a" 

Kirk). 
i". Ad. sk. Lake Nyasa (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
h". Ad. sk. Upper Shire* River, Nov. H.H. Johnston. Esq., 

(A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 
l'\ 
m". c? ad.; Lake Shirwa, May, June H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
>i"~q". $ ad.; (A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 

r". Juv. sk. 
s",. Skeleton. Tunis. L. Eraser [C.]. 
t",. Skeleton. Algiers. Eyton Coll. 

2. Glareola melanoptera. 
Glareola pratincola (nee L.), Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 150 
(1881). 

Glareola melanoptera^orcfm.ifa^. 
Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, ii. p. 314, 
pi. ii. (1842); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 63 (1850); Eeugl. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 55 (1856); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 15 (1865: 
Crimea ; Ural; Red Sea); Finsch §• Marti. Yog. Ostafr. p. 633 
(1870); Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p.982 (1871); Gray, 
Hand-IB. iii. p. 18, no. 10027 (1871); Gvrney in Anderss. B. 
Bam. Ld. p. 264 (1872: Otjimbinque); Dresser, B. Bur. vii. 

p. 419, pi. 513. fig. 2 (1874); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 212 (Pretoria) 
; Sintenis, J. /. O. 1877, p. 67 (Dobradscha); E. von 
Homeyer, t c. p. 73 (Bulgaria) j Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
xxix. p. 53 (1879 : Nor-Saissan); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 221 (Astrachan) 
; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus); Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 232 
(Transvaal); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 261 (1888); 
Beichen. J.f. 0. 1892, p. 233 (Togo-land); Socage, Jorn. Lisk 
(2) ix. p. 15 (1893: Oaharta, Benguela). 
Glareola nordmanni, Fischer, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, ii. p. 314 
(1842); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844); Earth Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 211 (1857: Gaboon); Gurney, Ibis, 1864, p. 354 (Natal) ; 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 291 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 254, 
pi. viii.; layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 75 (S. Africa: breeding); Elwes 
% Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Bosphorus); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 263 (Transvaal); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 229 (1872); Buckley, 
CTJKSOKIIDJE. 

Ibis, 1874, p. 388; Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 347 (Transvaal)* Bogd. 

B. Cam. p. 153 (1879); Kolul $ Von Feb. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. 
p. 241 (1882) ; Badde, Orn. Cam. pp. 44, 422 (1884: breeding). 
Glareola pallasi, Brack, MSS. in Mus. Mogimt.; Sclil Rev. Crit. 
pp. Ixxxi, 94 (1844); Frivaldszky, Ares Sung. p. 124 (1891); 
Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst. TJngar. Vog. p. 104 (lb91). 

Adult. Similar to G. pratincola, but easily distinguished by its 
black axillaries and under wing-coverts; tbe under surface paler 
than in G. pratincola, the throat having scarcely any ochreous 
colour: " bill black, with the base and the edges of the mandible 
red; feet dusky" (T. Ayres): "iris dark hazel" (T. E. Buchley\ 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 7*6, tail 3*25, tarsus 1*5. 

Hob. S.E. Europe, especially the Yolga and lowlands of the 
Caucasus, as far west as the Dobrudscha and even Hungary. Wintering 
in Africa. 

a. J ad. sk. 
Constantinople, July 7 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Fearce). [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sir. River Volga. Seebohm. Coll. 

d. Ad. sk. Altai Mountains. Mr. Brandt. 
e. 
5 ad. sk. Maiterek, Turkestan, June 4 Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
[Dr. 0. Finsch). 
/ . 
cJ ad. sk. Irgis River, May 18 (Mm. Seebohm Coll. 
—lEetrop.). 

g. Imm. sk. Calabar River, W. Africa. Dr. Alex. Smith [C.]. 
h. Ad. sk. South Africa. General Hardwicke. 
i. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
*. Ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
I. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
m. 
§ ad. s^-Damara-land (C. J. Anders-Seebohm Coll. 
so?i). 
n, o. Ad. sk. Damara-land (C. J. Anders-Tweeddale Coll. 
son) . 
p, 
q. $ ad. sk. Transvaal, Dec. 8 (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 

r. Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres), Seebohm Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Marico, Eastern Transvaal. 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
t, u. 
<S $ ad. sk. Branslow's Farm, Transvaal, W.E&CG . Oates, 
Dec. 8 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 

v. d ad. sk. 
Potchefstroom, Dec. (T. Gurney Coll. 
Ayres). 
zv. 5 ad-sk« Grahamstown. Hume Coll. 


x. 5 ad. sk. 
Queenstown, S.E. Africa Sharpe Coll. 
(T. C. Atmore). 
3. Glareola orientalis. 
Perdrix de Mer, Sonn. Toy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 216 (1782). 
Maldivian Pratincole, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 224 (1785). 
Coromandel Pratincole, Lath. t. c. p. 224 (1785). 
Madras Pratincole, Lath, t, c. p. 224 (1785). 
Glareola orientalis, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 132, pi. xiii. 


(S $ (1820 : Java) ; 
Horsf. t c. p. 187 (1821) ; Less. Traite, 

p. 541 (1831); id. Compl Buf., Ois. p. 665 (1838); Gray, 
7. GLAREOLA. 
59 
Gen. B. iii. p. 538 (1844); id. List Grallce in Brit. Mus. p. 02 
(1844: Java); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgson, p. 131 
(1846) ; Gould, B. Atistr. vi. pi. 23 (1848) ; Reichenb. Sun. 
Av., Gall Taf. 292. figs. 1627-28 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 
ais. Soc. p. 259 (1849: Agra) ; Reiche?ib. t. c. Taf. 310. 
figs. 2504-2505 (1851); Kelaart,' Faun. Zeyl, Prodr. Cat p. 132 
(1852); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856); Schl Handl Dierk I. 
pp. 445, 481, tab. 7. fig. 79 (1857-58); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 342 
(Formosa); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 631 (1864); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 16 (18 55 : Banka ; Java; Timor); Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. ii. p. 245 (1865); Finsch, Neu-Quinea, p. 181 (1865: 
Ceram; Ternate ; Ilalrnahera ; Batchian: Amboina ; Timor) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 163 (breeding near Calcutta); Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 603 (Luzon), 1871, p. 403 (China) ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. 

p. 18, no. 10031 (1871); Walden $ Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 105 
(Xegros); Ball, Str. F. i. p. 83 (1873 : Andamans); Hume, Str. 
F. ii. p. 284 (1874: Andamans and Nieobars); Walden, Ibis, 
1874, p. 146 (Cocos Isl.); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 319 (1874): C. 
H T. Marshall, Str. F. iii. p. 415 (1875: Hissar); Wold. Trans. 
Z. S. ix. pp. 228, 251 (1875 : Philippines); Hume, Nests $ Fggs 
Ind. B. p. 568 (1875); Blyth # Wald. B. Bttrm. p. 154 (1875); 
Cochburn, Str. F. iv. p. 511 (1876: Allahabad); Sharpe, Ibis, 
1876, p. 51 (Matu; Sibu); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 247 
(1876); David 8r Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 431 (1877); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 23 (Bintulu; Marup); Tweedd. torn. cit. 1877, 
p. 322 (Lampongs) ; Wardl. Ramsay, t. c. p. 469 (Tonghoo) ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii. p. 199 (1877); 
Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 454 (1878: Tenasserim); Oates, 
Str. F. vii. p. 49 (1878); Davidson $ Wenden, t. c. p. 88 (Deccan) 
; Hume, t. c. p. 482 (Calcutta); Rosenberg, Malay. Arch. 
p. 109 (1878-79: Sumatra), pp. 220, 278 (Celebes), p. 324 
(Ceram), p. 563 (Lakahia); Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 69 (Singapore), 
112 (1879); Doig, t. c. p. 371 (E. Nam,); Butl. t. c. p. 387 ; id. 
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 71 (1880); Legge, B. Ceyl. p. 980 
(1880); Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 196 (1880: Kaukaryit); Nichols. 
Ibis, 1881, p. 156 (Java); Reid, Str. F, x. p. 64 '(1881: Lucknow) 
; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 322 (1882); vl Orn. 
Papuasia, iii. p. 284 (1882); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 6 (Perak); 
Blasius, J.f. 0.1882, p. 253 (Sarawak); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. 
Burm. ii. p. 261 (1883); Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 435 (Hankow); 
Vorderm. N. T. Nederl Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884); Seeb.Ibis, 1884, 

p. 267 (Yangtze Kiang); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 258 
(1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); Hverett, Journ. 
Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 204; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests 8f 
Fggs Ind. B. iii. p. 319 (1890); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 
(Palawan) ; Sharpe, t. c. pp. 143,284 (Labuan); Steere, List Birds 
and Mamm. Philipp. p. 25 (1890: Luzon); Styan, Ibis, 1891, 
pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtze: migrant); Salvad. Agg. Orn. 
Papuasia, iii. p. 198 (1891); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 
p, 490 (1891: new to Japan); De La Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 495 
(Foochow: migrant). 
Glareola torquata {nee Briss.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 216 (1840). 

Glareola thermophila vel longipes, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
Grallce, pi. 46. fig. 1 (no. 799); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 
(1844). 

Glareola pratincola 
(nee Linn.), Radde, Reis. Sibir. ii. p. 307 (1863: 
Argun Kiver). 

60 CURSOKIIDJE. 

Adult male. Similar to 0. pratincola, but having the lores black, 
the throat more rufous-buff, and the chest decidedly more rufous ; 
no greyish-white tips to the secondaries, which are narrowly fringed 
with white at the ends; the tail much less forked and less broadly 
tipped with black: " bill black, the gape in the adult vermilion, 
brightest in the male, paler and duller in the female ; feet brownish ; 
iris umber-brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 10 inches, culmen 
0-65, wing 7-3, tail 3-15, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8*7 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 6*95, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the entire upper surface 
blackish, mottled with broad edgings of sandy buff to all the feathers, 
especially the quills and tail-feathers ; the head mottled like the 
back • cheeks and under surface of body isabeEine buff, the fore 
neck and chest mottled with black, the feathers with a broad subterminal 
bar or heart-shaped spot of black. 

The sandy-buff margins to the feathers become bleached to white, 
and in many respects abraded, so that the sub-terminal black 
markings of the young plumage remain as margins to the dorsal 
feathers. The adult plumage is apparently gained by a moult, and 
the new feathers have a slight indication of a sandy-buff fringe on 
the upper parts, while the chest is mottled with ashy, the feathers 
having sandy-coloured margins; the throat is at first irregularly 
spotted or streaked with blackish, and has scarcely any signs of a 
black crescent. 

There is considerable variation with regard to the rufous colour 
of the throat and breast, this being sometimes very rich in tint. I 
imagine that this is a sign of nesting plumage to a great extent; but 
it may also indicate the age of the bird, the plumage becoming more 
richly coloured as the bird gets older. 

Bab. N.W. India and Sind, over the northern part of the Indian 
Peninsula, extending to Ceylon and through Burmah and Tenasserim, 
the Malay Archipelago, to Northern Australia. Breeding also in 
Eastern Siberia and migrating through China. 

a, b. S J ad. sk. Eastern Narra, May (8. Hume Coll. 

Doig). 
c, d. 2 ad. sk. Hissar, Punjab, Oct. 1 (G. Hume Coll. 

F. L. Marshall). 
et /» 9- 6 ad. et Sultanpur, Gurgaon, July, Hume Coll. 

juv.; h. 2 imm.; Sept. {W.N. Chill). 

I Pull. sk. ^ 

h-n. <S ad. etjuv. ; Delhi, March to June (C. T. Hume Coll. 

o-v. 5 ad. sk. Bingham). 
w, x. Imm. sk. Etawah, August. Hume Coll. 
y, z. Ad. sk. Calcutta, Jan. 24. Hume Coll. 
a\ $ imm. sk. Kandelay, N.E. Ceylon, Col. W. V. Legge 

August 4. [P.l. 
b', c\ Ad. sk. Little Cocos, Andamans, Tweeddale Coll. 
April 5 (JR. G. W. JR.). 
d'i e'> d 2 ad- sk. Table Island, Cocoa, April Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
7 . GLARE0LA. 
f\ Ad. sk. 
gf. ? ad. sk. 

A', i', c? ad.; k', l't 
$ ad. sk. 
m'. 5 ad. sk. 

TO'. Ad. sk. 

o'. ? ad. sk. 

p'> <?'• d $ ad. sk. 

r', §'. c? ? ad. sk. 

t'-w'. Ad. sk. 
x'. Ad. sk. 
y'-6". ? ad.; c", 

d". Ad. sk. 
e". c? ad. sk. 


/",/'. tfad.sk. 
A", i". tf ? ad. sk. 

#', r. d 2 ad. sk. 

m". c? ad. sk. 

w". $ ad. sk. 
o",p". 6 ? ad.sk. 
q". 2 ad. sk. 
r". $ ad. sk. 

s". Ak. sk. 
t". Ad. sk. 


w'V-S $ ad.sk. 
t^". tf ad. sk. 

x",y",z". (5 imm.; 
a3-ez. $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

p. Ad. sk. 
<73 A3. Ad. etimm. 

~sk> 
z3, W. Ad. sk. 
J3, tf imm. sk. 


m3. Imm. sk. 
w3. Imm. sk. 
o3. d imm. sk. 


p*. Ad. sk. 
q*. Ad. sk. 
r3-^3. Ad. et imm. 

sk. 

Andamans. 

S. Andamans, Nov. 30 (R. 
J. Wimberley). 
S. Andamans, March (R. G. 
W. JR.). 
Camorta Island, Nicobars, 
Dec. (R. J. Wimberley). 
Camorta Island, March (W, 


Davison). 

Nancowry Island, Nicobars, 
Dec. (R.J. Wimberley). 
Kyouk Phyon, Burma, April 


(J. Armstrong). 
Pegu, March, April (IE. 
W. Oates). 
Pegu, March (E. W. 0.). 
Rangoon (R W. 0.). 
Tonghoo, Oct., April, May 
(R. G. W. R.). 
Kaukaryit, May (C. T. 
Bingham). 
Thatone, Nov. (W. Davison), 
Momenzeik, Moulmein, 

March (W. Davison). 
Khobang, Attaran Distr., 
March (W. Davison). 


Amherst, March ( W. Davi


son). 
Yea, March (W. Davison). 
Tavoy, March ( W. Davison). 
Siam {Sir R. Schomburgk). 
Bangkok, April 2 {Capt. 

Conrad), 

Penang. 
Malacca, Oct. (Dr. Main-

gay). 
Jonore, March (W. Davison), 
Singapore, Sept. 24 (W, 

Davison). 

Singapore Island, Sept. to 
Dec. (W. Davison). 

Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (R 
C, Buxton). 

Java. 

Borneo (Rajah Brooke). 
Labuan, Oct. 19. 


S.W. Formosa (R. Swinhoe). 
S.W. Formosa (R. Swinhoe). 
Shanghai, 
Sept. 28 (Capt. 
Inee). 

Australia. 
Queensland. 
Cape York. 


Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Dr. Sharpe [P.]. 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 

A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Mrs. Ince [P.]. 

Linnean Society. 
Lord Leigh [P.]. 
Gould Coll 


62 
CTTRSQRTTDJE. 

i?\ Ad. sk. Cape York. Seebohm Coll. 
w3, x3. Imm. sk. Cape York (J. T. CorkereO). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y\ Ad. sk. Cape York {J. T. Cockerell). Tweeddale Coll. 
s3j a'K Skeletons. Java. Purchased. 

8. GALACTOCHBYSEA. 
Type. 
Galachrysia, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 419 (1856) G. lactea. 
Galaetochrysea, Heine § Feichen. NomencL Mas. Hein. 

p. 338 (nom. emend., 1890) G. lactea. 
Range. Africa and the Indian Peninsula. 
Key to the Species. 

a. Axillaries chestnut like the breast: a white mark 
under the eye and another behind it; le<rs black.. oculcms, p. 62. 
b. Axillaries slaty prrey or ashy brown like the sides of 
the body ; feet yellow in skin, red in life. 
a'. Hind neck with a rufous collar liberice, p. 03. 
b'. Hind neck with a white collar. 

a". No white on outer base of secondaries emini, p. 64. 
b". Outer edge of base of secondaries white ... . nuchalis, p. 04. 

c. Axillaries white; feet yellow in skin; hind neck 
with a pale rufous collar; a black patch on ear-
coverts ; back ashy grey cinerea, p. 04. 
d. Axillaries black; feet black; back ashy grey; no 
collar on hind neck lactea, p. 65. 
1. Galactochrysea ocularis. 
Glareola 
ocularis, Terr. S. Afr. Q. Journ. ii. p. 80 (1833); HartL 
Faun, Madag. p. 71 (1801); Grmidid. Fev. et Mag. de ZooL 1867, 

p. 419; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 292 (1867); SehL § Poll. Faune 
Madag., Ois. p. 130, pi. 38 (1868) ; Finsch $ HartL Tog. Osfafr. 
p. 635 (1870); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 18, no. 10030 (1871); 
HartL Fog. Madag. p. 292 (1877); Milne-Edwards # Grandid. 
J list Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 645, pis. cclvL-cclviii. (1882); Seebohm, 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 200 (1888); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 304 
(Lamu); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115. 
Glareola geoffroyi, 
Fucker. Fev. ZooL 1845, p. 51 ; id. Mag. de ZooL 
1845, pi. Ivii.; Feiahenb. Syn. Ai\, Gall. Taf. 291. fig. 1626 
(1848); Foch § E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 109; E. Nrnotwt, t.e. 

p. 455. 
Glareola nordmanni {nee Fischer), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (Zambesi). 
Adult male. General colour above brown with a slight olive 
gloss, the wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back; outer 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
with a narrow whitish fringe at the end of the secondaries and 
greater coverts ; rump rather darker than the rest of the back; 
upper tail-coverts white, forming a broad white band; tail-feathers 
black, with a good deal of white on the basal half of the feathers, 
increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is white with a 
broad band of black at the end, the middle tail-feathers tipped with 

8. GALACTOCHEYSEA. 
63 

ashy brown or whitish; crown of head dusky blackish brown, 
forming a cap ; the lores and feathers round the eyo black; a spot 
of white below the eye, and a second spot of white behind the 
latter; ear-coverts, throat, and chest dark ashy brown; entire 
breast pale chestnut, the flanks inclining to ashy brown ; abdomen, 
lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries chestnut, the outer coverts dark brown with a 
spot of white at the base of the primary-coverts: " bill black, the 
base vermiliun; claws reddish brown; iris brown" (E. Newton). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7*5, tail 2*65, tarsus 1. 

Hob. Madagascar, and Eastern Africa from the Zambesi to Lamu. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Purchased. 
Mr. Gerrard [0.]. 
c. Ad.sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 
Lannij Sept. 11. 
Livingstone Expedition. 
F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]. 

2. (Mactochrysea liberise.* (Plate Y. fig. 1.) 
Glareola megapoda, Gray, List Grccllm Brit. Mus. p. 62 (R. Quorra: 
descr. nulla!); id. Hand-l B. iii. p. 18, no. 10029 (1871); Buttik, 
Notes Leyden Mus. vii. pp. 233, 256 (1885: descr. princeps), x. 

p. 99 (1888), xi. pp. 127,136 (1889); Seeb. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 267 (1888). 
Glareola nuchalis (nee Gray), Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 211 (1857); 
Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 11 (Loango). 
Glareola inarchei, Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 104 (1877). 
Glareola nuchalis liberue, Sold. Notes Leyden Mus. p. 58 (1881). 

Adult. General colour above dark ashy brown with a slight 
olive gloss. Wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back ; 
outer coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish 
brown, with a little white at the base of the inner web and the 
secondaries. Upper tail-coverts white, forming a band; tail-
feathers blackish, white at base, increasing in extent towards the 
outermost, which have only the terminal third black, the centre 
feathers edged with white at the end of the inner web. Crown of 
head darker and more blackish brown than the back, with a collar 
of bright cinnamon on the hind neck and sides of neck; lores 
blackish, as well as the chin ; below the eyes a streak of white; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast dark ashy grey, 
becoming lighter on the sides of the body and flanks ; abdomen and 
thighs whitish, slightly washed with grey: vent and under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts blackish, axillaries greyish: 
" bill coral-red, the point black; feet coral-red ; iris dark brown " 

* Following the absurd custom of earlier days, that the naming of a specimen 
in a museum was sufficient to set up a specific designation for the whole world 
to recognize, Mr. Or. B. Gray called this species Glareola megapoda m 1844, 
but gave no description by which it .could be identified. The best description 
is that of Mr. Buttikofer, and it would have been a pleasure to have followed 
his recognition of the species, but for the fact that, in the meantime, the late 
Professor Schlegel had named it G. nuchalis liberies, so that one has no option 
but to adopt the latter name. 
CTTRSO-RIIDJE. 

(J*. Buttikofer). Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 5'65, 
tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but freckled on the back, wings, and 
chest with fulvescent tips to the feathers, which have a blackish 
sub-terminal bar. 

Hab. West Africa, from the Niger to Liberia. 

a. Juv. sk. River Niger (Dr. Baikie). Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c. Ad.; d. Juv.
sk. 
River Niger. Dr. Baikie [C I 
e. Juv. sk.
f. Ad. sk. 
River Niger. 
Scarcies River, Gold Coast. 
Mrs. Hey wood [P."*. 
(Type of G. megapoda.) 
H. F. Blissett, Esq. 

3. G-alactochrysea emini. (Plate Y. %. 2.) 
Glareola 
emini, Shelley, P Z, S. 1888, p. 49; Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 209 (1888). 

Adult male (type of species). Similar to G. h'berice, but larger, 
with no white at the base of the secondaries, and at once distinguished 
by the white collar on the hind neck : " bill black, with 
the basal half vermilion-red ; feet vermilion ; iris umber-brown v 
(Emin Pasha). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 6, tail 2-5, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Equatorial Africa. 

a. 
c? ad. sk. Foda, Equatorial Africa, Ernin Pasha [P.]. 
Oct. 18, 1885. (Type of species.) 
4. Galaetochrysea uuchalis. 
Glareola nuchalis, 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 63, pi. ix.; Reugl. Or?i. 
N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. % p. 984 (1871: Upper Nile; Gondar) ,* Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 18, no. 10028 (1871) ; Seek Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 266 (1888). 

Adult (type of species). Similar to G. liberice, but with a white 
collar round the hind neck, and further distinguished by the white 
on the outer web of the base of the secondaries. Total length 
5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 5*45, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*7. 
Bab. Upper White Nile region. 

a. 
Ad. sk. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
5. Galactochrysea cinerea. 
Glareola cinerea, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 2Q ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 538, pi. 144 (1844); id. List GraUce Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1844: 
R. Quorra); BLartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 211 (1857); Cassin, Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 173 (Camma R.) ; Kartl. J.f.O. 1867, 
p. 268,* Gray, EandX 
B. iii. p. 18, no. 10034 (1871); Reichen. 
J.f O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast),* Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 422 
(1881); Reichen. J. f O. 1887, p. 299 (Manvanga) • Seebohm, 
Geogr. Di§tr. Charadr. p. 265 (18g8). 
8 . GALACXOCHRYSEV. 
Galachrysia cinerea, Bp. C. 2i. xliii. p. 419 (1856). 
Glareola (Galackrysea) cinerea, Hartert, J. /. 0, 1886, p. 610 

(R. Niger). 
Adult. Similar to G. lactea, but paler and more of a pearly grey, 
and differing in the cinnamon-rufous collar on the hind-neck and 
sides of neck, the white eyebrow, white cheeks and sides of face, 
with a line of black crossing the ear-coverts to the sides of the 
throat; it has also white axillaries and a yellow base to the bill. 
Total length 6*5 inches, oilmen 0-5, wing 5-6, tail 24, tarsus 0-85. 

Hah. West Africa, from the Niger to the Congo. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Rher Niger (£. Fraser). Capt. Allen [P.]. 
c, d. Juv. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
River Niger (L. Fraser). 
River Niger.
(Types of species.) 
Eyton Coll. 
Dr. JBaikie [C.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. River Niger (Dr. Baikie). Tweeddale Coll. 
g. Ad. sk.
h. Skeleton. 
Ogowe River. 
Gaboon. 
II. T. Ansell, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 

6. Galactochrysea lactea. 
Glareola lactea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 503 (1820); id. PL Col v. 
pi. 399 (1820); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1844) ; id. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 533 (1844); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Sue. p. 259 (1849 : 
Calcutta); Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 632 (1864); Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Cuisores, p. 17 (1805); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 64 (1869); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 18, no. 10033 (1871); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 440 
(1873); id. Nests $ Eggs, p. 568 (1873); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 429 
(1874); JIarting, P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 60. fig. 1 (egg); Hume, btr.F. 
iii. p. 179 (1875); Blyth <$• IVaid. B. Burm. p. 154 (1875); 
Armstr. Str. F. iv. p. 338 (1876) ; Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 469; 
Hume §* Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 454 (1878); DavidsontyWenden, 
Str. F. vii. p. 88 (1878) ; Ball, t. o. p. 226; Cripps, t. e. p. 299; 
Hume, t.c. p. 482; Butler, Cat B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 72 (1880); 
Gates, Handb. B. Burm. ii. p. 363 (1883); Hume, Str. F. xl p. 312 
(1888); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 264 (1888); Oates, 
ed. Hume's Nests <§* Eggs, iii. p. 320 (1890); Barnes, Jour. Bomb. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. iii. p. 205, iv. pp. 2, 83, 237, v. pp. 1, 97, 315, vi. 
pp. 1, 29. 
Glareola orientalis (nee Leach), Jerd. Madr. Jour. xii. p. 215 
(1840). 
Glareola nipalensis vel cinerascens, Hodgs. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus, 
Grallce, pi. 45 (no. 658); id. m Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Glareola gangetica, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 46 

(no. 825); id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Galachrysia lactea, Bp.% C. R xliii. p. 419 (1856). 
Galactochrysea lactea, Heine fy Reichen. Nomenel. Mus. Hein. p. 338 

(1890). 

Adult male. General colour above light ashy grey ; wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater series edged with white ; outer wing-
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, with white 
near the base of the inner web, increasing towards the centre of 
the wing; the secondaries white, with a black bar at the end^the 

VOL. xxiv. p 

Db 
CTTESORII])^;. 

inner ones ashy grey like the back; upper rail-coverts white; tail-

feathers black, white at base, increasing in extent towards the outer 

ones, which are white with black tips; the centre tail-feathers 

tipped with white or ashy ; head like the back, with a line of black 

from the gape to the lores; sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of 

neck light ashy grey ; the cheeks and entire throat rufeseent buff; 

fore-neck and chest pale pearly grey ; remainder of breast, abdomen, 

and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

black, with a white spot at the base of the outer primaries : " bill 

black, gape and basal part of margins red ; feet neutral brown or 

plumbeous brown ; iris dark brown J,( IF. V. Legge). Total length 

6*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 5*8, tail 2 05, tarsus U*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 

6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 5*6, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Only seems to differ from the adult in having some 

obsolete light margins to the feathers of the upper surface, and in 

having the throat spotted with dusky brown. 

Hub. Indian Peninsula and Cevlon. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Kotri, Sind, Feb. 20 [II. B. Hume Coll. 
Barnes). 
b, c. Ad. sk. K.W. frontier of India ( W. India Museum. 
Griffith). 
d, e,f. Ad. sk. Murdan, March. Hume Coll. 
g,h. <$ 5 ad. sk. Gurgaon District, March 12 Hume Coll. 


(A. O. H). 
i-m. Ad.; n} 0. Etawah, Feb., Oct. Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
p, q, r. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of G. nipalensis.) 
*, t. Ad. sk. Behar. "Hodgson Coll. 
u-x. Ad. sk. Dinapur. Pinwill Coll. 

y. Ad. sk. Darjiling Terai. India Museum. 
z. Ad. sk. Sikhim Terai. Hume Coll. 
a'. Ad. sk. Bhotan Terai, Jan. (L. Man-Hume Coll. 
delli). 


V. Ad. sk. Lower Hills, Bhotan Dooars Hume ColL 
(L. 31.). 
c'} df, e'. Ad. sk. N. Khasia Hills (A. W. Chen-Tweeddale ColL 
nell). 

/',/ . Ad.sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
h'. 2 ad. sk. Calcutta, Dec. CoLJ.Biddulph[C.J. 


»'. Ad. sk. Calcutta. Hume ColL 
k'. $ ad. sk. Godaveri Valley, Jan. ( W. T. Hume Coll. 
Blanford). 
/'. $ ad. sk. Bilaspur District, April 5 (W. Seebohm Coll. 
T.Blanford). 
m'} ri. Ad. sk. Damoodah River, Feb. (JR.. C. Tweeddale Cpll. 

Beavan).
o'. Ad. sk. Saugor. Hume Coll. 
p'-u'. Ad. sk. Raipur, Jan., Feb. Hume ColL 
v'. Ad. sk. South Oanara. Hume ColL 
w',r\y'. Ad. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 
«', a". Ad.sk. Deccan (Sy7ces). India Museum. 

8 . GALA.CTOCJEBYSEA.. 
b". Ad. sk. 
c". 2 ad. sk 

d"-ff". d ; h", 
i". 5 ad.sk 
k". Ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
w". c? ad. sk. 

w'\ c? inim.; o", 
/',?". J ad. 
sk. 

r". J ad. sk. 

s"-lP. cJ ad.; c3?
z3. 5 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

o3,^;3. Skeletons. 
q:\ Skeleton. 

Madras (Jerdon). 

S.E. Ceylon, June 30. 
Tonghoo, Burma, Feb., April, 
May (JR. G. W. JR.). 
Shway-g-ween, Jan. 1 (It. G. 

W. R.). 
Palow, Pegu, April 14 (E. 
W. 0.). 
Elephant Point, Dec. 1 (J, Armstrong) 
. 
Theinzeik, Tena^serim, Dec. 12 
(IF. Davison). 

Phagat,Nov. 26 (W. D.). 
Thatone, Nov., Dec. (7F. D,). 

Khasia Hills (A. W. Chennell). 

Gould Coll. 
Col. Vincent LeggQ 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Purchased. 

F2 

68 
PARKIDJG. 

Family III. PARRIM1. 

Palate schizognathous. 

Dorsal vertebrae opisthoccelous. 

Basipterygoid processes present. 

No occipital foramina. 

Spinal feather-tract forked on back. 

General aspect that of a Kail. Toes enormously long, and armed 
with straight spur-like claws, the hind toe very long with a claw 
exceeding it in length. 

~N"est a floating mass of grass and weeds. 

Eggs pear-shaped, glossy, uniform olive in Eyclrophasis and Aletojpidius; 
in the other genera thickly scrawled over with black. 

Keif io tlie Genera. 

a. Jso frontal shield or lappet; centre tail-
feathers greatly elongated, exceeding the 
length of the body; primaries attenuated 
towards the ends, the shafts of the outer 
ones, at all ages and seasons, produced in 
such a manner as to form a kind of elongated 
terminal plume in continuation of 
those quills; a small sharp spur on the 
carpal joint 1. HYDROPHASIS, p. 69. 
b. 
With a frontal shield or lappet j primaries 
not produced at the ends. 
a . 
With a frontal shield, rounded or truncate 
posteriorly. 
a". Frontal shield large, not leaf-like 

and unattached, but occupying the 

anterior pait of the crown to behind 

the line of the e\e ; spur obtuse and 

feebly developed 
2. METOPIDITJS, p. 72. 

b'\ Frontal shield very small, not extend


ing as far as the line of the eye, and 

unattached posteriorly to the skull, 

leaf-like in character; spur on the 

wing obtuse and scarcely developed 

at all 
3. PHYLLOPEZUS, p. 76. 

b'. With a frontal lappet, leaf-like, with an 

erect central comb 
4. HYDRALECIOR, p. 79. 

c\ With a frontal lappet, leaf-like and 

divided posteriorly. 

c". Frontal lappet with a single median 

indentation behind ; a small pendent 

lappet at the ans-le of the mouth; 

spur on wing well developed and 

very sharp 
5, JACANA, p. 81. 

d". 
Frontal lappet with a double indentation 
behind, with no pendent rictal 
lappet; spur on wing strongly developed, 
long, and very sharp 6. ASARCIA, p. 86. 

1. HYDROPHASIS. 
69 
<?'. Forehead feathered, without any frontal 
shield; primaries ordinary, not produced 
at the ends. Size very small: 
total length 6*5 inches 7. APHALUS, p. 88. 


1. HYDRGPHASIS. 
Type. 
Hydrophasianus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 270... II. sinensis. 

Range. Indian Peninsula from Cashmere and Sind, south to 

Ceylon, east through the Burmese countries to South China, and 

southwards to Malacca, Java, and the Philippine Islands. 

1. Hydrophasis chirurgus. 
Le Chirurgien de Ti4e de Luc/on, Bonn. Vvy. N. Gum. p. 82, pi. 45 

1776). 
Tringa chirurgus, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92 (1786). 
Luzonian Jacana, Lath. Gen. St/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 245 (1785). 
Chinese Jacana, Lath. t. c. p. 240 (1785); id. Gen. Sipi. Suppl i. 

p. 256, pi. 117 (1787). 
Parra luzoniensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 709 (1788): Ymll. N. Diet xvi. 
p. 447 (1817). 
Parra sinensis, Gm. t. c. p. 709 (1788); Vieill t. c. p. 451 (1817); 
id. Gal Ok. ii. p. 165, pi. 265 (1^26-34) , Less. Traite, p. 530 
(1831) ; Gray Sf Hardxo. Ill Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 55 (1832) ; Hodgs. 
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 108 (no. 563); id. in Grains 
Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Schl Mus. Pays-Bos, Ralli, p. 71 (1805 : 
Luzon ; Java); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 185 (Perak). 

Hvdrophasianus 
sinensis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 270; Gray, List 
"GrallcB Brit. Mus. p. 114 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 589 (1846); id. 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 142 (1846); Reichenb. Av. 
Syst Nat, Fulicarice, Taf. 112. figs. 1130-1132 (1852); Gould, B. 
Asia, vii. pi. 68 (1855); Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, p. J 70; Swinh. t.c. 

p. 389 (Amoy); Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 254 (1872: 
Cutch) ; Hume <S* Renders. Lahore to Yarh. p. 290 (1873) j Blyth 
§ Wald. B. Burm. p. 157 (1875: Arakan). 
Parra indica (nee Lath.), Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, 
pi. 109. fig. l (no. 719); id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844). 

Hydrophasianus 
chirurgus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 273 
f1849); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 242 (Oudh); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 709 
(1864); Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 541 (Formosa), 1860, p. 405 (Takow); 
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 395 (Manbhum); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. 
Beng. xxxix. p. 274 (1870: Khasia Hills); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 414 (Hankow; Amoy eoabt); Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 70 
no. 10540 (1871) ; Holdsw. P. Z.S. 1872, p.475 (Ceylon); Hume, 
Nests 8r Eggs Ind. B. p. 592 (1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 249 (1873 : 
Sind) : Adam, t. c. p. 397 (Sambhur); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 43 H (Kathiawar); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 343 (1874); Ball, 
Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877: Cachar); David 8f Oust Ois. Chine, p. 483 
(1877: S. China): Hume $ Davis. Str. F. vi. p. 464 (1878: 
Tenasserim); Damdson $ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 (1878 : Deccan) 
; Ball, t c. p. 229 (Rajmehal Hills; Lohardugga); Cripps 

70 PARRID.E. 

t. c. p. 304 (Faridpur) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 914 (1879) ; Hume, 
Str. F. viii. p. 118 (1879); %l)o\g, t. c. p. 371 (E. Xarra); Tiraut, 
Bull. Comm. Agric. Cochin Chine, (3) i. p. 159 (lb79 : Cochin 
China) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. Qd (1879); id. Cat. B. S. 
Bomb. Pres. p. 79 (1880) ; Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 86 (1880 : 8. Konkan); 
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 640, 642; Butler, Str. F. ix. 
p. 431 (1881); Peid, Str. F. x. p. 72 (1881 : Lueknow) : Scully. 
Ibis, 1881, p. 590 (Gilgit Paver) ^ Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 321 
(1882: Khandeisk); Gates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 3ti0 
(1883); Blasius, X f. O. 1884, p. 21G (Bangkan Lake) : Murray, 
Tertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 259 (1884) ; Yorderm. Xat. Ti/d*cltr. 
Federl.Ind. xliv. Afl. 3, p. 204 (1884) ; Seebohm,Ibis, lb84i p. 2(58 
(Kiukiang); C. H. T. Marshall, t. c. p. 424 (Chamba) ; Sicinh. $ 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 134 (Depalpur); Parker, Ibis, 1880, p. IbS 
(Ceylon: breeding): Cordeaux, Ibis, 1888, p. 222 (Cashmere); 
Elliot, Auk, v. p"30S (1888); Hume, Str. F. xi. p.*3215 (1888: 
Manipur) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch. Asiat. Sac. 1889, p. 203 
(S.E. Borneo); Steere, List B. § Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 (1890: Mindoro); 
Oates, ed. Hume's Xests 8f Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 358 (1890): 
Peid, Cat B. Luchnow Mus. p. 254 (1890); Sharpe, Pep. Sri. 
Results 2nd Tark. Miss., Aves, p. 136 (1891: Woolar Lake); 
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 502 (Lower Yangtze). 
Adult male in breedlng-jjlumage. General colour above dark 
chocolate-brown with a bronzy gloss ; scapulars like the back; 
entire wing-coverts creamy-white ; primary-coverts white ; bastard-
wing feathers also tipped with black: primaries blackish ; the outer 
one entirely so, the next one white at base of inner web, the white 
gradually increasing, until on the inner primaries there is only a 
black tip ; secondaries entirely white except the inner ones, which 
are brown like the back ; ramp, upper tail-coverts, and tail blackish 
brown; crown of head and face, as well as the entire throat, pure 
white ; occiput and nape black, extending in a line down the sides 
of the neck, separating from the throat the golden " patch which 
occupies the whole of the hind-neck; entire under surface of body 
blackish chocolate ; under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the 
quill-lining, white. Total length 20*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 7*8, 
tail 2*4, centre feathers 12, tarsus 2*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage: u bill bluish ; 
feet pale plumbeous, claws horn-colour ; iris brown " (E. W. Oates). 
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 9*5, tarsus 2. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Different from the summer plumage. 
General colour above bronzy-brown, rather more dusky on the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts for the most part 
white, but the inner, median, and greater coverts browner and 
crossed with wavy black lines, more or less obsolete on the outer 
coverts; inner secondaries also slightly varied on the outer web 
with white and black bars; upper tail-coverts white, freckled and 
barred with brown or black on the inner web, the longer coverts 
brown like the centre tail-feathers ; remainder of the tail-feathers 
white; crown of head dark brown; the forehead freckled with 
hoary white edgings to the feathers ; down the hind-neck a band 
of brown feathers tipped with white and flanked with golden yellow 

1 . 
HYDROPEASXS. 71 
from the hinder t part of the eyebrow down the sides of the neck ; 
lores white, as also the eyelids; from the gape a line of black 
passing through the eye and joining a black line which traverses 
the sides of the neck and unites in a somewhat broad collar on the 
fore-neck ; sides of face and entire under surface of body white, 
tinged with creamy-buff on the throat: "bill dark brown, the 
basal half of the lower mandible bright yellow ; feet dull greenish, 
claws horn-colour; iris pale yellow" (E. W. Oates). Total length 
11-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 7*1, tail 3. 

Adult female in winter plumage. Similar to the male, but somewhat 
larger. Total length 14 inches, wing 7 9. 

Young. Generally resembles the winter plumage of the adults, 
but is always distinguished by its rufous head, and in the first 
stage of plumage by the sandy-rufous margin to the feathers of the 
upper surface; the dusky band of the sides of the neck is feebly 
indicated and the horseshoe collar on the fore-neck is marked by a 
few spots of dusky blackish. The white on the primaries is more 
restricted, but the elongated tips are present. 

Bah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Woolar Lake, Cashmere, India Muse am. 
July {F. Stoliczka). 
b. 
Ad. sk. Deesa, Aug. 2-i (K A. Hume Coll. 
Butler). 
c. 
J j uv. sk. Erinpoorah, Nov. (Dr. Hume Coll. 
JEddotves). 
d. S 
ad.; e,f,g. Delhi District, June, July Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. (W. N. Chill). 
h. <$ hiem. sk. Gurgaon, July 6 ( W. N. Hume Coll. 
Chill). 
i, h. S 2 sestiv. sk. Meerut, Sept. (A. 0. H.)m Hume Coll. 
1 Ad. sk. Allahabad, July. Hume Coll. 
7n, n. Ad.; o, p. Etawah. Hume Coll. 

Juv. sk. 

q. 2 ad. sk. Etawah, July 24. Hume Coll. 
r, s. (S ad.; t. $ Oudh, May, Aug. Hume Coll. 
hiem. sk. 
u,v. 
<$ ad.; zo, .v. Oudk. Pinwill Coll. 
$ J hiem.; y. Jm1 
sk. 

z. $ ad. sk. Luclmow, May 27. Colonel Way [P.]. 
a'. 
<$ ad. sk. Mogul Serai, 'Jan. 8 ( W. Hume Coll. 
K Brooke). 

V. 2 hiem. sk. Mogul Serai. Hume Coll. 
c', d'. S ? ad. sk. Bewur, Aug. 13 (A. AnSeebohm 
Coll. 
derson). 
e'f f . Ad. hiem.; Behar. Hodgson Coll. 
g'. Juv. sk. 
h',i'. Ad.; k'J. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
m', n'. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. II. Hodgson). India Museum. 
o'. Ad. hiem. sk. Darjeeling Terai, Dec. Hume Coll. 

(L. Mandelli). 
East BengalIndia Museum. 

p', q'. Ad. et hiem. (Blyth). 
St. 

PiRRrD,£. 

r', , Hiem. sk. Cachar. Hume Coll. 
s'. $ hiern. sk. Logtak Lake, Manipur, Hume Coll. 


March 16 (A. 0. 21.). 
?, u'. Ad. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
v'., w'. $ ad. sk. Calcutta, May. Hume Coll. 


x'\• <3 j uv. sk. Depalpur, Jan. 7. Colonel SwinhoeT.\ 
y' . S ad.; z'. 2 Saugor, July 5. Hume Coll. 

hlem. sk. 
a"'. c? ad. sk. Raipur. Hume Coll. 
b". $ juv. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 
c" . Ad. sk. Satpura Hills, Xorthern Hume Coll. 


Khandeish, May. 
d"', e". Ad. et juv. bk :. Deccan (Syfres). India Museum. 
', g". Ad. sk. Madras. Tweeddale Coll. 


f" 

'ti ', i". Ad. et juv. Ceylon, June, July ('#. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. Chapman). 
Jc", I". 6 $ a^. &k-Cotta, Northern Province, Hume Cull. 

Ceylon, April 10(Hart). 
m ', w". 5 aa"-sk. Lower Pegu, April, Aug. Oates Coll. 
o" -q". 2 ad. hiem.: Tonghoo, Dec. to Feb. {JR. Tweeddale Coll 

r". £ juv. bk. G. W. JR.). 
t". d'2 hiem fekThatone, Jan. 9. Hume Coll. 


s"> -


a" Amherst, Dec. Hume Coll. 

. 2 Juy-s^


v"., j hiem. sk. Malacca, Nov. (Dr. M(d?i-Tweeddale Coll. 
9ay)


IV"'. 2 ^d. hiem. sk. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Java (Diard).

x" . 2 ad. sk. Hankow, China (J?. Swin-Tweeddale Coll. 

hoe). 
y" . $ ad. sk. Hankow (B. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z".. 2 ad. sk. Hankow (U.S.). Seebohm Coll. 
< 63, c\ Ad. sk. Formosa, April, Aug. Seebokm Coll, 

(22. 8.). 
cl\ 2 ad. sk. Takow, Formosa, June Seebohm Coll. 
JR. 8.). 
e\ Bones of trunk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

2. METOPIDIUS. 
Metopidius, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 279 , M. indicus. 

Mange. Indian Peninsula, not extending to Ceylon. From the 

N.W. Provinces throughout India to Travancore, east through the 
Burmese provinces to Siam,reoccurring in Java, Sumatra, and Celebes. 
1. Metopidius indicus. 
Indian Jacana, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 257 (1787). 
Parra indica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 76f5 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet. xvi. 


p. 447(1817); Schl.Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 67 (186e5: Java; 
Celebes) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 70, no. 10538 (1871); Salvad. 
TJcc. Born. p. 343 (1874); Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 46 (1877 : Cachar); 
Oates, t. e. p. 165 (Pegu); Hume fy Daviwn, Sir. F. vi. p. 464 
(1878: Tenasaerim); Ball, 8fr. F. vii. p. 220 (1878: Ganges to 
Godaveri); Cripps, r. c. p. 304 (Faridpur); Tiraut, Bull. Comm. 
Agric. Cochin Chine, (3) i. p. 159 (1879); Ihtme, Str. F. viii. p. 113 
(1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sindetc. p. 66 (1879); id. Cat. B. 8. Bomb. 
2. METOPIDIUb. 73 
Bres. p. 79 (1880); Binyh. Mr. F. ix. p. 107 (1880: Th<uinj»\oen 

Deccan); Hume, \$tr. F. xi. p. 320 (1888 : "ManipuO ; Reid, Cat. 

Luckaoxc Mas. p. 252 (1893). 
Parra cuprea, Talentyn. thrift. Naturh. Selsk. 1793, ii. p. 51. 
Le Grand Jacana verd a crete, Temm. Cat. Si/st. p. 177 (1807); 

Hartl. Contr. Dm. 1849, p. 4. 
Pan a ciistata, TieilL N. Diet. x\i. p. 450 (1817). 
Parra apnea, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 498 (1817); Less. Traite,^. 539 

f 1831); Forbes, R Z.S. 1881, p, 643. 

Paiia auperciliosa, Horsf. Trans. Linn. tioc. xiii. p. 194 (1821); id. 
Zool. Research. Java, pi. 64 (1824); Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 
Mus., Gralke, pi. 110 (no. 570): id. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 8(5 
(1844). J * 

Parra phcenicura, Hodys. Ico?i. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail®, pi. U1 
(no. 572); id. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 80 (1844). 
Metopidius seneiu, Waqler, Isis, 1832, p. 279; Reichenh. Av. Syst. 

Sat., Fulicarim, Taf. 111. ligs. 1124-1125 (1852). 
Hydralector cristatus, Wagler, t. c. p. 280. 
Paira arata, Ticket!, J. A. & Beng. ii. p. 582 (1833). 
Parra melanochloris, Twill. Gal. Oi*. ii. p. 204 (1834). 
Parra melanoviridis, Tieill. t. c. p. 164. 
Metopidius indie us, G? ay, List Gralke Brit. Mm. p. 113 (1844); id. 

Gen. B. iii. p. 589 (1840); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Ilodr/s. 

p. 142 (1846); Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus As. 8oc. p. 273 (1849: Calcutta) 
; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 242 (Oudh); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 708 
(1804); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 170; Beamn, Ibis, 1868, p. 395 
Qlanblioom); Godioin-Anst. J. A. K Bent/, xxxix. p. 274 (1870 : 
Khasia Hills); Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 276 (J871: Wardha Valley); 
Hume, Nests # Eggs Ind. B. p. 591 (Ls73); Ball, 8tr. I\ ii. 
p. 431 (1874: Chota Kagpur) ; Hvme, t. c. p. 483; id. JStr. F. iii. 
p. 183 (1875: Pegu); Blyth £ Wald. B. Burm. p. 157 (1*75: 
Arakan); Butl. Sir. F. iv. p. 19 (1876: Langiez); Fairb. t. c. 
p. 263 (Deccan); Armstrong, t. c. p 348 (Elephant Point); Anderson, 
Hep. Zool Coll. Tun-nan, Aves, p. 683 (1878: Bhamo); 
Oates, Handb. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 358 (1883): Elliot, Auk, v. 
p. 299 (1888); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) iv. p. 613 (1887: 
Teinzo); id. op. cit. v. p. 621 (1888: Kaukaryit); Oates, ed. 
Hume's Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 356 (1890). 
Hvdrophasianus sinensis (nee Gm.), Schomburqk, Ibis, 1864, p. 266 
"(Siam); SwM. Ibis, 1866, p. 293. 

Adult male. General colour above glossy olive-bronze, with a 
slight shade of oil-green; wings glossy oil-greeo, the tips of the 
feathers somewhat ashy in worn plumage ; bastard-wirg, primary-
coverts, and quills blue-black, the inner secondaries externally oil-
green, and the innermost ones bronzy like the back; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts deep maroon, with a gloss of purple; 
tail chestnut; head all round, neck, and entire underparts black, 
with a greenish gloss, appearing somewhat purple under certain 
lights; hinder neck and upper mantle decidedly glossy purple ; a 
broad white streak from above the eye to the sides of the nape ; 
lower flanks maroon like the rump ; thighs dingy brown ; under 
tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts like the breast; quill


74 
PARR1DJE. 

lining glossy blue-black : " basal half of upper mandible and frontal 
shield livid blue, the portion near the gape pink; remainder of upper 
and whole lower mandible green; a rose-coloured spot on either 
side of the base of the upper mandible ; legs, toes, and claws bluish 
slate-colour; iris brown " (E. W. Gates). Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 1*4, wing 6, tail 1*7, tarsus 2-5, middle toe and claw 3*0. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but larger. Total 
length 11*5 inches, culmeu 1-45, wing 7, tail 2, tarsus 2*7, middle 
toe and claw 3-9. 

Young. Differs from the adult in colour and in the hairy texture 
of its plumage, the general colour being oily-green, with sandy-
rufous edgings to the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back ; lower 
back and rump barred with rufous and dusky black; crown of head 
chestnut, with a dusky-black patch from the nape to the mantle; 
sides of face white, as also the throat; breast and abdomen, the 
ear-coverts, lower throat and fore neck cinnamon-buff; some of the 
wing-coverts with hoary whitish edgings. 

This seems to be the first plumage of the young bird, the description 
being taken from a specimen still in nestling plumage, in which 
the tail has not yet appeared. The sandy-coloured edgings to the 
feathers of the upper parts appear to wear off gradually ; the black 
on the hind neck becomes more defined and shaded with green, 
inclining to purple on the mantle ; the lower back and rump become 
more definitely purple, the rufous bars being confined to the rump ; 
and the tail is white, varied with zigzag bars of black, the subterminal 
one following the margin of the feather all round, some 
few feathers being olive-green externally. The bars on the tail are 
often found broken up, and a chestnut appearance overspreads them, 
as the moult approaches: this does not take place till the bird is a 
year old, according to Mr. Hume. 

There is no sign of a winter plumage in this species, and, so far 
as I can see, the change from the young plumage to that of the 
adult is effected by a direct moult, without any change in the 
pattern of the feather whatever. 

IIah. The same as that of the genus, 
a, h. S juv.; c. 2 Sankheira, Dec. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 

d. 2 inim. sk. Lansyrez, North Guzerat, Hume Coll. 
Dec. 26 {JS. A. Butler). 
e,f,g. J ad.; h. Gurgaon District, Mav 4, Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. [A. 0. H\ 
i, k. 2 ad- sk. Jhansie, Sept. Hume Coll. 

h m

- 
6 ? ad. sk. Allahabad, Aug. (J.Coclc- Hume ColL 
burn), 
n, o. Ad. et juv. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
lh <?• <S 2 a(i*s^* Kheree District, Feb. 14 Seebohm Coll. 

(A. Anderson). 
r, 
8 ad.; s,t. 2 Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 
ad.; u. S juv. : 
v, w. 2 juv. sk. 

x. 
2 ad. sk. Mogul Serai, Jan. 8 (IV. Hume Coll. 
JE. Brooks). 
Z. MECOPIDIUS. 
*/, z. $ ad. et hum.; 

a'. 2 ad. ak. 
b', cf. Ad. sk. 
cT, e'. Juv. sk. 

/',//. Ad.; A'. JUT. 

sk. 
?'. Ad.sk. 
&',/'. c? ad. et imra.; 

?«', w'. 2 ad. sk. 
o', ;/, </. Ad.; / . 
Juv. sk. 
if'. Juv. sk. 

t'. $ juv. sk. 

u'. 9 juv. sk. 

?*'. Juv. sk. 

«?', ar', </'. d ad.; s', 
«". 5 ad.; b", c". 
1 mm. sk. 

rf", e". Ad. sk. 
f",g". Ad et juv. 

sk. 
h",i". Ad.etjuv.sk. 
k". Ad. sk. 

Z". Ad.sk. 
m". Ad. sk. 
»'\ Ad. bk. 
o"jp". Ad. sk. 
q". (S ad. sk. 


r", s". Juv. sk. 

£'', M", D". c? ad. et 
JUV.; 20"-3". $ 
juv.sk. 

«3, &3. J ad. sk. 
c3. Ad. sk. 


cV. $ ad. sk. 

e3. d* ad. sk. 
/*,//. c? ad.; h\ 
2 ad. sk. 

*\tfad.; A;8. 2 
juv. sk. 
P, mz. $ ad.; ?rK 
2 ad. sk. 
o3-$3. J ad.; rf3,w3. 

2 ad. et imm. sk. 
v*. 2 ad. sk. 
w3. 2 a(i. sk. 
a^y3. 2 ad. sk. 

Bekar. 

Nepal. 
Nepal. 

Nepal (i?. J/. Hodgson). 

Darjiling. 
Buxa Doars, Jan., Feb. 

(L. Mandelh). 
Bhotan Doars, Nov. to Jan. 

(i. Mandelh). 
Bhotan Terai, Nov. (Z. 
Mandelli). 
Dibrughur, Dec. 21 (J. 


M. Cripps). 
North Khasia Hills, Feb. 

(A. W. Chennell). 
Cachar (/. Lie/lis). 
Manipur, Feb. [A. O.IL). 
Dacca. 
Maimbhum, March (li. 

C. Beavan). 
"Caipur. 
Mirzapur, March (It 
Thompson). 

Saugor. 
Kamptee. 
Coorg. 
Madras. 
Trevandrum, Travancore, 


Feb. 7. 
Bharno,UpperBurma,Feb. 
Tonghoo, Oct. to Feb. (It. 


G. W. JR.). 
Tonghoo 
Rangoon, June 10 (JE. W. 
Oates). 


Prome Distr., March 10 

(E. W. 0.). 
Pegu, August 14. 
Kaukaryit, Tenasserim, 
June" to August (J. 
Darling)* 
Beeling, Jan. 29 (W. 
Davison). 


Tteinzeik, Dec, Jan. 

{W.D.). 

Thatone, Sept., Dec, Jan. 

(W.D.). 

Khayin,Dec,Jan.(Tr.D.). 
Ngabeeinab, Mar. 8{W.D.). 
Yeaboo, Attaran River, 

Dec, March {W. D.). 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
HodgsonColl. (Types 
of P. phamicwa.) 
India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Dr. R. B. Ilinde TP.]. 
Tweeddale Coll * 
Rev.H.H.Baber[P.]. 


F. Bourclillon, Fsq. 
[0.]. 
Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

70 rARUiD.r. 

ss. <$ ad.: a\ V.? Assoun,Marcli3(M:i>.). Hume Cull. 
ad. et imm. &k 
c%, d4. (S ad. et i uv. Assoon, Feb. (W. Lim-Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. borq). 
*4,/1. 6$ juv. sk. Amherst, Dec.20 (W.D.). Hume Coll. 
^V*4. Ad.etjuv. ,f.k. Riam {SirB.Scho?nburgh). Gould Coll. 
*4. Ad. &k. Cambodia, May. M. Pierre HP.\ 
A-1,/'- Ad.sk. Java (Dr. Horsfield). India Museum. 

{Types of Parra snpereiliosa ) 
wil. Ad. sk. Ja\ a. Tweeddale Coll. 
w1. J ad. sk. Java (Diard). Salvin-Oodman Coll. 
o4. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll. 
p\ql, iA. Bones of Nepal Hodgson Coll. 

trunk. 

3. PHYLLOPEZIJS, gen. nov. 
Range. Nearly the whole of Africa and Madagascar. 

Key to the Species* 

a. Hinder neck black africanus, p. 76. 
b. Hinder neck white albinucha, p. 78. 
1. Phyllopezus africanus. 
African Jaeana, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 246, pi. IXXXTH. (1785). 

Parra africana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 709 (1788); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hisf. 
Nat. xvi. p. 447 (1817); Swain*. Zool. Illustr. 2nd ser. pi. 0 (1829); 
Less. Traite, p. 539 (1831) ; Bilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 126 (1845); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 509 (1846); Beickenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Fuliearice, 
Taf. 111. fig. 1121 (1852) ; Ileugl Syst Uebers. p. 64 (1856 : Tana 
Lake); Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 240 (1857 : Gaboon : Mozambique); 
Brehm, J.f. 0. 1858, p! 470; Cass. Proc. PhilacL Acad. 1859, 

p. 174 (Gamma River); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 249 (Natal), 18C0, 
p. 221; Hartl..f. O. 1861, p. 271 (St. Thomas; Bis&ao); id. 
Faune Madag. p. 79 (1861: W. Madagascar); Gurney, Ibis, 1862, 
p. 38; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 110 (1864: Rozeres); Kirk, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 334 (Zambesi) ; Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. xvi. 
p. 327 (1865); Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 90 (Benguela) ; Schl. Mtis, 
Pays~Bas, Ralli,p. 69 (1865: Gold Coast; Elmina; Algoa Bay); id. 
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 335 (Cape Colony) ; 
Grandid. Bev. et yiag. de Zool 1868, p. 4 (N.W. coast of Madagascar) 
; Schl. Sc Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 137 (1868); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1869. p. 388 (Fantee); Finseh # Hartl.og. Ostafr. p. 781 
(1870); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 70, no. 10535 (1871) ; Gurney in 
Anderss. B. JDam. Ld. p. 328 (1872: Damara to Lake Ngami) ; 
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 469, 641; EeugL Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 
pt. 1, p. 1216 (1873: N.E. Africa to 140° N. lat.>; Ussher, Ibis, 
1874, p. 74; Beichen. J. f. O. 1874, p. 375 {Wuri River); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 86 (Durban); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 348: Beichen. 
J.f.O.1877, p. 12 (Loango); Haril. Voq. Madaq. p. 354 (1877); 
Fischer Sr Beichen. J.f 0. 1878, p. 248 (Malincli), 1879, p. 338 
(Tschara); Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 115 (1879: 
Lake Silg); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 477 (1881); Hartl.bhandl 
nat, Ter. Br em. vii. p. 119 (1881: Lado); Milne~Edw. # Grandid. 
N. K. Madag., Ois. p. 581 (1882); Forbes, R Z. S. 1881, pp. 640, 
642 j Holub \ von Pek. Beitr. Orn Skdafr. p. 296 (18M>: Punta
3 . PHYLLOPEZlTfi. 
matenka); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 307 (Kooroomoorooi Pan); Bhhm, 

J.f. 0. 1882, p. 188 (Kakoma); Schahnv, J. f 0. 188:3, p. HO 
(Zanzibar) ; Sharpe, Joitrn. Linn, Soc, Zool. xvii. p. 441 (1884 : 
Muschra Req) ; id. ed. LayanVs B. 8. Afr. p. 648 (1884); Fischer, 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 887 (1884: Xaiwascha Lake); Salmd. 
Ann. Mm. do. Qenov. (2) i. p. 225 (1884: Shoa)j Bohm, J.f 0. 
1885, p. 88 (Gonda); Fischer, t. c. p. 117 (Kipini; Barawa; 
Ungu); Kartert, J.f. 0. 1886, p. 007 (Jienue R.); Ayres, Ibis, 
1887, p. 62 (Mashupan R.) ; Reichen.J.f. 0. 1887, p. 48 (Victoria 
Nyanza); Matschie, t. c. p. 145 (E. of Kagehi; Lufira; M'buga; 
Liivule; Upamba Lake) ; Meicken. t. a. p. 299 (Manyanga); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 304 (Jipi) ; Eeichen. J. f 0. 1889^ p. 268 
(Quiliinane), 1890, p. 108 (Cameroons). 
^ietopidius africanus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 279 ; Gray, List Qrallce 
Brit. Mas. p. 114 (1844: Gambia); Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) 

i. p. 107 (1877) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 601 (Pangani); Elliot, 
Auk, v. p. 301 (1888). 
Advlt. General colour above cinnamon-rufous or chestnut; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts maroon-chestnut; wing-coverts 
like the back, the bastard-wing feathers blackish, externally more 
or less chestnut: primary-coverts blackish, with chestnut bases; 
primaries black, the secondaries blackish, with rufous bases, the 
rufous colour increasing towards the innermost secondaries, which 
are entirely chestnut like the back; tail maroon-chestnut, with 
dusky ends ; lores, eyebrow, hinder crown, nape, and hind-neck 
black, forming a narrow band down the latter ; sides of face and sides 
of neck white, as well as the throat, gradually shading off into the 
golden straw-colour of the sides of the neck and fore-neck, the sides 
of the latter barred with black ; remainder of the under surface of the 
body deep maroon-chestnut; the under wing-coverts like the breast., 

the lower primary-coverts blackish ; quill-lining black, with a steel-
blue gloss : u frontal shield, bill, and feet beautiful leaden blue : bare 
orbits pale yellow ; iris sometimes pearly white, sometimes brown " 
(Ileuylhi). Total length 10 inches, culmen with frontal shield 2*3, 
wing 6*5, tail 1*S5, tarsus 2*6, middle toe and claw 3*5. 


Young. Differs from the adult in being bronzy oil-green above, 
with rufous edges to the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts 
dingy bronze, washed with maroon ; tail bronzy brown ; head and 
neck brown, becoming a little blacker on the latter; facial markings 
as in the adult, but the loral streak brown instead of black; under 
surface entirely white ; the sides of the body and flanks as well as 
the under wing-coverts maroon-chestnut; sides of the fore-neck 
straw-colour, but not so golden as in the adult. 

South-African birds seem to be rather larger than those from 
West Africa and j^orth-east Africa ; the female is perceptibly larger 
than the male. Thus a female from Lamu measures : total length 
9*3 inches, cuiraen and frontal shield 2*1, wing 5-6, tail 2*6, tarsus 
2-4, middle toe and claw 3-15. 

A female from Durban measures: total length 10'5 inches, culmen 
and frontal shield 2% wing 6*8, tail 2-25, tarsus 2*8, middle toe 
and claw 3*2. 

Hab. The greater part of Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Juv. sk. 
c, d. Ad. sk. 
e,f,g. Ad. sk. 
h. Juv. sk. 
i. 
$ ad.; k. $ 
juv. sk. 
1. Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
??. Ad. sk. 
o. 
Ad.; jp. JUT. 
sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. 
<$ ad. sk. 
5. Ad. sk. 
t. 
Ad. sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
v, w. Ad. sk. 

a\ $ ad. sk. 

y, z. Ad. sk. 
«', b'. Ad. et 
imm. sk. 
c'. Ad. sk. 

<*'. Ad.; <?',/. 
Imm. sk. 
#', 7i'. Ad. et j uv. 
sk. 
«"'. Ad. sk. 

A'. $ ad. sk. 

V, m'. Ad. sk. 
n'-q'. Ad. sk. 
r'. Ad. sk. 

PAEEID-H. 

Gambia. 
Gambia. 
Gold Coast. 
Fantee (H. T. Vssher). 
Amissah River (H. T. Ussker). 
Accra, May (J. S?nifh). 


River Volta (II. T. Fss/irr). 
Skonga, Eher Niger. 
Gaboon (P. B. Duuhaillu). 
Rio Dande, Angola, Jan. 23 


(Said). 

Benguela. 
Shoa, July (Sir W. Harris). 
Fazoo'loa. 
White Nile (ConsulPetherick). 
Musehra Eeq, Niam-niaiii 


Country, Dec. 
Musehra Req, Dec. (F. Bohndorff), 
^ 

Lake Jipi. 

Pangani (Sir J. Kirk). 
Upper Shire Rher, Nov. (A. 
Whyte). 
Lake Shirwa, Dec. 10 (A. 
Whyte). 
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 

Zambesi. 

Makalaka Country (Dr. Bradskato). 


Mashupan River, Transvaal, 

JulyS (T. Ay res). 
Natal (T. Ay res). 
Durban, Natal (Gordge). 
Kingwilliamstown. 

Old Coll. 
Rev. D. Morgan 'P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 


Shelley Coll. 
Capt. Ferryman "P.". 
TweeddaleColl." 
Sharpe Coll. 


Monteiro Cull. 
India 3Iuseum. 
Old Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


F. Buhndorff [C/\ 
II. 0. Forbes, E^. 
:P.]. 

F. J. Jackson, E>q. 
iv. 
Shelley Coll. 

H. 11. Johnston, E>q., 
C.B. y;.
II. II. Johiibton, Esq.. 
O.B. P. . 
Livingstone Expel. 
Sir J. Kirk T.]. 


Shelley Coll. 


Gurney Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Major Tre\ elyan [C.]. 


2. Pkyllopezus albiimcha. 
Parra 
albinucha, Is. Geoffr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. Ib32, Aves} pi. 6; 
Gue'rin, Iconogr. Rh/ne Anim., Ois. pi. lvii. fig. 1 (1844): Gray, Gen. 

B. iii. p. 589 (1846)*; Reichenb. A v. Syst. Nat., Fulkarice, Taf. 111. 
fig. 1123 (1852) ; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 78 (1861); Roch $ F. 
Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 172; F. Neict. t, c. p. 458 5 Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Ralli, p. 70 (1865); id. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. 
deZool.l&m, p. 4 ; Schl. $ Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 136 (1868); 
Finsch <§* Hartl. Tog. Obtafr. p. 783, note (1870); Gray, Iland-l 
B. iii. p. 70, no. 10537 (1871) ; Hartl. Tog. Madag. p. 352 (1877); 
Milne-Fdiu. ty Grandid. N. H. Madag., Ois. p. 570, pis. 237, 238, 
239 (1882). 
Parra atricollis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 334 (1837). 

Metopidias 
albinucha. Gray, List Gralke Brit. Mn*. p. 114 (1844); 
Cab. in Von den Feckerfs Reis. iii. p. 50 (1809) ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 
1875, p. 68 (Tamatave); Elliot, Auk, v. p. 300 (1888). 

4. HYDKAL1 dOR. 
79 

Adult. General colour above cinnamon-rufous, the wings like the 
back ; bastard-wing feathers blackibh with rufous centres, the 
primary-coverts entirely rufous; primaries black, the secondaries 
rufous like trie back, the outer ones blackish at the end of the outer 
web; rump white, somewhat mixed with rufous where it adjoins 
the back; upper tail-coverts and tail chestnut, with blackish tips to 
the feathers; bead for the most part bare, the hinder crown and 
occiput black; nape, hind-neck, and sides of neck pure white, the 
latter washed with straw-colour; a small black patch on the top of 
tbe mantle; sides of face and ear-coverts, as well as the entire 
throat and fore-neck, black; chin whitish; remainder of under 

surface deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut, with a large patch of 
white on the lower flanks ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like 
the breast, the latter with ashy brown bases : " bill, frontal shield, 
and feet pearly grey; iris clear brown" (A. Grandidier). Total 
length 10*5 inches, culmen and frontal shield 2-1, wing 6, tail 1*9, 
tarsus 2*4, middle toe and claw 3-3. 


Young birds, according to MM. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, 
are paler in colour, have the top of the head and nape black varied 
with white; the neck white, as well as the greater part of the face; 
tbe back and tail-coverts are rufous, slightly washed with greenish. 
The frontal shield is smaller than in the adult. 


Hah. Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. M. Guenn [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Madagascar. M. Guerin [P.J. 
c. Juv. sk. Madagascar (Bewsher). Shelley Coll. 
d. Skeleton. Madagascar. Purchased. 
e. Skeleton. Madagascar. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4. 
HYDRALECTOR. 
Type. 
Hydralector, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 280 H, gallinaceus. 
Range. Australia and New Guinea; Celebes; S.E. Borneo. 

1. Hydralector gallinaceiis. 
Parra gallinacea, Temm. PL Col v. pi. 4G4 (c. 1831); Less. Traits, 
p. 539 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 589 (1846) ; Goidd, B. Austr. 
vi. pi. 75 (1843); 'Gray, P. Z. S. I860, pp. 365,438 (Banda*); 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 330 (1865); Ramsay, Ibis, 1805, 
p. 305 (Rockhampton; Clarence River); id. Ibis, 1867, p. 417, 
pi. ix. fig. 3 (egff): id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 344 (Queensland); id. 
Proc. Linn. Soc. NS.W. ii. p. 199 (1878); Masters, t c. p. 275 
(Port Darwin); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888); North, 
Nests cy Eggs Austr. B. p. 327 (1889); Cox § Hamilton, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. NS. W. (2) iv. p. 421 (1889: Mudgee district) ; Buttik. 
in Max Weber, Zool. ErgeK Reis. NederL Ost-Ind. p. 30(3 (1893). 
Hydralector gallinaceus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 280; Walden, Tr. 

Z. S. viii. p. 92 (1872: Menado; Makassar); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, 
p. 141 (Limbotto); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 647 ; Blasius, J.f.O. 
* I have not found Mr. Grays authority for this locality. 
so 
so 
PAKRTD^E. 


1884, p. 216 (Lake Bankan, S.E. Borneo) • Eutter, t. c. p. 226 
(egg); Elliot, Auk, v. p. 302 (1888); Everett, Journ. btraits 
Brawh Asiat. tioc. 1889, p. 204. 

Melopidius gallinaceus, Gray, List Gralke Brit. Mm. p. 114 (1844). 
llvdralector cristatus (nee jr.), JReiehenb. Av. tiyst. Nat., Fulicarice, 
Taf. 112. figs. 112(5-29 (1852) : Garrod, P. Z. K 1873, p. 34. 

Porra criatata {nee V.), tichl. Mux. Pays-Bus, iuilli, p. 08 (18(55: 
Gorontalo ; Limbotto : Wawouj; Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 70, 
no. 10539 (1871). 

llvdralector novas-liollandiaj, tialvad. Oni. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 309 
'(1881) ; Ramsay, Tub. List Austr. B. p. 21, note (1888). 

Adult. General colour above bronzy brown, more dingy on the 
lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, all but the 
centre tail-feathers white at base; wing-coverts like the back ; 
marginal coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
with a slight bluish gloss; inner secondaries bronzy brown like the 
back; forehead behind the lappet to centre of crown, sides of face, 
and sides of neck golden straw-colour; throat white, inclining to 
golden straw-colour on the fore-neck; an infra-loral streak of black 
from the fore part of the cheeks to the fore part of the eye ; hinder 
crown black, extending in a broad line down the hind-neck and 
overspreading the upper mantle; chest, breast, and sides of body, 
as well as the under wing-coverts and axillaries, sooty black; entire 
abdomen, lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; quills 

glossy black below; " bill greenish grey at the extreme tip, then 
black to near the nostrils; the basal portion of the upper mandible 
and the helmet aurora-red; base of the lower mandible light 
primrose-yellow; fore part of tibia red, with a mixture in patches 
of yellow and greenish grey ; iris light sulphur-yellow ; eyelash 
light ash-grey " (J. Gould). Total length 9 inches, culrnen with 
frontal lappet 1*8, wing 5md, tail 1*6, tarsus 2*4, middle toe and 
claw 3*6. 


Adult female. Resembles the male in colour, but is decidedly 
larger; a male from Port Essington measures 7 inches in length 
and has the wing 4*7, while a female from the same place measures 
8*5 inches in length and has the wing 5-<5. 


Young. Differs considerably from the adult. General colour 
olive-brown above, the feathers with sandy-rufous margins; crown 
of head bright rufous; under surface of body entirely white. 


Hub. Australia ; Celebes ; S. Borneo. 

or. Ad.; h. Juv.st. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
c, d. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum. 
e,f,g. Ad.sk. Queensland (J. T. Cookerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. Juv. sk. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll. 
&<*. sk*

t,h.($2Port Essington, Nov. J. B. Jukes, Esq. 
[p.]. 

/. $ ad. sk. N.W. Australia (T. IP Bowyer Capt. JBowver Bower 
Bower). [PJ. * 

m. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
n, o. <$ ad.: 2h Makassar. Wallace Coll. 
q, r. $ ad. sk. 
«. Ad. sk. Makassar. Tweeddale Coll. 

5 . JACA.NA. 
SI 
2. Hydralector novae-guineae. 
Parra gallinacea 
(nee T.), D1 Albert. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 30 ; id. Ann. 
Mus. Genov. viii. p. 799 (1875). 
Parra cristata (nee V.), Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xii. p. 505 
(1877: Laloke River). 
Parra novae-guineae, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. iii. p. 298 
(1878: Port Moresby), iv. p. 102 (1879); Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 327. 
Hydralector gallinaceus (nee T.), Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii, 

p. 308 (1882). 
Adult. Similar to JET. gallinaceus, but darker and more olive-green 
above, -without the bronzy shade; the blue-black colour of the 
hind-neck overspreading not only the mantle but the upper back as 
well; the wing-coverts sooty black, nearly as dark as the breast. 
Total length 7*8 inches, culmen with frontal lappet 1*7, wing 5, 
tail 1*35, tarsus 2*1, middle toe and claw 3*1. 

According to Mr. Eamsay, the female is one fifth larger than the 
male. 
Young birds differ in the same way as in H, gallinaceus, being 
white underneath with a rufous head. 
Hob. New Guinea. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Port Moresby. A. Goldie [0.]. 

5. JACANA. 
Type 
Parra, linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 259 (1766, pt.) J. jacana. 
Jajc&n&;Schdffer, JElem. Orn. fol. 2 B, pi. vii.figs. 1,2 (1774: 
ex Bris8.) J- jacana. 

(Cf. Stejneger, Auk, ii. p. 338,1885.) 

Pig. 9.—Head of Jacana jacana, to show form of lappet and facial wattles. 

Range. The greater part of South America, north of Patagonia 
and Chili, extending into Panama. 
VOL. xxrv. 

82 
PAKBIDiE. 

Key to the Species. 

<i. Back and wing-coverts rufous: under surface of 
"body blackish; sides of body and under wing-
coverts rufous, all the inner secondaries being 
rufous like the back Jacana, p. 82. 
b. 
Back and wing-co\ erts deep maroon chestnut ; 
inner secondaries with blackish centres, the 
longer ones entirely purplish black; under 
surface of body blackish, dark maroon on the 
sides of the body, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts ; the marginal coverts and the lower 
primary-coverts black melanopygia, p. 84. 
<?. Entirely greenish black above and below, including 
the inner secondaries and under wing-
coverts nigra, p. 84. 

1. Jacana jacana. 
The Spur-winged Water-hen of Brazil, Hdtoards, Gleanings, iii, 
p. 305, pi. 357 (1764). 
Le Chirurgien brun, Binss. Orn. Y. p. 125, pi. xi. for. 1 (1760). 
Parra }acana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 259 (176*5) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 707 
(1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 762 (1790); VieilL N Diet, xvi 

p. 446 (1817) ; Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 786 (1833) ; 
Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. 
p. 589 (1846); Eartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 394 (1856); Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 282; id. P. Z. S. 
1860, p. 290 (Babahoyo); Burm. Beis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 506 
(1861: Tucuman); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96 (Orinoco); 
Scl Mus. Pays-Bas, Kalli, p. 66 (1865: Cavenne; Demerara) ; 
Leot. Ois Trinid. p. 486 (1866) ; Scl. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, 
p. 200 (Nauta) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas), 1869, 
p. 252 (Venezuela) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 313, 458 (1871); Gray, 
Eand-l. B. iii. p. 70, no. 10530 (1871); Scl § Salv. Komencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 142 (1873); Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 (Argentina) ; Scl 
# Salv. Ibis, 1873, p. 309 (Upper Amazonia); Layard, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 396 (Para); Hudson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 103 (habits); Taczan. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 329 (Pozo de Lambedero, Peru); Bumf. Ibis, 
1877, p. 196 (Buenos Ayres); W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 642, 647 (anatomy); id. Ibis, 1881, p. 359 (Pernambuco); 
White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 627 (Tucuman) ; Berl Ibis, 1884, p. 440 
(Angostura) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii* p. 331 (1884); Barrows, 
Auk, i. p. 277 (1884: Uruguay); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p 177 (Brit. 
Guiana); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 309 (Guayaquil) ; Scl. fy 
Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 163 (1889); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, 
p. 270 (Rio Pilcomayo) ,• Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 205 (Eio Negro, 
Uruguay). 
Jacana, Daubent. PI. Enl ix. pi. 322; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii 

p. 186 (1781). 
Chesnut Jacana, Lath. Gen. Hist. iii. pt. 1, p. 241 (1785). 
Aguapeazo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 257 (1802). 
Aguapeazo bianco de baxo, Azara, t. c. p. 262 (juv,). 
Parra jassan*, Cab. in Schomburgh1 s Beis. Guian. iii. p. 759 (1848). 
Parra intermedia, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 252 j Gray, Hand-l B. 
iii. p. 70, no. 10534(1871). 
5 . JACANA. 
83 
Parra spinosa (nee L.), Ridgy). Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 175 (1884). 
Jacana spinosa, Stejn. Auk, ii. p. 338 (1885, ex Linn.). 
Jacana jacana, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 294 (1888); Riker fy Chapm. Auk, 


viii. p. 163 (1891: Santarem). 
Adult. General colour above rich chestnut, inclining to maroon 

• on the mantle ; wing-coverts all maroon• bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black; quills sulphur-yellow, with black margins at the 
ends, the primaries also margined with black for the greater part of 
the outer web ; inner secondaries like the back* rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail maroon-chestnut, the latter with dusky-brown 
margins to the feathers; head all round and neck black, with a 
green gloss, extending over the mantle on the upper parts; entire 
under surface of body greenish black, under wing-coverts and axilliaries 
as well as the sides of the body maroon-chestnut: "bill 
bright orange; wing-spur wax-yellow ; feet lead-colour, washed 
with olive-green near the feathered part; lappets on head dark lake-
red; iris pale yellow" (Neuwied). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 
with frontal shield 1*65, wing 4*9, tail 1*45, tarsus 2*2, middle 
toe and claw 2*9. 

Young. Different from the adult. Above dull bronzy brown, 
with sandy-rufous edgings to many of the feathers; rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail dusky brown; wing-coverts ashy brown, the 

• greater series edged with sandy rufous, the marginal ones chestnut; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills paler yellow than 
in the adult, and with broader dusky tips ; inner secondaries like 
the back; head dusky brown; neck blackish, slightly overspreading 
the mantle; a broad eyebrow and sides of face white, with a black 
line skirting the ear-coverts from behind the eye; entire under 
surface of body white, with a sandy-buff shade on the fore-neck and 
chest; under wing-coverts and sides of body maroon; marginal 
coverts and lower primary-coverts dusky brown edged with white : 
" upper mandible green, the lower one yellow; legs verditer; iris 
yellow" (E. L. Layard). 
Hal. South America, from the Argentine Eepublic north to 
Ecuador and British Guiana. 

Purchased. 

Sir R. Schomburgk 

a. Ad. sk. South America. 
h. Ad. sk. British Guiana. 
rc.i 

c. Ad. sk. British Guiana. 
Col. Strachan [P.]. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Carimang River, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. (H. Whitely). 
e. 
$ ad. sk. Quonga, British Guiana, Oct. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

f. Ad. sk. River Amazon (A. R. Wallace). 
Voy. H.M.S. < Amethyst.' 
Tweeddale Coll. 

g. <$ ad. sk. Para, Nov. (W. Harrison). 
h, i. c? ad. et Para, Dec. (E. L. Layard). 
juv. sk. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

k. Ad. sk. Maranham (R. Wendeborn). 
I. Ad. sk. River Tocantins, Sept. {A. R. 
Wallace). 
<*2 

84 
PAKBTD^I. 

m. <J ad. sk. Pebas, Upper Amazonia, July IS Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(J. Hauxwell). 
n. 
Pull.sk. Elvira, Upper Amazonia (J. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Hauxwell). 
o. Ad. sk. Yauayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. Ad.sk. Salinas,Boliyia,May9(-5.P^?*^). Salvin-Godman ColL 
q. Juv. sk. Brazil. 
M. Claussen [P.]. 
r. 
Juv. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Nov. 17 Salvin-Godman ColL 
(£>. W. Smith). 
s. $ ad. sk. Cachocira, Eeb. (D. W. Smith). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. <$ ad. sk. Corumba, March 11 (D. W. Smith).Salvin-Godman ColL 
uf v. Ad.; w} x. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Juv. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. Caicara, Nov, (J. Nattere?*). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z, a'. Ad.; b'. Bahia {Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Juv. sk. 

% Jacana melanopygia. 

Parra melanopygia, Sol. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 288 (Santa Marta); id. ty 
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 372 (Panama) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1887, 

p. 161 (Santa Fe, Veragua); id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 (Calobre; 
Castillo); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 70, no. 10533 (1871). 
Adult male. Similar to J*, jacana in colour, but mucb darker and 
more maroon-chestnut above, and differing in tbe greater amount 
of black, which overspreads the lower breast, abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts; the axillaries and under wing-coverts deep maroon, 
"but the marginal lower coverts and lower primary-coverts black; 
inner secondaries centred with black, the longer ones entirely 
purplish black. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen and frontal shield 
1*9, wing 8*4, tail 1*7, tarsus 2*4, middle toe and claw 2*9. 

This species closely resembles Asarda variabilis, and is approached 
by examples of the latter bird from Guatemala and Nicaragua, which 
are darker in colour than the majority of specimens from Mexico. 
It shows, moreover, a decided approach to J. nigra, as regards the 
colouring of the under surface, but is not so entirely black as the 
last-named species. 

Hob, Panama to U.S. Colombia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Castillo, Veragua {JB. Arci). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Calobre, Veragua {B. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
cf d. Juv. sk. Santa F6, Veragua (B. AJ-CS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3. Jacana nigra *. 
Le Chirurgien noir, Briss. Orn. v. p. 124 (1760). 
Black Jacana, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 242 (1785). 


* Parra brasiliensis of Gmelin is sometimes quoted as a synonym of this 
species, but, I think, wrongly. It is founded on the " Jacana armi" of Brisson, 
which is in turn derived from Marcgrave. The bird is said to he entirely 
5. JACAKA.
Parra nigra, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 708 (1788); Lath. Ind, Orn. ii. 

p. 762 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat xvi. p. 450 (1817): 
Gray, List Grallm Brit Mus. p. 112 (1844); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Ralli, p. 65 (1865). J 
Parra hypomelsena, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 589, pi. clix. (1846); Scl 

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283 (Bogota, Carthagena, Chiriqui): Salvin. 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 (Oalobre); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 116, 383; 
Scl. fy Salvm, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 142 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 546 (Antioquia); Berlepsch, J.f. 0. 1884, p. 320 (Lake 
Paturia, Bucarramanga); id. J. f. 0. 3889, p. 320 (Ucayali P.). 
Jacana nigra, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 296 (1888). 

Adult male. General colour above greenish, black, with more or 
less of a chocolate-brown tinge on the wings, scapulars, and inner 
-secondaries ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, quills sulphur-

yellow fringed with blackish at the ends, the outer primaries also 
edged with blackish; the innermost secondaries like the back; 
head all round and entire under surface of body black with a 
greenish gloss, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries. 

' Total length 7*5 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1*65, wing 5, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 2*9. 
Adult female. Similar to the male but larger. Total length 
10 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1*8, wing 5*3, tail 1*9, tarsus 
.2*25, middle toe and claw 3. 
The typical specimens of this species from Bogota show little or 
no trace of either purplish brown or chestnut-colour on the back 

-.and wings. This, however, is somewhat visible in an example from 
Antioquia, but is much more evident in the specimens from Yeragua, 
which are strongly tinged with purplish or reddish brown on the 
upper surface. 

Hal. Prom Panama to Colombia and Venezuela. 

a. Ad.; b. Juv. Lion Hill, Panama (J. McLeanr Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk.
.<?. Juv. sk. 
nan). 
Panama. Tweeddale Coll. 
,d, e,f. Ad.; g.
<$ juv. sk. 
.7i. $ ad.sk.
%. $ ad, sk.
Jk, I Ad.; m.
Juv. sk. 
Calobre, Veragua (E, Arc$). 
Antioquia,U.S. Colombia (T.KSalmon). 
Bogota (Orowther). 
Bogota. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 

black, but no mention is made of the colour of the wings, or of the spur. If 
a Jacana at all, it is probably the Brazilian species, but the name is too doubtful 
to be quoted as a synonym,' and had better be dropped altogether. Equally 
^uncertain is the name of Parra mridis of G-melin, which may perhaps belong 
Teally to Ionornis martinica. The following is the synonymy which pertains 

tto it:— 

Tie Jacana, Briss. Orn. v. p. 121 (1760). 

Jacana vert, Buff. Hist Nat viii. p. 189 (1781). 

Oreen Jacana, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 243 (1785). 

Parra viridis, Gm. Syst. Nat I p. 708 (1788). 

8 6 PARRIDJ3. 

6. ASARCIA. 
Fig. 10.—Head of Asarcia, to show form of lappet. 

1. Asarcia variabilis. 
The Spur-winged Water-hen, Edicards, Nat. Hist. Birds, i. p. 48r 

pi. 48 (1743). 
Parra variabilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 260 (1776). 
Jacana du Br6sil, Daubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 846. 
Le Jacana varie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 192 (1781). 
Parra jacana (nee Linn.), Shaw, Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 263 (1824) ; 

D'Orb. in Ramon de la Sagrds Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 249* 
(1840) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860); 
Gundl. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 338 (Cuba); id. Anal. Soc. JEsp. Hist. Nat. 

vii. p. 385 (1878: Porto Rico). 
Parra gymnostonia, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 517; Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 589 (1846); Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283, 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa), 
1858, p. 360 (Honduras) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 64 (Belize, &c.);. 
Scl. Sr Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 231 (Belize; Peten); G. C. Taylor,. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 314 (Honduras) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 66 
(1865); Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 116 (Costa Rica); id. P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 238; Gray, Hand-l. B. p. 70, no. 10532 (1871); Scl. $ Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142 (1873); Lawr. Hem. Bost. Soc. N. H. 
ii p. 312 (Mazatlan; Manzanillo Bay; Zacatula River; Rio de 
Coahuajana); Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 88 (1876: S. 
Texas) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 50 (1876); MemlL. 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 167 (1878); Ridgw. t. c. p. 167, pi. iii. 
figs. 1, 2; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 642, 646; Bidgw. Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 221, 223; Nutting, op. tit. v. p. 409 (1882: 
Costa Rica), vi. pp. 390, 396 (1883: Nicaragua); Salvin, P. Z. S. 
1883, p. 428 (Acapulco); Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Water-B. North 
Amer. i. p. 176 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd edit. p. 669 
(1884); Cory,B. St. Domingo, p. 159, pi. 20 (1885); Bidgw. Man. 
N. Amer. B. p. 183 (1887); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, pp. 89, 37£' 
(Cozumel). 
Parra cordifera, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 135 (Acapulco); Des Murs~ 
Icon. Orn. pi. 42 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 589 (1846). 
Parra punicea, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854). 

6 . ASA.ECIA. 
87 

Parra violacea, Cory, Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 130 (1881). 
Jacana gymnostoma, Bidgw. Man. K Amer. B. p. 183 (1887: Lower 
Bio Grande). 
Jacana spinoba (nee X.), Elliot, Auk, v. p. 297 (1888): Cory, B. 

W. Ind. p. 252 (1889); id. Cat B. West Indies, p. 92 (1892): 
Bichm. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 530 (1893: Nicaragua). 
Jacana violacea, Cowj, Auk, v. p. 51 (1888). 

Adult male. Dark maroon-chestnut on the back and wings; 
the throat and chest greenish black; remainder of the under surface 
dingy maroon, sooty blackish in the centre of the breast, abdomen, 
and thighs; under wing-coverts deep maroon-chestnut, those 
round the edge of the wing blackish: "bill, alar spurs, and 
frontal leaf bright yellow; upper base of bill bluish white, the 
space between it and the nasal leaf bright carmine; feet greyish; 
iris dark brown" (Sumichrast MS., teste Lawrence). Total length 
7*5 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1*8, wiug 4-8, tail 1*5, tarsus 
2*1, middle toe and claw 2*8. 

Adidt female. Similar to the male but larger. The inner secondaries 
are like the back, but those adjoining the yellow primaries 
are purplish brown, and most of the rufous secondaries have purplish-
brown bases; the greater coverts also are purplish brown edged with 
rufous, or rufous with brown bases. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 
with frontal shield 1*9, wing 5*1, tail 1-7, tarsus 2*3, middle toe 
and claw 2*7. 

Mr. Cory says that the bare skin at the base of the lower mandible 
is pale bluish white. As, however, the plate represents this white 
skin at the base of the upper mandible, Mr. Cory probably intended 
to refer to the latter. The colour of the feet, moreover, differs 
from that observed by Mr. Sumichrast, as Mr. Cory writes " legs 
and feet dull olive." The S. Domingo bird may yet be found to 
belong to a distinct species. 

Nestling. Covered with down of a remarkable pattern. The 
crown orange tawny; the nape and hind neck dusky black; the 
mantle and back orange-tawny, the latter a little the darker, and 
having a line of black on each side of the central tract, this being 
followed by a broad band of ochreous buff down the sides of the 
back, this being again enclosed by a broad black band, which joins 
at the tail; wings orange-tawny, the manus white; a narrow 
frontal line, sides of face, and under surface, covered with white 
down; a black line extending from behind the eye and joining the 
black of the hind-neck; the downy wing with black edgings, and a 
zig-zag line of black on the flanks, and the upper part of the thighs 
also black. 

Edb. Prom Southern Texas throughout Central America to Costa 
Rica. Cuba; Porto Rico ; S, Domingo. 

a-d. <$ ad; e,f, Brownsville, Texas, March to Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. Juv. sk. July (F. B. Armstrong), 
h. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
i. Pull. sk. Mexico. J- Gould, Esq. # 
k, I. Ad. et imm. Mazatlan. Capt.Kellett & Lieut 
sk. "Wood [p0


88

m. 
cf ad.; n. $
juv. sk. 
Q. 
S ad.; p. 2juv. sk. 
q. 
<$ ad.; r. $
juv. sk.
s, t. tfad.; u, v,
to. 2 a^. sk. 

#, y. S ad. etmm. sk. 

z. 6 ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.

b'-g'. <J ad. etimm; h'-m'.Qad. et imm. sk. 

n\ cfjuv.sk.
o'. <$ ad. sk.


p'. (S ad.; q\ r\
5 ad. sk.
s'. 2 ad. sk.

t'. <$ ad. sk.
u\ Ad. sk.

v'-c". Ad. sk.

d'\ Ad. sk.

e". <$ ad. sk.

f". Ad.; g". $
ad. sk.
h". # ad.; i".
Ad. sk. 
k"-n", cT ad. sk.

°'\ P"* !?''• d ?

imm. sk,
r". Ad. sk.
*". $ ad. sk.
t'\ Imm. sk.

 PAKRID-aE. 

 Mazatlan, Dec. (A. Forrer).

 Presidio, Feb. (A. Forrer).

 Zapotlan, Jalisco, Dec. (W. B. 
Richardson). 
Tepic, June (W. B. It.).

 Santiago,Tepic,May (W.B.R.).

 San Bias, Tepic, April (W. B.
JR.). 
Acapulco, Guerrero, Nov. (A.
JEL. Marhham). 

 Altamira, Tamaulipas, March, 
May (W. B. Richardson). 


 Tampico, June (W. B. R.). 
Santa Ana, Jalapa, Nov. (Ferrart-
Perez). 
Jomotla, Vera Cruz, June (M. 
Trujillo). 
Teapa, Vera Cruz, Jan. (D. W.
Smith), 
Yucatan (G. F. Gccumer). 
Buctzotz, Yucatan (G. F. Gau~ 
mer). 
Cozumel Island, Feb. (G. F.
Gaumer). 

 Orange Walk, British Honduras 
(F. Blancaneaux). 
Belize River, British Honduras,
April (F. Blancaneaux). 
Huamuchal, Guatemala, Feb.

 (0. Salvin). 
Lake Peten, April (O. 8.). 
Momotombo, Nicaragua, May

(W. B. Richardson). 
Escondido River, Nicaragua, 
Nov. (C W. Richmond). 
Honduras. 
Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). 
Haiti, W. I.

7. MICROPABRA* 
Microparra, Cab. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 349
Aphalus, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 301 (1888)


 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman OolL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll* 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 D. Dyson [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Baron Maltzan [C.]. 
Type. 

 M. capensis. 
M. eapensis. 
Range. Confined to Southern and South-eastern Africa. 

* In Key, p. 69, for APHALUS read MICROPARRA. 
7 . 
MICROPAREA. 89 
1. Microparra capensis. 
Parra capensis, 
Smith, III ZooL S. Afr., Birds, pi 32 (1839: Algoa 
Bay) ; Gray, Gen. 2?. iii. p. 589 (1846); Reichenb. Grail. Taf. cad. 
fig. 1122 (1852); Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 240 (1857: Askantee) ; 
Ayres, Ibis, 18(54, p. 60 (Natal); Gumey, t. c. p. 360; Layard, B. 

S. Afr. p. 336 (1867); Finsch Sr Hartl Vdg. Ostafr. p. 783 note 
(1870); Gray, Eand-l. B. iii. p. 70, no. 10536 (1871); Gumey in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 330 (1872: Lake Regions); Skarpe in 
Oates" s Matabele Land, App. B, p. 324 (1881) ; Holubfyvon Pelz. 
Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 297 (1882 : Pantamatenka Kiver); Sharpe, 
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 649 (1884); Tristram, Ibis, 1888, p. 266 
(Shir6 River) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 474 (Lake Shirwa, Feb.). 
Micro parra capensis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 350; Reiehen. JB. Hamb. 
Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 8 (1893 : Quilimane). 
Aphalus capensis, Elliot, Auk, v. p. 301 (1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, 

p. 545 (Lake Naiwascha). 
Adult. General colour above brown, the inner secondaries like 
-the back; wing-coverts brown with hoary-whitish margins; primary


•coverts and bastard-wing blackish with slightly paler tips; quills 
blackish, browner at the ends, the secondaries with broad white 
tips forming a band; crown of head bright chestnut, followed by a 
broad black patch down the neck, which becomes shaded with 
pnrpie on the mantle, and flanked with a patch of bright chestnut 
on each side of the latter; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
bright chestnut, the plumes of the lower back long and parti-coloured, 
being either edged or tipped with purplish brown; tail-feathers 
bright chestnut, with obsolete sub-terminal spots of blackish; lores 
.and base of forehead golden yellow; a distinct eyebrow, sides of 
face and throat white, washed with golden yellow on the sides of the 
neck and sides of the upper breast; the remainder of under surface 
white; axillaries and sides of body bright chestnut; under wing•
coverts black: " bill and claws yellowish brown ; feet livid greenish 
yellow" (A. Smith): "bill bright brown; tarsi and feet light 
greenish brown; iris light hazel" (T. Ayres). Total length 6 
inches, culmen 0*8, wing 34, tail 1-2, tarsus T35, middle toe and 
•claw 2-1. 
Hah. South Africa, north to the Lake Regions and the Zambesi, 
•extending to the Shire River and Lake Naiwascha in Central East 
Africa. 
.a, b. Ad. et Kingwilliamstown. Major Trevelyan[0.]. 
imm. sk. . T „. ^ _ 
«. Ad. sk. 
Natal. J. H. Gurney, Esq,. 
[P.]. 


d. 6 ad. sk. Natal. Tweeddale Coll. 
^ f. Ad.sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Bradshaio). Shelley Coll. 
J. 
Ad. sk. Pantamatenka River (F. Oates). W. C. & C. G. Oates, 
* Esqrs. [P.]. 
It. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Meller). Tweeddale Coll. 
i S ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Nyasaland, Feb. Sir H. H. Johnston, 
(A. Whyte). 
[P.]. 
 CHAEADBnDJE. 

Family IV. CHARADRIIDiE. 

Palate schizognathous. 
Nostrils schizorhinal. 
Basipterygoid processes present. 
Dorsal vertebrae opisthoeoelous. 
Spinal feather-tract forked on the upper back. 
Toes webbed or unwebbed. 
Hind toe present in some, absent in others. 
Tarsus usually reticulated, but sometimes scutellated. 


Nest a slight structure of grass, or none at all. 

Eggs generally four in number, pear-shaped : of various colours;-. 
usually of a clay-brown ground-colour, with numerous blotchesr 
spots, and lines of black. 

Nestling covered with thick down of various patterns and colours,, 
and able to run in a few hours. 

Key to tlie Subfamilies. 

o. Toes not laterally scalloped; no serrated 
edge to the planta tarsi. 
a\ Nasal groove not extended beyond half 
the length of the culmen; tarsus reticulated 
on the hinder aspect. 


a". No dertrum or marked swelling of 
the bill at the tips of the mandibles 


a'". Tarsus transversely scaled in 
front, reticulated on its hinder 
aspect; toes without any connecting-
web 1. ARENABIIN2E, p. 91. 

b"\ Tarsus reticulated on both front 
and hinder aspect; the angle 
of the genys situated far back 
near the base of the bill, its 
distance from the tip of the 
lower mandible being twice as 
great as the distance from the 
angle to the base of the man- [p. 105.. 
dible 2. MJSMATOPOJDINAS, 

b". Bill with the dertrum always more 
or less conspicuous. 
c"'. Tarsus transversely scaled in [p. 122.. 
front, but reticulated behind.. 3. LOBIVANJELUNJE, 

d"\ Tarsus reticulated, or with hexagonal 
scales both in front and [p. 145. 
behind 4 CHARADRimJE, 

ent. Tarsus transversely scaled both [p. 307* 
in front and behind 5. PELTOHTA TINJEf 

c". 
With no dertrum at all; the bill 
straight or curved upwards: feet 
extremely long when outstretched, [p. 309. 
far exceeding the tail 6. KIMANTOPOI>INMr 

1 . ABEJSTARIA. 
9 1 
b\ Nasal groove extending along the 
greater part of the upper mandible. 
<£'. Tarsus reticulated in front and 
behind 7. IBIDOREYNCHINJE, 
en. Tarsus with transverse plates both [p.*335. 
before and behind. 
f". With a web connecting both toes 

• with the inner one 8. TOTANINAS, p. 337. 
g'". 
Toes not webbed at all, but cleft 
to the base 9. SCOLOPACINAZ, 

b. Toes with a scalloped web, and with a [p. 520* 
serration along the planta tarsi (as in 
Grebes) 10. PHALABOPINJE, 
[p. 693. 
Subfamily I. ARENARIINiE. 

1. ABENABIA.* r ^ 
Arenaria, Briss. Orn. v. p. 132 (1760) A. interpres. 
Morinella, Meyer # Wolf, Taschenb. Vog. DeutschL ii. 

p. 383 (1810) A. interpres. 
Strepsilas, Illiger, Prodr. p. 263 (1811) A. interpres. 
Cinclus, Grog, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 85 (ex Moehring) .. A. interpres^ 
Range, Cosmopolitan. 

tun 

Yig, 11.—Front aspect of tarsus of Fig. 12.—Side view of tarsus of Ar 
Arenaria interpres, to show pattern interpres, to show reticulation 

of scaling. 
of planta tarsi. 

* Aphriza virgata, often considered to be a Turnstone, is a Plover, cfr 
Shufeldt, Journ. Morph. ii. pp. 311-340, pi. xxv., et infra., p. 208. 
•S2 
CHJ.EADBIID.2S. 
Key to the Sjpe&es. 

M. Head white, streaked with black; eyebrow, 
ear-coverts, and lores white, the 
latter separated by a black band from the 
crown; mantle, scapulars, and wing-
coverts for the most part chestnut, with 
black patterns interpres ad., p. 92. 
,i>. Head blackish brown. 

d. 
Throat white, followed by a broad black 
band interpres hiem., p. 92. 
h'. Throat and breast blackish or dusky 
brown. 
a". Lores white; forehead, sides of face, 
sides of neck, and sides of breast 
spotted with white , melanocephala ad., p. 103. 

b". 
Lores dusky; no white spots on sides 
of neck ....... * melanocephala juv., p. 10$, 

1. Arenaria interpres. 
The 
Turnstone or Sea-Dottrel, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, L p. 72, 
pi. 72 (1731). 
The Turnstone from Hudson's Bay, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iH* 

p. 141, pi. 141 (1750). 
Le Coulon-chaud, Briss. Orn. v. p. 132 (1760); Baubent. PL EnL 
ix. pi. 856. 
Le Coulon-chaud cendr6, Briss. Orn. v. p. 137 (1760). 
Tringa interpres, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. 
i. p. 671 (1788) ; Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 32, pi. 57. %. 1 
(1813); Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 416 (1868); Gdtke, 
Vogelw. Helgoland, p. 524 (1891). 
Tringa morinella, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766), ex Catesby; Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 671 (1788). 

Coulon-chaud de Cayenne, Baubent. PL EnL ix. pi. 340. 

Coulon-chaud gris de Cayenne, Baubenh t. e. pi. 857. 

Tringa hudsonica, P. L. S. Mull. S. N, Anhang, p. 114 (1776); Cass. 

Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 246. 
Le Tourne-Pierre, Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. viii. p. 130, pL x. (1781). 
Turnstone, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 188 (1785); Yarr. Brit. B. 

ii. p. 422 (1843). 
Morinella collaris, Meyer § Wolf, TascTienb. ii. p. 383, note (1810). 
Strepsilas collaris, Temm. Man. oVOrn. p. 349 (1815); id. op. cit. 
1820, p. 553; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 18 (1827); Brehm, 
Vog. Beutschl.v. 558 (1831); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 318 (1837); 
Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 372 (1840); Nordm. in Bimid. Voy. Buss. 
Mirid. iii. p. 237 (1840); Tsehudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 297 (1846) ; 
Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxxi. fig. 1, Suppl. 14.fig. 3 (1852); SchL 
Vog. Nederl. pi. 218 (1854); id. Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 22. figs. 1, 
2, 2a (1861) ; F8rP. Godm. Ibis, 1861, p. 86 (Bodo: breeding); 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant). 

Arenaria interpres, VieilL N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xxiv. p. 345 (1819); 
Roux, Orn. Provenc. pis. 280, 281 (1825); Stejn. Auk, L p. 229 
(1884) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 29, p. 102 (1885 : Bering Isl.); 

. A, O. U. Chech-L N. Amer. B. p. 165 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. 
Alaska, pp. 150,190 (1886); Cory, Auk, iii. p. 502 (1886; Grand 

1 . ARENARIA.. 93* 
Cayman); Towns. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: Kowak B., N. Alaska); 
Dwight, t. c. p. 16 (Cape Breton); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Alaska. 
p. 128 (1887: S. Mathew's Isl.; S. Lawrence Isl; breeding); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 180 (1887); Warren, B. Pennsylv. 

p. 237 (1888: Lake Erie on passage); Smith 8? Palmer, Auk, v. 
p. 147 (1888: E. Columbia); Bennett, t. c. p. 110 (Texas; July) ; 
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 381 (1889: Kauai); Cory, 
Auk, vi. p. 31 (1889: Cayman Brae) ; Butcher, t. c. p. 129 (Little 
Gull Isl., N.Y.); Scott, t.c. p. 159 (Gulf Coast of Florida; S. 
John's Pass, June); Cantioell, t. c. p. 240 (Minnesota); Reichen. 
Syst. Verz. Tog. Deutschl. p. 52 (1889); Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 231 
(1889); Scott, Auk, vii. p. 309 (1890: Dry Tortugas); Bogle 
Clarke, t. c. p. 221 (Ft. Churchill, Hudson's Bay); Allen, Auk, 
yiii. p. 164 (1891: Nova Scotia, summer migrant); Ridgw. t. c. 
p. 337 (Watiing Isl, Bahamas, March); Cory, t. c. pp. 351, 352 
(Magna Isl.; Anguilla Isl.); 'Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (Jamaica); 
Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida) ; 
Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Nantucket); Rhoads, Auk, x. p. 17 (Washington 
Terr.). 
Charadrius cinclus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii p. 148 (1826: Siberia; 
Kamtschatka). 

Tringa oahuensis, Bloxham in Byron's Voy.' Blonde,7 p. 251 (1826), 

Strepsilas borealis, Brehm, Vb'g. Deutschl p. 559 (1831). 
Strepsilas littoralis, Brehm, t. c. p. 560 (1831). 

Cinclus morinellus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 85 (1841). 

Cinclus interpres, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 85 (1841); Rilpp. Syst. 

Uebers. p. 118 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 549 (1846); id. Cat. 

B. Trop. Isl Pacific Ocean, p. 48 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1860f 
p. 363 (E. Gilolo) ; id. List Brit. B. p. 143 (1863); Layard, B. 
S. Afr. p. 301 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 22, no. 10068 
(1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 276 (1872; Walvisch 
Bay); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 1037, iv. p. clxxxiii (1873: 
Egyptian Sea-coast; Eed Sea; ? breeding); ITume, Str. F. i. 
p. 233 (1873: Karachi; Mekran Coast); id. op. cit ii. p. 292 
(1874: Andamans; Nicobars). 

Strepsilas minor, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 285 (1855). 

Strepsilas collaris vulgaris, etc., etc. (!), A. E Brehm, Verz. C. L. 
Brehm, p. 12 (1863; teste Dresser). 
Charadrius interpres, Seek Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 12, pi. 24.figs. 1, 3 
(1885). 

Morinella interpres, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 34 (1881). 

Arenaria cinerea, Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Bur. Occid. 
fasc. xii. p. 47 (1889). 

Strepsilas interpres, Bliger, Prodr. p. 263 (1811); Leach, Syst. Cat. 
Mamm fy B. p. 29 (1816) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccciv.; Swains. 
$ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 371 (1831: Hudson's Bay to* 
75° N. lat.; breeds) ; Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 324, 
pL 57. fig. 1 (1832); Naum. Tog. Deutschl. vii. Taf. 180 (1834); 
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 31 (1838); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Bur. 
pp. lxxi, 209 (1840); Gould in Darwin, Voy. ' Beagle,1 ii. p. 132 
(1841): Audub. B. Amer. v. p. 231, pi. 323 (1842); Selys-Longeh. 
Faune Beige, p. 122 (1842) ; Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Cbili); 

Webb & Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 34 (1841); Hewits. Eggs Br. B. ii. 

p. 263, pi. Ixxi. (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847); Cab. 
mSchomb.Reis. Guian. iii. p. 751 (1848); Peale, U.S. Expl.Exp., 
J5in&,p.322 (1848); Gould, B. Austral, vii. pi. 39 (1848); Reichenb. 
Tog. Neuholl p. 206 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 177 (1850); 

M CHAKADEIIDJE. 

Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 100 (1850); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, 

p. 146 (Madeira) ; Midd. Peis. Sibir., Zool p. 213 (1851: 75° N. 
lat.: Taimyr River; Boganida River, May ; Sehantar Isl., Aug.); 
Meichenb. Grail. Taf.104.figs. 656,660(^1852); Eartl. Arch. Naturg. 
1852, p. 121; Strickl. $ Scl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 ; Bote, J.f.O. 
1855, p. 176 (Canaries), 1857, p. 337; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 364 
(1856 : Santa Catarina); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1856) ; Sundev. 
Sv. Fogl pi. xxxvii. &%. 6 (1856); Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 217 
(1857: Gambia: Casamance; Gaboon; Mozambique); Cass.inB.N 
Amer. p. 701 (1858) ; id. U.S. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 322 (1858) ; 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia): Jaub. §* Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich Orn. p. 452 (1859: spring & autumn migrant); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. §• B. New Guinea, p. 51 (1859) ; Bryant, Proc. 
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); A. \ E. Neict. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 256 (S. Croix, Sept., April) ; Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 166 
(Godhavn, July); Brewer, Proc. Bost Soc. N. Hist vii. p. 309 (1860: 
Cuba); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 136 (1860: spring & autumn 
migrant) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 339 (Antivari, Dec, Jan.); Swinh. 
t. c. p. 359 (Amoy); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 342 (Peking), 1862, p. 255 
<Foochow, Dec), 1863, p. 414 (Formosa) ; Albrecht, J.f O. 1862, 
p. 205 (Jamaica); Swinh. P. Z. S.1863, p. 315 (Amoy); A. Newt 
in Baring-Gould)s ' Iceland,1 p. 411 (1863: breeding); Bayard, 
Ibis, 1863, p. 250 (Cape St. Francis, Dec.); Blakist t c. p. 130 
(York Factory, Aug.; Mackenzie R.); E. Newt. t. c. p. 455 
(Madagascar) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 656 (1863: 200 miles inland in 
Deccan); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 66 (Jamaica: 
breeding) ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 301 (Anjouan Isl.) ; Wright, t. c. 
p. 148 (Malta, May, Aug., Dec); Kirk, t c. p. 332 (Lake 
Nyasa); Gumey, t. e. p. 355 (Natal); Salvin, t. e. p. 385 (Brit. 
Honduras, April); Schl. Mies. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 43 (1865); 
Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa); B. Newt, t. c. p. 150 (Rodriguez, 
Oct.); Salvin, t c. p. 191 (Guatemala, Jan.); Wright, t. c. p. 466 
(Malta, May); A. Newt t. c. p. 505 (Spitsbergen, July); Gould, 
Eandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 269 (1865): Finsch, Neu-Ghdnea, p. 181 
(1865); Pelz. Peis. Novara, Vog. p. 117 (1865: Stewart Isl., 
Sept.) ; Godm. Ibis, 1866, pp. 100, 107 (Azores, June); Salvin, 
t. c. p. 190 (Guatemala, both coasts) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 
(Mayotte; Reunion); JDegl § Gerhe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 154 (1867); 
Loche, Expl. Sei. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 28 (1867 : migrant); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 339 (Chili); Eartl t. c. p. 83 (Pelew Isl.); Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 100 (1867: Sombrero); Baird, Ibis, 1867, 
p.* 286; Beavan, t c. p. 332 (Andamans); E. Newt, t c. pp. 350, 
359 (Seychelles, Feb.); Eartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 831; Finsch $ 
Eartl Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 197 (1867); Brown, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 453 (Portugal); Dyb. §• Parvex, J.f. 0.1868, p. 337 (Dauria) ; 
Schl. 8) Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 130 (1868); Eartl. fy Finsch, 
P. Z.S. 1868, pp. 8,118 (Pelew Isl.); Borggr. Vog elf Norddeut schl 
p. Il l (1869); JDoderl Avif Sicil p. 179 (1869: on passage) • 
Malmgr. Ibis, 1869, p. 230 (Amsterdam Isl., Spitsbergen); Droste, 
Vogelw. Borkum,?. 157 (1869) ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet-Akad. Fork 
Stockh. 1869, p. 588 (S. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Rico); Ball 
§ Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 290 (Yukon mouth); Bole, 
Proc. Bost Soc. N. E. xii. p. 304 (1869: Sandwich Isl.); Godman, 
Azores, p. 33 (1870: probably breeds); Friisch, Vog. Eur. tab. 34 
figs. 2, 8 (1870); Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Turkey); 
Sioinh, t. c. p. 361 (Hainan); Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 
xxvii. p. 328 (1870); Finsch $ Eartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 662 (1870) • 
1 . AEENABIA. 
95 

JScl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable and Bindloe Ms.) ; 
Gray, B. West Scotl p. 266 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital, TJcc. 

p. 207 (1871) j Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (S. Spain); JScl. t.c. 
p. 360 (Sandwich IsL); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 297 (1871: Piehy, 
Feb.; Ca]utuba, Feb.; Garape, March; Para, Nov.); Earth fy 
Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 89 (Mackenzie IsL), p. 104 (Uap) ; 
Earting, Eandb. Brit B. p. 45 (1872) ; Eeugl Ibis, 1872, 
p. 62 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Godman, t c. p. 221 (Flores, Azores); 
Finsch, Ahiiandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 62 (1872: Alaska); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 246 (1872); Finsch, J. f. 0.1872, 
p. 52 (Samoa); Eoldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 472; JScl § Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); Buller, B. N. Zeal p. 221 
(1873) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 60 (1873) ; Tacz. J. f. 0.1873, 
p. 101 (Kultuk; Darasun), 1874, p. 336; AM. 8? Earvie-Brown, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel); Walden, t c. p. 317 (S. Andaman) ; 
Brooke, t c. p. 338 (Sardinia); Eayes Lloyd, t e. p. 416 (Kathiawar); 
Elliot, Hep. Prybilov IsL no. 406 (1873: not breeding); 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 560 (Chorillos, Peru); Sundev. (Efv. K 
Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1874, p. 20 (Spitsbergen); Coues, B. N.-West, 

p. 459 (1874); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 238 (Gozo, May); Bumf, 
t. c. p. 404 (N. Frisian IsL); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. E. ii. 
p. 308 (1874; Rio Zacatula); Saxhy, B. Shetl p. 170 (1874: 
breeding); Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 91 (3874: Celebes); Salvad. 
TJcc. Born. p. 320 (1874: Sarawak); Le Messur. Sir. F. iii. p. 380 
(1875: Chinnee Creek, Sind); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 154 (1875: 
Arakan); Finsch, Journ. Mas. Godefr. Heft viii. p. 32 (1875) ; 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 155 (1875); My, Orn. Gibr. p. 163 (1875); 
Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 555, pi. 532 (1875); Banf. §• Earvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 420 (Stell River) ; Whitmee, t. c. p. 446; 
Gundl J. f. O. 1875, p. 331 (Cuba); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. 440 (Viti Levu); id. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 503 (Friendly IsL), 
p. 505 (Fiji); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 152 (Koro IsL, Fiji), p. 393 
(Viti Levu); Sioinh. t. c. p. 3§4 (Yezo); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 328; Blanf. East Persia, ii. p. 281 (1876: Mekran Coast) ; 
Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 4, p. 46 (1876: Tekuantepec, 
Ausr.); Gundl Orn. Cabana, p. 179 (1876); Eume, Str. F. iv. p. 464 
(1876: Laccadives); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. viii. p. 384 (1876 : 
Bourou); Salvin, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 502 (1876: Indefatigable and 
Bindloe IsL); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 247 (1876), ii. 
p. 156 (1877: Poland, very rare); Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 405 
(Lat. 82° 30' N.); id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 29, 30, 31 (Lat. 82°-83°, 
Sept. 19; Cape Union, 82° 15'); Earth Vdg. Madag. p. 293 
(1877: resident); E. Newt. P.Z.S. 1877, p. 301 (Anjouan); 
Ramsay, t. c. p. 338 (N.E. Queensland); Finsch, t c. p. 770 
(Eua), p. 781 (PonapS), p. 784 (Muafou IsL); David # Oust Ois. 
Chine, p. 433 (1877); Reid, Zool 1877, p. 475 (Bermudas, Dec.); 
Oust Bull. Soc. Philom. 1878, p. 183 (Seychelles); Sharpe, PHI 
Trans, vol. 168, Aves, p. 4 (1878: Rodriguez); Laior. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 67 (1878: Dominica), p. 197 (S. Vincent); 
Blakist # Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Japan); E. L. $ L. C. Layard, 
t e. p. 280 (New Hebrides; Santo); E. C. Taylor, t c. p. 373 
(Damietta); E. Adams, t. c. p. 437 (Michalaski); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 711 (N. Bohol); Scl t c. p. 557; Forbes, t c. p. 127 
(Raine IsL); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 366 (1879); Milne-
Edwards & Grandid. Eist. Nat Madag., Ois. p. 512 (1879); Legge, 
B. Ceylon, p. 900 (1879); Eume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); 
Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 59 (1879); Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 26 
CHAJtADBIUXaS. 

(Yokohama); Meyer, t, e. p. 141 (Menado, March) ; Sharpe, t. c*. 

p. 270 (Lumbidan); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 154 (1879); Finsch, P. Z. JSL 
1879, pp. 9,14 (Duke of York Isl.) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 351 (Labuanr 
Sept.); Seek Ibis, 1880, p. 190 (Siberia; 704° N. lat.); Finsch, 
t. c. pp. 220, 330, 332 (Jaliut Isl., Aug.), p. 432 (Gilbert Isl.); 
Elliot, Monogr. Seal Isl. p. 129 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 151 
(1880); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 576 (Ruk Isl.); Butler, Cat. 
B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880: cold weather visitant); Vidal, 
Str. P.ix. p. 82 (1880: S. Konkan, April); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 15 (Talcabuano); Scl. t. c. p. 451 (Roturueh); Meyer, Verh. 
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 767 (1881: Surnba) ; Scl. Rep. Voy.
1 Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 33 (1881; Admiralty Isl.) ; W. A. 
Forbes, t. c. p. 92 (Raine Islet); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 434 
(1881: Loango); A. $ E. Netct. Kandb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881); 
Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 105,109 (Kushai), p. 115 (Ponape, March), 
p. 246 (Nwalabo, July); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 298 (1882) j 
Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 533, 544 (New Caledonia); Kelham, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 11 (Moar River, Malacca, April; Pulo Nongsa, 
Sept.); Seeb. t. c. p. 380 (Archangel; rare summer visitor); 
H. W. Elliot, t. c. p. 478 (Prybilov Isl.; July); JS. L. $ L. C. 
Layard, t. c. pp. 533, 544 (Duck Isl., N. Caledonia); Bean, Proc. 
U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 163 (1882); Cocks, Zool 1882, p. 24 (Is 
Fjord, Spitsbergen, Aug.); Elliott, Rep. Fur Seal Isl. Alaska, 
p. 129 (1882 : not breeding; seen at sea 800 miles "W. of Straits 
of Fuca) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 339 (1883: 
Kamtschatka); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 161 (1883) ; Booth, Rough 
'Notes, vol. iii. (1883); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Biii. B. iii. p. 289 
(1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Shores of Black Sea); Irby, t c. 

p. 187 (Santander, May, June, Nov.) ; Oates, Handb. B. Burm. ii. 
p. 376 (1883 : Pegu, Sept.) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Paracas-
Bay, Oct.); Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884: Japan 
generally); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 77 (1884); Radde, 
Orn. Cauc. p. 421 (1884: Lenkoran, April, May); Murrayt 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 233 (1884: Karachi); Finsch, Vo'g. der 
S'ddsee, p. 86 (Marshall, Gilbert Isl., Carolines); Chapm. IbisT 
1884, p. 99 (Spain, Sept.); Tristr. t. c. p. 168 (S. Domingo) ; 
Sharpe, ed. Layar&s B. S. Afr. p. 671 (1884) ; Baird, Brezoer, $• 
Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 119 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. 
B. 2nd ed. p. 609 (1884); Stejn. Auk, I p. 173 (1884); Young, 
t. c. p. 339 (At sea; Lat. 52° N., Long. 2o° W.); Merriam, Auk, 
ii. p. 63 (1885: Point Barrow, June, Aug.) ; Turner, t c. p. 157 
(Nearer Isl., Alaska: summer); Murdoch, Rep. Polar Exp. Pt» 
Barrow, p. 108 (1885: ? breeding) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, 
p. 417 (Libarran Isl., N. Borneo) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 
(Aden; cold weather); Slater $ Cartel-, t. c. p. 49 (North 
Iceland, breeding); Salvin, t. e. p. 178 (Brit. Guiana); Gigl. 
Avif. Ital p. 377 (1886); Pleske, Uebers. Sciug. u. Vo'g. Kola 
Halbinsel, p. 329 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 349 (1886); 
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego Garcia, Oct.) ; Tait, Ibis, 
1887, p. 386 (Portugal, April, Sept.: breeds); Salvad. Elench. 
Ucc. Ital. p. 213 (1887); Reid, Str.F. x. p. 452 (1887: Lucknow, 
cold weather); FLume, t. c. p. 452, note (regular migrant); Gigl* 
8f Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 585 (Olga Bay, Corea, Sept.); Butler, 
B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 14 (1888) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austrr 
B. p. 20 (1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan) ; Seeb. t c. 
p. 348 (Gt. Liakoff Isl., June) ; id. Geogr. I)istr. Charadr. p. 410s 
(1888); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel Isl.) ; Feilden, & c„ 
1. AKBNAKIA. 
97 

p. 492 (Barbados, Aug., Sept.); Pleske, Mem. Acad. Imp, St. 
Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 50 (1888: Tsckinas, Sept.); Everett, Jour. 
Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 205; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225 
(Palawan); Milne-Edwards fy Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) x. p, 288 
(1889 : Anjouan Isl.); Saunders, Man. p. 541 (1889); Gkjl. Amf. 
Ital. pt. 1, p. 579 (1889), pt. 2, p. 661 (1890), pt. 3, p. 517 
(1891); Brusina, Motr. (Orn. Croatica), p. 88 (1890): Seeb. B. 
Japan. Emp. p. 331 (1890: Kuriles, probably breeding; S. Japan, 
winter); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan, Sept.); Sharps, t. c. 
pp. 143, 284 (Lawas Paver, April, May); Grant, t. c. p. 442 
(.Madeira); Eagle Clarke, Zool 1890, p. 12 (Jan Mayen); Steere, 
List B. ^ Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 (1890: Mindanao, Negros); Koenig, 
J.f.O. 1891, p. 313 (Canaries); Buckley fy Harvie Brown, Faun. 
Orkney Isl. p. 204 (1891: breeding); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao, 
June); Saunders, t c. p. 187 (Switzerland); Styan, t, c. p. 330 
(Lower Yangtze), p. 504 (Shanghai, May); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. 
p. 125 (1891); Sharpe, Sci. Pes. 2nd Yark. Miss. p. 139 (1891: Nubra 
Valley, Oct.); Macfarlane, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 430 (1891); 
Salvad. Ayr/. Orn. Papuasia, pt. iii. p. 198 (1891) : Schaloio, J.f.O. 
1891, p. 258; Wiglesio. Abhandl Mus. Dresd. no. 6, p. 63 (1891) ; 
Sibree7Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar); Rendall, t c. p. 229 
(Gambia); Be La louche, t. c. p. 497 (Foochow; Swatow,Sept.); 
Scott-Wilson § Evans, Aves Ilawaiienses, pt. iii. (1892); Barnes, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden); Meade-Waldo, t. c. p. 204 (Canaries) ; 
Hartert, t. c. p. 307 (Aruba); Styan, t. c. p. 436 (Hainan); Munn, 
En's, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta distr.); PearsonfyBidwell, t. c. p. 234 
(Xorway: breeding). 
Adult male in Lreeclhig-plumage. General colour above black, 
mixed with chestnut or partly chestnut feathers on the centre of 
the mantle; scapulars for the most part chestnut, but the outer 
ones black at the ends or irregularly marked with black; accessory 
scapular plumes white; entire back below the mantle and rump 
pure white; upper tail-coverts black, the longer ones pure 
white; lesser wing-coverts blackish, the innermost rather broadly 
edged with white, as also those near the edge of the wing ; 
median coverts for the most part chestnut, slightly mottled with 
black; greater coverts blackish, narrowly margined and broadly 
tipped with white; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, the 
innermost of the latter with white tips; quills black with white 
shafts, and white bases to the inner primaries, the secondaries for 
the most part white, blackish towards the ends of the feathers, 
these black markings decreasing gradually towards the inner 
secondaries, some of which are pure white, the innermost secondaries 
black, mottled with chestnut like the scapulars; tail-feathers 
black with white bases, all but the centre tail-feathers tipped with 
white, the black diminishing in size and forming a band towards 
the outer feathers, which are almost white; crown of head and 
hind neck white, the former streaked, the latter mottled with 
black; base of forehead and a narrow frontal line black, followed 
by a band of white, which unites with a broad eyebrow and is 
extended over the ear-coverts ; lores white, as well as the fore part 
of the cheeks; feathers round the eye and eyelid white, separated 

VOL. XXIY. B


•98 CHAKADKimS. 
from the white loral patch, by a narrow line of black, which unites 

the frontal band to a square black patch beneath the eye, which is 

also joined to a malar line of black, which is connected with the 

sides of the neck and with the fore-neck and sides of breast, all 

these parts being black, but nearly divided by a semi-lunar band of 

white, which reaches from the sides of the neck almost to the breast; 

throat white, as also the rest of the under surface of body from the 

centre of the chest downwards; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

also pure white; quills below ashy whitish along the inner web : 

" bill black• feet deep orange-red, claws black ; iris hazel " (J. J. 

Audubon). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 6-2, tail 2*3, 

tarsus 0-95, middle toe and claw 1*1. 

Adult female in fa°eeding~phimage. IXuch duller than the male, 

and having the same pattern of black and white about the face, but 

never developing the same amount of chestnut about the back, the 

head and hind neck being brown, mottled with blackish centres to 

the feathers. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0#9, wing 6*3, 

tail 2*45, tarsus 0*95, middle toe and claw 1. 

Young. General colour above dusky brown, all the feathers 

edged with sandy buff or rufous; wings and tail as in the adult; 

crown of head dark brown, streaked with sandy buff, the margins 

of the feathers being of this colour; tail-feathers white, with a 

broad sub-terminal band of black, decreasing in extent towards the 

outermost feathers, all the feathers tipped with sandy buff ; throat 

and under surface of body white; the lower throat, fore-neck, sides 

of neck, and sides of breast mottled with dusky blackish centres to 

the feathers, marking the black pattern of the adults, even the 

semi-lunar neck-band of the adults being indicated by a broad 

crescentic band of sandy buff in the young. 

Winter plumage of the adult. Above nearly uniform dusky brown, 
but not showing the tawny-rufous margins to the feathers of the 
upper surface, the edges being ashy brown. The head is uniform 
brown like the back; the hind-neck and sides of neck are ashy, 
mottled with dusky centres to the feathers; sides of face brown, 
with more or less white on the ear-coverts; the black markings on 
the cheeks and throat as in the breeding bird, but the white semilunar 
band on the sides of the neck replaced by a patch of light 
brown. 

The difference between the winter plumage of tlie adult and the 
first full plumage of the young birds consists in the sandy-buff 
margins to the feathers of the upper surface, which are very 
distinct in the latter at first. Afterwards they become abraded, 
and then there is scarcely any distinguishing mark between the 
winter plumages of the adult and young. In the spring the red 
plumage is very rapidly acquired, and I believe that it is gained 
quite as much by the change in the pattern of the feather as by a 

•direct moult. 
Hob. Nearly tbe whole of the world. 
1 . AEENABIA. 
Specimens from the Old World. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b, c. Ad.; d. Jr. st. 

e. Ad. sk. 
f. Juv. sk. 
</. Ad. sk. 

li. Juv. sk. 
2. 3 hum. sk. 
7c. JUT. sk. 
2. Ad. sk. 
fli. 3 ad. sk. 

w. $ imm. sk. 
o. J ad. sk. 
p, q. 3 ad. sk. 
?\ 3 ad. sk. 
s. Imm. sk. 
2. Imm. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
«?. 3 juv. sk. 
w?. Ad. sk. 

x\ $ ad. sk. 

yt 
3 ad. sk. 

s. Ad. sk. 
af} b', c'. Juv. sk. 
d'. $ imm.; e',f. 
JUT. sk. 
/ . J imm. sk. 

h'. Ad. sk. 

i\ $ juv. sk. 

h\ I'. 3 juv.; m\ 
§ ad.;»'. $ juv. 
st. 

o', p\ <J $ ad. sk. 

#'. Ad. sk. 
rr. 3 ad. sk. 
5', t\ u'. Ad, sk. 
v'-sr. Ad. et imm .sk. 

Faeroe Islands (& Muller). 

Great Britain. 
Orkney Islands. Aug. 29 

(JR. G. W. JR.). 
Stromness, Orkney (Dunn). 
Island of Mull. 

Island of Tiree. 
Isle of Grain, Sept. 8 {R G. 


W. R). 
North. Berwick, Nov. (J*. H. 
Yule). 

Beadnell, Northumberland, 
May 18. 

Newbiggen, Northumberland, 
Aug. 1876 (W. K 
B?*ooJc$). 

Wells, Norfolk, Feb. 31. 
Great Yarmouth, May 21. 
Great Yarmouth, May 21. 
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Aug. 


Aldeburgh, Sept. 12. 
Banks of the Thames. 
Roniney Marsh, Kent, Aug. 


Romney Marsh, Sept. 


Pagham, Sussex, July 30 
(JR. B. &). 
Pagham, May 14 (J*. B. 
Marting). 

Pagham. 

Pagham, Aug. (22. B. S.). 
Pagham, Aug., Sept. 3. 

Christehurch Harbour, 
Hants, Sept. 9. 
Christehurch, Hants, April 
17 (A. von Hxiget). 
Instow, North Devon, 
Sept. 23. 
St. Bride's, South Wales, 
Dec, April. 

Bodo, Norway, June 15 

(F. D. Godman). 
North Russia. 
Siberia. 
Japan. 
Yokohama, May (H. Fryer). 


H. 
Durnford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
O. 
Oomngliam, Esq. 
[£•]• 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Seebohm Coll, 
Lord Colin Campbell 


[P.]. 
Colonel Irby f P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

J. E. Halting, Esq. 
[o.]. 

Hume Coll. 

R.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.] 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Theodore Fisher, 

Esq. [P.]. 
Colonel Irby [P.l 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[PA 
Seebonm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hon. W. Edwardes 

PP.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

MoscowMuseum[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

E2 

100 

a", b", c". Imm. 

sk. 
d". Ad. sk. 
err. $ juv. sk. 


f". <? jr. fik. 

g", $ imm. sk. 
h". Imm. sk. 
a". Juv. sk. 
k". d ad.; I", m". 

Ad. sk. 
n". <$ imm. sk. 

o". Juv. sk. 
p". Ad. sk. 
q"9 r". Ad. et imm, 

sk. 
a". S imm. sk. 


t". Juv. sk. 
w". Imm. sk. 


v". <$ imm. sk. 

w". <J ad. sk. 
%,f,y'\z". cfinrm.; 
a3jbs. Jimm.sk. 
c3. <$ imm. sk. 

d3 

. Ad. sk. 

e3. <$ ad. sk. 
/*8. Ad. sk. 

g3. $ imm. sk. 

h3 

. Imm. sk. 

i3-i?3. <$ $ ad. sk. 
#3, T3, s3. § imm. 
sk. 

t3 

. Ad. sk. 

w3, i;3, to3. $ $ ad. 
sk. 
x3. Ad. sk. 

33 4

y, z, a, c? ad. sk. 

&4. cJ ad. sk. 

c4. ? ad. sk. 

d4 

. $ ad. sk. 

e4. c? ad- sk. 

CHAEABBIIDJE. 

Kurile Islands, Aug., Sept. 

(Snow). 
Amoy, May (B. Swinhoe). 
Yarkand, Sept. 2 (Dr. J2en


Posgani, Yarkand, Sept. 6 

(x)r. Henderson). 
Algeciraz, Spain, March 20. 
Marocco. 
Marocco. 
Flores, Azores, May (F. D. 

Godman). 

Near Funckal, Madeira, 

April 26. 
Gambia. 
Gambia. 
Gold Coast. 


Mouth of Swakop Kiver, 
Damara-land, Dec. 27 

(C. J. Andersson). 
Lake Nyasa. 
Gloriosa Island, May (Br. 
Coppinger). 
Seychelles, March (Br. 
Coppinger). 

Seychelles. 
Rodriguez. 


Aden, Oct. 16 (E. L. Layarc!). 
Khora Muska Creek, Aden, 

May 5 (Major Yerbwy). 
Damietta, Egypt (BMipponi). 
Fao, Persian Gulf, June 18. 

Sonmiani, Mekran Coast, 
Feb.24(?F. T. Blanford), 
Ormarra, Mekran Coast 

(E. A. Butler). 
Karachi, Feb, (A. O.K.). 
Karachi, April 14 (E. A. 
Butler). 

Balacherry,Kathiawar,Oet.24. 

Sambhur, Sept., Oct. (B. M. 
Adam). 

Madras. 
Betrapar, Laccadives, Feb. 

{A. 0. M.). 
Bingaroo, Laccadives, Feb. 21 

(A. 0. H.). 
Cardamum Is., Laccadives, 
Feb. 18 (A. O. S.). 
Cherbaniani, Laccadives, 
Feb. 12 (A. o. m.). 
Paumben, Laccadives, 
March 15 (A. 0. S.). 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Colonel Irby [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

W.R. Odlvie-Grant, 
Esq. lEV. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Old Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

Sir J. Kirk [C.l. 
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert. 

Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 

Seebohm Coll. 
"Transit of Venus" 

Exped. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
TV. D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Col. Haves Lloyd 
[P.]. " 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume CoE. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

f, g\ $ ad. sk 
7i4. $ imm. sk. 
ft. $ ad. sk. 

Jc\ 2 ad. sk. 
l\ $ ad. sk. 
m4. 2 ad. sk. 
#4. 2 ad. sk. 
o4,_2?4. 2 ad, sk. 
q\ 2 ad. sk. 
r4-?/4. c?ad.;z4-45. 

2 ad. sk. 
Jo5,15. Ad. sk. 
m5, n5, o5. Ad. sk. 

p5, q5-6 2 ad. sk. 
r5. Ad. sk. 

s5. 2 ad. sk. 
2s, M5. tf 2 ad* sk#
5, «?5. Ad. sk. 

x5. Ad. sk. 
y5, z5. Ad. sk. 
a6. 2 ad. sk. 


be 

. $ ad. sk. 
e6. 2 ad. sk. 
d?, e6. <J ad. sk. 
f6. 2 ad. sk. 

g*. Ad. sk. 

A6, *6. Ad. sk. 
h\ l\ 6 ad.; m\ 
n«, oQ. Jr. sk. 
pQ. S ad. sk. 

q\ Pull. sk. 

r6. Ad. sk. 
sB. Ad. sk. 


£e 

, u*. Ad. et imm. 
sk. 

1. AEENAEIA. 
N.W. 
coast of Ceylon, 
March 10 ( W. V. Legge). 
S.E. coast of Ceylon, 
March 29 (IT. V. Legge). 
Pegu, Sept. 23 (E. W. 6.). 
Great Cocos Islands, 

March. 24. 
South Andamans, Feb. 14 

(R. 6?. JF. JR.)Aberdeen, 
S. Andamans, 
April 29 ( W. Davison). 
Montshull IsL, Nicobars, 
March 14 {A. 0. H.). 
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb., 
March (W. Davison). 
Preparis Island, Nicobars, 
March (A. 0. J5T.). 
Jerome, Salangore, Dec, 
March, Aug. ( W. D.). 
Sumatra (Sir S. Raffles). 
Labuan, Oct., Jan., Feb. 


(A. H. K). 
N. Bohol, Philippines, Nov. 
(A. IT. Everett). 
E. Gilolo. 
N. Ceram. 
Raine Island. 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). 

N.E. coast of Australia. 
W. Australia. 
Troughton 
Island, N.W. 
Australia, Aug. (Dr. 
Bassett Smith). 


Isabella Island, Bass' Straits, 
Jan. 12. 
Aneiteum, New Hebrides, 
Sept. 27 (J. Macgillivray). 
Admiralty Islands. 

Tongataboo, Nov. 
Kottima Island (Rev. G. 
Brown). 


R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

A. H, Everett, Esq. 
[P.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 


Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal


lenger.' 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


J. 
B. Jukes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
Voy. 
H.M.S. < Penguin.' 


Gould Coll. 

Voy. H.M.S/Rattlesnake,' 
Voy.H.M.S. < Chal


lenger.' 
Dr. Coppinger [P.], 
Voy.H.M.f<Chal-' 

lenger.' 

Specimens from the New World. 

Greenland, May.
Discovery Bay, June, August


(K. C. Hart).
Arctic America, Lat. 82° 32'
(JET. W. Feilden). 
Bellot Island, Aug. 13 

(H. W. F.). 
Labrador (Moeschler). 
Labrador (C. Linden: Hensh. 
Coll.). 

Repulse Bay.

 Hume Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S.' Discovery.' 
Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.' 

Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.' 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 

 Dr. Rae [P.]. 

102

vB, wG. Ad. sk.
xs, if. Ad. et jr.

6 sk 7

s, a. <$ ad. sk.

b77

, c, S ad.; oVt$ ad. sk.
e7. J ad. sk.

f. Ad. sk.
g7. Juv. sk.
h7 


. Ad. sk.

i7 

. $ ad. sk.

h7 

. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.
m7, n7. $ ad. sk.
o7}p7. (S ad. sk.

q7. Ad. sk.
r7. 2 ad. sk.


77 7

s, t7, u. $ ad.; v,
w7. $ ad. sk.
x7. $ ad. sk.

v7, z7, a8. Imm. sk.

b8 8 

, c. <$ ad. sk.

d*. Juv. sk.

e8. Ad. sk.

f8. cS ad.; g8, h8.5 ad. sk.

i88

-w. Ad. et imm.
sk.
x8. Ad. sk.

y8, z8. $ 2 a^-s^«

a9. <$ ad. sk.

b9 

. <$ ad. sk.

e9. Ad. sk.
d?. Ad. sk.
e9. Ad. sk.
f\ Ad. sk.
g9. Ad. sk.

 CHAEABEIID^. 

 N.W. America. Capt. Collinson [P.], 
Alaska {Hensh. Coll). Salvin-Godniari Coll. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, July, Salvin-Godman ColL 
Aug. (JEJ. W. Kelson: 
Hensh. Coll). 

 St. George's Isl., Alaska (.2". Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 W. Elliott: Hensh. Coll.). 
Kotlik, Alaska, May 19 Salvin-Godman CoU. 

(E. W. Kelson: Hensh. 
Coll), 
Pikmiktalik Eiver, Alaska, Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Aug. (E. W. Kelson: 
Hensh. Coll). 

 Albany Kiver,' Canada. G.Branston,Esq.[P.]. 
New Jersey. Hume Coll. 
Massachusetts (Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman ColL 
Ipswich, Mass. Seebohm Coll. 
Philadelphia (C. Drexler). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Waukegan, Illinois, May 24 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(E. W. Kelson: Hensh. 
Coll). 
Ainsworth, Illinois, Sept. 17 Salvin-Godman Coll, 

(E. W. Kelson: Hensh. 
Coll). 
Pennsylvania (J. Krider). Seebohm Coll. 
Cobb's Island, Virginia, Salvin-Godman ColL 


Aug. 1 (ff. W. H). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (F. B. Armstrong). 
Cedar Keys, Florida, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 


{Hensh. Coll.). 

 Bermuda, Dec. Capt. SavUe Keid 

rc.j. 

 Mustique Island, W. I., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 7 (D. W. Smith), 
Anguilla, March 25 ( W. It. West Indian Corn-
Elliott). mittee [P.]. 
Barbados. Sir E. Schomburgk 
[0.]. 
Indefatigable Isl., Galapagos, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug., Sept. {Dr. Habel). 
Cozumel Island (G. E. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Gaumer). 
Mugeres Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Gaumer). 

 Saw-pit Key, British Hon- Salvin-Godman ColL 
duras, May (O. S.). 
Turneff Land, British Hon- Salvin-Godman ColL 
duras, May (O. 8.). 
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman ColL 

(0. S.). 
Veragua {ArcS). Salvin-Godman ColL 
Bahia (Br. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman ColL 
Bahia (Dr. Wucherer). Seebohm Coll. 
Bahia. 
Cajutuba, Brazil (J. Kat- Salvin-Godman Coll* 
terer). 

1. AEE^AEIA. 108 
hQ,2?. S 2 ad. sfc.
F , P. Ad. sk.
m9 . $ ad. sk. 
Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct.
(.4. S. Markham). 
Chili, Feb. {E. C. Reed). 
Chili, Feb. (E. C. Meed). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
n\ <$ ad. sk.
o9. Ad. sk. 
Talcahuano, Chili, Sept. 9. 
"Winter Island. 
Dr. Coppinger [P.]. 
Antarctic Expedip*. 
Sternum.
qq , r9 . Skeletons. 
England. 
Chili. 
John'Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

2. Arenaria melanocepliala. 
Strepsilas melanocephalus, 
Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 356 (1829) ; 
id. Voy. < Blossom; p. 29 (1839) ; Cass. B. N. Amer. p. 702, pi. vii. 
(1858) ; Cooper $ SucMey, N. H, Wash. Terr. p. 234 (I860) j 
Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 424 (Vancouver Isl.); Ball fy Bann. Trans. 
Chicago Acad. i. p. 290 (1869: Alaska, breeding); Coues, Key 

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 609 (1884); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. 
Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 124 (1884); Murdoch, Rep. Exped. Ft. 
Barrow, p. 109 (1885: not observed); Seed. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 

p. 411 (1888). 
Oinclus melanocephalus, Gray, Gen.B. iii. p. 549 (1846); id.Sand-L 
B. iii. p. 22, no. 10069 (1871). 
Strepsilas interpres, var. melanocephalus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 247 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 459 (1874). 
Strepsilas 
interpres melanocephalus, Streets, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 7, p. 17 (1877: San Geronimo Isl.): Coues. Check-l N. Amer. B* 

p. 98 (1882). 
Arenaria melanocephala, Stejn. Auk, i. p. 229 (1884); id. Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 102 (1885); A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. 

p. 165 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 181 (1887); Turner, 
Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 150 (1887 : breeding); Nelson, Nat. Hist 
Coll Alaska, p. 129 (1887: St. Michael's Isl; Lower Yukon; 
breeding); Toionsend, Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: Kowah River, N. 
Alaska); Blake, t. e. p. 329 (Santa Cruz Isl.) ,* Lawrence, Auk, ix. 
p. 354 (1892). 
Charadrius melanocephalus, Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 12 (1885). 
Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above blackish 
brown, with slightly indicated black centres to the feathers; back 
pure white, with a dark brown patch on the rump; sides of rump 
and upper tail-coverts pure white : wings dark brown, the greater 
coverts edged and also broadly tipped with white, forming a broad 
wing-band; inner primary-coverts also tipped with white; quills 
with white margins to their ends, and with white shafts, the bases-
of all the quills white, which increases on the secondaries while the 
brown colour diminishes, till the median secondaries are entirely 
white; the innermost secondaries brown like the back; tail-
feathers brown, narrowly edged with white at the tip and with a 
broad white base; crown of head, sides of face, throat, and upper 
breast dark brown, many of the feathers of the sides of the neck* 
fore-neck, and ear-coverts spotted with white, imparting a streaked 
appearance; the feathers of the tipper breast adjoining the brown 
fore-neck being white with centres of brown, or horse-shoe marks 
of the same colour; frontal plumes also spotted with white; a mark 

104 
CHAEi.DEIID.EE. 

behind the upper part of the eye and a large loral spot white; all 
the rest of the underparts from the lower breast downwards pure 
white, except the thighs, which are brownish. Total length 8 
inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5*7, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*95, middle toe and 

•claw l'l. 
Adult female in 
breeding-plumage. Similar to the male. Total 

length 8 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5-9, tail 2*4, tarsus 1, middle toe 

and claw l'l5. 

Young male after first moult. Differs from the adult in having 

broad white edgings to the scapulars, wing-coverts, and inner 

secondaries, and in having a streak of whity brown behind the eye, 

without any sign of white spots on the head or sides of neck. 

According to Eidgway, the old and young birds in winter plumage 

" have the anterior parts of the head smoky-brown, much lighter 

than the body, with no trace of white markings about the head and 

jugulum." 
Hah. Western JSTorth America from Alaska to Monterey in California. 


a. Ad. sk. 
K.W.America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Purchased. 
c-g. $ ad. et St.Michaels, Alaska, June, July, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv.sk. 
Aug. (H. W. JSrelso?i: Hensh. 
Coll), 


h. 
§ ad. sk. Xotlik, Alaska, May 20 (E. TV. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 
i. 
($ ad. sk. Camp Simiamu, Kov. 19 (C. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Kennerly). 
Jc. 
Ad. sk. San Juan de Fuca. Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 

1. Ad. sk. 
Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 29 (<?. Suckley). 
m, n, o. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. 

p. § imm. sk. Esquimalt, Aug. (G. Mathew). Seebohm Coll. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Esquiroalt Harbour. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. 
s, t. $ ad. sk. 
San Francisco, California, Aug. 

Seebohm Coll. 

u. Ad. sk. 
San Francisco {Hensh. Coll.), 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 

v-y. (S ad. sk. 
San Luis Obispo, California, Oct. 

Salviu-Godman Coll. 

(H. W. Henshaw). 
z. 
S ad. sk. San Miguel Island, California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 2 (Capt. Homey: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
a'. 
$ ad.sk. Farallone Islands, California Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{Hensh. Coll). 

2 . HJEMATOPUS. 
105 

Subfamily II. HiEMATOPODINiE. 

2. ILEMATOPUS. 
Type. 

Ostralega, Briss. Orn. v. p. 38 (1760) H. ostralegus. 
Haaniatopus,Linn. Sgst. Nat i. p. 257 (1766) H. oatralegus. 
Melambyx, JReicJienb. Nat. Si/st. Fog. p. xii (1852) ... . II. nioquini. 

Fig. 13.—Foot of Hcsmatopus ostrale- Fig. 14.—Side view of tarsus of H. 
gus to show reticulation of tarsus ostralegus to show reticulation of 
and webbing of foot. the plawta tarsi. 

Range* Almost cosmopolitan. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. 
With a white belly. 
a'. Primaries with white on the inner webs, forming 
a white quill-lining. 
a". 
With white along the outer web of the fourth 
quill adjoining the white shaft-mark; sometimes 
the third and second quills similarly 
marked ostralegus, p. 107. 

106 CHAKADEHD2B. 

V\ No white extending on to the outer web of 
the first to the fifth quills ; sixth quill with 
a little white adjoining the white shaft-
mark ; upper tail-coverts white, tipped with 
Mack osculans, p. 111. 

h'. Quill-lining blackish, with no white markings 
on the inner webs of the primaries. 
c". Back glossy black like the head; edge of 
wing black. 


a'"* Lower back and rump pure white like 
the upper tail-coverts, the latter broadly 
tipped with black; some of the inner 
secondaries edged with white, but none 
of them entirely pure white ; feet pink.. longirostris, p. 112, 

b/n

> Lower back and rump black like the rest 
of the upper surface; upper tail-coverts 
pure white with small black tips; median 
secondary quills pure white; feet yellowish 
leucqpzts, p. 113. 

Back brown, contrasting with the black head. 

c'". With some of the median secondaries entirely 
white; white band on wing very 
broad and formed by the greater wing-
coverts, which are almost entirely white; 
thighs pure white. 


#*. A distinct white eye-spot; under wing-
coverts almost entirely white, with dusky 
tips to the lower primary-coverts; sixth 
and seventh primaries marked with 
white on the shaft palliatus, p. 114. 

54. White eye-spot less distinct or absent ; 
under wing-coverts mottled with black 
along the bend of the wing; lower 
primary-coverts almost entirely dusky; 
sixth and seventh primaries not marked 
with white; chest mottled with black 
; spots • • frazari, p. 117. 

d'. None of the median secondaries entirely 
white, but always marked with blackish ; 
white wing-band much smaller and narrower 
; thighs marked with black. 


c€< Upper tail-coverts white, mottled with 
brown; inner greater coverts white 
with brown bases; no white eye-spot; 
under tail-coverts pure white; axillaries 
pure white; a large patch of black 
above the lower primary-coverts, which 
are dusky; bend of wing mottled with [p. 116. 
black ffalapagensiSj 

dk. Upper tail-coverts entirely brown like 
the rump, the lateral ones with a little 
white near the base; no white eyespot 
; under tail-coverts white, with a 
great deal of sooty brown towards the 
ends, the longest ones almost entirely 
sooty brown; axillaries white, mottled 
with brown; bend- of wing black, as 


2 . HJ3M1T0PUS. 
107 
also a large patch, above the lower 
primary-coverts; white on wing very 
restricted, the greater coverts brown 
with a narrow white tip to the feathers, 
forming a hand across the wing durnfordi, p. 117. 

b. With the belly black or blackish. 
c\ Above glossy black like the tinder surface; head 
like the back; iris red; feet red. 
e". 
Nasal sulcus extending far beyond the line of 
the angle of the genys; feet brick-red micolor, p. 118. 

f. 
Nasal salens scarcely extending beyond the 
angle of the genys; feet deep crimson moquini, p. 119. 
&\ Back brown, contrasting with the black head ; 
under surface sooty black; iris yellow; feet 
flesh-coloured. 


g". Bill somewhat slender, the genys nearly 
straight; the angle scarcely indicated ... . niger, p. 120. 

h". 
Bill very deep, the angle of the genys 
strongly marked; the bill compressed and 
knife-like towards the end ater} p. 121. 

1. Hsematopus ostralegus. 
The Ovstercateher. 
Sea-Pie or Olive, Albin, Nat Hist. B. i. p. 74, pi. 78 (1738). 
L'Huitrier appelle vulgairement Pie de Mer, Briss. Orn. v. p. 38, 


pi. iii. fig. 2 (1760). 

Hsematopus ostralegus, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 257 (1766); Gm. Syst. 
Nat i. p. 694 (1788); Vieill. N. Diet d'Bist Nat. xv. p. 408 
(1817); Temm. Man. cPOrn. ii. p. 531 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. 
pi. 268 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 10 (1827); Menttr. 
Cat Rais. Cauc. p. 52 (1832); Naum. Vdg. Deutschl. vii. p. 325, 
pi. 181 (1834); Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 300 (1837); Bp. Comp, 
List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p. 46 (1838); Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 356 
(1840); Keys. # Bias. Wirb. Bur.' p. Ixxi (1840); Nordm. in 
Bimid. Voy. Muss. Merid. iii. p. 257 (1840); Jerd. Madr. Journ. 

xii. p. 201 (1840); Selys-Bongck Faune Beige, p. 122 (1842); 
Schl. Rev. Crit p. Ixxxv (1844); Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. 
p. 98 (1844); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in B?*it Mus., Grallce, pl. 56 
(no, 807); id. in Gh'aijs Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Gray, list 
Grallce in Brit Mus. p. 72 (1844); Riipp. Syst Uebers. p. 118 
(1845: Egyptian Coast & Red Sea); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii, 
p. 26e, pl. lxxii. (1846); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Bodgs. p. 133 (1846;; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Blybh, Cat. 
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 264 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 125 (1850); 
Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 152 (1852); Kjarb. Orn. Banm. Taf. 81. 
fig. 3 (1854); Schl Voy. Nederl. pl. 219 (1854); Layard, Ann. $ 
Mar/. N. JET. xiv. p. 110 (1854: Ceylon); Eeugl. Syst. Uebers. 
p. 57 (1856: Bed Sea); Marti. Orn. West-Afr. p. 217 (1857: 
Senegal; Mozambique); Sundev. Sv. Boy I. pl. 36 (1856-72); 
Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 454 (1859); Linderm. Vdg. 
Griechenl. p. 136 (1860); Bowys, Ibis, 1860, p. 339 (Corfu & 
Epirus); Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pl. 22. figs. 3,3 a (1861); 
Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 9 (Greenland); F. $ P. Godm. t c. p. 86 
(Bodo); Hartl. J.f.O. 1861, p. 269 (Somali Coast); Neioton m 
Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 411 (1863); Gray, List Brit B. 
p. 142 (1863); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 141 (Malta, accidental); 
CHAKADBIIDJE. 

Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 659 (1864): ScM. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, 

p. 70 (1865 ; Holland); Gigl Ibis, 1865, p. 59; More, t. c. p. 432; 
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 151 (1867) ; Locke, Expl. Sci. 
AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 283 (1867); B. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 69 
(Suez); Blyth, t. c. p. 166 ; Baird, i. c. p. 282 (Iceland & Greenland) 
; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal); Borggr. Togelf. 
Norddeutschl p. Il l (1869); Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 179 (1869); 
Ehces § Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Gulf of Salonica); Fritsch, 
Tog. Bur. tab. 34. fig. 9 (1870); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. iv. pi. 45 
(1870); Fi?isc7i 8f Marti. Tog. Ostafr. p. 665 (1870); Sahad. 
Faun. Bed.) TJcc. p. 207 (1871); It. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 268 
(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (S. Spain, winter) ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 21, no. 10057 (1871); Harting, Handb. Brit. 

B. p. 45 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 243 (1872); Heugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1039 (1873); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 234 (1873 : 
Karachi; Mekran Coast; Muscat); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 
(1873); Alston §• Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel); 
Brooke, t. c. p. 338 (Sardinia); Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Kathiawar) 
; Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 397 (N. Frisian IsL); Saxby, B. 
Shetl p. 172 (1874); Irby, Orn. Straits Gihr. p. 163 (1875); 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 149 (1875); Danf. § Harvie Brown, Ibis, 
1875, p. 420 (Transylvania); Le Messarier, Str. F. iii. p. 380 
(1875: Manora Point); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 329: Blanf. East. 
Rers. ii. p. 281 (1876: Hormuz IsL, Persian Gulf); Seed. $ Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 290 (Ust Zylrna, "breeding); Dresser, B. 
Eur. vii. p. 567, pi. 533 (1877); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 49 (Semipalatinsk) 
: Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 156 (1877 : Poland) ; 
Butler, Str. F. v. p. 212 (1877: Mandavee); Bogdanoff, B. 
Caue. p. 154 (1879); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix. p. 246 
(1879: Irtiseit); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Butler, Cat. 

B. Sind etc. p. 60 (1879: Sind; Cutcli; Kathiawar); id. Cat* 
B. S. Bomb. Rres. p. 74 (1880: Bombay; Ratnagiri) ; Tidal, Str. 
F. ix. p. 83 (1880: S. Konkan); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 987 
(1880: N. half of West Coast); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 222 
(Astrakhan) ; id. t. c. p. 380 (Archangel); B. O. U. List Brit. B. 
p. 162 (1883): Seebohn, Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus); Severtz. 
t. c. p. 74 (Pamir-Alichur, near Boolrna-Kul); Irby, t. c. p. 187 
(Santander) ; Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 294 (1883) ; 
id. Ibis, 1884,, p. 389 (Bidassoa R., Dec.); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. 
Boss. p. 77 (1884); Baird, Brewer, §• Budgie. Water-Birds N. 
Amer. i. p. 110 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 423 (1884: 
S.W. of Caspian ; Lenkoran; breeding) ; Seebolwi, Hist. Brit. B. 
iii. p. 4 (1885); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21 (Aden); Gigl Avif. 
ltd. p. 378 (1886); Salvad. Elenco TJcc. Hal. p. 214 (1886); Talt, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 387 (Portugal); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 543 
(1889); Beichen. Syst. Terz. Tog. Deutschl p. 53 (1889) ; Lilford, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 339 (Cyprus); Gigl Avif. Ital, 1st Resoc. p. 580 
(1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 052 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 512 (1891) ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 409 (Great Saltee Isl.); Brusim, Motr. etc. 
{Orn. Croat.) p. 88 (1890); Turle, Ibis, 1891, p. 6 (Blasket IsL, 
breeding); Gdtke, Togelw. Helgol p. 514 (1891); W. Evans, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 80; Sha?ye, t c. p. 114 (Fao, Oct); Madardsz, 
Ausst. Ungar. Togelf. p. 104 (1891); Frivaldsky, Aves Hung. 
p. 125 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland); Hartert, 
t e. p. 517 (E. Prussia); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden); 
Blagg, t. c. p. 355 (Shetland); Blaauw, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv. 
p. 226(1873: Holland). 
Scolopax pica, Scop. Ann. I. p. 95 (1769). 
2. HJEMATOPUS. 
109 

L'Huitrier, B'Aubenttm, PL Enl ix. pi. 929; Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. 

viii. p. 119, pi. ix. (1781). 
Pied Oystercatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 219, pi. 84 (1785), 
Ostralega pica, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 26 (1790). 
Ostralega europsea, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 300 (1828): id. TraitS 
$Orn. p. 548(1831). 
Hsematopus batkicus, Brelim, Vog. DeutscM. p. 5G2 (1831). 
Hsexnatopus orientalis, Brehm, t. e. p. 563. 
Ostralegus vulgaris, Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 47. 
Ostralegus hasniatopus, Macgill. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 59 (1842). 
The Oyster-catcher, Yarrett, Brit. B. ii. p. 432 (1843). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy 
black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; wing-
coverts black, the bastard-wing feathers and the median series with 
white tips, the greater coverts pure white, with only a little blackish 
patch concealed near the base; primaries black, with the greater 
part of the inner web white, except near the ends and for some 
distance parallel to the shaft, the latter with a sub-terminal white 
streak, widening into a broad white streak on the inner primaries, 
the white extending on to the outer web; secondaries pure white 
with black tips, the central ones white, the long inner ones black; 
tail white, with the terminal third black, forming a broad band; 
head all round with the entire throat black; under the eye a white 
spot; remainder of under surface of body, from the lower throat 
downwards, pure white; the feathers of the fore-neck which 
adjoin the black throat being half white and half black, to correspond 
with the adjacent plumage; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white: " bill vermilion, tinged with yellow as far as the end of the 
nasal groove, the attenuated part dull yellow; feet pale lake or 
purplish red; edges of the eyelids vermilion; iris crimson" (W. 
Macgillivray). Total length 16 inches, culmen 2-9, wing 9*7, 
tail '3*9, tarsus 1*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length „ 

17 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 10*1, tail 4, tarsus 2. 

Young. Browner on the back than the adults, and with more or 
less sandy-brown vermiculations and margins to the ends of the 
feathers; across the middle of the throat a broad band of white ; 
quills with a larger expanse of white, the white on the outer web 
of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth quills continuous with the 
white on the inner web. 

The white band on the throat is lost during the first winter, dis


appearing sooner in the females than in the males. In Eastern 

birds this white on the throat not only persists longer than 

in European birds, but is much more extended on the throat, 

being spread over the whole throat up to the chin. Every one 

of the young birds from Karachi shows this peculiarity. A bird 

obtained by Colonel Butler in August, with a perfectly black throat 

and with no trace of immaturity about it, has the white patches 

on both webs of the quills united; but as some of the latter show 

indications of the black extending down the centre of the quills, it 

is evidently impossible to find specific differences between European 

110 
CHABi-DEIIB^. 

and Indian Oystercatchers : though I expect to find my views as to 

the greater persistence of the white on the quills 
in Eastern birds 

confirmed by farther material. There is considerable variation in 

the white shaft-markings and white quill-lining. In the adult 

female, however, described from "Wales, there is an absence of white 

on the inner web of the first primary, as is usual in H. osculans I 

Nestling. Clothed with down of a sandy-grey colour, not much 
mottled with black, of which two lines run down each side of the 
back, with a single narrow line down the rump to the tail, and a 
lateral stripe along the lower flanks; the head has some irregular 
black stripes and patches; throat dusky black; remainder of under 
surface of body white, as also the edge of the wing; thighs dusky 
blackish. As the bird increases in size the plumage becomes 
darker, and is strongly barred with sandy-bufi tips and edges to the 
feathers, but the black dorsal patches are retained in full force for a 
long time. 

Hah. Europe generally, extending south in winter to Egypt and 

the Red Sea, eastwards to Central Asia, wintering in X."W. India. 

a. Pull. sk. Orkneys. 
Gould Coll. 
b. Pull. sk. Orkneys, June 20 (J. H. Dunn). E. Hargitt,Esq.[P.]. 
c. d. Ad. sk. St. Andrew's, N.B., Sept. (It. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W.R.). 
e. $ ad. sk. Lincolnshire, Sept. 14. J. H. Caton Hafgh, 
Esq. [P.]. 
/, ff, k Ad. sk. Ronmey Marsh, Kent, Sept. Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]


i. $ ad. sk. Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 5. Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
k. 
5 ad. sk. Pagham, Sept. 20. J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
l,m.tf; n. § S. Bride's, S. Wales, April. Hon. W. Edwardes 
ad. sk. Lir.j. 
o, p. 2 ad. sk. Bodo, Norway, May 7 (F. D. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

q. $ juv. sk. Heligoland, Sept. 20 (22. B. &). F. Nicholson, Esq. 
r. 
Juv. sk. Morocco. J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
s. 
Juv. sk. Suakin, Red Sea. Surgeon-Capt. R. H. 
Penton [P.]. 
t. Imm. sk. Erzerouni (Huet de Taxillon). Gould Coll. 
u. <$ ad. sk. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
River Volga, May. 

v. $ juv. sk. 
W. D. Cumming, Esq. 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct. 15. 

[p.j. 
w, x. <$ j y-a\ Karachi, Sind, Feb. (A. O. H.). 

Hume Coll. 

$ juv. sk. 
b'. Ad. sk. Karachi, Aug. (13. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 
c', df. S imm. Karachi, Feb., March [E. A. B.). Hume Coll. 

e',f. Juv. sk. Kutch, Jan. (F. Stoliczha). Hume Coll. 
g'. Juv. sk. Balacherry, Kathiawar, Oct. 15. Col. Hayes Lloyd 


[pj


h'. Juv. sk. Nepal. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.l 
H. Juv. sk. Patna. Pinwill Coll. 
h'. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
2. BL2EMAT0PUS, 111 
11S 
^ n ' England. John Ray, Esq. [P.l 
m. Sternum. England. G-. Ingall, Esq. [P.T 
» . Bones of Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
trunk. rpn 
2. Hsematopus osculans. 

Hsematopus kypoleuca, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. ii. p. 129 (1811, pt.: 
Kanitchatka; Kurile Isl.). 

Hasmatopus ostralegus (nee L.), Middend. Beise Sibir., Zool ii. p. 213 
(1851: Gt. Shantar TsL, Aug.): Cassin, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 
1858, p. 196 (Japan); Schrench, Beis. Amurl p. 413 (1859: 
Ussuri River; Amur River); Sioinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 63: id. Ibis, 
1861, p. 261 (Talien Bay), p. 342 (Takow: Pekin); Przew. Putesch. 
Ussuri, no. 157 (1870); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 154 (1875: Arakan) ; 
Oates, B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 377 (1883). 

Hsematopus longirostris {nee V.), Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 406 (Ape's 
Hill Creek, Formosa); id. P. Z. S.1803, p. 310. 

Haamatopus osculans, Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 405; Pelz. Verk s.-6. 
Ver. Wien, 1872, Extraheft, p. 6; Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 426 
(Chefoo); id. Ibis, 1875, pp. 129, 453 (Hakodadi); Tacz. Bull 
Soc. Zool France, i. p. 249 (1876); David # Oust. Ois. Chine, 

p. 432 (1877: N. China, especially near Ohefoo); Blakist.fyPryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Yezo, Yokohama); 8eebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 26 
(Yokohama); Blakist.fy Pryer, Tram. As. 8oc. viii. p. 193 (1880) j 
iid. op. tit. x. p. 109 (1882); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, viii, 
p. 339 (1883) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. p. 11 (1884: Japan 
generally); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 29, pp. 100,138 (1885 : 
Kanitchatka); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, j . 459 (Corea); Seebohm, 
Geoqr. Distr. Charadr. p. 303 (1888); id. B. Japan. Fmp. p. 319 
(1890: Kurile Isl.; Yezo; Yokohama); Styan,IMs, 1891, pp. 330, 
504 (Lower Yangtse, winter); Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Corea); 
De La Touche, t.c. p. 497 (Foochow and Swatow). 
Hsematopus ostralegus osculans, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 29, 

p. 100 (1885). 
Adult male. Similar to E. ostralegus, but with a decidedly longer 
bill, and distinguished by the white pattern of the primary quills, 
the shafts of which are white towards the ends, as in E. ostralegus, 
hut the white begins to extend on to the outer web of the quill only 
from the sixth onwards. The difference of the white occurring on 
the second quill is not constant, as we have seen European birds 
which have the first primary entirely dark on the inner web, as in 

M. osculans: "bill bright orange-red; legs fine pink, with pale 
brownish claws; iris crimson, eyelid bright orange-red" (R. 
Bwirihoe). Total length 18 inches, culmen 3*8, wing 10-3, tail 4*2, 
tarsus 1*85. 
Adult female. Similar to the female of E. ostralegus, but distinguished 
by the white markings on the quills, the white extending 
on to the outer web from the white shaft-streak only from the sixth 
quill onwards. The first primary has no white on the inner web. 
Total length 18 inches, culmen 3*7, wing 10*4, tail 4-2, tarsus 2. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the black feathers margined 
with white, and in having a white patch across the throat, 
though Dr. Stejneger states that the young birds procured by him in 

112 
CHAEADKIUm 

Xamtchatka had no white bar across the throat: " bill orange-red, the 
tip dusky; feet pale bluish flesh-colour; iris raw-Timber; naked 
eye-ring orange " (Dr. Stejneger), 

Hob. Eastern Siberia and Kamtchatka, south to China and the 
Burmese provinces in winter. 

a. $ ad. sk. Corea. 
C. W. Campbell, Esq.. [P.], 
b. 2 
ad. sk. Yezo, Japan {Admiral Tweeddale Coll. 
St. John). 
c. Ad. sk. Shanghai. Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Eokien. 
Gould Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Naab River, x4,rakan, Oates Coll. 
Jan. 15 (SJwpland). 
3. HaBmatopus longirostris. 
Hsematopus longirostris, 
Vieill. N. Diet. d7Uist. Nat. xv. p. 410 
(1817: Australia); Gray, List Grallm Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844); 
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 7 (1845); Gray, Voy. Ereh. <£• Terror, 
Birds, p. 12 (1846); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1846); Reichenb. Yog. 
Neuholl. p. 30, no. 311 (1849); id. Sa?idb. Grail., Nomt. tab. elxix. 
figs. 2412-14 (1851); MacGilliv. Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852 : 
N.E.Australia; Torres Straits); Bp. C. B. xliii p. 420(1856); 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (Aru Is.); Scl Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc, 
Zool. ii. p. 169 (1858 : New Guinea); Gray, Cat. Mamm. $-Birds 
New Guin. pp. 51, 62 (1859); id. P. Z. S.1861, p. 438; id. Ibis, 
1862, p. 235; Bosenb. Nat. TijdscJir. Nederl Ind. xxv. p. 253 
(1863); id. J.f. 0.1864, p. 136 (New Guinea; Aru Isl.); Goidd, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 215 (1865) ; Firnch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 
(1865); Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 73 (1865; Oetanata); 
Bosenb. Bets naar Zmdoostereil p. 53 (1667 : Aru Isl.) ; Mutton, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland); Gray, BCand-l B. iii. p. 21, 
no. 10062 (1871); Finsch, J.f O. 1874, p. 194 (New Zealand); 
Karwe- Brown, Ibis, 1874, p. 96 (Otaio R., N. Z.); Bosenb. 
Beistocht. Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875: Ternate); Sharpe, Voy. Freb. fy 
Terror, Birds, App. p. 30 (1875): DAlb. Ann. Mus. Gen. x. p. 20 
(1877); id. Ibis,lb77, p. 372 (ElyRiver); Masters, Proe. Linn. Soc. 

N. S. W. i. p. 60 (1877: Cape Grenville & Cocoanutlsl.) ; Bamsay, 
i. c. p. 187; id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1878: Australia generally); 
Bosenb. Malay. Archip. pp. 373, 563 (1878-79: Aru Isl.); D'Alb. 
ty Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xiv. p. 128 (1879: Katau); Salvad. op. 
cit. xviii. p. 323 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 287 (1882) • Shame, 
Bep. Zool Coll. Voy. 'Alert,' p. 27 (1884: Wednesday Isl); 
Mathew, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. x. p. 254 (1886: Claremont 
Is.); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. CJwradr. p. 304 (1888); Bamsay, 
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: nearly the whole of Australia); 
Butter, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 16 (1888); North, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. (2) iii. p. 1778 (1889 : Cumberland, N. S. W.); id. 
Nests fy Eggs Austr. B. p. 299 (1889); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Pap. 
iii. p. 198 (1891); Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 257 (Adele Isl, N. W. 
Australia). 
Hsematopus picatus, Vigors in King's Voy. Austr. ii. App. p. 420 
(1826); Gray in Dieffenb. Trav. N Zeal ii. App. p. 196 (1843: 
New Zealand); Ellman, Zool 1861, p. 7469. 0 

Hsematopus australasianus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 155. 
Hsematopus ostralegus (nee L.), S. Mull. Verh. Land~ en Volkenk. 

p. 22 (1839-44: New Guinea). 
2. BL2EMAT0PTJS. 
113 

Adult male. Similar to H. ostralegus, but having no white on the 
inner webs of the primaries; the back glossy black like the head, 
and the edge of the wing black; lower back and rump pure white, 
like the upper tail-coverts, the latter broadly tipped with black; 
some of the inner secondaries edged with white, but none of thorn 
entirely pure white: "bill and eyelash deep orange-scarlet; feet 
light brick-red; iris crimson " (J. Gould). Total length 17 inches, 
culmen 3*4, wing 10*1, tail 4, tarsus 1*95. 


Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 17 inches, 
culmen 34, wing 10-5, tail 4*4, tarsus 2-05. 
Hah. Australia, New Zealand, and the Papuan and Moluccan 
Islands. 


a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Oomaru, N. Z. Hume Coll. 
d. S &d. sk. Hummock IsL, Bass' Straits Voy.KM.S. < Herald/ 
(F. M. Rayner). 
e. Juv. sk. Green Island, Bass' Straits. Purchased. 
/. Ad. sk. Australia. Old Coll. 
g} h. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
«, k. Ad. sk. New South Wales. AustralianMuseumFP.]. 
L Ad. sk. S. Australia. Dr. Woodward [P. j. 


m. Ad. sk. S. Australia. 
Sir G. Grey [P.t 
n. Ad. sk. S. Queensland. TweeddaleColl. 
o. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. Ad. sk. Dunk Island, N.E. Australia Voy. H.M.S. 'Battle(
J. Macgillivray). 
q. Ad. sk. Sandy Island, N.E. Australia Voy. H.M.S. 'Fly.' 
(J. B. Jukes). 
r. $ ad. sk. Wednesday Island, Torres Voy. H.M.S.'Alert.' 
Straits (Dr. Coppinger). 
s, t. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.]. 


u. Ad. sk. Aru Islands. 
Wallace Coll. 

v. 
Skeleton. Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.' 
w, x. 
Skulls. Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattlesnake/ 


4. Haematopus leucopus. 
Haematopus leucopodus, Gam. Ann. des Sci. Nat. vii. p. 47 (1826: 
Falkland Islands); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 182 (1887). 
Ostralega leueopus, Gam. fy Less. Voy. Coquitte, i. p. 721 (1826); 
Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 301 (1828); id. Treats, p. 548 (1831), 

Hsematopus luctuosus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 504 (1829); ScM. 
Mus. Rays-Bos, Cursores, p. 74 (1865: Falkland Is.); GrayY 
Kand-l. B. iii. p. 21, no. 10058 (1871). 

Hsematopus arcticus, Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 35, pi. lxiv* 
fig. 2 (1832); id. $ JSelby, III. Orn. pi. 125 (1833); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 547 (1847); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 420 (1856); Gray, Handrl. B. 
iii. p. 21, no. 10061 (1871). 
Hsematopus leucopus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844: 
Tierra del Fuego); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847); Scl P. Z. & 
1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland 
Is., breeding) j 8cl. fy Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 143 (1873); 
iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 437 (Penguin Isl.) j iSharpe, F. Z. S. 1881, 

VOJi. XXIV. 
I 

114 CHLAJBADEITDJL 

p. 15 (Cape Sambo, Trinidad Channel; Tom Bay• Hudi Bay); 
Scl # Salv. Yoxj, < Challenger] ii. p. 108 (1881*: Penguin Isl.; 
Elizabeth Isl.; Tom Harbour); Seeh. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 306 
(1888); Ridgiu. Proe, U.S. Nat. Mas. xii. p. 136 (1889: Elizabeth 
Isl.); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 121 (1891). 
Adult male. Black -with a white belly, like H. ostralegus and its 
allies, but distinguished by its black lower back and rump, the 
upper tail-coverts and base of tail being white; the greater part of 
the under wing-coverts also are black; primaries entirely black, 
without any white along the shaft or on the inner web: 4t bill 
orange-red; feet grey; iris and eyelid brilliant yellow " (Dr. Copping 
er). Total length 16*5 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 10*2, tail 3*8, 
tarsus 1*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: " legs and feet 
flesh-coloured, claws black; iris bright yellow; eyelid yellow" 
(Dr. Coppinger). Total length 16 inches, culmen 2*7, wing 10, 
tail 4, tarsus 1/7. 

Young. Similar to the adults, with a white breast and abdomen, 
but more dusky black, with rusty margins to all the feathers of the 
upper surface. 
Hal. Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
South America. 
Tierra del Fuego. 
The Admuraltv [P.]. 
Sir "W. Burnett & 
<?, d. 2 ad. et 
pull. sk. 
e. (S ad. sk. 
f. $ ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h, i. <$ ad. sk. 
Tom Harbour, Straits of Magellan, 
Jan. 6. 
Elizabeth Island. 
Penguin Island, Messier 
Channel. 
Hermit Island, Oct. 11 (Dr. 
McCormiek). 
Tom Bay, Jan. 1G (Dr. Cop-
Capt. Fitzrov [P.]. 
Toy. ELM.S. < Challenger.? 
Toy. H.M.S. < Challenger.
7 
Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger/ 
AntarcticExpedition. 
Toy. H.M.S. < Alert.5 
k. (S juv. sk. 
pinger).
Hugh Bay, Feb. 27 (Dr. Toy. H.M.S.* Alert/ 
1 Ad. sk. 
Coppinger). 
Cape Sambo, March 3 (Dr. Toy. H.M.S.' Alert' 
m. Juv. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
Coppinger). 
Falkland Islands. 
Falkland Islands. 
AntarcticExpedition. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
o, p. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Zeeonte). Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
q. Juv. sk. S. Salvador Bay, Falklands, 
Dec. 
McCormiek Bequest. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s. Skeleton. 
Berkeley Sound, Falkland's, 
May (Dr. McCormiek). 
Patagonia. 
Antarctic Expedition. 
Dr. Coppinger [P.]. 

5. Hasmatopus paHiatns. 
The American Oystercatcher. 
The Oyster-catcher, Catesbtj, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 85, pi. 85 (1731). 
Hsematopus ostralegus (nee Z.), Wils. Amer. Cm. viii. p. 15, pi Ixiv 


tig. 2 (1814, pt. nee tab.). 
Hsematopus palliatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 532 (1829); Audub. 

2. EUBMATOPUS. 
115 

B. Amer. pi. 223 (c. 1826); Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras, iv. p. 746 
(1833); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 181 (1835), v. p. 580 (1839); 
Gould, Toy. 'Beagle] Birds, p. 128 (1841: Rio Plata); Audub. 
B. Amer. v. p. 230, pi. 324 (1842); Sard. $ Selby, III Orn. (n. s.) 
pi. 7 (1836: Florida Keys); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 222 (1844); 
Gray, List Grail® Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 547 
(1847); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 104 (1850); Burm. Tk Bras. iii. 
p. 366 (1856); Gundl J. f. 0. 1856, p. 423 (Cuba); Cassin in 
Beard's B. N. Amer. p. 699 (1858); Bryant, Proc. Bost Soc. vii. 
p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); Brewer, t. c. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); 
Neioton, Ibis, 1861, p. 115 (St. Thomas); Salvm, Ibis, 1863, 
p. 190 (Guatemala); SchJ. Mus. Bays-Bas, Oursoreg, p. 74 (1865 : 
pt.); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 34 (Galveston Bay) ; Gundl Eepert. 
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 358 (1866); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339; 
Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 141 (1868: Costa Eica), p. 210 
(Yucatan); Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fdrh. 1869, p. 588 (St. 
Bartholomew); Pete. Orn. Bras. p. 298 (1871: Matto Grosso; 
Cujutuba); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 21, no. 10059 (1871); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. 5. p. 246 (1872); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. 
p. 143 (1873); Gundl. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 379 
(1878: Cuba); Merrill, Proc. V.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 160(1878: 
Padre and Brazos Isl., Texas; breeding); Sennett, Bull U.S. Geol 
Surv. iv. p. 53 (1878: Texas); Maynard, B. Bast. N. Amer. 
p. 365 (1879); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 150 (1880: resident); 
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880); Belding, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 527 (1882: Coronados Is.); Zeledon, 
Cat. Aves Costa Bica, p. 30 (1882); Coues, Check-l N. Amer. 
B. p. 98 (1882); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. yi. p. 351 
(1883: Lower California); Cory, B. S. Domingo,p. 145 (1884); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. jp. 606 (1884); Baird, Brewer, $ 
Bidgio. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 112 (1884); Brewster, Auk, 
ii. p. 384 (1885: Massachusetts); Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
viii. p. 245 (1885: Labrador); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 
p. 165 (1886); Evermann, Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886; Ventura Co., 
California); Butcher, t. c. p. 439 (Long Isl.); Cory, Auk, iv. 
p. 230 (1887: Bahamas ; Cuba ; Haiti; S. Domingo; Porto Rico; 
St. Bartholomew); Scott, t. c. p. 270 (Florida); Ridgw. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 182 (1887); Seehohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 305 
(1888); Scott, Auk, yi. p. 160 (1889: Florida); Cory, B. West 
Indies, p. 230 (1889); Salv. Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozuniel); Northrop, 
Auk, viii. p. 76 (1891: Andros Isl.); Witmer Stone, t. c. p. 245 
(Delaware); Cory, t c. p. 297 (Caicos Isl), p. 334 (Abaco Isl.), 
p. 351 (Inagua); id. Auk, ix. p. 48 (1892: Maraguana); Scott, t. c. 
p. 212 (Florida) ; Berlepsch, J.f. 0.1892, pp. 104, 121 (Curacao 
Is.); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 95 (1892: Greater and Lesser 
Antilles; Bahamas); Butcher, Auk, x. p. 272 (1893: Long 
Island); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 308 (Aruba), p. 325 (Curacao). 
Hsematopus brasiliensis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 73 (1823); Allen, 

Bull Amer. Mus. ii. p. 271 (1889). 

Ostralega palliata, Less. Traite, p. 548 (1831). 

The Oyster-catcher, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 15 (1834). 

Adult male. General colour above earthy brown from the hind 
neck downwards, and including the lower back and rump; the sides 
of the latter and the upper tail-coverts pure white, the latter tipped 
with brownish: tail white, with nearly the terminal half blackish 
brown, forming a very broad band, decreasing in extent towards 

I -a 

C3TAEi.DKIID.2B. 

116 

the outermost; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series pure 
white, with only black at the extreme base; bastard-wing feathers 
broadly tipped with white; primary-coverts and quills blackish 
brown, the first five quills unmarked with white, the remainder 
with white near the end of the shaft extending on to the outer web 
in a longitudinal patch, the base of the inner web white ; secondaries 
pure white, the innermost ones brown like the back; head 
and neck all round black; a white spot below the eye; remainder of 
under surface of body from the fore-neck downwards pure white, 
including the under wing-coverts and axillaries : 4t bill (in life) rich 
vermilion; legs and feet pale dull fleshy white; eyelids rich vermilion; 
iris bright yellow" (Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgway). Total 
length 15*5 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 9*7, tail 3*0, tarsus 2*1. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 17 
inches, culmen 3*2, wing 10, tail 3*9, tarsus 2*2. 

Young, Marked as in the adult, but the whole of the dark 
feathers tipped or margined with rusty-burl spots or bars; the 
white upper tail-coverts also tinged with rust-colour ; black of the 
head and throat dusky, with rusty edgings to the feathers of the 
crown ; the chin white. 

Hab* j^Torth Ameriea, the "West India Islands, and Central 
America, as far as Southern Brazil in Eastern South America. 

a.b. <$: e. $;
d, e. Pull. sk.
f-l. 8 $ ad.etrmm. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
Cobb's Island, Virginia, July, 
Sept. (H. W. Henshaw)." 
Corpus Christi Pass, Texas, 
May, June (F. B. Armstrong), 
Mexico. 
Salvin-Godman Coll* 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 
n, o, p. Imm.
sk.
a. r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t $ ad. sk. 
Cozumel Island (G. 
Gaumer). 
Chiapam, Guatemala,
(0. &). 
Veragua (F. ArcS). 
Santa Catarina, Brazil 
F. 
Jan. 
(F. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coil, 
Fogers). 

6. Hasmatopus galapagensis. 
Haematopus palliatus (nee Temm.), Scl $• JSalv. F. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 
(Indefatigable Is.); Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125 (Galapagos); 
Salv. Trans. Zool. Soc. is. p. 502 (1875: Indefatigable Is.). 

Haematopus galapagensis, Fidgw. Auk, 5ii. p. 331 (1886: Chatham 
Is.); id. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 325 (1886); id. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p, 187 (1887); id. Froc. U.S. Wat. Mm. adi. pp. 116, 
128 (1889: James Is.). 

Haematopus leucopus galapagensis, Seebdhm, Geogr. Futr. Charadr* 

p. 307 (1888). 
Adult male. Similar to H. palliatus, but much darker and more 
blackish above, with the tail almost entirely blackish except for a 
little white at the extreme base, and a white edging to the outer 
feather; there is no white shaft-mark on any of the primaries, and 
none ofttie secondaries are pure white, as all of them have some 
dark markings near the end's; the upper tail-coverts are very 

2, HiEMATOPTJS. 
117 

broadly tipped with dark brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, but the lateral ones near the bend of the wing and the outer 
lower greater coverts black; the lower primary-coverts sooty 
blackish; the outer aspect of the thighs blackish: " bill red ; feet 
pale flesh-colour; iris golden yellow; eyelids red" (E. Ridgway)* 
Total length 15 inches, culmen 3*5, wing 9-9, tail 3*5, tarsus 2-15. 

Hal. Galapagos Islands. 

a. S 
ad.; b, $ ad. Indefatigable Island, Gala- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. pagos, Sept. 18 (Dr. A. 
Habel). 
£. 
c? ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Gala- Dr. A. Habel [0.]. 
pagos. 

7. Hssmatopus frazari *. 
Hsematopus palliatns 
(nee Temm.), 8cl. fy 8alv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 
(Straits of Magellan) ; Tacz, P. Z. 8 1877, p. 748 (Peru); 8ah. 

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Paracas Bay); Tacz. Orn. JP4rou, iii. p. 350 
(1886); Macf. Ibis, 1887, p. 205 (San Lorenzo Is., Peru); Brewster, 
Auk, v. p. 86 (1888 : Isabella Isl., W. Coast of Mexico, Tekuantepec). 
Heematopus frazari, Brewster, Auk, v. p. 84 (1888: Carmen Is., Gulf 
of California); Townsend, Proc. U.8. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 138 (1890: 
Coneepcion Bay). 

Adult male. Similar to E. jpalliatus, but much darker brown on 
the back and with no white on the primaries; the axillaries and 
under wing-coverts white, but mottled with spots of black along 
the edge of the wing and showing a small blackish patch above the 
lower primary-coverts, which are dusky like the quill-lining; chest 
mottled with black spots forming a kind of band: " bill dark 
carmine; legs pale flesh-colour, in skin" (W. Brewster), Total 
length 17 inches, culmen 3*15, wing 10*4, tail 3*8, tarsus 2'15. 

Hah, S. California, 
and probably the whole western coast of 

Central and Southern America to Chili. 

a. 
J ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, West Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, March 17 (A, 
Forrer). 
b. <J ad. sk. Arauco, Tarapaca, Aug. 10 Berkeley James Coll. 
(X. Lane), 
e. $ ad. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct. (A. H, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Markham). 
d, <5ad.sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili (Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e-h. Ad. et imm. Central Chili. Berkeley James Coll. 

sk. 

8. Haematopus dnmfordi. (Plate YI.) 
H»matopus palliatus (nee Temrn.), Dumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 403 (Tambo 
Point, Chuput River Mouth; breeding); 8cl fy Huds. Argent. Orn. 

ii. p. 176 (1889: Tambo Point). 
* I have never seen a really typical & frazari from Southern California, 
but I expect that the specimens here enumerated will be found to belong to 
that species. 
118 CHA.KAD&IID2E. 

Adult Yery similar to H. galapagensis and of the same dark 
chocolate-brown colour, 'but with, a remarkably small bill. None 
of the inner primaries white-shafted, agreeing in this respect with 

H. galapagensis and H. frazari, but differing from both in the 
colour of the upper tail-coverts, which are blackish brown, and of the 
under tail-coverts, which are smudged with sooty brown for the 
greater part; the greater coverts are tipped w ith white only, 
forming a very narrow band, and none of the inner secondaries are 
entirely white, but they have on the contrary a great deal of black 
at the ends on the outer webs: " bill dark pink; legs and feet 
greenish yellow ; iris light orange " (H. Durnford). Total length 
16 inches, culmen 2m55, wing 9*7, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-9. 
Hah. Patagonia. 
a. Ad. sk. Tambo Point, Patagonia, Jan. 3. H. Dumford, Esq, 
[C.]. 
9. Haematopus nuicolor. 

Hsematopus unicolor, Wagl Isis, 1832, p. 1230; Forster, Descr. 
Anim. p. 112 (1844) ; Gray, List Grcdke Brit. JIus. p. 73 (1844); 
id. Voy. Freb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 12, pi. 10 (1848); id. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 547 (1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 420 (1850); Gray, Ibis, 
1862, p. 235 (New Zealand); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, 
p. 75 (1805: N.E. Australia) ; Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland) 
; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 22, no. 10063 (lb71); Fi?isch, 
J. f. 0.1872, p. 170 (New Zealand); Buller, B. New Zeal p. 225 
(1873); Feb. Ibis, 1873, p. 120 ; Harvie-Broicn, Ibis, 1874, p. 90 
(New Zealand); SJiarpe, Voy. Freb. <§r Terr., Birds, App. p. 30, 
pi. 10 (1875); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. IF. ii. p. 1&7 (1878); 
Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 18 (1888); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Fistr. Charadr. p. 308 (1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. 
p. 19 (1888: Australia generally); North, Nests § Fggs Austr, 
B. p. 300, pi. xx. fig. 2 (1889); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 545 (Chatham 
IsL). 
Haematopus fuliginosus, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 8 (1845); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847); Reiehtnb. Tog. NeuholL no. 319 
(1849) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. Mamm. £ B. New 
Gidn. p. 62 (1859); Gould, Handh. B. Austr. ii. p. 217 (1865); 
Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 00 (1877: Palm IsL); 
Ramsay, t. c. p. 187; Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 257 (Adele IsL, lsN\. 
Australia). 

Hsematopus niger {nee Pall), Fllman, Zool 1801, p. 7409 (New 
Zealand); Finsch, Ibis, 1882, p. 399 (Wanganui, 'K.Z.). 
Hsematopus opthalmicus, Castelnau fy Ramsay, Proc, Linn. Soc* 

N. 8. W. i. p. 385 (1877 : Bountiful IsL, N. Australia); Ramsay, 
op. cit. ii. p. 187 (1878 : Gulf of Carpentaria); id. Tab. List Austr, 
B. p; 19 (1888). 
Melanibvx fuliginosus, Heine 8; Reiclien. Nomencl. Mas. Hein. p. 337 
(1882-90: W. Australia). 

Adult male. Entirely glossy black above and below, including 
the wings and tail: " bill and eyelash extremely rich orange-yellow j 
legs and feet dull brick-red; iris red" (J. Goidd). Total length 
18 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 11*5, tail 4*4, tarsus 2*1. 

2, HiEMATOPTJS. 
11$ 

Adult female. Similar to the male but somewhat more sooty 
brown and not so glossy black. Total length 17 inches, cuhnen 3*2, 
wing 11*2, tail 4*7, tarsus 2. 

Young. More dusky than the adults, and mottled with sandy 

edgings to the feathers. 
Hob. Australia and New Zealand, 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. <$ ad. sk. 
e. f. 
$ ad. et J 
imm. sk. 
g. 5 ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i, h. $ ad. sk, 
I Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. Juv. st. 
q. § ad. sk. 
r, s, t Ad. sk. 

u. 
$ ad. &k. 
v. Skull. 
New Zealand. 


New Zealand. 
New Zealand. 
New Zealand. 
Hardy Bay, Derby Is., N. Z. 


Flinders' Is., Bass' Straits 


{F. M. Payner). 
Tasmania. 
Australia. 
New South "Wales. 


New South Wales. 
Sydney. 
South Australia. 
South Is., Houtmans'Abrolhos. 
Eottness Is., W. Australia, 


Aug. 12. 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). 
Troughton Is., N. W. Australia. 

Percy Earl, Esq. 

[PA 
New Zealand Co. 
Sir E. Home [P.]. 
Seebohni Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S.'Chal


lenger.' 
Voy.H.M.S/Herald.' 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Australian Museum 

Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dr. Bassett Smith 
[P.]. 
Vov. H.M.S.'Rattle


10. Haematopus rnoquini. 
Hasrnatopus niger {nee Pall), Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 533 (1820); 
Webb $ Berth. Orn. Cancer, p. 33 (1841); Gray, List Gralte 
Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1844: Cape) ; Pilpp. 8yd. Uebers. p. 118 (1845: 
Dahalak Is.) ; Gray $ Mitchell, Gen. B. iii. pi. 146 (1847); Bollef 

J. f. 0. 1855, p. 175 (Canary Is.); Heugl 8yst. Uebers. p. 57 
(1856: Dahalak, ex Hupp.); Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 420 (1856, pt.); 
Bolle, J. f. 0. 1857, p. 337 (Canary Is.); 8chl Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Oursores, p. 76 (1865, pt.); Chapman, Trav 8. Afr. ii. App. p. 416 
(1868). 
Ostralega capensis, Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 73 (1823: nom. -nudum). 

Bfeniatopus capensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847); Sharpe, ed. 
Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 672 (1884); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, 
pp. IS, 508 (Canary Is.), 1890, p. 437,1893, p. 204 (Canary Is., 
breeding). 

HaBinatopus moquini, 
Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 1020 (1856); Earth Orn, 
W.-Afr. p. 218 (1857: Gaboon); Gumey, Ibis, 1862, p. 34 
(Natal); Laijard, B. 8. Afr. p. 300 (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. 

p. 22, no. 10064 (1871); Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 277 
(1872: Walwisch Bay); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 220 (Tenerife, 
breeding); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. l,p. 1041 (1873); Koenig, 
J. f. O. 1890, p, 297 (Madeira). 
Melanibyx nioquini, Peichenb. Grail pi. 168. figs, 1042-43 (1851). 
120 CHAEADEIIK^. 

Hasmatopus unicolor (nee Wagl.), Zicht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. 

p. 93 (1854 : Kaffernland). 
Melanibyx capensis, Heine fy ReicTien. Nbmenel. Mus. Hein. p. 337 
(1882-90). 

Adult. Similar to H. tmicolor, and scarcely to be distinguished 
from it, but the nasal groove not quite so prolonged and extending 
only just beyond the angle of the genys, the feet being more 
purplish red in colour: " bill orange-red; feet carmine-red; iris 
bright red; ring round the eye orange-red" (G. J. Aadersson). 
Total length 20 inches, culmen 3, wing 11*6, tail 4'7, tarsus 1*9. 

Hah. South Africa, to the Eed Sea on the East, and Gaboon on 
the "West coast; Canaries; Madeira. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith ~C.~. 

c. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. J. E. Harting'Esq. [P.]. 
d. Skeleton. S. Africa. Evton Coll. 
11. Haematopiis rriger. 
EQematopus niger, Fall. Zoogr. Boss.-Asiat. ii. p. 131 (1811: Kuiile 
& Kodiak Is.); Gass. in Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 700 (1858: 
Alaska; California) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 76 (1865, 
pt.); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 424 (Vancouver Is.) ; Ball 4* Bann. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 290 (1809: Sitka; Kodiak); Gray, Hand-L 

B. iii. p. 22, no. 10067 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 246 
(1872 : Pacific coast); Ball, Notes Amf. Aleut Isl. p. 4 (1S73 : 
breeding); Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 7, p. 17 (1877: S. 
Martin's Island, Lower California) ; Goues, Ckeck-L N. Amer. B. 
p. 98 (1882); Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 163,173 (1882: 
Alaska) ; Belding, t. £.p. 528 (Lower California); Baird, Brewer, 
8r Bidgio. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 116 (1884); Corns, Key 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 607 (1884); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 310 (1888); id. B. Japan. JEmp. p. 313 (1890: Kurile 
Isl.) ; Ithoads, Auk, x. p. 17 (1893: British Columbia). 
Hsematopus bacnmani, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 427. fier. 1 (c. 1826); id. 
Grn. Biogr. v. p. 245 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo,V p. 243, pi. 325 
(1842: liegent's Sound) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847); Stefn. 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 102 (1885: Aleutian Is.) ; A. G. U. 
Cheeh-l. N. Amer. B. p. 166 (1886); Evermann, Aide, iii. p. 92 
(1886: Ventura Co., Cal.) ; Turner, Nat. Hist. Alaska, ii. p. 151 
(1886); Blake, Auk, iv. p. 329 (1887: Santa Cruz Is., Cal., 
breeding); Mdgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 183 (1887) ; Nelson, Nat. 
Hist. Alaska, Birds,?. 130 (1887). 

Melanibyx niger, Heine §* Reiclien. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337 
(1882-90: Kodiak Is.). 

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, including the 
wings and tail, which are blackish towards the ends; head and 
neck all round black, scarcely contrasting with the brown of the 
rest of the body, but more conspicuous than in the Old World Black 
Oystereatchers: " bill vermilion, fading to yellow towards the end ; 
feet white, slightly tinged with flesh-colour; claws yellowish, dusky 
towards the ends; edges of eyelids vermilion; iris yellow n (J* J. 
Audubon). Total length 17*5 inches, culmen 2*9, wing 10*5, tail 

4*1, tarsus 2*1. 

2 . BL2GMA.T0PTTS. 
121 
Hob. KW . America, from the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, south 

to California. 
a. Ad. St. N.W. America. Purchased. 
b. 
e. 
d. 
e. 
/ • 
Imni. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. 
Ad. 
sk. 
sk. 
Aleutian Islands (Wossnesemky). 
Puget Sound (8m. Inst).
Denman Isl., Straits of Georgia.
Haro Channel.
San Juan de Fuca. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
Capt.feellett& Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 

g% $ ad. sk. Santa Cruz Isl., California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 4 (Remit. Coll.). 

12. Haematopus ater. 
Heeraatopus niger (nee Pall), Quoyfy Gaim. Toy.' TJranieJ Zool 
i. p. 129, pi. 24 (1824: Falkland Is.): Cuv. Beqne Anim. I 
p. 504 (1829). 
J 
H&matopus townsendi, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 427.fig. 3 (c. 1826); 
id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 247 (1889); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 245, 
pi. 326 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847). 

Ostralega atra, Less. Traite dOm. p. 548 (1831). 

Haematopus ater, 
Tieill et Oudart, Gal. Ois. ii. p. 88, pi. 230 (1834); 
Cass, in Bcrirds B. N. Amer. p. 700 (1858: Coast of Chili); 
Scl P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.) • Abbott, Ibis, 1861, 

p. 155 (Falkland Is.); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 76 
(1865, pt.); Scl. P. Z. S.1867, pp. 331, 339 (Chili); id. §• 8ah. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Port Laguna); Gray, Rand4. B. iii. p. 22, 
no. 10066 (1871) ; 8cl. $ Sato. Mmencl. A v. Neotrop. p. 143 
(1873); 8ahin, Ibis, 1875, p. 377 (Masafuera Isl.); Bumf. Ibis, 
1878, p. 403 (Tambo Point); 8cl. $ 8alv. P. Z. S.1878, p. 438 
(Elizabeth Isl.) ; iid. Toy. < Challenger; ii. p. 109 (1881) ; Sharpe, 
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15 (Port Henry); Sato. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 
(San Lorenzo Is., Peru); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 351 (1886); 
Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 183 (1887); Mac/. Ibis, 1887, 
p. 205 (San Lorenzo Isl.); Scl fy Muds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 176 
(1889: Tambo Point); Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xii. p. 136 
(1889: Elizabeth Isl.); Lucas, op. cit. xiii. p. 130 (1890); Oust 
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 119 (1891). 
Haematopus unicolor (nee Wagl.)} Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 
(Falkland Is.). 

Hseniatopus niger ater, Baird, Brewer,fy Bidgw. Water-Birds N. 
Amer. i. p. 109 (1884); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 311 
(1888). 

Melanibyx 
ater, Seine fy Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337 
(1882-90: Chili). 

Adult. Similar to R. niger, and with a brown back, but rather 
darker on the under surface than that species, the breast being 
black like the head and neck. The bill, however, is very much 
deeper and is compressed towards the end, almost to the same 
extent as the Scissor-bill (Bhynchops). The angle of the genys is 
very strongly marked, as is also the dertral portion of the culmen: 
" bill dark pink; legs and feet greenish yellow; iris dark orange v 

122 
CKAX&DSUDM. 

(H. Dumford). Total length 16 inches, oilmen 2-8, wing 10-7, 
tail 3*7, tarsus 2. 
Young. Much browner than the adult, but the head and neck 
all round and the breast sooty black, the whole of the brown 
plumage, including the breast and abdomen, mottled with sandy-
buff edges to the feathers. 

Hah. Falkland Islands, S. America to Tambo Point on the east, 
and to Peru on the western side. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll, 

c. Imm. sk. Falkland Is. 
Gould Coll. 
d. Imm. sk. Johnson Harbour, Falkland Is., McCormick Bequest. 
May. 
e,f. 
Ad. et imm. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Is., Antarctic Exped. 
st. j g, h. Ad. et May 19 {Dr. McCormick), 
imm. sk. 

i. Ad. sk. Tambo Point, Patagonia, Jan. 3. H. Dumford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
h. 
$ ad.sk. Elizabethlsl., Straits of Magel- Voy. H.M.S. fChallan. 
* lenger.' 
I 
$ ad. sk. Port Henry, Straits of Magel- Voy. fi.M.S. 'Alert.' 
Ian, Jan. 29 (Dr. Copjpmger). 

m-p. Ad. sk.
q. $ ad. sk. 
Central Chili. 
Chili (JE. C. Meed). 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
r, s. Ad. sk.
t, u. $ ad. sk. 
Masafuera Isl. {Leybold). 
Callao, Peru. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
v. Ad. sk. Molle, S. Peru, August (H,
Saunders), 
Seebohm Coll. 
w. Ad. sk. San Lorenzo Isl., Peru (A. Hm Salvin-Godman Coll. 
x. Skeleton.
Markham). 
Chili. Purchased. 

Subfamily III. LOBIVANELLIINLE. 

Key to the Genera. 

. With no spur on the wing, and no facial 
wattle; toes with scarcely any connecting 
web. 

a\ No hind toe; bill very long and slender, 
with the dertrum scarcely indicated j 
bill longer than inner toe and claw, 
the nasal groove produced for more 
than half the bill, as in Totanus 3. OBEOPHILTFS, p. 128. 

b'. Hind toe well-developed; culmen long, 
equal to the middle toe and claw; [p. 124. 
dertrum scarcely evident 4. EBYTHBOGONYS, 

er. A well-developed hind toe ,* toes very-
long, the middle toe and claw nearly 
twice the length of the culmen; dertrum 
swollen 5. DEFILIPPIA, p. 126. 

. With no spur on the wing; a wattle on 
the lores. 
d'. A tufted crest; no hind toe; wattle 
minute 6. SABCIOPHOBTIS, p. 128. 

3 , OKEOPHILTTS. 

123 

e\ 
No crest; no hind toe; wattle large .. 7. LOBIPLUVIA, p. 130. 

f. 
No crest; a small hind toe and claw ; 
^ wattle minute 8. MICBOSAKCOPS, p. 133. 
e. 
With a small spur on the wing; no facial 
wattle on the lappet; no hind toe. 
g\ Tarsus very long, double the length of [p. 135. 
the middle toe and claw. 9. HOPLOXYPTEBUS, 
ti. 
Tarsus shorter and stouter, not twice 
the length of the middle toe and claw. 10. PTILOSCELIS, p. 137. 

d. 
With a well-developed spur on the wing; 
a distinct facial wattle or lappet; a small 
hind toe 11. LOBIVANELLTJS, p.138. 
3. OBEOEEELUB. 
Type. 
Oreophilus, Jard. $ Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi. 151 (1835).. 0. ruficollis. 
Dromicus, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, col. 616.. 0. ruficollis. 

Range, Uplands of Patagonia, Chili, and Peru; Falkland Islands. 

1. Oreophilus ruficollis. 
Charadrius ruficollis, Wagl Isis, 1829, p. 653 (ex Licht. in Mus. 
Berol); Burm. Tk Bras. iii. p. 361 (1856: Coast of Southern 
Brazil). 

Oreophilus totanirostris, Jard. fy Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi. 151 (1835: 
Andes of Chili) ; Gould in Barwin's Voy.i Beagle, Birds, p. 125 
(1841: Maldonado; Valparaiso); Fraser, P. Z. 8, 1843, p. 117 
(Chili); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 537 (1844); Muds. P. Z. S.1872, 

p. 549 (Kio Negro, Patagonia); Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 199 
(Sierra de Cordova, Arg. Rep.). 
Droniicus lessoni, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, col. 617. 
Hoplopterus ruficollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1844), 
Oreophilus ruficollis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854) 

JBp. C. B. xlii. p. 597 (1856) ; Sol. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 331, 339 
Sel. $ Sab. t. c. p. 989 (Islay, Peru); iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 570 
iid. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Bay); iid. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Gallegos 
Biver); Gray, Hcrnd-l. B. iii. p. 19, no. 10046 (1871); Scl Sr 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 143 (1873); Taczan. P. Z. S. 1874, 

p. 560 (Junin); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat), p. 197 (Buenos 
Aires); Taczan. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 347 (1886: Junin); Sol 
P. Z. S. 1886, p. 403 (Tarapaca); id. $ Buds. Argent. Orn. ii. 
p. 174 (1889: Kio Negro); Oust Miss. Sci. Cap Rom, Ow.p. 116 
(1891); Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia 
Espartilla); James, New List Chilian Birds, p. 11 (1892). 
MorineUus totanirostris, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 47 (1865 : 
Bolivia). 
Charadrius totanirostris, Seelohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. Ill, pi. 4 
(1888). 

Adult male. General colour above sandy buff, broadly streaked 
with black centres to the feathers, which have sandy-white margins; 
hind-neck and mantle more ashy grey, the former uniform, the 
latter with black centres to the feathers; lesser and median coverts 
like the back; greater coverts dark brown, margined with sandy 
bufT, inclining to whitish at the end of the feathers, and forming an 

124 
CHAKADEHDiE. 

indistinct wing-bar; edge of wing white; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts dark brown; quills also dark brown, the primaries 
white along the inner web, with narrow white fringes to the ends 
of the quills and with conspicuous white shafts, the white confined 
to the shaft alone on the outer primaries, but on the inner ones 
accompanied by a patch of white, at first longitudinal and 
increasing in size on the inner primaries; secondaries dark brown, 
tipped with white and with white bases; the inner secondaries 
externally sandy buff and resembling the back; lower back and 
rump ashy olive-brown; the lateral upper tail-coverts sandy buff, 
with indistinct dusky cross-bands; tail-feathers slaty grey, with 
tawny-buff bases, and a band of pale buff at the ends, before 
which is a black band, wider and more distinct on the outer feathers, 
which have also more tawny at the bases; crown of head uniform 
ash}% with an olive tinge; base of forehead and a broad eyebrow 
white, tinged with tawny, especially above the ear-coverts, 
where the superciliary band almost forms a nuchal collar; a black 
streak from the base of the bill, traversing the lores and passing 
through the eye; chin and fore part of cheeks white, the ear-
coverts ashy; remainder of cheeks and throat bright orange-
chestnut ; lower throat and fore-neck light ashy, tinged with olive; 
remainder of under surface, from the fore-neck downwards, creamy 
buff, becoming whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; on 
the breast a large patch of black; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pure white : " bill black; feet flesh-colour; toes and claws black?? 

(H. Dumford) ; " iris dark hazel-brown" (Jelslci). Total length 
9*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 10*3, tail 2#7, tarsus 1*95. 
Hah. Falkland Islands; Patagonia to the Eio de La Plata; 
Chili; Peru. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Dr. McCor- Antarctic Expedition. 
micJi). 
h. 
Pull. sk. Tambo Point, Patagonia, H. Durnford, Esq. [0.]. 
Jan. 3. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Chuput, Patagonia, Sept., H. Durnford, Esq. [C.]. 
Nov. 
e,f. 
Ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia (W.H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hudson), 

g. Ad. sk. La Plata. 
M. Bravard [0.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Chili. 
C. Crawley, Esq. [P.]. 
i. Ad. sk. Chili (Weisshaupt). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jc, I- Ad. sk. Central Chili {Landbech). Berkeley James Coll. 
m. <$ ad. sk. Tarapaca, Jan. 23 (JRahmer). Berkeley James Coll. 
n. 6 ad. sk. Islay, S."W. Peru, Sept. 2 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. WHtely). 
4. 
EEYTHROGOinrS. 
Type. 
Erythrogonys, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 133 E. cinetus. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

4 . EKYTHROGOKTYS. 
125 

1. Erythrogouys ductus. 
Erythrogonys cinctus, Gould, P. Z. & 1837, p. 155; id. B. Jwtr. 
vi. pi. 21 (1841); Gray, List Grail Brit Mus. p. G6 (1844: 
Murray River); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847); Reichenb. Grail 
tab. 180. figs. 1959-60 (1848); id. Vog. Neukoll p. 32 (1850) ; 
Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 419 (185G); Gould, B. Z. S. 1863, p. 238 
(Central Australia) ; id. Handb. B. Austr.il p. 240 (1865); Gray. 
Kand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9968 (1871); Bamsay, Broc. Linn. 
Soc. N.S. WA. p. 188 (1877: Queensland; New South Wales; 
Victoria; S. Australia); id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1878: Gulf 
of Carpentaria; Eichmond and Clarence Rivers); id. op. cit. 

vii. p. 412 (1883: New Soutli Wales, breeding); id. op. cit. (2) 
i. p. 1099 (1887: Derby, N.W. Australia); North, t. e. p. 1167; 
Bamsaij, op. cit. (2) ii. p. 171 (1888: Derby) ; id. Tab. List Austr* 
B. p. 20 (1888: Derby, N.W. Australia; Gulf of Carpentaria; 
Richmond and Clarence Rivers; New South Wales; Interior; 
Victoria; S. Australia); North, Nests $ Bggs Austr. B. p. 307, 
pi. xvi. fig. 5 (1889) ; Cox $ Hamilton, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W< 
(2) iv. p. 419 (1890: Mudgee Distr.). 
Vanellus rufiventer, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 207. 
Erythrogonys cinctus; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 : 
Aubtralia). 
Vanellus 
cinctus, Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 59 (1865 :, 
Australia). 

Adult male. General colour above bronzy brown, slightly washed 

•with ashy; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series iringed 
with white at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, ana quills 
blackish brown, the inner primaries and all the secondaries broadly 
tipped with white, forming a wide band; innermost long secondaries 
brown like the back; centre of lower back, rump, and median upper 
tail-coverts blackish, brown, the sides of the back and of the ramp, 
as well as the lateral upper tail-coverts, pure white; centre tail-
feathers brown, the rest pure white, with a little brown on the 
outer edge of the external feather; a small patch below the eye, 
cheeks, throat, and sides of neck pure white; crown of head and 
sides of face black, extending over the hind-neck and down the 
sides of the neck, and joining a broad band of black which occupies 
the whole of the fore-neck and chest and extends along the sides of 
the latter; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, the latter 
being streaked with brown, slightly tinged with rufous ; on each of 
the flanks a patch of bright chestnut; sides of body, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries pure white, the coverts round the bend of the 
wing black: " bill pulpy, pink-red at base, black at the tip; thigh, 
knee, and for a quarter of an inch down the tarsus pink-red, the 
remainder of the tarsus and the toes bluish lead-colour" (J. Gould). 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*3, tail 1-85, tarsus 1*6. 
Sexes alike in colour, according to Mr. Gould. Many specimens, 
with the black chest and chestnut flank-patch, have the crown of 
the head bronzy brown. It may, however, be some time before the 
full black head is assumed, as the lores are partly whitish, which 1 
take to be a sign of immaturity. 

126 
CHA.EADEIU»iE. 

Young. Above brown, a little more dusky on the mantle and 

greater coverts; quiHs and tail-feathers as in the adult, but several 

of the latter with brown marks near the end of the outer web; 

sides of face brown ; cheeks and throat white ; chest-band brown, 

with a band of blackish feathers across the fore-rieek; the chestnut 

patch on the sides of the body less extended and paler; under tail-

coverts spotted with brown; remainder of under surface of body 

white, the coverts round the bend of the wing dark brown. 

Hah. Australia only. South Australia to New South Wales and 

north to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and X."W. Australia. Mr. Gould 

says that this species is a summer visitor to New South "Wales, and 

Mr. Seebohm states that it ivinters in Queensland, on what authority 

I have been unable to discover. Mr. Ramsay does not include it 

in the Queensland list at all. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Sir D. Cooper [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. Eiver Murray, S. Australia, Gould Colt 
Nov. 
d. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk Boolgat, N. S. W. Lord Leigh [P.]. 
/. Juv. sk. Eiver Darling, Oct. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
g. Ad. sk. [Queensland.] Tweeddale Coll. 
h,i. Ad; h Juv. [Queensland (J. T. Cockerelf).] Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
I, m. $ 2 a^-s^» Derby, N.W. Australia (T. JET. Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Boicyer Bower). [P.]. 

5. 
DEFJLIPMA. 
Type. 
Nomusia, Heugl MSS. 1859 {teste Heugl 1873 : 
nomen nudum). 
Hemiparra, Be Filippi, Aiti Soc. Ital viii. p. 270 
(1865: nomen nudum) D. crassirostris. 
Defilippia, Salvad. Atii Soc. Ital. viii. p. 373 (I860). D. crassirostris. 
Limnetes, Finsch $ Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 640 (1870). D. Ieucoptera. 

Range. Prom the Upper White Nile district throughout the whole 
of Eastern Africa as far south as Natal. 

Key to the Sjpeeies* 

a. Secondaries blackish, with a little white at 
the extreme base crassirostris, p. 126. 
b. Secondaries pure white 
leucoptera, p. 127. 
1. Defilippia crassirostris. (Plate YILfig. 2.) 
Ohettusia crassirostris, Be Filippi in J&artt. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 427; 

Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 98 (1864: Khartoum; Sobat River): 

Gray, Mandrl B. iii. p. 11, no. 9958 (1871, pt.). 

Vanellus macrocercus, Heitgl Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856: White 

Nile, from 10°S.lat.); id. J.f 0. 1863, p. 163 (Gazelle Eiver). 
Chettusia macrocerca, 1%?, C. M. xlii. p. 419 (1856). 
Heniiparra crassirostris, Be Filippi, Atti Soe. Ital Sei. Wat. viii. 

p. 370 (1865: descr. nulla); Heugl inPeterm. Mitth. 1869, p. 415; 
5 . DEFILIPPIA. 
127 

id. Orn.N.O-Afr. n. pt. 1, p. 994, pi. xxxiii. (1873: Sobat R.; 
Gazelle R. ; Lower Kir R., from 10°-7° N. lat.) ; j%cfer. J. /. 0. 
1885,p.ll6(Tschara;Nguruman). J 

Defilippia crassirostris, Salvad. Atti Soc, ltd. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 373 
(1865). 
Vanellus crassirostris, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Oursores, p. 60 (1865: 
White Nile); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Ckaradr. p. 214 (1888, pt.). 
Chettusia nivifrons, Ogden, JProc. Acad. Nat. 3d. Bhilad. 1871, p. 196, 
pi. 1. 7 
Lininetes crassirostris, Fischer, J.f. 0. 1879, p. 296 (Wapokomoland) 
; id. § Reichen. t c. p. 337 (Tschara) ; id. Zeitschr. yes. Qrn. 

l. p. 393 (1885: Masai-land, breeding); Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887, 
p. 47 (Kagehi; E. from Victoria Nyanza); id. J.f 0. 1892, p. 7 
(MurchisonBay, Victoria Nyanza). 
Adult, Similar to B. leucoptera, described in full below, but 
differing in the less extent of the black on the hind-neck, and in 
the quills being almost entirely black, the secondaries having a 
little white at the extreme base: " basal half of bill violet fleshcolour, 
the apical half black; naked orbital skin coral-red; feet 
scarlet, the scutes marked with violet-black; soles of feet vermilion; 
iris scarlet" (Heuglin). Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*3, 
wing 8'2, tail 3*7, tarsus 2*85. 
Hal. JST.E. Africa, from the Upper "White Nile to the Victoria 
Nyanza and east to Witu. 

#. Ad. sk. Equatorial Africa. Purchased. 

2. Defilippia leucoptera*. (Plate VII. fig. 1.) 
Ohettusia crassirostris 
(nee Be Fil.), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 331 (River 
Shir6). 
Limnetes crassirostris (nee Be Fit), Finsch fy JSartl. Vog. Ostafr. 

p. 641 (1870); Bohm, J.f 0.1882, p. 184 (Kakoma, in Ugalla) j 
MatscMe, J. f. 0.1887, p. 144 (Upaniba Lake). 
Hoplopterus crassirostris (nee Be Fil.), Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 106 

(S. Luci Baya). 
Lobivanellus albiceps (nee Gould), Holub fy Von Feb, Beitr. Orn. 
Sudafr. p, 240 (1882: Zambesi; Albert Land); Sharpe, ed. 
Layard's B. & Aft. pp. 667, 855 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 96 
(Tschiromo; Upper Shir6). 

Defilippia crassirostris (nee Be Fil), Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. $. Afr, 
p, 669(1884: S. Lucia Bay). 
Vanellus leucopterus, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1889, p. 265 (Quilimane); 
id. JB. Uamb. Wiss. Anst. p. 6 (1893); id. Vog. Beutseh. Ost~Afr. 

p. 36 (1894). 
Hemiparra crassirostris, Hartert, Rat. Vogels. SencTcenb. Mus. 
p. 215 (1891: Senaar). 
* Dr. Reichenow has pointed out to me that my B. bwrowsii is the same as 
his Vanellus leucopterus from Quilimane. He writes to me that the Berlin 
Museum contains a specimen from Kakoma in Ugalla, collected by the late 
Dr. R. Bohm, which he considers to be a young bird of J), leucoptera and not of 
D. crassirostris. It has the white primaries and secondaries varied with black 
markings, which would apparently disappear and leave the whole of these 
quills white. Dr. .Reichenow considers it probable that all specimens obtained 
south of thePangani and the southern end of the Victoria Nyanza will be found 
to belong to D. leucoptera. 
128 
CHABADBITD.3E, 

Vanellus crassirostris (nee Be FiL), Shelkij, Ibis, 1894, p. 474. 
Defilippia burrowsii, Sharpe, Bull B. 0. C. no. xx. p. iv (Oct. 1894), 
Defilippia leucoptera, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. no. xxi. {p. Tii (2s ov, 

1894). 

Adult. General colour above light ashy brown, greyer on the-
scapulars; lower back darker brown, succeeded by a black band 
across the rump; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail-
feathers glossy black, white at the extreme base ; wing-coverts 
entirely white, as also the quills, excepting the three outer primaries,, 
which are black, and the inner secondaries, which are brown, with a 
slight gloss of metallic green; forehead and fore part of crown, eyebrow, 
entire sides of face, and ear-coverts white, like the throat* the 
middle of the crown, nape, and hind-neck glossy blue-black, united to 
a broad pectoral band which occupies the fore-neck and entire upper 
breast; remainder of under surface of body, including the under tail-
coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries, pure white: " feet rosy 
violet, with the large scales of the tarsus blackish; base of bill violet, 
the end black; eyelid bright carmine; iris scarletr (B. Bofim). Total 
length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 7*9, tail 3*7, tarsus 3*1. 

Hah. South-eastern Africa, from S. Lucia Bay to the Zambesi, 
and north to the Ugalla Country, and perhaps to the Pangani. 


a. 
Ad. sk. Lower Shire" Valley (Sir J. Livingstone Expedition, 
Kirk). 
5. 
Ad. sk. Elephant Marsh, Shire" Livingstone Expedition. 
Valley, Jan. ( Sir J. Kirk). 
c. d. Ad. sk. Upper Shire" River, Nov. H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
(A. Wliyte). O.B. [C.j. 
e. Ad. sk. Tschiromo, Sept. (A. Wliyte). H. H. JoHnston, Esq., 
C.B. [C._. 
f. 
(S ad.; g-h Lake Shirwa, May, June H. H. Johnston, Esq.. 
$ ad.sk. (A.Whyte). CJ3. [CA (Types of 
D. burrowsii.) 
6. 
SAECIOPHORUS. 
Type. 
Sareiophorus, Strickl P. Z. S. 1841, p. 32 ... . S. tectxzs. 
Mange. Africa, from Senegambia to KE. Africa, south to Equatorial 
Africa; Somali-land and the Teita district in Eastern Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. White frontal band narrow 
tecfus, p. 128. 
b. White frontal band broad 
latifrons, p. 130. 
1. Sarciophorus tectns. 
Pluvier du Senegal, DAubenton, PI Fnl ix. pi. 834. 
Le Pluvier coin% Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 100 (1781). 
Charadrius tectus, Bodcl Tabl. PI Fnl p. 51 (1783). 
Hooded Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn, iii. pt. 1, p. 215 (1785). 
Charadrius pileatus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 691 (1788) * Wagl Syst. 


Av.} Charadrius, sp. 6, p. 57 (1827). 
Sarciophorus pileatus, Strickl P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33 * Gray, List 
Grail Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1844: Abyssinial; FiqW- Syst. Uebers. 

6. flARCIOPHORFS. 
129 

p. 118 (1845: Nubia); Strickl R Z S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); 
Zickt. NomencL AD. MUS. BeroL p. 9-3 (1854: Senegal j Nubia) ; 
Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 418 (1850) ; Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 215 (1857: 
Senegal; Casamance); Antin. Cat descr. TJcc. p. 97 (1864: Kordofau); 
Finsch, Tram. Z. 8. vii. p. 296 (1870: Koomayli; Ailat). 
Hoplopterus tectus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847); id. Hand-l.B. iii. 

p. 13, no. 9975 (1871): Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1008 
(1878 : Takah ; Southern Nubia; not rare on Abyssinian coas>t-land 
and the inlands of the Dahlak Archip.; on the lower Mareb and 
Takazi6; Bogos; Qalabat; Senaar; Kordofan; south to Sobat 
River); Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ter. Bremen, viii. p. 231 (1883: 
Equatorial Africa). 
Hoplopterus pileatua, ReicJienb. Itandb. Grail, tab. xcix. fig. 702 

(1848). 
Sarkiophorus pileatus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1850: Nubia; 
Kordofan; Senaar). 
Lobivanellus pileatus, Schl. Mus. Baijs-Bas, Cursores, p. 65 (1865 : 
Senegal; Nubia). 

Sarciophorus tectus, Blanf. Geol. # Zool. Abyss, p. 430 (1870: 
Anseba Valley); Antin. fy Sahad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 144 (1873 : 
Keren ; Samhar; Barka); Salvin, Cat Strickl Coll. p. 602 (1882: 
Kordofan); Heine § Reichen. NomencL Mus. Rein. p. 335 (1890 : 
Senaar: Abyssinia). 

Chettusia (Sarciophorus) pileata, Finsch, JProc. Acad. JPhilad. 1872, 

p. 32. 
Lobivanellus tectus, Seebohn, Geogr. Bkir. Charadr. p. 197 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above light brown, somewhat sandy 
in tint, the lower back rather more dusky brown; wing-coverts 
like the back, the median series with narrow white ends, the 
greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a broad wing-
bar ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts white* quills black, both 
primaries and secondaries with white bases, the secondaries for the 
most part white with black ends, but none of them entirely white ; 
the innermost secondaries light brown like the back; rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail white, the latter with a broad terminal band of 
black, decreasing in width on the outer feathers, which have a 
narrow white tip; crown of head black, extending in a narrower 
band down the hind-neck to the mantle ; a narrow frontal line of 
white ; lores black; fore part of cheeks and chin white ; ear-coverts 
and sides of neck black, with a broad band of white above the 
ear-coverts; throat black, narrowing into a band of black feathers 
which extends on to the chest; sides of fore-neck and remainder of 
under surface of body white, including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries; sides of upper breast light brown: " loral membrane 
small, rounded in front, crimson; bill rosy-scarlet, with a broad 
black tip ; feet bright rosy-crimson ; iris bright yellow " (HeugUn). 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 7*45, tail 3*6, tarsus 2-3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 10 
inches, culmen 1, wing 7*5, tail 3*5, tarsus 2*3. 
Hah. Senegambia; N.E. Africa from Taka and Southern Nubia 
to the Sobat Biver and Shba. 
VOL. xxiv. K 

130 CHAHADRIID-TS. 
a, by c. Ad. sk. River Gambia {Sir A. Shelley Coll. 
d, e. Ad. et jr. sk.
/ . 2 ad. sk.
Moloney), 
Abyssinia. 
Aniesley Bay, .Tune 6. 
Dr. Riippell rC.\ 
"W. T. Blanford "Esq. 
g. (S ad. sk. Koomayli Plain. Abyssinia, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 4 (JV. Jesse). 
h. <3 ad. sk. Anseba Valley, July. TV. T. Blanford, E<q. 
t. § ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk. 
Ail at, Bosros-land, June 25( W. Jesse). 
Shea. 
Tvleeddale Ct 11. 
Dr. Eiippell [C.\ 

2. Sarciopiiorus latifrons. 
Sarciophorus latifrons, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1881, p. 334 (Berbera) ; id. 
Tog. Deutsch Ost-Afr. p. 36 (1894 : Teita). 

Similar to S. tectus, but having a broader white band on the 

forehead. 
Hah. East Africa from Somali-land to the Teita district. 
I have not seen a specimen of this species, but Dr. Reichenow, in 

answer to my enquiries, tells me that he still looks upon it as a 
distinct form, geographically well defined. 

7. LOBIPLWIA. 
Type. 
Loviplutia, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856) L. malabarica. 
Dilobus, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. p. 335 

(1890) L. malabarica. 
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Lobipluvia malabarica. 
Pluvier de la Cote de Malabar, & Anient. PL E?il. ix. pi. 880. 
Pluvier a lambeaux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 160 (1781). 
Charadrius malabaiicus, Bodd. TabL PL EnL p. 53 (1783). 
Wattled Plover, Lath. Gen. 6yn. iii. pt. 1, p. 216 (1785). 
Charadrius bilobus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. b91 (1788): Less. TraiU 


d'Om. p. 546 (1831). 
Charadrius myops, Less. TraiU d'Om. p. 546 (1831); Pucher. Rev. 
Zool. 1851, p. 570. 
Vanellus bilobus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832. p. 166 (Deccan); Jerd. Madr. 
Jour. xii. p. 213 (1840 : India generally). 

Sarciophoms 
bilobus, Strickl. P. Z. & 1841, p. 33; Gray, List 
Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 06 (1844); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres 
Hodgs. p. 132 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 6'oc. p. 201 
(1849: Calcutta); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854: 
Bengal); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oitdh) ; Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 649 
(1864;; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 165; Beavan, Ibis, 18C8, p. 390 
(Maunbhoom; Umbala); Rlanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 470 (Thayetmyo); 
id. J A. IS. Beng. xl. p. 276 (1871; Wardha Valley): "Stoliczka, 
op. cit. xli. p. 251 (1872 : Kutch); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 416 
(Kathiawar); Blyth, B. Burm. p. '153 (1875: Thayetxnvo); 
Morgan, Ihs, 1875, p. 323 (S. India, breeding) ; Salvin% *Cat 

7. LOBIPLUVIA. 
131 
SlricW. Coll p. 602 (1882) j Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 230, 

(1884). > e > 
Sarciophorus fuscus, Hoigs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 50. 
no. 810; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Hoplopterus makbaricus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847); id. 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 12, no. 9973 (1871). 
Hoplopterus mvops, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p 542 (1847). 
Lobipluvia biloba, Bp, (J. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856). 
Lobivanellus bilobus, SchL Mus. jPays-Bas, Oursores, p. 64 (1865 : 

Nepal). 
Sarciophorus makbaricus, Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 472 (Ceylon). 
Lobipluvia malabarica, Hume, Nests # Eggs Ind. B. p. 577''(1873) ; 

Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 340 (1874: Ohota Nay-pur); Le Messurier, 
Str. F. iii. p. 418 (1875: Sindh); Butler > Ilmne, Str. F. iv. 

p. 14 (1876; Mount Aboo ; N. Guzerat); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 
(1877: Deesa, Oct. to March): Davidson 8? Wenden, Str. F. vii. 
p. 83 (1878: Deccan); Ball, i. c. p. 227 (Ganges to Godavery) ; 
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p.*'59 
(1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880); Zegge, B. Ceylon, 
iii. p. 966 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 82 (1880: S. Konkan); 
Butler, t. c. p. 427 (Deccan) ; Parker, t c. p. 482 (N.W. Ceylon, 
breeding); JReid, Str. F. x. p. 66 (1881: Lucknow, breeding); 
Davidson, t. c. p. 319 (1882 : West Khandeisli, breeding); Hume, 
t e. p. 413 (1883; Mysore); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 375 (18S3); Swinhoe 8? Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 133 (Mliow 
district) ; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 465 (1887 : Manzeerabad, Mysore) ; 
Oates, ed. Hume's Nests # Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 345 (1890). 
Lobivanellus 
makbaricus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 198 
(1888). 
Dilobus makbaricus, HeinefyReichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein, p. 335 
(1890). 

Adult male. General colour above light brown, the lower back 
more dusky brown; wing-coverts rather more ashy brown than the 
back, the median series with narrow white edgings; the greater 
eoverts white, with brown bases; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills black, the primaries white at the base of the inner web; 
secondaries white at the base of both webs, the white increasing 
towards the inner secondaries, until the black forms only a 
gradually diminishing mark at the end, and finally disappears, 
leaving the inner quills of this series entirely white; the innermost 
secondaries brown like the back; rump and upper tail-coverts pure 
white; tail-feathers for the most part pure white, the centre 
feathers with a median shade of light brown, followed by a 
broad black band before the tip, which is also light brown; 
remainder of the tail-feathers pure white, and with broad white 
ends, before which the black band is more or less strongly developed, 
but diminishes in extent towards the outer feathers, the two 
outermost being entirely white; crown of head and nape glossy 
black ; sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and fore-neck light ashy 
or drab-brown; a narrow band of white above the ear-coverts; 
chin black, extending a little way on the upper throat; the brown 
of the fore-neck bordered below by a band of black; remainder of 
under surface of body pure white, including the under wing-coverts 

132 CHABADRIIJDJS. 

and axillaries: " bill black, pale lemon-yellow at base; feet, 
wattles, and eyelids pale lemon-yellow; Iris brownish grey" 

(E. A. Butler). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1"1, wing 8*1, 
tail 3*1, tarsus 2*55. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 10 
inches, culmen 1*1, wing 8*2, tail 3*3, tarsus 2*55. 
The adult male described from the Futtehgurh district certainly 

has the two outer tail-feathers pure white ; but this does not seem 

to be always the case, as other birds, equally adult, have the outer 

feathers brown along the outer web, while the band is represented 

on the penultimate tail-feathers by two dots, which are also 

sometimes seen on the outermost feathers. 

Young. Pale brown like the adult, but the whole of the upper 

surface mottled with transverse dusky bars, the feathers with pale 

sandy margins, the central tall-feathers also barred with brown and 

sandy colour at the extreme tip; a streak behind the eye slightly 

indicated ; chin white ; throat ashy. 

The winter plumage is apparently exactly like the full plumage, 

with the exception that the head is brown and the throat ashy 

brown, paler on the chin, which is whitish. 

The young bird, when full-grown, resembles the adults, but shows 

remains of the sandy margins of the upper surface, the aides of the 

crown being marked with blackish; the wattles are also smaller 

than in the adults. 

Jlnb. Indian Peninsula generally, and X-TT. Ceylon. 

a. Ad. sk India. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Below Mount Aboo. Hume Coll. 
ct d. 5 ad- sk Umbala, Jan., Nov. (Dr. Seehohm Coll. 
Scott), 


e. cS ad. sk, Siwalik Distr., March (12, C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavan). 
f. Ad. sk. Delhi, May, Hume Coll. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Oudh, Jan., Feb. (A. An- Hume Coll. 
derson). 
i, k, I. Ad. et imm. Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 
sk. 
m, n. Ad. sk. Lucknow, May 14. Colonel Way [P.]. 
o-r. Ad. sk. Etawah, Dec. * Hume Coll, * 
s-#. 3 $ adf sk. Futtehgurh Distr., Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 

(A. Anderson), 
y. Ad. sk Behar. Hodgson Coll. 
2, a'. Ad. sk. xSepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Mu&eum. 
b'. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Col. Sharpe). Seebohrn Coll. 
c'. Ad. sk. Dacca (Col Tytler). India Museum. 
d\ S ad. sk, Raipur, Feb, 15. Hume Coil. 
e'. <$ ad. sk. Nagpur, April 18. Hume Coll. 
f, g'. Ad. sk. Saugor (Hooper). India Museum. 
h'. 2 imm. sk, Mhow, Dec. 23. Colonel Swinhoe 

i\ $ ad. sk. Dhulia, Khandeish, July lo. Hume Coll. 
k', I'. <$ ad.; m'- Ahmednuggur Distr., Nov. Tweeddale Coll. 


p'. J ad. et imm. to April {$. B. Fairbanh). 

8. MICKOSAECOPS. 
13 3 
?', r', s'. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). 

India Museum. 
t'. Ad. &k. Mysore [R G. W. 11.). Tweeddale Ooll. 
u'. 2 ad. bk. Bandipur, Mysore, May 24 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
v'. 2 ad. sk. Seegore, Feb. 22 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
w'. $ ad. sk. Sultan's Battery, Wynaad, Seebohm Coll. 
Jan. 31 ( W. Davison). 
xf. Ad. sk. Bangalore, April 4 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. R.\ 
y'-(S ad. sk. Secunderabad, Oct. (G. M< Seebohm Coll. 
Slaughter). 
z'. ? ad. sk. Madras, June (JR. G. W. B.). Tweeddale Coll. 
a". Ad. sk. Madras. Tweeddale Coll 
b".. 2 ad. sk. Belgaima, April 15 (F. A. Hume Coll. 

Butler). 

c". . Ad. sk. Anjango, Travaneoe, Dec. Hume Coll. 
d". d ad. sk. Trevandrum, June 20 (F. Hume Coll. 
Bourdillon). 
e". 2 ad. sk. Kolachul, Jan. 23. F. W. Botodfflon, 
Esq [0.1


. Jr. sk. Ceylon (Nevffl). Tweeddale Coll. 

r>

?".. Ad. sk. [Java.] 
India Museum. 

8. MICB.0SARC0PS. 
Range. Eastern Siberia, soutb to British Burma and Eastern 
Bengal. 


1. Mcrosarcops ciuereus. 
Pluvianus cinerea, Blyth) J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 587 (1842: Calcutta). 

Lobivanellus 
inornatus {nee Swains.), Temm. fy ScJil. Faun. Jap*, 
Aves, p. 106, pi. 63 (1847); Shrinhx, Ibis, I860, p. 359 (Amoy) ; 
BlaUst. 8f Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Tokio Bay); iid< B. Jap. 

p. 108 (1882: Susaki, Tokio, breeding); BlaUst. Amended List 
B. Jap. p. 23 (1884: not found in Yezo or the Kuriles); Taezart. 
F. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 (Seoul and Chimulpo, Corea). 
Lobivanellus cinereus, Blyth, Cat. B, Mus. As. Soc. p. 261 (1849: 
Calcutta) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 238 (Oudh); Schl. Mus. Fays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 69 (1865 : Bengal; Amoy ; Japan) j Seebohn, Geogr. 
Distr. Chara&r. p. 183 (1888) ; id. B. Jap. Bmp. p. 311 (1890: 
Yokohama); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse ; 
Kiukiang); W. Li Solater, Ibis, 1892, p. 87 (Calcutta); Campbell, 

t. c. p. 246 (Seoul, Corea). 
Sarcogrammus inornatus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 418 (1856). 
Cbettusia inornata, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 646 (1864: Purneah j 
Dacca). 
Cbettusia cinerea, Swinhoe, F. Z. S. 1863, p. 309 (Yangtse and 
Central China); Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 470 (Bassein); Swinhoe, 

F. Z. S. 1871, p. 403 (Banks of Yangtse to Pekin; Mongolia) ; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no, 9955 (1871); Eume, Str. F. 
ii. p. 482 (1874: lre, Tenasserim): id. op. cit. iii. p. 180 (1875: 
Pegu); Blyth $ Wold. B. Burm. p. 152 (1875: Tonghoo); Hume, 
Str. F. v. p. 347 (1877 : Andamans); David § Oust, Ois. Chine, 
p. 422 (1877); Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 456 (1878: Tenasserim) 
; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 300 (1878: Faridpur); Hume, t. c. 
p. 483 (Calcutta); id. Str, F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Tiraut, Ois. 
134 CHARADRIIBJE, 

Basse-Cochinchine, Bull, Agric. Cochin. (S) i. p. 146 (1879) ; Oates, 

chow, spring). 
CliaBtti^ia cinerea, Blyth, Ibis, 1887, p. 105. 
Adult male. General colour above light brown, with a slight 
bronzy gloss; rump, upper tail-coverts, and base of tail *nhite; 
terminal third of the tail black, forming a broad band, the tips 
white with a slight sub-terminal shade of brown ; the black band 
vanishing towards the outer tail-fcither, which is entirely white ; 
wing-coverts brown like the back, but a Utile paler; the median 
coverts with narrow white tips, except the out'*r ones, which are 
pure white; greater coverts nearly entirely white, with brown at 
the extreme base, increasing In extent on the inner ones ; bastard-
wing dark brown ; primary-coverts and quills black; secondaries 
pure white, the outer ones dusky near the ends, the Inner ones 
externally light brown, and the innermost brown like the back; 
crown of head, nape, and hind-neck, as well as the entire sides of 
the face and neck, throat, fore-neck, and chest light pearly grey, 
with a narrow black band across the upper breast; chin rather paler 
grey; remainder of under surface of body, Including the under 
wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white: u basal two-thirds of bill 
deep yellow, the terminal third black ; feet dull yellow, claws 
black; edges of eyelids and lappets deep yellow''* (E. W. Gates). 
Total length 14 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 9*2, tail 4, tarsus 2-65. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 14*5 
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 9*4, tail 4*2, tarsus 2*7. 
Adults in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage In 
having the grey of the head and throat washed with brown, especially 
on the chest; the black band on the chest obscured bv ashy 
or whitish tips to the feathers. 
Young. Distinguished from the adults by the want of the black 
band across the upper part of the breast; the entire head and 
throat brown, instead of grey, the centre of the chin and upper 
throat white, with dusky streaks on the sides of the throat. 
Hab. Prom Corea and the Southern Japanese islands to Mongolia 
and Northern China, wintering in Southern China, the Indo-
Burmese countries, and X.E. Bengal. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. c. Ad. skd, ey f. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. st.
'h-x. (S $ ad. sk. 
Darjeeling. 
Dipur Bheel, Assam, Nov.
(A. W. Chennell). 
Purneah. 
Calcutta (E. Bhjtli). 
Calcutta, Oct. to Jan. (A. 0. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
y, z. Ad. sk.
H. $ 
Dacca. 
W. T* Blanford). 
Hume Coll. 
a'. $ ad. sk.
b'-f. Ad. sk. 
Faridpur, Feb. 4 (J. R.
Cripps). 
Manipur, March {A. O. .HI). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
g'-k'. cf $ ad. sk. Tonghoo, Nov. to(M. G. W. R.). 
Jan. Tweeddale Coll. 

9. aoFLoxrpxERUs. 
?. Ad. sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. 29 Tweeddale OoU 

(22. &. IF. 22.j . 
m\ Ad. sk. Bassein, Pegu. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.J, 
»'. Ad. sk. Pegu, Dec. 26 (5. 6?. FF. It). Tweeddale Coll. 
v',P'' 6 2 ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. (E. W. 0.). Oates Coll. 
q'. Ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans. Hume Coll 
r'-v'. 3 $ ad. sk. Tkatone, Tenasserim, Oct. to Hume Coll. 

Dec. (W. Davison). 

w'~a". <S $ ad. sk. Sittang Paver, Feb.(PF.IW- Hume Coll. 

son), 
b". Ad. sk. Yeaboo, Dec. 20 (J. Barling), Hume Coll. 
c". Ad. sk. Ye, March (W. Daman). Hume Coll 
d". Ad. sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [C.]. 
e". Ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll. 

f". Ad. sk. Chekiang, April. Tweeddale Coll. 

g". Ad. sk. Shanghai. Purchased. 

h". tf ad. sk. Corea, March 17. C.W.Campbell,Esq. 

[P.], 
t"-m". Ad. sk. Yokohama, Oct. (II. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 

9. HOPLOXYPTERUS. 
Type. 
Hoploxypterus, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 418 (1856) H. cayanus. 

Range. South America, excepting the western and southern 
portions. 

1. Hoploxypterus cayanus. 
Pltivier arme" de Cayenne, D Anient. PL JBnl. ix. pi. 833: Buff. 

Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 102 (1781). 

Spur-winged Plover, var. B, Lath. Gen. St/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 215 (1785). 

Charadrius spinosus, var. y, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 091 (1788). 

Charadrius cayanus, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 749 (1790) ; Liclit. Verz. 

Doubl. p. 70 (18:8); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 358 (1856: Lagoa 

Santa). 

Mbatuit'ui armado, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 289 (1805). 

Charadrius stolatus, Wagl. Syst Av. Charadrius, p. 59, sp. 12 (1827). 

Charadrius spinosus (nee L.)} Neuioied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 764 

(1833: Rio Belmoute). 
Hoplopterus cayanus, Gray, List Grail, Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1844: 

S. America); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847); Hartl. Ind. Azara, 
p. 24 (1847); Reichenb. Grail. Taf. xcix. %. 701 (1851); 
Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Gidan. iii. p. 750 (1848); Licht. Nommcl. 
Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854: Brazil; Guiana); Moore, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 63 (Aloor River, Honduras); Sal. fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, 

p. 228 (Honduras); Sol P. Z. S. 1860, p. 290 (Babahoyo, Ecuador); 
Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (Lower Ucayali); iid. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 591 (South bank of Lower Amazons), p. 979 (Pebas); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9972 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 296, 454 (1871: Ytarare; Rio Parana: Goiaz; Cuyaba; 
Barra de Rio Negro); Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 142 
(1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Santa Cruz); Zeledon, Cat 
Aves Costa Mica, p. 30 (1832) ; id. Pmc. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. 
p. 113 (1885); Tacz. $ Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119 (Babahoyo) 
; Tacz. Orn. P&rou, iii. p. 335 (1886); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, 
p. 177 (Roraima); Allen, Bull. Arrier. Mus. Nat Mist v. p, 149 
(1893: Cuyaba). 
136 
CHARADBims;. 

Hoploxypterus cay anus, Bp. C. P. sliii. p. 418 (1&3G). 
Vatielliis cay anus, Schl. Mm. Pays-Bast Cursores, p. 62 (IbG-j : 
Brazil) ; Seebohm, Geogi\ Dibtr. Charadr. p. 2:29, pi. x. clSSSj. 

Adult male. G-eneral colour above light brown, varied with black 
and white markings; the mantle black; the upper back brown; 
the lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail \ihite, the latter 
with a broad black band at the end, fringed with white again at 
the tip ; this black band decreasing in width towards the outermost 
feathers, which are, curiously enoush, narrower than the other 
rectrices; the scapulars white, or white washed with brown, forming 
a longitudinal band on each side of the back, which is further 
accompanied by a broad external band of black, consist ins; of the 
scapulars and adjoining feathers : wing-coveits light brown, the 
median series more ashy, the greater coverts pure white, with ashy 
bases; primary-coverts and quills black, the outer secondaries 
white, tipped with black, the inner secondaries pure white, and the 
long innermost ones light brown; forehead and anterior part of 
crown black, extending backwards in a broad line over the eyes and 
joining the black of the sides of the face, which is continued to the 
black mantle and prsepectoral collar• the lores*, feathers below 
the eye, and ear-coverts all black; cheeks, throat, and under 
surface of body pure white, excepting for the broad band of black 
which occupies the fore-neck and i<* joined to the blaok of the 
mantle: under \ung-co\erts and axillaries white: "bill blackish 
brown, lower mandible yellowish or fleshy red at the base; claws 
black; spur on t\ing grejish bro^n; iris grey-brown: edge of 
eyelid cinnabar-red" (Neuwied). Total length b inches, culmen 1*15, 
wing 5*4, tail irB, tarsus 1*75, 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length. 
9-5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*6, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*05. 
Hah. Central America [?] from Honduras"*, south to South 
America, where it ranges from British Guiana to Southern Brazil. 

a. $ 
ad. ,<k. Roraima, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May 11 (ILWhitely). 
b. 
§ ad.sk. Ourumi, British Guiana, Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Dec, (H. WMtehj). 
c. d. 
Ad.sk. Sarayaeu, Ecuadcr {C\Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ley) 4^ 
e. Ad. sk. [Peru/ Berkeley James Coll. 
/, 9-6 $ ad. sk. Pebas," E. Peru, May, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{J. Hauxwell). 
h. 
Ad. sk. Omega, south side of R. Ama- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
zon (A. P. Wallace), 
i. Ad. sk. Corumba, Matto Grosso (JET* Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. Smith), 
h. <$ ad. sk. Rio Parana, Brazil, April 23 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Natterer). 
* After a prolonged search in the Liverpool Museum with Dr. Forbes I 
have been unable to find LejbolcPs specimen, nor do the registers afford any 
clue. There is, therefore, no positive evidence that the specimen came from 
the '• Aloor Rher," Central America. 
10 . PTIXOSCELIS. 
137 

10. PXILOSCELXS. 
Ptiloscelis, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 419 (1856) P. reJplcndena. 
Ratvje. The uplands of Western South America. 
1. Ptiloscelis resplendens. 
Charadrius resplendens, Tschudi, Arch f. Nat. 1843, p. 388; id, $ 
Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aiw, pp. 49, %)o (1845-46). 
Yanellu* ptiloscelis, Gray fy Mitch. Gen. B. id. p. 541, pi. 145 
(1847); Iteichenb. Grail. Taf. ccxcix. fig. 2434 (1848); Gray, 
Jlaml-l B. iii. p. 11, no. 9952 (1871). 
V.mellus resplendent, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); Licht. 
Nomeact. Av. Mm. Berol. p. 95 (1854 : Peru) ; 8cl. P. Z. S. 1858, 

p. 556 (Punin, Ecuador); id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 82 (Quito); id. # 
8alv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 156 (Tmta, Peru); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. 
p. 142 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 560 (Junin; MaravmV); 
id. $ Berlepsck, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 116 (Ecuador); 8cl. 
P. Z. S. 1886, p. 403 (Sitana and Sacaya, Tarapaca); Taczan. Orn. 
Peroic, iii. p. 336(1886: Tarmaj; Scebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 228 (1888); 8d. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136 (Tarapaca); Berkeley 
James, Neiv List Chilian B. p, 11 (1892: Tarapaca). 
Ptiloscelys resplendens, Bp. C. P. xliii. p< 419 (1856). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, glossed with metallic 
green or purplish bronze; scapulars like the back; lesser wing-
coverts brown, the lower row bronzy green ; median coverts blacker, 
and more distinctly glossed with metallic purple; greater coverts 
pure white, with, concealed dusky bases ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, the primaries with concealed Mhite bases, 
but the secondaries white at the base, increasing on the inner ones, 
where the white occupies quite half of the feathers, as well as the 
whole of the outer web of the interior quills; the innermost secondaries 
brown like the back; lower back and rump more dusky 
brown than the rest of the back; sides of rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and tail white ; the tail-feathers with a broad sub-terminal band of 
black preceded by a brown shade, the ends of the feathers being 
white, the black band decreasing in width towards the outermost; 
head and sides of face, throat, and sides of neck light ashy brown, 
with a white collar round the hind neck • upper throat whitish ; 
the lower throat and fore-neck rather darker ashy, followed by a 
narrow black band on the chest; remainder of under surface white, 
including the thighs, under wTing- and tail-coverts, and the axillaries 
: " bill pink at the base, reddish brown at the tip ; feet and 
toes pink; eyelid and iris pink7' {H. Whitehj). Total length 18 
inches, culm en 1*25, wing 8*9, tail 4*1, tarsus 2*05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 13 
inches, culmen 1-3, wing 8*8, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*9. 

Hob. Western South America, from Ecuador to Tarapaca. 

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h S ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Ecuador {Buckley). 
Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

f H AKABEIiD-S. 

d, e. <$ ad. sk. Maraynioc, Ecuador, May Warsaw Museum 

(JekJoi). [E.1. 
/ . Ad. sk. Peru. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g, h. £ $ ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, May, June Salvin-Godinan Ooll. 

(JET. Wliitely). 
h &* d 2 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, May, June Seebokm Gull. 
(II WMteli/l 
I, m. <$; n. $ ad. Sitani, Tarapaca, Jan. (A. A. Berkeley James Coll. 
sk. Lane). 
o, p, q. S; r. ? Sacava, Tarapaca, Feb., Berkeley James Coll. 
ad. sk. March (A. A. lane). 

11 . LOBIVAHELLFS* . ^ 
Lobivanellup, Strichl P. Z. S. 1841, p. 53Lobibvx. Heine fy Beichen. Xomencl. yius.
p. 334'(1*90) 
Hein* Grn. 
L. lobatus. 
L. lobatus. 
Range. Africa generally, belowAustralia and the Papuan Islands. 
the deserts of the Soudan. 

Key 
to the Species t . 

a. 
Sides of face and hind neck white; throat white ; 
forehead and crown black. 
a'. 
Sides of chest black ; a black band also crossing 
the hinder neck above the mantle and joining 
the black crown, so as to interrupt the white 
collar IohatztSj p. 139. 

* There is some difficulty about the adoption of this name, and according 
to Dr. Stejneger these birds ought to bear the name of Parra of Linnteus (Syst 
.Nat. i. p. 259, 1766). This is a radical change, however, which I cannot bring 
myself to adopt; but I have dropped the name of Parra for the Jaeanas* in 
consequence of the confusion which surrounds it. 
Dr. Stejneger (Auk, ii. p. 339) has shown that the genus Parra of Linnseus 
is a composite one with 5 species, as foliows :—1. P. dominica; 2. P. semgalla ; 

3. P.jacana; 4. P. variabilis; 5. P. chavaria. 
Admitting the Brissonian genus Jacana, which is additional to Parra of 
Binnseus, Kos. 3 and 4, which are identical, become eliminated, and the type 
of the genns Parra, L., must be sought for in 2?os 1, 2, and 5. Ckauna was 
created by Jlliger in 1811 for P. chavaria, and therefore, as Br. Stejneger 
admits, the type- must be restricted either to Xos. 1 or 2, which, he says, are 

* Old World' Charadriidce. The name Parra dominica, L., is founded on the 
1 Yanneau arrae de S. Bomingue' of Brisson (Orn. v. p. 118), and that of 
P. senegalla, L., founded on the * Yanneau arrae du Senegal * of Brisson (i. c. 
p. Ill , pi. x. fig. 2). My conclusion is that LoMvanellus of Strickland must be 
retained for L. lobaUis, though the most typical species in his mind in 1841 
was probably L. goensis. This, however, was made the type of Sarcogramtmtts 
by Iteichenbach in 1852; and all the other species enumerated by Strickland 
have had some generic name given to them, with the exception of Parra dominica 
of Linnaeus, a species which 1 bave not been able to identify, and for 
which I propose that the generic name of Parra, L., now surrounded by so 
much uncertainty, shall be retained by those who wish to do so. 
t The form of the facial lappet varies somewhat in the Australian and 
African species; but the Australian birds themselves do not entirely agree in 
this respect. 

11 . L0BIVAXELLTT3. 
139 

b'. Sides of chest brown; the rest of the under 
surface white ; a complete white collar on the 
hind neck: no black band across the latter .. miles, p. 140. 


b. Sides of face whitish, streaked with brown ; throat 
black; a white frontal patch; hind neck brown 
like the back, with no white collar. 
c'. Sides of breast and flanks ashy brown like the 
breast itself; no black patch on the sides of 
the abdomen senegalus, p. 141. 

d\ A blackish patch on the sides of the abdomen .. lateralis, p. 144. 

1. lobivanellus lobatus. 
Wattled Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 313 (1801: New 

South Wales). 

Tringa lobatalZa^. Ind. Orn. Suppl p. lxv (1801: Australia). I *VviC 

Vanellus lobatus, Vieill N. Diet. d'Eist. Nat. xxxv. p. 209 (1819); 

id. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1075 (1823). 

Vanellus no^vae-hollandi^, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool xL p. 516 

(1819), aS^OTST^"^ 

Charadrius lobatus, Wagl Syst, Av. Charadrius, sp. 51, p. 76 (1827). 

Charadrius gallinaceus, WagL t. c. sp. 50, p. 75. 

Vanellus gallinaceus, Jard. 8? Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 84 (1829). 

Lobivanellus gallinaceus, Strichl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. .'33. 

Lobivanellus lobatus, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 9 (1842); Gray, List 

Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 6S (1844: S. Australia; Murray R.); Reichenb. 
Grail Tat ciii. figs. 1057-1058 (1848); Bp. C. R. xliii. 

p. 418 (1856); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Oursores, p. 67 (1865: S. 
Australia; Sydney); Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 218 (1865); 
Finsch, Neu-G%dnea, p. 181 (1805: N. Australia); Ramsay, Ibis, 
1866, p. 334 (Port Denison); id. Ibis, 1837, p. 419, pi. ix. fig. 2 
(egg) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soe. N S. W. i. pp. 187, 217 (1877 : New 
South Wales); id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1878) ; North, op. cit. (2) i. 
p. 1168 (1887) ; Buller, Ibis, 1888, p. 283; id. B. New Zeal. ii.p. 13 
(1888: Wanganui, N. Z.); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B, p. 19 
(1888: Rockingham Bay'; Port Denison; Wide Bay Distr.; 
Richmond and Clarence Rivers; N. S. W.; Interior; Victoria and 
S. Australia) ; Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr. Charadr. p. 190 (1888); 
T. W. Kirk, Ibis, 1889, p. 297 (New Zealand); North, Nests $ 
Eggs Austr. B. p. 300 (1889); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. NS. W. (2) 
iii. p. 1778 (1889: Cumberland, N. S. W.); Cat $ Hamilton, op. 
cit. (2) iv. p. 419 (1890 : Mudgee Distr.). 
Ohettusia lobata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); id. Iland-l B. 

iii. p. 11, no. 9961 (1871). 
Chettusia gallinacea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541. 
Lobivanellus personatus (nee Gould), T. W. Kirk, Ibis, 1888, p. 45 
(New Zealand). 
Lobibyx lobatus, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl Mus. Eein. p. 334 
(1882-1890: New South Wales). 

Adult male. General colour above light brown, with a slight 
olive gloss ; wing-coverts liko the back, but the greater series more 
of a drab-brown, with an obsolete fringe of white at the ends; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries 
drab-brown at the base of the outer web and white at the base of 
the inner web, the inner secondaries with less black, this being 

140 CHARADMID-E, 

confined to a black terminal band ; lower back and rump brown, 
like the back, the sides of the rump and upper tail-coverts pure 
white : tail white, with a broad black band at the end, this black 
band decreasing in width towards the outer feathers, which have^ 
the white band at the tip rather broader ; crown of head black, ex-* 
tending backwards and joining a black band which extends across 
the hind-neck, and descends on the sides of the neck so as to unite 
with a black patch on the sides of the upper breast; base of forehead, 
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts, as well as the entire under 
surface of the body, white, including the under wing-coverts and axilla 
ries ; quill-lining black: " bill pale yellow, with a horn-coloured 
tip ; tarsi purplish red ; scales black; spur yellow ; iris rich primrose-
yellow ; wattles primrose-yellow" (J. Gould) Total length 14 
inches, oilmen 1*4, wing 9*iJ, tail 4*2, tarsus 3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 14 
inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9'2, tail 4, tarsus 3. 

IIah. Australia generally. Accidental in Xew Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
b. J ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey ~P,j. 
d. e. cS ad. bk. Port Lincoln, S. AustraliaHume 
Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k, I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
Port Philip. 
New South Wales. 
New South WalesGippsland 
Lakes. 
Wide Bay, Queensland, 
Gould Coll. 
Australian Museum [P.J. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.j. 
Seebuhni Colt. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Nov. 
n, o. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

2. Lobivanellus miles. 
Le Vanneau armg de la Louisiane, Briss. Orn. v. p. 114; -pi. viii. 
lig. 2 (17C0); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 05 (17*1); JDAubent. 
PL Ml. viii. pi. 835. 
Tringa miles, Bodrl. Tab!. PI. Enl p. 51 (1783). 
Louisiane Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 164 (1785). 


xxxv. p. 208 
(1819) ; id. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1075 (1823). 
Charadrins callaeas, Wagl. Syst. Av. Gharadrius, p. 76, sp. 52 (1827). 
Charadiius ludo\icianus, Kitzsch, in Erseh § Grub. Encycl. xvi. 

p. 150 (1827). 
Lobivanellus ludovicianm, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33. 
Lobivanellus personatus, Gould, P.Z.S. 1842, p. 113 (N. coast of 
Australia); id. B.Austr. vi. pi. 10 (1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit. 
Mm. p. 66 (1844: Port Essington); Reiehenb. Grail. Taf. ciii. 
%s. 1055-56 (1848); Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 220 (1865); 
Finsch, New-Guinea, p. 181 (1865 : Amboina); JRosenb. Beis naar 
Zuidoostereil. pp. 53, 82 (1867: Aru j Kei) ; BAlb. Ann. Mus. 
Gen. x. p. 20 (1877: Fly & Katau Rivers); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
SocN.S. W. i. p. 18771377: X. Australia); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Ckaradr. p. 188 (1888). 

11 . LOJBIVA.NELLCTS. 
141 

ChettUfaia personata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847). 
Chettusia miles, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); id. Hand-l B. iii. 


p. 12, no. 9962 (1871). 
Lobivanellus miles, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856); Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Cursores, p. 66 (1865 : Araboina); id. Ned. Tijdschr. Bierk. 

iii. p. 349 (1866: Aru Is.) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Sue. N S. W. i. 
p. 384 (1877: Gulf of Carpentaria); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soe., 
Zool. xiii. p. 504 (1877 : Port Moresby); Ramsay, Proc.Linn. Sac. 
N.S. JV. ii. p. 197 (1878: Port Darwin); id. op. cit. iii. p. 296 
(1870: Laloki Hirer; Boiara); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Sue. xiv. 
p. 688 (1879: Laloki River) ; Rotenb. Malay. Archip. p. 373 
(1878-79: Aru: Kei); JD'Alb. et Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xiv. 
p. 128 (1879 : Katau R.); Sahad. t. c. p. 666 (Kei Is.); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N S. W. iv. p. 101 (1880: Port Moresby ; '& 
Cape; Louisiades); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 326 (1882) ; 
id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 300 (1882); Scl P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 200 
(Larut, Timor Laut); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 433 ; id. Natural. 
Wand. East. Archip. p. 367 (lb8o : Timor Laut) • Rammy, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2) i. p. 1099 (1887: N.W. Australia); id. 
op. cit. (2) ii. p. 171 (1*88); id. Tab. List B. p. 19 (1888); North, 
Nests Sf Eygs Aastr. B. p. 301 (1889); Sahad. Agg. Orn. Pap. 

iii. p. 201 (1891). 
Lobibyx miles, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 334 (1890: 
is. Australia), 

Adult. Similar to L. hbattis, and having almost identically the 
same pattern of the wings and tail, but distinguished by its larger 
and differently shaped lappet, and by having the black of the head 
confined to a cap, and not extending backwards down the hind 
neck, as in L. hiatus; the black cap separated from the brown of 
the back by a collar of white round the hind neck : " bill lemon-
yellow at base, black at the tip ; legs and feet carmine-red, the 
scales in front blackish green : iris primrose-yellow; wattles lemon-
yellow "(J". Gould). Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 
8*9, tail 3*7, tarsus 3. 

Hah. Australia generally, Xew Guinea, and the Papuan Islands 
to Timor Laut. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape York. Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. T. Cocherell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt Chambers [P.]. 
/. cS ad. sk. Poit E.ssington. J. 13. Jukes, Esq. [P.J. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Victoria River, K. \V. A us- J. II. Elsey, E&q. [C.J. 
tralia. 
t, h. 6 $ ad. X.W. Australia (T. II. Capt. IWyer Bower 
sk. Bowyer Rower), [P.J. 
1 Ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New Mr. K. Broadbent 
Guinea. [C.]. 

m. $ ad. sk. Larat, Timor Laut, Sept. 29. Dr. ii. O. Forbes [C.]. 
3. Lobivanellus senegalus. 
Le 
Vanneau arme du Senegal, Briss. Orn. v. p. Ill (1760); Buff. 
Hist Nat Ois. viii. j . 62 (1781). 
Parra senegalla, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 259 (17(56). 

CHARADRIIDJS. 

Vanneau arme* du Se'neg-al, D'Aubent. PI Enl viii. pi. 362. 
Tringa senegalen^is, P. L. S. Mull. ><:t/si. Xat., Anhcmg, p. 113 (1776); 


Cass. Pror. Acad. Phil. 18(54, p. 246. ' ]_ 
Senegal Sandpiper, Lath. Gen.Syn. ill- pt. 1, p. 166 (1785 : Senegal). 
Tringa senegalla, Lath. Inch Orn. ii. p. 723 (1700). 
Vanellus albiuapillus, Vieill. X. Bictd'Est. Xat. xxxv. p. 205 (1819); 

Less. Traited'Om. p. 542 (1831) ; Vieill. Gal GUs.ii.p. lU0.pl. 230 

(18.34). 
Vanellus senegalus, Vieill. X. Diet. dEist. Xat. xxxv. p. 209 (1810). 
"Vanellus senegalen>is, Steph. in Shatcs Gen. Zocl xi. p. 515 CI 819}. 
Charadrius albieapillus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Charadrius, sp. 53. p. 77 

(1827). 
Vanellus strigilatus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 241, pi. (1837). 
Lobivanellus" senegallus Srrickl. P. Z. S. 1&41, p. 33; Blanf. Geo!. 

<$• Zool. Abyss, p. 431 (1870 : Agula below 7000 ft.; Anseba 
Valley). 

Lobivanellus albieapillus Stricld. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Peiehenh. 
Grail. Taf. c. h>s. 682-083 (1848) ; Striekl P. Z. S. 1N50. p. L':d 
(Kordofan) ; Finsch # Earfl Toy, Ostafr. p. 642 (1870); Finsek, 
Trans. Zool. Sac. vii. p. 29U (1870: Kokai; Gabena Weldt 
Gonfalon). 

Lobivanellus senegalus, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mm. p. 65 CI844: 
Gambia) ; Licht. XvmenclAv. Mus. Berol p. 95 (1854 : SeueGral); 
Bp. C. E. xliii. p. 418 (1856); Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 213 (1857: 
Senegambia; Casamanse; Gaboon); Sc/tl Mus. Pays-Bets, Cur-
sores, p. 68 (1805 : Senegambia; Gold Coast J ; Sliarpe, Ibis, 1^72, 

p. 73 (Plains of Accra) ; Pelz. Verhandl. z.-b. Gts. JVien, xxxi. 
p. 155 (1881: Magungo); Sharpef Journ. Linn, tioc, ZooL xvii, 
p. 441 (1884: Kutchugali); Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 000 (Aimssawara). 
Lobivanellus senegalensis, Piipp. Syst. TJebers. p. 117 (1845; Abyssinia) 
; HeuglSyst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856: Abyssinia ; White Nile); 
Ant in. Cat. destr. Ucc. p. 97 (1864: Obeid); Eeugl Orn. X.O.-
Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1000 (1873 : E. k 0. Abybsinia to Bogos, at 3000 
to 8000 feet; E. Kordofan, from the Lender and Bahad rivers 
westward to Qualabat; Upper White Nile and tributaries); 
Antin. § Salvad. Viagy. Bogos, p. 143 (1873: Anseba) ; Eartl. 
Abhandl. not. Verein. Bremen, vii. p. 127 (lb^l: Equatorial Africa); 
id. op. cit. viii. p. 231 (188-); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. |2) i. p. 274 
(1884: Slioa); id. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 310 (lb88: Cialalaka); Seebohm, 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 191 (1888); Skarpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 544 
(Victoria Nyanza). 

Chettusia senegalla, Gray, Gen:B. iii. p. 541 (1847); id. Eand-l. B. 

iii. p. 12, no. 9964 (1871); Mendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Senegambia). 
Chettusia albieapillus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847;. 
Lobibyx senegalus, Eeine <§* Heichen. Xomencl. Mus. Eein. p. 334 
(1890: White Nile). 
Vanellus albifrons, Riqyp. MSS. (teste Eeuglin). 


Adult mah. General colour above brown, with a faint gloss of 
olive-green, the lower back and rump slightly darker ; wing-coverts 
lighter, ashy or drab-brown, the median series with narrow whitish 
edges, the greater coverts white, with ashy-brown bases; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries white at the 
base of the inner web, the secondaries white at the base of both 
webs, the white increasing on the inner secondaries till only the 

11 . LOBIVANELLUS. 
ends are black, but there are no pure white secondaries, the innermost 
being brown like the back ; sides of rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and base of tail pure white; the terminal half of the tail black, 
forming a very broad band, shaded above and below with light 
brown, the tips of the feathers white, forming a well-marked terminal 
bar; forehead and centre of fore part of crown white, followed 
by a shade of uniform dark brown, which extends from above the 
lores and across the centre of the crown; rest of the crown and 
nape ashy brown, streaked with dusky brown ; lores, sides of face, 
ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat ashy white, streaked with dusky 
brown ; in the centre of the throat a longitudinal black patch; 
fore-neck and breast drab-brown, extending down the flanks; lower 

abdomen, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure 
white ; quill-lining black: " bill yellow, the dertrum blackish ; feet 
yellow ; loral membrane elevated beyond the forehead, thence pendulous, 
and ending in a point, above cinnabar-red, below yellow, 
like the bare eyelids; iris pearly white " (Heuglin)* Total length 
12*5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9*2, tail 4*2, tarsus 3*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 12 

inches, culmen 1*5, wing 9*1, tail 3*9, tarsus 3*2. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the head brown with 

dusky streaks, but 
no white frontal patch, the black on the throat 

wanting, this part being white with dusky-blackish streaks. 

Hob. West Africa: Senegambia, Accra, the Niger, and Gaboon. 

N.E. Africa, from Kordofan and Bogos-land south to the Yictoria 
Nyanza. 
a. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Governor Eendall [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Governor Eendall [P.J. 
c. Ad. sk. Bathurst, E. Gambia (Sir Shelley Coll. 
A. Moloney). 
d. 
Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal, Jan. (L. Tweeddale Coll. 
Laglaize), 
e. 2 ad. sk. Accra, Gold Coast, May Seebohin Coll. 
(/. Smith). 
f. <$ ad. sk. 
Accra, Gold Coast, May Seebohm Coll. 
(J. Smith). 
g. Ad. sk. Lokoja, E. Niger. Major Ewart [P.]. 
A. J ad. sk. 
Kutschugali, Niam Niam F. Bohndorff [C.J. 
Country. 
i. $ ad. sk. Cialalaka, Shoa, June 13. Turin Museum [P.]. 
k Q ad. sk. Don«rolo, Abyssinia, May W. T. Rlanfbrd, Esq. 
" * 17. [O.J. 
I, m. S 2 ad.sk. Bogos-land, Aug. 6 (IF. Tweeddale Coll. 


n. 2 ad sk. Kokai, Bogos-land, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. 
10 {W.Jesse). 
<$ ad.; [Nubia.] Seebohm Coll. 

o, 

p. 2juv.sk. 
144 
CHARADETIDJE. 

4. Lobivanellus lateralis. 
Vanellus lateralis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr.. Birds, pi. 23 (1839: 
U'TugelaR.); Hartt. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 213,, note (1857). 

Lobivanellus lateralis, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1844 : 
Cape); Reichenb. Grail®, Taf. c. fig. 084 (1848) ; Mont.P.Z.S. 
18(55, p. 90 (Benguela); Finsch # Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 643 
(1870); Gnrney in Anders*. B. Bam. Ld. p. *267 (1*872: Okavango 
& Teoughe Rivers ; Lake Ngarni; Ondonga); At/res, Ibis, 
1873, p. 2b3 (Trau^aal); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 4'2b (IbSl : 
Caconda; Huilla ; Humbe); Shelley. Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Ma^bonaland); 
Holub $ Peh. Beitr. Orn. Sudaft\ p. 240 (1882: Zambezi); 
Bohm, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 39(Gonda; Urambo); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 193(1888); Heine § Meichen. Xomencl. Mas 
Eein. p. 334 (1890: Damara-land); Beichen. J. f. O. Ib92, p. 7 
(Victoria Nyanza); id. Vog. Deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 36 (1894: 
VictoriaNyaiiza; Igdnda; "Wualaba; Ugalla; Ussambiro; Bukdba). 

** Chettusia lateralis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); Gurneij Ibis, 
1864, p. 3 (Damara-land); Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 292 (1867); 
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 387 (Transvaal). 

Lobivanellus senegalensis (nee L.), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (Paver 
Shir6; Zambesi); Emin, J. f. O. 1891, p. 339 (Ussambiro-
Umpeke). 

Lobivanellus 
senegalus (nee L.), Sha?*pe, ed. LayardVs B. S. Afr. 
pp. 666, 855 (1884); Biittik. Notes_ Leyd. Mm. xi. p. 199 (18&9 : 
Upper Cunene River) ,* Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 475 (Lake Shirwa*,
Palombi River). 

Adult female. Very similar to L. senegalus, but distinguished by 
its ashy-blackish flanks, which form a conspicuous dark patch on 
the sides of the body, extending as a dusky shade across the ahdomen, 
just below the brown of the breast: " bill and feet greenish, the 
tip of the bill black; carpal spur and claws blackish; inferior 
lobesof anteocular caruncle yellow, the superior lobule orange-red *' 
(Sir A. Smith). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 9*2, tail 4, 
tarsus 3*3. 

Adult male. Similar to the female in plumage. Total length 
11*5 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 8*9, tail 3*5, tarsus 3*5. 
Hah. S.E. Africa from JNTatal and the Transvaal, west to Renguela 
and Mossamedes, north to the Zambesi and the Victoria Xyanza. 

a. Ad. sk. Tugela River, Natal (Sir South-African Museum. 
A.Smith). (Type of species.) 
b. 6 ad. sk. Transvaal, Nov. 27 (21 Shelley Coll. 
E. Buckley). 
c. <$ ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
LowTer Shire* Valley (Sir 
Sharpe Coll. 
Livingstone Expedition. 
J. Kirk). 
e,f. Ad.sk. Upper Shir<§Rrver, Nov. II. B. Johnston, Esq., 
(A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 
q. 9 ad. sk. * Lake Shirwa, May 6 (A. H. EL "Johnston, Esq., 
Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 
h.i. <S ? ad. sk. Palombi Plains, Shirwa II. II. Johnston, Esq., 
Distr,,Oct. {A. Whyte). C.B. [P.l. 
k. Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 

CHVRADRIIDJE. 
145 

Subfamily IV. CHABADRIINJ5. 

Key 
to the Genera. 

a. 
With a large spur on the wing ; with a largefacial lappet "
b. 
With no spur on the wing, but a facial 
wattle present. 
a'. With a hind toe. 
a". Tarsus long, more than twice the length 
of the middle toe and claw; bare 
portion of tibia equal to length ofmiddle toe and claw

b". Tarsus shorter and stouter, not twice 
the length of the middle toe and claw; 
tibia feathered almost to the tarsometatarsal 
joint

b'. Without a hind toe. 

c". Inner secondaries reaching nearly to 
the ends of the primaries ; tibia 
densely feathered almost to the tarsometatarsal 
joint

d". 
Inner secondaries shorter than primaries, 
the distance between them 
being greater than the length of the 
middle toe and claw; tibia naked, the 
bare part more than half the lengthof the tarsus

e. With a visible spur on the wing, but no 
facial wattle.
c\ Wing-spur black, very long and sharp ..
d'. Wing-spur yellow, large and blunt; a 

long crest of recurved slender feathers..

d. With no spur and no facial wattle.
e!. Inner secondaries broad and with the tips 
rounded ; the distance from the shortest 
secondary to the tip of the primaries not 
equal to half the length of the wing. 
e". With a recurved crest of long pointed 
plumesf". No crest. 
a'". Hind toe present. 
a*. Tarsus very long, twice the lengthof the middle toe and claw¥. Tarsus much shorter, not twice 
the length of the middle toe and 
Clawb'". No hind toe/'. Inner secondaries very long and pointed,
the distance from the shortest secondary 
to the tip of the primaries more than 
half the length of the wing. 
g". A black throat or breast in summer 
plumage; upper plumage spangled 
with gold, or with black and white.

<?"'. A hind toe present
d"\ No hind toe


VOL. XXIV.

 [p. 146, 
12. XIPIIIDIOPTERUS, 
[p. 148. 
IS. SARCOGRAMMUS, 
14. TYLIBYX, p. 153. 
15. ZONIFER, p. 154. 
[p. 156. 
16. ANOMALOPHRYS, 
[p. 157. 
17. HOPLOPTERUS, 
18. BELONGPTERUS, 
[p. 163. 
19. VANBLLUS, p. 166. 
[p. 171. 
20. EuRYPTERtrs, 
21. OH2ETUSIA, p. 174. 
22. STEMIANIBYX, 
[p. 177. 
[p. 182. 
23. SQITATAROLA, 
24. CHARADRIUS, 
[p. 101. 
L 

146 
CBAKADBIIDJE. 

h". No black abdomen in summer, this 
being white; rarely a black throat; 
plumage of upper surface plain and 
mostly uniform. 


e'". Bill stout, or moderately so; oilmen 
about equal to the length of the 
middle toe and claw. 


c4. A hind toe present 2o. APHRIZA, p. 208. 

dA 

. No hind toe 26. OCHTHODHOMUS, 
/'". Oulmen shorter, less than length of [p. 209. 
middle toe and claw. 
eK Tibia feathered nearly to the tibiotarsal 
joint 27. EUDBOMIAS, 

/*. Tibia bare for some distance. ~p. 234. 
a5. Hind toe present 28. ZOXIBYX, p." 238. 
b\ No hind toe. 

aG. Tarsus long, twice the length 
of exposed culmen ... . 20. PODASOCYS, p. 240. 

b6 

. Tarsus shorter, never twice the 
length of exposed culmen. 

a7. Tail long and wedge-shaped, 
more than half the length 
of the wing 30. OXYECIIUS, p. 242. 

b7 

. Tail shorter and more 
square, not exceeding half 
the length of the wing. 

a\ Tarsus long, exceeding 
middle toe and claw in 
length. 

a9. Outer toe joined to the 
middle one by a web as 
far as the second joint. 31. /EGIALEUS, p. 250. 

6\ Outer toe not connected 
with the middle one 
near the base 32. JEGIALITIS, p. 254. 

bs. Tarsus very short, less 
than middle toe and claw. 33. PLUYIAXELLUS, 
g"\ Culmen longer than middle toe and [p. 303. 

claw. 
yl. Bill straight, not deflected 34. Tmxoimsy p. 304. 
h4. Bill deflected to the right........ 35. AXAEHYXCHUS, 

[p. 306. 
12. XIPHIDIOPTERUS. 
Type. 
Xipkidiopterus, Reichenb. Av. Sysi. Nat p. xviii (1852). X. albiceps. 

Mange. "Western Africa to the Upper "White Nile district. Java; 
Sumatra; Timor. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Head grey, forehead and centre of crown white ; 
throat grey; wing-coverts black; under surface 
of body white albiceps, p. 147. 
£, Head and throat black; wing coverts ashy brown 
like the back : breast ashy brown, the abdomen 
black , cucullatus, p. 148. 

12 . XIPKIDIGPTEKUS. 
147 

1. Xiphidiopterus albiceps. 
Vanellus albiceps, Gould, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 45 (Fernando Po)4 

Lobivanellua 
albiceps, StricU. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Hartl.rn. 
W.-Afr. p. 214 (1857: Fernando Po); Cass. Proc. Pldlad. Acad, 
1859, p, 173 (Oamma R.) ; Ilartl. J. f, 0. 1801, p. 208; Reichen. 

J.f. 0. 1877, p. 11 (Loanno); Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mm. (2) ii. 
p. 145 (1879: River Ogowe); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 534 
(River Niger); Biitiik. Notes Leyd. Mus. ix. p. 236 (1885; 
Liberia); Eartert, J. f. 0. 1886, p. 609 (Iddah on the Niger; 
Loko on the Bernie); Bilttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. xl p. 136 (1887); , 
Seebohm, Geog/\ Distr. Charadr. p. 195, pi. viii. (1888). 
Sarciophorus albiceps, Fraser, Zool Typ. pi. 64 (1849). 
Xiphidiopterus albiceps, Reiehenb. Grail, tab. clxxxi. fig*. 2432 
(1850); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856). 
Hoplopterus speciosus {nee Wagler), Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 97 
(1864: Bender R) ; Salvad* Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1870, 

p. 746; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 293 (descr., nee loc.); Gimiey, Ibis, 
1868, p. 255. 
Hoplopterus albiceps, 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 13, no* 9974 (1871); 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.~Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1007 (1873); Reichen. J. f. O. 
1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast); id, J.f. 0.1885, p. 217 (Stanley Pool); 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 667 (1884: descr., nee loc). 

Adult. General colour above light brown, the lower back white 
with a black band across it; rump and upper tail-coverts pure 
white; scapulars like the back, but the outer ones white, forming a 
patch; wing-coverts black; bastard-wing and primary-coverts pure 
white; quills for the most part pure white, the three outer 
primaries black, with white on the inner webs, the innermost 
secondaries like the back, the proximal ones white, externally 
brown; basal half of tail white, the terminal half black, forming a 
very broad band, decreasing in size on the outer feathers; forehead 
and centre of crown white, bordered with blackish along the sides 
of the crown; a broad eyebrow, as well as the whole of the sides 

of face, cheeks, and sides of neck, bluish grey, followed by a white 
patch on the upper part of the mantle; oentre of throat and under 
surface of body pure white, including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries: " fore half of bill black, basal half clear citron-yellow; 
the lappets dark citron-yellow, with a black spot on the inner 
side ; feet bright grass-green ; iris clear sulphur-yellow" (E. 
Harteri). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 8-1, tail 3*7, 
tarsus 2-9. 

Bob. West Africa from Liberia to the Congo, and along that 
river eastwards to the Upper White Nile (Dender River). 

a-e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
'g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
z*. J ad. sk. 
Ankobra River. 
River Niger. 
Fernando Po (X. Fraser). 
Fernando Po. 
Ogowe River* 
Sir R.Burton & Capt> 
Cameron [P.]. 
Dr. Baikie [C.J. 
Eyton Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
Capt. Dalton [P.l 
II. T. Ansell, Esq, 
k. Ad. st Gaboon. Purchased, 
l 2 

148 OKAEADKIID-E. 

2. Xiphidiopterus cucullatus. 
Vanellus tricolor {nee V.)7 Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. tioc. xiii. p. 1^> 
(T820: Java). 
Charadrius macropterus, Wagl. Si/#t. Av.* Charadrius, sp. 54, p. 77 

(1827 : ex Cm\ Mu*. Paris). 
Vanellus cucullatus, Ttmm. PL Col. v. pi. 505 |1830: Java; Timor). 
Tringa macropterus, Less. Trait? rVOrn. p. o42 (1831). 
Lobivanellus cucullatus, titrickl. P. Z. & 1641, p. 33 : Finsch, Xeu


Guinea,-p. 181 (18b'o : Timor; Sumatra); Sechuhm. Geat/r. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 1^7 (1888). 
Lobivanellus tricolor. Striclrf. P. Z. #. 1841, p. 33; i?/>. f. It\ Xiiii. 

p. 418 (1850): SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursorts, p. <>7 (lNjr): 
Sumatra; Timor: Java); Vorderm. 2sat. Tijthchr. Seder!, lad. 
xliv. pp. 204, 248 (1884: Java), xlvi. p. 21 (lfcfcO), xlix. p. 410 
(1889: Sumatra). 
Chettusia cucullatus, #/•##, Z?s£ Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 05 (1^44: 
Java); «Z. 6-Vw. B. iiL p. 541 (1847). 
Chettusia macroptera, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1S47). 
Chettusia tricolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 1)1 H»3 (1^71?. 

^Ic^ (type of F. tricolor, Ilorsf.). General colour above light brown, 
including the whole of the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries'; 
the greater coverts with slightly paler ends; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, the secondaries with pale bases, light ashy 
brown on the outer web and white on the inner web: tipper tail-
coverts and base of tail white, forming a broad band, the ro t of 
the tail black, with a band of white at the end ; crown of head and 
nape glossy black, followed by a greyish collar round the hind neck, 
extending over the sides of the neck and over the lower throat: the 
sides of the face and throat black like the head ; fore neck, breast, 
and sides of body ashy brown or drab; centre of the breast and 
abdomen black; thighs drab-brown, blackish anteriorly; vent and 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries aLo 
white: ** hill black, light flesh-colour at the base ; an oblong white 
lappet, dark at- the point; naked part of tibia fiery orange, changing 
into clear yellow on the tarsus; scales of tarsus and upper part of 
toes dark sepia-brown; iris brownish black** {J. Varderman). 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 9-b, tail 3*3, tarsus 3*45. 

Hah. Java; Sumatra: Timor. 

«, b. Ad. sk. Java (Dr. Horsfield). India Museum ("P."1. 
(Typos of V. tricolor, Horsf.) 

e. Ad. sk. Java. Leiden Museum. 
13. SARCO&EAIOITS. 
ijpe. 
Sarcogrammus, Eeichenb. Ac. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852).. S. indieus. 
Range. From Persia eastwards to Afghanistan and the Indian 

Peninsula to Ceylon; Burmese countries to Cochin China, the 
Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. 

Key to the Species. 

a, White band from behind the eye reaching to 
the sides of the mantle; no white collar round 
the hind neck indicus, p. 149. 

13 . SABCOGBAMMUS. 1 10 
b. White band from behind the eye only reaching 
a little way down the sides of the nock, which 
are black like the crown and throat; white 
collar on hind neck distinct atrinuehalis, p. \Z% 

1. Sarcogramiims indicus. 
Tanneau arme do Goa, DAubent. PL Enl. \iri. pi. 807. 

Le Tanneau arme" des Indes, Buf. Hist. Nat Ois. viii. p. 6*4 (1781). 

Tiinga indica, JJodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 50 (1783). 

Goa Sandpiper, Lath Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 1(!5 (178.5). 

Parra goensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 706 (1788). 

Tringa goenbis. Lath Ind. Oni. li. p. 727 (1790). 

Vanellub goensis, Vieill. N. Diet d'llist. Nat. xxxv. p. 208 (1819): 

Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 124 (Ganges); SyJces, P. Z. 8 1832, 

p. 165 (Deccan); Gould, Cent. B. Himal. M. pi. 78 (1832); Jerd. 
JIadr. Journ. xii. p. 214 (1840). 
Charadrius atrogularis, WagL Syst. AD., Charadrius, p. 75, sp. 49 
(1827). 
Lobivanelliis goensis, StricH. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33; Hodgs. Icon. ined. 
In Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 51, no. 228; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 

p. 86 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1844 : Nepal); 
id. Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Eodgs. p. 132 (1846); Blyth, Cat 
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 261 (1849: Calcutta); Licht Nomencl. Av. 
Mas. Berol. p. 95 (1854: Bengal); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh); 
Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 648 (1864) j Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 390 (Maimbhoom); 
Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 60 (Naini Tal); Feilden, Ibis, 
1870, p. 295 (Secunderabad, breeding); Blanf. J. A. S. Benq. xl. 
p. 275 (1871: Wardha Valley) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 416 
(Kathiawar) ; C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 424 (Chamba) ; 
W. W. Cordeaux, Ibis, 1888, p. 224 (Lindur Valley, Cashmere). 
Cliettusia indica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); id. Hand-L B. 
iii. p. 11, no. 9959 (1871); 
Sarcogrammus goensis, Reichenb. Grail, p. xviii, taf. ci. fig. 168, 
t. cii. fig. 1050 (1852). 
Lobivanelliis 
indicus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 68 (1865: 
Bengal; Columbo); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 472 (Ceylon); 
Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 251 (1872 : Kutch); Hume, Nests 
$ Eggs Lid. B. p. 574 (1873); id. 8tr. F. i. p. 232 (1873 : Sind); 
Adam, t c. p. 394 (Sambhur); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 429 (1874: 
Chota Nagpur); Butler, 8tr. F. iv. pp. 14,35 (1876: Northern 
Guzerat; Mount Aboo); Fairbank, t. c. p. 262 (Khandala); Blanf. 
East. Persia, ii. p. 281 (1876 : Shiraz ; Baluchistan); Hume, Str. 

F. v. p. 45 (1877 : Cachar); Butler, t c. p. 286 (Gulf of Oman); 
Hume, 8tr. F. vii. p. 39 (1878: Travancore) ; id. t. c.p. 67 (Jodhpur); 
Davidson fy Wenden, t. c. p. 88 (Deccan, breeding); Hume, 
t. c. p. 97 (Oodeypur); Murray, t. c. p. 110 (Sind); Ball, t c. 
p. 227 (Ganges to Godavery); Cripps, t. c. p. 300 (Faridpur); 
Hume, t.c. p. 483 (Calcutta); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 59 
(1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Scully, t. c. pp. 352, 
366 (Nepal); Doig, t. c. pp. 371, 376 (E. Narra, breeding); Legge, 
B. Ceylon, iii. p. 962 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. rx. p. 82 (1880: 
S. Konkan); Barnes, t. c. pp. 220, 459 (Ohauian, breeding); 
Butler, t c. p. 427 (S. Mahratta Country, resident); id. Cat, B. S. 
Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880); Reid, Str. F. x. p. m (1881: Lueknow;; 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 95 (Gilgit) ; 8cully, t c p. 587; Swinhoe, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 120 (Candahar): Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 319 (1882: 
W. Khandeish) ; Davison, t c. p. 413 (1883: Wynaad); Taylor, 
150 CHARADKIID-E. 

t c. p. 465 (Mysore) ; Terry, t. c. p. 480 (Palani Hills) ; Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 228 (1884); Swinhoe $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, 

p. 133 (Mhow distr., Breeding); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 167 (Muscat) 
; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 316 (1888); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr, 
Oharadr. p. 184 (1888); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (S. Afghanistan) 
; Seine <§* Beichen. Nome?icl. Mus. Hein. p. 334 (1890); Oates, 
ed. Flume's Nests §* Eggs Bid. B. iii. p. 340 (1890); Sharpe, Sci. 
Results 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 139 (1891: Srinagar). 
Chsetusia goensis, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 203 (Simla to Masuri). 

Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, glossed with 
a metallic shade of oily green, and showing a slight violet iridescence 
on the mantle ; lower back dusky brown; sides of lower back, 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and base of tail pure white, followed by a 
shade of light brown before a very broad black band across the 
terminal third of the tail, followed by a broad band at the end of 
the tail-feathers, brown on the two centre ones and white on the 
rest; wing-coverts glossy violet, the greater series light ashy brown 
like the back, the outer ones white at the ends; the greater coverts 
pure white with ashy bases; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills black ; the secondaries black, with white at the base of the 
inner web, increasing towards the inner secondaries, which gradually 
become pure white, the innermost ones brown like the back ; erowTn 
of head and nape black, slightly crested; lores and feathers below 
the eye black, as well as the cheeks, throat, and upper breast; from 
the back of the eye a broad band of white extending over the ear-
coverts and down the neck, the sides of the neck being white, and 

extending round the hind neck in a somewhat incomplete collar, 
broken by blackish feathers in the centre and slightly tinged with 
grey above the mantle; sides of fore neck, chest, and entire 
under surface of body below the upper breast pure white, including 
the under wing- and tail-coverts: " bill black, reddish at base; 
wattles rosy-red; feet pale yellow ; claws dark horny-brown ; iris 
brown'*' (G. T. Bingham). Total length 13*5 inches,"oilmen 1*35, 
wing 9-1, tail 4*4, tarsus 2*95. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 13 
inches, oilmen 1*3, wing 9, tail 4*5, tarsus 2*9. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by having palo sandy 
margins to the feathers • the crown of the head light brown, black 
on the sides and hinder crown; the throat white, as well as the 
sides of the face ; the sides of the head from the hinder ear-coverts 
dusky black, extending over the lower throat and chest. 

This specimen above described is from Mhow, procured by Colonel 
Swinhoe in October. The wattles are scarcely perceptible. By the 
following spring the head and throat become black. 

Hah. From Persia and Mesopotamia, N. Arabia (Muscat), to 
Afghanistan and throughout the whole of the Indian Peninsula, 
east to Assam, and south to Ceylon. 

a. Ad. &k u B-oodklaneh Doozdee, a river Gould Coll. 
in Roodan," Mav 27 (Keith 
Abbott). 
b, e, d. Ad.sk.
p. Ad.sk. 
Mesopotamia (Commander Jones). 
Muscat. 
Euphrates Exped. 
Colonel Miles [P.]. 

/. 6 ad. sk. 

g. 
Ad. j 7i. Juv. 
sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
Jc, I. Ad. sk. 
m. <$ ; ^, o. J 
ad. sk. 
j9. c? ad. sk. 

#. Ad, sk. 

r. Ad. sk. 
5. Ad. sk. 
L Ad. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v. Ad. sk. 
xo, x. <$;y-b'. $ 
ad.; c'. Piill.sk 
<2', e'. Ad. sk. 
/'. Ad. sk. 
y , A'. Ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 

&'. J ad. sk. 

I', m\ nf. Ad. sk. 
o',p',q'. d$ad. 

r'. Ad. sk. 
$', t\ur. Ad.sk. 
v'f w'. Ad. sk. 
#'. £ ad. sk. 

yr} zr. Ad. sk. 

a". Ad. sk. 

b", c". Ad. sk. 

d". Ad. sk. 

ad. sk. 
A". Ad. sk. 
t". Ad. sk. 
k", I". 6 2 ad. 
m'' n". Ad. sk. 
o". Ad.;p",q". 

Juv. sk. 

r", s". d juv. et 
Q ad. sk. 
*", w", »". Ad. 


sk. 
to". Ad. sk. 
z". Ad. sk. 
y", a", a*. Ad. 

sk. 

5s s 

, c. Ad. sk. 

cl\ Ad.sk. 

13 . SARCOGBA.MMUS. 
Sibb, Baluchistan, March 25. 

Nal, Khelat, April, Aug. (0. T. 

JDuke). 
Kozdar, May 15 (0. T. IMx?). 
Afghanistan (Griffith), 
Candahar, Feb., March. 

Sukkur, Sind, Dec. 28 (A. 0. 

H.). 
Horee, Nov. (Br. F. Day). 
Mooltan {Copt. Tweedie). 
Dehra Ghazi Khan. 
Peshawur, Feb. 4. 
Sirza district, Punjab, Dec. 7 

(A.O.H.), 

Srinuggur, Cashmere, Aug. 1. 
Sarnbhur, Feb.-June (R. M. 
Adam). 

Dhoon. 
Hills N. of Masuri. 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Kumaon Terai, March. 
Delhi, March 25 (C. T. Bing


ham). 

Etawah. 
Futtehgurh district, Feb., March 


(A. Anderson). 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Hetoura, Nepal, Dec. 25 (/. 


Scully). 

Native Sikhim, March, April 

(J. Mandelli). 
Darjiling (Col. Sharpe). 
Bootan (Bemberton). 
Bootan Dooars, March (/. 
Mandelli). 

N. Khasia Hills, Feb. (A. W. 
Chennell). 
Oachar (J. Inglis), 
Dacca. 
Calcutta, Dec. 12. 
Saugor (Hooper). 
Kamptee. 

Mhow, Oct. 

Khandeish. 

Deccan (SyJces). 
Deccan (Burgess). 
Ahmednuggur district, March 23 

(JS. B. Fairbanh). 

Madras. 

Anjango, Travancore. 

15 L 

W.T.Blanford,Esq. 
[0.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume 0611. 
India Museum. 
Col.C.Swinhoe[P.]. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Way [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Dr. Stoliczka [P.], 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll, 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Col. Biddulph [0.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume and Seebohm 


Colls. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Dr. B. Hinde [P.]. 


Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 


Tweeddale Coll, 


India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Bev. PL H. Baber 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

152 
C-EAJRAJDRIID-E. 

e*. 2 a(*- sk. Vellarney Lake, June 21 (F. Hume Coll. 

Bourdillon). 

f3. Ad. sk. Ceylon. 
Seebohm Coll. 

gz, h3. <$ ad.sk. Cotta, Ceylon, Dec. {Hart). Hume Coll. 

e3, &3, Z3. Ad. sk. Ceylon (S. Chapman). Tweeddale Coll. 

2, Sarcogrammus atrimiclialis *. 
Sarcogramma atrogularis [nee WaffI.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxi. 

p. 345 (1802); id. $ Walcl. B. Burm. p. 152 (1875). 
Lobianellus 
atronuchalis, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 648 (1864); Hume, 
Nests \ Eggs Ind. B. p. 576 (1873); id. Str. F. iii. p. 181 (1875 : 
Pegu); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 675 (1878 : 
Bhamo: Tapeng Eiver); Hume 4* Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 457 
(1878: Tenasserim); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 69 (1879: Xealys, 
Malacca) j id. t. c. p. 112 ; Tiraut, Bull. Coin. Agric. Cockiachine, (3) 

i. p. 146 (1879) ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 196 (1880: Thoungyeen 
alley) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1831, p. 530 (Perak River) ; id. IbhfXS8'2, 
p. 10 (Malay Peninsula); Midler, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 434 (Salansa); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 374 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Gen. (2) iv. p. 613 (1887: Teiinzo); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 010 
(1888: Manipur); Heine $* Beichen. JSomencl, Mus. Hein. p. 334 
(1890: Is. of Salanga). 
Chettusia atronuchalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9960 (1871). 
Lobivanellus indicus atronuchalis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 

p. 186 (1888). 
Adult male. Similar to 8. indicus, but easily distinguished by 
the shortness of the white band above the ear-coverts, which extends 
but a little way beyond the line of the latter, and is not continued 
down the sides of the neck to join the white sides of the fore-neck ; 
the white collar round the hind-neck is also more distinct than in 


8. indicus: " bill for two-thirds of its length vermilion-red, rest of 
bill black; feet dirty yellow; lappets and eyelids vermilion-red; 
iris dark brown " ( W. Davison). Total length. 12*5 inches, culmen 
1-35, wing 8-4, tail 4-3, tarsus 3*2. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 

13 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 8*6, tail 4*3, tarsus 3. 

Young. Like the adults, but with the throat white, and all the 

brown feathers of the upper surface margined with sandy buff; the 

crown of the head also browner. 

Hah. Burmese countries east to Cochin China and south to the 
Malayan Peninsula and Sumatra. 

a,b. 6 S ad. sk. Pegu, Dec. 25 (B. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
c, d. <S ad. et $ Lower Pegu (E. W. O.). Oates Coll. 
juv. sk. 

e. $ ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Dec. (E. W. O.). Hume Coll. 
/ . Juv. sk. Thayetmyo, Sept. (22. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. Yaytho, June 10 (B. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
'hr-L <$ ad. et Tonghoo (JR. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. 

* The name is badly chosen as a distinctive one for separating the Burmese 
specie^ from the Indian, as the latter is equally ' black-naped.' 
m, n. $ ad. sk. 

o, p. Ad. sk. 
?. d; r,5. 2 ad. 

sk. 
£. 5 juv. sk. 
u9 v. $; w, x, y. 

$ ad. sk. 
z, a', b'. tf; C, 

d'} e'. $ ad. sk. 
/'. $ ad. sk. 
ff'j h', i'. $ ad. 

sk. 
k'. <$ ad. sk. 
V i mr. $ ad. sk. 
n'. (S ad. sk. 
o', p'. $ ad. sk. 
q'. rfjr'. $ ad. 

sk. 
sf. $ ad. sk. 
t',u'. 6 2 ad-sk. 

vr. (J ad. sk. 

to'. $ ad. sk. 

ad. sk. 
«", &". d $ ad. 
sk. 
c", tf'. tf $ ad. 

sk. 
e". S ad. sk. 
/". ? ad. sk. 

ff". $ ad. sk. 
h"-l". Ad. sk. 
m". Ad. sk. 
n", o". Ad. sk. 
p". Ad. sk. 
#", r". Ad. et 

imm. sk. 

14. TYLIHYX. 
Karen-nee, Ma roll 20 (R. G 

W. It). 
Tapeng Iliver, Feb. 
Thatone, Dec, Jan. (IF. 


Davison). 
Kaukaryit, March 24 (IF. 1).). 
Pakckan, Jan. ( W. 2).). 

Bankasoon, Doc. to March 

^W.D.). 
Kossoum, May 8 (J. Barling). 
Salang, Feb./March (J. D.). 

Tapraw, April 18 (J. D.). 
Assoon, Nov. 21 (IF D.). 
Karope, March 25 (IF. D.). 
Amherst, Dec. to March( IF. D). 
Arnkerst-Mergui, March (IF. 

D.). 
Mergui, Nov. (IF. D.). 
Ilego, Houngthraw Biver, 


Jan. 2 (IF. D.). 
Needong, Attaran River, Feb. 9 
(IFD). 
Bopyin, Tenasserim, Dec. 10 
(IFD). 
Pabyouk, March (IF. I).). 

Iiyouk Phyoon; Dec, March 

(W. D). 
Thamnoto, Nov. 13 (IF. D). 
Yea, March 26 (IF. 1).). 
Tenasserim Town, Nov. 25 

(IF D). 
Malacca, Oct. 19 (IF.D.). 
Malacca, July (IF.D.). 
Malacca (R. G. W. JR.). 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Sumatra. 
Saigon, Cochin China, 

14. TYLIBYX. 
Tylibyx, Reiehmb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852).
Range. Mountains of N.E. Africa. 

15« 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Dr. Anderson [C.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
Wallace Coll. 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
Type, 

 T. melanocephalus. 
1. Tylibyx melanoceplialiis. 
Lobivanellus 
melanocephalus, Riipp. Syst. ZTebers. p. 115, pi. 44 
(1845: Mountains of Simen, Abyssinia) ; Heugl Syst. tfebers. 

p. 55 (1856: Highlands of Abyssinia); Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. 
Abyss, p. 430 (1870: Dalanta and Wadela Plateaux, above 
10,000 feet); Finsch, Trans. Zool Soc. vii. p. 328 (1870); Heugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1003 (1873: Highlands of Semien, 
Tablelands of C. and S. Abyssinia from 9000-12,000 feet, Wogara, 
Begemeder, Zebid, Talanta, Last a, south to Gala-land and the 
154 CHABADBIIDJE. 

Shoa district); Sdvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. p. 219 (1884: 
Tuor-Haniesh, Shoa); Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 194 
(1888). 

Cliettusia melanocepliala, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847); id. Sand-1. 

B. iii. p. 12, no. 9967 (1871). 
Tylibyx melanocepliala, Reicherib. Grail, p. xviii, tab. ccxeix. 
fig. 243a (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xliiL p. 419 (1856). 
Vanellus roelanocephalus, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 745 (1877). 
Adult. General colour above brown, with, a lilac gloss; the lower 
back dusky brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the median series 
tipped with white, the greater coverts pure white, the innermost 
like the median coverts, brown with white tips; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills "black; the secondaries with white 
bases, extending gradually more on the inner web towards the 
inner secondaries, which are entirely white ; innermost secondaries 
brown, the outer ones with a broad white margin; upper tail-
coverts and tail white ; the terminal band black, with again a 
narrow white tip, the black band decreasing in width towards the 
outer feathers, where it becomes very narrow; crown of head and 
nape black; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of 
neck ashy brown, more ashy above the eye; throat black; breast 
and under surface of body, as well as the under tail-coverts, under 
wing-coverts, and axillaries pure white ; the fore-neck spotted with 
black; quill-lining black, with the extreme base of the primaries 
white, and the same pattern of white and black on the secondaries 
as on the upper surface: " bin black, the base of the mandible 
yellow; feet citron-yellow; iris umber-grey" (von Heuglbi). Total 
length 11*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 9*1, tail 3*4, tarsus 2*45. 
Hah. Mountains of rT.E. Africa. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C, Harris). India Museum. 

c. Ad. sk. Shoa. Dr. Kiippell [0.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Gould Goll. 
15. ZOSIFER*. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 
1. Zonifer tricolor. 
Charadrius tricolor, VieilL N. Diet ctHwt. Nat. xxvii. p. 147 (1818: 
Australia). 

Charadrius pectoralis, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 58, sp. 8 
(1827: ex Cuv. in Mus. Paris); Less. TraiU d70rn. p. 545 (1831). 
Sarciophorus tricolor (V.), Strickl. P. Z. & 1841, p. S3; Cass. U.S. 

Ex-pl Exped., Birds> p. 328 (1858). 

Sarciophorus pectoralis, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 11 (1842); Gray, 
List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1844: S. Australia); Blyth, Cat B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 260 (1849: New South Wales); ReicJienb. 
Grail tab. cii. figs. 1051-52 (1850); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 

(1856); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 222 (1865); Ramsay, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 420, pi. ix. fig. 3 ; HaHing, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 458; 
Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 336 (N.E. Queensland); id. Proe. Linn. 

*'Cuvrji band; <ptpu), 1 carry. 
15 . 550NIPEK. 155 
Soc. N. 8. W. L p. 187 (1877 : N. S. W., Victoria, and S. Australia, 
Tasmania) ; id. t. c.p. 217 ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1878: Rockingham 
Bay ; Port Denison ; Wide Bay distr.; Richmond and Clarence 
Rivers); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1173 (1887) ; 
Ramsay, Tab. List Atistr. B. p. 19 (1888: Interior; Victoria; 

S. Australia; "W. & S.W. Australia) ; North, Nests fy EggsAustr, 
B. p. 302, pi. xvii. fig. G (1889); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) 
iii. p. 1778 (1889); Cox <$• Hamilton, op. cit (2) iv. p. 419 (1890: 
Mudgee distr.); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 43. 
Hoplopterus tricolor (V.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847). 
Charadrius vanelloides, Peak, U.S.JExpl Hxped. Zool. p. 240 (1848 : 

Argyle, N.S.W.). 
Lobivanellus pectoralis, Sckl Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 65 (1865: 
Port Essington; Tasmania); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 

p. 200 (1888). 
Hoplopterus pectoralis. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 13, no. 9976 (1871). 
Chettusia (Lobivanellus) pectoralis, Finsch, Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1872, p. 32 (Australia). 

Adult. General colour above brown, glossed with purplish 
bronze; wing-coverts like the back, the median series tipped with 
white, before which is a sub-marginal bar of black; the greater 
coverts pure white, with a little brown at the base; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries white at the 
extreme base; secondaries black, white at the base, the white 
gradually increasing towards the inner secondaries, which become 
white with an oblique terminal mark of black, and finally the inner 
ones are pure white; the innermost brown like the back, but with 
a white margin, preceded by a sub-marginal black lino near the 
end of the outer web; lower back and rump dusky brown, duller 
than the back; sides of rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; 
basal half of tail white, the terminal half black with a white tip, 
the black band decreasing in width towards the outer feathers; 
crown of head and nape glossy blue-black; the hind-neck and 
upper mantle lighter and more ashy-brown than the back; behind 
the eye a broad streak of white; cheeks and entire throat white, 
encircled by a broad band of black, which extends from the base of 
the bill, below the eye, and across the ear-coverts down the sides 
of the neck on to the fore-neck and breast, where it widens and 
forms a very broad pectoral band; remainder of under surface of 
body, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white : 
*c tip of upper mandible horn-colour; the remainder of the bill 
beautiful primrose-yellow; naked parts of the thigh and knees 
dark pink: tarsi and toes blackish brown, the latter inclining to 
pink-red; iris yellow, surrounded by a rim of deep primrose 
extending in an oblique direction to the fleshy protuberance at the 

base of the upper mandible, which is blood-red in the male, much 
lighter or flesh-red in the female " (J. Gould). Total length 10'5 
inches, culmcn 1*05, wing 7*4, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*9. 

Nestling. Sandy brown with black markings; a white collar 
round the hind-neck; under surface white, with a broad black 
collar on the breast. 

Hah. Australia and Tasmania. 

156 CIIAKADM1DJL. 
a. 5 ad.sk.
b. <$ ad. sk.
c. Juv. sk.
d. e. Ad. sk.
f, g. Ad.sk.
h. Pull. sk. 
Hamilton Plains, Tasmania, Hume Coll. 
April. 
South Australia. Sir George G 
South Australia. Gould Coll. 
Queensland. Tweeddale Coll. 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerel!). Salun-Uodman Coll. 
Bred in captivity. Lord Lilfordrey [P.]. 
P.". 
16. ANOMALOPHRYS. 

Range. Western Africa, east to Lake Tanganyika. 

1. Anomalophrys superciliosus. 
Lubivanellus 
supeiciliosu&, Reichen. J. f. 0. Ib&U, p. 11<>. pi. iii. 
fig. 2, imm. (Marungu); MaUchie^J.f. 0. 18b7T p. 130 (Karemai, 

p. 144 (Marungu); Reichen. J. f. 0. IbOO, p. P'7 (Cameroon*); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1890? p. lU9 ; Sharpe in Jameson's Story of the Rear 
Column, App. p. 405 (1800: Stanley Pool); Reichen. J. f. O. 
1891, p. 372 (Togo:laiid). 
Sarciopkorus superciliosus, Shelley, Ibisj 1887, p. 418 (Rio del Rev). 

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown ; the lesser 
and median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts light ashy 
brown, white at the ends, forming a broad wing-band; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries white at the 
extreme base; secondaries white, with an oblique black mark at the 
end, forming a band which increases in breadth towards the 
primaries, the outer ones being black with white bases, the innermost 
secondaries olive-brown like the back, the proximal ones 
white, ashy brown on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts and basal 
two-thirds of tail white, with a broad black band at the end 
increasing in width towards the outer feathers, which are tipped 
with white, the external one entirely white with a black sub-terminal 
spot on the inner web ; crown of head black as well as the nape ; 
lores and forehead pale rufous; sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides 
of neck grey, this colour extending round the hind-neck; throat 
also grey, whiter in the centre; the fore-neck dark maroon, forming 
a collar; remainder of under surface, from the fore-neck downwards, 
pure white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries: 
"iris yellow" (Buttner). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 7*6, tail 3*1, tarsus 2*1. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the feathers of the 
upper surface margined with rusty, the cap only dusky brown, with 
a broad frontal band; a broad eyebrow, as well as the lores, 
rust-coloured, the patch on the fore-neck much smaller and of a 
rusty colour instead of maroon : " bill black, the base slightly 
reddish; eye-ring and loral lappet dusky 3 ellow; feet dull rose-
red ; iris clear brown " (M. Bohm). 

Hob. West Africa, from Togo-land to the Congo, and east to Lake 
Tanganyika. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Rio del Rev, Cameroons. II. II. Johnston,Esq., 

C.B. [P.]. 
c. $ juv. sk. Stanley Pool, R. Congo (J. Mrs. J. S. Jameson 
S. Jameso?}). [P.n. 
14. riOPLOPTTRUS. 
17. HOPLOPTERUS. 
lloplopterus, Bp. Saggio Distr. Met. A?iim. Vertebr. 
p. 56 (181)1) ....'. 
, II. spinosus. 
Emuje. &J&. Europe; N.E. and E. Africa; W. Africa from 
Senegambia to tlie Congo. Indian Peninsula and Burmese countries 
to Cochin China and Hainan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Crown of head black from forehead to nape ; 
back brown or ashy brown. 
a'. Throat and entire" breast black spinosus, p. 157. 
b'. Throat black ; chest light brown; breast 


and abdomen white, vvith a black patch 
in the centre centralis, p. 1 59. 

b. 
Crown of head white ; hinder crown and nape 
black like the sides of the face, throat, and 
breast; Things dove-grey; centre of back 
and lower scapulars black speeiosus, p. 101. 
1. Hoplopterus spinosus. 
The Black-breasted Indian Plover, Edwards, Nat. Hist. i. p. 47, 
pi. 47 (1743: Persia). 
The Spur-winged Plover, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hibt. ii. p. 146, 

pi. 2&0. fig. 2 (1760 : Aleppo). 
Le Pluvier hup6 de Perse, Briss. Orn. v. p. 84 (1760 : Persia). 
Charadrius spinosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766); Gm. Syst. 

Nat. i. p. 690 (1788); WagL Syst Av., Charadrius, sp. 10, p. 58 
(1827); Less. TraiU d'Orn. p. 545(1831); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 
2nd ed. iv. p. 353 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy, Buss. Merid. 

iii. p. 232 (1843: Odessa); Sold. liev. Crit. p. lxxxiv (1844). 
Pluvier arrne* du Senegal, DAubent PL Enl. ix. pi. 801. 
Le Pluvier huppS, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 98 (1781). 
Le Pluvier a aigrette, Buff. t. c. p. 99. 
Spur-winged Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p, 213 (1785). 
Spur-winged Plover, var. A, Lath, t. c, p. 214, 
Charadrius persicus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 21 (1790). 
Charadrius senegalensis (nee L.), Steph. in Shaw's Gen, Zool. xi. 
p. 482 (1819). 
Charadrius cristatus (nee Meyer), Steph. t.c. p. 483. 
Hoplopterus spinosus, Bp. Saggio Distrib. Met. Anim. Vertebr. 
p. 50 (1831); id. Oomp. List B. Eur. fy N, Amer. p. 46 (1838) ; 
Keys fy Bias. Wirb. Eur, pp. lxix, 207 (1840); Gray, List Grail, 
Brit Mm. p. 64 (1844: Egypt; Gambia); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. 
Gnechenl p. 94 (1844); Mpp. ty»t Uebers. p. 117 (1845); Scl. 
Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 126 (Red Sea) ; Ilartl. J.f. 0.1854, p. 216 
(Senegambia); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mm. Berol. p. 95 (1854); 
Meugl Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 418 (1856) ; 
Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 214 (1857 : Guinea ; Oasamanse); Tristr. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 36 (R. Jordan); Taylor, t e. p. 51 (Egypt); Linderm. 
Vog. Griechenl. p. 132 (1860); Eartl. J.f. 0.1861, p. 268 (Bisbao); 
Stafford Allen, Ibis, 1863, p. 156 (Egypt) ; Antin. Cat. deser. TIec. 
p. 97 (1864: Egyptian Delta); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 29 (Nubia); 
Stafford Allen, t c, p. 240; Taylor, Ibis, 1807, p. 68 (Egypt); 
DeqL et Gerbe, Orn. Ear. ii. p. 142 (1807); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, 
158 
CHAKADEHDJC. 

p. 324 (Palestine, breeding); Wright, Ibis, 1809, p. 246 (Malta, 
Oct.); Blanf. Geol. $ ZooL Abyss, p. 431 (1870 : Lake Ashangi; 
Ailat); Finsch, Trans. ZooL Soc. vii. p. 29-5 (1870: R. Amba) ; 
Gray, Hancl-l B. iii. p. 12, no. 9989 (1871); Shelley, B. Egypt, 
p. 232 (1872); Reugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1004 (1873), 
App. p. clxxx, pi. xli. fig. 10 (E^vpt; Xubia: Atbara R ; Lower 
White and Blue Nile; E. Kordofan; Abyssinian lowlands and 
Red Sea coast: Djur River); Hart in g, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 456 ; 
Krilper, J. f. 0. 1875. p. 283 (Smyrna] ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. 
p. 281 (1870); Dresser, B. Bur. vii. p. 539, pi. 530 (1878); 
Fischer $ Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 337 (Tschara); Muller, t c. 
p. 391 (Cyprus); GigL Ann. Agric. 1881, no. 30, p. 118 (Dilmatia); 
id. Ibis, 1881, p. 184 (Malta) ; Salvin, Cat. Stricli. Coll. p. 601 
(1882: Kordofan); W. A. Forbes, litis, 1883, p. 535 (R. Xiger); 
Tristr. Faun. § Flor. Palest, p. 131 (1884); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. 
Soc, ZooL xvii. p. 441 (1884: Gazelle R.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Gen. (2) i. p. 219 (1834: Lake Cialalaka}, p. 274 (Lake Ota); 
Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 116 (Kipini; Barawa); Rartert, J.f.O. 
1886, p. 609 (Madschibad ; Kaura; Kascliia); Ha Hi. ZooL Jahrb. 
ii. p. 332 (1880); GigL Avif. Ital. p. 370 {1880); Salvad. Elenco 
Ucc. Ital. p. 207 (1880: Malta); Reichen. J. f. O. 1^7, p. 47 
(Kagehi); Hartert, t. c. p. 264: Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. 
p. 310 (1888: Cialalaka); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1^88, p. 49 (Lado); id. 
Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Jipi) ; GigL IstBesoc. Avif. Ital. p. 570 (1S*9); 
Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 214; Lilford, t. c. p. 338 (Cyprus) ; Oust. 
Bibl. Fcole Hautes Etudes, xxxi. Art. 10, p. 12 (18^9: Somali); 
Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 335 (1890): Brusina, 
Motr. etc. {Orn. Croat.) p. 86 (1890); id. Orn. Jahrb. Heft i. p. 20 
(1890: S. Dalmatia; Montenegro); id. Proc. Soc. Hist Nat. 
Croat. 1891, p. 22; Bendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Gambia); Scl. 
Ibis, 1893, p. 277. 
Vanellus raelasomus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 237, pi. 26 (1837). 
Pluvianus spinosus, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 293 (1837), 
Philomackus spinosus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. Qo (1840). 
Hoplopterus persieus, Gray, Gen. B* iii. p. 542 (1847); Siriekl. 


P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); id. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (2) ix. 
p. 348 (1852). 
Hoplopterus arniatus (nee Jard. fy Selby), Brehm, Vogelf. p. 284 
(1855: S.Russia; Egypt). 
Vanellus 
spinosus, Schl. Mzis. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 60 (1865: 
Egypt; Senaar; Abyssinia; Ivordofan; Gold Coast; Xubia); 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 219 (1888); Reichen. Vog. 
Deutsch.~OstrAfrikds, p. 36 (1894: Masai-land; VictoriaXyanza). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, with a slight purplish 
gloss ; scapulars like the back, the feathers elongated and somewhat 
pointed; the lower back rather darker brown ; wing-coverts lighter 
and more ashy, the outer median coverts white at the ends, and the 
greater coverts white for the most part, the innermost of both series 
ashy brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the 
secondaries with white bases and black tips, the white increasing on 
the inner ones, the innermost secondaries brown like tho back; 
upper tail-coverts and base of tail white ; terminal half of the tail 
black, the outer feathers tipped with white and the black decreasing 
in extent; crown of head glossy purplish black, with a nuchal 
crest; sides of face, including the lower eyelid, white, as also the 

17 . nOPLOPTEEUS. 
151) 
sides of the neck and a collar round the hind-neck descending 
on the sides of the fore-neck; throat, centre of fore-neck, and entire 
breast black, descending on to the sides of the flanks; sides of body, 
abdomen, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries 
pure white ; quill-lining black : bill and feet black; iris scarlet or 
crimson. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 8*2, tail 3-D, 
tarsus 2*85. 

Hob. S.E. Europe; Palestine; N.E. Africa to Masai-land and 
the Tana district, as far as Mamboio ; West Africa from Senegambia 
to the Niger. 

a. Juv. sk. Island of Milo, Crete, Grecian Gould Coll. 
Archipelago. 
b. Ad. sk. Sea of Galilee, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
c. d. Acl. st. Egypt. 
Sir J. Bowring [P.], 
e. Ad. sk. Egypt. 
G. Turnbull, Esq. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Egypt, Feb., March (G. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley). 

h. $ ad. sk. Lower Egypt {Stafford Allen). Seebohm Coll. 
t, k. <S 2 a<i- sk* Upper Egypt (if. Rogers). Seebohm Coll. 
I, m. Ad. sk. Cairo. Capt. K. PI. Penton 
n. Ad. sk. Assiout. 
In 
o. <5 ad. sk. LakeAshangi, Abyssinia, May. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. T. Blanf ord, Esq. 
p. 2 a<^. sk. Ailat, Samhar, June 29. [P.]. 
W. T. Blanf ord, Esq. 
q. J ad. sk. Amba, Aug. 21 (W. Jesse). [C.]. 
r. $ ad. sk. Cialalaka, Shoa, May 28. Tweeddale Coll. 
s. 
J a(l« sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Turin Museum [E.]. 
Oct. 10. Emin Pasha [P.J. 
t ? ad. sk. Lake Jipi, Aug. 

F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
u, v. Ad. sk. Mamboio (Sir J. Kirk). [p.i. 

to. Ad. sk. Gazelle River. Seebohm Coll. 

F.BohndorfiTC.l 

x. Ad. sk. Gambia. 
y. 
Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal, Jan. (L. Old Coll. 
Laglaise). 
Tweeddale Coll. 

z. Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal, Jan. (L. Seebohm Coll. 
Laglaise). 
a!. Skeleton. Purchased. 


2. Hoplopterus ventralis. 
Pluvier arm6 du Senegal, Briss. Orn. v. p. 86, pi. vii. fig. 2 (1760). 
Oharadrius ventralis, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 59, sp. 11 
(1827); Gray $ Eardiv. Illustr. Ind. Zool i. pi. 63 (1832). 
Charadrius duvaucelii, Less. Man. d!Orn. ii. p. 333 (1828: Calcutta); 

id. Traite, p. 545 (1831) * id. Compl. Buff., Ois. iii. p. 408 (1837). 
Charadrius bicolor, Temm. PI Col v. livr. 89 (1832: Bengal). 
Philomachus ventralis vel spinosus, Hodgs. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus.f 

Grail, pi. 48. no. 227; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 

Hoplopterus 
ventralis, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844: 
Nepal) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 132 (1846) ; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 260 (1849: Dehra Dhoon) * 
mdmb. Grail, tab. eexcix. figs. 2428-29 (1852); Bp. C. B. 

CHARADRIlDiE. 

xliii. p. 418 (1856); Irby, Bis 1861, p. 23, (Oudh); Jerd. B. 
Ind. iii. p-650 (1804); Sivmh-^^0 p 361 (Hainan) ; 
Blanf. t c. p. 470 (Peou; Aya); bwmh. R /. S.IN 1, p. 403 
(Hainan); Gray, Hand-L B. in. p. 12, no. 99/0 18; 1) ; Hume, 
S?^S &. B. p. 578 (187%) ; id. Str. F ii. p 482 (1874: 
Teuasiini); Harting, BZ.S. 1874 p. 45. pi Ix % 3 teg.) ; 
Hume, Str. F iii. p. 181 (187o : Pegu) ; Blyth £ 11 aid. B. Burm 
p. 153 (1875: Tongkoo; Karen-nee); Ball, Str. ^p . 234 
(1870 : Sambalpur) ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 40 (lfc,, : N.E . Cachar) ; 
Wrf ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 423 (1877 : Cochin Chma; Hainan; 
Hume & Davison, Str. F. \i. p. 457(16.8: fenasserim) ; Bali, 
Str F vii p 227 (1878: Ganjres to Goda\ery); Cnpjj.% t. c. 
p. 300 (Faridpur); Hume, t. c. p. 483 [Calcutta); Anders. Zool 
Res. West Yunan Biped, p..675 (18,8: 1 .itkaw; Manila) ; 
Timid, Bull. Com. Agric. Cockinchne, (3) i. p. 146 (ly 9) ; Hume, 
Str F viii. p. 112 (1879); Scully, t. c. p. 3o2 (^epal Waller, 
breeding; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 197 (I860: Tlioungyeen 
\ S batesfStr.'F. x. p. 238 (1882); id\Handb. B. Brit 
Burm. ii. p. 373 (1883); &««A*> ^ ^ , J»w, l-b5 p 133 
(Mhow District); tffl/tm?. ^Iww. Jfw*. Genov. (2) rv.p.blo (IKS : 
Bhaino), v. p. 62 (1888: Kaukuyit); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 310 
(1888: Manipur) •/ Oates, ed. Hume's Xests $ Eggs Ind. B. in. 
p. 347(1890). . n/1Qr. 
Hoplopterus spinosus (w«? Xm».), Gray, <?«*. B. m. p. o42!(1S4/1 
Wllu s centralis, &H. Mws. Pays-Eas, Cur^ores, p. 61 (lb(»: 
Nepal); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p.^22, (l&bb). 

Hoplopterus malabaricus (nee Bochl), Blanf. J. A. S. Bern/, xl. 

p, 276 (1871: Wardha Valley). 

Adult male. General colour above light brown ; lower back and 
rump more dusky brown; upper tail-coverts and tail pure white, 
the latter black for the terminal third, forming a broad black band; 
scapulars and all the inner wing-cherts light brown, like the 
back * the outer median and greater coverts pure white, the outer 
lesser coverts black, forming a large wing-patch ; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black, with the extreme base white : quills black, 
white at the bases, increasing gradually on the secondaries until 
they are entirely white, excepting a black tip, the succeeding inner 
secondaries pure white, the innermost light ashy brown like the 
back • crown of bead and nape black, the nape-feathers long and 
narrowing to a point; hind neck and sides of neek pale ashy grey, 
extending over the sides of the neck and on to the ear-coverts, this 
grey colour separated from the black crown by a narrow band of 
white extending from behind the eye round the nape; lores and 
fore part of face*to about the middle line of the eye black, succeeded 
by white, which extends downwards and skirts the black throat to 
the sides of the neck; entire throat black; the lower throat white, 
connected with the white of the sides of the neek; fore-neck light 
brown forming a band; remainder of under surface ot body pure 
white except for a crescentic band of black on the lower breast; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white. Total length 11-5 inches, 
oilmen 1-35, wing 7-6, tail 3-35, tarsus 2-5. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, lotal length 
12*5 inches, oilmen 1-2, wing 7*6, tail 3-1, tarsus 2-4o. 

17 . HOPLOPIERTJS. 16 1 
Hah. From North-western and Central India to the Burmese 

countries and Siam, and as far east as Hainan. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d-g. Ad. sk.
h. 6 ad.sk.
i,k. cJ J ad. sk.
I, m. Ad. sk.
n-p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r-u. Ad. sk.
v, w. Ad. sk.
x. Ad. sk.
y, z. Ad. sk.
a'-c'. Ad. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.


f. $ ad. sk.
g\ Ad. sk.
h'. S ad. sk.

i'} k'. Ad. sk.

I'. P ad. sk.

m'. <$ ad. sk.

n\ $ ad. sk.

o'. Ad. sk.
p'. $ ad. sk.

q'. Ad. sk.

r'y s'. S ad. sk.

t'. <$ ad.sk.
u'. S ad. sk.
v'. $ ad. sk.
w\ x\ S ? ad. sk.
y\ Q ad. skzf. Ad. sk.
a". S ad. sk.
6". Bones of trunk.

 Dehra Dkoon. 
Gurhwal, May 25 (G. Ring). 
Kuniaon. 
Etawah, Dec. to March. 
Futtebgur, Dec. (A.Anderson). 
Futtehgur, April, Sept. (A.


Anderson). 

 Saugor. 
Dinapur. 
Behar. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (J?. H. Hodgson). 
Nepal. 
Nepal Valley, May, Dec.


{J. Scully). 
Sikhim, Feb., March {L.
Mandelli). 
Bhotan Doars, Jan. (L. 31.). 
Siligoree, Bengal, April 11

(H. J. Elwes). 
Kamroop, Assam, Feb. (A. W.
Chennell). 
Assam {McClelland). 
Logtak Lake, Manipur, March

18 (A. 0. H.). 
Tonghoo, Burma, Jan. (R. G.

W. It.). 
Shuay-g-yeen, Jan. (M. G.
W. JR.). 
Sittang Kiver, Sept. 30 (E. G.
W. JR.). 
Karen-nee, March 17 {R. G.
W. JR.). 
Tsitkau, Upper Burma, Feb. 6. 
Houngthraw Eiver, Tenasserim, 
Dec. 20 (W. Limborg). 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll 

 Hume Coll. 

 Seebohm ColL 

 Hume Coll 

 Hume Coll. 
Pinwill ColL 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Seebohm ColL 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 India Museum. 
Hume ColL 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale ColL 

 Dr. J. Anderson [0.]» 
Tweeddale ColL 

 Younzaleen Creek, Feb. (W.
Davison). 
Kaukaryit, Oct., Nov. (J.
Darling), 

 Thatone, Jan. 15(W.Davison). 
Myawadee, Jan. 20 (W. D.). 
Megaloon, Jan. (W. D.). 
Epo, Jan. 25 (W. D.). 
Pakchan, Jan. 20 (W. D.). 
Siam. 
Hainan, March {R. Swirihoe).

3. Hoplopterus speciosus. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll, 
Hume ColL 
Hume CoU. 

 M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hodgson ColL 
Charadrius speciosus, Wagl Isis, 1829, p. 649 {ex Licht in Mus. 
JBerol j Caflraria). 
VOL. xxiv. M 

162 
CHAEADEIH)^!. 

Charadrius albieeps (nee Gould), Temm, Fl. Col. v. pi. 528 (1832: 

S. Africa). 
Pluvianusarmatus, Jard. $Selby,IU. Orn. i.pi.54 (1828: S. Africa). 
Hoplopterus armatus, Gray','List GrcdL Brit. Mm. p. 64 (1844: 
S. Africa); id. Gen, B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Licht. AomencL Av. 
Mm. Berol. p. 95 (1854: Cafe-aria); Bayard. B. S. Afr, p. 293 
(1867: Colesberg); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, pp. 255, 468* (Potchefstroom) 
; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 299 (Transvaal, breeding); Buckley, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 387 (Transvaal to Matabele); Barrett, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 212 (Potchefetroom). 
Hoplopteras 
speciosus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847): Finsch <$* 
Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 639 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 12, 
no. 9971 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Zd. p. 267 (1872 : 
Damara to Great NamaquaLand; Lake Xgarni; Teoughe and Okavango 
Rivers); Bocage, J.f. 0.1876, p. 296 (Bio Coroca: Huilla); 
id Orn, Angola, p. 427 (1881: Eio Cunene; Humbe; Benguela); 
Sharpe, in Oates Matdbele-Land, App. B, p. 325 (1881: Safahe 
River); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Great Chine Pan); Holnb 8f 
Feb, Beitr, Orn. Sudafr. p. 239 (1882: Matabele; Transvaal; 
Hart's R.); Sharpe, ed. Bayards B. S. Afr, p. 667 (1884) j Fischer, 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 391 (1884: Pare-; Xaiwascha Lake); 
Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 72 (Tanganyika) ; Fischer, t. c. p. 116 
(Sigirari); Beichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 47 (Soboro)*. Matschie, t, c. 

p. 138 (Karema); Emin, J. f. O. 1891, p. 58 (IJgogo); Beichen, 
t. c. p. 141 (Mette Mette, Uniamuesi). 
Tanellus 
speciosus, SehL Mies. Fays~Ba$, Cnrsores, p. 62 (1865: 
Cafiraria); Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr. Charadr.^. 221 (1888); Shelley, 

P. Z. S. 1889, p. 372 (Kilimanjaro); id. Ibis, 1894, p. 475 (Lake 
Shirwa); Beichen. Vog, JDeutseh.-Ost-Afr. p. 36 (1894). 
Charadrius armatus, Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 415 (1865 : 
Lake Ngami). 
Lobivanellus albiceps 
(nee Gould), Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 26 (Nyasaland). 


Adult male. General colour above grey and black; the mantle, 
"back, scapulars, and parapteral plumes black; the upper scapulars 
and the -whole of the wing-coverts lavender-gre}T, the greater wing-
coverts with white ends, the outer ones blackish on the inner webs; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries 
with white bases, increasing in extent towards the innermost, which 
are lavender-grey like the wing-coverts; rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and base of tail pure white; the end of the tail black, decreasing 
in extent towards the outer feathers, which have a narrow white 
tip ; crown of head pure white, succeeded by a broad black band, 
which occupies the occiput and nape, joins the black sides of the 
face, and separates the white crown from a broad white collar round 
the hind-neck; lores and sides of face, passing in a narrow line 
above the eye, as well as the sides of the neck and entire throat 
and breast, black; abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts, 
under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure white; quiH-lining black: 
" bill, feet, and toes black; iris red " ((7. J, Andersson), Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 8*1, tail 3*3, tarsus 2*9. 


Hal. S.E. Africa from Fatal to Damara-land and the Zambesi, 
north to Uniamuesi. 


18 . BELONOPTEBTTS. 
163 

^. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Zoological Society. 

b. Imm. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Natal. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Natal. 
Seebohm Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Gurney Coll. 
£ cJ; h i. 5 ad. Transvaal, Dec. (T, K Buck- Shelley Coll. 
sk. ley). 
& Ad. sk. Transvaal. Oapt. Savile Reid 
[C.]. 

I. $ ad. sk. Branslow's Farm, Transvaal, W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Dec. (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.J. 
m. $ ad. sk. Sashe Paver, Transvaal, Oct. W. E. & 0. G. Oates, 
(F. Oates). Esqrs. [P'j. 
n. Ad. sk. Damara-land. Tweeddale Coll. 
o,P' 
d?ad.sk . Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Seehohm Coll. 
July, Sept. (C. J. Andersson). 


q. gad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Nyasa-land, May H.H. Johnston, Esq., 
{A. 
Whyte). C.B.[P.]. 
r, s. <S 2 &&-sk- Kilimanjaro, June 24. H. C. V. Hunter, 
Esq. [P.]. 

18. 
BELONOPTEEUS. 
Type. 
Belonopterus, Jteicherib. Av. Syst. Nat p. xviii (1852). B. cayennensis. 
ILcmge. Confined to South America. 

Key to the Sjoecies. 

«a. 
Smaller; sides of face brown; tail narrowly 
tipped with white j tarsus 3*2 inches cayennensis, p. 163. 
<b. 
Larger; sides of face ashy grey; tail broadly 
tipped with white; tarsus 2*75 inches cliilensis, p. 165. 
1. Belonopterus cayennensis. 
Vanneau arme' de Cayenne, DAubent Fl. JSnL viii. pi. 836; Buff* 

Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 6Q (1781). 
Cayenne Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 164 (1785: Cayenne). 
Parra cayennensis, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 706 (1788: Cayenne). 
Tringa cayennensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 727 (1790: Cayenne). 
Terutero 6 TetSu, AzaraK Apunt iii. p. 264 (1805). 
Vanellus cayanensis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist.Nat. xxxv. p. 206 (1819); 

"Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 63 (1844: Monte Video ; Brit. 

Guiana), pt.; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 363 (1856). 
Oharadrius cayennensis, Licht. Verz.Doubly. 70 (1823: S. America). 
Charadrius lampronotus, Wagl Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 48, sp. 74 

(1827). 
Vanellus cayennensis, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 754 
(1833: Bahia); Eartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. 

iii. p. 541 (1847) ; Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 750 (1848); 
Burm. Beise La Flata-St ii. p. 502 (1861: Parana), pt.$ Scl. $ 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 591 (Mexiana); iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 
(Conchitas); Wyatt, Ibis. 1871, p. 383 (Lake Paturia); Feb. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 296, 454 (1871: Sapitiba; Ypanema; Jaguariba; 
Ytarare": Irisanga; Cuyaba; Caicara) ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. 
p. 11, no. 9951 (1871); Hudson, :P. Z. S. 1871, p. 6 (Buenos 
Ayres); Scl fy Sah. Nomencl Av, Neotrop. p. 142 (1873; pt.) \ 
i2 

164 
CHA&ADKIIDiB. 

Hudson, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 167 (Buenos Ayres); Sorting, i. c* 

pp. 450, 457 (Uruguay); Bumf. Ibis, 187(5, p. 164 (Buenos 

Ayres) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Cliupat Valley, breeding); id. t. e. 

p. 196 (Buenos Ayres) • Garrod, B. Z. 8. 1878, pp. 627, 628; ScL 
$ Salv. JP. Z. S. 1879, p. 546 (Antioquia)• Gibson, Ibis, 18807 
p. 
161 (Cape San Antonio); Durnf. t. c. p. 416 (Tucuman); 
White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 627 (Buenos Apes); Berlepsch, Ms, 1884, 
p. 441 (Angostura); Barroius, Auk, i. p. 278 (1884: Lower 
Uruguay, breeding Aug. to Bee); Gibson, Ik's, 1885, p. 282 
(Paysandu); Berl. fy Bier. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 85 (1885: 
Taquara); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (British Guiana); 8eebohm1 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 216 (1888); ScL # Hudson, Argent. 
Orn. ii. p. 165 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Argent. Bep.) ; 
Saundm-s, Ibis, 1891, p. 160;.Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270 
(Pilcomayo) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 150; HoI!a?id, t. c. p. 210 (Estancia 
Espartilla, breeding); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. X. H y. p. 149 
(1893: Cuyaba, Matto Grosso). 
Philomackus cay anus (nee lath.), Goidd in Darwiris Toy. 'Beagle,1" 
Birds, p. 127 (1841: La Plata). 

Belonopterus 
cayennensis, Reichenb. Gralke, p. xviii, tab. ci. figs. 
678-80 (1852) • Bp. C B. xliii. p. 418 (1850)-Heine $ Beicken. 
NomencL Mus. Hem. p. 334 (1890• pt.)I 

Adult male. General colour aboye ashy, with a metallic gloss of 
oily green on the back and scapulars, the lower back and rump 
dusky brown; upper tail-eoyerts and tail pure white, the terminal 
half black, tipped with white ; outer scapulars glossed with metallic 
copper ; lesser wing-coyerts purplish black and metallic steel-green 
in succession, with a slight purplish gloss; median and greater 
wing-coyerts white, the inner ones ashy brown; bastard-wing, 
primary-eoyerts, and quills black, the inner secondaries white or 
ashy brown at the base, increasing in extent towards the innermost 
secondaries, which are ashy brown with a metallic oily-green 
lustre; forehead black to aboye the fore part of the eyes, and 
including the base of the lores and a spot at the base of the cheeks, 
followed by a whitish band across the fore part of the crown, the 
rest of which is light brown like the hind-neck, sides of neck, earcoyerts, 
and sides of face to below the middle of the eye ; fore part 
of the face white, forming a white patch between the black and 
the brown colours, the fore part of the cheeks being white, the 
hinder part brown; chin and centre of throat black; lower throat 
light brown, like the sides of the neck ; fore-neck and upper breast 
glossy black ; lower breast and abdomen, as well as the under wing-
and tail-coyerts white; quills black below: " bill pale red at the base, 
the tip blackish brown; feet greyish brown, the joints red; iris 
sealing-wax red " (Heuwied). Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*3, 
wing 9, tail 3*9, tarsus 3*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but haying a shorter 
crest: " bill reddish purple, the point black ; thighs reddish purple; 
feet, toes, and claws black; eyelid reddish purple ; iris redn (H. 
Whitely). Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 9*2, tail 3*8? 
tarsus 2*9. 

Hah. Prom Colombia and Guiana to Central and Southern Brazil


18 . BELONOPTEBTJS. 
165 
A Ad. sk Carthagena. Salvin-Godinan OolL 
b, e. S ad. sk. Antioquia, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

(T. K. Salmon), 
d, e. Ad. sk British. Guiana. Sir K. Schomburgk 
[0.]. 
/ . 
5 a&* sk Quong-o, British Guiana. Oct. Salvin-Godinan OolL 
20 (H. Wliitely). 

g. $ 
ad. sk. Aunai, British. Guiana, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
05". W.). 
h. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
M. Claussen [P.]. 
i. 
Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Nov. (A. P. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wallace), 
k. Ad. sk. Para, (F. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
I Ad. sk Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. Bahia (Br. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. Ad. sk Babia (JDr. Wucherer). Seebohm Coll. 
o. 5 ad. sk. Eio de Janeiro. Seebohm Coll. 
p. Ad. sk. Matto Grosso {U. B. Smith). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q. 
Pull, sk Buenos Ayres, Nov. 6 (JB. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
White). 
r. Ad. sk. Monte Video (Johnson). Salvin-Godman OolL 
s} t. <$ $ ad. sk. Uruguay, Aug. 14. Alan Peel, Esq. [P.], 
u. 
Ad. st. Maldonado. Sir W. Burnett & 
Capt. Fitzroy[P.]. 
2. Belonopterus chilensis. 
Parra cbilensis, Molina, Saggio St. Chili, p. 239 (1789). 
Vanellus cayennensis (nee Gm.), Bridges, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 94 (Cbili); 
Gag, Faun. Chil, Zool. i. p. 400 (1847); Bvrm. Beise La Plata-St. 

ii. p. 302 (1861: Mendoza); Scl # Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 331,339; 
iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Gregory Bay); iid. Nomenel. Av. Neotrop. 
p. 142 (1873; pt.) ; Berk. James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892). 
Pbilomacbus cbilensis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Cbili). 
Vanellus cayanensis, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 63 (1844: 
Valparaiso). 

Pbilomacbus cayanus {nee Lath.), Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,1 Birds,p. 127 

(1841, pt.). 

Vanellus cbilensis, Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 54 (Cbili). 

Hoplopterus cayanus {nee Lath.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 46 (Falkland 

Isl.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 (Stanley, E. Falklands) ; Oust. Miss. 

Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 289 (1891). 
Vanellus cayanus, Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 490 (Gregory Bay). 
Vanellus occidentalism Earting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 451; Scl. Sf Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 437 (Elizabeth Isl.); iid. Voy. < Challenger,1 
p. 108 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Peckett Harbour; 
Talcabuano); Taczan. Orn. Ptrou, iii. p. 335 (1886). 
Vanellus cayennensis cbilensis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 218 
(1888). 

Adult male. Similar to B. cayennensis, but larger, with, tbe head, 
neck, and sides of face clear ashy grey, instead of brown, the 
white tips of tbe tail broader, and tbe black of the breast extending 
further down and occupying tbe whole breast; the tarsus much 

•shorter. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9*3, tail 4*7, 
tarsus 2*75. 
Adult female. Eesembles the male in colour. Total length 
15-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 9'5, tail 4-3, tarsus 2-6. 

166 
CHAHADEHD^E. 

Young. Browner than the adult, varied with cross-bars of sandy 
hrown all over the back and head; the black on the throat 
narrower and more restricted. 

Hah. From the Falkland Islands to Patagonia, Chili, to Pern. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Chili. Salvin-Qodman Coll, 
b, c. Ad. sk. Chili. Seebohm Coll. 
d. Pull. st. Chili. Bridges Coll. 
e,f. 6 $ ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Heed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g-k. Ad.; /. Juv: Central Chili {Landbech). Berkeley James Coll. 
sk. 

m. 
Ad. st. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett & Capt-
Eitzroy [P.]. 
n. S ad. sk. San Pedro, Tarapaea, July 7 Berkeley James Coll. 
(A. A. Lane), 
o. 2 ad. sk. San Antonio, Tarapaea (A. Berkeley James Coll. 
A, L.). 
p. 
<J ad. sk. Talcahuano, Chili, Nov. 22 Toy. SOLS. 'Alert/ 
(Dr. Coppinger). 
q. <J ad. sk. Elizabeth Island, Straits of Voy. H.M.S. i Chal-
Magellan. lenger.' 
19. VASTELLUS. 
Type. 
Vanellus, Briss. Orn. v. p. 94 (1760) V. vanellus.. 
Range. Europe and Northern Asia, wintering in the Mediter


ranean countries, ~ENs[. India and China. Accidental in Korth 
America. 

1. Vanellus vanellus. 
The Pewit. 
The Lapwing or Bastard Plover, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 70, vL 74 
(1738). 

Le Vanneau, Briss. Orn. v. p. 24, pi. viii. %. 1 (1760) ; D7Aubent. PL 
Enl viii. pi. 242 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 48, pi. iv. (1781). 
Tringa vanellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat* 


i. p. 670 (1788). 
Lapwing, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 161 (1785). 
Vanellus capella, Schaeff. Mtis. Orn. p. 49 (1789); Stefn. Froe* 
U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 85 (1882); Baird, Brewer, $ Midgw. Water-
Birds N. Amer. I p. 130 (1884); Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 376 (1886) f 
Sahad. Menco Ucc. Ital p. 206 (1886) ; Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vd'g. 
Deutschl p. 51 (1889); Gigl. 1st Resoc. Avif. Ital p. 576 (1889). 
2nd p. 663 (1890), Zrd p. 518 (1891). 
Vanellus vulgaris, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 313 (1803); Dresserr 

B. Bur. vii. p. 545, pi. 531 (1875); Danf. fy Harme-Brman, Ibis, 
1875, p. 419 (Transylvania); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p.328; Butler, 
Cat. B. Sind eta. p. 58 (1879); Hume, Str. F viii. p. 112 (1879); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 152 (Siberia); Beid, Str. F. x. p. 65 
(1881: Lucknow); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit, winter) ; 
Scully, t. c. p. 587 (Gilgit, spring & autumn); B. 0. XI. List Brit. 
B. p. 161 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Yarrelfs Brit. B. iii. p. 283 
(1883); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 148 (Obedska Bara); Saundersr 
t. c. p. 389 (St. Jean de Luz); Tristr. Faun. & Flor. Palest* 
p. 131 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica, winter); 
Beid, t. c. p. 253 (Morocco, winter); Pleske, TJebers. Sdug. und 
Yog. Kola-Halh. p. 329 (1886); Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 74 
19 . VANEXLTTS. 
167 

TLJ FT^ ; Tty * c* P* 38 G (Portugal, Oct. to March); 

:Brown^

nzzlf t ^aTme Vertebr. Faun, Outer Hebr. p. 125 
ffl*;/^/^ "5*> 1889> P- 17 6 (S« Afghanistan); Feilden, t c. 

p. 4yo (Barbados, Dec.); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 539 (1889): 
uiptie-(jrall.Contr. Faun. Orn.Fur. Ootid, fasc. xiii. p. 47 (1890): 
Seebohm Ihs, 1890, p. 409 (Ireland, nesting),-W. Fvans,Ibis, 
l«J ^ p. 80 (incubation); Dresser, t c. p. 369 (Erzeroom); Buckley 
$ tfarvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkneys, p. 204 (1891) : iii
^ **l893

SL^figfe.166 (1892)>-> *m* 

Vanellus cristatus, Woff \ Meyer, Hist Nat Ois. de PAllem. L 

tab' ilm); m t d'mst Nat xxxv

rw*-m

?IQI$ CT-- P- 211 

F-./"» (1825) j ?Temsr, ^&s, Cowrewrs, pi. 17 (1827): i?reAm, 

-<555
nSS%I)e^tsc!lL P (1831); i^n*>. Cat Bats. Cauc. p. 53 
V-;T>: ^asP^n)5 Gould, B. Fur. iv. pi. 291 (1837): £«. < W 

* % Amer'
T^m ^ P- 46 (1838) 5 O^W #™. #artf, p. 369 

V £ey8'$ Blas' Wirh Bur lxix

W--> P- (1840); iVbrtfm. in 
JJemul. Voy Buss. Mend. iii. p. 256 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. 
Belg p 121 (1842); Schl. Bev. Crit. p. lxxxiii (1844); Miihle,

Mef''Yo?;,Griechenl P* 94 (1844) 5

 ^ay, List Grail. Brit. Mus. 

p. t>^(1844) ; Hodgs.Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm., Grail, App. pi. 40, 
no. b25; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Bupp. Syst
PA 117 (1845)»" Sewits E8 Brit B ili s^f pi.lxx

KfZ?-w


(1646); Gray, Cat Mamm.fyc.Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 132 (1846); 

m' P* 54 1 (1847

%*?£?' B'> J B¥h Oat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 261 
(1849) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 110 (1850); Kjcerb.Danm. Fugle, 
pi. xxxi.fig.2 (1852); Macgill. Brit B. iv. p'. 133 (1852); Schl 

Vog Nederl. pi. 216 (1854); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 419 (1856); Jaub. 

et Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 450 (1859); Taylor, Ibis, 1859, 

p. 52 (Egypt): Schrenh, Beis. Amurl p. 408 (1859: Sungaria) j 
Lmderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 133 (1860); Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 79 
(Chamba Country, Algeria, Dec.); Bowys, t c. p. 339 (Ionian Is.); 
Schl Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 21.fig. 10 (1861); Bernhardt, Ibis, 
1861, p. 9 (Greenland); Irby, t c. p. 238 (Oudh); Swinh. t c, 
p. 342 (Pekin, Nov.) ; Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 411 
(1863) ; Gray, list Brit B. p. 137 (1863); Badde, Beis. Sibir., 
Vog. p. 321 (1863: Bureja Mts.); Collett, Overs. Christ Orn. 
Om. Faun. p. 180 (1864); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 30 (E<rypt); 
Wright, t c. p. 142 (Malta) ; Sperling, t c. p. 286; Jerd. B. Ind. 
iii. p. 643 (1864); Gigl Ibis, 1865, p. 69 (Pisa); Sivinh. t c. 
p. 349 (Swatow, Nov.) ; More, t c. p. 432; Filippi, Viagq. Persia. 
t c. p. 420; F. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. Q8 (Egypt); x>«*/«,, o. v. 

p. 282 (Iceland and Greenland); Swinhoe, t c. p. 399 (Cheo-bayyAmoy); Drake, t c. p. 429 (Tangiers); Deal, et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. 
ii. p. 148 (1867); Zoche, Fxpl Sci. Alg^Ois. ii. p. 271 (1867) ; 
Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 49 (1868); Dyb'. J.f.O. 1868, p. 337 
(Darasun); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal); Borggr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutschl. p. 109 (1869) ; Ballfy Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. 
p. 293 (1869: Norton Sound); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 178 (1869) y 
Godman, Azores, p. 32 (1870): Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 35. 
figs. 3-5 (1870); Flwes fy BucU&y, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Turkey); 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 10, no. 9950 (1871); Swinh. B. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 403 (Canton and Formosa, winter); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 29& 
(Algeria); Saunders, t c, p. 386 (S. Spain); B. Gray, B. West 
168 CHAEADEIIDJE. 

Scotl p. 263 (1871); Sahad. Faun. Ital, TJcc. p. 199 (1871); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 243 (1872) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1872, 

p. 232 (Constantinople); Harting, Handb. Brit, B. p. 43 (1872) ; 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 231 (1872): Hume $ Senders. Lahore to 
York. p. 286 (1873); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 992, App. 
p. clxxix (1873: Egypt, N. Arabia; White Nile); Brooke, Ibis, 
1873, p. 337 (Sardinia); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: 
breeding) ; Tacz. J.f.O. 1873, p. 101 (Kultuk): Hume, Xests § 
Eggs Ind. B. p. 573 (1873): id. Str. F. i. p. 231 (1873: Skid); 
Adam, t c. p. 394 (Sanibhur); Tacz. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 336; Saxby, 
B. Shetl. p. 168 (1874); Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 397 p*. Frisian Is.); 
Stoliczka, Str. F. iii. p. 220 (1875: Yarkand): Irly, Orn. Str. 
Gibr. p. 158 (1875: spring and autumn); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 154 
(1875); Blanf. East Bersia, ii. p. 280 (1876) ; Radakoff, Hand-
Atlas Nistend. Vog. pi- 18 (1876); Swinh. Ibis, 1876, p. 334 
(Japan); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 41 (1876: Sindh) ; Scully, t. c. 
p. 186 (Yarkand); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. p. 249 (1876) ; 
id. ii. p. 155 (1877: Poland, March to Sept.); Brjev. in Rowley's 
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 433 (1877: S.E. Mongolia; Yellow R. Valley; 
Dalai-nor; Tsaidam; Koko-nor; Lake Hanka); David et Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 422 (1877); JDanf. Ibis, 1878, jp. 33 (Zebil Taurus); 
Blakist. $• Fryer, i.e. p. 219 (Tokio, lokokama, Hakodadi); 
Butler, Str. F. vii p. 186 (1878: E. Narra) ; Fi/isch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, xxix. p. 242 (1879: Burgustai: Saissan ; Ala-kul; Omsk); 
Cones, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1882) ; Blakist 4* Fnter, B. 
Japan, p. 108 (1882); ltd. Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 108 {Yezo) ; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 120 (Kandahar); Irby. Ibis, 18b3, p. 187 
(Santander); Radde, Orn. Cam. pp. 44, 420 (1884: from 2000 to 
3500 feet, "breeding); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 68 (1884); 
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 228 (1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 267 (Central China): Marshall, t. c. p. 423 (Chamba); Blakist. 
Amended List B. Jap. p. 10 (1884: Japan generally); Coues, Key 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 605 (1884); Seelohm, Hid. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 57 (1885); Zarudn. Ois. Transcasp. p. 68 (1885 : Ahal-Tekke); 
Scully, J. A. S. Beng. Ivi. p. 87 (1887); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, 
p. 610; id. B. Z. S. 1888, p. 408 (Corea); Feilden, Zool 1888, 
p. 301 (Barbados, Dec.); Koeniq, J. f. O. 1858, p. 271 (Tunis); 
Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) v. pt. 3, p. SB (1889: N. Afghanistan) 
; Zilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 339 (Cyprus, winter); Meade-
Waldo, t c. p. 509 (Fuerteyentura) ; Seelohm, B. Jap. Emp. 
p. 312 (1890) ; Frivaldszky, Ave* Hung. p. 120 (1891) ; Madardsz, 
Erlliut Ausst. Ungar. Togelf. p. 102 (1891) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, 
pp. 330, 504 (Lower Yangtse, winter); Sharpe, Rep. 2nd Yarh. 
Miss., Aves, p. 138 (1891); Seelohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland) 
; Campbell, t. c. p. 246 (Corea); Be la Touche, t. c. p. 496 
(Foochow and Swatow, winter); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 203 
(Canary Is., winter). 
Charadrius yanellus, Ball Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 132 (1811); 
Wagl Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 37, sp. 47 (1827); Naum. Vor/. 
Beutschl yii. p. 269, Taf. 179 (1834) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 222 
(Astrakhan), p. 425 (Samarkand); id. Ibis, 1883, p. 28 (Caucasus). 

Vanellus gavia, Leach, Syst. Cat: Ma7irm. fyo. Brit Mus. p. 29 
(1816); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xi. pt. 2, p. 211 (1819) ; Licht 
Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol p. 95 (1854: Nubia). 

Charadrius gavia, Licht. Verz. Boubl p. 70 (1823: Egypt, Nubia). 
Vanellus bicornis, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl p. 557 (1831). 
Vanellus candidus, J. F. Naum. Yog. Beutschl yii. p. 276 (1834). 
Vanellus pallidus, J F. Naum. Vog. Beutschl vii. p. 276 (1834). 


169 

19 . VAHELLUS. 
Vanellus varius, J. F. Nawn. Vog. DeutsdiL vii. p. 27G (1834). 
The Pewit or Lapwing, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 417 (184=3). 
Vanellus vanellus, Licht. Nommcl. Av. Mm. Berol p. 95 (1854: 

Europe); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1886); Bidgio. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 172 (1887); Cory, B. West 2nd. p. 297 
(1889) ; Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croatica), p. 88 (1890); 
Sartert, Bis, 1892, p. 516 (E. Prussia). 

Vanellus cristatus communis, etc., A. F. Brehm, Verz. SammL C. Z. 
Brehm, p. 11 (1866; teste Dresser). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy olive-green, the scapulars 
purple at their tips; wing-coverts glossy steel-blue, with a greenish 
shade, more conspicuous on the median series ; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries with a sub-terminal 
patch of ashy white, the secondaries white at the base of the inner 
web; innermost secondaries glossy green; lower back and rump 
dusky brown, the latter slightly glossed with green; upper tail-
coverts cinnamon-rufous ; base of tail white, terminal half black, 
the feathers being slightly tipped with white, the black band 
decreasing in extent towards the outer feathers, which are entirely 
white, excepting a black patch on the inner web; crown black, 
with a slight greenish gloss, and ornamented with an occipital crest 
of elongated plumes; lores, fore part of cheeks, entire throat, and 
fore-neck black, with a slight greenish gloss; eyebrow, sides of 
face, sides of neck, and hind-neck as far as the occiput dull white, 
the eyebrow mottled with black above the eye, and below the latter 
a narrow streak of black extending along the upper edge of the 
ear-coverts; hind-neck slightly washed with brown, the lower 
sides of the neck metallic-green, extending down the sides of the 
fore-neck; remainder of under surface of body, from the fore-neck 
downwards, pure white, including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries; the coverts on the outside of the wing as well as the 
lower primary-coverts black, like the quill-lining; under tail-
coverts light cinnamon: " bill black; feet clear fleshy red; iris 
brown" (J". F. Neumann). Total length 13 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 8'8, tail 4'2, tarsus 1*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but the crest not so 
long and the black on the throat not developed so soon. Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 14, wing 8-5, tail 3*8, tarsus 1-6. 

Adult in ivinter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
having the throat white and the head brown, with the crest shorter; 
across the fore-neck a very broad band of black; feathers of the 
upper surface with fulvous edgings, which gradually wear off. 

Young. Coloured like the adults, but having all the feathers of 
the upper surface edged with sandy buff, including the wing-coverts 
and secondaries, the scapulars with a little purplish gloss; the crest 
very short; the eyebrow and sides of face and throat washed with 
aandy buff, with black marks before the eye, on the fore part of the 
cheeks and upper line of the ear-coverts. 

Hah. Europe generally, occurring in the southern countries in 
winter only, or on migration. Across Siberia to Japan and N. China, 
wintering in S. China and N.W. India. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b,c,d. Ad., juv., et 
pull. st. 
e,f. 
Ad. sestiv.; g. 
Pull. sk. 

h. PuU. sk. 
i. 
<3 ad. liiem. sk. 
k. 
PuH. sk. 
I. Juv, sk. 
m, n. (S $ ad. hiem. 
sk. 

o. $ juv. sk. 
p. 
$ ad. Mem. sk. 
q. <$ ad. hiern. sk. 
r. 
Ad. sestiv. sk.
s,t. <$ imm. hiem. 
sk. 

u. Ad. sk. 
v. $ ad. hiem. sk. 
w. tf ad. hiem. sk. 
x. Juv. hiem. sk. 
y, z. Ad. hiem. sk. 
a\ 
2 juv. hiem. sk. 

b'. Imm. hiem. sk. 

c'. c? imm. hiem. sk. 

d'. £ irnm. hiem. 

sk. 

e'. <S ad. hiem. sk. 

f. Juv. hiem. sk. 
g'. Ad. sk. 
h'. Juv. sk. 
i'. <S juv. hiem. sk. 
k'. 
<$ imm. hiem.; 

t, m\ § imm. 

hiem. sk. 
ri. Juv. hiem.; o\ 

5imm.hiem.sk. 
p\ S ad. sestiv. sk. 
q'. <$ ad. hiem. sk. 

r\ s\ Ad. hiem. sk. 

€. Ad. sk. 

u'. $ ad. hiem. sk. 

v\ w'. Imm. hiem. 
st. 
x\ <$ ad. hiem. st. 

if-a". Ad. hiem. st. 

CHAEADEHI)^;. 

Europe. 
British Islands. 


British Islands. 


Orkneys. 
Yarmouth, Feb. (Gunn). 
Norfolk Broads, May 27. 
Homney Marsh, Kent, July 


(B.B.S.). 

Pagham Harbour, Sussex, 
Sept., Feb. (J. E. Harting) 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 5 
(£. B. $.). 

Avington, Hants, Mav 19. 
Avington, Feb. 4 (G. & &). 

 Wiltshire. 

St. Bride's, South Wales, 

Dec, Jan. 
Tangiers. 
Egypt, Feb. 9. 
Beersheba, Palestine. 
Trebizond (Dickson Sf Boss). 
Mesopotamia (Commander 

Jones). 

Resht, Caspian Sea. 
Samarkand. 
Kashgar (Dr. Belleto). 
Kashgar, Oct. 23 (J. 

Scutty). 

Kashgar, Feb. 20. 


Kashgar, Dec. 10. 
Yarkand, May 24. 
Yarkand, June 2 (J. Scully). 
Zind-i-jan, Northern Afghani


stan (Dr. AitcTiison), 
Candahar, Nov., Dec. 

Quetta, Dee. (Sir O. St 

John). 
Quetta (Griffith). 
Pisheen Valley, Dec. 19 (Sir 

0. St John). 
Peshawur. 
Mittencote, R. Indus 

(Griffith). 
R Jhelum, Nov. 22 (A. 

o. jr.). 
Murdan, Punjab, Dec. 

Lower Hazara, Feb. 24 ( W. 

H. Unmn). 
Sirza Distr., Nov. 

Purchased. 

Gould CoH. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Seebohm CoH. 
Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
B,. B. Sharpe, Esq, 


[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 
Sir E. Shelley [P.]. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
(Type of V. gavia.) 
Hon. W. Edwardes


[P.I. 
Seebonm Coll. 
Shelley ColL 
CanonTristram [C.]. 
Gould Coll. 
India Museum. 
Sir O. St. John [0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum, 
Hume Coll. 


Colonel Biddulph 
[0,]. 

Dr. Stoliczta [0.1 
Dr. StoHczka [C.J. 
Hume Coll. 
A%han Delimitation 

Commission [PJ. 
Colonel SwinhoepP.]. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll, 

Colonel Way [P.], 

India Museum* 

Hume ColL 

Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 

Hume ColL 

20 . ETTRYPTERUS. 
171 

£",<;"• C? ad.; tf". $ Gilgit (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 


e". Ad, Mem. sk. Ladak (Stracliey). India Museum. 
/' . $ ad. sk. Delhi, Jan. 5 (A. 0. &.). Hume Coll. 
ff"-Vr/' d ad. Mem.: Gurgaon Distr., Dec. to Feb. Hume Coll. 

r\-u». $ ad. 

{W.N. Chill). 
Mem. sk. 

Hume Coll. 

v", w"7 x1'. c? ad. Etawah, Dec. to Feb, 
Mem.; y", s", a3. 
$ ad. Mem. sk. 

h3 Oudh, Jan. Hume Coll. 

. Ad. Mem. sk. 

Mynpuri, Nov. 21. Hume Coll. 

c3,d3. Ad.Mem.sk. 

3 Banks of the Gogra. Pinwill Coll. 

e. Ad. sk. 
3 Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 

f. 
Ad. aestiv.; g. 
Juv. Mem. sk. 
Oorea. 
C.W.CampbelLEsq. 

7iz. § ad. Mem. sk. 

[P.j. 
&, Ad. Mem. sk. China. 
J. R, Reeves, Esq, 

h3 

. Juv. sk. China. 
Lieut. Davies [P.]. 

P.
3 
AdrMem. sk. Ichang, Dec. A. Pratt, Esq. [0.]. 
m. Ad. sk. Kiukiang, Jan. 8. F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.l. 
Imm. sk. Chinkiang. Tweeddale Coll. 
<$ juv. Mem. sk. Canton (Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll. 
f Imm. Mem. sk. Foochow, Jan. (JK. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
Ad. hiem. sk. Fokien. Gould Coll. 
r3. Ad. Mem. sk. Yeddo, Japan, Feb. 9 (T. Seebohm Coll. 


Bldkiston). 
s3. Juv. Mem. sk. Yokohama (JS. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
t3. tf juv. Mem. sk. Nagasaki, Nov. 15. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.], 
u3, v3. Skeletons. England. Purchased. 
w3r x3. Skull & England. J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 


sternum. 
y3. Skull. England. Yarrell Coll. 
z3, <£. Sterna. M. Lefebvre. 


20. EURYPTERUS. 
Chettusia, pt., auct. recent. 
Mange. Egypt and Nubia, north to Southern Russia, and east to-
Turkestan and North-western India. 

1. Eurypterus leucurus. 
Charadrius leucurus, Licht. in Eversm. Beis. Orenb. nach Buchara, 
p. 137 (1823: Kuwan; Jan Darya); id. Verz. Bovhl p. 70 (1823) j 
Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 73, sp. 46 (1827). 
Vanellus viUotaei, Sav. Descr. de VBlgypte, pi. vi. fig. 2; Audouvn, 
JExpl Somm. I)escr. de VEgypte, p. 388, pi. vi. fig. 2 (1826); Less. 
Compl Buff., Ois. iii. p. 388 (1837); Bupp. Syst Uebers. p. 117 
(1845: Egypt & Nubia); Eeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856); 
Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 87 (1887: Afghan Turkestan). 

Vanellus flavipes, Less. TraiU d?Orn. p. 542 (1831). 
Vanellus grallarius, Less. TraiU $Orn. p. 524 (1831); Pucker. Bev. 
et Mag. de Zool 1851, p. 570; Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol 

p. 95 (1854; Nubia; Syria); JEartl J.f. 0.1855, p. 421. 
CHABADKIID3EL 

Vanellus leucurus, Blyth, J. A. S. Being, xiii. p. 387 (1844); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 541 (1847) ; Tierth. Xaum. 1852, p. 41; Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 95 (1854: Aral Lake); Brehm, 

J.f.O. 1854, p. 78; id. 1855, pp. 365, 486; Hartl. Orn. West-
Afr. p. 211 (1857: Senegal); Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 52 (E^rypt); 
SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 59 (1865: Egypt; Senaar; 
Senegal); Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: breeding); Badde, 
Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 419 (1884 : Caspian, winter); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 213 (1888). 
Vanellus villototsei, Crespon. Faune Merid. ii. p. 50 (1844: Herault). 

Lobivanellus leucurus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 261 (1849: 

Calcutta). 
Squatarola leueura, Peichenb. Grallte, tab. ci.fig. 676 (1852). 
Vanellus aralensis, Eversm. Bull. Acad. Sei. Moscoic, xxvi. pt. 2, 

p. 497 (1853). 
Cliettusia leueura, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 419 (1856): Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 452 (1859): Cavafy, Ibis, 1861, p. 210 
(Alexandria Market): Locke, Etpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii p. 273 
(1867: accidental visitor); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 531, pi. 529 
(1871) ; Severtz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 366 (Western Turkestan); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1876/p. 328; Salvin, Cat. Striehl. Coll. p. 599 
(1882: Kirghis Steppes) ; C. Swinhoe, Ibis, 18^2, p. 120 (Candahar, 
winter); Bogd. Consp. Ai\ Imp. Itos*. p. 69 (lb84: Central and 
lower valleys of the Ithers Syr-Daria and Amu Daria, towards 
the shores of Lake Aral; accidental near Sarepta); Murray, 

Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 229 (18b4): Salvad. Elenco Urc. Ital. 

p. 375 ^(1886: Malta); St. John, Ibis, ItoSW, p. 176 (Southern 
Afghanistan, winter). 
Chettusia aralensis, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 419 (1856). 
Cliettusia leueura, Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 98 (1864: Blue Nile); 

Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 646 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1865, ^f. 459, 462, 
466, pi. x.; Brehm, J.f.O. 1866, p. 3b6 ; Blyth, Ms, 1867, p. 165 
(crit.); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 146 (1867: Herault) ; 
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 390 (Umbala); Wright, Ibis, 1870, p. 491 
(Malta); Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 165 (1875) ; Zarudn. Ois. Transcasp. 
p. 68 (Askabad). 

Chettusia 
flavipes, Gray, Ha?id-l. B. iii. p. 11, no. 9956 (1871); 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 998 (1S73: Nile Delta; 
Eayouni; S. Kordofan); Hume, Str. F. I p. 232 (1873: Sindh; 
Punjab; Oudh; N. W. Prov.; Itajputana) ; Adams, t. c. p. 394 
(Sambhur); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 13 (1876: Ahmedabad; Deesa), 

v. p. 232 (1877); Hartert, Eat. Vogels. Senckenb. Mus. p. 215 
(1891: Schendi). 
Vanellus (Chettusia) leucurus, Cab. J.f.O. 1873, p. 80 (Sarepta; 

S. Russia). 
Chaetusia villotsei, Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 201 (1871). 
Chettusia villotsei, Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 233 (1872 : resident, Delta; 
Fayoum); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 280 (1876: S. Persia; 
Baluchistan, not in north or on Caspian); Butler, Cat. B. Sind 
etc. p. 58 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Gigl Ibis, 
1881, p. 208 (Malta); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 6^ (1881: Lucknow); 
Davidson, t. c. p. 319 (1882 : W. Khandeish); Sioinh. <§-Barnes, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 132 (Kerbulla); Gigl Avif. Ital. p. 375 (1886: 
Malta); id. 1st Besoc. p. 576 (1889). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, with a shade of glossy 

20 . ETTKYPIERUS. 
lilac on the back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, the latter 
being like the back; median wing-coverts ashy, with a broad white 
tip, preceded by a black bar, wider on the outer web; greater 
wing-coverts white, the outermost entirely so, the innor ones ashy 
grey at the base, with a black transverse mark across the outer web 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black; the secondaries 
pure white, the outer ones with a sub-terminal black band or a black-
mark on the outer web; the inner secondaries with a grey base and 
a black sub-terminal mark or band, the innermost secondaries like 
the back; upper tail-coverts and tail pure white; crown of head 
light brown like the back; base of forehead and an indistinct eyebrow 
isabelline white; lores, sides of face, and cheeks ashy brown; 
throat white; sides of neck and fore-neck ashy brown; chest and 
breast pale slaty grey, the feathers with whitish margins; abdomen 
and under tail-coverts pale vinous isabelline, the latter shading off 
into wnite ; sides of body, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure 
white; quills below black: li bill black; feet pale yellow; iris 
light red, with a tinge of orange " (6?. E. Shelley.) Total length 
10-5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 6*9, tail 2-9, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage, but smaller* 
Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 6-7, tail 2*7, tarsus 2*55. 
Hab. Erom South-eastern Europe to Turkestan, Egypt, and 

Nubia; wintering in Southern Afghanistan and N.W. India. 

a-d. S ? ad. Egypt, Eeb. {G. E. Shelley). Seebohm Coll 
sk. 

e. 
$ ad. sk. Alexandria, Dec. 14 {Stafford Seebohm Coll. 
Allen). 
Damietta, Feb. 21. Captain Shelley [C.]. 

f,g. cT$ ad. 
sk. 

Suakin. 
Captain E. H. Penton 

h. Ad. sk. 
[P.]. 

i. 
$ ad. sk. Hor Tamanib, Nubia (J. K. Seebohm Coll. 
Lord). 
h, I d $ ad. sk. Marshes of Babylonia (ComIndia 
Museum. 
mander Jones). 

m. J ad. sk. Shiraz Lake, S. Persia, June 8. "W. T. Blanford, Esqn. 
Ad. sk. Turkestan (JRussow). Seebohm Coll. 
o} p. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Bellexo). India Museum. 
q. Imm. sk. India (TV. Ewer). Gould Coll. 
r, 
s. d $ ad. Oandahar, Dec, March. Colonel Swinhoe [P.], 
sk. 

2 adsk* Jalk, Baluchistan, March 11. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

t.


[P.]. 
u, v. cJ $ ad* Sindh, Jan. {A. 0. K). Hume Coll. 
sk. 


Oumba, Upper Sind, Jan.Hume Coll. 

w. 5 ad. sk. 
(A. 
0. JET.). 
Hume Coll. 

x\ <$ ad. sk. Manchur Lake, Eeb. 9 (A. 0. 
H,). 

India Museum. 

y, z. Ad. sk. Loodiana (Griffith). 

Hume Coll. 

a'. Ad. sk. Samhhur Lake (E. M. Adam). 

174 
CHAEADE3XD-51. 

h'-f. <$ 2 ad. Sultanpur, Gurgaon Distr., Oct. Hunie Coll. 
sk. Dec, Feb. (A. 0. H. $ W. 
JST. Chill). 
o\ $ ad.; h'. Delhi, Maxell (C. T. Bingham). Hume Coll. 


Ad. sk. 
%\ Ad. sk. Sirsa (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 
k'-q'. 6 2 ad. Etawah, Nov., Jan. (A. 0. EX Hume Coll. 


sk. 
r'-tr, 2 a^-s^- FuttehghurDistr.,Nov. (A. An- Seebohm Coll. 


derson). 
u', v'. Ad. sk. Mogul Serai, Oudh, Xov. to Jan. Hume Coll. 
w', x1. Ad. sk. Oudh. Pinwill CoIL 
y1. 2 ad.sk. Darjeeling {Colonel Sharps). Seebohm Coll. 

2 ad sk

z'.-- Dinapiir, Feb. (W. JE. Brooks). Hume Coll. 
a". £ ad. sk. Depalpur, Jan. 5. Colonel Swinhoe rP.~\ 
£"-<*".<?? ad. Xandurbar,W.KandeLli?Dec.l8 Hume Coll. " J 

sk. (J". Davidson). 

21. 
CKffiTUSIA* 
Type. 
Chsetusia, 
J^>. Iconogr. Faun. ItaL, Uec. Intr. p. 17 
(1841) C. gregaria. 

Range. From South-eastern Europe, east to Turkestan and the 
Altai Mountains, south to KE . Africa and the Indian peninsula. 

1. Chsetusia gregaria. 
Charadrius 
gregarius, Pall. Beis. Buss. BeidiSj i. p. 456 (1771: 
Volga); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 684 (17S8); JBvers?n. Beis. Orenb. 
nach Buchara, p. 136 (1823 : Steppes north of the Aral); LichU 
Verz. Doubt, p. 70 (1823); Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Muss. Mirid. 

iii. p. 235, tab. iii. (1840: Steppes of Black Sea, Crimea) : Bree9 
B. Eur. iv. p. 162 (1875). 
Tringa fasciata, S. G. Gmelin, Beis. Buss?, i. p. 194, tab. 26 (1774; 
Astrakhan; tipper Volga). 
Tringa keptuschka, Lepeeh. Togeb. Beis. Bussl Beichs, i. p. 229, 
footnote b (1774: teste D?-esser). 
Gregarious Plover, Lath. Gen. St/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 2CM3 (1785). 
Charadrius keptuschka, Wagl. Syst. A v., Charadrius, p. 73, sp. 45 

(1827). 
Vanellus coronatus (nee Zinn.)f Biipp. Sytt* Uebers. p. 117 (1845) • 
Eeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856); Drehm, J.f O. 18B7, p. 383. ' 
Black-sided Sandpiper, Gray in Eardw. BL Ind. ZooL i. pi. 50 
(1835: Cawnpore). 
Vanellus keptuschka, Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 292 (1837); Temm. Man. 
d'Om. iv. p. 360 (1840); Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 463. 

Vanellus gregarius, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 4' N. Amer. p. 46 (1838); 
id. Iconogr. Faun. Ital p. 115, tav. 41 (1838); Jaub. et Bartk-
Zapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 450 (1859: Schlrolle, near Grenoble); 

Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 42 (not observed in Malta) ; Schl. Mm. 
Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 58 (1865: Lower Volga; Senaar) j Borqgr 
Vogelf. Norddeutsehl p. 109 (1869); Wright, Ibis, 1869, pp. 251253 
(Malta) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai); Severtz. Turhest. 
Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); JSeebohm, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 416; id. Geogr. 

* 
Cf. Salvad. Ibis, 1888, pp. 320-325,1890, pp. 124-126. 
21 . CH-ZBTTJSIA. 
175 
Distr. Charadr. p. 211 (1888) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 537 
(1889: Lancasliire) ; Irby, Key List Brit. B. 2nded. p. 49 (1892). 
Vanellus centralis (nee Wagl), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 214. 
no. S66 (1840: teste Jerdon). 

Ohettusia gregaria, Bp. Iconogr. Faun. Ital Introd. p. 17 (1841); 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 541 
(1847); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus.Berol p. 95 (1854: Aral Lake); 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 238 (Oudh, Jan. to March); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 

p. 644 (1864: Jalna, Deccan; Mhow, C. India; Loodiana); Degl. 
et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 144 (1867); Fritsch, Fog. Bur. tab. 33. 
fig. 11 (1870); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 11, no. 9953 (1871) j Stoliczha, 
J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 250 (1872: dutch); Shelley, B. Fgypt, 
p. 233(1872: Girgeh-Siout); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, 
p. 996 (1873: autumn and winter; JECordofan; Takah; Senaar; 
sandy banks of Rabad and Atbara); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 231 
(1873); Adam, t. c. p. 394 (Sambhur); Mayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 416 (Kathiawar); Dresser, B. Bur. vii. p. 527, pi. o28 (1875) ; 
id. Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 12 (1876 : Mt. Aboo; 
Guzerat) ; Hume, t. c. p. 13; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. 
p. 155 (1877: Lublin, Sept.); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877: 
Deesa); Davidson fy Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 88 (1878: Deccan, 
cold season); Bogd. B. Caue. p. 150 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind 
etc. p. 58 (1879); Finsch, Verhandl z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. 
(1879: Semipalatinsk, May; Steppes of Maitjerek, June); Hume, 
Str. F. Tiii. p. 112 (1879); tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 82 (1880: Ratnagiri); 
Butler, t. c. p. 426 (Belgaum); Barnes, t c. p. 459 (Ohaman); 
Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Ires. p. 73 (1880); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 95; Scully, t. c. p. 587 (Gilgit); Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 208 
(Rome, Nov.); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 65 (1881: Lucknow) ; Salvin, 
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 599 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 221 
(Astrakhan, summer); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 319 (1882: Western 
Khandeish); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 74 (Bash-Alai, Sept.); Bogd. 
Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 69 (1884: Steppes of Tchernoz^m, from 
51-53° N. lat.; Crimea; Steppes of the Don, Volga, and Caucasus 
; N. Aralao-Caspian region; Russian Simgaria) j JRadde, 
Orn. Cauc. pp. 44, 419 (1884: Ponto-Caspian region; rare in 
Trans-Caucasia, Chram River, Algetka, and Lenkoran); Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 229 (1884); Zarudn. Bull Soe. Imp. Nat. 
Moscou, 1885, p. 68 (Askhabo, Aug.); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 375 
(1886: Rome; Nice); Salvad. Flenco TJcc. Ital p. 208 (1886); 
Giglioli, Avif. Ital 1st Besoc. p. 576 (1889); id. 2nd Besoc. 
p. 647 (1890); Bmsina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat.) p. 93 (1890); 
Sharpe, Sci. Results 2nd Yarh. Miss., Aves, p. 93 (1891: Panjah); 
Hartert, Fat. Vogels. Senckenb. Mus. p. 215 (1891: Schendi). 
Chastusia 
gregaria, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Khartoum); 
Reichenb. Grail Taf. 181. figs. 2430-31, Suppl. xlvii. (cii.)figs. 104849 
(1852); Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 68 (Egypt); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, 

p. 389 (Umbala). 
Vanellus pallidus, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 55 (1856: Steppes of 
East Senaar and Takah). 
Chettusia wagleri, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 11, no. 9954 (1871). 

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy brown, the centre of 
the lower back rather darker; sides of the lower back, lower rump, 
and upper tail-coverts pure white, as well as the basal two-thirds 
of the tail, which is tipped with white, before which is a broad band 

176 
CHARADKIIDJ3. 

of "black, gradually diminishing in size towards the outer feathers,, 

and entirely disappearing on the two outermost rectriees, which 

are entirely white; wing-coverts light brown, a 
little darker than 

the back, the greater series white, with brown bases; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries pure white, the 

innermost light ashy brown like the back; forehead, and a broad 

superciliary band encircling the nape, creamy white; crown of 

head and nape black* lores and a streak behind the eye black; 

below the eye a line of white; cheeks and ear-coverts pale isabelline 

brown, extending on to the sides of the neck and round the hind-

neck, as well as over the throat; lower throat, fore-neck, and breast 

dark ashy brown 
or stone-grey; lower breast and abdomen blacky 

with a patch of chestnut on the lower abdomen ; lower flanks, 

thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure 

white; primaries black below: " bill and feet black; iris dark 

brown " (6?. K Shelley). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 8, 

tail 3*5, tarsus 2*35. 

AclvM female. Does not differ from the male in plumage. Total 

length 12 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 7*8, tail 3*4, tarsus 2*35. 

Young. Differs from the adults hi being rather darker brown, 

and in having sandy margins to the feathers of the upper surface ; 

the head brown like the back; lores white ; under surface of body 

white, with no black on the breast or red on the abdomen, and the 

chest mottled with black edgings to the feathers or by heart-shaped 

spots in the centre of the latter: "bill black; feet black, very 

faintly tinged with lake in many specimens, though this colour is 

scarcely observable; iris blackish or very dark brown,y (K A. 

Butler). 

There is no evidence before me that this Plover has any winter 

plumage, though I have not seen any black-breasted birds killed in 

the autumn. All the birds in the Museum shot at that time of 

year appear to be young ones, with remains of sandy margins on 

the feathers; these are still to be seen as late as February, by 

which time, however, most of the birds are in full plumage, or are 

engaged in moulting into it. The females are a 
little more back


ward than the males in the moult. See Colonel Butler's remarks 

(Str. P. iv. p. 13). It is probable that the old birds have sandy-

buff margins to the feathers in the winter plumage, as would appear 

to be the case with the Common Pewit ( Vanellus vanellus). 

Hah. The same as that recorded above for the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Lower Volga (Henke). Gould Coll. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Lower Volga (Henke). Seebohm Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Trebizond (Dickson fy Moss). Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Mesopotamia (CommanderJones). India Museum. 
f. g. Ad. sk. Samarkand. 
Seebohm Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Altai Mountains. Brandt Coll. 
L h. 
Ad. sk. Omsk. St. Georpre Littledale, 
Esq.*.]. 

a&-sk ^tePPes

1. 
2 °f Maiterek, S. Altai, Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 
June 4, 
22. STEPHAEIBTX.
m-t. Ad. et juv. Afghanistan {Griffith).
sk. 

u. Ad. skv, w. S $ ad.
sk.
a\ c? imm. sk.
y, a. $ imm.

sk. 
a\b'. djimm.
sk.
c'-ti. Ad. et

imm. sk. 
i', k'. Ad. sk.
I'. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.

ri. Juv. sk.

o. 2 ad. sk.
/ . Ad.sk.
q',r'. S ? imm.

sk.
a'. $ imm. sk.
t'. <j ad. sk.

u'~w'. <$ J ad.
et imm. sk.
x\ <$ ad. sk.

y\ Ad. sk.

z'-d". Imm. sk.

e"-g": S 2 ad.

et imm. sk.
h",i". c?$ad.
sk.
Jc", V. $ 2 ad.

* sk. 
Peshawar, March 27.

 Cumba, Upper Sind, Jan. (A. 0. 
JET.). 
Jacobabad, Oct. 
Deesa, Oct. 20 (^L.JBl £w*for).

 Sambhur, Dec, Oct. (22. Jfef.

 Adam), 

 Sirsa, March.

 Murdan, Feb., March.

 177 
India Museum. 
Colonel Way [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Ferozepur, Nov. 11 {A. 0. JET.). Seebohm Coll. 

 Bhawulpur, Feb. (<?. # X. Mar


 Mozuffurnuggar, Jan. 15 (G. F.

L. Marshall). 
Gilgit, April 7.

 Umbala. 
Umbala, Feb., Nov. (J?. C. Bea


van). 
Umbala, Feb. (Br. Scott). 
Kalpee, Bundelkund, Feb. 8

(G. F. L. Marshall). 
Sultanpur; Gurgaon, March, Oct.

 (W. N. Chill). 
Gurgaon Bistr., Feb. 19 (A. O.
JET.). 

 Delhi. 
Etawah, Nov., Dec. 
Futtehgurh Bistr., Oct.,


 (A. Anderson). 
Shada,p Khandeish, Feb.

 Davidson). 

 Ahmednuggar, Feb.,

 Feb.

 {J. 
March

 (S. B. Fairbank). 
22. STEPHABTIBYX. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Col], 

 Colonel Biddulph 
[0-]


 ColonelMarshall [P.]. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Type. 

Stephanibyx, Mekhenh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852).. S. coronatus. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Forehead black; crown black, with a broad 
line of white encircling it, followed by a 
broad band of black ,
b. Forehead white j crown uniform ashy or dusky 
brown. 
a'. Larger: under wing-coverts entirely white; 
throat whitish; lower throat ashy grey, 
followed by a broad band of black on the 
fore-neck

b\ 
Smaller: under wing-coverts white, but the 
outer ones and the lower primary-coverts 
TOL. XXIV.

 coronatus, p. 178. 

melanopterus, p. 180. 

K 

178 
CHAEADEIIDJE. 

brown; throat whitish; lower throat ashy 
brown, with a narrow line of blackish on 
the fore-neck inomatus, p. 182. 

1. Stephanibyx coronatus, 
Pluvier clu Cap de Bonne E^perance, BAubent. PI. Enl ix. pi. 800. 
Pluvier couronne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 101 (1761). 
Charadrius coronatus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 49 (1783); Gm. Syst. 

Nat. i. p. 691 (1788); Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 749 (1790) ; Bonn. 
JEnc. Meth. i. p. 19 (1790); Licht. Terz. Doubl p. 70 (1823); 
Wagl. Syst. Ai\, Charadrius, p. 56, sp. 5 (1827); Grill, Zool. 
Anieckn. pp. 11, 52 (1859 : Georgetown, Knysna). 

Black-crowned Plover, Penn. Arct. Zool ii. p. 485 (1785: New 

York I) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. l^p. 210 (1785). 
Wreathed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 216 (1785). 
Charadrius atricapillus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 086 (1788) ,* Lath. Ind. 

Orn. ii. p. 745 (1790). 
Pluvianns coronatus, Steph. in Sha?v1s Gen. Zool. xi. p. 488 (1819). 
Chettusia coronata, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844: Cape 

Colony); Cab. in Von der Beckens Beis. iii. p. 46 (18G9); Fimch 
$ Marti. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 636 (1870) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. 
Bam. Ld. p. 268 (1872: Damara and Great Namaqua Lands ; 
Okavango R.; Otjimbinque, resident); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 426 
(1881: Humbe); Sharpe, in Gates' Matabele-La?id, A pp. B, 

p. 325 (1881 it Bischofs Farm) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Hart 
River); Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 600 (1882: Damara); Sharpe, 
ed. LayaroVs B. S. Afr. p. 670 (1884: throughout the Colony, 
Port Elizabeth, and East London ; Brit. Caffraria, to the west of 
the Fish River; Natal; Transvaal) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 
i. p. 391 (1884: Little Aruseha; Par£; Pangani and Bongo 
Rivers) ; Bohm, J.f.O. 1885, p. 51; Fischer, t. c. p. 116 (Steppes 
from Pare to Nguruman); Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 417 (Somaliland) 
; Oust. Bibl.IIaut. Etudes, xxxi, art. 10, p. 12 (1886: Somaliland) 
; Beichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47 (Kijungu); Bi'tttik. Notes 
Lei/d. Mus. xi. p. 78 (1889 : Hurnpata, Cunene); Beichen. J.f.O. 
1892, p. 7. 
Hoplopterus 
coronatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 260 (1849); Strickl $ Scl. Contr. Orn. 
1852, p. 159 (Damara-land.); Licht. Nomencl. A v. Mus. Berol. 

p. 95 (1854); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 294 (1867: throughout the 
Colony) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii, p. 13, no. 9977 (1871); Buckley, 
Ibis, i874, p. 387 (Natal); Barratt, Ibis, 1876,p. 191 (Transvaal); 
Butler, Feilden, $ Beid, Zool 1882, p. 336 (Estcourt, Nov.). 
jEgialitis coronatus, Reichenb. Grail. Taf. xcix. fig. 704 (1852). 
Stephanibyx coronatus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852); 
Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 419 (1856); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. 

p. 220 (1884: Daimbi, Shoa). 
Vanellus dinghami, Verreaux, Bev. Zool 1855, p. 220. 
Stephanibyx dinghami, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 419 (1856). 
Vanellus coronatus, Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 82 (1865); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 49 (Natal); Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 300 (Transvaal, 
breeding); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 222 (1888) ; 
Beichen. Toy. Deutsche Ost-Afr. p. 35 (1894: Massai-land ; 
Aruscha; Nguruman; Ugogo; Igdnda; Uhyanyembe; Mpapwa • 
Bakome'). 

Adult male. General colour above 'brown, including the scapulars 

22 . STEPHANIBYX. 
and wing-coverts, the greater series with broad white tips, forming 
a band on the wing • bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, the 
inner feathers white; quills black, the primaries white at the base 
of the inner web, the secondaries white at the base of both webs, 
increasing towards the inner ones, which are white with a black 
tip and then become entirely white; the innermost secondaries 
brown like the back; upper tail-coverts and base of tail pure white, 
the terminal half of the tail black with a white tip, the black 
decreasing in extent towards the outer feathers, where it forms a 
sub-terminal band only ; lores and a frontal band black, continued 
in a broad eyebrow to the nape, where it joins and forms a band, 
encircling another white band which surrounds a black patch on 
the top of the head; ear-coverts, sides of neck, fore-neck, and chest 
ashy brown, darker in the latter, and succeeded by a narrow band 
of black across the breast; fore part of face and throat whitish; 
lower breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, under 
wing-coverts, and axillaries, pure white: " bill bright red, except 
the points of the mandibles, which are horn-coloured; feet bright 
red, but the toes are tinged with dark purple on the upper surface ; 
iris yellow" (0. J. Jndersson). Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 

1*35, wing 8*4, tail 3-6, tarsus 3. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 11*5 
inches, wing 7*7. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but browner, and having the 

feathers of the upper parts barred and margined with sandy buff, 

before which is a sub-terminal dark bar; crown of head brown, with 

sandy edges to the feathers, the ring round the coronal patch being 

sandy buff, white only round the occiput; lower throat and fore-

neck ashy brown, strongly washed -with sandy buff. 

Hah. South Africa, to East Africa as far north as Shoa and 

Somali-land, on the west to Damara-land. _ 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Tweed dale Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. Lord Lilford [PA 
c. P ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. Atmoj-e). Seebohm Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. P ad. 8k. Natal, Nov. (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
/. S ad. sk. Natal, May 14 (T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll. 
y. J ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, May 18. Capt. Savile Eeid 
h, i. S 2 a(*-sk» Burg Mount; Durban, June Seebohm Coll. 
(Gordye). 


h. Juv. sk. Elephant River. Purchased. 
I $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
m Pjuv.sk. Potchefstroom, Jan. (T. Ayres). Gumey Coll. 
n. (S ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-land, March W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
(F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
<?, p,q. <$ $ ad. Damara-land, March, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. (C. J. Anderssori). 


r. Ad. sk. Otjirnbinque, Damara-laud, Tweeddale Coll. 
Aug. 4 (C. J. Andersson). 
s Ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W. B. Karris). India Museum. 


sr "2 

ISO 
CHAEABEIID^. 

2. Stephanibyx melanopterus. 
Cliaradrius melanopterus, Creizschm. in Riipp. Atlas, p. 46, pi. 31 
(1826); Less. Compl. Buff. ix. p. 409 (1837) ; Hupp. Syst. Uebers. 

p. 118 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Heugl. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 66 (1856); Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 212, note (1857); 
Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23 (British Kaffraria). 
Cliaradrius spixii, Wagler, Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 57, sp. 7 (1827). 
Chettusia ? melanoptera, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1844). 
iEgialitis melanopterus, Reichenb. Grail. Taf. xcix. fig. 705 (1846). 

^ Hoplopterus spixii, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847). 
%4A t'-R(^VT4^^Cliaradrius frontalis, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-AJcad. Fork. Stockholm, 
«~a«^«_U 1850, p. 110. 

Hoplopterus melanopterus, LicTit. Nomenel. Av. Berol. p. 95 (1854); 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 294 (1867: Natal; Mossel Bay) ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 13, no. 9978 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 
pt. i. p. 1010 (1871: Mensa; from Hamasien south to Galla-land ; 
not west of Lake Tana); Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. 

p. 216 (1891: Jeddah). 
Stephanibyx spixii, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 419 (1856). 
Yanellus melanopterus, Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 217 (Natal) ; id. 
op. cit. 1862, p. 38; Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. iv. p. 52 
(1865) ; Harting, Ibis, 1869, p. 309; Seebohn, Ibis, 1887, p. 344 
(Natal); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 224 (1888). 

Vanellus spixii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 63 (1865). 

Chettusia 
melanoptera, Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 429 (1870: 
7000-10,000 feet); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 328 (1870) ; id. $ 
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 638 (1870) ; Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. 
BOQOS, p. 144 (1873: Assus, Samhar) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. 

S. Afr. p. 669 (1884: Grahamstown; Eland's Post; Pt. Elizabeth 
; British Kaffraria); Reichen. J. f O. 1887, p. 47 (Ugaia); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 544 (Machako's). 
Stephanibyx 
melanoptera, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 220 
(1884: Shoa); id. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 310 (1888: Shoa). 
Vanellus inornatus (nee Sivains.), Shelley, Ibis, 1893, p. 29 (Mpirnbi), 
1894, p. 26 (Tschiromo). 

Adult female. General colour above dark brown, with, a slight 
gloss of coppery lilac; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, 
the latter tipped with white and having a sub-terminal line of black 
on the lowest series; the greater coverts pure white, the inner ones 
brown at the base and finally marked, like the median series, with a 
sub-terminal line of blackish; bastard-wing brown; primary-coverts 
and quills black, the outer secondaries white at the base, the white 
increasing on the adjoining ones till the ends of the outer web only 
are marked with black; inner secondaries pure white, but the 
innermost brown like the back ; lower back and rump rather more 
dusky brown than the back; upper tail-coverts and tail pure white, 
with a broad sub-terminal band of black, followed by a narrow 
white tip, the black band decreasing in width towards the outer 
feathers, and even becoming imperfect on the outermost feather ; 
head and neck all round ashy grey, shading off into the brown of 
the mantle, and becoming darker and more slaty grey on the lower 
throat and fore-neck, and followed by a distinctly-marked band of 
blue-black on the chest; chin whitish; lores and a broad frontal 

22. STEPHANIBYX* 
181 

band white; remainder of under surface of body, from the chest 
downwards, white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries: 
"bill black; feet dark scarlet, the toes more dusky; iris pale 
yellow,* eyelids scarlet" {Th. von ffeuc/lin). Total length 10 
inches, culmen 1-15, wing S-5, tail 2-75, tarsus 2*3. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the head brown like the 
back, without any white on the forehead; throat and fore-neck 
also light brown, followed by an indistinctly-marked band of black 
on the chest; wings and tail as in the adult. 

Hah. Prom Arabia, Abyssinia, and Shoa south to Nyasa-land 
and the Eastern Cape Colony. 

a. c? inim. sk. Abyssinia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Tekoonda, Tigre, March 4. W. T. Blanlbrd,Esq. 
[P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Tschiromo, Nyasa-land, Sept. 
H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
(A. Whyte). 
C.B. [P.]. 
d. <S ad. sk. Mpirnbi, Upper Shire* River, 
H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
Feb. 20 {A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 

e. <5 ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). 
Seebohm Coll. 

f. d ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
g. h, i. 
Ad. et Kingwilliamstown, April, May. Major Trevelyau[P.]. 
imm. sk. 
k. 
Ad. sk Cape Colony, Oct. 6 (Sir A. Gould Coll. 
Smith). 
3. Stephanibyx inornatus. 
Vanellus inornatus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 239 (1837); HartL 
Om. W.-Afr. p. 212 (1857: Gambia; Ashantee; Aguapim; 
Elmina) ; Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 63 (1865: Elmina) j 
Bilttik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii, p. 235 (1885: Buluma, W. 
Liberia), viii. p, 265 (1886); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 350 (Durban); 
Bilttik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 100 (1888), xi. p. 136 (1889); 
Seebohm) Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 225 (1888: Durban, Natal); 
Beichen. Vog. BeutscL-Ost-Afr. p. 35 (1894: Ugalla). 

Hoplopterus inornatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847). 
Hoplopterus spinosus, juv. ?, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 418 (1856). 
Charaorius melanopteroides, Temm., teste Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 

Cursores, p. 63 (1865). 
Chettusia inornata, Beichen. J.f. 0.1864, p. 381 (Gold Coast); id. 

J.f. 0. 1877, p. 11 (Loango); Sharpe § Bonder, Bull. Soc. ZooL 
France, iii. p. 79 (1878: Lower Congo); FischerfyBeichen. J.f. 0. 
1880, p. 139 (Zanzibar, Julv); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 425 (1881); 
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 598 (Melinda). 
Adult. Similar to 8. melanopterus, but very much smaller, browner, 
and with an oiiy-green gloss on the upper parts ; head brown like 
the back, with a small frontal patch of white; lores, sides of face, 
throat, and fore-neck ashy grey, darker on the fore-neck, and 
followed by a band of black across the chest; chin and upper throat 
whitish. The wings are differently coloured to those of S. melanopteruS) 
the wing-coverts being brown like the back, with only a 
narrow white tip to the greater series; the outer secondaries are 

182 CHAKADEIJGD^. 

white, with brown bases, which decrease in extent towards the 
inner quills ; the tail is similarly coloured to that of >$'. melanoptcrus, 
but the black band disappears on the outer feathers, which are 
entirely white; the under wing-coverts and axillaries are white, but 
those along the edge of the wing and the lower greater coverts are 
brown like the lining of the quills, which have no white bases : 
" bill black; feet reddish brown; iris orange-yellow " (J. Biltti-
Icofer). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*0, wing 6-5, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 2*4. 

Bah. "West Africa, from Liberia to the Loango coast. East Africa. 
from the Zanzibar district, south to Xatal. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Accra, Gold Coast. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Accra (Aubi/m). Sharpe Coll. 
23. SaUATABOLA. 
Type 
Sqnatarola, Leach. Syst. Cat. Mamm. § Birch Brit. 
Mas. p. 29 (lbl6) S. helvetica. 

Range. Almost cosmopolitan. 

1. Squatarola helvetica. 
The Grev Plover, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 72, pL 70 (173S) ; 

Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 413 (1843). 

Le Vanneau gris, Briss. Orn. v. p. 100, pi. ix. fisr. 1 (17G0) ; 

D'Aubent. PL Bnl viii. pi. 854. 

Le Vanneau varie, Briss. Orn. v. p. 103, pi. ix. fi>. 2 (1760); 

D'Anient. PI Enl viii. pi. 923. 

Le Vanneau de Suisse, Briss. Orn. v. p. 100, ipl. x. Hsr. 1 (1760^: 

D'Aitbent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 853; Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 60 

(1781). 

Tainga helvetica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (17G6): Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. G76 (1788). 
Tringa varia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 252 (1706): Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 
p. 662 (1788). 
Tringa squatnrola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 252 (176ft); &op. Ann. J. 
p. 101 (17G9); Gm. Syst. Nat. I p. €82 (1788); Ohapm. Trav. 
S. Afr.il p. 416(1808). 
Charadrius hypomelas, IJa!L Bets. Muss. Pewits, iii. p. 699 (1773) ; 
Wagl. Syst Ai\, Charadrius, p. 71, sp. 43 (1827). 
Le Vanneau-Pluvier, Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 68 (1781). 
Swiss Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 167 (1785). 
Grey Sandpiper, Lath. t. e. p. 108. 
Grey Sandpiper, var. A, Lath. t. c. p. 169. 
Charadrius naevius, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788); Less. Man. 

^ a?Orn. ii. p. 324 (1828). 
Vanellus melanogaster, Beehst. Nature/. Devischl. iv. p. 356 (1809) ; 
Temm.Man.d'Orn. ii. p. 547 (1820); Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. 

xiii. p. 186 (1821); Werner^ Atlas, Courews, pi. 15 (1827); 
Stvains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 370 (1831: Hudson's Bay) ; 
Holboell, Orn. Beitr. Favn. Graml. p. 37 (1846); Crespon. 6m. 
Gard, p. 367 (1840); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 153 (1875). 
23 . SQUATAKOLA.. 
183 

Cliaradrius hypomalanus, Pall. Zoogr, Rosw-Asiat. ii. p. 133 (1811); 

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 235 (1840). 
Charadrius pardela, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 14:2 (1811). 
Cliaradrius apricarius (nee L.), Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 41, pi. 57. 

l ,l 

tig. 4 (1814).
Squ itarola grisea, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit. Mus. p. 29 
(1816: Bristol); Less. Traiti oVOrn. p. 543 (1831); Olphe-Galliard, 
Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc, xiii. p. 5 (189U). 
Squatarola squatarola, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 467 (1817): Less. Man. 
/Om. ii. p. 308(1828). 
Vandlus helveticus, Vieill N. Diet. d'Eist. Nat. xxxv. p. 215 
(1819) ; id. Fnc. Meth. iii. p. 1077 (1823) ; Roux, Orn. Pror. 
pi. 279 (1825); Jauh. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 449 
(1859) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 142 (Malta, spring and autumn). 
Squatarola varia, Boie. Isis, 1822, p. 558; Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. 

p. 553 (1831) ; id. Vogelf. p. 284 (1855); Gurneij in Anderss. B. 
Dam. Ld. p. 270 (1872) ; Hartl. Vdg. Madaq. p. 286 (1877). 
Cliaradrius 
helveticus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 70 (1823); Audub. B. 
Amer. pi. eccxxxiv. (c. 1826); id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 280 (1838) ; 
id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 199, pi. 315 (1842); Nordm. J.f.O. 1858, 

p. 311 (Kajana, below (54° N.) ; Collett, Overs. Christ Omegns 
Om. Faun. p. 179 (1864); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 222 (Astrakhan) 
; id. t. c. p. 390 (Archangel) j id. Ibis, 1883, p. 28 (Caucasus); 
Tristr. Faun. §• Flor. Palest, p. 129 (1884: S. of Beyrout); 
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 44 (1885); id. Geoqr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 102 (1888); id. Bis, 1888, p. 347 (Great Liakoff Isl., June); 
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Richmond and 
Clarence Elvers; Victoria; S. Australia ; Tasmania; W. Australia) 
; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan, Oct.) ; Seebohm, 
B. Japan. Fmp. p. 304 (1890); Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 
(Corea). 
Squatarola 
cinerea, Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. Il l (1828); Gould, B. 
Fur. iv. pi. 290 (1837) ; Rodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail. 
pi. 47. no. 672 ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844); Thomps. 

B. Irel ii. p. 106 (1850); R. Gray, B. West JScotL p. 262 (1871) ; 
Saxby, B. Shetl p. 187 (1884). 
Squatarola 
helvetica, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 554 (1831); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. £ N.A?ner.\). 40 (1838); Keys.#Bias. Wirb. 
Fur. pp. lxx, 207 (1840); Selys-Lonf/ch. Faun. Be'lg. p. 121 (1842); 
Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl. p. 95 (1844) ; Gray, List Gralke 
Brit Mus. p. 62 (1844) ; id. Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 

p. 131 (1846); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. 
iii. p. 543 (1847); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 12 (1848); Blyth, Cat 
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849 : Calcutta) ; Strichl. P. Z. S. 1850, 
p. 220 (Kordofan) ; Reichenb. Vdg. Neirfioll. no. 549 (1851); 
id. Grail Taf. ci. figs. 673-675 (1852); Sol. Contr. Orn. 1852, 
p. 126 (Red Sea); Strickl. fy Scl. t e. p. 158 (Damara-land); 
Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. xxx. fig. 3 (1852); Wallengr. Nairn. 
1853, p. 87,1854, p. 249 (Scandinavia); Motl. $ Dillw. Contr. 
Nat Hist Labuan, p. 56 (1855); Ileuyl. Syst Uebers. p. 55 
(1856); Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. pp. 213, 275 (1857: Ashanti); 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 697 (1858); Bryant, Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. 
Hist vii. p. 121 (1859 : Bahamas); Schre?ick, Reis. Amurl. p. 409 
(1859); Linderm. Vdg. Grieehenl. p. 133 (1860); Stoinhoe, Ibis, 
1860, p. 63 (Amoy); Newt. t. c. p. 201 (Mauritius) ; Poivys, t c. 
p. 339 (Epirus and Corfu); Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 363 (Halma-
W); Hartl Fawi. Madagase. p. 72 (1861); id. J. f. 0. 1861, 
184 CHABABBIULH. 

p. 268 (Senegal); Bernhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 9 (Greenland): Swinhoe, 
t. c. pp. 51, 342 (Canton; PeMn); Xeictoa, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 398, 
pi. 39. Jig. 2 (egs:) • Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, p. 205 (Jamaica); 
Gray, List Brit. B. p. 138 (1863); Blaldst. Ibis, 1863, p. 130 
(Budson's Bay); Swinh. t. c. p. 404 (Formosa); id. P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 309 (China); Badde, Beis. Sibir., Yog. p. 322 {1^03j; Simdev. 
Sv. Fogl pi. 36. fig. 4 (1856-72): March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1864, p. m (Jamaica); Scl P. Z. S. 1864, p. 178 (Mexico); Jerd. 
B. Lid. iii. p. 635 (1864); Sperling, Ibis, lb64, p. 286 (Mediterranean, 
winter); Xordm. J.f 0.1864,p.372 (LaplandI; Salvad. 
J.f.O. 1865, p. 284 (Sardinia); Salcin, Ibis, 1865, p. 190 (Guatemala) 
; Gurney, t. c. p. 271 (Monocusi River): Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. ii. p. 224 (1865); Gundl. Pepert. FisicoSat. Cuba, i. 
p. 358 (1866); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. yiii. p. 295 (1806: ^'ew 
York); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 34 (Texas) : Salvin, t. e. p. 196 
(Ckiapam); Locke, ExpL Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 260 (18(57J; Baird, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 286; Newt. t. c. p. 359 (Seychelles); Brake, t. c. 
p. 429 (Marocco); Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 359 (Zanzibar); 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 295 (1867); Gramlid. Ilev. et Mag. de ZooL 
1867, p. 419 (E. Coast Madagascar); Sperling, Ibis, lftU^, p. 291 
(Zanzibar); Tristr. t. c. p. 322 (Palestine); Smith, t. c. p. 453 
(Portugal); Collett, Gorges Fugle, p. 4b (1868); Ugh. 4* Parvex, 
J.f. 6. 1868, p. 337 (DarasunJ; Borggr. Toqelf. Xorddeiitwhl. 
p. 109 (1869); Doderl AvifSicil. p. 177 (Witf); Bro«te, Vogehc. 
Borkum, p. 141 (1869) ; Saunders, Ibis, lb09, p. 173 (Spain); 
Ball fy Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 290 (lbt»9: Yukon 1th er, 
breeding); Cab. in von der Deckers Beise, iii. p. 46 (1^691; 
Elwes 4* Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Turkey): Fritsch. J"or/. Eur. 
tab. 38. figs. 7, 8 (1870); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 300 (Hainan, 
March); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 386 (Malaga, May) ; Fritsch. J. 
f O. 1871, p. 383 (Bohemia); Sahad. Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 202 
(1871); Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 117 (Arctic America); Swinh. 
i. c. p. 403 (Coast of China in winter); Pels, Orn. Bras. pp. 296, 
454 (1871: Cajutuba); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 13, no. 9980 
(1871); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 455, pis. 515. fiir. 2, 517. fig. 2, 
518. %• 2 (1871), App. p. 465, pi. 519, %. 1 (lb76); Wald. £ 
Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 105 (Xegros, March); Corns, Keg X. Amer. 
B. p. 243 (1872); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 43 (lfe72); 
Feilden, ZooL 1872; p. 3245 (Faeroes); Gould, B. GL Brit iv. 
pis. 36, 37 (1872); Tacz. J.f.O. 1872, p. 101 (East Siberia, May 
to Sept.); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 236 (1872); Alston fy Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel, June) ; Brooke, t c. p. 337 
(Sardinia, winter); Scl. 8f Salv. XomencL Ac, Xeotrop. p. 142 
(1873); Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 228 (1873: Karachi); Wald. Ibis, 
1874, p. 146 (Andamans) ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 287 (1874; Andamans) 
; Coues, B. X.~West, p. 448 (1874: critical); Bumf. Ibis, 
1874, p. 398 (X. Frisian Isl.); Salvad. TJcc. Bom. p. 313 (1874); 
Lawr. Journ. Bost. Soc. X. H. ii. p. 307 (1874: 31azatlan); 
Ban/. 8f Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 419 (Transylvania); 
Swinh. t. e. p. 452 (Hakodadi); Blyth fy Wald. B. Burm. p. 153 
(1875: Arakan; Tonghoo); Gundl. J.f.O. 1875, p. 232 (Cuba); 
Wald. Trans. ZooL Soc. ix. p. 22Q (1875: Philippines); Irby9 
Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 159 (1875); Hume, Str. F iv. p, 11 
(1876: Karachi); Scully, t c. p. 184 (Kashgar); Legge, t. c. p. 245 
(Ceylon); Fairb. t. c. p. 262 (Deccan); Armstrong, & e. p. 338 
(Elephant Point; China-Ba-Keer); Gundl. Orn. Cubana, j>. 180 
(1876: Cuba; Jamaica; Barbados); Seebohm §• Harvie-Brown, 

23 . SQUATAKOLA. 
185 

Ibis, 1876, p. 222, pi. v. eggs (Lower Petchora); Dresser, t c. 

p. 327 ; Blanf. East Persia, ii. p. 27S (1876: Gwadar, Baluchistan) 
; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 249 (1876: E. Siberia) ; 
id. op. cit. ii. p. 155 (1877: Poland); David et Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 424 (1877); Butler, Sir. F. v. p. 222 (1877: Mandavee, Coast 
of Cutch); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 838 (Placer; S. Leyte); 
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiii. p. 320 (1877: Yule Isl.) ; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. x. p. 163 (1877: Emberbaki); Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 3;30 (Chimbote, Peru); Streets, Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 7, p. 16 (1877: San Gerdnimo Isl.) ; Peid, Zool, 
1877, p. 474 (Bermudas, autumn); Oust. Bull. Soc. Philomath. 
1878, p. 181 (Seychelles); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. 

p. 297 (1878: Port Moresby); Hume $ Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 455 
(1878: Tenasserim); Davidson $ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 95 
(1878: Deccan); Hume, t. c. p. 482 (Calcutta); Gundl J. f. 0. 
1878, pp. 162, 188 (Porto Rico); Later. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
i. p. 179 (1878: St. Vincent); Blakiston $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 219 (Yezo); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 151 (1879); Fmsch, Verh. z.-b. 
ges. Wien, xxix. p. 243 (1879: Omsk) ; Maynard, B. Fast. N. 
Amer. p. 357 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Tiraut, 
Bull. Com. et Agric. Cochin-Chine, (3) i. p. 147 (1879); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 270 (Moera Isl., Borneo); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. 
p. 57 (1879); Pamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 101 (1879: 
S. Cape; Duke of York Group ; Solomon Is.); Gigl. Iconogr. 
Avif. Ltal fasc. vii. (1880); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 72 
(1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 79 (1880: S. Konkan); Hume, t. c. 
p, 118 (Malay Peninsula); Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 929 (1880) ; 
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 114 (1880); A. fy F. Newton, Handb. B. 
Jamaica, p. 115 (1881); Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 425 (1881: Ratnagiri); 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 (Sandakan); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 
p. 429 (1881: Rio Coroca, Mossamedes); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. 
xviii. p. 324 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 293 (1882); Kelham, Lbis, 
1882, p. 7 (Malay Peninsula, Oct. to March); Blakiston fy Pryer, B. 
Japan, p. 108 (1882: Yrezo; Yokohama); Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa 
Pica, p. 30 (1882); Corns, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 96 (1882); 
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 158 (1883); Saunders, ed. TarreWs Brit. 
B. iii. p. 278 (1883); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 187 (Santander, Mav, June, 
Nov.); Steams, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 118 (1883: Labrador, 
spring and autumn); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 365 
(1883); Vorderm. Nat Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliii. p. 120 (1883) ; 
Nelson, Cruisel Corwin; p. 84 (1883: Bering" Sea, May); Sharpe, ed. 
Layard's B.S.Afr.y. 658 (1884); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. 
Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884: Java); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 598 (1884); Baird, Brewer, fy Pidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. 
i. p. 132 (1884); Blakist. Amended List;B. Jap. p. 11 (1884: 
Japan generally); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Moss. p. 70 (1884); 
Padde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 414 (1884; Lenkoran); Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 224 (1884); Peid, Ibis, 1885, p. 253 
(Marocco, winter); Murdoch, Pep. Fxped. Point Barroio, p. 109 
(1885: rare); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 25 (1885); Wells, List B. 
Grenada, p. 7 (1886); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 370 (1886); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 167 (Muscat); Salvad. Flenco Ucc. Ital. p. 209 
(1886); Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 338 (1886); Vorderm. Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlvi. An. 3, p. 21 (1886: Borneo); Pleske, 
Uebers. Sdug. und Vogel Kola-Halb. p. 323 (1886) ; Peid, 
Str. F. x. p. 452 (1887: Lucknow); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, 
p. 133 (Paraguay); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 386 (Portugal, winter) 
186 
CHAEADRHDiE. 

Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186 (1887: W. Texas); Gigl. «$• Salvad. P. Z. S. 
1887, p. 885 (Olg-a Bay, Sept.; Gensan, Aug.; Corea); Buckley 
fy Harine-Broion, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides, p. 124 (1888: 
occasional); Koewq, J. f. 0. 1888, p. 270 (Tunis); Taaz. P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 456 (Seoul, Corea); B. Newt. Tr. Norf. # None. Sac. 

iv. p. 55'2 (1888: Reunion ; Mauritius; Seychelles); Salvad. $ 
Gigl. Mem. R. Accad. Torino, xxxix. p. 114(1888: Oka Bay), 
p. 139 (Corea); Bverett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc, 1889, 
p. 204; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederl. Ind. xlix, p. 415 (1889 : Sumatra) ; Feilden, Ibis, 
1889, p. 490 (Barbados); Saimders, Man. Brit. B. p. 535 (1889); 
Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Resoc. p. 507 (1889), 2nd Besoc. 
p. 
661 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 516 (1891); Koenig, J. f. O. 1890, 
p. 312 (Madeira) ; Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 
p. 335 (1890); Sharps, Ibis, 1890, pp. 141, 284 (Labuan); Steere, 
List B. fyMamm. Fxped. Philipp. p. 25 (1890 : Siquijor); Buckley 
§ Harvie-Broion, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 202 (1891: occasional) 
; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao, Sept., Oct.); Payton, t. c. 
p. 465 (Mogador); Sharpe, Sci. Bes. %id Turk. Miss., Aves, 
p. 136 (1891: Kashgar, Nov.); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 121 
(1891); Hagernp, B. Greenl. p. 56 (1891) ; Salvad. Agq. Orn. 
Pap. iii. p. 200 (1891); Irby, Key List Brit. B. 2nd ed. p. 47 
(1892); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar); Bendall, t. c. 
p. 229 (Gambia); Be la louche, t. c. p. 496 (Foochow and 
Swatow); Hartl. Abk nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 331 (1892: 
Hainan); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. Aduanc. Sci. 1892, p. 30 
(Tasmania); Buckley fy Harvie-Broicn, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll # 
Inner Hebr. p. 164 (1892) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 169,' 181 
(Aden); Meade-Waldo, t. c. p. 203 (Canary Is., winter) ; Hose, 
t. c. p. 424 (Borneo, winter) ; Koenig, J.f. 6. 1893, p. 83 (Tunis); 
Blaauw, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv. p."2±o (1893: Holland, spring and 
autumn). 
Charadrius 
squatarola, Nanm. Vb'g. Beutschl. vii. p. 249, pi. 178 
(1834); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N H. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865); Severtz. Twkest. Jevotn. 

p. 69 (1873: migrant) ; Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 113 
(1883: Costa Rica); Everm. Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886: Ventura Co., 
Cal.) ; Set on, t. c. p. 152 (West. Manitoba); Smith, i. c. p. 285 
(Colorado); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 149 (1886: 
St. Michael's, June to Sept.) ; A. O. U. Chech-l N. Amer. B. 
p. 160 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 173 (1887); Nelson, 
Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 122 (1887: R. Yukon, May) ; 
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 126 (1887: Commander Is.); 
Towns, t. c. p. 198 (California); Stejn. t. c. p. 394 (Liu Kiu Isl.); 
Merriam, Auk, v. p. 110 (1888); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat Mus. 
no. 29, p. 104 (1888: Bering Isl.); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 227 
(1889); Scott, Auk, xi. p. 158 (1889: Florida); Warren, B. 
Pennsylv. 2nd ed. p. 97 (1890); Eagle Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321 
(1890: Hudson's Bay); Ralph $ Bagg, t. c. p. 230 (New York); 
Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 506 (1890: Manitoba); 
Macfarlane, op. cit. xiv. p. 429 (1891: Franklin Bay, breeding); 
Gdike, Vogelw. Helqol. p. 486 (1891); Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 76 
(1891: Andros Id.); Schalow, J. f. O. 1891, jp. 259 (Sitka; 
Aleutian Is.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892*, p. 23 (Heligoland); Cory, 
Cat. B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892: 
Jamaica); Mackay, t. c. p. 143 (Massachusetts); Scott, t. c. p. 212 
(Florida); Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Cape Cod); Anthony, t. c. p. 360 

(S.W. Mexico); Mackay, Auk, x. p. 79 (1893: Prince Edward 
23 . SQUATABOLA. 
187 

H.); Beichen. Jalirb. Hamburg. Wissensch. 1893, p. 6 (Zanzibar); 

%*. Fog. JDeutseh.-Ost-Afr. p. 33 (1894: E. African coast). 
\anellus gxiseus, Jmyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 181 (1835), 
"\anellus squatarolus, D'Orbign. in Ramon de la iSar/ra, Hist. Nat. 

p. 242 (1839); Schl Mev. Crit. p. Ixxxiv (1844) ; 'Temm. $ Schl. 
Faun. Jap. p. 106 (1845-50); Schl. Voy. Nedrrl. pi 217 (1854) ; 
id. Dier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 21. figs. 11, 12, 12 a (1861) : Qundl. 
J/ . 0.1871, p. 278 (Cuba). 
Squatarola melanogaster, Malherbe, Faun. Orn. Sicil p. 166 (1840). 
Charadrius (Squatarola) squatarola, Middend. Reise Sibir., Zoul. 

p. 209, pi. xix. fig. 1 (1851: egg). 
Pluvialis squatarola, Macgill. Bnt. B. iv. p. 86 (1852). 
Squatarola helvetica australis, Reichenb. Grail Novit tab. 178. 
figs. 2683-84 (1852). 
Squatarola wilsoni, Licht. Nomencl Av. Mies. Berol p. 95 (1854). 
Charadrius longirostris, Brehm, J.f.O. 1854, p. 79 (Menzaleh 

Lake). 
Vauellus griseus, Bolle, J.f. 0.1855, p. 176 (Canary Is.). 
Squatarola megarhynchos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 284 (1855); Olphe-

Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 5 (1890). 
Squatarola rhynchomega, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856: Abyssinia). 
Pluvialis varius, Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Ciuwes, p. 53 (1865); 

Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 127 (1867); Schl $ Poll Faune 
Madag., Ois. p. 416 (1868); Bosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 278 (1878


79: Celebes). 
Charadrius varius, Finsch fy Hartl. Voq. Ostafr. p. 644 (1870); 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 10i2 (1873), App. p. clxxx; 
Beichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast); Milne-Edwards # 
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madagn Ois. p. 506 (1882). 

Squatarola subtridactyla (Hasselq.), Gray. Hand-l B. iii. p. 13, 

y' L

no.9981(1871).
Charadrius (Squatarola) helveticus, Ramsay, Fr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

i. p. 187 (1876); id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1877); id. Tab. List Austr. 
B. p. 19 (1888: nearly the whole of Australia). 
Charadrius megalorhynchus, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 11 (Loango). 
Squatarola australis, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. 
fasc. xiii. p. 6 (1890). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above mottled 
with bars of black and ashy white, the feathers being black, notched 
-with, white and broadly tipped with the latter ; scapulars and wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series edged externally with 
white, the inner ones distinctly notched with the same; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts black, the former slightly, the latter more 
plainly, tipped with white ; quills black, with the shaft white about 
the middle, the first two primaries white for the greater portion of 
the inner web, decreasing in extent on the succeeding quills, which 
also have the median portion of the shaft white, but after the fourth 
this white shaft is accompanied by an increasing amount of white 
on the outer web; secondaries brown, with white edges and tips, 
the bases also white to the inner webs; innermost secondaries 
resembling the back, and notched with ashy brown and blackish; 
lower back and rump dusky brown, with white spois and fringe^to 
the feathers; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers white, barred with 
black or blackish brown, the bars decreasing towards the outer 
feathers, where they are broken up into spots on the outer web; 

188 
CHABADKUD^ 

crown of head like the back, but more minutely mottled and more 

hoary white; forehead and a broad eyebrow white, extending down 

the sides of the neck, and forming a large patch on the sides of the 

"upper breast; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of 

body black, excepting the abdomen and under tail-coverts, which 

are pure white• thighs white, streaked with black; under wing-

coverts white; axillaries black, with slightly indicated fringes of 

brown at the tips; quills below dusky, with white on the inner 

webs ; lower primary-coverts pale ashy : " bill, legs, feet, and claws 

black; iris dark hazel" (E. Seebohm), Total length 105 inches, 

culmen 1*3, wing 8*1, tail 2'9, tarsus 1*8. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage, Xot so strongly mottled with 
black on the upper surface as the male, and consequently rather 
browner, especially on the head; the black on the face and underpays 
not so much developed, these parts being mottled with 
irregular black markings. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*3, 
wing 8, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*8. 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs chiefly from the summer 
plumage in wanting the black on the face and breast, but, from the 
absence of the black mottling on the back, the whole upper surface 
appears more uniform, being ashy brown with narrow whitish 
edgings to the feathers, before which is a blackish sub-terminal 
shade; the lores are white, but the base of the forehead is like the 
crown; a line of white appears above and below the eye, but the 
white eyebrow is scarcely visible above the ear-coverts, which are 
dingy blackish; the sides of the face white, streaked with dusky, the 
throat and underparts pure white, the lower throat and fore-neck 
being pale ashy brown, slightly mottled with dusky markings; the 
under wing-coverts are white, except the lower primary-coverts, 
which are dusky ashy, and the axillaries are hlack. 

Young. Like the winter plumage of the adults, and always to be 

distinguished by the 
black axillaries, though it is spangled with 

golden buff on the upper surface, so as to resemble a young Golden 

Plover ( CJiaradrius jpluvialis). 

Hab. Xearly the whole of the World, breeding in summer on the 
tundras or barren grounds, and visiting the extreme south of both 
the Eastern and Western hemispheres in winter. 

a. Ad. sestiv. sk. C4reat Britain. Gould Coil. 
h. Ad. sestiv. sk. Great Britain. Montagu Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. St. Andrew's, X.B., Xov. (H. Tweeddale CoIL 
G. W. JR.). 
d. 
Juv. sk. Grangemouth, Stirlingshire, Tweeddale Coll. 
Oct. 
<?. <$ juv. sk. Lincolnshire. J. II. Caton-Haigh, 
Esq. [P/j. 

/, g. Ad. sestiv.; Cambridgeshire (0, Salvin). Salvin-Goiman Coll. 

A. Ad. hiem. • 
L Juv. sk. 
k. <$ juv. sk. Yarmouth, Sept. 23. Seebohm Coll. 
I, m. 
(J sestiv. sk. Yarmouth, May (/. JS. Mart-Seebohm Coll. 
ing). 

23 . SQXTATAROLA. 
189 

n. 
$ juv. sk. Pagkam Harbour, Oct. 15 
[J.B.E.). 
o. 
c? ad. ; ;;, g. $ Pagkam Harkour, Aug. (J. 
ad. sestiv. sk. B. H.). 
r. J ad. sk. Pagkam Harbour, Sept. 
s. Ad. sestiv. sk. Bristol, 
(Typ< 
t. 
$ ad. sestiv. sk. St. Vigors, near Havre, May 
[V.Pluche). 
u. 
S ad. sestiv. sk. Valencia, May 16 (H. Saunders). 
v. J ad. sestiv. sk. Marocco. 
iv,x. c? juv. sk. Heligoland, Oct. (E. B. S.\ 
g, s. S ad. sestiv.; Lower Petckora, June, July 

a'-c\ $ad.sestiv, 

d'. Ad. kiem. sk. 

e'. 3 kiem. sk. 

/'. <$ ad. vix sestiv. 

sk. 
g'. Ad. kiem. sk. 
ti. Ad. kiem. sk. 

i. Ad. kiem. sk. 
k', I'. $ ad. sestiv. 
&kiem.; m'.Juv. 
sk. 

72,',o'. Juv. sk. 
j?'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
q'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
r'. Juv. kiem. sk. 
$'. Juv. kiem. sk. 

t',u!. 6 ? ad. kiem. 
sk. 
v'-y'. 6 Jad.kiem. 
sk. 
z'. $ ad. sestiv. sk. 

a". 5 inim. kiem. 

sk. 
b". Ad. Mem. sk. 
c". Juv. kiem. sk. 
d". S ad. kiem. sk. 
e". Juv. kiem. sk. 
/". $ ad. sestiv. sk. 
/' . $ ad. hiem. sk. 

A". Ad. kiem. sk. 

i". $ ad. kiem. sk. 

h". 5 ad.kiem.sk. 

(H. JS. & J. A. Ear vie-
Brown). 
Ancobra River, Gold Coast. 

Walvisck Bay, Damara-land 
Dec. 28 (C. J. A.). 
Walvisck Bay, Oct. (C. J,

A.). 
Durban, Natal (Gordge). 
Cape Colony (Layard). 
Cape Colony. 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept., Oct. 

Muscat. 
India. 
India. 
Kutck, Dec. 31 (F. Stoliczha). 
Katkiawar, Oct. 19. 


Karacki, Marck 20 (B. A. 
Butler). 
Karacki, Feb. (A. 0. &.). 

Sambkur, Sept. (i2. ' M. 
Adam). 
Gurgaon, Dec. 21 (W. K 

Chill). 
Etawak, Dec. 8 (A. 0. H.). 
Nepal. 
Calcutta, Dec. 27 {A. 0. K). 
Madras (JR. G. W. It.). 
Madras, Sept. 1. 
Colombo, Ceylon, Nov. 29 

(W. V.Legge). 
S. Andamans, Feb. 12 (E. G. 
W. B.). 
Port Mouat, Andamans, 
Dec. 20 [W. Davison). 
Tongkoo, Burmak, Dec. (E. 


G. W. E.). 
Gould Coll. 

Seebokm Coll. 

Dr. Giintker [P.]. 

Montagu Coll. 
3 of 8, grisea, Leack.) 

Seebokm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebokm Coll. 

F. Nickolson. Esq. 
[p-i-

Seebokm Coll. 

Sir R. Burton & 
Capt. Cameron [P.], 
Tweeddale Coll. 


 Seebokm Coll, 

Seebokm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

"W. D. Cumming, 

Esq. [P.]. 

Colonel Mills [P.]. 

Hardwicke Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel Hayes Lloyd 

[p.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

190 

/", m". <$ ad. et 
juv. hiem. sk. 
n". $ ad.liiem.sk. 
o",p". dad.;<7".$ 

ad. hiem. sk. 
r"-u". 5 ad. hiem. 
sk. 
v". 5 ad. hiem.sk. 

ID". Ad. hiem. sk. 
.£.•". Ad. hiem. sk. 
y". 2 ad. hiem. sk. 

a". ? ad. sk. 
«-3, Z>;i. Ad. sk. 
c3. Ad. hiem. sk. 


d3,e3. Ad. hiem. sk.
f3. Ad. hiem. sk.
g3. <$ ad. hiem. sk.
ha-k'\ Ad.hiem.sk.
l\ m\ Ad. hiem. sk.

ns, ol Ad.festiv.sk. 
ju3. Ad. eestiv. sk. 

(f, r3. $ juv. sk. 

s3-v3. <S ad. asstiv. 

sk. 

w3. Juv. sk. 

:v3. Juv. sk. 

y3. Juv. sk. 
z3, a*. Ad. hiem. et 
juv. sk. 
&\ $ ad. hiem. sk. 

el-o4. S ? ad.hiem. 
et aastiv. sk. 

pK <J ad. hiem. sk. 

£4. J ad. hiem. sk. 

r4. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
s4. Ad. hiem. sk. 
£4. Ad. sestiv. sk. 

u'K Ad. hiem. sk.

vi. Skeleton. 
w4. Sternum, 
a4. Sternum, 
CHAEADEIIDiE. 

Elephant Point, Dec. (J. 
Armstrong). 

Oyster Island, Dec. 
Amherst, Dec. ( W. Davison). 


Jaram, Salanffore, Dec. to 
Feb. (W. I).). 
Pulo Nongsa, JNTov. 27 (TV. 

J).). 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Java (ex Mus. Lugd.). 
Cujo I<*., Philippines, Dec. 

(A. B. Meyer). 
Placer, July (A. H. Everett). 
Ilalmahera. 
Labuan. 
Amoy,Oct., Jan. (R. SirinJioe), 
Formosa, Feb. (R. JSiouthoe), 

 South Yezo, Oct. 
Yokohama; Oct. (H.Prger). 
Corea. 

Arctic America. 
Arctic America (Col. Drummond). 


St. Michael's, Alaska, Sept. 16 

(E. W. Nelson: Ilensh. 
Coll.). 
Kotlik, Mouth of Yukon 
River, May 20 (E. W. 
Nelson: Ilensh. Coll.). 

Fort Simpson, Sept. (R. Kennicott). 
Fort Resolution, Great Slave 

Lake (A. McKenzie). 
Vancouver Island. 
British Columbia. 


San Francisco, California, 
Oct. 19 (K.W.II). 

Corpus Christi, Texas, Aug., 
Oct., ISTov. (F. B. Armstrong) 
. 

Tarpon Springs, Florida, 
Dec. 11 (W. E. D. Scott). 
Cedar Key, Florida, Nov. 

(Ilensh. Coll). 
Mexico (White). 
Chiapam, Guatemala (0. 8.). 
Barbados. 

 Choco Bay. 

Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 


A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
C.W.Campbell, Esq. 

[P.]. 
Capt. Collinson [C.l. 
Gould Coll. 

Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.l 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P/j. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sir R. Schombiu-o-k 

[C.]. 
Capt. Kellett& Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
Purchased. 

M. Lefebvre. 
J. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
24 . CHARADRIUS. 
191 

24. CHAKADEIUS. 
J ync. 
Charadrius, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766) C. pluvialia. 
Pluvialis, Briss. Orn. v. p. 42 (1760) C. pluvialis. 
Range. Nearly the whole of the world, excepting the extreme 

south of South America. 

1. Charadrius pluvialis. 
The Green Plover, Albin, Nat. Mist. B. i. p. 71, pi. 75 (1738). 
Le Pluvier dore, Briss. Orn. v. p. 43, pi. iv. fig. 1 (1700); BAubent. 
PI. Enl ix. pi. 904; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 81 (1781). 

Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1706); Gm. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 688 (1788); Vieill. N. Diet. cl'Ilist. Nat. xxxii. p. 131, 
pi. 34. fig. 3 (1818); Temm. Man. d'Oni. ii. p. 535 (1820); 
Moux, Orn. Prov. pis. 271, 272 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, 
pi. 10 (1827); Brehm, Vog. DeutscJil. p. 543 (1831); Minetr. 

Cat. Mais. Cauc. p. 53 (1832); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 294 (1837); 
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 45 (1838); Crespo?i, 
Orn. Gard, p. 358 (1840) ; Keys. 8f Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. lxx, 208 
(1840); Nordm. in Bemid. Toy. Muss. Merid. iii. p. 231 (1840: 
spring & autumn); Selys-Longeh. Faun. Belg. p. 121 (1842: 
spring & autumn migrant); Schleg. Mev. Crit. p. lxxxi (1844); 
Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 96 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. 
Mus. p. 66 (1844); Hewits. Bggs Brit. B. ii. p. 249, pi. lxviii. 
fig. 1 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 83 (1850); 
Earcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Canary Is.); Brehm, J.f.O. 
1854, p. 79; Burgess, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 80 (Karachi); Bolle, 

J. f. O. 1855, p. 176 (Canary Is., winter); Heugl. Syst. TJebers. 
p. 56 (18Q0) ; Eartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 215 (1857: Gaboon); 
Javh. 8f Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 445 (1859); Salvin, Ibis, 
1859, p. 355 (City of Tunis, Feb., March); Linderm. Tog. 
Griechenl. p. 134 (i860); Walter, Ibis, 1860, p. 166 (Godhavn) ; 
Potuys, t. c. p. 339 (Corfu & Epirus); F. $ P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, 
p. 86 (Norway, May) ; Schleg. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 21. figs. 2,3 
(1861); Eartl J.f.O.1861, p. 268 (Gaboon); Netotonin BaringGould's 
Iceland, p. 411 (1863); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 139 (1863); 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pis. 38, 39 (1864); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, 
p. 450 (Palestine, winter); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 140 (Malta, 
spring & autumn); Sperling, t. c. p. 286 (Missolonghi marshes, 
Nov.); Salvad. J.f O. 1865, p. 284 (Sardinia); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, 
p. 59 (Pisa, winter); Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 178 (Spain) ; Taylor, 
Lbis, 1867, p. 68 (Alexandria market); Baird, t. c. p. 282 (Iceland) 
; Brake, t. c. p. 429 (Tangiers); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 296 
(1867 : Lanm, E. Africa) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 173 (Spain); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl 
p. 109 (1869); Boderl. Avif. Sicil p. 174 (1869: spring & 
autumn); Broste, Vogelw. BorTcum, p. 145 (1869); Finsch fy 
Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 662 (1870: note); Bhves fy Buckley, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Macedonia); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 298 
(Algeria): Saunders, t. c. p. 386 (S. Spain); Saluad. Faun. Itah 
Uc7. p. 203 (1871); M. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 252 (1871); 

/" Bresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 435, pi. 515. fig. 1 (1871); Earting, 
Eandb. Brit B. p. 42 (1872); G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 232 
(Constantinople); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 235 (1872: winter); 

192 
CHABADBHDJS. 

Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3245 (Faroe Is., March, to Aug.): Alston Sr 
Harvie-Brotcn, Ik's, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel); Brooke t. e. p. 337 
(Sardinia, spring); Severtz. Turkest. Jeuotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant); 
Saxkj, B. Shetl. p. 1*57 (1874: breeding) ; Irk/, Or a. Straits 
Gibr. p. 160 (1875); Fallon, Ois., Belg. p. 150 (lb75); SeebohmS? 
Harvie-Broun, Ibis, 1876, p. 221 (Lower Petehora); Dresser, t.c. 
p. 327; Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii. p. 278 (1876: Gwadar; Resbt, 
Baluchistan); Tacz. Bull. 8oc. Zool France, ii. p. 154 (1877: 
Poland, spring & autumn) ; Dan ford, Ibh, 1878, p. 33 (Asia 
Elinor); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 152 (Banks of Kooraw-ka, June ; 
Yaie-hinskv, July) ; Finsch, Verhandl. z.-b. Ge\ Wien, xxi\. 
p. 243 (1879: Shtschutschja, July; Pudarata, Aug.); Collett, 
Korges Fuglefaima, p. 100 (1881): Seebohm, Ibi\ lb^2, p. 222 
(Astrakhan;; id. t. c. p. 388 (Archangel): id. Ik's, 18b3, p. 28 
(Vauca-us) ; B. 0. TJ. List Brit. B. p. 157 (1883); Samuiers, ed. 
Tamil's Brit. B. iii. p. 271 (18^3) ; Chapman, Ibis, 18b4, p. 98 
(Spain); Tristr. Faun. & Flor. Palest, p. 129 (1884-1; Badde, 
Orn. Cave. pp. 43, 412 (1884); Couex, Knj X Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 600 (1884); Murray, Tertebr. Faim. Hind, p. 225 (18S4) ; 
Sharpe, ed Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 057 flWf; Srebohm, Hist. 
Brit. B. iii. p. So (1885); Whitehead, lbi\ 1KH5, p. 41 (Corsica); 
Eicon, t. c. p. 85 (St. Kilda); Bnd, t. c. p. 252 (Marocco); Gigl. 
Arif. Ital p. 369 (1886); Sakad. Elenco recital, p. 210 (IWiJ; 
Pleske, TJebers. Savg. vnd Tog. Kola-Hath. p. #20 <1WJ) ; 
Terbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden, occasional): Bacllm^e, Ibis, 
1887, p. 74 (E. Pyrenees) ; Tait, t. c. p. 3fc4 (Portugal): Koenig, 
J.f.O. 1888, p."270 (Tunis); Seebohm, Geogr. Dt\tr. Charadr. 
p. 97 (1888); Buckley § Hame-Brov n, Veriebr. Faun. Outer 
Hebrides, p. 141 (188b: resident); Saunder*, Man. Brit. B. p. 531 
(1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 339 (thpru^; Gigl. Arif. ItaL, 
1st Besoc. p. 565 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 647 (1890), 3r/7 Besoc. p. 509 
(1891); W. Emm, Ibis, 1891,p. 79 (incubation): Buckley $Ilarvie-
Brown, Tertebr. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 201 (1891 : re^idf-nt); iid. 
Tertebr. Faun. Argyll 4* Inner Hebrides, p. 103 (lh92); Irby, 
Fey List Brit. 5.2nd ed. p. 47 (1892); Seebohm, Ibi\ 1892, p. 22 
(Heligoland); Hartert, t. c. p. 516 (E. Prussia); Blaantc, Sotes 
Leyd. Mm. xv. p. 225 (1893: Holland): Barnes, Ibis, 1893, 

pp. 169, 181 (Aden): Blagg, t. c. p. Srjo (Shetland*?, breeding) ; 
Pearson § Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 233 (Norway, breeding); Chapman, 
t. c. p. 344 (West Jutland). 

Charadrius 
apricarius, Linn. Syst Xat. i. p. 254 (1766, pt.); Pall. 
Zooqr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 140 (1811, pt.): Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. 

p. 541 (1831); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, fl xxx. tig. 6 (1852): Sunder, 
8i\ Fogl. pi. xxxvi. figs. 2, 3 (1850-72); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii, 
p. 13, no. 9982 (1871); Heugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. ii. pt 1, p. 1014 
(1873: Nile delta, winter); Palmen, Finlands Foqlar, p. 91 
(1873); A. O. U. Cheek-l. N. Amer. B. p. 100(1886: Greenland); 
Bidgiv. Man. X Amer. B. p. 173 (1887); Olphe-GalL Contr. Faun. 
Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiiL p. 12 (1890); Frivaldtky, Ai\ Hung. 
p. 121 (1891). 
Charadrius aureus, P. L. 8. Milll. 8. X, Anhang,y. 118(1770: 
ex Bi-iss.); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 71 (lbb4). 

Golden Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. p t 1, p. 193 (1785); Terrell, 
Brit. B. ii. p. 385 (1843); Graham, B. lona $ Midi, p. 238 
(1890: resident). 

Charadrius auratus, Suckow, Katurg. der Thiere, ii. p. 1592 (1801); 
Meyer % Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 318 (1810); Brehm, Tog. Deutschl 

24 . CHARADRIUS. 
103 

p. 542 (1831); Nairn. Vog. DeutscU. vii. p. 138, pi. 173 (1834); 
Schl Vog. Nederl. pi. 211 (1854). 

Charadrius altifrons, JBrehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 542 (1831). 

Pluvialis apricarius, Less. TraiUcVOm. p. 543 (1831); Bp. Cat. 

Met. Uec. Eur. p. 57 (1842); id. C. JR. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; 

86kl Mm. Pays-Bas, Cmsores, p. 49 (1865: Holland, Sweden, 

Archangel); Degl § Gerbe, Ovn. Eur. ii. p. 123 (1867); Locke, 

RvpL ScL Alger., Ois. ii. p. 262 (1867); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 

tab. 37. figs. 1, 2 (1870). 

Pluvialis aurea, Macgill. Brit. JS.iv.p. 94 (1852). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above mottled 
with black, golden-buff, and ashy-whitish markings; the groundcolour 
of the feathers black, with spots of golden buff, the whitish 
spots being mostly at the tips, and probably only the remains of 
winter plumage; the scapulars and -wing-coverts more distinctly 
notched and barred with golden, the lateral marks being often 
triangular and of irregular shape ; lesser wing-coverts brown, with 
very little golden mottling, the median and greater series like the 
back, and distinctly mottled with golden and black in the form of 
frequent bars; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark 
brown, fringed with white at the ends, the secondaries with 
inconspicuous whity-brown bases; the innermost notched or barred 
with golden ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like the rest 
of the upper surface, but rather more plainly barred with golden ; 
tail-feathers brown, barred with lighter brown or golden, the outer 
feathers externally notched with white, the light bars tinged with 
golden; head like the back and similarly mottled with golden; 
a frontal band and a distinct eyebrow white, extending down the 
sides of the neck and joining the white along the sides of the body; 
base of forehead, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat 
smoky black; centre of fore-neck, breast, and abdomen deep black, 
flanked with white for its entire length; the golden and black 
plumage of the sides of the neck descending on to the sides of the 
breast; thighs black ; under tail-coverts white, marked with black 
on the vent; under wing-coverts white, mottled with ashy brown 
round the bend of the wing; axillaries pure wliite; quills ashy 
below, as also the lower primary-coverts: " bill, legs, feet, and 
claws nearly black; iris dark hazel" (H, Seebohn). Total length 
10 inches, culmen 1, wing 7*45, tail 2-9, tarsus 1*6. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but 
never having the black so uniformly distributed on the breast, but 
always in patches. Total length 10 inches, wing 7'4. 

Young in first winter plumage. Similar to the adults, but much 
more plentifully spangled with golden, the crown of the head somewhat 
blacker; throat white; lower throat, fore-neck, and breast 
ashy brown, mottled with pale golden-buff edges and bars, the 
feathers on the lower throat and fore-neck being mottled with 
triangular spots of dusky brown ; the breast and sides of the 
body ashy brown, with dusky-brown bars; abdomen and under 

VOL. xxiv. ° 

194 
CHAKADEIID^. 

wing-coverts -white, the outer ones round the bend of the -wing 
mottled with brown; lower primary-coverts ashy brown; axiliaries 
white. 

Nestling. Thickly covered with golden down, mottled with black, 
which scarcely forms any distinct patterns : on each side of the 
back is a streak of ashy-whitish down, and the wings are marked 
by a golden patch, the lores and eyebrow being emphasized by a 
spot of bright golden yellow; below the eye a spot of ashy whitish, 
of which also there are certain markings on the hind-neck and sides 

•of neck; cheeks and under surface of body ashy whitish, with a patch 
•of dusky blackish underlying the down of the breast. 

Hab. Europe generally, extending to Western Siberia and 
migrating south in winter to North Africa, and even extending as 
iar east as Sind. 

•a-c. Pull. sk. Europe. 
Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. Mem. st. BaUynacuick, Ireland. C. Coninphani, Esq. 
[P.l 
e. 
Ad. sestiv. Orkneys. 
Hume Coll. 

sk. 

f. 
<$ ad. astiv. Clestron, Orkneys, May 27 Seebolim Coll. 
sk. 
g. 
<$ ad. Hem. Stromness, Orkneys. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
h. 
Pull. sk. Bridge of Broisgar, Stennis, Ilargitt Coll. 
Orkneys (J. S. Dumi). 
i. Pull. sk. Orlmeys (Hudbard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k, I Pull. St. Orkneys. Purchased. 
on. (S ad. Hem. Island of Tiree, Jan. 16. Colonel My [P.]. 
sk. 
n, o. Ad. sestiv. Beauly Castle, N.B. Lord Lovat [P.]. 
st. 
p} q. Ad. Hem. Whitehill, N.B. (R. G. W. -5.). Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. 

r. 
Ad. hiem. sk. Isle of Grain, N.B. Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
(JR. G. W. JR.). 

s. 
Ad. sestiv. st. Northumberland, May. Harting Coll. 
/. 
Imm. sk. Newbiggin, Northumberland, Hume Coll. 
Aug. 

u. $ ad. Hem. Teesmouth, Durham, March. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
v, to. c? $ ad. Yorkshire. Lord Walsinffham 


sestiv. st. 

[p.]. 

x. 
Ad. sestiv. sk. WHte Pass Moss, Derbyshire-
June (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y, z% <$ $ ad. ^ Ulceby, Lincolnshire, March, 
hiem. et aestiv. Jan. (J. Cordeaux). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 

a\ $ ad. Mem. Breydon Harbour, Norfolk, Seebohm Coll. 
sk. Oct. (J. E. Karting).
b', c\ Ad. Hem. Harwich, Jan. 28. H. WHteliead, Esq. 
sk. [P.]. 
d', e'. Ad. Hem. Epping, Essex. H. Doubleday, Esq. 

st. 
DP.]. ^ 

f'-h\ <$ ad. 
hiem.; i'. $ 
ad. hiem. sk. ; 
&'. Ad. Mem. 
sk. 

2', m'.<$ ad. 
sestiv.;TO',O '. 
$ ad. sestiv. 
sk. 


p\ Pull. sk. 
#'. $ ad. sestiv. 

sk. 
r'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
$', £'. Ad. sestiv. 

sk. 
u'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
v'. £ ad. sestiv. 

sk. 

w'. 2 ao^. sestiv. 
sk. 
a:'. $ ad. aestiv. 
sk. 
%j\ Pull. sk. 

s>\cT ad. 
sestiv.; 5". $ 
ad. sestiv. sk, 

c", d." 6 ad. 
aestiv.; e". $ 
ad. sestiv. sk. 

/" . J ad. hiem. 
sk. 
g". $ ad.hiem. 
sk. 
h". Ad. hiem. 
sk. 
i": £ ad. hiem. 
sk. 
k''. J ad* hiem. 
sk. 
I". J ad. hiem. 
sk. 
m". <$ ad. hiem. 
sk. 
n". $ ad. hiem. 
sk. 
o". Skeleton. 

24 , CHAKADKITJS. 

Shelley Plain, Sussex, April. 

Bodo, Norway, May to July 

(P. Godman). 
Dovref jeld, Norway, July. 
Kistrand, Norway, June. 

Russia. 
Archangel. 

Archangel, June (Alston). 
Petchora. 

Stranavoilacha, Lower Petchora, 
June 28. 
Schtschutscha, July 25 (Br. 

0. Finsch). 
Tundra of Podarata, Aug. 5 

{Dr. 0. Finsch). 
Yen-e-sai, June, July (H. 8.). 

Yen-e-sai, June, July (If. 

Seehohm). 

Heligoland, Oct. 

Heligoland, Sept. 30. 

Galicia. 

Oudena, Tunis, Feh. 18 (0. &). 

Tripoli (Dickson # Ross). 

Wilderness of Judsea. 

Gwadar, Baluchistan, Dec. 

Sehwan, Sind, Jan. 27. 

England. 

Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Seehohm Coll. 

Old Ooll. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

[P.]. 
Seehohm Coll. 
Colonel Feilden & 

J. A. Harvie-
Brown, Esq. [P.]. 
Seehohm Coll. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen, 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Seehohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 

Seehohm Coll. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. 
Dr.V.Seoaue[P.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seehohm Coll. 

Canon Tristram [C.]. 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

2. Charadrius domiaicus. 
The Spotted Plover, Edwards, Nat. ffist B. iii. pi. 140 (1750). 
Le Pluvier dore* de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. v. p. 48, pi. vi. fig. 1 
(1760). 
Le Pluvier dore* de la Baye de Hudson, Briss. Orn. v. p. 51 (1760). 

o2 
196 CHABADKIHX3B. 

Charadrius apricarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766: pt.) ; Gm« 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 087 (1788). 
Charadrius dominieus, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 116 
(1776: S. Domingo) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 246; 

A. Sj-E. Neioton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881); Coues, Ckech-L 
N. Amer. B. p. 96 (1882); Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 164, 
173 (1882: Icy Cape) ; Stearns, op. cit. vi. p. 119 {1883: Fox 
Is!, Lewis Sound) ; Nelson, Cruise U.S. Coricia, p. 84 (1883: 
Alaskan Coast); Baird, Brewer,^ Pddgw. Water-Birds N.Amer. 
i. p. 139 (1884) ; Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 599 (1884); 
Butcher, Auk, i. p. 179 (1884: Long Island): Brew, Auk, ii.^. 18 
(1885 : Colorado); Agersb. t. e. p. 285 (S.E. Dakota); Murdock, 
Etped. Point Barroic, Alaska, p. 109 (lb85); Turner, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 246 (1885: Labrador); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 152 
(1886: 3Ianitoba, spring & autumn); A. 0. U. Ckeck-L N. Amer* 
B. p. 161 (1886): Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 627 (IbbO: 
Grenada); Nelson, Pep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 123 (18b7) ; 
Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. pp. 042, 054 (lbb7: S.W. Texas); 
Gigl. § Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 68~) (Olga Bay, Corea, Sept.); 
Ridgw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 1/4 (lbb7;: Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 1H5 
(1887 : West Texas); Cory, t. c. p. 227 (Antilles, winter); Scoff, 
Auk, vi. p. 159 (1889: Punta Rassa) ; Feilden, Ibis, IfeSO, p. 490 
(Barbados); Cory, B. West Bid. p. 227 (ISbU); SeL # Hurls. 
Argent. Orn. ii. p. 170 (18b9); Eagle Clarke, Auk, Tii.]). 321 
(1890 : Hudson's Bay); Cherrie, t. c. p. 332 (CoatalticaJ ; Warren, 
B. Pennsylu. 2nd ed. p. 98 (1890); Thompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. xiii. p. 506 (1890: Manitoba); Mackay, Auk, viii. p. 17 
(1891: Massachusetts); MacFarl. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. \h\ 
p. 429 (1891: Arctic America); Per I. £ btols. P. Z. S. 1HI2, 
p. 399 (Peru); Berkeley James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 
(1892); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (lb92: Jamaica), p. 212 (Florida| ; 
Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texas); Cherrie, t. c. p. 329 
(Costa Rica, Oct. to Dec.); Cory, Cat. West 2nd. B. p. 94 (lb92); 
Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Mist. n. p. 96 (1892: Trinidad j. 
Le Pluvier dore a gorge noire, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 85 (1781). 

Alwargrim Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 198 (1763 : pt.). 

Fulvous Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 211. 

Charadrius fulvus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 687 (1788); Gray, List 

Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 07 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (lb47) ; id. 
Cat. B. Trop. Ls. Pacific Ocean, p. 47 (1859) : Cass. Proc. Philad. 
Acad. 1862, p. 321 (Liu-Iviu Is.); Finsch $ Hartl. Faun. Central


polyn. p. 188 (1867); Hartl. £ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 117 
(Pelew Is.); Finsch % Hartl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 548 (Tonga Is.); 
JDoderl. Avif. SicU. p. 173 (1869); Bole, Proc. Post. Soc. N. H. 

xii. p. 304 (1869: Oahu, Molokai); Finsch Sf Hartl J. f. O. 
1870, p. 122 (Tongatabu; Vavao; Hapai); Harting, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 205; Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 14, no. 9985 (1871); Swinli. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 403 ; Dresser, B. Fur. vii. p. 443, pi. 516, pi. 517. 
figs. 2, 3 (1871); Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 88 (1872: 
Celebes); Hartl. $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 89, 104 (Mackenzie 
Group); Holdsio. t. c. p. 470 (Ceylon); Finsch, J.f.O. 1872, 
p. 52 (Samoa); Wald. §* Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 105 (Xegros, 
March); Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 316 (Andamans); Sicmh. t. c. 
p,427 (Shanghai); Tacz. J.f. 0.1873, p. 101 (E. Siberia); Puller, 
B. New Zeal. p. 212 (1873) ; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 570 
(1873) ; id. Str. F. i. p. 228 (1873: Larkhana, Sindh) ; id. t c. 
p. 462 (Acheen, Sumatra); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 313(1874); 
24 . CHAEADKITTS. 
197 

Tacz. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 336; Sutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 39 (New 
Zealand); Bidler, t c. p. 118; Szvinhoe, t. c. p. 162 (liakodadi) ; 
Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 287 (1874 : Andamans) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. vii. p.793 (1875); Blyth § Wald. B. Burm.y. 153 (1875: 
Tkayetmyo, Tonghoo) ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 179 (1875: Pegu); 
Finsck, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. viii. p. 31 (1875: Pelew Islands); 
Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 226 (1875: Luzon); Sharpe, Voy. 
Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, App. p. 29 (1875 : N. Z.); Irby, Orn. Straits 
Gibr. p. 161 (1875); Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 400 (Ceylon); Dresser, 

t. c. p. 513 (Great Britain); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 440 (Fiji 
Is.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 51 (Borneo, Oct.) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 264 
(New Hebrides); Layard, t. c. p. 393 (Fiji Is.); id. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 497 (Samoa), p. 503 (Friendly Is.); Cab. # Reichen. J.f. 0. 
1876, p. 327 (Samoa); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. viii. p. 384 (1876: 
Bouru); Brilggem. Abhandl nat. Fer. Bremen, v. p. 536 (1876: 
Celebes) ; Butler Sf Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 11 (1876: N. Guzerat); 
Fairb. t. c. p. 262 (Deccan); Armstrong, t. c. p. 339 (Akyab); 
Hume, t. c. p. 462 (Laccadives); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. 
p. 247 (1876); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877: Karachi); Ball, 
t. c. p. 419 (Godavery); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiii. 
p. 504 (1877: Port Moresby); Sclat P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113 (Duke 
of York Isl.); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. x. p. 163 (1877); Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 155 (1877 : Poland, Nov.); Prjev. 
in Rowley s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 434 (1877 : S.E. Mongolia, May ; 
Hoang-ho Vallev, April; Northern Ala-shan, Sept.; Lake 
Hanka, Aug.); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 424 (1877); Streets, 
American Naturalist, 1877, p. 71 (Christmas Isl., Fanning Group); 
Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 322 (Sumatra); Wa?'dlaw Ramsay, t. c. 
p. 468 (Burma); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 550 (Zamboanga); 
Blahist. fy Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 218 (Yezo; Tokio ; Yokohama); 
F.L. Sf L. C.Layard, t. c. p. 264 (New Caledonia, breeding); Salvad. 
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 82 (Amboina); Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. 
p. 455 (1878: Tenasserim); Davidson 8? Wenden, Str. F. vii. ;p. 88 
(1878: Deccan); Ball t c. p. 226 (Ganges to Godavery); Cripps, 
t. c. p. 299 (Faridpur); Hume, t. c. p. 482 (Calcutta); Anderson, 
JSci. Res. Fxped. West Yunan, p. 675 (1878: Tapeng; Tsitkaw); 
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 57 (1879: winter visitant); Rosenb. 
Malay. Archip. p. 373 (1878-79: Kei Isl.); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 14 (Duke of York Isl.); Sclat, t. c. p. 447; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Gen. xiv. p. 665 (1879); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 146 (Togian Is.); 
Tiraut, Bull Com. et Agric. Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 147 (1879); 
Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 61,161 (1879: Malay Peninsula), p. 112 ; 
Scully, t c. p. 350 (Nepal Valley, Sept. & Oct.); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 350 (Labuan); Maynard, B. Fast. N. Amer. p. 358 
{1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 25 (Japan); Gathe, t c. p. 104 
{Heligoland); B. L. § L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 107 (New Caledonia); 
Seebohm, t. c. p. 153 (Koo-ray-i-ka, Siberia); Sharpe, t. c. p. 270 
(Lawas R) ; Irby, t. c. p. 345 (Malaga); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. 
Pres. p. 72 (1880: winter); Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 79 (Honolulu, 
July) ;id. t c. pp. 220, 330-32 (Marshall Is.), p. 432 (Kingsmill 
Group, Gilbert Is.); & L. $ L. C. Layard, i. c. p. 232 
(Loyalty Is.), p. 304 (New Hebrides); Legge, B. Ceylon,^. 934 
(1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 79 (1880: S. Konkan); Bingham, 
t. c. p. 196 (Thoungyeen Valley); Butler, t. c. p. 425; Parker, 
t c. p. 482 (Ceylon); Tweedd. Voy.l Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 23 
(1881: Zamboanga, Mindanao); Salvad. t. c. p. 63 (Amboma); 
Meyer, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, 1881, p. 767 (Sumba); Reid, Str. F. 
198 CHABADBHDJ3. 

s. p. 64 (1881: Lucknow); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 996; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit); Finsch, t. c. p. 109 (Kushai); 
id. p. 115 (Ponape); E. L. $ L. C. La-yard, t. c. p. 135 (Xew 
Hebrides); Giglioli, t. c. p. 184 (Malta) ; Finsch, t. c. p. 246 
(Pleasant Isl.) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 251 (Marquesas); Kelham, t. c. 
p. 530 (Perak R., Jan.); Scully, t. c. p. 580 (Gilgit, Sept., Oct.) ; 
Kelham, Ibis, 1882, pp.8, 189 (Singapore, Oct.); Seebohm, t. c. 
p. 222 (Astrakhan), p. 380 (Archangel"); E.L. $L. C. Layard, t. c. 
p. 532 (New Caledonia), p. 544 (Xew Hebrides; Fiji Is.); Cheese-
man, Trans. Neto Zeal. Inst. xiy. p. 264 (18S2 : Auckland Di^tr.); 
Davidson, Sir. F. x. p. 318 (1882 : W. Khandeish); Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 324 (1882 : Geoerr. distr.); id. Orn. Papz/asia, 
iii. p. 294 (1882); Sclat P. Z. S. 1883, pp. o2, 200 (Maroe, Timor-
Laut) ; Oates, Bandb. B. Brit. Buna. Ii. p. 364 (1883); B. 0. V. 
List Brit. B. p. 157 (1883) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1883, p. 47 (Fanning Is.); 
Pobson, Trans. Neio Zeal. Inst. xri. p. 308 (1&84: Portland 1st, 
N. Z., Jan.) ; Finsch, Tog. der Sildsee, p. 55 (1884: Maivhall & 
Gilbert Isl.); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 43 (Tenimber Isl.); SaelL 
in Vethh Midden Sumatra, Tog. p. 50 (1884); H. O. Forbes, 
P.Z.S. 1884, p.433(Tinior-Laut); Pleske, Bull Acad. Petersb. 
xxix. p. 536 (1884: Ternate) ; Blahistoii, Amended List B. Jap. 
p. 10 (1884: Japan generally); Boyd. Consp. Ai\ Imp. Ilo-<s. p. 71 
(1884); Radde, B. Cam. pp. 43, 413 (lb64: winter); Nehrk. 
J. f. O. 1885, p. 35 (Waigiou); Seelohm, Mist. Brit B. iii. p. 40 
(1885); Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1*85, p. 132 (Mliow Di-tr.); 
Kirk, Trans. Neio Zeal. Inst. xiii. p. 59 (1885: Worser Bay] ; 
Guillem. P.Z.S. 1885, p. 559 (Gorontalo, Sept.); id. p. 6*J4 
(Momos, Waigiou, Oct.); Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. ix. p. 79 
(1886: W.Sumatra); Blasius, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. iii. p. 140 
(1886: Celebes); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1880/p. 79 {Sidney Isl, 
Phceirix Group) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 18&6, p. 107 (Muscat); Torderm. 
Wat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xlvi. AH. 3, p. 21 (1880: Borneo) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 180 (Liu Kiu Is.) ; McFarl t.c. p. 212 
(Sandwich Isl., Aug.); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) iv. p. 613 
(1887: Bhamo); Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 349 (Great Liakoff Isl.); 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 313 (1888: Manipur) ; Bamsay, Tab. List 
Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Australia generally, except the northwest) 
; Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 0 (1888); Seebohm, 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 99 (1888): Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 456 
(Seoul, Corea, Sept.); Giyl. 4* Salvad. t. c. p. 585 (Olga Bay, 
Corea, Sept.); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iii. p. 1778 
(1889: Cumberland, N. S. "W".); Hartert, J.f.O. 18b0, p. 377 
(Sumatra) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 204 
(Sarawak); Torderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 415 
(1889: Sumatra); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 175 (S. Afghanistan) ; 
Tristr. t. c. p. 558 (Rossel Isl.); Everett, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225 
(Palawan) ; Steere, ListB. <$* Mamm. Etped. Phitipp. p. 25 (1890; 
Paragna; Balabac; Mindanao; Xegros; Siquijor); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan); Seebohm, t. c. p. 104 (Bonin Is.) • 
Sharpe, t. c. pp. 142,284 (Benkoka; Labuan) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 303 (1890); Stahad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 827 (1891; 
Killerton Isl.); id. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 200 (1891); 
Sharpe, Sci. Pes. 2nd Tark. Miss., Aves, p. 150 {1891); Bvckley 
Sf Harvie-Broivn, Tertebr. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 202 (1891: Xov.) ; 
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse, spring migrant); 
Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 299 (Phoenix Is.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 22 (Heligoland, June, July); Be la Touche, t. c. p. 496 
(Foochow, spring & autumn; Swatow, winter) ; Scott-Wilson fy 
24. CHAKADKITJS. 199' 
Evans, Aves FLaioaiiensis, pt. iii. (1892); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 
Advanc. Sci. 1892, p. 32 (Tasmania, Oct-March); Irby, Key List 
Brit. B. 2nd ed. p. 47 (1892); Hartl Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, 

xii. p. 331 (Hainan, Dec.); Wiglesio. Abhandl Zool Mus. Dresd. 
1890-91, no. 6, p. 63 (1892); Seebokm, Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu Kiu 
Is.); Wiglesio. t. c. p. 213 (Gilbert Is.); Hose, t c. p. 424 (Borneo, 
winter); Styan, t. c. p. 436 (Hainan) ; Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, 
pt. i. p. 11 (1893); Meyer $ Wiglesio. J.f. 0. 1894, p. 250 (Talaut 
Isl.). 
Mbatuitui pecho listado, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 283 (1803). 

Mbatuitui de marmol, Azara, t. c. iii. p. 286. 

Oharadriua pluvialis (nee L.), Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat, ii. p. 141 

(1811) ; Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 71, pi. 59. fig. 5 (1814: New 
York; New Jersey, Sept., Oct.) ,• Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 
p. 187 (J 820: Java); J3. Sabine in Parry's Voy., App. p. excix 
(1821: N. Georgian Is., breeding); id. in Franklin's Journ* 

p. 683 (1823: N. Georgian Is.); Richardson in Parry's 2nd Voy., 
App. p. 350 (1825); J. C. Ross in Parry's 3rd Voy., App. p. 102 
(1826 : Port Bowen, May); Szoains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 
p. 369 (1831: Hudson's Bay); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 166 
(Deccan) ; Nuttall, Man.Orn. ii. p. 16 (1836); Vigors in Beechey's 
Voy. < Blossom,7 Birds, p. 29 (1839: Chamisso Is., Sept.); Hodgs. 
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pis. 53, 96, nos. 535, 5S6-, id. in 
Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844); Peak, U.S. Rvpl JBxped. p. 239 
(1848); Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 210 (1851: Taimyr River, 
May; Boganida [71° K], Aug.); Kittl Denkio. Reis. ii. pp. 32, 
55 (1858); Schrenck, Reis. Amurl p. 410 (1859); Radde, Reis. 
Sibir.,Vog. p. 322(1863: Bureja Mts., Sept.) ;Pefc. Reise Novara, 
Vdg. p. 115 (1865: Nicobars); id. Orn. Bras. pp. 297, 454 (1871: 
Ypanema; Curytiba; Ouyaba; Villa Maria; Engenho do Cap 
Gama; Barra); Sclat. Ibis, 3 871, p. 360 (Sandwich Islands) ; 
Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 437 (Miehalaski, May). 

Charadrius pectoralis (nee Wagl), Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xxviL 

p. 145 (1818). 
Cliaradrius pluvialis, var., Raffl., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328 
(1820: Sumatra). 
Charadrius virginicus, Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 70 (1823: Montevideo); 
Nemoied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 761 (1833 : Brazil); Meyen, 
Nova Acta Acad. C. L.-C. xvi. Suppl. p. 106, pi. 18 (1834: 
S. America) ; Gray, List Grail Brit Mus. p. 67 (1844) j id. Cat. 
Mamm. §c. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 132 (1846); Hartl. Ind. Azara, 

p. 24 (1847); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. 
iii. p. 544 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849: 
Calcutta); Licht Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854); Moth 
§ Dilho. Contr. Nat Mist Labuan, p. 57 (1855); Gundl J.f.O. 
1856, p. 423 (Cuba, Sept. to April); Baird, B. N Amer. p. 690 
(1858); Sclat. $ Salu. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (Duenas, April); A. §E. 
Newt, t c. p. 255 (St. Croix); Cooper $ Suckley, N H. Washington 
Territory, p. 229 (1860); Reinh.Ibis, 1861, p. 9 (Greenland); 
Irby, t. c. p. 238 (Banks of Gogra & Choka); Blakiston, Ibis, 
1863, p. 129 (Hudson's Bay; Mackenzie R.); Wright, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 463 (Malta); Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 567 (R. Ucayali); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 33 (Texas) j Leot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 394 
(1866) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili); id. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 598 (Cosnipata, Peru) ; Ball $ Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. 
i. p. 289 (1869: St. Michael's); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 58/ 
(Trinadad); Stevens, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 465 (Rock 
Creek, Wyoming); Gray, Eand-h B. iii. p. 14, no. 9983 (1871) 
200 
CHAEADEIIDJE. 

Trippe. Proc. Bost Soc. N. S. xv. p. 240 (1872: Southern Iowa, 
spring & autumn); Sdat $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Xauta); 
iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 142 (1873); Snow, B. Kansas, p. 9 
(1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 559 (ChoriUos); Sicinh. Ibis, 
1875, p. 452 (Hakodadi); Gundl. Orn. Cubana, p. 290 (1876) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 165 (Heligoland) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 197 
(Buenos Ayres); Peid, Zool. 1877, p. 474 (Bermudas, autumn); 
Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 257 (1880 : Dominica); Zeledon, 
Cat. Axes Costa Pica, p. 30 (1882); White, P. Z. S. Ib82, p. 628 
(Buenos Ayres); Gurney, Ibis, 1883, p. 198 (Leadenhall Market, 
Nov.); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 313 -(1884: Bahia Blanca) ; Tacz. 
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 340 (1886); Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. 178 (R. Yurauni, 
Brit. Guiana); Withwgton, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zaroora); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland). 

Oharadrius xanthocheilus, Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 6S7 sp. 30 
(1827); Gray, in Dieffenb. Trav. New Zeal ii. App. p. 195 (1^43); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 13 (1848) ; 
Macgill. Voy. Pattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, 
pp.187, 197; Cass. U.S. Frpl. Biped, p. 325 (1858J; Grar/, Cat. 
Mamm. $ B. New Gain. pp. 51, 62 (1859 : Aru Is.;: id. P. Z. S. 
1861, p. 438; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 234 ; Rosenk Nat. Ti]ds<hr. Nederl. 
Ind. xxx. p. 253 (1863); id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 135 I Aru 1>.); 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865); Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. 

xxvii. p. 314 (1870: New Caledonia): Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 14, 
no. 9986 (1871); Lay card, Ibis, 1884, p. 123 (Norfolk M.); 
Ftheridge, Lord Hoice Island, Zool. p. 17 (1889). 
Oharadrius 
marmoratus, Wagl. Syst. Ai\, Charadrius, p. 70, sp. 42 
(1827, ex Temrn. MSS.); Audnb. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 575 (lfc39); 
id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 203, pi. 316 (1842); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 

p. 105 (1850); Putnam, Proc. Fss. Inst i. p. *2W |1856: Massachusetts) 
; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (I860: Cuba), 
Oharadrius taitensis, Less. Man. a?Orn. ii. p. 321 (1828). 
Oharadrius virginianus, Jard. <§• Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 8^ (1830); 

Gould in Da?'winfs Voy. lBeagle; Birds, p. 126 (1841 : La Plata); 
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chili); Gray, Toy. Erek £ Terr., 
Birds, p. 11 (1846); Cab. in Schomb. JReis. Guian. iii. p. 750 
(1848); Hartl. Archiv fur Nat. 1852, p. 134 (Fiji: Tonga; 
Samoa; Society Is.; Pauinotu; Kingsmill L-.); Burm. Th. Bras. 

iii. p. 357 (1856: Santa Catarina); id. Peise La Plata-St. ii. p. 501 
(1861); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 66 (Jamaica): Lawr. 
Ann. Lyc. NY. viii. p. 98 (1864: Sombrero): Finch, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 587 (Trinidad); Later. Proc. U.S. Nat 31m. L p. 67 
(1878: Dominica), p. 197 (St. Vincent), p. 238 (Antigua), p. 241 
(Barbuda), p. 265 (Grenada), p. 461 (Guadaloupe), p. 488. 
Oharadrius glaucopus, Forster, Descr. Anim.f. 176 (1844: Otaheite). 
Charadrius pluvialis orientalis, Temm. & SchL Faun. Jap. p. 104, 

pi. 62(1845-50). 
Oharadrius virginianicus, Tschtidi& Cab. Faun. Peruan., Ares. pp. 49, 
296(1845-46). ' ** 
Oharadrius auratus longipes, SchL Vogels van Nederl. p. 211 
(1854-68). 

Pluvialis fulvus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856); SchL Mm. Pays-Bos, 
Cursores, p. 50 (1865); Degl$ Oerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 125 (1867); 
Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 76 (1882 : Batavia). 

Pluvialis virginicus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
Pluvialis longipes, Bp. t. c. p. 417; Loche, Fxpl Set. AlgSr., Ois. 

ii. p. 264 (1867). 
24. CHARADEITJS. 
201 

Pluvialis xanthocheilus, Bp. t. c. p. 417. 
Pluvialis taitensis, Bp, t. c. p. 417. 
Charadrius mongolicus (nee Ball), Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 330 (Hako


dadi). 

Charadrius longipes, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 71 
(Heligoland); Case. Broe. BMlad. Acad. 1862, p. 321 (Bonin Is.) ; 
Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 100 (Hakodadi); Sioinh. t c. p. 404 
(Formosa, "breeding); Scl. B. Z, S.1863/p. 17 (Banjarmassing); 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 141 (Malta); Marti t c. p. 232 (Fiji Is!) ; 
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 636 (1864); Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 355 
(Takow); Wright, t. e. p. 462 (Malta); Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 134 
(Formosa, July); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 163; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, 

p. 389 (Julpigoorie); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 360 (Hainan); Blanf. 
t c. p. 470 (Bassein distr., Pegu); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 
xxxix. p. 273 (1870: Khasia Hills) ; Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 269 
(1871: Wardha Valley; not observed); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 14, no. 9984 (1871); Hume <$• Menders. Lahore to York p. 284 
(1873: Yarkand, Aug.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 165 (Heligoland) 
; Ramsay, Broe. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 76 (1877: Fiji 
Is.), p. 218 (N. S. W.); id. op. cit. ii. p. 197 (1878); Mutter, 
J, f. 0. 1882, p. 82 (Salanga); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Bind, 
p. 224 (1884). 
Pluvialis fulvus americanus, Schl Mus. Bays~Bas, Oursores, p. 53 
(1865: Labrador; Mexico; Venezuela; Brazil). 
Charadrius orientalis, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 225 (1365); 
Masters, Broe. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 60 (1877 : Cocoanut Isl.; 
Cape Grenville; Bet Isl.). 

Charadrius pluvialis americanus, Sundev. CE/v. Vet.-Ahad. Fork 
1869, p. 588 (St. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Pico). 
Charadrius fulvus, var. virginicus. Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. p. 243 
(1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 449 (1874). 
Charadrius pluvialis, var. virginicus, Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. F. x. p. 383 
(1874: Illinois). 

Charadrius fulvus virginicus, Coues, Bull U.S. Geol Sun), iv. p. 663 
(1878 : Mouse R., Dakota); BLartl J.f.O. 1883, p. 278 (Portage 
Bay, Alaska, June, July). 

Charadrius dominicus fulvus, Bidgio. Broe. U.S. Nat, Mas. iii. p. 198 
(1880) ; Coues, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 96 (1882); Nelson, Cruise 

M.S. «Corxoin; p. 84 (1883: Norton Sound); Bccird, Brewer, fy 
Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 144 (1884); Coues, Key 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 599 (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 29, p. 104 (1885: Bering Isl.); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 157 (1885: 
Nearer Isl., Alaska); A. O. U. Chech-l N. Amer. B. p. 161 (1886); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 174 (1887) ; Stejn. Broe. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. xii. p. 380 (1889: Kauai). 
Charadrius fulvus americanus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 

p. 100 (1888). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to C. pluvialis, "but 
smaller, with slenderer tarsi, and distinguished by its smoky-brown 
axillaries: " bill dark olive; feet leaden grey; iris dark brown " 

(J. Gould), Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 6-5, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 1-65. 
Adult female. Similar to that of C. pluvialis, but distinguished by 
its smoky-brown axillaries. 
Total length 9 inches, wing 6-25. 
Winter and immature plumage. Corresponds with that of 

202 
CHAEABEIIDiE. 

C. pluvialis, but the smoky-brown axillaries distinguish the species 
at all ages. 
It has been the usual custom amongst ornithologists to recognize 
two races of the Smaller Golden Plover—an Eastern form, (7. fulvus, 
and a "Western one, 0. dominions. The latter form, which inhabits 
America, is, according to Mr. Seebohm, a slightly larger bird, with 
a wing measuring 6*8 to 7*5 inches, whereas in the Asiatic species, 
which visits Alaska also, the wing does not exceed 6*7 inches. The 
distance between the tips of the long secondaries and the tip of the 
wing is said by Mr. Seebohm to be shorter in Asiatic specimens than 
in American ones. On examination this proves to be the case in 
the majority of specimens, but it is by no means a constant character, 
and, as Mr. Seebohm himself allows, intermediate forms 
occur. In Mr. Eidgway's ' Manual' it is stated that 0. dominions 
has longer wings, relatively shorter tarsi and toes, and less golden 
coloration, especially in immature and winter plumages. The wing 
is given as 6*8-7*4 inches, and the tarsus 1*55-1*82. In C.fidvus 
the wing is stated to be 6* 1-6*8 and the tarsus 1*6-1-8. It may, 
therefore, be admitted that there is a slight difference in the size of 
the two races, but they seem to overlap to such an extent that 
I have thought it best to unite them. The supposed more golden 
coloration of the Asiatic bird is not confirmed by our large series in 
the Museum. 

Hal. The northern portions of both the Old and New "Worlds in 
summer, wintering far to the South in both hemispheres. Its place 
in Europe, where it is only an occasional visitor, is taken by 
Q.pliwicdis. -Specimens from Eastern North America are somewhat 
larger (vide supra). 

a} b. $ ad. et imm. Siberia. 
Purchased. 

c-d. 6 ad. a?stiv. * Valley of the Yen-e-sai, Seebohm Coll. 

e~h. § ad.aestiv. June, July (JET. S.). 

sk. 

i. $ imm. sk. Lake Baikal, Nov. 29 (By-Seebohm Coll. 
bowsTcy). 
Jc. c? imm. sk. Zaidam, Sept. (Prjevcdsky). Seebohm Coll. 
I Imm. sk. N.E. Siberia, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
in. Ad. Mem. sk. Muscat. Colonel Mills [P.]. 

n. Ad. hiem. sk. Mekran Coast (JE. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 
o. 
(S ad. Mem. • Karachi, Nov., Dec. (E. A. Hume Coll. 
Pi Qi r. ? ad. Butler). 
hiem. sk. 
s. 
Ad. hiem. sk. Eajkote, Kathiawar, Sept. 24. Colonel Hayes Lloyd 
[p.]. 
t J ad. asstiv. Yarkand, Aug. 26 (G. Hen


Hume Coll. 

sk. derson). 

u. 
Jad.hiem.sk. Yarkand, Nov. 12 (/. Bid-Hume Coll. 
dulph). 
v. Ad. hiem. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
w. Ad, hiem. sk. Kotegurh. Hume Coll. 
x\ Ad. sestiv. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
y, <$ ad. sestiv. Allahabad, May 29 (J. Cook-Hume Coll. 
sk. burn). 

24 . CHABADTCnJS. 
z. cJad.Mem.sk. 
ar, V, d. 5 ad. 
Mem. sk. 
d', e'. $ ad. Mem. 

sk. 
f'-i'. Ad. Mem. 
J sk. 
Jc'~q'. Ad. Mem. 

et sestiv. sk. 
r*. Ad. Mem. sk. 
s', t\ <$ ad. sestiv. 

sk. 
u'. Ad. Mem. sk. 
i/. Ad. Mem. sk. 
w'-si. <$ 2 ad. 

Mem. et sestiv. 
sk. 
a", b". Ad. Mem. 
sk. 
c",d". Ad.Mem. 

etf-h". d2 ad. 
Mem. et sestiv. 
sk. 

i''. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
&",r. d $ Hem. 
sk. 

m"43. <$2 ad. 
Mem. et aestiv. 
sk. 


c3. Ad. Mem. sk. 

d3 3 

, e. Ad. Mem. 
sk. 
fz-i\ <3 2 ad. 
Mem. sk. 

k3 

. Ad.Mem.sk. 

P. Ad. Mem. sk. 
m3-p3. c? $ ad. 
Mem. sk. 
q3. Ad. Mem. sk. 
r3, s3. Ad. Mem. 


sk. 

t3 

. Ad. Mem. sk. 
u3. 2 a<3- Mem. 
sk. 
v3, w3. <$ 2 ad-
Mem, sk. 
x3, y3. Ad. Mem. 
sk. 
%3-e\ S 2 ad.sk. 

/4. $ ad. Mem. 
sk. 
g*. $ ad. Mem. 

sk. 

Futtehgurh,Nov. 21 (J.. Anderson). 
Futtehgurh, Nov. (A. Anderson). 


Mogul Serai, Oudh, Dec. 4 

(TV. JB. Brooks). 

Oudh. 

Nepal. 

Nepal (B. E. Hodgson). 
Nepal Valley,Sept. {J.Scully). 

Sifchim, Sept. (X. Mandelli). 
Bootan (F. W. Montairo). 
Skillong, Assam, Aug., Sept. 

(J. Cockburn). 
N. Khasia Hills, Dec. (A. 
W. Chennell). 
Dacca. 

Calcutta, April,Dec. (TV. T. 
Blanfo?*d). 

Calcutta (JE. BlytK). 
Calcutta, Feb. 


Raipur, Feb. to April. 

Seoni. 
Deecan (SgTces). 

Madras. 

Akmednuggur Distr. (F. B. 
Fairbank). 

Bombay, Feb. 7. 
Laccadives, Feb. March (A. 

o. jr.). 
Malabar Coast. 
Ceylon (Nevill). 

Ceylon. 
Salt Lake, Ceylon, Nov. 6 

(TV. V.Legge). 
Cotta, Ceylon, Sept. (Hart). 

South Andamans, Dec, April 
(JB. G. W. JR.). 
Port Blair, April, June, Sept. 
(JR. J. Wimberley). 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, 
Dec. (TV. Davison). 
Preparis Island,Cocos, March 

( W. Davison), 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohni Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Seebolmi Coll. 
Colonel J. Biddulph 
[C.]. 
Hume Coll, 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. R. B. Sharps 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

204 

h4-, &. $ ad. Mem. 
sk. 
h\ d ad. Mem. 

sk. 
l\ dad.ssstiv. sk. 
m4, n\ <$ § ad. 

Mem. sk. 
o4. § ad. Mem. 
sk. 
p4-r4. $ ad. Mem. 
sk. 
s4. d ad. Mem. 
sk. 
$*-#*. d 2 ad. 

Mem. sk. 
2/4. d ad. biem. sk. 
254-a3. (5 ad. Mem. 

sk. 

b5 

. c5" ad. Mem.sk. 
c5. Jad.Mem.sk. 
d5~f'°. d ad. Mem. 

sk. 
(f, d ad. liiem. sk. 
A5, dad. Mem.sk. 
t5, ¥. Ad. aestiv. 

sk. 
P-*^ d S ad. 
Mem. sk. 


t5 5 

, u. d $ ad. 
Mem. sk. 
^jW5. dad. Mem. 
sk. 
x5. d ad. Mem. 
sk. 
y5~a6. Ad. Mem. 
sk. 
bQ~h\ d $ ad. 
Mem. sk 

iQ 

. Ad. "hiem. sk. 
&6. Ad.aestlv.sk. 
P-p*. d ? ad. 

hiem. sk. 
(f1. Ad. Mem. sk. 

rh. d ad. Mem. sk. 
sB. Ad. Mem. sk. 
£6. d ad. sestiv. sk. 
w*'. d ad. sestiv.; 
rB. $ ad. Mem. 

wft. Ad. Mem. sk. 
a-8. Ad.8estiv.sk. 
y6-a7. Ad. Mem. 
et sestiv. sk. 

b7 

. Ad. hiem. sk. 
c7. Ad. hiem. sk. 
d7-^7. Ad. Mem. 

et sestiv. sk. 

CHABAJDEIID-®. 

Elephant Point, Dee. (J. 
Armstrong), 
Akyab, April (J. Arm


strong). 
Pegu, May 2 (E. W. 0.). 
Lower Pegu, Sept. (K W. 

0.). 
Thavetmyo, Sept. (JB. G. 

W. J2.). 
Tonghoo (JS. G. W. JR.). 
Kaukaryit, Tenasseiim, Oct. 

(J. Darling). 
Thatone, 
Oct. to Dec. (W. 
Daviso?z). 

Moulmeim Dec. (IT*. D.). 
Amherst, Dec. ( W. D.). 

Sittang Hirer, Feb. (W. D.). 
Yea, March ( W. D.). 
Mergui, Nov. to Jan. (W. 

JD.). 
Pakchan, Jan. (W. D.). 
Bankasoon, April {W, D.). 
Saigon, CocMn China. 

Salang, Feb. (J. Barling). 

Tonkab, Salang, Jan. (J. 
Darling), 
Nicobars, Jan., Feb. (W. 
Davison). 

Trinkut Island, Klcobars, 

Dec. (JR. J. Wimberley). 
Penang (Canto7-). 


SalangoreyDec.jMarcbjApril, 

Aug., Oct. ( W. Damon), 
Malacca (Cantor). 
Malacca (Maingay). 
Singapore Island, Oct., Xov. 

(W. D.). 
Singapore, Oct. 

Cbina (S. BUgh). 
China (J. JReeves). 
Shanghai, May {W. Cooper). 
Canton, May (JR. Swinhoe). 

Canton. 
Tientsin. 
Amoy, May, Sept, Nov. {JR.. 


Swinhoe). 
Amoy (E. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, Sept. (JR. Swinhoe). 

S.W. Formosa (JR. Swinhoe). 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 

Gates CoE. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Cull. 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Cull. 

M. E. Pierre [P.], 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume CoIL 

Capt. H. X KelsaH 
Seebahm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 


Tweeddale Col. 
Gould CoU. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 
Hume CoU. 
Seebohm Coll. 


h7-k7. Ad. hiem. 
sk. 

I7 

. Ad. Mem. sk. 

w7,^7.2 ad. hiem. 
et sestiv. sk. 
o7. $ ad. Mem. sk. 
p7. c? ad. Mem.sk. 


£77

,r3s7. Ad. hiem. 
et sestiv. sk. 

t77

, u. Ad. Mem. 

et sestiv. sk. 
v7. Ad. Mem. sk. 
w7, x7. $ 2 ad. 

Mem. sk. 
y7, z7. Ad. Mem. 
sk. 
aH. Ad. Mem. sk. 

bH-d*. Ad. Mem. 
sk. 

eHj f8. Ad. Mem. 
et sestiv. sk. 
gH, h8. Ad. Mem. 

sk 
i\ &. 6 2 ad. 
Mem. sk. 

Is 

. Ad. Mem. sk. 
WiW. Ad. Mem. 


sk. 
pH, Ad. Mem. sk. 
q\ Ad. Mem. sk. 

rs. Ad. Mem. sk. 
s*, P. 2 ad. Mem. 
sk. 
u8y vB, tf 2 ad. 

Mem. sk. 
w8. Ad. Mem. sk. 
^-s\ <$ 2 ad. 

sestiv. sk. 
a9. 2 ad- Mem. 
sk. 


60. 2 ad. Mem. 
sk. 
e\ d\ 6 2 ad. 
Mem. sk. 
eq. Ad. Mem. sk. 
f, f* 6 2 ad. 

hiem. sk. 
A9. Ad. Mem. sk. 
i9. 2ad.Mem.sk. 
k9-n®. Ad. Mem. 

sk. 
o°. Ad. Mem. sk. 
p*. Ad. Mem. sk. 
qQ. Ad. Mem. sk. 

24 . CHA.KADRITTS. 
S. W. Formosa (E. JSfwinhoe). 
Takow, Formosa, Dec. (E. 

Swinhoe). 
Hakodadi, Japan, May, Oct. 

(Blakiston). 
Hakodadi;Oct.3(JET. WMtely). 
SouthYezo,Sept. [Blakiston). 
Yokohama (H. Fryer). 

Liu Kiu Islands, Aug., Jan.

Sumatra. 

Acheen, Sumatra, Feb. 5 

(W. Davison). 
Ayer Angat, Sumatra, Nov. 

(C. Bock). 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. 
C. Buxton). 
Java (Horsfield). 
Java. 

Java (Leyden Museum). 

Mores. 

East Timor. 

Borneo. 

Labuan, Sept. 

Sarawak. 
Luzon, Feb. (A. B. Meyer). 


San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. (A. 

E. Everett). 
Manila {Maitland Heriot). 
Cebu, April (A. H.Everett). 
S. Leyte, Sept. 
(A. EC. Everett). 
Butuan, 
May {A. EC. Everett). 


Zamboanga. 

Celebes. 

Makassar. * 

Menado. 

SangMr Isl., Dec. 4. 

Batchian. 

Morty Island. 

Ceram. 

Amboina. 

Tweeddale and Sal-
vin-Godman Colla, 
Seebohm Ooll. 

Seebohni Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebolim Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Ooll. 
India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 

Seebohm Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[o.]> 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Voy. H.M.S. (Chal


lenger.' 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

206 CHAEADEIIDiE. 


r. cJ ad. hiem. Amboina. 
sk. 
s9. Ad. hi em. sk. Teniniber Islands, Sept. 


f. Ad. hiern. sk. Salawatti. 
?4°. Ad. hiem. sk. Ara Islands. 
y9. Ad. hiem. sk. Raine's Island. 
w9, .r9. Ad. hiem. Port Essington. 
sk. 
?/9. Ad. sk. Cape York. 
s'-^10. Ad.hiem. Queensland. 


sk. 
r10. Ad.sk. Queensland. 
/7L0. Ad. hiem. sk. Moreton Bay. 
e10. Ad. hiem. sk. Moreton Bay. 
fl\ Ad.hiem.sk. Gippsland Lakes, Australia. 
V/10. Ad. sk. New South Wales. 
'/?l0,i10. Ad.hiem. New South Wales. 

sk. 
Ic10. Ad.hiem.sk. West Australia. 


I10 10 

, m. <$ J ad. Lord Howe Island, Sept. (J. 

hiem. sk. Macgillivray). 
w10. Ad. hiem. sk. New Zealand. 
oI0,p10.Ad.hiem. Duke of York Island (G. 

sk. Broton). 
ql0,r10. Ad. hiem. Aneiteum, New Hebrides. 
sk. 
,sI0-w10.Ad.hiem. Samoa. 
sk. 
vl0-i,lQ. Ad. hiem. Samoa. 
s£ 
z10. J ad. hiem. Nairai, Fiji Is., Nov. (F 
sk. M. Itayner). 

a. $ ad. sk. Ovalau, Sept. 21 (E. Z. 
Layard). 
j3, y. $ ad. hiem. Suva, Fiji Is., Oct. (Br. Copsk. 
pinger). 

5. Ad. hiem. sk. Taviuni, Fiji Is. (Liardet). 
€. Ad. hiem. sk. Tongatabu, Friendly Is. (Br. 
Coppinger). 
£ Ad. hiem. sk, Society Islands. 
7]. Ad. sestiv. sk. Bow Island. 


6. $ ad. hiem. sk. Claremont Is., Aug. 31 {J. 
Macgillivray). 
L,K. Ad.hiem.sk. Hawai (Knudsen). 
\. Ad. hiem. sk. South Greenland. 

/A, v. Ad. sestiv. sk. Arctic America. 
£. Ad. sestiv. sk. Arctic America. 

o. Ad. sestiv. sk. Arctic America. 
7r. $ ad. sestiv. Kotlik, Alaska, May 18 (E. 
sk. W. Nelson : Hensh. Coll). 
£; <r. T. cf $ ad. St. Michael's, May, Aug. to 
sestiv.; v, <£, ^. Oct. (E. W.Nelson; Hensh. 
Juv. sk. Coll.). 

i|r. $ ad. sestiv. Fort Reliance, Alaska, May

sk. (E. W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll). 

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal


lenger.' 
Dr. H.O.Forbes [0.1 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. Chambers [P.]. 

Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seehohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Australian Museum 

[p.]. 
Government of West 
Australia [P.]. 
Gould CoH. 

Miss It. Stone [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


J. Macgillivray [C.]. 
Purchased. 

Kev. J. S. Whitmee 

Voy.H.M.S/Herald.' 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Voy. H.M.S.'Alert' 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.' 

Gould CoU. 
Sir E. Belcher [P.l 
Voy. H.M.S.' Rattle-

Prof. R. Collett [P.]. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

[P.]. 
Capt. Collinson. 
Sir G. Back. 
Gould CoH. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll, 

<x>, of. $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 
&'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 

y. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
§\ Ad. sestiv. sk. 
€r 

. Ad. Hem. sk. 
£'. Ad. Hem.; 17'. 
Ad. sestiv. sk. 
£', 1. S $ imm. 


sk. 
K'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 

X'. cJad.sestiv.sk. 
pf. $ ad. Hem. sk. 

*/, £', o'. tf $ ad. 
Mem. sk. 
7r\ CJ ad. Hem. 
sk. 
p\ S ad. Mem. 
sk. 
a', T'. 3 ad. Hem. 
sk. 

v. Ad. Hem. sk. 
cj)'. 3 ad. Mem. 
sk. 
%'. J ad. Mem. 
sk. 
i/r'-a". Ad. Mem. 
sk. 
£"-V. Ad.etjuv. 
Mem. sk. 
£". Ad.Hem.; 7)". 
Ad. aastiv. sk. 
6". Ad.Mem.sk. 
c". Ad. sestiv. sk. 

/c". § ad. sestiv. 

sk. 
X''. Ad. Mem. sk. 
p.", V". S ? ad. 

Mem. sk, 
§". $ ad. sestiv. 
sk. 
o". $ ad. Mem. 
sk. 
TT". $ ad. Mem. 
sk. 
p", 0-" 6 $ ad. 

Hem. sk. 
r". Ad.heim.sk. 
v''. $ ad. Hem. 

sk. 
<£". $ ad. Hem. 

sk. 

24 . CHARADKITJS. 
Fort Simpson, Aug., Sept. 

Port Rae, Great Slave Lake, 

June (L. Clarke). 
Hudson's Bay. 
Repulse Bay. 
Moose Factory, Sept. 
49th Parallel, May. 

British Columbia. 

Ontonagon, Michigan, Sept. 

(A. J. Bay an: Kensfa 
Coll.). 
Massachusetts {Hensh.Coll.). 
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Sept. 

23. 
San Antonio, Texas, Jan. 
(H. E. Dresser). 
Brownsville, Texas, March 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, 
Feb. (F. B. A.). 
Hidalgo, Texas, March (JP. 

B. A.). 
Guatemala. 
Duenas, Guatemala, April 12 

(0. S.). 
Medellin, U.S. Colombia (T. 
K. Salmon). 
St. Vincent, W.I., Sept., Oct. 

(H. E. Smith). 
Grenada, Sept., Oct. 
(S. &. 
Smith). 

Barbados. 


Trinidad. 
Maroni Elver, Sumam(2Tap


pler). 

Roraima, British Guiana, 

Sept. (&. WJiitely). 
Amazons (Hensh. Coll.). 
Naum, Peruvian Amazons, 

Jan. {E. Bartlett\. 
Villa Maria, Brazil, Sept. 

(J. Natterer). 
Curytiba, Brazil, Nov. (J". 

Natterer). 

Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 

(Joyner). 

Chapada, Matto Grosso, Oct., 

Nov. (Jr. B. Smith). 
Bolivia {Forbes). 
Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct. 

(J5T. Whitely). 
Tambo Valley, Peru, Nov. 
(Jff. Whitely). 

207 

B.R.Ross, Esq. [P.], 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hudson's Bay Co. 
Dr. Rae [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

N. A. Boundary Commission. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sir R. Schomburgk 

Old Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman. Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

208 CHASADEnDJB. 

x". § ad. Hem. Tam"bo Valley, Peru, Nov. Seebolira Coll. 
sk.
ifr". d ad. sBstiv.
sk. 
(-5". Whiteiy). 
Co&nipata, Peru, Sept. (-5T. 
Whiteiy). 
Seebolim Coll. 
<a". Ad. sestiv. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. (IT. Tweeddale Coll. 
a3 . Ad. Hem. sk.
jS3 . Ad. Hem. sk.
Whiteiy). 
Central Chili (Landbeck). 
Moreno, Buenos Ayres,Feb.8. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
H. Durnford, Esq. 
y3 , 2 ad. Hem. Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Selater Coll 
sk. Ay res, Feb. ( Withinyton). 

25. APHEIZA. 
Type. 
Aphriza, Audub. Syn. p. 225 (1839) , A. virgata. 

Cf. Shnfeldt, Journ. Morpb. ii. no. 23 pp. 311-340, pi. xx^. 

Range. "Western America, from Alaska to Chili. 

1. Aphriza virgata. 
Streaked Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 180 (17^5: Sand


wich Sound). 
Boreal Sandpiper, Lath. t. c. p. 131 (1785 : King George's Sound). 
Tringa virgata, Gm. Syst. Sat. i. p. 074 (178b). 
Tringa borealis, Gm. Syst. Sat. i. p. 074"(1788). 
Aphriza townsendi, Audub. B. Amer. pi. MS; id. Or a. Bior/r. v. 

p. 249 (1839); id. Syn. p. 220 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 228, 
pi. 322 (1842); Gray, List Gralte Brit. Mm. p. 72 (1844: 
Chili). 
Charadrius winterfeldti, Tbchudi, Arch. f. JSaturg. 1843, p. 388; 

Isl.) ; Brown, Ibis, 1867, p. 424; Ball 4" Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. 

i. p. 290 (16(59 : Sitka); Coues, Key X Amer. B. p. 245 (1872) ; 
Selat. ty Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 143 (1873f; Later. Mem. 
Bast. Soc. K. H. ii. p. 307 (1874: Colima); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1881, p. lo (Van I&L, Trinidad Channel); Coues, Ckeck-L iVL Amer. 
B. p. 98 (1882) ; Kelson, Cruise U.S. l Corwhi," p. 83 (1&83) : 
Corns, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. GO® (1884); Bai?*d, Brewer, 
§ Ridgw. Water-B. X Amer. i. p. 12G (1884); Turner, Comtr. 
N. B. Alaska, p. 120 (188G: Kadiak, Sannakh Isl); A. O. XI. 
Check-l. iV. Amer. B. p. 164 (1880); Taczan. Orn. PSrou, iii. 
p. 348 (1880: Coast of Peru); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 180 
(1887); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 294 (1891); Berkeley 
James, Few List Chilian B. p. 11 (1&92). 
Strepsilas borealib, Gay, Faun. Chilen., Zool. i. p. 408 (1847). 
Aphriza borealis, Bp, (J. R. xliii.p. 420 (1850). 
Strepsilas yirgatus, Sehl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 45 (1865); 

Seebh. Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 412 (1888). 

Adult male in tuinier plumage. General colour above dark greyish 
brown, with slightly indicated dusky centres to the feathers; lower 
rump and under tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts like the back, the 

26. OCHTHOBEOMUS. 
20 0 
primary-coverts tipped with, white; greater coverts also white at 
the ends, forming a broad wing-band; primaries white at base, and 
having white shafts; secondaries also edged with white at the tips, 
and having the bases white, this increasing towards the inner 
secondaries, which are almost wholly white, with only a little 
irregular black marking; tail-feathers black, fringed with white 
at the ends, and having broad black bases, the white increasing 
towards the outer feather; head like the back, as also the sides of 
the face and lores, the latter surmounted by a broad white streak, 
which extends over the eye ; throat white; lower throat and chest 
dark ashy brown, mottled on the latter with a few dark crossbars 
; remainder of under surface of body pure white, with a few 
longitudinal streaks or arrow-head markings of black on the sides 
of the body; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the lower 
primary-coverts ashy grey, forming a patch : " feet olive-green, 
claws black ; iris black; eyelids blackJ' (Dr. Coppinger). Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 6-6, tail 2-6, tarsus 1*15, 

middle toe and claw 1*2. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Seems to be darker than in winter. 
Blackish, with white or rufous spots on the feathers, while the 
under surface is spotted with arrow-head markings of blackish 
brown. 

Yowig. Very much like the adults, but with narrow whitish 
fringes to the feathers of the upper surface, these fringes having 
sub-terminal lines of blackish; throat and chest white, thickly 
mottled with ashy cross-bars; the flanks with small spots and 
streaks of blackish. 

Sab. "Western North America, from Alaska south to Chili. 

a, b. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Purchased. 
c S iuv-s^- St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug. 19 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(K W. Nelson: Sensh. Coll). 

d. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Orcas Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Central Chili (Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll. 
q, h. Ad. sk. Chili. Bridges Coll. 
9,

i. Ad. sk. Chili (T. Bridges). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k 
<$ ad. sk. Van Islands, Straits of Magel- Dr. Coppinger [P.]. 
Ian, Feb. 13. 

26. 0CHTH0DR0MUS. e 
Ochthodromus, Eeichenb. Av. 8yst. Nat p. xviii (1852). 0. wilsoni. 
Cirrepidesmus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 (1850) ,,. . O. geofrroyi. 
Pluviorhynchus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 (1856) 0. obscurus. 
Hyetoceryx, Seine, Nomencl Mus. Sein. p. 336 

n390) 
0. obscuni3. 

Range. "With the exception of Western Europe, Western Africa, 
the extreme south of South America, and Oceania, nearly cosmopolitan. 



VOL. XXIV. 

210 
CHAKADRIIDJE. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Summer plumage. 
a. 
Axillaries and under wing-coverts white. 
a'. Entire under surface of body rufous; no 
bands of black or chestnut... .* . obscurm, p. 211. 
b'. With a band of black or rufous on the fore-
neck or chest. 
a". 
With a single band of Hack (S )> or more or 
less rufescent ashy brown (§), across the 
fore-neck: no chestnut or cinnamon band; 
forehead and eyebrow separated from the 
head by a band" of black (tf), often absent 


(2 ) 
wikoni, p. 214. 
b". With a black band across the fore-neck, 
followed by a white band on the chest, and 
by a second band of chestnut across the 
breast bici?ictus9 p. 212. 

c'. No black band on the fore-neck; a chestnut or 
cinnamon band on the chest, bordered above 
with a line of black (in O. mongdus), or 
below (in 0. asiatieus). 


e". Bill stout; head rufescent; forehead white, 
with a black band on the fore part of the 
crown, or else entirely black; a streak from 
the bill and along the ear-coverts black; 
hind-neck rufous. 


a!". Size large: culraen 1 inch; forehead 
white; no black line above the rufous 
chest-band , geoffroyi, p. 217. 

b'". Size smaller: culmen not exceeding 0*9 
inch. 


a4'. Forehead black ; a pale cinnamon 
collar on the hind-neck; no black line 
above the che^t-band, which is pale 
cinnamon pyrrhothoraxt p. 226. 

b4 

. Forehead white; a chestnut or rufous 
collar on the hind-neck; a black line 
along the upper margin of the chestnut 
chest-band, often absent (? g) .. mongo!us7 p. 223, 

c4. Forehead white; no rufous collar on 
hind-neck, the head being like the 
back; sides of face white; no black 
on forehead or ear-coverts; a black 
band on the lower margin of the rufous 
chest-band .. . astaticus, p. 230. 

b. Axillaries and under wing-coverts smoky brown, 
as also the quill-lining; forehead broad, white, 
and extending to the sinciput; a distinct black 
horse-shoe below the chestnut band on the 
chest veredus, p. 282. 
/J. Winter plumage. 

a, Axillaries white (with occasionally a slight shade 
of ashy near the base, in O. mongolus and 


0. asiatieus); under wing-coverts white. 
26. OCHTHODROMUS. 
211 

a'. A collar of ashy brown across the fore-neck or 
lower throat. 
a". Wing exceeding 5 inches. 


a'". Feet dark brown; collar confined to 
throat and very narrow; quill-lining 
distinctly white obscurus, p. 211. 

b'". Feet lighter and more yellowish brown ; 
lower throat, fore-neck, and chest ashy 
grey; quill-lining dark, dull ashy asiaticus, p. 230. 

b". Wing less than 5 inches. 
c"'. Feet yellow; collar on fore-neck well-
defined ; bill very stout wilsoTii, p. 214. 
d'". Feet dark; collar ill-defined on fore-
neck ; bill slender. 

# aA. Central upper tail-coverts dark brown, 
not tipped with white; lateral upper 
tail-coverts tipped or edged with white, 
not conspicuous , bicinctus, p. 212. 


b4. Central upper tail-coverts tipped with 
white; lateral upper tail-coverts 
entirely white pyrrhothorax,]).226. 

b'. No complete collar across the fore-neck, which 
is white like the rest of the under surface; 
sides of chest with a brown patch. 


c". Larger: culrnen 1 inch geoffroyi, p. 217. 
d". Smaller: culmen 0*75 inch mongolus, p. 223. 
. Axillaries, under wing-coverts, and quill-lining 
smoky brown veredus, p. 232. 


1. Ochthodromus obscurus. 
Dusky Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. in. pt. 1, p. 208 (1785: Dusky 
Bay, N. Z.). 

Charadrius 
obscurus, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 686 (1788) ; Vieill N. 
Diet. d'Mst Nat. xxvii. p. 143 (1818: New Zealand); Wagl. 
Syst Av., Charadrius, p. 68, sp. 35 (1827); Gray in Diefenb. 
Trav. N. Zeal. ii. App. p. 195 (1843); id. List Grail Brit. Mus. 

p. 67 (1844: Mount Egmont, N. Z.); id. Voy. Ereb. $ Terr., 
Birds, p. 11, pi. ix (1846 : Waikonati, Sept.) ; id. Gen. B. iii. 
p. 544 (1847); Reichenb. Grail tab. Cv. 3.g. 1068 (1851); Gray, 
Ibis, 1862, p. 234; Bolts, Trans, New Zeal. Inst. ii. p. 68 (1870: 
Dog Range, Ashburton distr., breeding); Gray. Hand-l B. iii. 
p. 14, no. 9988 (1871); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 168 (N. Z.); 
Buller, B. New Zeal p. 208 (1873 : Mountains of New Zealand); 
Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, p. 193; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. #• Terr., Birds, 
App. p. 29 (1875); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 151, pi. vi. 
(1888) ; Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 1, pi. xxv. fig. 1 
(1888). 
Charadrius glareola, Licht. ed. Forster, Descr. Anion, p. 109 (1844). 
Pluviorhynchus obscurus, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
Hyetoceryx obscurus, Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Kein. p. 336 

(1890 :* New Zealand; New Ireland). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown, with a 
slight greenish gloss, most of the feathers with rufous margins ; the 
head like the back; the hind-neck only slightly paler ; rump and 

P2 

212 CHAKADBIID-32. 

upper tail-coverts dusk}' brown, the latter fringed with white at 
the ends, the lateral ones white along the outer webs; wing-coverts 
more ashy brown than the back, the median and greater series 
margined with hoary white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish, with white fringes at the ends : the primaries white-
shafted and lighter brown along the inner web, inclining to whitish 
at the base, leaving the outer web and the tips blackish, the inner 
primaries white at the base externally, forming a wing-patch; 
secondaries brown, white at the base, and edged with white, this 
white gradually increasing on the outer web, till it occupies the 
whole of it on the inner quills, which are also white at the ends ; 
the innermost long secondaries brown like the back; tail-feathers 
dark brown, whitish at the ends, the outer feathers smoky-brown, 
white at the tip and along the margins of both webs; base of forehead 
dingy white, as well as a broad eyebrow; lores, fore part of 
cheeks, and sides of face dusky brown, mottled with buff below the 
eye; hinder cheeks, throat, and under surface of body cinnamon-
rufous, white on the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; 
under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining white; lower 
primary-coverts light ashy, like the quills below : " bill black ; feet 
leaden-grey; iris black " ( W. L. Bulkr). Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 1*1, wing 6'5, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
being darker ashy brown above, without the rufous margins to the 
feathers; lores and eyebrow, as well as the under surface of the 
body, white, with a band of ashy brown across the lower throat. 

Hah. New Zealand. Drs. Heine and Reich enow record a specimen 
in the " Huseum Heineanum " from New %t Ireland/' but this 
is doubtless a mistake for New " Zealand.** 

aj b. Ad. liiem. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes 'P.". 
St. 
c. Ad. sestiv. st.
d. Imm. sk. 
New Zealand. 
New Zealand. 
Percy Earl, Esq. TV. 
New*" Zealand Co," 
[p-:e. 
Ad. sk. New Zealand. Seebohm Coll. 
/ , g, h. Ad. sk.
%'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 
New Zealand. 
New Zealand. 
Sir George Grey ~I\\ 
Tweeddale Coll." 
h. § ad. sestiv.
sk. 
Otago, N. Z., Nov. Hume Coll. 
/. Ad. Hem. sk. Port Cooper, N. Z. Capt. Stokes PP.]. 

2. Ochthodromus bicinctus. 
Charadrius bicinctus, Jard. $- Selby, III. Orn, I pi. 28 (1825); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Bp. C. X. xliii. p. 417 (1856); Sehl. 
Mm. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 37 (1865: Tasmania; Lord Howe 
Isl.); Potts, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst ii. p. 67 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-L B. 

iii. p. 16, no. 10013 (1871); Fimcli, J.f. 0. 1873, p. 169; Butler, 
B. K Zeal p. 211 (1873); Fmsek, J. f. O. 1874, p. 103; Sharpe, 
Toy. JEreb. $ Terr., App. p. 29 (1875); Fimch, Ibis, 1882, p. 399 
(N. Zeal.); id. Tog. der Stidsee, p. 84 (1884: N. Zealand); 
20. OCHTHODROHUS.
Butter, B. New Zeal 2nd ed. p. 3 (188S); 8eebohm, Geoyr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 149 (1888); JEtheridye, Lord Howe Isl. p. 17 1889); 
Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 528 (Chatham Isl.). 

Eudromias xanthoeheilus (nee Wagl), Gray, List Grallcs Brit. 
Mus. p. 68 (1844: Tasmania). 

^Egialitis bicincta, Gould, 8yn. B. Austr. pt. ii. pi. 32. ftg. 3 (1837); 
Rarting, Ibis, 1870, p. 202 ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337 (Cardwell) 
; id. Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 197 (1878); 8ahad. 
Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 305, note (1882); Ramsay, Proa. Linn. 8oc. 

N. 8, W. vii. p. 88 (1883 : Lord Howe Isl.); id. Tab. List Austr. 
B. p. 19 (1888: nearly the whole of Australia; S.E. New G-ninea); 
Croiofoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 270 (Norfolk Isl.): Legye, Proe. Austr. 
Assoc. 8ei. 1892, p. 38. 
Hiaticula bicincta, Gray, Voy. Breb. Sf Terr., Birds, p. 12 (1846) ; 
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 16 (1846): Reichenb. Voy. Neuholl. p. 41 
(1850). 

Ochthodromus "bieinctus, Heine fy Reichen. NomencL Mus. Hein. 

p. 337 (1890). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown, 
with a very evident green gloss, some of the feathers edged with 
sandy rufous ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts with 
a narrow white tip, forming a narrow wing-bar; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts dark brown, the latter with white tips; quills 
brown, darker brown along the outer webs and at the ends ; the 
primaries white-shafted, the inner ones also having a white base 
to the outer web, forming a small wing-patch; secondaries also 
brown, the inner ones fringed with white near the end of the 
outer web and white-shafted, the innermost ones like the back; 
rump and upper tail-coverts brown, the sides of the rump and the 
lateral coverts white; tail-feathers brown, tipped with white, 
before which is a sub-terminal shade of darker brown, less distinct 
on the outer feathers, tho outermost white, with a shade of smoky 
brown on the inner web; crown of head brown like the back, 
separated from the white forehead and eyebrow by a band of black: 
lores and feathers round the eye black; sides of face and sides of 
neck brown; throat white, separated from the brown face by a 
line of black, which skirts the throat along the cheeks and down 
the sides of the neck, and joins a broad band across the fore-
neck; the sides of this band brown; across the chest a broad 
white band followed by another broad crescentic band of deep 
chestnut; remainder of under surface of the body, as well as the 
under wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white; lower primary-
coverts and quill-lining ashy grey: " bill black, slightly tinged with 
olive; feet pale sickly yellowish white, the joints of toes and knees 

browner; iris blackishVown; eyelid scarlet" (J. Gould). Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-95, tail 2'15, tarsus 1-25. 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
wanting the bands of black and chestnut on the under surface, the 
place of the black band on the fore-neck being indicated by a shade 
of brown across this part; entire upper surface dark brown, including 
the head ; forehead white, but without the black band of 

214 
CHAIUDRIID.E. 

the breeding-plumage ; an indistinct white eyebrow ; ear-coverts 

blackish ; lores with a dusky streak. 

Young. Similar to the adult in winter plumage, but haying all 

the feathers of the upper surface edged with sandy buff, with a 

rufescent tinge on the sides of the face and eyebrow; under surface 

of body white, with a tinge of sandy buff on the lower throat and 

fore-neck, the lateral feathers mottled with black bases. Indicating 

the position of the black band in the adults ; the sides of the lower 

breast also tinged with sandy buff, where the chestnut band is 

developed in the adult bird. 

Nestling. Peathers of the upper parts brown, largely margined 

with fulvous; underparts white, with fulvous markings on the 

breast; the sides 
of the head and the lower part of the back and 

rump covered with down of a dull sandy yellow, spotted with 

black, and with fluffy down still adhering to other parts of the 

body: bill dark brown; feet brownish grey {W. L. Bvlhr). 

Hob. Nearly the whole of Australia, Tabmania, Norfolk Island, 

and Lord Howe Island. Dr. Ilamsay gives Southern New Guinea as 

a habitat also, but I have not found any confirmation of this locality. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Australia. Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. 
Australia. Tweeddale Coll. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e-g. Ad. sk. Moreton Bay, Queensland. Gould Coll. 
h. <5 imm. sk.; 
Tasmania. Itunald Gimn, Esq. 
i. Irani, st. 
"P.". 
k. Imm. sk. Tasmania. Gould Coll. 
/. S ad. sk. Lord Howe Island, Sept. 10 Gould Coll. 
(J". Macgillivray). 
m-o. 
Ad. etimm. New Zealand. Purchased. 
sk. 

p. Ad. sk. 
Canterbury, N. Z., July. J. H. Gumey, Ebq. 
?* r. S $ imm. sk. 
Fort Cooper, N. Z. Captain Stokes [P.]. 
Otago, N. Z., Oct. Hume Coll. 

s. 
2 a& s&« 
3. OcMhodromus wilsoni 
Charadrius wilsonia * Ord in Wilso7i1s Aim. Orn. Ix. p. 77, pi. Ixxiii. 
fig. 5 (1814: Cape Isl., New Jersey). 
Charadrius wilsonius, Vieill. K. Diet. cFHisf. Nat. xxvii. p. 418 
(1818); Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccix. (c. 1826); id. Orn. Biogr. iii. 

p. 73 (1835), v. p. 577 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 214, pi. 319 
(1842),-Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (,1847); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 
p. 106 (1850) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. JE. viL p. 308 (1860: 
Cuha); JSchl Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 30 (1865); Peh. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 297, 455 (1871: Cujutuba, Feb.; Rio Muria); Gray, 
Eandrl B. iii. p. 16, BO. 10012 (1871); Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. 
i. p. 450 (1878: Guadeloupe). 
Charadrius crassirostris, Spix, Av. Bras. li. p. 77, pi. cxiv. (1825) 
Cab. Schomb. Pels. Guian. iii. p. 750 (1848). 
iEgialitis wilsonia, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. fy N. Amer. p. 45 (1828); 
Cass, in Baird's B. N. Amer. p. 693 (1858: Cape May, New 
Jersey); Bryant, Broc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 121 (1859: 

* Certainly a misprint for wilsonii. 
26. OCHTHODROMUS.
Bahamas): Cass. Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1860, p. 378 (St. Thomas) ; 
March, Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1864, p. 66 (Jamaica) ; Dresser, Ibis, 
1866, p. 34 (Galveston Isl., Texas); Salvin, f. c. p. 197 (British 
Honduras); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 294 (1867); Scl $ 
Salt. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 169 (Venezuela); Allen, Bull. Ilarv. Coll. 

ii. p. 355 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 244 (1872); 8cl. \ 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873) j Lawr. Tr. Bost Soc. 
N. H. ii. p. 307 (1874: Mazatlan) ; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
i. p. 160 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas),-Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 147 
(1880); A.$E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) j Coues, 
Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 601 (1884); Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 143 (1885); Dutcher, 
Auk, iii. p. 438 (1886: Shinnecock Bay; Long Island); Salvin, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (British Guiana); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. 
B. p. 163 (1886: south from Long Isl.; Nova Scotia); Tacz. 
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 343 (1886); Cory, Auk, iv. pp. 228, 229 (1887); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 175 (1887); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 159 
(1889: Tarpon Springs, Florida); Robinson, t. c. p. 195 (James R., 
Virginia); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 228 (1889: Bahamas & Greater 
Antilles); id. B. Bahamas, 2nd ed. p. 147 (1890); id. Auk, vii. 
p. 374 (1890: Anegada), p. 375 (Virgin Gorda) ; Northrop. Auk, 
viii. p. 76 (1891: Concepion Isl., Bahamas); Cory, t. c. p. 350 
(Great Bahamas), p, 351 (Inagua Isl., Bahamas); id. Cat. B. 
West Ind. p. 95 (1892); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (1892: Port 
Henderson, Jamaica, apparently resident); Cory, t. c. p. 48 
(Maraguana, Bahamas); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida). 
Hiaticula 
-vvilsoni, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 70 (1844: N. 
America). 
Ochthodromus wilsonius, Reichenb. Grail, p. xviii; Bp. C. R. xliii. 

p. 418 (1856); Gundl. J. f. O. 1874, p. 313 (Porto Rico), 1875, 
p. 333 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cuba, p. 180 (1876); Ridgiu. Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880); Belding, op. cit. v. p. 545 (1883); 
Baird, Brewer,fyRidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 168 (1884); 
Zeledon, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 113 (1885: Costa Rica); 
Heine <§• Reiehen. Nomencl. Mus. Mein. p. 337 (1890: Cuba; 
Colombia). 
JEgialitis wilsoniana, Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 387 (Grassy Cay, British 
Honduras), 1865, p. 191 (Guatemala, Pacific Coast); Tacz. P.Z.S. 
1877, p. 330 (Tumbez; Santa Lucia, Peru). 

iEgialitis wilsonius, var. rufinuchus, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 109 
(1874: Jamaica, Dec. & April). 
yEgialitis wilsoni, Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882); Salvin, 
Bis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel). 
iEgialitis wilsonius rufinuchus, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 177 
(1884: Sabanilla, New Granada). 
Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus, Baird, Brewer, 8f Ridgw. Water-
Birds N. Amer. i. p. 168 (1884). 
iEgialitis wilsonia rufinucha, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 175 
(1887). 
Charadrius wilsoni, Seebohm, Geogr. Dirfr. Charadr. p. lo4 (1888: 
Cape Orange; Camanu). 
JEgialitis rufinucha, Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307,-335 (Bonaire). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above uniform 
dark brown, with a slight gloss of olive-green, the wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater series narrowly tipped with white; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, the first 
primary white-shafted, the rest with a part of the shaft white, and 

216 
CHAEADEIID^:. 

the inner ones having an inconspicuous mark of white at the base 
of the outer web; the secondaries brown with white shafts, and 
paler bases to the inner webs, the innermost long secondaries brown 
like the back; rump brown, with a dusky patch ; upper tail-coverts 
also brown, the lateral ones white, like the sides of the rump; tail-
feathers light brown with white tips, before which is a sub-terminal 
shade of darker brown, evanescent towards the outer feathers, 
which are white, the penultimate one shaded with pale smoky 
brown; crown of head brown like the back, separated by a band 
of black from the forehead, which is white, as also the eyebrow ; 
a streak of black from the base of the bill to the eye ; ear-coverts 
light brown; cheeks and throat white, like the rest of the under 
surface ; across the fore-neck a broad band of black ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white : *4 bill black ; feet pale flesh-colour ; 
iris brown; eyelids greyish7" (i?. Eidgwaj/), Total length 6*8 
inches, culmen Obo, wing 4*6, tail 1*85, tarsus 1-2. 

The full summer plumage of this Plover is apparently developed 
before the return of the species to its breeding-quarters; in full 
plumage the eyebrow, ear-coverts, and hind-neck are blight cinnamon 
rufous, and there h SL good deal of rufous mixed with the 
black collar on the fore-neck. This rufous colour can be traced in 
a few examples from North America, but it would seem to fade 
very quickly, and in most of our series, procured in May and June, 
it has disappeared entirely. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but 

differing in the praepectoral collar being brown instead of black, 

often with a tinge of rufous; the black band on the forehead never 

fully developed as in the male, and often entirely absent. 

Adult hi winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
wanting the black on the lores and the fore part of the crown, 
these parts being brown like the rest of the back; the band on the 
fore-neck also ashy brown instead of black. 

Bob. North America, from Nova Scotia, south through Central 
America, to Brazil and Peru. 

a, b. Ad. gestiv. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 

c. Ad. aestiv. sk. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Seebohro ColL 
d. <$ ad. sestiv. sk. Pennsylvania {Krider). Seebohm Coll. 
eif-6 ad. efcpull. Cobb's IsL, Virginia, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. {Hensh. Coll.). 

(j. <$ ad. aestiv. sk. Fort Macou, N. Carolina, May Salvin-Godman ColL 
(E. Coues). 
h~p\ J2 ad. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Mav, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sestiv.etpull.sk. June ( W. B. JD. ticott). 
q'-v'. <$ J ad. Corpus Oliristi, Texas, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
33stiv. sk. (JFl B. Armstrong). 
w\ <$ ad. sk. San Bias, Tepic, Mexico, April Salvin-Godman ColL 
{ Ti\ B. Richardson). 
A '. $ ad. Mem, sk. Progreso, Yucatan, Nov. (G. Salvin-Godman ColL 

F. Gaumer). 
y'~a". 
Ad. Iiiem. Cozumel Island (G. F. GauSalvin-
G odman Coil. 
sk. mer). 

26. OCHTHODKOMTTS. 
V. 
Ad. Mem. sk. Jolbox Island (G. F. Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mer). 
c"> d". d $ ad. Grassy Cay, British Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
seativ. sk. May (0. S.). 
e"-g". Ad. hiem. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
bk. (0. 8.). 
//'.§ ad.hiem.sk. Anegada Is., W. I., Dec. 9 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. S. Wynch). 
i'1, k". Ad. sk. Puna Is., Ecuador ( Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
gomez). 

I". Ad. sk. Venezuela. 
Mr. T. Dyson [C.]. 

m". $ ad. sk. Carupano, Venezuela (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Goering). 
n". $ ad. sk. River Oyapoc, Cayenne Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Jelsla). 
a". Ad.hiem.sk. Bahia, Brazil (Br. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4. OcMliodroiniis geoffroyi. 
Charadrius asiaticus (nee Pall.), Morsf. Trails. Linn. 8oc. xiii. p. 187 
(1821 : Java). 
Charadrius hiaticula (nee L.), Savigny, Descr. de VEgypte, Ois. 
pi. 14. fig. 1 (1825). 

Charadrius geoffroyi, Wagl Syst. Av., Charadrius, p, 61, no. 19 
(1827); KittUtz, Kupfertaf. Vog, p. 26, pi. 34. fig. 2 (1833: Red 
Sea) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 181 (1843: S. India); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Ileugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 345 (Eed Sea, 
resident); E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 455 (Madagascar, Sept.) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 34; Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 39 
(1865); id. P Z. 8. 1866, p. 425 (N.W. coast of Madagascar); id. 
$Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. pp. 129, 172 (1868); Marti. <§• Finsch, 

P. Z. S.1868, pp. 117,118 (Pelew Islands); Finsch, Trans. Zool. 
8oc. vii. p. 279 (1873 : Zoulla, March; Massowah, June & Aug.); 
Finsch $ Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 648 (1870); Gray, Haud-l. B. iii. 
p. 14, no. 9993 (1871); Marti. # Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 89; 
Meugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1020, pi. xxxiv. fig. 3 (1873 : 
Egypt, winter; Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, July to Nov.); Finsch, 
Jour. Mus. Godeffr. viii. p. 31 (1875: Pelew Is.); Bosenb. 
Beistocht. Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875); Marti. Ibis, 1877, p. 335; id. 
Voq. Madag. p. 286 (1877) ; Bosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 277, 324, 
407, 563 (1878-79: New Guinea; Mysol); Danf. Ibis, 1880, 

p. 94 (Asia Minor); Milne-Edwards fy Grandid. Mist. Nat. 
Madag., Ois. p. 507 (1882); 8evertz. Ibis, 1883, p. 80 (Pamir, not 
observed); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 43 (Tenimber Id.); Fischer, 
J.f. 0. 1885, p. 115 (Usegiia); 8harpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 492 (Fao, 
March); Lister, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 528 (Christmas IsL, Indian 
Ocean); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 146 (1888); Beichen. 
J. f. 0.1889, p. 265 (Zanzibar, Nov.); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. 
p. 310 (1890); Emin, J.f. 0.1891, p. 338; Marti. Abhandl. nat. 
Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 332 (1892: Tientsin); Beichen. Jahrb. Hamburg. 
Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 6 (1893: Zanzibar, Nov.); id. Vog. 
Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 33 (1894 : Usegiiha). 
Charadrius leschenaulti, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 322 (1828); Swinh 

J. A. S. Beng. xxix. p. 259 (1860: Amoy); Wallace, P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 487 (Flores); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 299 (1867: Salt 
River, Cape Town); Cab. $ Beichen. J.f. 0. 1876, p. 327. 
CHAEADKIIDJE. 

218 

Charadrius eolumbmus, Wagl. Isis, 1829. p. 650 (ex Hempr. § Mr. 

MS) • Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847). 
Charadrius gTiseus (nee Leach), Less TraiUjZOrn.?. 544 (1831) 
Charadrius rufiniis, Blyth, Ann. $ Mag' iY H xii. p. 169 (184*: 

Calcutta); Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus, Grail pL o4. no. 669, 

App. pi. 41; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (lb44) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. iii. p. 544 (1847). 
^^ n^lm _ ., _ x 
Hiaticula. geoffroyi, Fdipp.Jijst Uebers. p. lib (lb^: Red Sea); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. £c. Nepal pres. Hodgs p. 1..2 (lb46j ; Blyth, 
Cat B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 262 (1849: Calcutta) ; Sicmh. Ibis, 
1866, p. 134 (Formosa). .,-,« ! * ,,,,,* 

Hiaticula 
inoraata, «f , J?. Austr. TI. pL 19. large figure (lb46 : 
pt., Ooinaga Isl., Torres Straits; Port £s*ington). 
Charadrius fuscus, Pucheran, Rev. Zool lbol, p. 2-2 (&r Cw». JiVs. 

Ochtiodromus geofiroyi, 2&.feA«2&. ffratf. Taf. cv fig. 1061 (1852J 
Hiaticula eolunibina, Zw/tf. XomeyicL A v. Mas. Berol. p. 94 (18,J4 : 


^riahtis gigas, A. $ L. Brekm, Vogelf. p. 283 (1855) 
Charadrius gigas, L. Brehm, Saumannia, l&>o, p. 2bJ. 
Cirrepidesmus geoffroyi, ^ . C. R. xlm. p. 41 i f 1 bob): JW, ^r. 


F i p. 229 (1873: Karachi), ri. p. 2^b (lb<4: Andiman* & 
Nicobars), iv. p. 12 (1876 : Northern Guzerat); Muller, J.f.O. 
1882, p. 83 (Salanga); Heine fy Reichen. Sommel. Mas. Hem. 

p. 336 (1890: Abyssinia). 
(1?>ij) ?

/Eoialitis geoffroyi, JTew^-%^- C^* -P*oG ^^'/^f ' 
1861, p. 51 (Aniov), 1863, p. 405 (Formosa): AW. P. /. .S. Ib63, 
p 222 (Baniarmassing); Jerd. B. Lid. m. p. 63b (1MJ4); j& 
Sreirfon, #* , 1867, pp. 343, 359 (SeycMlesJ; Chnlwvt-Austen, 

J. A S Bern, xxxix. p. 273 (1870 : Khasia Hills): Hart my, Ibis, 
1870* p. 378, pi. xi.; Swi?ih. t. c. pp. 360, 361 (W. Human, 
Shanghai) ; Blanf. Geo!. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 4i^ (1870: common 
on thl sea-coast); Shelley, B. Egypt p. 2& <lb<2: Late Mawotia, 
Feb.: Damietta, March); tfiwnA. P. £. & lbil, p. 404 (China : 
Formosa, winter); Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 316 (Andaman*); Hayes 
Lloyd, t. e. p. 416 (Gulf of Kutch) ; Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 318 
(1874); Antinori $ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 143 (1873: Massowa); 
Leqqe Ibis 1875, p. 400 (Ceylon, June & July); H aid. Trans. 
Zool. 'Soc. ix. p. 227 (1875 : "Philippines) ; Salvad. Arm Mm. 
Gen. ix. p. 63 (1876 : Sanghir); Armstr. Str F. IT. p. 339 (18/6 : 
Hume& Davison, Str. F. T1. p. 455 (1878: Tena&senm); 0M^. 
Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1878, p. 181 (Seychelles); Ball, Str. F. TO. 
p 226 (1878: Orissa, N. of Mahanadi); Ramsay, Froc. Linn. Soc. 
NSW ii. p. 197 (1878: Port Darling; Port Essington; Gulf 
of Carpentaria; Cape York; Rockingham Bay); Salvad. P. Z. S. 
1878 p 82 (Ambom&);Sharpef Report Trans. J enu* (Rodriguez), 

p. 462 (1879); Hume, Str. F. rSL p. 112 (1879), p. 157 (Tonka; 
Kkno* • Singapore); Tiraut, Bull. Oomm. Agrtc. Coehinehme, (3) 
i p 147 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 57 (1870J; Sharpe, 
P Z S 1879, p. 350 (Labuan, July); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N S W. iii. p. 297 (1879 : S.E. Guinea), iv. p. 101 (1880 : Port 
Moresby distr.; S. Cape; Duke of York Group; Solomon Is.) ; 
Butler Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 73 (1880); Vidal, Str.F.ix. 
p. 81 (1880: Gahagar; Eatnagiri, S. Konkan); Legge, B. Ceylon, 
26 . OCHTHODHOMTTS. 
219 

p. 939 (1880); Salvad. Toy. H.M.S. l Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 64 
(1881) ; Sharps, P. Z. 3. 1881, p. 800 (Sandakan) ; Kelham, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 9 (Malay Peninsula, Nov.); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia 
etc. iii. p. 298 (1882); id. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 325 (1882: 
Geogr. distr.); Halting, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 385; Oates, Handb. JB. 
Brit. JBurm. ii. p. 366 (1883); Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 200 
(Maroe, Timor-Laut); Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 322 (Palawan); 
Tristr. Faun. fyFlor. Palest p. 129 (1884;; Meyer, Sitzb. u. Abh. 
Gesellsch. Isis, 1884, Abh. i. p. 55 (Bouru) ; H. O. Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1884, p. 433 (Timor-Laut); Vorderm. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. 
xliv. p. 284 (1884: Java) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 226 
(1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 664 (1884: Port 
Elizabeth); Nehrh. J. f. O. 1885, p. 35 (Waigiou); Guittem. 
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 (Waigiou, Oct.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 167 
(Muscat); Gigl Avif Ital. p. 371 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. 
p. 211 (1886: Sardinia); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 
(1888 : K."W. & N. Australia to Rockingham Bay); Hume, Sir. F. 
xi. p. 313 (1888: Manipur); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
(2) ii. p. 171 (1888: Derby); Guillem. Ibis, 1888, p. 104 (Cyprus, 
March); Sharpe, t. c. p. 203 (Palawan); Shelley, t. c. p. 305 
(Manda Isl., Nov.) ,* Vorderm. Nat. Tijdsehr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. 
p. 415 (1889 : Sumatra); Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 
1889, p. 205; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225 (Palawan); Dresser, Ibis, 
1889, p. 92 (Transcaspian region, April); Lilford, t. c. p. 338 
(Cyprus); GigL Avif. Ital. 1st Resoe. p. 570 (1889); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan, Aug.); Sharpe, t. c. pp. 143, 284 
(Labuan, Jan.); Steere, List B. ty Mamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 25 
(1890 : Paragua); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao, Aug.); Styan, 
t. tf.pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, 
etc. iii. p, 200 (1891); Sibree, Ms, 1892, p. li s (Madagascar); 
Be la Touche, t. c. p. 496 (Foochow) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 
Advanc. Sci 1892, p. 36; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436 (Hainan); 
Blanf Ibis, 1894, p. 574 (crit); ? W. W. Cordeaux, t. c. p. 373 
(Cashmere); Meyer $ Wiglesw. J.f.O. 1894, p. 250. 
JEgialitis leschenaulti, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 342 (Pekin), 1862, p. 255 
(Foochow); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 309 (Formosa, resident); Wyatt, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai). 

Charadrius asiaticus (nee Pall), Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 450 
(Palestine); id. Ibis, 1864, p. 230; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 34; 
Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 93 (Dead Sea), 1868, p. 323 (Acre). 

Ochthodromus 
inornatus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 237 
(1865). 
Eudromias crassirostris (nee Spiv), Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 146 
(1873 : Fort Peroffsky, June ; Lake Chatir-Kul [11,000 ft.], July ; 

E. Coast of Caspian, Aug.); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327, note. 
Eudromias geoffroyi, Severtz. J.f. 0.1873, p. 346 (Turkestan), p. 354 
(Yarkandj; Meyer, t. c. p. 405 (Celebes); Severtz. J.f.O. 1875, 

p. 182 (Turkestan) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327; Len%, J f. 0.1877, 
p. 379 (Ceram) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 288 (D'umaguete, 
Aug.), p. 344 (S. Leyte, Sept.), p. 624 (Palawan, Nov.), p. 711 
(N. Bohol, Oct., Nov.); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 141 (Lake of Tondano, 
June; Lirnbotfco, July); Blasius, J.f O. 1883, p. 150 
(Celebes); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 74 (1884: Western 
Thian Shan; Caspian); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 416 (1884: 
Caspian, winter). 
Eudromias magnirostris, Severtz. J.f 0.1875, p. 182 (Turkestan). 

220 CHAEABRIID-E. 

Adult in hreeding-jjlumage. General colour above light brown, 
with a slight olive-greenish gloss, the wing-coverts like the back, 
with obsolete indications of paler fringes to some of the feathers, 
the greater series tipped with white, forming a narrow wing-bar; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries 
darker brown along their outer webs and at the tips, and having 
white shafts, the inner primaries also having a white mark 
towards the base of the outer web ; secondaries brown, with white 
fringes to the end of the outer web and white tips, the shafts also 
white, with a little extension along the sides of the shaft in the 
inner secondaries, the innermost long secondaries like the back, 
the outer ones white along their outer web ; rump and upper tail-
coverts a little lighter and more ashy brown than the back, with 
white fringes to most of the feathers, the sides of the rump also 
white; tail-feathers ashy brown, with a broad white tip, before 
which is a sub-terminal shade of darker brown, forming an obsolete 
sub-terminal band; the outer feathers with more or less white near 
the base of the inner web, the outermost one almost entirely white, 
except for a slight shade of smoky brown and a slightly indicated 

sub-terminal shade of darker brown ; hinder part of crown of head 
light brown, entirely surrounded by pale cinnamon-rufous, which 
occupies the fore part of the crown and extends down the hides of 
the neck round the hinder neck, where it forms a broad collar of 
pale cinnamon-rufous; base of forehead white, followed by a narrow 
black bland; lores also black, as well as the feathers in front of 
and below the eye, which unite with a black band along the top of 
the ear-coverts; sides of face and under surface of body white; 
across the fore-neck and chest a broad band of cinnamon-rufous or 
light chestnut, which extends a little way down the sides of the 
upper breast; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining 
white. Total length 8-5 inches, oilmen 1, wing o-o, tail 2, 

tarsus 1/45. 

Adidt in tvinter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
wanting the rufous chest and in the absence of ail facial markings. 
General colour above uniform brown, the head like the back, the 
hind-neck paler and more ashy brown ; lores, forehead, and a broad 
eyebrow white, as well as the eyelid ; feathers below the eye brown, 
extending in a streak along the ear-coverts; cheeks and entire 
under surface of body pure white, with a patch of brown on each 
side of the upper breast: "bill black; tarsus greenish grey or pale 
olive ; toes dusky or blackish; iris brown " (A. 0. Emm). 

Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but dark brown, 
with faint edges of sandy buff to the feathers of the upper surface; 
eyebrow and sides of face washed with sandy rufous, a strong 
shade of which colour pervades the chest and sides of the upper 
breast. 

Hah. Probably breeds in Japan, Formosa, and Hainan, according 
to Mr. Seebohm. Heuglin believes that it also breeds on the Red 
Sea coast. "Winters in Africa, India, and Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
£?. cJ ad. sk, 
6. c? ad. sk. 
/. 
S ad. hiem, 
sk. 

g. Ad. Mem. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
*. d imm. sk. 
k. J ad. sk. 
I. S ad. sk. 
m, n. J ad. Hem. 
sk. 

o. 
J ad. hiem. 
sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
<?. Ad. sk. 
r-v. $ $ ad. sk. 
to. Ad. sk. 
x, y. Ad. hiem.
sk. 
z-c'. Ad. hiem. 
sk. 
d'-k'. <$ $ a&-et 

juv. sk. 
l'-t'. <5 $ ad. sk. 
v!. Ad. hiem. sk. 


v. £ ad.; w'} iJ, 
yf. § juv. sk. 
*',«".£$ ad. 
hiem. sk. 
b". J ad. hiem. 
sk. 
c". $ ad. hiem. 
sk. 
d", e". $ ad. sk. 

f'\f. S ad. 
hiem. sk. 
h", i", k". $ ad. 
hiem. sk. 
/". $ ad. hiem. 
sk. 
m", n", o". 6 S 
ad. sk. 
p". $ ad. hiem. 
sk. 
q". $ ad. Hem. 

r", s". $ ad. 
hiem. sk. 

20 . OCHTHODBOMUS. 
Plain of Acre, Palestine. 
Beersheba. 
Smyrna. 
Tor, Peninsula of Sinai, May. 
Near Suez, Feb. 
Alexandria, Feb. 


Arabia (Uempr. fy Ehr). 

221 

Canon Tristram [O.J. 
Canon Tristram [0.1 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


(Co--type of C. columbinus.) 
Massowah, Aug. 24 ( W. Jesse), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Massowah, June (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 
Massowah, Aug. ( W. Jesse). Seebohm Coll. 

Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Jan. 17. 

Man da Island, E. Africa, 
Nov. 13. 
Durban, Natal, March (Gordge). 

Cape Colony (Layard). 
Madagascar. 

N.E. Madagascar (Van Dam). 
Rodriguez (If. IT. Slater). 
Muscat. 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 

Karachi, July, Aug., Nov. (E. 

A. Butler). 
Karachi, Feb. (A. 0. if.). 
Balacherry, Kathiawar, Oct. 
22. 
Sambur Lake, Aug. (R. M. 
Adam). 
Laccadives, Feb. (A. 0. H.). 

S.E. coast of Ceylon, July 
(W.V.Legge). 

Calcutta, Jan. 11. 

KyoukPhyon, April (J.fArmstrong). 


Elephant Point, Dec. (J. Armstrong). 


Amherst, Tenasserim, Dec. to 
Feb. ( W. Davison). 
Wippitan, Dec. (J". Darling). 

S. Andamans, Jan.. to March 
(22. G. W. JR.). 
Groyns Cove, S. Andamans, 
Oct, (F. A. de Roepstorff). 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, April 

( W. Davison). 
Macpherson's Straits, March 
(W. Davison). 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
F. 
J. Jackson, Esq, 
pp.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Transit of Venus* 


Expedition. 
Colonel Miles [P.]. 

W. D. Gumming, 
Esq.[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Colonel Hayes Lloyd 
[p.]. • 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

222 

t". $ ad. Mem. 
sk. 
u". J ad. hieni. 
sk. 
v''. (S ad. hiem. 
sk. 
w"-c3. tf $ ad. 
hiem. sk. 

d3 

. $ ad. sk. 
e3. 2 ad. Mem. 
sk. 
f\ Ad. hiem. 
sk. 
g3. Ad. hiem. sk. 

h3 

. Ad. Mem. sk. 

t*. Ad.sk 

kz 

. Ad. Mem. sk. 

I3 

. Ad. hiem. sk. 
?w3. § ad.sk. 

n3f o3. Ad. hiem. 
sk. 
p3. Ad. sk. 

q3. Ad. hiem. sk. 
r3. Ad. hiem. sk. 
s3, tz, u3. Ad. sk. 

7)3. Ad. sk. 
to3. Ad. hiem. sk. 
x3. Ad. sk. 
t/3. <J ad. sestiv. 

sk. 
s3. 2 ad. sk. 


#4. <£ ad. hiem. 
sk. 
b\ $ ad. hiem. 
sk. 

c4, d\ S 2 ad. 
hiem. sk. 
e4, cS ad. hiem. 

sk. 
/*. Ad. hiem. sk. 
gA. Ad. hiem, sk. 
h\ 2 ad. hiem. 

sk. 
&. Ad. hiem. sk. 
k\P,m\ Ad. 

hiem. sk. 
w4. Ad. hiem. sk. 
o4. Ad. sk. 
p*j qA. 6 ? ad. sk. 

CH.iB4J)BIID-3S. 

Camorta, Xicobars, Feb. (W. 
Davison"),

Montshall Is.,Xicobars, March 
14 (" W. Davison). 
Tonka, Malay Peninsula, Jan. 

(J. Darling). 
Salangore, Jan., Feb., Aug. 

(W. Davison).
Singapore, April (Kelhairi). 
Java, 


Java (Horsfield). 

Lamponsr, S.E. Sumatra (K 
a Buxton). 

Labuan. 

Labuan. 

Sarawak. 
Banjarmassing (J. Motley). 
Matu Beach, May 8. 


Cochin China. 

China. 

Canton (Tuckett). 
Canton (Bligh).


A moj, July, Xov. (R. Stein-

hoe). 
Aniov, July {R- Swinkoe). 
X.W! Formosa (R. Swinkoe). 
Hainan, March (R. Swinkoe). 
Dumaguete, Xegros, March 12. 

Durnaguete, Aug. {A. H. 
Everett). 

Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 20. 

S. Leyte, Oct. (A, E. Everett). 
N. Bohol, Oct. (A. H. Everett). 
Puerto Prineesa, Palawan, Oct. 

(A. JS. Everett). 
Flores. 
Solor. 
Moloe Island, Tenimber Group,, 


Sept. 1. 
Batchian (Wallace). 
Halmahera. 

Ceram. 
Amboina. 
Amboina {Leyden Museum). 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm. Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll, 

Governor Ussher 

A._H: Everett, Esq. 

Twee'ddale Coll 

Wallace Coil 

A. 
II. Everett, Esq. 
;c.i 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
J, R. Reeves. Esq. 

"P.*. 

Tweeddale Coil. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
XV. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
rCA 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Br, H. 0. Forbes 

[PA 
Gould4 Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

2®. OCHTHODROMUS. 
223 

rK Ad. sk. Amboina. Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 


s\ Ad. sk. Mysol. 
Wallace Coll. 

t\ u\ Ad. sk. New Guinea. 
Wallace Coll. 

vi. $ ad. Mem. Trougliton Is., N.W. Australia. Dr. Bassett-Smith 
sk. rp.]. 
a;4. Ad. Mem. N. Australia. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
#*. Ad. Mem. Port Darwin. Gould Coll. 
sk. 
y\ Ad. sk. Cape York. Gould Coll. 
z\ a5, b°. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e5. $ ad. sk. Solitary Island. 

5. Ochtlio&roHms mongolus. 
Cliaradrius mongolus, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 700 (1776 : 
Salt Lakes of Mongolia); Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 685 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 746 (1790); Bonn. Enc. MSth. I p. 22 (1790); 

Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 143 (1818) ; Gray, Gen. B. 

iii. p. 544(1847); Blasius, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 126 (Celebes). 
Mongolian Plover, Lath. Gen. $yn. iii. pt. 1, p. 207 (1785). 
Charadrius mongolicus, Rail. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 136 (1811: 
Onon R.; Argun); Middend. Reis Sibir., Zool. p. 211, pi. xix. 
figs. 2, 8 (1851: Udskoi-Ostrog; Mouth of Uda River, July); 
Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 411 (1859 : Amur-land) ; Radde, 
Reis. Sibir., Voy. p. 324 (1863 : Tarei-nor, May); Schl. Mus. 
Rays-Bas,Cuxsoxe8, p. 41 (1865 : Amur-land; PMlippines; Ceram ; 
Morotai; New Guinea); Scl. R. Z. S.1877, p. 113 (Duke of York 
Is.), p. 576 (Admiralty Isl.); Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 278 
(1878-70); Scl. Voy. "l Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 33 (1881: 
Admiralty Isl.); Seeboh?n, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 147 (1888, 
pt); id. B. Japan. JEmp. p. 308 (1890); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 
503 (Lower Yangtse); Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Corea); 
Styan, Ibis^ 1893, p. 436 (Hainan). 

Cliaradrius 
cirrhepidesmus, Wagl. Syst. Av., Cliaradrius, p. 61, sp. 
18 (1827); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); id. R. Z. S. 1860, 

p. 363 (East Gilolo). 
Cliaradrius gularis, Wagl. Syst. Av., Cliaradrius, p. 69, sp. 40 
(1827). 
Charadrius sanguineus, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 330 (1828); id. 
TraitS a" Orn. p. 544 (1831). 
Hiaticula mongola, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 69 (1844 : China; 
PMlippines). 
Hiaticula inornata, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 19, right-hand figure 
(1846); Reiehenb. Voy. Neuholl. no. 331 (1851); Macgill Narr. 
Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p.' 358 (1852: N.E. Coast Australia; Torres 
Straits). 

iEgialitis inornata, Reiehenb. Grail., Novit. tab. ccxeviii. figs. 242627 
(1851) ; Ramsay, Rroc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 375 (1877); 

W. A. Forbes, R. Z. S. 1878, p. 127 (Wednesday Isl., Torres 
Straits); id. Voy. < Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 92 (1881). 
Pluviorhynchus mongolus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
Charadrius inornatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 187, 197 (Am Is.); 

id. Cat. Mamm. $ B. New Gvin. p. 62 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, 

p. 438 (Aru Is.); Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv. p. 253 
CHARADRIID-E. 

(1863)*; id. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 135; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 
(1865) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 563 (1878-79). 
iEgialitis mongolica, Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 310; id. Ibis, 1870, 

p. 300 (Hainan, March); Harting, t. c. pp. 202, 384 (pt.) ; Wald. 
Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 227 (1875: Philippines) j David # Oust. 
Ois. Chine, p. 427 (1877) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 299 
(1882) ; id. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 325 (1882); Blakiston, 
Amended List B. Jap. p. 10 (1884 : Yezo & Japan generally); 
Sharpe, Hep. Zool. Coll. BC.M.S. 'Alert;-p. 27 (1884: Pt. Moile; 
Channel Rock); Guillen*. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 (Batanta, Oct.) ; 
Nehrk. J.f 0. 1885, p. 35 (Waigiou) ; Gigl § Salvad. P. Z. S. 
1887, p. 585 (Olga Bay, Oorea, Sept.) ; Salvad. $ Gigl. Mem. P. 
Accad. Torino, xxxix. p. 114(1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. 
B. p. 19 (1888: Cape 1 ork to Rockingham Bay); Salvad. Aaa. 
Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 200 (1891); De la Touche, Ibis. 1892. 
p. 496 (Foochow, April, May, Sept.); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 
Advanc. Sci. 1892, p. 37, pt. 
Ochthodromus inornatus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 237 (1865, 
pt.); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337; G. F. Mailiew, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. x. p. 355 (1886: Claremont Isl.). 

iEgialitis 
mongolus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 140, 428 (Shanghai, 
May); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 404 (China Coast, winter); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 197 (1878 .- Cape York; Rockingham 
Bar), iii. p. 115 (1879 : Katau), iy. p. 92 (1880: Teste Is."), 

p. 101 (Port Moresby). 
iEgialitis' mongola, Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 425 (Shanghai); Baird, 
Brewer•, $ Ridc/w. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 167 (1884) ; 
Stejn. Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 105 (1885: Bering & Copper 
Islands, May to Oct,); A. O. U. Cheek-l N. Amer. B. p. 163 
(1886: Alaska); Ridgw. N. Amer. B. p. 179 (1877); Nelson, 
Report Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 127 (lo87 : Choris Peninsula); 
Stejn. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. x. p. 126 (1887: Commander R ) ; 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 456 (Chimulpo, Corea, June). 

Eudromias mongolicus, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 248 
(1876) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 344 (S. Leyte, Sept.); Tacz. 
op. cit. vii. p. 397 (1882: Bering Isl); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. 
Ross. p. 73 (1884: East Siberia; Dauria; Bering Isl., Ussuri-
land). 

^Egialitis masters!, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N 8. W. i. p. 135 (1877 : 
Rockingham Bay to Cape York), ii. p. 197 (1878); id. Tab. List 
Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Gulf of Carpentaria, Rockingham Bay) ; 
Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. Advanc. Sci. 1892, p. 38. 

/Egiafitis ruficapilla (nee Temm.), Blahist. § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 

p. 219 (Yokohama): cf. Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 2t5. 
Charadrius 
pyrrliothorax (nee Temm.), Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 33. 
fig. 18 (1870) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 373 (1878-79: Aru 
Islands). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to O. geoffroyi, but smaller, 
and with a much shorter bill and tarsus; a broader black line 
along the sides of the face, the ear-coverts being entirely black ; 
the white throat separated from the rufous chest-band by a narrowly 
indicated line of black: " bill black; feet somewhat bluish black, 

* Layard (Ibis, 1863, p. 249) records Charadrius inornatus as having been 
seen by him at sea in lat. 30°, long. 38°; but I think there must be some mistake 
in the identification. 
26. OCHTHODROMTJS. 
toes darker; iris dark brown" (L. Stejneger). Total length 

7*5 inches, culrnen 0*75, wing 5'2, tail 2-1,'tarsus 1-2. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but less 

richly coloured, the rufous chest-band never so pronounced, and 

the facial markings less developed, the black bands on the forehead 

often obsolete: u bill black; feet dark grey, with an olive tinge ; 

toes darker, blackish; iris dark hazel"(L. Styneger). Total length 

7 inches, culrnen 0*8, wing 5*5, tail 1-85, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult in ivinter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 

wanting the facial markings and the rufous chest. Very similar to 

the winter plumage of 0. geqfroyi, and distinguished chiefly by its 

smaller size, shorter bill, and shorter tarsus. There is also a 

little more brown on the ear-coverts. 

Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but darker 

brown, all the feathers edged with sandy brown, the eyebrow, sides 

of face, and under surface of the body with a strong tint of sandy 

buff: "bill, angle of mouth, and ring round the eyes black; legs 

clear grey; tarsus tinged with yellowish, toes with blackish, and 

soles with reddish; iris dark brown " (L. Stejneger). 

The exact method by which the rufous chest of the summer 
plumage is gained is not easy to discover. In some specimens in 
winter dress there is a distinct narrow line of brown across the 
fore-neck; in most of the series of skins in the Museum this is 
wanting, as it is also in young birds. It may therefore be a sign of 
very old birds only, as there are traces of brown feathers in an old 
bird which has not quite attained its full summer plumage. In 
the specimen in question it is also evident that the rufous breast is 
being acquired by a change of colour in the feather, from brown to 
rufous, as well as by a moult. Probably only very old birds go 
through this double process, as in the majority of specimens the 
rufous breast appears to be gained by a moult only. When first 
developed all the rufous feathers are edged with white. 

A young bird is described by Dr. Stejneger as somewhat resembling 
the adults. " The brownish grey of the back is paler, and 
each feather narrowly edged with isabella colour, with which also 
the lower parts are suffused. On the pectoral region a buftish 
tinge replaces the rufous collar, and the black markings are absent 
from the head, the cheeks and ear-coverts being slightly dusky ; 
the forehead between the bill and the eyes whitish, suffused with 
isabella colour." 

The winter plumage and young livery of the western and eastern 
£orm3 of 0. mongolus are, as might have been expected, very 
difficult to distinguish, but the western form seems always to have 
a longer tarsus (about 1*25 inch), whereas the eastern form has the 
tarsus about 1*1 inch. 

Hob. Breeds in Eastern Siberia and tho Commander Islands^ and 
even extends its range to Alaska. Passes through China on migration 
to the Philippines and the Moluccas, wintering in these islands 
and Australia. 

VOL. xxiv. Q 

226 

a, b. J ? ad.
sestiv. sk. 

c. Ad. aestiv. sk. 
c?. Ad. sk. 
e. g ad. sk. 
/. ? ad. sk. 
g, h. S ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
&. Ad. sk. 
I Ad. sk. 
w,w. Ad. hiem. 
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. aestiv. sk.
q, r, «.(??• adhiem. 
sk 
t, u. Ad. hiem. 
et sestiv. sk. 

v. Ad. asstiv.sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
#. <$ ad. sk. 
y. Ad. vix sestiv. 
sk. 
z. Ad. vix aestiv. 
sk. 
a'. Ad. sestiv. sk. 

b'. Ad. hiem. sk. 
e', d'. Ad. sk. 
e'. Ad. asstiv. sk. 
/' . Ad. hiem. sk. 
g'. J ad. sk. 

h'. $ ad. sk. 

i', k'. Ad. hiem. 
sk. 

CHARADRIIDJE. 

Amurland, July (Br. Schrenck).

Japan. 
Yokohama (H. Fryer). 

S. Yezo (T. Blahiston). 
Kurile Islands (Snozo). 
Shanghai; April (R. Sioinlioe). 
Canton. 
Canton (8. Bligh). 
Gutzloff Isl., China. 
Malacca (Br. Cantor). 
Hainan (R. 8ioinhoe). 
Philippine Islands. 


N. Bohol, Nov. (-4. JET. 
Everett). 

Menado, N. Celebes. 

Halmah£ra. 
Morotai. 
Aru Islands. 
Admiralty Islands. 


Duke of York Isl. (G. Brown). 

Troughton Isl., N. 
Australia, 

Aug. 
Port Albany. 
Cape York (Cocherell). 
Cape York. 
Cape York. 
Eagie Met, Aug. (J. Mac


gillivray). 

Wednesday Isl., Torres Straits. 

Channel Rocks, June (Br. 
Coppinger). 

V, m', n'. Ad. sk. Queensland (J". T. Cockerel!). 
o'. Ad. hiem. sk. Port Molle, Queensland, May 

(Br. Coppinger). 
p'. 2 &d. sk. Moreton Bay (Strange). 
#\ Ad. sk. Richmond River. 

Seebohm Coll. 


Professor Milne [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. McKinlay [P.]. 
India Museum. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 


Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Chal


lenger/ 
Tweeddale Coll. 

P.W.BassettSmith, 

Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Rat


tlesnake.' 
Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 
Voy. H.M.S. * Alert.' 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. * Alert.' 

Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

6. Ochthodromus jipaJio±Eo^a^» ^i^if&i^t W^T^ 
Charadrius cantianus (nee Lath.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii
xiiixiii. 
.. 
JaYa)


1 aiv>irtK^ ti* ">• P-187 (1821:
4 * a ^<5Dharadrius inconspicuus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 651 (ex Licht. in Mm. 
ffc, b< k^O \ Berol) ,• Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847). 

* 
Charadrius pyrrhothorax, Gould, B. Eur. i\\ pi. 299 (1837 : ex Temm. 
MSS.); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 355 (1840: Russia) ; Werner, 
Atlas, part iv. Grail, pi. 2 ; Schl. Rev. Crit. pp. lxxxiii, 95 (1844); 
Gray, Gen, B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 18 (1863) ; 
Tristr, Ibis, 1868, p. 323 (Palestine); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, 
no. 9995 (1871). 
iEgialitis pyrrhothorax, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 45 

26. OCHTHODKOMUS. 
227 

(1838); Key*. $ Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. lxx, 208 (1840); Jerd. B. 
Indi iii. p. 639 (1864); JBeavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 332 (Andamans) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. 133; Pelz. t. c. p. 321 (Kyangsisa); Beamn, 

t. c. p. 389 (Salween K., Sept): Murray. Vertebr. Faun. Strut, 
p. 226 (1884). 
Charadrius leschenaulti (nee less.), Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xii. p. 81 
(1843: Calcutta); Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 188 (Chimouraii 
Lake, Ladak, breeding) ; id. Wand. Nat. Inch p. U83 (1867). 

Charadrius rufinellus, Blyth, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. xii. p. 169 (1843: 
Calcutta). 

Charadrius subrufinus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844). 

Charadrius ruficollis, Schl Rev. Crit. part ii. p. 95 (1844: ex 

Cuvier); Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 282. 
Hiaticula subruiina, Gray. Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal pres. Hodqs.T), 133 
(1846). 
Hiaticula leschenaulti (nee Less.), Bhjtk, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 263 (1849: Calcutta): Layard, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) xiv. 
p. 109 (1854: Ceylon). 
Hiaticula ineonspicua, Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol p. 94 (1854: 
Bengal). 
Cirrhipidesmus pyrrhothorax, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
Charadrius mongolicus (nee Pall), Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 450 (Banks 

of Kishon, winter); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 34; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 41 (1865: Borneo); Begl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. 

p. 139 (1867) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1023, pi. xxxiv. 
fig. 4 (1873: Adel and Somali Coasts); JDanf. Ibis, 1878, p. 33 
(Asia Minor); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 72 (Alai; Pamir; Kara-Kul 
& Kan-Kul, 12,000 to 13,000 ft., breeding); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, 
p. 167 (Muscat); Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 147 (1888, 
pt.); Reichen. J. f. O. 1889, p. 265 (Zanzibar, Nov.); id. Jahrb. 
Hamburg. Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 6 (1893: Zanzibar). 
-^Egialites mongolicus (nee Pall), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 164; Harting, 

P. Z. S.1871, p. Il l (Choris Peninsula) ; Hume §* Senders. Lahore 
to York. p. 283 (1873: Gokra, 16,000 ft., July); Salvad. Ucc. 
Born. p. 316 (1874). 
^Egialitis mongolica 
(nee Pall.), Shelley, B. Fgypt, p. 239 (1872); 
Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 416 (Kathiawar); Hume, Str. F. iii. 

p. 179 (1875: Pegu); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 153 (1875); Hume, Str. 
F. iv. p. 293 (1876: Andamans, May, July, Sept.); Armstrong, 
t. c. p. 339 (Elephant Point; Ohina-Ba-Keer); Hume, t c. p. 463 
(Laccadives); Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 279 (1876: Persian Gulf); 
Lh-esser, B. Fur. vii. pp. 476, 477 (1878); Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. 
p. 943 (1880) 5 Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 81 (1880: S. Konkan); Kelham, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 10 (Singapore, Nov.); Oates, Handb. B. Brit Burm. 
ii. p. 368 (1883); Tristr. Faun. 8? Flor. Palest, p. 129 (1884: 
winter); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Lnd. xliv. p. 204 (1884: 
Java); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 314 (1888: Manipur); Shelley, Lbis, 
1888, p. 305 (Manda Isl., Nov.); Fverett, Journ. Straits Branch 
As. Soc. 1889, p. 205; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 226 (Palawan) ; 
Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 415 (1889: Sumatra); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan); Sharpe, Sci Res. 2nd 
York. Miss., Aves, p. 137 (1891: Sarikol, May) ; Barnes, Ibis, 
1893, pp. 169,181 (Aden). 

JK<rialitis mongola (nee Pall), Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 317 (Andamans); 
Legge, Lbis,lS75, p. 401 (Ceylon); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 227 (1878: 
Singhbhum; Orissa); Cripps, t.c. p 299 (Faridpur); Hume, t. c. 

228 
CHABADRIID.*E. 

p. 483 (Calcutta); id. Str.F. viii. p. 69 (1879: Singapore), p. 112 ; 
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 57 (1879: cold weather visitant); id. 
Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 73 (1880). 
Eudronaias mongolians, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: 
breeding); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327. 

Cirrepidesmus mongolicus, 
Hume, Nests $• Eggs Ind. B. p. 571 
(1873: Tibetan Lakes); id. Str. F. i. p. 230 (1873: Karachi; 
Mekran Coast, Feb.), ii. p. 209 (1874: Andamans & Nicobars). iv. 

p. 12 (1876: Northern Guzerat, winter): Seine § Reichen.NomencL 
Mus. Sein. p. 336 (1890 : Ja%a). 
iEgialitis 
mongolus, Sume § Davison, Str. F. \i, p. 435 (1878: 
Tenasserini, winter); Tiraut, Bull. Comm. Agric. Cochineh'uie, (3) 

i. p. 147 (1879). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to 0. mongolus, but 
paler in general colour, and especially on the chest-band, which is 
lighter than m the last-named species. Specially distinguished by 
the black band on the forehead being united to the black ear-coverts, 
the white of the lores becoming gradually merged in the black of 
the forehead, which is therefore completely black with no white 
loral' patch at all: " bill black; feet ashy black; iris brown " 

(F. StoliczJca). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*85, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 1*25. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 5*15, tail 1*8, tarsus 1*25. 
Adult in winter 'plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of 

V. mongolus, but with a slightly longer tarsus. 
Hah. Breeds in the Kirghis Steppes, and probably throughout 
Central Asia, wintering in Africa, India, and the Malay Peninsula 
and Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Egypt. 
G.Tumbull,Esq.rP.l 
b. c. 2 ad. sk. Manda Isl.; E. Africa, Nov. F. J. Jaekson,Esq. fP.t 
d, e. Ad. hieni. sk. Muscat. Col. Miles [P.]. 
Sirikol, Yarkand, May 9. Dr. F. Stoliczka [O.]. 

f, 
<7-6 ? ad. eestiv. 

7i. Ad. sestiv. sk. Great Pamir. St. George Littledale, 

Esq. 
i, k. Ad. sestiv. sk. Western Tibet. EarlofGifTord[P.]. 
/, m. Ad. sestiv. sk. Eastern Tibet, May, June Hume Coll. 


(L. Mandelli). 
n, o. <$ J ad. sestiv. Kokonor, June, July (Prje-Seebohm Coll. 
sk. valshy). 
2h 9-6 2 ad. sestiv. Karakash, July, Aug. (G. Hume Coll. 
sk. Senderson). 

r. $ ad. sestiv. sk. Above Zogri, Ladak, July Hume Coll. 
19 (67. Sendei*sori). 
s, t. Ad. sestiv. sk. Ladak. Purchased. 


u. Juv. sk. Sind. T.C.Jerdon,Esq.[P.]. 
v-h'. <$ 2 ad- hiem. Karachi, Eeb. {A. O. H.). Hume Coll. 
sk. 
/'. $ ad. sestiv. sk. Karachi, Aug. 3 (F. A. Hume Coll. 
Butler). 
m'. Ad. hiem. sk. Kathiawar, Oct. 19. Col. Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 

n',or. 5ad.hiem.sk. Etawah, Nov. Hume Coll. 

26. OCHTHODEOMTTS. 229 
p'. 2 a& hiem. sk. Cardamum Isl., Laccadives, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 18 {A. 0. R.). 


q . $ juv. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, April Dr. R. B. Sharpe [I\l 
(W. V.Legge). 
r. Ad. Mem. sk. Madras (JR. <?. PF. 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 
* - S ad. hiem. sk. Madras. Hume Coll. 
t\ Ad. Mem. sk. Bengal. Hume Coll 
u , v, w'. Ad. sestiv.; Calcutta (Blyth). India Museum. 
.1', ?/. Juv. sk. 

z', a'\ b". Ad. sestiv.; Calcutta, Dec. to April (A. Hume Coll. 
c'-i". d ? ad. O.H.). 
hiem. sk. 


k". Ad. Mem. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
*", m". (S 2 ad. Moirang, Manipur, Feb. 19 Hume Coll. 
Mem. sk. (A. 0. R.). 
«", p", p". tf $ ad. Elephant Point, Dec, April Hume Coll. 
hiem. sk. (J. Armstrong), 
q". 6 ad. Mem. sk. China-Ba-Keer, Dec. (J. Hume Coll. 
Armstrong), 
r". $ ad. Mem. sk. Phagat, Nov. (J. Arm- Hume Coil. 


*"-v>". 6 $ ad. et Pegu, Sept. to May (U. W. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 0.). 
:v'\ $ ad. Idem. sk. Sittang River, Tenasserim, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 14 (W. Davison), 
y". 3 imm. sk. Kaukaryit, Aug. 27 (J. Hume Coll. 
Darling). 
»'', a3. <$ ad. Mem. Wippitan, Dec. (J. Dar- Hume Coll. 
sk. ling). 


£3 3 

, e. 2 ad. hiem. Amherst, Jan. (W. Dam- Hume Coll. 
sk. son). 



d3, e. ad. hiem.; Thatone, Nov., Aug. (W. Hume Coll. 

fxS ad. jestiv.sk. D.). 
#3 ~F. $ ad.hiem.sk. Mergui, Nov. (W. D.). Hume Coll. 
I3, ?n\ $ ad. Mem. Pakchan, Dec. (W. D.). Hume Coll. 

sk. 
n*. J ad. hiem. sk. Great Cocos Isl., March Hume Coll. 


(W. D.). 
o3, p3. <5 $ ad. hiem. S. Andamans, Jan. (JS. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. W. R). 
q^-u3. £ ad.; t?3, Port Blair, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
w3. Juv. sk. May to Sept. (JR. J. 
Wimberley). 
&*,y3-d 2 ad. Mem. Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
sk. Dec, April (W.Davison). 
z3. (S ad. Mem. sk. Mount Augusta, S. Anda- Hume Coll. 
mans, Jan. 18 (W. D.). 
a\ $ ad. hiem. sk. Montshull Isl., Nicobars, Hume Coll. 
March 4 (JT. D.). 
fi*j<54-6 Sad.hiem. Preparis, Nicobars, March Hume Coll. 
sk. 26(JF.2>.). 
dK 2 ad. hiem. sk. Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. 26 Hume Coll. 
(W.D.). 
e*> / 4-6 ad. hiem. Tonka, Malay Peninsula, Hume Coll. 
sk. Jan. 24 (J* Darling). 
gl. Juv. sk. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum, 

230 
CHABJJ>EIID.E. 

fe-nK <$ ad. hiem.; Salangore, Aug., Dec, Jan. Hume Coll 
o'-tK $ ad. hiem. (W. B.). 
sk. 

vK Juv. sk. Malacca (Br. Maivgay). Tweeddale Coll. 
v\ Ad. sestiv. sk. Malacca. Seebohm Coll. 
wl. 2 juv. sk. Singapore, Sept. (IF. D.). Hume Coll. 
rt-K S ad. sestiv. sk. Kula, Pahang, Sept. 1. Capt. Kelsall 1?.\ 
i/,zK Ad.hiem.sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. 
«~'-e5. <S 2 acL Labuan, Sept., Nov. A.H.Everett.Esq.rCA 


f'\ 2 juv. sk. Baram, Sarawak, Sept. 80. A.H.Everett.Esq/C.j. 
g\ 2 ad.sk. Borneo (Biard). Seebohm Coll. 


7. OcMkodromns asiaticus. 
Cliaradrius asiaticus, Pall. Pels. Puss. Peiehst ii. p. 715 (17TB: S. 
Tartarv); Gm. Si/st Nat. i. p. 084 (1783): £fl^. hid. Orn. ii. 

p. 746" (1790); Schl. Per. Crit p. Ixxxii (1844); Gray. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 544 (1847); Blasius fy Bald, in Naunt. Voq. Deulsckl. xiii. 
pt. 2, p. 225, pi. 386. figs. 1, 2 (I860); Bree. B. Fur. iv. p. 18 
(1863) ; Schl Mm. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 38 (1865 : Tartary; S. 
Africa; Orange Paver); Layard. B. S. Afr. p. 20(1 (1807 : Goldberg) 
; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 323 (Palestine); Fimch, Tram. Zml 
Soe. vil p. 328 (1870); id. $> Hartl Tog. Oxtafr. p. 649 (1870); 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 14, no. 9990 (1871): Dressy P. Z. S. 
1875, p. 97 (Kirghis Steppes, breeding; eirjr); Bocaye, Orn. 
Angola, p. 430 (1881: Rio Bengoj Bengruela) i Meid, Zmi. 1882, 
p. 342 (Mouth, of Umgeni R., Dec.); Feiiden. t. c. p. 460 (Bennett's 
Drift Camp, Newcastle, Xov.); Holuh 4* Pdz. Beitr. (>m. 
Sudafr. p. 241 (1882 : Panta-ma-tenka); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 2S 
(Caucasus), 1884, p. 429 (Lenkoran); Fischert Zeifschr. ges. Orn. 
i. p. 392 (1884 : Little Aruscha): id. J.f. 0. ]**>, p. 115 (Useguha); 
Peichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 47 (Rtiwana River); Seebohm, 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 144 (1888): Bitttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 
xi. p. 78 (1889: Cunene It) ; Peichen. JTJg. Beutsch-Ost-Afr. 
p. 33 (1894: Ugalla R.; "Wuaiaba R.; Usegtiha; Ivarema; Victoria 
Nyanza). 
Asiatic Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1. p. 207 (1785). 
Cliaradrius caspius, Pall. Zoogr. Posso-Asiat ii. p. 136 (1811: Cas


pian and Salt Lakes of S. Tartarv); Giithe, Vogehc. Helgol p. 4i>l 
(1891). 
Cliaradrius jugularis, WagL Syst. At. p. 69, sp. 39 (1827) ; Nordm. 
in B&rnid. Toy. Puss. Merid. iii. p. 233 (1840: Odessa. April). 

Eudromias 
asiaticus, Keys. <f Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. Ixx, 208 (1840); 
Bp. Cat Met TJec. Fur. p. 57 (1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit 
Mm. p. 68 (1844: Northern Asia & Altai Mountains); Bp. Rev. 
Crit. p. 181 (1850); Lieht Nommel Av. Mm. Berol. p. 95 (1854: 
Aral Lake) ; Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1856: Coast of Red 
Sea, winter); Blasim, Naumannia, 1858, p. 315 (Heligoland); id. 
Ibis, 1862, p. 71; Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 202, pi. v.; Blanf. GeoL 
8f ZooL Abyss, p. 429 (1870: Rairo, Aug.); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 263 (Transvaal); Gumey in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 271 
(1872: Otjimbinque); Shelley, B. Fgypt, p. 237 (1872); Swinh. 
Ibis, 1873, p. 365 (Syr Darya); bordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 185 
(Heligoland); Blanf. Fast Persia, ii. p. 279 (1876); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 165; Pelz. Verhandl. zooL-oot. Geselkeh. Wien, xxxi. 
p. 155 (1881: Lado, March); Hartl. AbJiandl not. Ver. Bremen, 
viii. p. 231 (1882: Lado); Skarpe, ed. LayarcTsB. S. Afr. pp. m&, 
26. OCHTHODROMUS. 
231 

855 (1884); Padde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43,415 (1884: Caspian, Apiil); 
id. Ornis, v. p. 106 (1880). 
Charadrius damarensis, Stnckl Contr.rOm. 1852, p. 158 (Damaraland); 
Finsch, Ibis, 1872, p. 146; Eeugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, 

p. 1018, pi. xxxiv. figs. 1, 2 (1873), App. p. ckxxi (N. Coast of 
Egypt; Gulf of Suez; Swamps of S. Kordofan; Lower White & 
BlueNiles; Qalabat; Tana Lake). 
JBgialitis ruficollis (nee Cuv.), Eeugl Syst. Tlebers. p. 57 (1856). 
Morinellus caspius, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
Eudromas asiaticus, Newt. ListB. Eur. Blasius, p. 17 (1862). 
Charadrius geoffroyi [nee Wagl), Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 95 (Ben


guela). 
Eudromias caspius, Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 351 (1805: Enzeli, Caspian) 
; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 327; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. 
74 (1884: Arab-Caspian region; Western Thian Shan ; 

6ussian Songaria); Zarudn. Bv.ll. Imp. Soc. Nat. Moseou, 1885, p. 69. 
Morinellus asiaticus, Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 132 (1867). 
JEgialitis asiatica, Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 33. fig. 19 (1870) ; 

Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 479, pis. 520, 522, fig. 1 (1878) ; Hume, 
Str. F. vii. p. 438 (1878), viii. p. 112 (1879); Agree, Ibis, 1880, 
p^ 267 (Transvaal); Salvin, Cat Strickl Coll. p. 595 (1882 : 
Kirghis Steppes; Daniara-land); Salvad. Atti M. Accad. Sci. 
Torino, xxiii. p. 44 (1887)• Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Manda Isl.); 
id, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49 (Lado); Diesser, Ibis, 1889, p. 92 (Lenkoran) 
; Butler, Ibis, 1890, p. 463 (Great Yarmouth); Southwell, 

P. Z. S. 1890, p. 461 (Great Yarmouth, May); Sharpe, Ibis, 
1891, p. 113 (Fao, Aug.); Irby, Key List Brit. B. 2ad ed. p. 48 
(1892); Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 544 (Victoria Nyanza); Li/ford, 
Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xxi. (1892). 
Adult male in summer plumage. Similar to O. veredus, and 
having a dark quill-lining like that species, but the axillaries 
white ; crown of head brown, like the back; the forehead, eyebrow, 
sides of face, and throat white, like the underparts ; across the fore-
neck a broad band of bright chestnut, followed by a narrow band 
of black ; quills dark brown, the primaries white-shafted, but otherwise 
with no white on any of the quills ; tail as in 0. asiaticus, but 
with only a narrow white edging to the outer feather: " bill black ; 
feet greenish olive, toes dusky; iris dusky hazel" (Emin Pasha). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5*65, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*35. 

Adult in tointer plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
wanting the rufous breast and the facial markings. Bark brown 
above, including the head, the sides of face, forehead, and eyebrow 
tinged with sandy buff, a shade of which colour is evident round 
the hind-neck; throat isabelline white, divided from the white of 
the breast by a broad band of ashy brown, extending from the 
lower throat to the fore-neck and chest and the sides of the upper 
breast. 

Young, Resembles the winter plumage of the adult, but has the 
feathers of the upper surface edged with sandy buff, and a more 
pronounced tinge of this colour on the sides of the face and on the 
chest-band. 

Hah Breeds in the Kirghis Steppes and Central Asia, wintering 
in Africa and the western portion of the Indian Peninsula. 

232 
CHARADEIII)^. 

a. Ad. sk. Altai Mountains. Mr. Brandt. 
b. 2 ad. sk. River Irtisch. 
Mr. Brandt. 
c. Inim. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 11. "W.D. dimming, Esq. 
[p.]. 
d. 
d1 i^Di' «k. Katnagiri, S. Konkan, Oct. (G. 
Vidal). Plume Coll. 
e. Imm. sk. 600 miles from land between 
Aden and Galle. Seebohm Coll. 
/. $ imm. sk. Massowa, Aug. 24. 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
^, ^. (J ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, [P.]. 
March 30. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
*. Ad. sk. Man da Island, Nov. 13. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
k Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 
£ tf ad. sk. Damara-land. C. J. Andersson, Esq. 

[C.]. 
m, n, Imm. sk. -Damara-land (C. J.Andersson). Gurnev Coll. 
o, p. $ 2 a<i* Otjinibinque, Damara-land, Feb. Tweeddale Coll. 

\C.J.A.). 
<j, r. S 2 ad« Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Nov. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. (C.J. A.). 

s. 
<5 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Jan. Guraey Coll. 
(T.Ayres). 
t. S ad.sk. Durban, Natal, Dec. [S. G. Seebohm Coll. 
Feid). 
w, v. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, MajorTrevelyan [P.]. 

w. Ad. sk. 
Near Frankfort, British Kaf-Major Trevelyan [P.l. 
fraria* 
8. Oclitlio&romus veredus. 
Cursorius isabellinus {nee Temm.), JSorsf. Trans. Linn. Soa. xiii. 
p. 187 (1821: Java). 
Charadrius veredus, Gould, F. Z. S. 1848, p. 38 (Northern Australia) ; 
id. B. Aitstr. vi. pi. 14 (1848: Port Essington; Sydney) ; Feichenb. 
Grail. Novit. tab. Ixxvii. %. 2679-80 (1851); Gray, F. Z. 8. 
1858, p. 197 (N. Australia to 14° S. lat.; Islands of Torres 
Straits) ; Finsch, Neu-Gitinea, p. 181 (1865); SwinTwe, F. Z. S. 
1870, p. 430 (Pekin); Gray, JSand-l J?, iii. p. 14, no. 9992 (1871); 
David et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 425, pi. 120 (1877) ; Dresser, B. Eur. 

vii. p. 480 (1878: China; Japan); Fosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 373 
(1878-79: Kei Isl.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 425 (Samarkand); 
Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 319 (Palawan); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. 
Charadr. p. 115 (1888); id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 311 (1890), note ; 
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 503 (Lower Yangtse, spring migrant). 
Pluvialis xanthocheilus (nee WagL), Bp. C. F. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
Charadrius xanthocheilus (nee Wagh), Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 34: 
Fosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 563 (1878-79). 
Oirrepidesmus asiaticus (nee Fall.), Gould, Mandb. B. Austr. ii 

p. 229 (1865). 
Charadrius asiaticus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 38 (1865: 
Ternate, pt.). 
^Egialitis veredus, Swinhoe, F. Z. S. 1870, p. 141 (Shanghai); Sahad. 
Orn. Fapuasia, iii. p. 296 (1882); id. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 325 
(1883); id. Agg. Orn. Fapuasia, iii. p. 200 (1891). 

26, OCHTHODIIOMUS. 

233 

Eudromias veredus, Hurting, Ibis, 1870, p. 209, pi. vi.; Swinli. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 403 (Shanghai; Pekin); Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. 
viii. p. 88 (1872: Makassar); Swmh. Ibis, 1873, pp. 365, 424 
(Chefoo); Salvad. TJcc. Born, p. 315 (1874); Prjev. in Rowley's 
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 434 (1877: S.E. Mongolia, breeding, June); 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. L p. 187 (1877), ii. p. 197 
(1878) ; Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 82 (Amboina); id. Ann. Mus. Gen. 
xiv. p. 666 (1879: Kei Isl.) ; id. Toy.l Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 64 
(1881); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 73 (1884: Samarkand); 
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Port Darling; Port 
Essington; Wide Bay distr.; Richmond and Clarence Pavers; New 
South Wales) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, 
p. 204; Seine § Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 336 (1890: 
Puerto Princesa, Palawan). 
Charadrius asiaticus (nee Pall.), Finsch, Ibis, 1872, p. 144 (Saigon); 
Rosenb. Reist. naar Geehinkb. p. 9 (1875). 

Adult in summer plumage. Similar to O. geoffroyi, but with a 
longer and more slender bill, and distinguished by its smoky-brown 
axillaries, under wing-coverts, and quill-linings. Upper parts 
uniform brown, with slightly indicated rufous edgings to many of 
the feathers; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, 
the first primary only having a white shaft, and no white present 
on the inner webs of the quills; the secondaries also uniform dark 
brown, with an obsolete white fringe to the tips; innermost secondaries 
like the back; tail-feathers brown, with white tips and a 
sub-terminal shade of darker brown, the outer feather white along 
the outer web ; crown of head brown like the back, slightly washed 
with rufous, as also the hind-neck, where, however, there is no 
distinct collar as in 0. geoffroyi; the forehead white to the middle of 
the eye; eyebrow, sides of face, and throat white; lower throat, 
fore-neck, and chest bright chestnut, extending down the sides of 
the upper breast and followed by a horse-shoe mark of black; 
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dark smoky brown, with ashy-whitish tips to 
the feathers; quill-lining also dark smoky brown: " bill deep 
olive-brown, blacker on the terminal portion ; feet light brownish 
flesh-colour; toes washed with grey, blackish on joints ; claws 
black; eyelids greyish black" (R. Swirihoe). Total length 8-5 
inches, culmen 1, wing 6-5, tail 24, tarsus 1-75. 

Adult in ivinter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
wanting the rufous chest-band. Above dark brown, including the 
crown of the head; forehead and eyebrow isabelline white, the 
hinder part of the latter shaded with sandy buff, which colour also 
pervades the sides of the face and sides of neck, and forms a faint 
collar round the hind-neck; throat isabelline white; lower throat, 
fore-neck, and chest pale brown; remainder of under surface of 
body white; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining smoky 
brown. 

Hal. Breeds in Mongolia, wintering in the Moluccas and Australia. 


234 
CHARABRIIDiE. 

a. Ad. sk. Shanghai (Reeves). Gould Coll 
b. $ ad. sk. Shanghai, March (Capt. Ince). Mrs. Ince [P.]. 
c. d ad. sk. Shanghai, April 3. Shanghai Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Penang. Wallace Coll. 
e,f. Ad.sk. Java (Eorsfield). India Museum. 
g, h. Ad. sk. W. Java [A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
i-m. $ 9 ad. Labuan, May, June, Sept. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
sk. [C.]. 
n. Ad. sk. Baram, Sarawak. Charles[C.]. 
Hose, Esq. 
o, p. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. Celebes. Gould Coll. 
r. $ ad. sk. Makassar (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Amboina. Wallace Coll. 
t. (S imm. sk. Amboina. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chalu. 
2 aa". sk- Derby, N.W. Australia (T. PL.
lenger.' 
Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Bowyer Bower). [P.]. 
v. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.], 
w. Ad. sk. South Queensland. Tweeddale Coll. 
x. Ad. sk. Melbourne. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

27. 
EUDBOMIAS. _ 
Type. 
Eudromias, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 544 (1831: ex Boie 
MSS.) E. morinellus. 
Morinellus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) E. morinellus. 
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Eudromias morinellus. 
The Dotterell from Lincolnshire, Albin, Nat Hist. ii. p. 58, pi. 63 
(1738). 
Le Petit Pluvier ou Le Guignard, Briss. Chm. v. p. 54, pi. iv. fig. 2 
(1760). 

Le Guignard d'Angleterre, Briss. Orn. v. p. 58 (1760). 

Charadrius morinellus, Linn. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 254 (1766); Gm. Syst. 

Nat i. p. 086 (1788); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii. p. i34, 
tab. lvii. (1811); Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 326 (1815) ; Leach, Syst. 
Cat. Mamm. $ B. Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1816); Vieill N Diet. d'JBtist 
Nat xxvii. p. 140 (1818); Temm. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 537 (1820); 
Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 273, 274 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs. 
pi. 5 (1827); Wagl. Syst Av. p. 69, sp. 38 (1827); Naum. Vog, 
Deutschl. vii. Taf. 174 (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 295 (1837) 
Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 360 (1840); Nor dm. in Demid. Voy. Russ, 
MSrid. iii. p. 232 (1840: Odessa); Selys-Longch. Faun. Bel'/, 

p. 121 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxxii (1844); Gray, Gen. B. 
iii. p. 544 (1847); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. 30. tig. 4 (1852); 
Schl Vog. Nederl. pi. 212 (1854); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1858, p. 195 (Japan); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 446 
(1859); Schl. Dier. Nederl Vogels, pi. 21. fig. 4 (1861) ; Malmgr. 
(Efv. K. Vet~Akad. Fork Stoehh. 1863, p. 115; Gray, List Brit 
B. p. 140 (1863); Sundev. Sv.Fogl p. 334, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1 (185672); 
Gray, Kand-l. B. iii. p. 14, no. 9989 (1871); JR. Gray, B. 
West Scotl. p. 254 (1871); Palmin, Finlands Foglar, p. 78 (1873) ; 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1016 (1873: Blue Nile and 
27 . ETJDE0MI1S. 
235 

Lower Egypt), App. p. clxxx; Sandev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork, 
Stockh. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 151 (1875); 
Finschj VerhandL z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 244 (1879: 
Schtsehutschja) ; Bunge, MSI Biol. Bull. Acad. Imp. St. Betersb. 

xii. livr. 1, p. 62 (1884: Lena Delta); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 30, pi. 26. figs. 1-3 (1885); Booth, Bough Notes, ii. cum tab. 
(1887); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistrib. Charadr.y. 113(1888); Beichen. 
Terz. Yog. Beutschl p. 51 (1889); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. 
p. 305 (1890) • Frivaldshj, Aves Hung. p. 122 (1891); Madardsz, 
Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 102 (1891). 
Charadrius tartaricus, Ballas, Beis. Btm. Beichs, ii. p. 715 (1773). 
Le Guignard, BAubent. Bl Enl. ix. pi. 832; Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. 

viii. p. 87 (1781). 
Charadrius anglus, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 117 (1776); 
Cass. Broc. Bhilad. Acad. 1864, p. 246. 
The Dotterel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. l,p.208 (1785); Yarrell, Brit. 

B. ii. p. 392 (1843). 
Charadrius sibirieus, Lepech. Iter. ii. pi. vi. (1771-86): Gm. Syst 
Nat. I p. 690 (1788). 
Eudromias montana, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 546 (1831). 
Eudromias stolida, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 547 (1831). 
Eudromias rnorinellus, i?r<?7wz, Vog. Beutschl. p. 545 (1831); Bp. Comp. 

List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 45 (1838); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. 

p. 208 (1840); Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 96 (1844); Gray, 
List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 67 (1844); Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 93 
(1850); Licht. Nomencl.Av.Mu8. Berol. p. 95 (1854: Khirghis 
Steppes); Ileugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856: Egypt and Eed Sea 
in winter); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 78 (N. Africa); Linderm. Vog. 
Griechenl p. 134 (1860); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 43 (1862); 
Badde,Beis.Sibir., Vog. p. 323 (1863: E. Siberia) ;Borggr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutschl. p. 110 (1869); Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 175 (1869); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 173; Broste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 118 (1869); 
Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 (Novaya Zeinlya); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 
tab. 33. figs. 16, 17 (1870); Stevenson, B. Norf. ii. p. 76 (1870); 
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 204 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 386 
(S. Spain); Parting, Sandb. Brit. B. p. 43 (1872); Eeugl Ibis, 
1872, p. 62 (Novaya Zemlya); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 236 (1872); 
Byb. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 101 (Dauria, nesting); Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant); Brodhe, Ibis, 1873, p, 337 (Sardinia) 
; Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 162 (1874); Bresser, B. Eur. vii. 
p. 507, pi. 526 (1875); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 161 (1875) ; 
Cordeam-, Ibis, 1875, p. 184 (Heligoland); Blanf. East. Bersia, 
ii. p. 278 (1876: Kagriin, W. of Shiraz); Seebohm <§• Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 289 (Lower Petehora); Bresser, t. c. p. 327 
(Turkestan); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 248 (1876: nests 
in Baikal, Dauria), ii. p. 155 (1877: Poland, spring and autumn); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 155 (R. Koorayika, lat. 71°); Collett, 
Norges Fugle, p. 359 (1881); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 221 (Astrakhan; 
Kirghis Steppes, breeding); Satmn, Cat. Strickl. Coll 
p. 595 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 160 (1883); Saunders, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 349; id. ed. Yarrell1 s Brit. B. iii. p. 246 (1883); 
Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Balest. p. 130 (1884: Beersheba); Bogd. 
Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 72 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 
415 (1884: Caspian); Chapman, Ibis, 1885, p. 175 (Lapland); 
Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 371 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital p. 211 
(1886) ; Bleshe, Uebers.Saug. u. Vog. Kola-Halbins.y.2>2§ (1886); 
Tait, IUS, 1887, p. 386 (Portugal); Buckley $ Harvie-Brown, 
236 CHAEADEIIB^. 

Vertehr. Faun. Outer Sebr, p. 125 (1888); Eoenig, J.f. 0.1888, 

p. 83 (Tunis); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 515 (Canary Is.); 
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 521 (1889); Gigl 1st Resoc. Amf. 
Ital. p. 569 (1889); 2nd Resoc. p. 561 (1890); 3rd Resoc. p. 511 
(1891); Brusina, Motr. etc. {Orn. Croatica), p. 86 (1890); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 40-3 (Ireland) ; Heine £ Reicken. Komencl. 
Mus. Hein. p. 336 (1890: Lapland); Olphe-Gatt. Contr. Faun. 
Orn. Fur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 23 (1890); Reiser, Yogeh. Landesm. 
Sarajevo, p. 106 (1891) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 79 (incubation); 
Buckley fy Harvie-Broiun, Fertebr. Faun. Orkneys, p. 203 (1891) ; 
iid. Fertebr. Faun. Argyll, p. 166 (1892); Macph. Fertebr. Faun. 
Lake-land, p. 348 (1892); Meade-Waldo. Ibis, 1893. p. 203 
(Canaries) ; Grant, Bull. B. 0. C. i. p. IT (1893: Scotland, nesting); 
id. op. cit. iii. p. iii (1894); Whitaker, Ibis, 1894, p. 99 (TunLj • 
Pearson # Bidicill, t. c. p. 232 (X. Norway, breeding). 
Pluvialis morinellus, MacgilL Man. Brit. B. ii p. 50 (1840); id. 
Brit.B.iv. p. 104(1850). 
Charadrius (Eudromias) morinellus, Middend.Reis. Sibir., Zool p. 211 
(1851: Taimyr B., June, 73J°; Boganida. May, Au«%). 

Morinellus sibiricus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856]; Schl. Mm, P^?/s-
Bas, Cursores, p. 46 (1865) ; Degl. 4* Gerbe, Orn. Em: ii. p. 129 
(1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alt/er., Ols. ii. p. 205 (lb07). 

Adult male. General colour ashy brown, streaked with sandy buff, 
with which colour the feathers are edged; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown, with lighter fringes, and a 
slightly indicated dusky sub-terminal shade; wing-coverts like the 
back, and margined with sandy bufi in the same manner; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, the first primary 
with a broad white shaft, the outer web also white: the other 
primaries blackish along the outer web and at the ends; the secondaries 
fringed with whitish, the innermost edged with sandy buff 
and resembling the back; crown of head blackish brown, slightly 
varied with sandy-buff margins to the feathers; base of forehead 
and lores white, mottled with black spots; a broad white eyebrow, 
extending as far back as the sides of the nape; sides of face and 
ear-coverts white, spotted and streaked with du^ky brown, the ear-
coverts brown along the upper and hinder margin ; throat white, 
with dusky streaks on the lower throat; sides of neck and a broad 
band across the fore-neck light ashy brown, washed with sandy 
buff, and bordered on its lower edge by a narrow band of black"; 
this black band followed by a band of white across the chest; 
breast and sides of the body orange-chestnut; the centre of the 
lower breast and abdomen black; lower abdomen, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts pure white; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and 
quill-lining pale smoky grey. Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 5*8, tail 2'5, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but less brightly coloured 
and the black patch on the abdomen not so strongly developed* Total 
length 8*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 5*75, tail 2-65, tarsus 1*25. 

Adults in winter plumage. Somewhat similar on the upper surface 
to the summer plumage, but the head not so blackish, the crowTn 
being brown with sandy-buff streaks; sides of face ashy fulvous, 

27 . EUDROMIAS, 
237 
streaked with dark brown; chin white; throat ashy brown, streaked 
with dusky brown, with a faintly indicated band of white on the 
chest; remainder of under surface of body isabelline white, with the 
sides of the body tinged with sandy buff. 

Young. Differs from the winter plumage of the adults, which it 
otherwise resembles, in having the mantle blackish brown, with 
whitish edgings to the feathers; the eyebrow and the throat and 
underparts washed with sandy ochreous*. 

Nestling. Black above, mottled with spots of rufous or sandy 
buff; head patterned with black, with a conspicuous white forehead 
and eyebrow, with a black loral streak and line of black down the 
centre of the forehead; round the back of the head a creamy-
white band. 

Hob. Xests in Northern Europe and across Siberia, wintering in 
the countries of the Mediterranean and North-eastern Africa. 

a, b. J $ ad. S. Banffshire, N.B., June, F. D. Godman, Esq. 
st. [group]. [P.]. 

c. $ ad. sk. 
S. Banffshire, KB., July. F. D. Godman, Esq. 
[P.], 
d, e. S ad. sk. Lancashire. Montagu Coll. 
f,ff. d2 ad. Melbourne, Cambridgeshire, Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. 
May 10 {R Saunders). 
Cambridgeshire; May 18 (0. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. 
5 ad. sk, Salmn). 
Cambridgeshire, May 14 {F. D. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i, k. S ad. sk. Godman). 
Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 
/, m, n. Ad. sk. Yarmouth, Aug. J. E. Harting, Esq. 

o. Ad. sk. 
[C.]. 
Sussex. 
Old Coll. 

p. JuV. Sk. 
Near Brighton, autumn. J. E. Harting, Esq. 

q. Ad. sk. 
[0.]. 
Pembrokeshire, Nov. 23. Hon. W. Edwardes 

r. Juv. sk. 
[0.]. 
Quickiock, Lapland (H, Wheel-Gould Coll 

wright). 

Jutland, Denmark, June 25 (A. Tweeddale Coll. 

s. Pull. sk. 
t. 2 ad- sk 
Benzon). 

w, v. $ ad. et 
Russia. Moscow Mus. 

juv. sk. 

w. 
<$ ad. sk. Valley of the Yen-e-sai, N. lat. Seebohm Coll. 
71°, July 25 (H. &). 
,r, y. S hiem. Beersheba, Palestine, Feb. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
sk. 

z. a'. 3 hiem. Wilderness of Judaea, Feb. (If. Salvin-Godman and 
sk B. T.). Tweeddale Colls. 
V. Ad. sk 
Marocco (Olcese). Tweeddale Coll. 

c. Imm. sk. 
Granada, Spain, Dec. (H. SaunTweeddale 
Coll. 
ders). 
d'. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 

e\ Sternum. England. John Pay, Esq. [P.]. 
/'. Sternum. St. Bride's. Hon. W. Edwardes 
[P.]. 

238 CHARADRIIDiE. 

28. ZOIOBYX. 
T7Pe


Zonibyx, Reichen.. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvin (1852) Z. rnodesta. 
Range. South America, from Tarapaca on the west and Buenos 
Ayres on the east, to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. 

1. Zonibyx modest a. 
Charadrius rnodestus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 71 (Montevideo) ; 

Wagler, Syst. Av. p. 36, sp. 44 (1827); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, 
no. 9996 (1871); Seed. Geoyr. Distr. Charadr. p. 105 (1885: 
Santa Lucia, La Plata). 

Tringa urvillii, Gamot, Ann. Sci Nat. vii. p. 26 (1826). 
Vanellus cincta, Less. Toy. Coquille, i. p. 12(5, pi. 4-3 (1826); id. Man. 


dOrn. ii. p. 309 (1828). 
Charadrius nebulosus, Less. Man. aVOrn. ii. p. 315 (1826). 
Charadrius rubecola, King, Zool Journ. iv. p. 96 (1&29) ; Seeb. 

Geoyr. Dislr. Charadr. pi. i. (1888). 
Squatarola rubecola, Jard. § Selby,Ill. Orn. ii. pi. 110 (1830). 
Squatarola cincta, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle] ii. p. 126 (1841); id. P. Z. S. 

1859, p. 195 (eggs). 
Squatarola fusca, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,' ii. p. 120 (1841: Maldonado). 
Squatarola urvillii, Bridges, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 18 ; Gray, List Gratia* 

Brit. Mus. p. 63 (1844) j Gay, Hist. Jis. Chile, Zool. i. p. 401 
(1847). 
Squatarola modesta, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 543 (1847); Licht. Nom&nel 

Av. p. 95 (1854). 
Zonibyx cincta, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852). 
"Vanellus rnodestus, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 362 (1856); id. Beis. La 

Plata-St. ii. p. 363 (1861: Pampas ; Rio Quarto). 
Hiaticula fusca, Cass. U.S. JExpl. Exp., Zool. p. 328 (1858: Tierra 
del Fuego). 
Eudromias ureillii, Sal. P. Z. S. I860, p. 386 (Falklands): Abbott, 

Ibis, 1861, p. 155 (Falklands). 
Morinellus rnodestus, Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 48 (1865). 
Eudromias modesta, Scl. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas) 

iid. Ibis, 1868, p. 188 (Sandy Point, Dec.; Peckett Harbour, Jan.) 
Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 202; Scl. t. e. p. 500 (Straits of Magellan), 
id. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1876', 

p. 164 (Buenos Ayres); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 197, 1878, p. 402 
(Chupat) j Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 438 (Gray Harbour; Tom 
Harbour; Puerto Bueno; Port Famine ; Falkland M.); Sharpe, 
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 55 (Tom Harbour; Puerto del Morro; Port 
Henry; Cockle Cove); Scl. fy Salv. Voy. L Challenger] ii. Birds, 
p. 108 (1882); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 313 (1884 : Concepcion, April', 
May); Withington, Ibis,^ 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora) ; Scl. # 
Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 171 (1889) ; Berkeley James, List 
Chilian B. p. 11 (1892)$ Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia 
Espartilla, March to Aug.); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 206 (Uruguay, 
winter). 
Squatarola durvillii, Martens, J. f. 0.1875, p. 440 (Chili). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, including the scapulars 
and parapteral plumes, some of the latter being broadly edged with 
white; ramp blackish brown; upper tail-coverts a little darker 
brown than the back; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries blackish on the 

28. ZONIBYX. 
239 
outer web and at the tip, having also white shafts; inner small 
secondaries tipped with white; tail-feathers brown, shaded with 
blackish sub-terminally and fringed with white, developing on the 
outer tail-feathers, the ante-penultimate one broadly tipped and 
edged with white, the penultimate one almost entirely white, with 
only a small brown spot beyond the half of the inner web* outer 
tail-feather entirely white; head brown like the back; lores, hase 
of forehead, and sides of face and ear-coverts ashy grey, separated 
from the crown of the head by a broad band of white, which crosses 
the forehead and is continued into a broad eyebrow, extending 
to the sides of the occiput; upper throat paler ashy grey, the chin 
whitish* lower throat, fore-neck, and chest orange-chestnut, followed 
by a broad pectoral band of black ; sides of upper breast pale 
brown like the sides of the neck; remainder of under surface of 
body pure white ; thighs brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
white• outer wing-coverts and lower primary-coverts light ashy 
brown, like the quill-linings: " bill black; feet greenish grey " 

(B. Burmeister); " iris brownJ? (J. Bridges). Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 5*4, tail 2-3, tarsus 1*2. 
Adult female. Besembles the male. Total length 7*3 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 5*45, tail 2*2, tarsus 1*15. 
Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage above, 

but differing in the colour of the underparts * throat white : lower 

throat, fore-neck, and chest ashy brown washed with sandy buff, 

and only a slight indication of a line of black below. 

Young. Distinguished by its black upper surface, streaked with 

buffy-white margins 
to the feathers, the wing-coverts brown with 

sandy margins * chest-band sandy brown, mottled with subterminal 

bars of blackish. 

Hah. Ealkland Islands; South America from Tierra del Euego 
to Buenos Ayres on the east and Tarapaca on the west. 


a. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b,c.A&.;d}e,f, Ealkland Islands. Antarctic Expedi-
Juv. sk. tion. 


g. 
(J ad. sk. Ealkland Islands. Voy. H.M.S. • Challenger.' 
h <$ ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, E.Falklands, McCormick Bequest. 
Nov. 23 (JR. McCormick). 
i k. Ad.sk. Tierra del Euego (C. Bar- Zoological Society. 
win). (Types of S. eineta.) 
I 
Ad. sk. Hermit Island. Antarctic Expedition. 


m. 
6 Juv- sk. Port Famine, Straits of Ma- Voy. H.M.S. < Chalgellan. 
lenger.* 
n. 
2 ad. sk. Gray Harbour, Messir Chan- Voy. H.M.S. * Chalnel. 
lenger.' 
o. Ad. sk. Porto Bueno, Jan. 9. Voy. H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 
p. 
<$ juv. sk. Puerto del Morro, Feb. 5 (Dr. Voy. H.M.S. • Alert.' 
Coppinger). 
a r S 2 ad. sk. Cockle Cove,Straits of Magel- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Ian, Oct.16 (Dr. Cop2>inger). 
$ Ad sk TomB&j,Feh.(Dr.Coppinger). Voy. H.M.S. • Alert.* 

240 
CHAIUJOKIID^. 

t $ ad. sk. Tom Bay. - Voy. H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 
u,v,w. Ad. et juv. Chupat, Patagonia, April. H. Durnford, Esq. 
sk. 
a\ d ad. sk. Chili (Heed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

y. $ ad. sk. PampasArgentinas(Xe#Mc£). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2, a'. $ ad. sk. Tarapaca, July, Aug. {A. -4. Berkeley James Coll. 
Lane). 

V. <$ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, May (W. H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hudson), 
c'. Ad. Mem. sk. Maldonado. Sir W. Burnett & 
Capt. Fitzroy [P.]. 
(Type of S. fusca.) 

d\ e. 
<$ J juv. sk. Lomas de Zamora (With- Sclater Coll. 
ingtori). 

29. 
PODASOCYS. 
Type. 
Podasocys, Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 96 .... P. montanus. 
Range. Western States of North America, from Montana to 
Mexico. 
1, Podasocys montanus. 
Charadrius montanus, Towns. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. p. 192 (1837: 
Central tableland of Rockv Mountains); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 350; 
id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 362 (1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 21;), 
pi. 318 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; id. Hand-L B. 

lii. p. 15, no. 9997 (1871) ; Seebuhm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 153 
(1888). 
Ochthodromus montanus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
iEgialitis montanus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 693 (1858); BlaMst. 

Ibis, 1863, p. 130 (Upper Missouri); Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 159 
(Arizona); Bresser, t. c. p. 317 (S. Texas) ; id. Ibis, 1866, p. 33 
(San Antonio); Coues, t. c. p. 266; Snow, B. Kansas, p. 13 (1872); 
Eensh. Pep. Zool JSxpL 100th Mend. p. 447 (1875); Belding, 
Proc. US. Nat. Mus. i. p. 440 (1878: Stockton & Marvsville, 
California); A. 0. U. Check-L N. Amer. B. p. 164 (1886) ; Ridgw. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 176 (1887); Bechh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. 

p. 637 (1887: Bexar Co., Texas); Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 91 (1887: 
Sacramento Valley; San Francisco); Lloyd, t. e. p. 186 (Western 
Texas); Allen, Auk, x. p. 134 (1893). 
Charadrius asiaticus, pt., Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 38 (1865). 
Podasocys montanus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 96; Elliot, 
New Sr Unfig. B. N. Amer. pi. 39 (1869) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll 

iii. p. 181 (1872: Middle Kansas ; plains of Colorado & Wyoming; 
South Park); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1882); Baird, 
Brewer, fy Rulgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 172 (1884); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 604 (1884). 
Eudromias montanus, Martinq, Ibis, 1870, p. 202; Coues, Check-list 
N.Amer.B. p, 135 (1873); id. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 600 (1874: 
Montana, "breeding) ; id. B. N.~ West, p. 456 (1874); id. Bull 


U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 634 (1878: Frenchman's Eiver, breeding: 
Milk River). 
iEgialitis asiaticus, var. montanus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 245 
(1872). 

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, with a faint tinge 

29 . PODASOCYS. 241 
of sandy buff, especially about the hind-neck and mantle; rump a 
little more dusky brown ; upper tail-coverts light ashy brown; 
wing-coverts like the back, the lesser coverts darker brown, forming 
a band along the edge of the wing; greater series also somewhat 
darker brown and tipped with white ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, the primaries with white shafts 
and having a darker outer web and tip; secondaries slightly fringed 
with whitish, the innermost like the back ; tail-feathers light ashy 
brown, with white tips, preceded by a broad sub-terminal band of 
blackish brown ; crown of head brown; forehead white, extending 
backwards over the eye and separated from the crown by a broad 
band of black; a loral streak of black from the base of the bill to 
the eye; eyelid, cheeks, and under surface of body white, with a 
tinge of isabelline buff on the fore-neck and chest: " bill black; 
feet light dull brownish yellow " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 
8*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 5, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the black frontal 
band not so defined. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5*8, 
tail 2*5, tarsus 1*55. 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
wanting the black band on the crown. The hind-neck is washed 
with sandy buff, and there are slight evidences of sandy colour on 
the edges of the feathers. 

Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but distinguished 
by having distinct sandy edgings to all the feathers of the upper 
surface; the sides of the face and eyebrow washed with sandy 
rufous, which extends over the chest and sides of the body: on 
each side of the fore-neck a large patch of ashy-brown feathers, 
edged with sandy rufous. 

Nestling. Covered with sandy-buff down, beautifully mottled 

with black on the head and back, the principal features being a 

black line down the centre of the back and spots of black on each 

side of the rump; owing, however, to the general distribution of 

the black spots, none are particularly prominent; round the neck 

an isabelline collar; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face, as well 

as the under surface of the body, isabelline buff, with a tinge of 

yellow on the chest * a bare line on each side of the lower throat. 

The downy pattern is retained on the lower back and rump till 

the bird is of good size, and the black markings become very dis


tinct. The first feathers are brown, with sandy-rufous margins. 

Hab. Western United States from Montana and Dakota, south 

to Texas, Lower California, and Mexico. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, June {Q. Daw- N. Amer. Boundary 
son). Commission. 

c. Pull, sk, Frenchman's Kiver, July 9 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Dr. Cozies). 
d. <5 imm.; e,f. San Antonio, Texas, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
9 imm. sk. (JS. E. Dresser). 
g-m. <$ $ ad. et Corpus Christi, Nov. (F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Armstrong). 
VOL. xxiv. K 


242 
CHAEADBIID^!. 

n. Ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o. p. q. Imm. sk. Pueblo, Colorado, July (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. H.). 
r_2j. g a(j.. a'-f. Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
§ ad.; </-$'. June (H W. Henshaio). 
Pull, sk. 

t'. Pull. sk. Alsx>dones, Xew Mexico, June Salyin-Godman Coll. 
tar. W.H.). 
u'. Ad. sk. Mizpah Creek (Dr. F. B. Salyin-Godman Coll. 

Hayden). 
v'-z\ 3 2 juv. sk. San Francisco, Oct. Salyin-Godman Coll. 
a". Juv. sk. Fort Tejon, Cal. (C. B. Mol- Salyin-Godman Coll. 

hamen). 
b". g juv. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Salyin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. 26 (A. Forrer). 
c", d". tf ad. sk. Hermosillo, Sonora, Dec. Salyin-Godman Coll. 
{Ferrari-Perez). 
e",f",ff". 3 $ ad. Zacatecas, Feb. (W. B. Salyin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Michardsmi). 

30. 
OXYECHUS. „ 
Type. 
Oxyechus, Reichenb. Av. Sysi. Nat. p. xviii (1852) ... . O. vociferus. 
Range. Forth America generally, migrating into South America. 

Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Rump and upper tail-coverts cinnamon voeiferus, p. 242. 
b. No cinnamon colour on the rump and upper tail-
coverts. 
ar. One dark band on the inner web of the outer 
tail-feather. 
a". Forehead entirely white, not continuous 
with the eyebrow tricoUart$9 p. 247. 
b". Base of forehead gTey, like the throat, followed 
by a white band, which is continuous 
with the white eyebrow bifroniatusf p. 249. 

h\ 
Three dark bands on the inner web of the 
outer tail-feather j forehead entirely grey, 
like the throat ....!. forbesi) p. 250. 

1. Oxyeclras vociferus. 
The Chattering Plover, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. L p. 71, pi. 71 

(1730). 
Le Piuvier a collier de Virginie, Briss. Orn. r. p. 68 (1760). 
Le Piuvier a collier de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. v. p. 70, pi. vi. 

% 2 (1760). 
?Le Piuvier a collier de Jamaique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 75 (1760). 
Charadrius vociferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766); Gm. Syst. 

Nat. i. p. 685 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 742 (1790); Wilson, 
Amer. Orn. TO. p. 73, pi. 59. %. 6 (1813); Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. ccxv. (c. 1826) j id. Orn. Bioyr. ill p. 191 (m%5); Jard. ed. 

Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 365, pi. lix. fig. 6 (1832); Audub. Orn. 
Bioyr. v. p. 577 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 207, pi. 317 

30 . OXYECHTJS. 243 
(1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 71 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 544 (1847); id. List Brit. B. p. 142 (1863); Schl. Mus. Pai/s-
Bas, Oursores, p. 23 (1865); Gray, Hand-l, B. iii. p. 14, no. 9987 
(1871); Later. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 450 (1878 : Guadeloupe) ; 
Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 28, pi. 26 (1885); id. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 120 (1888). 

Charadrius torquatus, Linn. Syst Nat I p. 255 (1766); Gm. Syst 
Nat. i. p. 255 (1788). 

? Charadrius jainaicenbis, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 117 
(1776) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 685 (1788j : Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1864, p. 246. 

Noisy Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii, pt. 1, p. 199 (1785). 

Noisy Plover, var. A, Lath. t. c. p. 200. 
? Collared Plover, Lath. t. c. p. 201. 

iEgialitis vocifera, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. fy N. Amer. p. 45 (1838); 

Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 330 (1847); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 692 
(1858); Xantus, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 192 (Fort Tejon); 
Sclat 8? Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (Duenas); Bryant, Proc. Bost. 
Soc. N. K. vii. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); A. Newton, Ibis, I860, 

p. 307 (St. Thomas); Taylor, t c. p. 313 (TigrS Isl, Honduras); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 8 (Saskatchewan); Sclater, t. c. p. 276 
(Christchurch, Hants); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 129 (Fort Carlton); 
Set P. Z.S. 1864, p. 178 (City of Mexico); Coues, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 158 (Arizona); Salvin, t. c. p. 191 (Guatemala); Dresser, Ibis, 
1866, p. 33 (Galveston, S. Texas); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. 
p. 209 (1868: Sisal, Yucatan); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 428 (Vancouver 
Isl.); Scl. 4- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 176 (Taniho Valley, 
Peru); Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 (Volcan de Chiriqui); Harting, 
List Brit. B. p. 134 (1872); Alien, Bull. Harv. Coll. iii. p. 355 
(1872); Snow, B. Kansas, p. 13 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 244 (1872); Scl. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 143 (1873); 
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 452 (1874); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. 
ii. p. 307 (1874: Mazatlan); Hensh. Rep. Zool. JExpl 100th 
Merid. p. 445 (1875); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 46 
(1876: Tehuantepec, Aug., Feb.); Bidgw. Pep. Survey 4:0th 
Par. p. 603 (1877: Carson, Nevada; Gt. Salt Lake); Sennett, 
Bull U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 53 (1878: Brownsville, Texas) ; 
Corns, t c. p. 634 (Dakota & Montana) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. I p. 160 (1878: S.W. Texas); Belding, t. c. pp. 391, 440 
(Murphy's, Cal.); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 244; 3d. fy Salv. t c. 
p. 547 (Medellin); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 145 (1880); A. § F. 
Newton, Sandb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881); Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa 
Pica, p. 30 (1882); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1882); 
Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit B. iii. p. 266, note (1883); B. O. U. 
List Brit. B. p. 160 (1883); Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 141 (1884); 
Cornish, Zool 1885, p. 113 (Stilly Isl.); Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. 
p. 342 (1886: Pacasmayo); Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. ix. 
p. 178 (1886: Puebla; Jalapa); -A. O. U. Chech-l. N Amer. B. 
p. 161 (1886); Bverm. Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886: Ventura Co.); Seton, 
t. c. p. 152 (W. Manitoba); Anthony, t. c. p. 164 (Oregon); Fox, 
t. c. p. 319 (Tennessee); Scott, t. c. p. 387 (Arizona); Bidgw. 
Man.N. Amer. B. p. 174 (1887); Bechh. Auk, iv. p. 124 (1887 : 
Pueblo, Colorado); Langdon, t c. p. 129 (Tennessee); Lloyd, t. c. 
p. 186 (W. Texas); Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 199 (1887 : 
N. California); Beckh. t c. pp. 637,654 (Bexar Co., S.W. Texas); 
Bichm. Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: District Columbia); Merrill, t. c. 
p. 145 (Fort Klamath); Chqpm. t. c. p. 270 (Gainesville, Florida) ; 
244 CHABADBHD.S. 

JEverm. t. c. p. 349 (Indiana); Brown, Auk, vi. p. 69 (1889: Maine); 
Scott, t. c. p. 159 (Florida); Hasbrouck, i. c. p. 237 (Eastland Co., 
Texas) ; Tor ret/, t c. p. 274 (New England, winter); Pindar, t. c, 

p. 313 (Fulton Co., Kentucky): Thompson,^ Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 
p. 506 (1890 : Manitoba); Mearns, Auk, vii. p. 52 (1890: Arizona 
Mis.); Mackay, t. c. p. 295 (Muskeget IsL, Mass.); Cherrie, t. c.n.333 
(Costa Rica); Cory, t c. p. 374 (Anega&a IsL), P- 375 ("Virgin 
Gorda); Merriam, N. Amer. Faun. no. 3, p. 89 (1890); id. op. eit 
no. 5, p. 92 (1891: Idaho); Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 76 (1891: 
Andros Creek); Cory, t e. p. 296 (Bimini IsL, Bahamas), p. 351 
(Inagua IsL); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892: Jamaica); Cory, t. e. 
p. 48 (Maraguana IsL; WatKng IsL, Bahamas); Bwigkt, t. c. 
(San Jose", Costa Rica); Anthony, t c. p. 360 (Apache, S. W. Xew 
Mexico); Irby, Key List Brit. B. 2nd ed. p. 48 (1892); White, 
Auk, x. p. 223 (1893: Mackinac IsL, Mich.); Wayne, t. c. p. 337 
(Suwanee R.); Pichm. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. xvi. p. 526 (1893: 
Nicaragua) ; Lilford, Col Pig, Brii. B. pt. xxv. (Ife93); Fisher, 

N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, p. 24 (1893). 
Oxyechus vociferus, Pekhenb. Grail, p. xviii, tab. clxxii. figs. 725, 
726 (1852); Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 417 (1856); GundL Orn. Cubana, 

p. 181 (1876); Pidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880); 
Belding, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 351 (1883 : Lower California); 
Nutthig, t. c. pp. 379, 390 (Nicaragua); Baird, Brewer, Sf Pidgw. 
Water-Birds N. Amer. I p. 148 (1884); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 
(1885: Colorado); Zeledon, Pr. U.S. Nat Mm. viii. p. 113 (1885: 
Costa Rica); Pidgw. t. c. p. 581 (Cozumei IsL); Wells, op. cit. 

ix. p. 627 (1886: Grenada); Cory, Cat. B. Wed Ind, p. 95 (1892 : 
Bahamas; Greater & Lesser Antilles). 
Hiaticula vocifera, ZicM. Nommcl. AD. MUS. BeroL p. 94 (1854). 

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts light cinnamon-rufous; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back; the greater coverts darker 
brown, with broad white ends, forming a distinct wing-band; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, with white tips, obsolete 
on the latter; quills blackish, fringed with white at the ends, 
the long primaries white on the inner web, till near the ends, which 
are blackish brown ; a white mark along the shaft at a short 
distance from the tip of the first four primaries, the rest of the 
primaries with a white mark before the end of the outer web ; the 
secondaries blackisb, white at the base, on the inner web, and 
along the tip, the white increasing on the inner secondaries, till the 
black decreases to a spot on the outer web, and then disappears 
altogether on the interior quills; long innermost secondaries like 
the back, the outer ones light ashy brown, dark brown along the 
outer web, tbe tip of whicb is white; centre tail-feathers light 

brown, tipped with cinnamon-rufous, before which is a broad subterminal 
shade of blackish brown; outer tail-feathers cinnamon-
rufous, broadly tipped with white, with a distinct sub-terminal bar 
of black; crown of head dark brown, separated from the mantle by 
a black collar ; forehead white, separated from the crown by a band 
of black, which reaches to the middle of the eye; a broad white 

30 . OXYECHI7S. 
245 
eyebrow; base of forehead black, as well as a broad streak from 
the base of the bill to below the eye ; ear-coverts brown ; a black 
streak from the eye along the upper edge of the ear-coverts; cheeks 
and throat white, extending backwards to the sides of the neck; 
across the fore-neck a broad black collar, united to the collar round 
the hind-neck; this black collar followed by a narrower one of 
white, and again, on the chest, by a second black collar; remainder 
of under surface of body, as well as the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries, pure white : quill-lining ashy whitish: " bill black; 
feet pale pinkish or pale greyish yellow; iris dark brown; eyelids 
orange-red or scarlet" (Baird> Brewer, Sf Bidgiuay). Total length 
9 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 5*9, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 6-5, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*35. 
Adult in winter plumage. Eather browner than in summer, and 
not quite so grey. 
Young. Differs from the adult in having sandy-rufous margins to 
the feathers of the upper surface. 
Hob. Temperate North America, extending to Central and South 
America in winter. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
[P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. North America. Eiocour Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Hudson's Bay (Sir G. Back). Arctic Land Exped. 
d. Ad. sk. New Jersey (H. E. Dresser). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Fort Dufferin, Manitoba (Sir N. A. Bound. ComG. 
Dawson). mission. 
f-k. Ad. et juv. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
I. Imni.sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. LP-]. 
m. 
<3 juv. sk. Umatilla Agency, Oregon, 
Aug. 24 (Hensh. Coll). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. 
$ juv. sk. "Washoe Lake, Nevada 
(Hensh. Coll). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

o. <$ ad. sk. Washington, D.C., March 5 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Hensh. Coll). 

p. $ ad. sk. Louisiana, March (Hensh. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Coll.). 

q. $ ad. sk. Ogden, Utah, July (C. H. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Merriam: Hensh. Coll.). 

r. <J juv. sk. Florida, Oct. SO(Hensh.Coll). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. $ ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Dec. Salvm-Godman Coll. 
25 (W. & D. Scott). 
t, u. Imm. sk. Bermuda, Nov., Dec. Capt. Sa-vile Beid 
[0.]. 

v. S ad. sk. Fort Benton (J*. Pearsail). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
wr x. 6 ad. sk. Oakland, California, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Hensh. Coll). 

Ballina, San Diego Co., Cali


y} zfa'. <$ ad. et 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

juv.; b',c'. 2 fornia, March to June (F. 
ad. sk. Stephens). 
San Jose" del Cabo, Lower 


a", e'. S i^m. sk. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

California (W. Brewster: 
Hensh. Coll). 

246

/'? ^', A'. S imm-5

i\ P ad. sk.
k'. $ ad. sk.
/'. <5 ad. st.
m\ Ad. sk.


n'. J ad. sk

o\ p'. d ad. etimm. sk.
q', r\ s'. $ $ ad. sk.

t'j u't D'. <S S ad.
sk.
w'. 2 ad. sk.


xr. Ad. sk.

y'. <$ imm. sk.

zr. Ad. sk.
a", d ad. sk.


b", e". $ imm. sk.

d", <*". <S $ a(^-s-^


/". d imm. sk.

g". d ad. sk.

h",{",&". d $
imm. sk.
I". $ ad. sk.


m"-^". d $ ad. sk.

#"> r'-d ad.; 5
imm. sk.
s". d ad. sk.


t". d imm. sk.

u". d ad. sk.
v". Ad. sk.
tu"-z". Ad. sk.


#3, W, c\ d ? ad.
sk.
d?, e3,/3. d ? ad.
sk.
g*t d ad. sk.

h3 

. J ad. sk.

i3 

. Ad. sk.

 CHAEABKIID^. 

 Corpus Christie Texas, Oct., 
Nov. (J?1. B. Armstrong), 
Kendall Co., Texas, Dec. 27.


 Mexico. 
Eio de Iglesias, Chihuahua,
Dec. (W. Lloyd), 
Hermosillo, Sonora, Oct. 18

{Fei^rari-Berez). 

 Nuevo Leon, April, May (JF.

 B. Armstrong), 
Tampico,Feb.( W.B.Richardson), 


 Aldama, Tamaulipas, Marcli

 (W. B. Richardson), 
Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz,
Nov. (F. 2>. <?.). 
Patzcuaro, Vera Cruz, Jan.

(F. D. <?.). 
Vega del Casadero,Vera Cruz,
Dec. (M. Trujillo). 
Oaxaca (Boucard).

 S. Balthazar, Puebla, Nov. 4
(Ferrari-Berez). 

 Mayorazzo, Puebla, May 14(Ferrari-Berez). 
Ixtapalapa, Valley of Mexico,

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Br. E. B. Sliarpe [P.]. 

 X Taylor, Esq. [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Tweeddale ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

April, July (Fer?-ari-Berez)« 
Mexicalcingo, Valley of Mexico, Salvin-Godman ColL 


Feb. 20 (Ferrari-Berez). 
Chimalpa, Valley of Mexico,
March. 6 {Ferrari-Berez). 
Calvillo, Aguas Calientes,


 Aug, (W. B. Richardson). 
Mazatlan, Dec. 24 {A. Forrer). 
Zacatecas, Feb., Aug. (W.

B. Richardsmi). 
Jerez, Zacatecas, Sept. (W* 
B. Richardson), 
Calotlan, Jalisco, March (W.
B. Richardson), 
Lake Cbapala, Jalisco, Aug.

(W. B. Richardson), 
Teapa, Feb. (I). W. Smith). 
Peto,Yucatan (G.F.Gaumer). 
Cozumel Isl., Jan. (G. JP.
Gaumer). 
Cayo, British Honduras (F. 
Blancaneaux). 

 Panajachel, Guatemala, Dec.

 (W. B. Richardson). 
Atitlan, Guatemala, Dec. (W.
B. Richardson). 
San Geronimo, Guatemala,
Get. 29(0. S.). 
San Jose\ Costa Rica {J.
Carmiol), 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salviri-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

30 . OXTECHTJS. 247 
kz , Z3 . tf ad. sk.
m3 , nz . Ad. sk.
o3,p\ Imm.sk. 
Southern Slope, Volcan deChiriqui,Panama (F.Arce). 
Jamaica. 
San Cristobal, Cuba (G. F. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Gosse Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f.
r\
sz . 
Ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
Ad. sk.
Gaumer). 
St. Nevis. 
Medellin, U.S. Colombia (7.
K. Salmon), 
Ecuador. 
W. Cottle, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
t\ Ad. sk.
u\ <$ ad. sk.
v*. Ad.sk 
Sical, Ecuador (Buckley). 
Tambo Valley, S.W. Peru,
Oct. 25 (H. Whitely). 
Chili. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 

2. Oxyechus tricollaris. 
Charadrius indicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 750 (1790) ; Des Murs in 
Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 150 (1845: Gondar). 

Charadrius 
tricollaris, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 147 
(1818); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 
(1856); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 296 (1867: common throughout 
the Colony, breeding); id. Ibis, 1869, p. 76; Fi?isch # Hartl. 
Voy. Ostafr. p. 655 (1870); Gray, Rand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 10002 
(1871); Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1027, pi. 34. tig. 5 
(1873 : Samhar coast; Tigre*; Amhara, westwards to Qualabat; 
resident between 1000 and 8000 feet); Reiohen. J.f.O. 1877, 

p. 11 (Loango) ; Holub § JPelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 240 (1882 : 
throughout Central Africa); Schalow, J.f O. 1883, p. 340; 
Reiohen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 46 (Irangi); Seebohm, Bis, 1887, p. 338 
(mouth of Umgeni R.); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 134 (1888: 
Table Bay, Durban); Reiohen. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wissensch. Anst. x. 
p. 6 (1893: Zanzibar, Oct.); id. Voy. Deutsch-Ostafr. p. 34 
(1894: Usagara; Ugalla R.; Tanganyika; Irangi); Shelley, Ibis, 
1894, pp. 26, 475 (Lake Shirwa). 
Charadrius 
bitorquatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 71 (1823); Way I. 
Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 66, sp. 30 (1827); Less. Man. WOrn. ii. 

p. 320 (1828) ; Grill, Zool. Anteokn. p. 52 (1859). 
Hiaticula tricollaris, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 69 (1844: Cape). 
Hiaticula indica, Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 118 (1845: Red Sea). 
Hiaticula bitorquata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854). 
JEgialitis cinereicollis, Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 56 (1856). 
^Egialitis indica, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856). 
iEgialitis tricollaris, Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (Elephant Marsh, 
R. Shire'); Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 271 (Natal); Schl. Mus. Bays-
Bas, Cursores, p. 24 (1865: Cape; Red Sea; Adoa); Blanf. 
Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 429 (1870: near Massowah); Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 274 (1872: Damara and Great Namaqua 
Lands); Harting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 457, pi. lx. fig. 5 ; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875,j>. 85 (Cape Colony; Durban); Sharpe $• Bouvier,Bull. 
She. Zool. France, i. p. 313 (1876: Landana); Ayres, Ibis, 1877, 
p. 348,1880, p. 266 (Transvaal); Booage, Orn. Angola, p. 433 
(1881: Benguela; Quillengues; Humbe); Sharpe in Gates's 
Matabele Land, App. B, p. 326 (1881: Durban); Butler, Feilden, 
& Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 341 (throughout Natal, breeding); Harting, 
Zool. 1883, p. 417; Sharpe, ed. Layard) s B. S. Afr. p. 662 (1884: 
Orange R.; Port Elizabeth; East London); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
248 CHAEADEITD^. 

Genov. (2) i. p. 218 (1884: Falls of Kora, Shoa); Shelley, Ibis, 
1885, p. 417 (Somali); Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 334 (Eroonstadt): 
Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Lake Jipi): id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49 
(Kibiro^; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) vi. p. 309 (1888: Cialalaka; 
Adda, Shoa); Souza, Jorn. Zisb. (2) ii. p. 117 (1889: Catumbella): 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 544 (Ukanibani) ; Bocage, Jorn. Zisb. (2) 
1892, p. 187 (Dahome). 

JEgialitis bitorquata, HeugL in Peierm. MT. 1889, p. 417. 

Adult male. General colour above uniform brown, with a bronzy 
gloss, the wing-coverts like the back, the inner greater coverts 
tipped with white; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, with 
white tips to the feathers ; quills brown, the primaries with narrow 
fringes of white at the ends, which are slightly darker brown like 
the outer webs, the shafts brown; secondaries dark brown, with 
broader white tips, increasing on the innermost till they occupy 
one quarter of the feather; the innermost secondaries like the back ; 
centre tail-feathers light brown, the rest brown at base, with a 
broad white tip, before which is a black sub-terminal bar; the two 
outer feathers pure white, with a sub-terminal bar of black, not 
extending on to the outer web of the outermost feather; crown of 
head like the back: forehead white, as well as a narrow eyebrow, 
which extends backwards and encircles the hind-neck; below this 
is a second collar of ashy brown, followed by a band of black, and 
again by a second collar of white, which is interrupted hy black in 
the centre, so that the collar is not complete; cheeks, sides of face, 
and ear-coverts light ashy grey, the latter a little browner: throat 
ashy white, followed by a black band on the lower throat, continuous 
with the black collar on the hind-neck; this is followed by 
a broad white collar, which is continuous with the one on the 
upper mantle; this white band is succeeded by a broad band of 
black across the chest; the whole of the rest of the under surface 
of the body pure white, including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries; the edge of the wing mottled with blackish bases to the 
feathers; lower greater coverts and quill-lining ashy: " bill bluish 
black, pale salmon-colour at the base of the lower mandible; feet 
straw-yellow, with a tinge of blue throughout, deepest on the joints: 
iris very dark brown; eye bright brick-red" (Q. J. Anderssm). 
Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*45, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in not having the white 
collar so distinct on the nape, and the upper of the two black bands 
on the throat narrower: ubill flesh-colour at base, black at tip; 
feet brownish flesh-colour; iris light brown; eyelid bright scarlet?* 

(G. Savile-Eeid). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*4, 
tail 2-35, tarsus 0*85. 
Hab. South Africa, extending to the Congo on the west, if the 
specimens from Landana have been properly identified, and were not 

O. forbesi. Throughout East Africa to Bogos-land. 
a. Ad. sk. Cape Colony {E. L. Layard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b, e. <$ 2 a#- sk. Paarl, Cape Colony, Jan. 23 Seebohm Coil. 
(G. JB. Shelky). 
30. OXYECHUS. 
249 

d, e. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Major Trevelyan [P.], 

f. <3 ad.sk. Orange River. Dr." Bradshaw [0.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Natal (Ayres). Seebobm Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Natal. 
Dr. Gueinzius [C.]. 
if k, I. Ad. sk. Durban, Natal. Seebobm Coll. 

m. 
$ ad. sk. Ingagani River, Natal, Capt. Savile Reid 
June 25. 
n. $ ad. sk. Newcastle, May 14. Capt. Savile Reid 
fa].

o. $ ad. sk. Kroonstadt, Orange Free State, 
Gurney Coll. 

Nov. 27 (F. Symonds). 

p. $ ad. sk. Transvaal. 
Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.]. 
q. $ ad. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresman, fcsq. 
[P.]. 
r. 
c? ad. sk. Transvaal, Dec. 9 (T. JS. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
Sj t, u. (S $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Seebobm Coll. 
June, Sept. (C. J. Anders-
son).

-y. J 
ad. sk. Otjimbinqiie, Nov. (C. J. Tweeddale Coll. 
Andersson). 

w. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Heller). Tweeddale Coll. 
&-«'. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
V. Ad. sk. Tschirmo, Nyasa-land, Sept. H. H. Johnston, Esq. 
(A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 
c'. J ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Nyasa-land, H. H. Johnston, Esq. 
May 5 (A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 
tf, «'. c? $ ad. sk. Lamu, Sept. 26. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[p.]. 

f, #', &'. $ ad. sk. Kibiro, Equatorial Africa, 

Emin Pasha [P.]. 

May. 

a<i* s&


i'y kr. <S 2Ailat, Bogos-land, June. W. T. Blanford.Esq. 

[0.1. 
Z', m', ri\ (S ad. sk. Ailat, June (W. Jesse). Tweeddale & Salvin-
Godman Colls. 

3. Oxyechus bifrontatus. 
-^Egialitis tricollaris (nee VieilL), Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol. 
p. 94 (1854); Bartiett, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 67; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 115. 
Charadrius tricollaris (nee VieilL), Bartl Faun. Madag. p. 72 (1861); 
Grand. Mev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 419; Bartl. Tog. Madag. 

p. 290 (1877). 
Charadrius bifrontatus, 
Cab. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 14; id. J.f. 0. 
1882, p. 112; Milne-Fdwards 8f Grandidier, N. B. Madag.] Ois. 

p. 510 (1882); Cab. J.f 0. 1885, pi. vi. fig. 5; Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 137 (1888). 
Adult. Similar to 0. tricollaris, but "haying only one bar on the 
outer tail-feather; base of forehead grey, succeeded by a white 
band, which is united to the white eyebrow and continued to the 
hind-neck; chin and throat ashy grey. 

Hab. Madagascar. 

250 CHABABBIJDJE. 

4. Oxyechus forbesL 
?Le Petit Pluvier des Indes, Briss. Orn. 8vo, ii. p. 234 (1763). 
? Indian Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 254 (1787). 
,/Egialitis tricollaris {nee VieilL), Marti. Orn. West-Afr. p. 2113 

(1857: Elmina; Gaboon); id. J.f.O. 1861, p. 269 (Bissao) ; 
Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 293 (Cape Coast); W. A. Forbes, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 5'26 (Shonga). 

iEgialitis indica, Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, Cnrsores, p. 25 (1865 : Nepal, 

error); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 382 (Fantee). 
JEgialitis foibesi, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 560, pi. xiv. 
jEgialitis nigris, Harting, ZooL 1883, n. 418. 
Charadrius forbesi, Seebohm, Geogr. jDistr. Charadr. p. 136 (1888). 

Adult female (type of species). Similar to 0. tricollaris, but 
larger; forehead brown, with only a small whitish spot on the 
lores; sides of face brown, as also the throat, the chin alone being 
ashy whitish; the bands on the breast brown instead of black, the 
white intermediate collar not continued round to the mantle; the 
eyebrow and collar round the nape bufly white, not very distinct. 
The best characteristic, however, lies in the outer tail-feathers, which 
have three or four black bars : " bill black, pink at base; feet very 
pale pink; iris grey-brown; a broad scarlet eyelid v (IF. A. Forbes); 
clear pink (G. E. Shelley). Total length 8*4 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 5, tail 2-7, tarsus 1"2. 

Hob. West Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, Feb. 2(T.F. Shelley Coll. 
Bzcckley). 
b. Ad. sk. Shonga, Elver Niger, Dec. ( W.
A. Forbes). 
Forbes Coll. 
species.) 
(Type of 

31. JEGIAIiEUS. 
-zEgialeus, Beichmh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xviii (1852). i£ . semipalmattis. 
Range. North America, wintering in South. America. 

1. JSgialeus semipalmatiis. 
Tringa hiaticuk, WHson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 65, pi. 59. fig. 3 (1813). 
Charadrius semipalmarus, Bp. Obs. Wilson, 1825, no. $19; Kaup, 

Ish, 1825, p. 1376, pi. 14; Audtcb. B. Amer. pL 330 (c. 1826) 
Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 63, sp. 23 (1827); Swaim. Faun, 
Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 367 (1831; Hayes River, lat 57° N.); 
Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 355 (1832); Wutt Man. u, 

p. 24 (1834); Auduh. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 256 (1838), v. p. 579 (1839): 
id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 218, pi. 320 (1842); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 
p, 107 (1850); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. K M. vii. p. 308 (I860: 
Cuba); Thienem. AbbUd. Vogeleiern, Taf. lix. (1856); Sehl Mm. 
Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 30 (18(55: Labrador); Lioi. Ois. Trinid. 
p. 392 (1866); Sundev. (Efv. X Vet.-Akad. Fork, 1869, p. 588 
(S. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Rico); Fimeh, P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 588 (Trinidad); Gray, Mand-l B. iiL p. 16, no. 10009 (1871); 
Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 123 (1888). 
31 * JEGHALETTS* 251 

Charadrius hiaticula {nee L.), Ord, ed. Wilson Amer. Orn. vii. p. 69 
(1814); Sabine in Frankl. Narr. Journ. Polar Sea, App. p. 684 
(1823) ; Rich, in Parry's Second Voy., Suppl. p. 351 (1824). 

iEgialitis semipalmatus, Pp. Comp. List B. Eur. $• N. Amer. p. 45 
(1838); Gosse, P. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847); Reichenb. Grail Novit. 
Taf. 173. figs. 2844-45 (1851); Cab. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 425; Cass, 
in Pairds P. N. Amer. p. 694 (1858: Puget Sound); Bryant, 
Proc. Post. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas, May) ; March, 
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 66 (Jamaica): Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 

p. 347 (Texas, winter); Salvin, t. c. p. 197 (Guatemala); Lawr. 
Ann. Sr Lye. N Y. viii. p. 100 (1866: Sombrero Isl), ix. p. 238 
(1868: Puna Isl.); Scl. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 591 (Mexiana); 
Ball § Pann. Tr. Chic. Acad. L p. 290 (1869: Nulato; St. 
Michael's; mouth of Yukon); Scl. $ Salv P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 
(Indefatigable Isl.); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 297,455 (1871: Sapitiba, 
Feb.; Restinga, March; Paranagua, Dec.; Cajutuba, April); 
Allen, Pull. Rarv. Coll. ii. p. 355 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. P. 
p. 244 (1872); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873) ; 
Snow, P. Kansas, p. 9 (1873); Coues, P. N.-West, p. 453 (1874); 
Lawr. Mem. Post. Soc. N H. ii. p. 307 (1874: Mazatlan; Tres 
Marias Isl.); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix, p. 501 (1875); Scl. 
P Z. S. 1876, p. 14 (St. Lucia); Gundl. Orn. Cuba. p. 182 (1876) j 
Lawr. Pull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 46 (1876: Tehuantepec, Aug., 
Feb.); Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 475 (Bermudas); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 560 (CoriUos); Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 197 (St. Vincent), 
p. 241 (Antigua); Pelding, t. c. p. 395 (0. California); 
Lawr. t. c. p. 461 (Guadeloupe), p. 488 (Barbuda); Allen, Pull. 
Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 169 (1880: S. Lucia) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880); A. $• E. Newt. Bandb. Jamaica, 
p. 115 (1881); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. P. p. 97 (1882); Zeledon, 
Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882): Pelding, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. v. p. 528 (1882: St. Quentin'Bay, L. California); 
Nelson, Cruise R.S.i Corwin,' p. 84 (1883: both shores of Bering 
Sea to Point Barrow; coast of N.E. Asia; Norton Sound; 
St. Lawrence Isl.); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422 (Paracas Bay; 
Coquimbo; Chili); Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 119 
(1883: Labrador); Pelding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 351 (1883: 
Lower California); Paird, Brewer,tyRidgw. Water-Pirds N. Amer, 
i.p. 154(1884); Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (S.Domingo) ; Coues, Key 
N. Amer. P. 2nd ed. p. 602 (1884); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
yii. p. 177 (1884: Sabanilla, near Granada); Cory, P. S. Domingo, 
p. 144 (1885: winter); Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 113 
(1885: Costa Rica); Turner, t c. p. 246 (Ungava); Murdoch, 
Auk, ii. p. 201 (1885: Point Barrow); Nelson, t. c. p. £41; Agersb. 
t.c. p. 285 (S.E. Dakota); Tacz. $ Perl. P.Z.S. 1885, p. 119 
(Puna, Ecuador); Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 345 (1886); A. O. U. 
Chech4. NAmer. P. p. 162 (1886); Scott, Auk, iii. p. 387 (1886: 
Tucson, Arizona); Cory, t. c. p. 502 (Grand Cayman); Salvin, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 178 (British Guiana); Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
ix. p. 627 (1886: Granada); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 
p. 150 (1886: St. Michael's, Oct.); Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist Coll. 
Alaska, Pirds, p. 126 (1887: Nulato; Yukon R.); Ridgzv. 
Man. N. Amer. P. p. 176 (1887); Towns. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: 
Alaska); Cooper, t. c. p. 91 (Ventura Co., Gal.); Scott, t. c. 
p. 219 (Florida); Peckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 637,642,654 
(1887: Bexar Co., Texas); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel 
252 CHARADEIED-®. 

Isl.) ,* Feilden, t. c. p. 491 (Barbados); Cory, B. West Indies, 

p. 220 (1889); id. Auk, vi. p. 32 (1889: Cayman Brae) ; Bishop, 
t c. p. 147 (Magdalen Is!.),-Scott, tap . 159 (Gulf Coast of 
Florida); Ridgw. Proc US. Nat. Mus. adi. pp. 120, 123, 127 
(1889: Indefatigable Isl.), p. 138 (Abrolhos Isl.); Palmer, Proc, 
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiiL p. 260 (1890: Mingan Isl.); Thomps. t. c. 
p. 507 (Manitoba); Scott, Auk, vii. p. 309 (1890: Dry Tortugas); 
Clarke, t. c. p. 321 (Hudson's Bay); Cory, t. c. p. 374 (Anegada); 
id. B. Bahamas, p. 148 (1890) • Macfarl Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
xiv. p. 430 (1891: Anderson Biver, breeding); Cory, Auk, yiii. 
p. 48 (1891: Guadeloupe); Allen, t. c. p. 165 (Bras d'Or region) ; 
Gundl. t. c. p. 190 (Cuba) ; Cory, t.c. p. 298 (Abaco), p. 351 
(Inagua); Berl. $ Stolz. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 305 (Ancon, Peru); 
Cory, Cat. B. West Indies, p. 95 (1892: Bahamas ; Greater and 
Lesser Antilles) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (1892: Jamaica), p. 212 
(Florida); Lawr. t c. p. 354 (Gray's Harbour, Washington Terr.); 
Hasbrouck, Auk, x. p. 92 (1893: Distr. Columbia). 
Cbaradrius brevirostris, Neuwied, Beiir. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 769 
(1833); Tschudi $ Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 49, 296 (184546); 
Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 750 (1848); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 359 (1856: Central Brazil, especially on the coast). 

Hiaticula semipalmata, Gould in Darmrfs Voy. l Beagle•/ Birds, 

p. 128 (1841: Galapagos); Gray, List Grail Brit Mus. p. 70 
(1844: Eio de Janeiro); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847). 
iEgialeus semipalmatus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat p. xviii (1852) 
Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 417 (1856); Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 335; Heine 
fy Reichen. Nomencl Mus. JBCein. p. 336 (1890; Labrador). 

Cbaradrius biaticula, Tar. semipalmatus, Ridgw* Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. 

p. 383 (1874: Illinois). 
Adult male. General colour above pale brown; wing-coverts like 
tbe back, tbe greater series tipped with white, forming a wing-bar; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, tbe primaries 
blackish along the outer web and round the tip ; the shafts white, 
the white increasing on the inner primaries and occupying the basal 
part of the outer web; the inner webs of the primaries whitish 
from the base upwards; the secondaries narrowly fringed with 
white at the ends, the inner ones white externally, but none 
entirely white, the innermost secondaries brown like the back; 
tail-feathers light brown, tipped with white, with a sub-terminal 
bar of black; the penultimate feather white at the tip and on the 
outer web, and the external feather entirely white; crown of head 
and nape light brown; across the forehead a broad band of white; 
a line of black across the base of the forehead joining the lores and 
the black coronal band; the feathers below the eye and ear-coverts 
black, with a small white line above the latter; a small white spot 
below the eye; cheeks and throat white, as well as the sides of 
neck and a collar round the latter, followed by a narrow black 
collar across the upper mantle and joining a broad collar across the 
fore-neck, which widens out into a patch on the sides of the 
chest; remainder of under surface of body, including the under 
wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white; edge of wing mottled 
with ashy-brown bases to the feathers; lower primary-coverts and 
quill-lining light ashy brown: "bill black, the basal half rich 

31 . ^GIALETJS. 
253 
orange ; feet pale flesh-colour, claws black; iris deep hazel" (J. J. 
Audubon). Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4*75, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female* Similar to the male in colour, but with the facial 
markings not quite so strong, the ear-coverts brownish black, and 
the sides of the prse-pectoral collar mixed with brown. Total 
length &5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 5, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but easily distinguished by the 
narrow whitish edgings to the feathers, and by the absence of the 
black frontal bands, only the white band being present and extending 
in a narrow line over the eye; ear-coverts and prae-pectoral band 
brown; the nape also surrounded by an indistinct shade of dusky, 
of which colour a similar trace is perceptible on the upper mantle, 
below the white coUar. 

Hah. North America generally, from the Arctic regions and 
Greenland, wintering in Central and South America. 

a. Imm. sk. Greenland. Seebohm Coll. 
6, c. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Collinson [P.]. 
d, $ ad. sk. Horton River, Arctic America, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 29. 

e. Juv. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. W. Nelson: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
f. 2 imm. sk. Fort Simpson, July. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.1 
*g. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.]. 
h, i. S ad. sk. Hudson's Bay, May. Gould Coll. 
j. 
Pull. sk. James Bay, Hudson's Bay Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Terr. (C. Drexler: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
&, I. Ad. et pull. Digger IsL, Hudson's Bay, Colonel Feilden [P.]. 
sk. July (A. H. Markham). 
m, n. $ 2 ad.; Fort Chimo, Ungava, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

o. Pull. sk. July (L. M. Turner: 
Hensh. Coll.). 
p-t. 
6 2 ^d. et Long Island, New York, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. . Aug, (Hensh. Coll.). 

u. 
5 ad. sk. Ipswich, Mass., May (May-Seebohm Coll. 
nard). 
v. Ad. sk. Washington* p.C., June (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Drexler). 
w. Ad. sk. Florida. Seebohm Coll. 
Florida, Aug. (W. Hoxie: Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z, y, z. $ ad. sk. Hensh. Coll.). 
Cedar Keys, Florida, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a'. $ ad. sk. (Hensh. Coll.). 
Brownsville, Texas, April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
V-dr. 6 ad. sk. May (F. B. Armstrong). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
e',f. 6 ? ad. sk. (F. B. Armstrong). 

California. Seebohm Coll. 
g\ Ad. sk. Oakland, California. Seebohm Coll. 
San Jose' del Cabo, Lower Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h'. <$ ad. sk. 

California, Sept. (Hensh.

i'f k'. <$ 2 ad. sk. 

Coll.), 

254 
CHAEABBUDJE. 

l\ $ ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, March 14 Salvin-Godmaix Col!. 

(A. Ferrer), 
m\ Ad. sk. Cozumel Isl. (<?. F. Gaumer), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
nr-K>'. Ad. sk. Cliiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman ColL 
(0.&). 

ad* efc

q'-s'. 6 2 Grenada, West Indies, March, Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

imm. sk. Sept., Oct. (D. W. Smith), 
t\ $ imm. sk. St. Vincent, Sept. 2 (D. JP. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Smith). 
u\ Imm. sk. Santa Lucia {Semper). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v\ <$ ad. sk. Anegada, Dec. 20 ( a A Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Wynch). 
«/. $ ad. sk. Guadeloupe, Sept. 6 (C. S, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wynch). 

#'. Imm. sk. Barbados. 
Sir R. Sehomburg'k 

[C. I 
y'? s'. $ ad. sk. Cartagena, U.S. Colombia, CapOlilner rP.l 
a'-c". Ad. sk. Trinidad. Old CoE 
a". Imm. sk. Cayenne. Seebohm ColL 
e". Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Dec. (A. Salvin-Godman ColL 


R. Wallace), 
/" . Ad. sk. Pernambuco f W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/'-&''. Ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
T. Ad. sk. Bio de Janeiro. Sir W. Burnett & 
Capt Fitzrov ~P."1 
m". § a&. sk. Paranagua, Brazil, Dec. 12 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(J. Natterer). 
rc". <j ad.sk. Coquimbo Lagoon, Chili, Salvin-Godman ColL 
ISTov. (A. JS. Markham)* 
o'\ Ad. sk. Coquimbo, June (Dr. Cop- Toy. H.M.S. 'Alert/ 


pinger). 
p". ^ imm. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct (A. Salvin-Godman ColL 

U. 
Markham).
f-s" Indefatigable Isl., Galapagos, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept., Oct. (Dr. Eabelj. 


32. .ffiamiris. Type. 
^Egialitis, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 553 M. hiaticola. 
Leucopolius, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856) . M. marginata. 
iEgialophilus, Gould, JBCandb, B. Austr. Ii. p. 234 

(1865) 
iE.aiexandrina. 

Range. Almost cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Specks, 

a. Throat white. 
a'. No black on the mantle, or, when present, 
the black not continuous with the black 
ear-coverts, 


a". 
A black streak from the base of the bill 
to the eye. 
a"1* A distinct white collar round the 
hind-neck. 
a*. A black band on the fore-neck. 
a5. Both mandibles bright orange-
yellow at base .............. hmticola, p. 250. 


32 . ^GHALITIS. 255 
Wt Bill black, or with a little yellow 
at the base of the lower mandible 
only. 


a6. Shafts of primaries dark, excepting 
the first, which may 
be partly or entirely white. 


a7. Larger; wing5-5-5-6inches: 
outer primary with the 
shaft whity brown before 
the end placida, p. 262. 

b7. Smaller ; wing 4*6 inches : 
outer primary with the 
shaft entirely pure white . dubta, p. 263. 

bG. Shafts of all the quills white; 
ear-coverts whitish, black 
along the upper margin; a 
black collar, of ten interrupted, 
on the fore-neck peroni, p. 273. 

b4*. No black band on the fore-neck; 
crown of head rufous, the nape 
also of this colour, followed by a 
white collar, which is sometimes 
accompanied by a line of black .. alexandrina, p. 275. 

b"\ No white collar round the hind-
neck. 
c4. No black collar on the fore-neck. 


c5. Ear-coverts with a line of black 
along their upper margin, not 
extending down the sides of 
the neck; hinder crown rufous; 
feet pale. 


c6. With white inner secondaries 
adjoining the long innermost 
ones marginata, p. 282. 

d?. With the inner secondaries 
brown, like the others. 


c7. Breast shaded- with rufescent 
buff, a shade of white 
is on the sides of the 
neck pallida, p. 284. 

cF. Breast with a rufous band, 
continued along the sides 
of the neck to the eyebrow, venusta, p. 286. 

d5 

. Ear-coverts with a black line 
along the upper margin, continued 
in a line down the sides 
of the neck; hinder crown, neck, 
and mantle rufous; feet black. ritficapilla, p. 286. 

d*. A black collar on the fore-neck; 
no black or white collars on the 
hind-neck collaris, p. 288. 

6". No black streak from the base of the 
bill to the eye, the lores perfectly 
white, 

c'". Band on fore-neck either absent or 
only a single one. 


256 
CHAEADKIJDDiE. 

ei. White frontal band "broad, but not 
reaching beyond the anterior line 
of the eye. 


e5. Feet and toes yellow ; inner 
secondaries pure white; a white 
collar on the hind-neck ; no 
black streak on ear-coverts..., mdoda, p. 292. 

f5. Feet dingy yellowish, toes black; 
inner secondaries smoky brown 
on the inner web, externally 
white nioosa, p. 290. 

g5. Feet and toes black; a broad 
black band on the ear-coverts, 
continuous with the black band 
on the crown occidentalism p. 295, 

/*. White frontal band very broad 
and reaching to line of centre 
of eye; inner secondaries entirely 
white ; a black bar above 
and behind ear-coverts, continuous 
with black band on 
head . marginaia Mem., 

d'". A double black band on the under "p. 282. 
surface, one across the fore-neck, 
and another across the chest; feet 
black falklandica, p. 295. 

b'. Black of upper mantle united to the black 
ear-coverts, the white collar on the hind-
neck being thus separated from the white 
of the sides of the neck and underparts 
by a complete band of black. 


c". Scapulars brown; no black band on the 
fore-neck. 


e"'. Smaller: secondaries reaching to 
about the level of the primary-
coverts ; primaries with white 
shafts, excepting on the third, which. 


is always blackish 
pecuaria, p. 297. 

/"'. Larger : secondaries reaching to 
about an inch beyond the level of 
the primary-coverts; first primaries 
only with white shafts ..... . $anct<z-kelm(&, p. 299. 

d". Scapulars vinous chestnut; a broad 
band of black on the fore-neck, extending 
down the centre of the chest. melan&ps, p. 300. 

h. 
Throat black, like the crown and sides of 
face amdfatus, p. 302. 
1. JEgialitis Maticola. 
The Mnged Plover. 
The Sea Lark, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. I. p. 76, pi. 80 (1738). 
Le Pluvier a collier, Briss. Orn. v. p. 60, pi. v. fig. 1 (1700); DfAu


bent PL Enl. ix. pi. 920; Buff, Mst Nat. Ois. viii. pi. 90 (1781). 
Le Petit Pluvier a collier, Briss. Orn. v, p. 03, pi. v. fig. 2 (1760). 
Charadrius hiaticula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1760); 6 k Syst. 

Nat. i. p. 683 (1788); Pall Zoogr. Mmso-Asiat. ii. p. 145 (1811); 

32 . -2EGIALITIS. 
257 

Vieill N. Diet. d'Mist. Nat xxvii. p. 139 (1818); Bom, Orn. 
Brov. pi. 275 (1825); Wagl. Syst Av., Charadrius, p. 31, sp. 21 
(1827); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 6 (1827) ; Naum. Vog. 
Deutschl vii. Taf. 175 (1834) ; Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 296 (1837); 
Macgill Man. Brit B. ii. p. 52 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, 

p. 361 (1840); Nordm. in DSmid. Vog. Buss. Mfrid. iii. p. 233 
(1840 : S. Russia); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 120 (1842); JSchl. 
Bev. Crit p. lxxxiii (1844); Heiuits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 255, 
pi. 69. figs. 1,2 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Thienem. 
Abbild. Vogeleiern, Taf. lix. (1845-56); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 96 
(1850); Macgill. Brit B. iv. p. 116 (1850); Middend. Beis. Sibir., 
Zool p. 213 (1851: Taimyr R., 74° N. lat.; Boganida R) ; Ejcerb. 
Damn. Fugle, pi. 30.fig. 2 (1852); Sell Vog. Nederl pi. 213 (1854); 
Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 288; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Jaub. 
et Bartk-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 446 (1859); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. 
pi. 37. fig. 2 (1856-72); Bowleg, Ibis, 1860, p. 101 (Brighton; 
small race); JSchl. Bier. Nederl. Voxels, pi. 21. figs. 5, 6 (1861) ; 
Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet-Akad. Fork Stockh. 1863, p. 100 (Spitsbergen) 
; Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Cursores, p. 26 (1865); Layard, B. 
S. Afr. p. 298 (1867); Marti. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 827; Degl. $ Gerbe, 
Orn. Fur. ii. p. 134 (1867); Loche, Bxpl. Sci. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 266 
(1867); Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 84 (1870); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. 
tab. 33. fig. 1 (1870); Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 657 (1870); 
Gray, Sand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 9998 (1871); B. Gray, B. West Scott. 
p. 258 (1871); Seugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii., Abth. i. p. 1026 (1873 : 
jNile Valley to Upper Kir district: Tana Lake; Abyssinia; Qualabat 
and Sarago; Red Sea in May and June, breeding); Saxbt/, 
B. Shetl. p. 162 (1874); Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet-Akad. Fork Stockh. 
1874, p. 21 (Seven Id., 81f ° N. lat.); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 151 
(1875); Fischer, J.f.O. 1877, p. 180; FischerfyBeichen. J.f.O. 
1878, p. 248 (Zanzibar; Formosa Bay); Fischer, t. c. p. 296; Finsch, 
Verk z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 245 (1879: Schtschutschja; Little 
Ob; Obdorsk); Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 184 (Zanzibar); Booth, 
Bough Notes, vol. ii. (1883) ; Buttik. Notes Zeyd. Mus. vii. p. 327 
(1885: Liberia), xi. p. 136 (1889); Beichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 47 
(Kagebi); Matschie, i. c. p. 138 (Karema, March); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 125 (1888); Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. 
p. 51 (1889); Kartl. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 43 (1891: 
jBagamojo; Tunguru) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland, 
spring and autumn); Beichen. J.f.O. 1892, p. 7 (Bukoba); Emin, 
t. c. p. 345. 
Charadrius segypticus, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 254 (1766); Gm. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 684 (1788); Vieill. N Diet d'&ist. Nat xxvii. p. 139 
(1818). 


Ringed Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 201 (1785); Yarrell, 

Brit. B. ii. p. 401 (1843). 
Charadrius hiaticola, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 328 (1815), 2nd ed. ii. 

p. 539 (1820); Beichen. J. f O. 1889, p. 625 (Zanzibar); Olphe-
Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 30 (1890: Novaya 
Zemlya; N. Russia and Siberia, south to 55° 55' N. lat.); Schalow, 
J.f. 0.1891, p. 259 (Sitcha Isl.); Beichen. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wissensck 
Anst x. p. 6 (1893: Zanzibar); id. Vog. Deutsch-Ostafr. 
p. 34 (1894: Kagehi; Bukoba). 
Charadrius torqtiata, Leach, JSyst. Cat Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mus. p. 28 
(1816). ,.. 
JEgialitis hiaticula, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 558 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. 
| N. Amer. p. 45 (1838); Keys. § Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 209 (1840); 

VOL. XXIV. s 

CHAKADKIID-2B. 

Eeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856); Gurney, Ibis, I860, p. 218 
(Natal); Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 411 (1863); Gray, 
List Brit. B. p. 140 (1863) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa); Wright, 

t. c. p. 465 (Malta); Nezoton, t. c. p. 504 (Spitsbergen); Gould, 
Hanoi). B. Austr. ii. p. 231 (1865); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 165; 
Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 255 (S. Africa); Tristr. t. c. p. 323 (Palestine) 
; Borggr. Vogelf Norddeutschl. p. Il l (1869); Doderl. Avif. 
Sicil. p. 176 (1869); Cab. in Von der Decken, Reis. iii. p. 46 
(1869); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 (Novaya Zemlya); Ehces $ 
Buckley, t. c. p. 330 (Turkey); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 386 (S. 
Spain); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 205 (1871); Harting, Handb. 
Brit. B. p. 44 (1872); Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3245 (Faroes) ; 
Heugl Ibis, 1872, p. 6'2 (Novaya Zemlya, breeding); Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Bam. Id. p. 276 (1872: Walvisch Bay); Gould, B. 
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 41 (1873); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873 : 
breeding rarely); Alston fy Harvie-Brotvn, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel) 
: Brooke, t. c. p. 337 (Sardinia); Tacz. If. 0. 1873, p. 101 
(Kultuk), 1874, p. 336; Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 398 (N. Frisian Isl.); 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 161 (1875); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 85 
(Durban); JDresser, B. Bur. vii. p. 467, pi. 525 (187G); id. Ibis, 
1876, p. 327; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 280 (1876); Wharton, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 26 (Corsica) ; Seebohm, t.c. p. 289 (Lower Fetchora); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 248 (1876 : Dauria; Kultuk), 
ii. p. 155 (1877: Poland); Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 406 (Smith 
Sound); David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 429 (1877: Pekin); Kuml. 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 83 (1879: Cumberland Sound); 
Hume, Str. F. -viii. p. 197 (1879: Gurgaon); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 152 
(1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 155 (Siberia, lat. 7H°) ; Clifton, 
t. c. p. 369; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 267 (Transvaal); Ridgic. Proc. 
U.S. Wat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880), p. 229 (Greenland and W. side 
of Cumberland Gulf), iv. p. 217 (1881); Gigl. Iconogr. Avif Ital. 
fasc. xi. (1881); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit); Sadly, t. c. 
p. 587; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 221 (Astrachan); Biddulph, t. c. 
p. 268; Coues, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1882); Severtz. Ibis, 
1883, p. 73 (Pamir) ; Irby, t. c. p. 287 (Santander); B. 0. U. list 
Brit. B. p. 159 (1883); Saunders, ed. Tan-eWs Brit. B. iii. p. 257 
(1883); Baird, Brewer, ty Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i.p. 157 
(1884); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 130 (1844: breeding); 
Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 75 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. 
pp. 43, 418 (1884: Lakes of Armenia) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 603 (1884); Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 99 (Spain) ; Saunders, 
t. c. p. 389 (Pyrenees); Sharpe, ed. LayaroVs B. S. Afr. p. 660 
(1884 : Cape Town; Port Elizabeth ; E. London) ; Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 217 (1884 : Shoa); Chapm. Ibis, 
1885, p. 178 (Lapland); Buttik. Notes leyd. Mus. vii. p. 237 
(1885: Liberia); Hartert, J.f 0.1886, p. 610 (Kaura); A.O.U. 
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 162 (1886; W. shore of Cumberland 
Gulf, breeding); Gigl. Avif Ital. p. 373 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenco 
Ucc. Ital p. 212 (1886); Pleske, Uebers. Saug. und Vbg. Kola 
Ealbins. p. 324 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 385 (Portugal); Ridgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 177 (1887); Koenig, J.f. 0.1888,p. 84 (Tunis); 
Buckley ty Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 125 
(1888); Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 78 (Teneriffe); Guillem. t. c. pp. 104, 
113 (Cyprus); Shelley, t. c. p. 305 (Manda Isl.); Chapm. t. c. p. 445 
(Spain); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 523 (1889); Guillem. Ibis, 1889, 
p. 210; Luford, t. c. p. 338 (Cyprus); Feilden, t. c. pp. 480,491 (Barbados) 
; Buttik. Notes Leyd, Mus. xi. p. 136 (1889); Gigl. Avif 
32 . JECHAIITIS. 
259 

Ital. 1st Mesoc. p. 574 (1889), 2nd Besoe. p. 644 (1890), 3rd ttesoc. 

p. 507 (1891); Chamberl Auk, vi. p. 217 (1889: Godhavn, S. 
Greenland),- Brusina, Motr. etc. (Om. Croatica), p. 86 (1890); 
Emns, Ibis, 1891, p. 79 (incubation) ; Frivaldsky, Aves Sung. 
p. 122 (1891); Sagerup, B. Greenl. p. 56 (1891: breeds along 
whole coast); Buckley ty Sarvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney 
Is. p. 203 (1891: resident); Madardsz, ErUiut Ausst. Tlmjar. 
Tog. p, 103 (1891); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit B. part xx. (1891); 
Buckley § Sarvie-Broum, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll, p. 165 (1892); 
Payton, Ibis, 1892, p. 471 (Mogador); Berkeley James, New List 
Chilian B. p. 11 (1892); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 203 (Canary 
Is.); Blagy, t. c. p. 355 (Shetland Is.); Allen, Auk, x. p. 124 
(1893)*; Prazak, Orn. Jahrb. iii. p. 23 (1893: Bohemia); Pearson 
8f Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 233 (N. Norway; breeding). 

^Egialitis septentrionalis, Brehm, Voy. Beutschl p. 548 (1831). 
Hiaticula annulata, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 65 (1840): Biipp. Sust. 

Uebers. p. 118 (1845: Egypt & Eed Sea). 
Hiaticula torquata, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 68 (1844). 
Hiaticula hiaticula, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 94 (1854). 
Hiaticula arabs, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 94 (1854). 
? Charadrius homeyeri, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 288. 
iEgialitis auritus, Seugl. Syst. TJebers. p. 56 (1856). 
iEgialitis hiaticuloides, Seugl. Syst. TJebers. p. 5G (1856). 
jEgi&litis intermedius (nee Menetr.), Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 255; 

Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 661 (1884). 
Pluvialis hiaticula, Droste, Voyeho. Borkum, p. 150 (1869). 
Charadrius hiaticula major, Seebohm, Sist. Brit. B. iii. p. 20, pi. 26. 

fig. 6 (1885); id. Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 126 (1888). 

Adult male. General colour above light brown; wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater series tipped with white; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries dark brown on the 
outer webs and round the tips, with more or less white towards 
the base of the inner webs; the shafts white, increasing in extent 
on the inner ones and forming a distinct patch on the outer web; 
the brown colour diminishing, and the white gradually extending, 
till the inner secondaries become pure white, the innermost long 
secondaries brown like the back; lateral upper tail-coverts white, 
the centre ones brown like the back; tail-feathers pale brown, 
tipped with white, with a sub-terminal black bar; the white 
increasing towards the outer feathers, the penultimate one being-
white with a pale brown inner web and a narrow black subterminal 
bar; the outermost tail-feather pure white; crown of head 
pale brown, separated from the* white frontal band by a broad 
band of black; a narrow line across the base of the forehead, 
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, with a narrow white 
stripe from above the fore part of the eye to above the ear-coverts ; 
cheeks and sides of neck white, continued in a collar round the 
hind-neck, followed by an ill-denned blackish collar across the 
upper mantle; under surface of body pure white, with a black 
collar across the fore-neck, widening on the sides of the chest; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the lower primary-coverts 
pale ashy, like the quill-lining : " bill black at the end, orange for 
the rest of its extent; feet orange; claws black; iris brown" 

CHABADBIID-3B. 

(J. Macgillivray). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, mng 5-1, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 1*05. 
Adult female. Hot distinguishable from the male. Total length 
7-7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 5*1, tail 2*25, tarsus 1. 
Young. Paler than the adults, and distinguished by the pale 
margins of ashy buff to the feathers of the upper surface; ear-
coverts brownish black; no black band on the fore part of the 
crown; the white forehead and eyebrow tinged with buff; band on 
the fore-neck brown, tinged with buff in the middle, the sides of the 
collar blackish. 

Mr. Seebohm has separated the British Kinged Plover as JS. major, 
but every link between this large form and the ordinary ^dET. hiatieola 
is found in a series of specimens. 

Hah. From Greenland and Cumberland Gulf in Arctic America, 
throughout Europe generally, wintering in Africa down to the Cape 
Colony. Eastwards to Lake Baikal, and extending rarely to 
IST.W."India. Accidental in other countries (Barbados, Chili, &c). 

CL $ ad. sk. 
Twin Glacier Valley, Aug. 4 Toy. H.M.SAlert; 

(H. W. Feihle*)." 
b-f. 
Ad. sk. Greenland. 
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, Dr. TL B. Sharpe 

<j, S ad. sk. 

Aug. 17. 

h. Ad. sk. GreatBritain. Montajru Coll. 
i~m. £ $ ad. sk. Orkney Mauds. Tweeddale Coll 
n. Ad. sk. 
Scotland (22. G. W. It.). Tweeddale Coll. 
o-v. 
d 2 a& s^« Warkworth, Northumberland, Salvin-Gudxnart Coll. 
June & Nov. (O. &). 

w. J ad. sk. 
Holy Island, Northumberland, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 19 (P. Godman). 

x. 
<J juv. sk. Newbig<ren, Northumberland, Hume ColL 
Aug. 24. 
y, 
z. Imm. sk. Lincolnshire, Sept. 5. J. H. Caton Halgh, 
r Esq. rP.]. 

a. Juv. sk. Salthouse, Norfolk, June 15. Tweeddale ColL 
b\ Imm. sk. Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Sept. 19. Colonel Irbv [P.]. 
</./'. J 2 ad.; Dungeness, Kent, March, May. Gould Con; 
g',h'. PuU.sk. 

a<l*et 

i'-p'. c? 2Eomney Marsh, Kent, May, Dr. B. B. Sbarpe 
imm. sk. Aug., Sept. [P.]. 

(f. Pull. sk. Lydd, May. Tweeddale Col. 
r', &'. Ad. sk. Sussex. Hume Coll. 
t'-v. Ad. et Brighton, Aug., Sept. Gould Coll. 
imm. sk. 

w'~n". d$ad . Pagliam, Susses. 
et imm. sk. 
o", $ ad. sk. Kingsbury, Middlesex, Aug. 21 Seebobm Coil 

(J. JE. Harting). 
2>". § imm. sk. Kingsbury, autumn (J, JS. Gould ColL 
Sorting). 
q"-s". Ad. et Carmarthen, Wales. Montagu ColL 
imm. sk. of C. torquata, Leacli.) 
?'. $ ad. &k. St. Bride's, S. Wales, Dec. 12. Hon. w. Edwardes 

[P.J. 
u", v'r. Imm. sk. Heliogoland, Sept 26. F. Niebolson, Esq. 
[p.]. 

32 . ^GIALITIS. 201 
to". <S ad. sk. 

x". $ ad. sk. 

y". 2 imm. sk. 

a". PuU. sk. 

a3. 2 ad, sk. 

R 2 ad. sk. 

e3. Imm. sk. 
d3. Ad. sk. 
ez. 2 ad. sk. 


fK <5 ad. sk. 
cf-h\ 2 ad.sk. 

23. Imm. sk. 
* m3. Ad. sk. 
nz. 2 ad. sk. 
o3, p3. Imm. sk. 
#3. Ad. sk. 
r3. Ad. sk. 

s3, t\ 2 ad. sk. 

w3. (S ad. sk. 

^3 

, w3. Ad. sk. 
xz. Ad. sk. 

y3. Ad.sk. 
z3. c? ad. sk. 


4 2 a(i-s^«

a, ¥.

c4. Ad.sk. 
&x. $ ad. sk. 
e\ 2 ad. sk. 
f\ g*. 6 2 ad. 

sk. 
h\ 2 ad. sk, 
i\ Ad. sk. 


&4. c? imm.sk. 

IK Ad. sk. 

m4. $ ad. sk, 

w4. Skeleton. 
o4. Sternum. 

Yorsak, Lower Petchora,
June 9. 
Little Ob R., Aug. 17 {Dr. 0. 
Finsch). 

Tamprinipan, River Ob, Sept. 

(Dr. 0. Finsch). 
Schtschutschja, July 24 (Dr. 

0. Finsch). 
Valley of the Yen-e~sai, June 
23 (K Seebohm). 
Valley of the Yen-e-sai, June 

22 (jff. S.). 
Wesel, on the Rhine. 
Genoa, Italy. 
Corfu (Wilson Saunders). 
Valencia, Dec. (H. Saunders). 
Gibraltar, March, April. 
Portugal. 

Marocco. 
Tripoli, April 9 (Dickson ty 
Ross). 

Senegal. 
Fantee (K T. TTssher). 
Accra, Gold Coast. 

Walvisch Bay, Oct. 22 (CI J. 

Anderssori). 
Knysna, Nov. 29 (C. J. A.). 
South Africa. 
Ilingwilliamstown. 

Zanzibar. 
Manda Isl., Nov. 


 Lamu. 


Equatorial Africa. 
Egypt, Feb. U(G.E. S.). 
Daniietta, May 9 (S. S. Allen). 
Cyprus, Oct. (JET. H. Guille


mard). 

Gennesaret, Palestine. 
Persia. 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, India, 
Nov.28(JF. N. Chill). 
"Port Stevens, New South 
Wales." * 
Chancery Lane, Barbados, 

Sept. 10. 
England. 
England. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen 
[p.]. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

E. Hartert, Esq. [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Colonel Irby [P.]. 
Dr. L. Vieira [P.J. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
L. Laglaize [C.]. 
Capt. Shelley [P.]. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
PP.} 

Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
Major Trevelyan 


Seebohm Coll. 


F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Emin Pasha [P.]. 
Tweeddale CoJL 
Gould Coll. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 

Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Kenneth Loftus,Esq. 
[p.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Colonel Feilden [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

* This specimen is the authority for including the species in the Australian 
avifauna. A specimen of Lepterodius gularis of Africa was also described by 
Gould as Herodias pamosa from " Port Stevens." I have no doubt that the 
locality is erroneous in both cases. 
262 CHABADKIIB^. 

2. JEgialitis placida. 
Charadrius placidus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. §v. Nepal pres. Hodqs. 
p. 70 (1863) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 10001 (1871); Hartrng, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 826; Seebohm, Geogr. Dist. Charadr. p. 307 (1888) ; 
id. B. Japan, Bmp. p. 307 (1890); Styan, Ibis, 1894, p. 336 (Kiu-
Kiaug, July). 
Charadrius indicus {nee Lath.), Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 25 

(1865). 

Charadrius Iiiaticula {nee Linn.), BIyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 165. 

Charadrius lonsripes {nee T. § S.), David, N. Arch, du 3Ius. 1867, 

Bull. p. 38 (Pekin, winter). 

JEaialitis hartins;i, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1870. p. 136, pi. xii. (Yanjrtse 

Kiang), 1871, p. 404; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 96. 

iEgialitis Iiiaticula {nee L.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 404. 

Charadrius hartingi, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 15, no. 10003 (1871); 

Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p.'642 (1872). 
Eudromias temiirostris, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 17 (1873: Burma), 

p. 417 (Darjiling); Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 217: Hartiny, t. c. 
p. 326. 
Eudromias (JEgialitis) temiirostris, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 495 
(1873). 
iEgialitis placidus, Sioinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 162 (Hakodadi), 1875, 

p. 129; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 153 (1875); David §• Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 428 (1877); Blakist. § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Yezo): 
Hume fy Davidson, Str. F. TI. p. 455 (1878 : Tenas«erim) ; Hume, 
Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 113 
(1883 : Central Hondo, Japan) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 369, note (1883); Blakist Amended List B. Jap. p. 107 (1884) ; 
Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 76 (1884: Askold); Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1887, p. 610 (Corea, Jan.); Salvad. $ Gigl. Mem. R. Acead. Torino, 
xxxix.p. 128 (1888: Kii Straits, Japan); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 314 
(1888: Dibrughur; Cachar; not observed in Maninur). 
JEgialitis placida, Sivink Ibis, 1874, p. 162 (Hakodadi),1875, p. 452 ; 
Scully, Str. F. Tiii. p. 351 (1879: Nepal Valley); Hume, Str. F. 


ix. p. 258 (1880 : Barak E., N.E. Cachar) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1838, 
p. 408 (Corea, spring & autumn). 
Adult male. Similar to M. liiaiicola, but with a perfectly "black 
bill, and only showing a narrow dusky line from the base of the 
bill to the eye; no pure white inner secondaries, these being brown, 
with a narrow edging of white near the end of the outer web; 
primaries with dark shafts, the first primary only having a little 
shade of whitish towards the sub-terminal portion: " bill blackish 
brown, the basal third of the lower mandible orange-yellow ; eyelid 
orange-yellow; iris full and dark; feet pale ochreous, darker on 
the toes; claws black" (B, Sivvihoe). Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 5-55, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male: " bill black, the 
extreme base of the lower mandible yellow* feet pure ochre-yellow; 
claws black; iris dark brown; margin of eyelid ochre-yellow" 
(J*. Scully). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 5*6, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 1-2. 

Young. Only differs from the adults in having rufescent margins 
to the feathers of the upper surface, the forehead and eyebrow 

.32. iEGIAXITIS. 
263 

tinged with sandy buff; pr&pectoral collar brown, and not so broad 
as in the adults. 
Hah. From Manchuria, Corea, and the Japanese islands, south 
throughout China to Cachar, and west to Nepal. 

a, b, c. Ad. et Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 

Juv

-sk- 
(Types of species.) 
d. 
5 ad. sk. Nepal Valley, Nov. 29 (J). Hume Coll. 
Scully). 
e. Juv. sk. Native Sikhim, Sept. (L. Man- Hume Coll. 
delli). 
f. Juv. sk Sikhim (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. ? Darjiling (Dr. Jerdon). Hume Coll. ^ 
(Type of B. tenuirostris.) 
7i, i, k. Ad. sk. Bhotan Doars (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
I <$ ad. sk. Dibrughur, Assam (J. B. Hume Coll. 

Cripps). 

m. 2 ad. sk. Dilkuaha, Cachar (J. Inglis). Hume Coll. 
n, o. Ad. sk. Ichang, W. China. A. Pratt, Esq. [P.]. 
p. 
<5 ad. sk. Szechuen, May 17 {P. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
(Tvpe of JE. hartingi.) 
q. Ad. sk. S. Manchuria. Dr. H. M. James 
r, s, t $ ad. sk, Corea. C. W. Campbell, 
Esq. [P.]. 


u. 
$ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, May (Capt Tweeddale Coll. 
Blakiston). 
v. Ad. sk. Yokohama (&. Fryer). Tweeddale Coll. 
w. Ad. sk. "Yokohama (H. Snow). Seebohm Coll. 
x, y. <$ $ ad. sk. Nagasaki. F. Einger, Esq. [P.]. 
3. JEgialitis dubia. 
The Little Kinged Plover. 
Petit Pluvier a collier de l'lsle de Lucon, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. 


p. 84, pi. 46 (1776). 
Le Petit Pluvier a collier, D'Aubent PI. Bnl ix. pi. 921; Buff. 
Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 90, note (1781). 
Charadrius dubius, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 93 (1786); 
Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 516 (E. Prussia). 
Charadrius 
curonicus, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 692 (1788); Vieill N 
Diet d'Hist Nat xxvii. p. 137 (1818); Beseke, Yog. Kurl. p. 67 
(1821); Gray, Gen.B.iii. p. 544 (1847); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. 
Rich. Orn. p. 447 (1859); Schrenck, Rets. Amurl. p. 412 (1859); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, pp. 164,170 ; Loche, Bzpl Sci Alger., Ois. ii. 

p. 268 (1867); Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 184 (Sikhim); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 137; Fritsch, Fog. Bur. tab. 33.figs. 3,4 (1870); 
Elwes 8? Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Bulgaria; Bosphorus); 
Swinh. t c. p. 861; Sharpe, Ibis, 187% p. 73 (Fantee); Wold. 
Ibis, 1873, p. 316 (Andamans); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 185 
(Heligoland); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Bumf. Ibis, 1878, 
p. 33 (Asia Minor); Meichen. Syst Verz. Tog. Beutschl. p. 51 
(1889); Prazak, Orn. Jahrb. iii. p. 23 (1893: Bohemia); Beichen. 
Vbg. Dmtsch-Ostafr. p. 34 (1894: Ugalla Eiver). 
? Charadrius erythropus, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 684 (1788). 
Charadrius philippinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 745 (1790); Sykes, 

P. Z. S. 1832, p. 166; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 212 (1840); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 260, 342; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Oursores, 
264 
CHAEADEITD-2B. 

p. 28 (1865); Begl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i i p. 136 (1867); Gray, 
Eand-l B. iii. p. 15, no. 10000 (1871) ; Yorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederl. Ind. xiii. p. 204 (1882: Java). 
Charadrius 
minor, Wolf fy Meyer ^ Yog. BeutscM. Heft xv. (1805); 
Meyer \ Wolf, Taschenb. p. 324 (1810); Temm. Man. oVOrn. 

p. 330 (1815), 2nd ed. ii. p. 542 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 276 
(1825); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 7 (1827); Wagl. Syst. Av., 
Charadrius, p. 62, sp. 22 (1827); Naum. Yog. BeutscM. vii. 
Taf. 177 (1834); Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 297 (1837); Macgill Man. 
Brit B. ii. p. 53 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 363 (1840); 
Nordm. in Bimid. Yoy. Buss. Mir id. iii. p. 234 (1840: Odessa) ; 
Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 120 (1842); Schl Rev. Crit. p. Ixxxiii 
(1844); Eewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 258, pi. Ixix. fig. 4 (1846); 
Macgill Brit. B. iv. p. 128 (1850); Kjcerb. Banm. Fugle, pi. 30. 
fig. 1 (1852) ; Schl Yog. Nederl. pi. 214 (1854); id. Bier. Nederl 
Yogeh, pi. 21. figs. 9, 9 a (1861) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. 37. fig. 3 
(1856-72); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 152 (1875); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. 

B. iii. p. 16, pi. 26. ^g. 8 (1885); id. Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 130 
(1888); id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 306 (1890: breeds); Styan, Ibis, 
1891, p. 330 (Lower Yangtse, spring & autumn); Seebohm, Ibis, 
1892, p. 23 (Heligoland) ; Campbell, t. e. p. 246 (Oorea); Seebohn, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu Kiu Is., Jan.). 

Charadrius fluviatiHs, Beehst. Gemeinn. Naturg. BeutscM. IT. p. 422 
(1809); Wyattj Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Tor, Sinai); Eeiujl Orn. N.O.-
Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1029 (1873: Red Sea; Nile to the Equator; 
westwards to the Beq swamps); Seebohm 8r Earuie-Broumt Ibis, 
1876, p. 290 (Lower Petchora); Oust. Bibl Ecole Eautes-Etudes, 

xxxi. Art. 10, p. 12 (1886: Somali). 
Charadrius hiaticula {nee Linn.), FaU. Zoogr. Bosso-Asht. ii. p. 144 
(1811). 
Charadrius minutus, Fall Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 145 (1811). 
Charadrius pusillus, Eorsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. ziii. p. 187 (1821: 

Java). 
Charadrius hiaticula, var., Baffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii p. 328 
(1822: Sumatra). 
JEgialitis minor, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 558; Brehm, Yog. BeutscM. 

p. 550 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B: Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 45 (1838) ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 355 (Zana); Trisir. Ibis, 1860, p. 79; 
Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 29 (Egypt & Nubia); Gigl Ibis, 1865, 
p. 59 (Pisa); Lilford, Ibis, 1866, pp. 184, 378; Chambers, Ibis, 
1867, -p. 100 (Tripoli); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 323 (Xishon; Lake 
of Galilee); Stoinh. Ibis, 1869, p. 347 (Formosa); Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 386 (S. Spain); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pL 42 (1871); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 273 (Accra); Shelley•$ Buckley, t c. p. 290; 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 337 (Sardinia); Semrtz. Turkest. Jevotn. 
p. 69 (1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 392 (N. Frisian Is.); Lilford, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 21 (Mediterranean); Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 152 (1879); 
Bp. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 76 (1884); Zarudn. Butt. Soc. Imp. 
Nat. Moscou, 1885, p. 68 (Teke, breeding); Tacz. F. Z. S. 1887, 
p. 610 (Seoul, Corea, April), 1888, p. 467; Shelley, t. c. p. 49 
(Lado); Koenig,J.f. 0.1888, p. 8S (Tunis); Guillem. Ibis, 1888, 
pp. 104,113 (Cyprus); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 338 (Cyprus); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 169 (Yambuya, Aruwhimi It.); Olphe-Gatt. Ckmtr. 
Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xiii. p. 37 (1890); Beiser, Yogeh. 
Mus. Sarajevo, p. 106 (1891); Be la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 496 
(Foochow, spring; Swatow, winter). 
JEgialitis 
fluviatilis, Brehm, Yog. BeutscM. p. 549 (1831); E. C. 
Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 68 (Egypt); Finsch $ Eartl Yog. Ostafr. 

32. JEGIAIITIS. 
265 

p. 659 (1870); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 15, no. 9999 (1871); Hume, 
Nests # Eggs Ind. B. p. 572 (1873); Tacz. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 102, 
1874, p. 336; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 162 (1875); Blanf. 
Bast. Persia, ii. p. 279 (1876) ; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 18-5 (1876) ; 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 248 (1876: Dauria; Kultuk), ii. 
p. 15-5 (1877: Poland) ; Finsch, Verkandl. z.~b. Ges. Wien, xxix. 
p. 245 (1879 : Marka-kul); Bamsay, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. 
pp. 93, 101 (1880: Port Moresby); Pelz. Verkandl. z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, xxxi. p. 155 (1881); Milller, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 83 (Salanga) ; 
Madardsz, Ausst. Ungar. Vog. p. 103 (1891); Frivaldsku, Av. 
Hung. p. 122 (1891). F V '' *" 

Charadrms hiaticuloides, Franhl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125 (Ganges) j 
Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 63 (Arnoy). 
Charadrms intermedins, MenStr. Cat Bats. Cauc. p. 53 (1832: 

Lenkoran) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. p. 45 (183a). 
Charadrius zonatus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 235 (1837). 
./EgiaHtis curonicus, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Bur. p. lxxi (1840); Bp. 

C. M. xliii. p. 417 (1856) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 141 (1863); 
Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. Il l (1869); Boderl. Avif. Sicil 
p. 176 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 205 (1871); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 603 (1872); Bresser, B. Bur. vii. p. 491, 
pi. 524 (1876); Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 340 (1876); Brjev. in 
Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 435 (1877: S.E. Mongolia; Ordos; 
Alashan; Lake Hanka, breeding); Hume fy Bavison, Str. F. 
vi. p. 456 (1878: Tenasserim); Bavidson ty Wenden, op. at. vii. 
p. 88 (1878: Deccan); Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 587 (Gilgit); Blahist. 
$ Fryer, B. Japan, p. 106 (1882); Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 120 
(Kandahar, Feb.; Chaman, April; Quetta, May); Seebohm, t. c. 
p. 222 (Delta of Volga; Seal Is. in Caspian); Slater, t. c> p. 435 
(Hankow); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 159 (1883); Saunders, ed. 
YarrelVs Brit. B. iii. p. 262 (1883); Blahist. Amend. List B. Japan, 
p. 10 (1884); Baird, Brewer, Sf Bidgio. Water-Birds N. Amer. 
i. p. 159 (1884) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1884, pp. 237, 238; Tristr. Faun. 
fy Flor. Palest, p. 130 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 417 
(1884: Lenkoran, Feb., March); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 42 
(Corsica) ; Gigl. Amf. Ital p. 373 (1886); Salvad. Blenco Ucc. 
ItaL p. 212 (i886); Stejn. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 394 (1887: 
Liu KJUISL); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 385 (Portugal); Scully, J. A. 
S. Beng. Ivi. p. 87 (1887); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 525 (1889); 
St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (Kandahar); Bagle Clarke, t. c. p. 562 
(East Pyrenees); Bendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Gambia, April); 
Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta distr.); Chapman, t. c. p. 347 
(West Jutland); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxx. (1895). 
The Little Ringed Plover, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 409 (1843). 

Hiaticula curonica, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 68 (1844); id. 
Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 133 (1846); Licht. Nomencl. 
Av. Mus. Berol p. 94 (1854: Nubia); 

Hiaticula minor, Hodgs, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. Grail pi. 55. 
%. 2, no. 628 ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Miipp. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 118 (1845: Egypt & Red Sea). 

Charadrius alexandrinus (nee Linn.), Thienem. Abbild. Vogeleiem, 
Taf. lix. (1845-56); Schalow, J. f. O. 1891, p. 259 (Island of 
Kodiak) ; Beichen. Jahrb. Hamb. Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 6 (1893: 
Quilimane). 

Hiaticula 
philippina, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 263 (1849 : 
Calcutta). 
Hiaticula pusilla, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 264 (1849: 
Rajmahal). 

266 CHAKADTtHDiE. 

Hiaticula simplex, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854: 

E. India). 
Charadrius gracilis, Brehm, Naumannia{ 1855, p. 288. 
Charadrius pygniseus, Brehm, Isaumannia, 1855, p. 289. 
^Egialitis pygm^a, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 282 (1855). 
iEgialitis gracilis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 282 (1855). 
iEgialitis zonatus, Hartl Orn. West-Afi\ p. 216 (1857: Gambia; 
Elmina; Sacconde). 
JEgialitis pu&illus, Swinh, Ibis, 1861, p. 342. 
iEgialitis philippinus, Sivinh. Ibis, 18t$l, p. -342 (PeHn), 1862, p. 255 

(Fooehow), 1863, p. 406; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 222 (Banjarma*sing) 
; Sivi?ih. t. e. p. 310; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 179 (1875: 
Thayetmyo); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit), 1882, p. 287 ; 
Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv, p. 330 (1881) ; Murray, Vertrbr. 
Faun. Sind, p. 227 (1884); Olphe-GalL Conir. Faun. Orn. Eur. 
Oceid. fasc. xiii. p. 30 (1890). 

iEgialitis minutus, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 641 (1864); Blyth, Ibis, 
1807, p. 164; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 389 (Umbala); Wald. Ibis, 
1873, p. 316 (Andamans) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Kathiawar) ; 
Legge, Str. F. iii. p. 372 (1875 : Ceylon); Hume, op. cit. v. p. 212 
(1877: Deesa) ; id. # Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 546 (1878 : Tenasserim); 
Ball, op. cit. vii. p. 227 (1878 : Itaiptir); Cripps, t. c. p. 300 (Faridpur); 
Hume, op. cit. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Brooks, Ibis, 18b4, 
pp. 237, 238; Sioinh. ty Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 (Mhow distr.). 

iEgialitis intermedins, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 361 (Hainan). 
iEgialitis dubia, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 404 (breeding in X. China; 


S. China, Formosa, & Hainan in winter) ; Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. 
vim p. 89 (1872: Ayer Pannas, Celebes); Salmd. TIcc. Born. 
p. 316 (1874); Blyth # Wald. B. Burm. p. 153 (1875); Wald. 
Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 227 (1875 : Philippines) ; Sivinh. Ibi% 1875, 
p. 452 (Hakodadi); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 51 (Sibu); Tweedd. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 701 (Monte Alban), p. 833 (Placer); David $ 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 429 (1877): Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 227 (1878: 
Ganges to Godavery); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 712 (X. Bohol); 
Blakist. § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 25 
(Japan) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 147 (New Ireland); Tidal, Sir. F. 
ix. p. 81 (1880: S. Konkan); Bingham, & c. p. 196 (Thoungyeen 
Valley); Barnes, t. c. p. 458 (S. Afghanistan); JReid, Str. F. x. 
p. 65" (1881: Lucknow); Kelhayn, Ibis, 1882, p. 10 (Singapore, 
Xov.) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Barm. ii. p. 370 (1883) ; Damson, 
Str. F. x. p. 412 (1883 : S.W. Mysore ; Xilgbiris) ; Vorderm. Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederl. Bid. xliy. p. 204 (1884: Java); C\ Swinh. $> 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 (Mhow); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 167 
(Muscat), p. 492 (Fao, March); A. O. U. Chech-l. N. Amer. B. 
p. 162 (1886: California; Alaska); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 
p. 177 (1887) ; Salmd. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) v. p. 621 (1887 : Kaukaryit); 
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 394 (1887: Liu Kiu 
Isl.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); Hume, Str. F. xi. 
p. 315 (1888 : Manipur); Fverett, J. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, 
p. 205; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xlix. p. 415 (1889: 
Sumatra); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) y. pt. 3, p. 89 (1889: 
Tirphul); Brusina, Motr. etc. {Orn. Croatica), p. 86 (1890); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan); Sharpe, t. c. pp. 142, 284 
(Pulo Tegu, April); Steere, List B. f Mamm. Frp. Philipp. 

p. 25 (1890: Paraguay; Mindanao ; Guimaras); Oates,ed. Hume1 $ 
Nests Sr Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 338 (1890); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, 
p. 113 (Fao); id. Sci. Bes. 2nd York. Miss. p. 137 (1891: Yarkaiid, 
May). 
32. JEGIALITIS. 267 
Pluvialis fluviatilis, Droste, Vogeko. Borhum, p. 153 (1869). 
iBgialitis microrkynchus, Ridgw. Am. Nat. viii. p. 109 (1874: San 
Francisco). 
JBgialitis alexandrinus {nee Linn.), Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 398 (N. 
Frisian Isl.); Reichen. J.f 0. 1889, p. 2Q5 (Quilimane). 
iEgialitis hiaticula (nee Linn.), Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. 

p. 394 (1877: Port Moresby), ii. p. 197 (1878 : S. New Guinea), 
iii. p. 279 (1879: Laloki Kiver) : id. Tab. List Austr. B, p. 19 
(1888: N.S.W.). 
^Egialitis jerdoni, Legge, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 39; id. B. Ceylon, 

p. 956 (1880); Saload. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 303 (1882); 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 287 (Gilg-it, May, Sept.); Davidson, Str. 
F. x. p. 275 (1882: W. Kandeish) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 315 
(1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888) ; Salvad. Agg. 
Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 200 (1891) ; id. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) iii. 
p. 75 (1891: Sumatra); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 41. 
Charadrius minor jerdoni, Seebohm. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 132 
(1888). 
Adult male. General colour above light brown, a little darker on 
the rump and central upper tail-coverts; sides of rump and lateral 
upper tail-coverts pure white; wing-coverts like the back, the 
feathers round the bend of the wing darker brown ; bastard-wing 
feathers blackish with white tips; primary-coverts blackish; primary 
quills blackish, internally lighter brown, with dark shafts to all the 
primaries except the first, where it is white; secondaries dusky, lighter 
and more ashy brown internally, inner secondaries smoky brown, 
with a good deal of white on both webs, the long inner secondaries 
like the back; tail-feathers ashy brown, tipped with white, and 
with a broad sub-terminal black bar, the outer feathers more distinctly 
edged with white, the two outermost almost entirely white, with a 
black patch on the inner web corresponding to the sub-terminal bar 
on the rest of the feathers; base of forehead, lores, feathers above 
and below .the eye, and ear-coverts black; a broad frontal band of 
white, followed by another broad band of black above the eye, which 
is again succeeded by another black line, which widens out above 
the eye and forms a distinct eyebrow; hinder crown as far as the 
nape ashy brown; round the neck a broad white collar, continuous 
with the white throat, and followed by a broad band of black on the 
lower hind-neck, and continued right across the fore-neck, widening 
out on the sides; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure 
white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries: " bill dusky 
black; feet flesh-colour; iris dusky brown; ring round the eye 
bright yellow" (Emin). Total length 6*8 inches, crimen 0*6, 
wing 4*6, tail 2*35, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the markings not so 
well developed, especially the black markings of the face and the 
black bands on the hind-neck and fore-neck, the latter being much 
mixed with brown: " bill black; feet pale flesh-colour; iris dark 
brown; ring round the eye bright yellow" (E. Hartert). Total 
length 6-5 inches, crimen 0*65, wing 4*6, tail 2*35, tarsus 1. 

Young. Differs from the adults in wanting the black on the head, 
as wen as the black collars on the mantle and fore-neck; the general 
tone of the plumage is more rufescent than in the adults, and the 

268 
CHABADEmXS. 

whole of the "upper surface is varied with wavy lines of pale sandy 
buff, before which is a sub-terminal dusky bar; the forehead is pale 
sandy buff; ear-coverts dusky blackish ; the collar on the fore-neck 
is composed of brown feathers, with generally a tinge of sandy buff 
on the throat. The black markings on the head and the black collars 
are gained by a moult in the following spring. There appears to 
me to be also a change of feather, especially on the neck-collar. 

I regret to say that I am unable to follow Colonel "Legge in 
recognizing JS* jerdo?ii as distinct from JEI. curonicits, and for the 
purpose of comparison, I have given the measurements of the large 
series of skins possessed by the British Museum, but, as Mr. Seebohm 
says, "tropical examples completely infergrade with those from 
temperate regions." Neither do I find much difference in the extent 
of the black frontal line, or of the swollen eye-ring, which Colonel 
Legge considers to be specific characters for the Indian species; 
the only character which I can admit, and this, too^ is a variable 
one, is the more distinct yellow base to the under mandible, which is 
invariably present in the adult breeding birds from the Indian region, 
but is absent or only feebly developed in European specimens. 

Hah. Europe generally, except the northern parts, across Siberia 
to Japan, wintering in Xorth-eastern Africa, India, the Moluccas, 
even to Kew Guinea and the adjacent islands. Accidental in Great 
Britain and western North America. 

a. § ad. sk. [w. 4*7]. Freshwater, Isle of Wight, Seebohm Coll, 
Aug, (H. Rogers),m 
b. Pull. sk. Europe. Gould Coll. 
c.Ad.sk.[w.4-35]. Holland. J. Gould, Esq. 
d. Ad.sk. [w. 4-75]. Germany. Tweeddale CoBL 
e. <$ ad. ;f,g. Juv. Germany. Hume Coll. 
sk. [w. 4-65]. 
ftd. sk*

h. 
2 lw' Germany, Gould Coll. 
4-75]. 
i. $ ad. sk. [w. HaUe, Aug. Hume Coll. 
4-45]. 
7c, $ ad. sk. [w.4*ool Wesel, Rhine, May 24. E. Hartert, Esq. [CA 
I Ad. sk. [w. 4-25J. Vienna. Sharpe Coll. 

m. Ad. sk. [w. 4*6j. Transylvania. €\G.Danford,Esq.[P.l 
n-q. <$ ad.; r. $ ad. Hungary, May 2-5. Hungarian National"* 
sk. [w. 4-6-4-6]. Museum [P.]. 

s. $ aa.sk.rw.44l. S.E. Russia. Seebohm Coll. 
t. $ ad.sk.[w.4*oj. Near Constantinople, May 7 Tweeddale Coll. 
(T. Robson). 
u. 5 ad. sk. [w. 4*4]. Piedmont, Italy, May (2*. Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvadori). 
v, w. Ad. sk. [w. 4*3 Malta, April, Sept. (C. Tweeddale Coll. 
-4-5]. Wright). 
x\ $ ad. sk. [w. Malta, April (C. W.). Hume Coil. 
4*6]. 
y, z. Ad. sk, [w. Granada, Spain, Oct. (H Tweeddale Coll. 
4-35-4-4]. Saunders). 
a', b\ (S ad.; c'. $ Gibraltar, March. Colonel Irby [P,]. 
ad. sk. [w. 4*64-
65]. 

32. JSGUUTIS.
d\ $ ad. sk. [w. Biskra, Algeria, May 5 Seebokm Coll. 
f 4*55]. (C. Dixon), 
e'jf. Ad. et juv. Eiver Gambia. Governor Kendall. 
sk. [w. 4*75]. 
#'.Juv.sk.[w.4*6]. Dakar, Senegal [L. La- Seebohm Coll. 
glaize). 
h'. Juv. sk. [w. Cape Verd, Senegal. L. Laglaize ("CI 
; 4-35]. o L J 
t",&\ tf ad. sk. [w. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.]> 
4*45]. April. 
I'. Imm. sk. [w. 4*7]. Socotra. Prof. I B. Balfour [0.]. 
m'. <$ imm. sk. [w. Amba, Samhar, Aug. 21 Tweeddale Coll. 
4*65]. (W.Jesse). 
n\ <$ imm. sk. [w. Egypt, March 12. Capt. Shelley [P.]. 
4*5]. 
o% p'. Ad. sk. [w. Egypt (& Larking). Gould Coll. 
4-3]. 
a', g ad. sk. [w. Palestine. Canon Tristram FCl. 
4-35]. 
r\ Ad. [w. 4*55]; Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug., W. D. dimming, Esq. 
$', t'j u'. Juv. sk. Sept. [P.]. 
v'. Imm. sk. [w. Muscat. Colonel Miles FP.l 
•ooj. 
«/. £ ad. sk. [w. Near Tehran, Persia, Sir 0. St. John [C.1 
4*6]. March 28. 
x'. c? a^« s^* Eesht, Caspian Sea, Nov. Sir 0. St. John [C.l. 
y\ Ad. sk. [w. 3*95]. Rajkote, Kathiawar, June Major Hayes Lloyd[P.l 

25. 
z'. 2 a&« sk. [w. Deesa, Nov. 4 (JS. A. Hume Coll. 
4*25]. Butler). 
a",b'f.$. ]"uv.sk. Jodhpur, Sept. (G. King). Hume Coll. 
rw# 4*5-4*55]. 
e", d". ? ad. [w. Jodhpur, Feb. {A. 0. JET.). Hume Coll. 
4*3-4*55] ,*e". $ 
juv. sk. 

/,; 

, g". 6 ad. et juv. Sambhur, Oct., Dec. (%. M. Hume Coll. 

[w. 4*35-4*45]; Adam). 
h"~r. 2 ad. et 

juv. sk. fw. 4*154*
4]. 
m". <$ ad. sk. fw. Lawrencepur, Punjab, Tweeddale Coll. 
4*35]. Feb. 20 (R. G. W. R). 
n", o". Ad. sk. [w. Sirsa Distr., Punjab, May. Hume Coll. 
4*45-4*65]. 
#". <$ ad. sk. [w. Bembara River, Cashmere, Hume Coll. 
4*45]. May 15 (W. E. Brooks). 

£"-*". c? ad. [w. 4*45 Gilgit, April, May, Aug. Colonel Biddulph [C.]. 
-4-7W', v". $ to Oct. 
ad. [w. 4*3-4*5]; 
to", %". Juv. sk. 

y". <$ ad. sk. IV. Kumaon Bhabur, March 26 Hume Coll. 

4*2]. {G.King), 
z". Ad,sk. [w. 4*35]. Dehra Dhoon. Hume Coll. 
a3, b*. Ad. sk. [w. Bareilly (Yeatmari). Hume Coll. 


4*2]. 
c8, <Z3. Ad. sk. [w. Siberia, April, May. Moscow Museum. 
4*5-4*6]. 


270 CHABAEBIID-32. 

3. Ad.sk [w. 4-6]. Kasbgar (Dr. Belleiv). 
f\ $ ad. sk. [w. Yarkand, April 24 (J*. 
4-65], Scully). 
^3. 2 ad. s^« D^« Tirphul, Northern Afgha4-
5]. nistan, April 20. 
h3, 2*3. Ad. sk [w. Candahar (Griffith). 
4-5]. 


k3. (S ad. sk. [w. Candahar, April 23 (Sir O. 

4 7]. St John). 
Z3. gad.sk. [w.4;6]. Candahar, Feb. 21. 
m3. cS ad. sk. fw. Chaman, April 7. 


4%5], 
n3. S ad. sk. rw. Chaman, Ausr. 7 (£/r 0, 

4*:35]. St, John). 
^ad.skjw^G]. Quetta, May 10. 
jy3. P ad. sk (V. Gwader, Mekran Coast, 

4-5]. ^Feb. 18(X O.B.). 
#3. 2 ad. sk. [w. Kulugan, Baluchistan, 
4-75"1. March 12. 
^.Jad-sk^w.^O]. Sehwan, Sindh, Jan. 22 

(A. 0. H.). 
s3. $ a$* s^* lw* Hiyer Jheluru, Nov. 22 
4-35]. (A. 0. H.). 
*3 w\ <J ad. sk. Bhawulpur, Feb. (C II.
7[w. 4-1 o-4*4]. T. Marshall), 
*2>3, w3. 2 ad/ sk. Bhawulpur, Feb. 


[w. 4-3-4*45]. 
«.r3,?/3,£3. c? $imm. Karachi, March 29 (E. A. 
sk. [w. 4*5-4*551 Butler). 

a4. A3, sk. fw. 4*51 Kutch, Feb. (F. Stoliczka).
&4. Ad. sk. [w. 4-oJ. Eohtuk Distr., Feb. 16

(A. 0. M.). 
<?4~<?4. J ad. [w. 4*2 Sultanpur, Gurgaon Distr.,

-4*5] ;/S^ . $ Oct., Jan.(JF.XCM/). 
ad, et JUT. [w. 
4-6] sk. 


^4. 2 ad. sk. [w. Delhi, Feb. 20 (C. T. 
4-851. Bingham). 


il-lK cf ad. [w. 4-2.5 Etawah, Aug. to March. 
-4-55] j ^ 4-y.$ 
ad. [w. 4-1-4-65]; 
#Sr4. $ juy.sk. 

s4-^4. Ad. [w. 4-1-Etawah, Sept. to Jan*
4*4*5]; t?A, w*. 
Juv. sk 

.r4.Ad.sk[w.4*45]. G walior— Cawnpore. 
y4, z*. Ad. sk [w. Cawnpore, May (W. & 
40-4-25]. Brooks). 
aB-hB. $ ad. etlmm. Allahabad, Dec. to Feb. 

[w. 4-05-4*55]; 
tf-u5. $ ad. et 
imm. sk. IV. 4*147]. 
v5. 2 ad. sk. [V. Futtehgurh, April 5 (IF. 
54*25]. E. Brooks). 

w, A*, <? $ juv. sk, 

Mojrnl Serai, Sept. 11 (W. 

[w. 4*4r4:5]. 
22. Brooks). 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. Aitchison [C.^. 
India Museum. 
Hume CoH. 
Colonel Swinhoe IP.'1. 
Colonel Swinhoe *P *. 


Hume Coll. 
Colonel Swinhoe "P."1. 
Hume Coll. 


\T. T. Bknford. Esq. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Huine Coll. 
Hume Cull. 


 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume CoH* 

y5, z\ S ad. [w. 
4-25]; a\W. $ 
ad. sk. [w. 4-31. 

c6, d6. Ad. sk. [w. 
4-05-4-45]. 
e*-g\ Ad. sk. [w. 
4-15-4-2]. 
A6.Ad.£-"

.[w.4'2]. 

i6 

. Ad. sk.
.. [w. 4-1]. 

7c6.Ad.sk.[w.4-15]. 

Z8. Ad. sk. [w. 4-0]. 
m6. J imm. sk. [w, 
4-65]. 
?26. 2 juv. sk. [w. 
4-4].' 
o6,j96. c? $ ad. sk. 

[w. 4-4-4-45]. 
#6. ? juv. sk. [w. 
4-4]. 
r6. $ ad. sk. [w. 
4-5]. 
s6, £6. cJ ad. sk. [w. 
4-05-4-35]. 

u6. Ad. sk. [w. 4-45].Dacca. 

v*, w6. £ ad. [w. Patna, Feb. 9 (W. R 
4-05-4-3]; 3*,y«, Brooks). 

sc. $ ad. sk. 

a7. J juv. [w. 4*2] ; 
b1. <$ ad. sk. [w. 
4-1]. 
&&-s^


c7, 2 lw4-
1]. 
d7. $ad. [w.4-2]; 
<27,/7.tf$ ad.sk. 

[w. 4-3-4-5]. 
g\ Ad. [w. 4*454*
6]; h\V. Juv. 
sk. 

&V7. Ad. [w. 4-04*
5]; m7-p7. d 
juv. [w. 4*1-4*5]; 
q7, r . $ juv. sk. 

s7. Imm. sk.[w.4*4]. 
£7,&7. Imin. sk. [w. 
4-5-4*6]. 

77

v w. Ad. sk. [w. 
4*2-4-3]. 

x7, y7. Ad. sk. [w. 
4-5]. 

z7. Ad. sk. [w. 4-3]. 
a8.2 ad. sk. [w. 4*4]. 

68-/. d ad. [w. 4-1 
-4-8]; /,Ay. ? 
ad. [w. 4-2-4-25]; 
t\ Pull, sk. 

32. ^GlALITIS. 
Nepal Valley, Dec, April,
May (J. Scully). 

Nepal. 

Nepal (B. JE. Hodgson), 

Darjiling (Colonel Sharpe). 
Buxa Doars,, Jan. (L. 
Mandelli). 
Bhotan Doars, Jan. (L. 

Mandelli). 
Assam (McClelland). 
Assam, Feb. (A. W. Chen


nell). 

Bramahpootra River, Dec. 
2 (W. Davison). 
Manipur, March (A. O. H.). 

Magna River, March 21 

{A. O. E.). 
Eastern Sylhet, Jan. 25 

(A. O. E.). 
Faridpur, April, May (J. 
B. Cripps). 
Assensole, Jan. 7 (W. E. 
Brooks). 

Chunar, Nov. 17 (W. B. 
Brooks). 
Dinapur, Nov. (W. E. 
Brooks). 

Behar. 

Calcutta, Dec, Jan. (A. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

0. E.). 
Calcutta,Feb.(i2.<7.I?<?«mw). Tweeddale Coll. 

Calcutta, Feb.

Manbhoom, Dec, March

(JR. C. Beavan).

Jubbalpur.

Saugor.
Mhow, March 1.
Khandeish, Nov. to May


(J, Davidson). 

Colonel Biddulph [C], 

Gould & Tweeddale 
Colls. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Colonel Swinhoe [P.], 
Hume Coll. 


27 2 
CHABi-DBIID-E. 

k8-?n8. Ad. sk. [w. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
4*2-4*35]. 
n8. J ad. sk. [w. Badrachelluni. Godavery W. T. Blanford, Esq 
4-55]. River, Feb.'16. [P.1. 
o8.9ad.sk.rw.4-7]. Cochin, Madias, Dec. 28 Hume ColL 

(F. Bay), 
f, q\ Ad. sk. [w. Madras. Key. H. H. Baber [P.]. 
4-4-4 6]. 
r8. 2 ad. sk. [w. Manoralore, April 25 (F. Hume Coll. 
4-5]. Day). 
s\ Ad.sk. [w. 4-4". Bangalore, April 3 (F. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. F.). 
t3. d ad. sk. [w. Ahmednuggur, June 8 (S. Tweeddale ColL 
4*151. B. Fairbank). 
us. 2 ad. sk. [w. Ahmednuggur, April (H. Hume Coll. 
4-1]. J. Brace). 
Vs, w\ Ad. sk. [w. Mysore {F. G. W. F). Tweeddale Coll. 
4-0]. 
xq. (S imm. sk. [w. Vingorla, S. Konkan, Hume Coll. 
4-4]. Feb. 20 (G. Vidal). 
yH. 2 imm- sk- [w. Yinsrorla. Tweeddale Coll. 
4-3]. 
z*f a\ Ad. sk. [w. Coorg. Tweeddale ColL 
4-6-4-651 
b\ <Sad.sk.Tw.4'01 KE. Ceylon, Aug. 4. Colonel Lpgge T.]. 
c9. Ad. sk. [w. 4*4]. Elephant Point, Burma, Hume Colli' 

Dec. 10 (J". Armstrong). 
cP. Ad. sk.[w.4-25]. Thayetmyo. Tweeddale ColL 
e\fQ. d ad. f"w. Pegu, March, Aug., Sept. Gates Coll. 

4*4] ; g\ Juy.^sk. (F. W. 0.). 

W. $ 
ad. [w. 4*05- Tonghoo, Xoy.,Jan.y April Tweeddale ColL 
4-251; &,&. 5 (F.G. W. JR.). 
ad. sk 

P. 
$ ad. sk. [w. Eangoon, Dec. 13 (F. G. Tweeddale ColL 
4*3]. W. JR.). _ 
mQ. (S imm. sk. [w. Bhamo, Upper Burmah, Dr. J. Anderson "CI 
4*35]. Feb. 
n9. Ad.sk.[w.4*25]. Mungla, May 22. Dr. J. Anderson "CI 
o9-r9. cJ2 ad. (w. Thatone, Nov., Dec. {W. Hume Coll. 

4-0-4*55]: s9^9. Davison). 
2 ad. skf. [w. 4*5 
-4 65]. 


w9. 2 juv. sk. [w. Theinzeik, Dec. 21 (IF. Hume ColL 
4*(5]. Davison). 
<v9. $ ad. *sk. [w. Mouhnein, Feb. 24 (7F. Hume CoU. 
4*55]. Davison). 
w9, x9. <$ ad. sk. Assoon, April (IF. Dam- Hume ColL 

[w. 4*25-4-3]. son). 
y9, z9. $ ad. [w. 4*55 Tavoy, March, April, Jan. Hume Coll. 
-4*7]; a, ft £ ad. ( W. Davison). 
pw. 4*4-4*7]; y. 
Juv. sk. 

8. 
<S ad. sk. [w. Yeaboo, March 9 (JF. Hume ColL 
4*6]. Davison). 
€, £ 6 imm.; 17. $ Mergui, Jan., Noy> (W. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. [w. 4*35 Davison). 
-4*6]. 

32. ^GIALITIS. 
273 
&j t. $ juv. sk. fw. Pakchan, Jan., Feb. (W. 

4-5-4-7]. Davison).
*, X. Juv. sk. fw. S. Andamans, Jan., Feb. 
4-55-4-65]. (W. Davison), 
P» 6 iuv. sk. fw. Aberdeen, S. Andamans, 
4-45]. Dec. 25 (W. Davison). v> £, o. 5 imm. sk. Tonka, Jan. (J, Darling). 

[w. 4-4-4-5]. 
ir9p. S ad. [w. 445 Salang, Feb. (J. Darling). 
-4'7] ; <T, $ imm. 
sk. 

T. Jnv.sk. [w. 4-251 Malacca (Cantor). 
v. Ad. sk. [w. 4-6]. Malacca {P. G. W. P.). 
<£. $ad.;x,^. Juv. Singapore Island, Nov. 
sk. fw. 4-4-4*6]. ( W. Davison). 

<o. Ad. sk [w. 4-4]. Java (Horsjield). 
a!. Juv.sk. fw. 4*451 Labuan, Bee. 
£'. Juv.sk. [w.4-45]. Sarawak. 
y'; 6'. Juv. sk. fw. Sibu, Sarawak. 


^ 4-3-4-45]. 
e'-K. <3 5 ad. etjuv. San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. 
^ sk. fw. 4-3-4-6]. {A. H, Everett). 
X'. $ juv. sk. fw. N. Bohol, Feb. (A. B. 
4-35], Everett). 
/*'-£'.tf ad. fw.4'3]; S. Leyte, Oct. {A. E. 
o'j 7r'. $ ad. sk. Everett). 
p\ c? ad. sk. fw. Panay, Jan. (E. Moseley). 

4-6]. 
<rr. Juv.sk, [w.4'1]. New Britain. 
T'; v'. d1 $ ad. sk. Seoul, Corea, May. 


[w. 4-4-4-55]. 
<£'. cf ad. sk. [w. Hakodadi, Japan, April 
4-2]. (JBlakiston). 
Y\ Ad. sk. fw.*445]. Yokohama (J9T. Pryer). 


•' 
" 7.sk.[w.4-3]. Liu-kiu Islands, Dec. (if. 
Pryer). 
cor, a". (S $ ad. sk. Shanghai, April, May (R. 

[w. 4-25-4-4]. Swinhoe). 
p". 9 ad. sk. fw. Shanghai, March 17. 
4-4]. 
y". Imm. sk. [w. Hankow (P. Swinhoe). 
44]. 
r.Ad.sk.[w.4-4]. Chusan (J. It. Beeves). 
e", £". Ad. sk. [w. Amoy, Feb., May (P. S.). 

4-4-4-5]. 
T)". Juv. sk. [w. Amoy, Nov. (Jft. &). 
4-45]. 
6",1". Juv. sk. [w, Canton. 

4-2-4-5]. 
*".Juv.sk.[w.4-3]. Formosa, Dec. (P. S.). 
X", /*". Skulls. S. Germany. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum. (Type 
of CkaradriuspusUlus.) 
A.H.Everett,Esq.fC/l. 

A. H. Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
A.H.Everett,Esq.[C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Steere Expedition. 
Rev. G. Brown [C.]. 

C. W. 
Campbell, Esq. 
PP.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould CoU. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. Giinther [C.]. 

4. JEgialitis peroni. 
Charadrius alexandrinus (nee Linn.)f Motley # Dillwyn, Nat. Hist 
Labuan, p. 57 (1855). 
VOL. xxiv. T 

274 CHABADRIID-E. 

Cliaradrius peroni, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 417 (1856); Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Oursores, p. 33 (1865: Java; Semao ,* Borneo); Gray, Hand-l. 

B. iii. p. 16, no. 10005 (1871) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 166 (1888). 
Oharadrius philippinus, Pek. Beis. Kovara, Voy. p. 116 (1865). 
jEgialitis yemm, Siui?ih. P. Z $. 1870, p. 139; Wald. Trans. Zool. 
&oc. viii. p. 90, pi. s. iig. 2 (1872); Sakad. Ucc. Born. p. 315 
(1874) ; Ticeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 344 (S. Leyte), p. 711 (X. Bohol); 
Ileyer, Ibis, 1879. p. 141 (Linibotto, July); Torderm. Xat. Tijdn-hr. 
Kederllnd. xliv. p. 204 (1884: Java);' Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, 

p. 417 ; Everett. Jour. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1689, p. 205; 
Vorderm. Nat. lijdschr. Nederl.Ind. xlix. p. 415 (1889: Sumatra); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. bS (Palawan, resident); Steere, List 
Birds fy Mamm. Biped. Philipp. p. 25 (1890: Mindanao : Siquijor ; 
Ke^ros); Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, p. 142 (Pulo Tega, X. Borneo)• id. 
i5w, 1894,p. 24S(Sibutu). 

Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, darker on the 
rump and central upper tail-coverts, the sides of the rump and lateral 
upper tail-coverts pure white; wing-coverts like the back, with a 
band of dark sepia-brown along the marginal coverts; greater 
coverts broadly tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark brown, with white tips ; quills light brown, blackish on 
the outer web and at the tips, the shafts conspicuously white, the 
inner primaries white towards the base of the outer web ; secondaries 
dark brown, white at the ends of the outer web, increasing in extent 
towards the innermost, the long inner secondaries like the back; the 
four centre tail-feathers dark brown, the next pair smoky brown, the 
next pair white with a little smoky brown at the ends, the remainder 
pure white; crown of head rufous, with a nuchal collar of pure 
white, this collar followed by a broad black band on the hind-neck 
overspreading the mantle; forehead white, reaching to above the 
eye and separated from the rufous of the crown by a tolerably broad 
band of black; a distinct loral streak of black; sides of face and 
ear-coverts with a black band along the upper margin of the latter; 
cheeks and under surface of body pure white, with a large black 
patch on each side of the fore-neck; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white; quills below ashy grey: " bill black, orange at base; 
feet grey, the claws black; iris warm chocolate-brown ; orbital ring 
pure orange " (A, E. Everett). Total length about 6 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 3*75, tail 1-55, tarsus 1*05, middle toe and claw 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but without the black band 

across the forehead; the black on the mantle and hind-neck repre


sented by dark brown mixed with rufous, while the black patch at 

the side of the fore-neck is replaced by dark brown mixed with 

rufous, with a tinge of the latter colour spreading across the fore-

neck : " bill black, the base yellowish; feet purplish grey; iris 

dark brown " (A. H. Everett). Total length o'b inches, culmen 0*65, 

wing 4, tail 1*5, tarsus 1*05. 

In some specimens, apparently very old males, the black band is 
continued right across the fore-neck. 
Young birds resemble the adults, but have no facial black markings 
or any black or rufous on the mantle or sides of the chest, the whole 

32. ^GIALITIS. 
275 

of the upper surface being uniform ashy brown, with broad sandy-
buff margins. 
Hah, Lido-Malayan Archipelago, from Java to the Philippines, 
Borneo, and Celebes. 

a. $ ad. sk. Java. Seebohm Coll. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk.
e,f, g. Ad. et juv. 
Labuan. 
Labuan. 
A. H. Everett, Esq. [0.] 
Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 
h, i. Ad. sk.
k. $ ad. sk.
I, m. $ 2 ad. sk. 
Tega Island, April. 
Mengalan Island, April 4. 
Sarawak. 
A. H.Everett, Esq. [C.l 
A. H. Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
Wallace Coll. 
7z.Ad.sk.
o. $ ad. sk. 
Banjarmassing(J".ifcfo£%). 
N. Bohol, Oct. {A. H. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
p. J ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
Everett), 
Placer, Mindanao, July(A.B.Everett), 
S. Leyte, Oct. (A. H. E.). 
Menado,Celebes{A.R.W.). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll, 

5. JUgialitis alexaudriiia. 
The Kentish Plover. 
Charadrius alexandrinus, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 258 (1766) ; Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 683 (1788); Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 143 
(1811: between Onon and Argun Rivers; Dauria; Yen-e-sai); 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 37. iig. 4 (1856-72); Rartert, Ibis, 1892, 

p. 516 (E. Prussia). 
Charadrius cantianus, Lath. Ind. Orn., Suppl. p. lxvi (1801); Temm. 
Man. d'Orn. p. 3:31 (1815); Vieill N Diet d'Rist. Nat. xxvii. 

p. 144 (1818); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. p. 544 (1820); Roux, 
Orn. Prov. pi. 277 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 8 (1827); 
Menetr. Cat. Mais. Cauc. p. 53 (1832) ; Naum. Vog. Beutschl. vii. 
pi. 176 (1834) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 298 (1837); MacgilL Man. 
Brit. B. ii. p. 53 (1840); Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Muss. Mtrid. iii. 
p. 233 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 120 (1842); SchL 
Rev. Crit. p, lxxxii (1844); Remits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 257, 
pi. Ixix. iig. 3 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Thomps. 
B. Irel. ii. p. 104 (1850); MacgilL Brit. B. iv. p. 125 (1850); 
Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. 30. fig. 6 (1852); ScM. Vog. Nederl 
pi. 215 (1854); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 448 (1859); Poivys, Ibis, 1860, p. 339 
(Corfu and Epirus); Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 21, tigs. 7, 8 
(1861); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 141 (1863); Radde, Reis. Sibir., 
Fog. p. 324 (1863: Tarei-nor); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, 

p. 31 (1865); Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 138 (1867); Loche, 
Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 270 (1867); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 298 
(1867); Reugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1035 (1873: Ked 
Sea; Gulf of Aden; Dahlak Archip.); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 152 
(1875); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 43, 418 (1884: Caspian) ; Buttik. 
NotesLeyd. Mus. vii. p. 237 (1885 : W. Liberia); Seebohm, Rist. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 25, pi. 26. figs. 7-9 (1885); id. Geogr. Bistr. 
Charadr. p. 168 (1888); Buttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. xi. p. 136 
(1889); Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 330 (Lower Yangtse, winter); 
Hartl. Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 331 (1892 : Tientsin); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland); Campbell, t. c. p. 246 
(Corea); Seebohm, Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu Kiu M., Feb.); Styan, 
t. c. p. 436 (Hainan). 
T 2 
276 CHAKADRHD^. 

Charadrks albifrona, Wolf $ Meyer, Tog. Deutschl. Heft 15, cum 
tab. (1805); Wagl. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 33, sp. 32 (1827). 

Charadrius littoralis, Bechsf. Xatury. Deutschl. iv. p. 430 (1809); 
Finsch # Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 652 (1870); Finsch, Verhandl 
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 246 (1879: Sassyk-Ala-Kul). 

^Effialitis cantianus, Bote. Isis, 1822, p. 008: Bp. Comp. List B. 
Eur. § N. Amer. p. 45 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 3fc>4 (1840); 
Keys. § Bias. Wirh. Bur. p. 208 (IsiO); Muhk, Beitr. Orn. 
Griechenl. p. 96 (lfc44); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 2S3 11855); HeugL 
Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 134 (lb60) ; 
Swinh. Ibis, I860, p 63 (Amoy); Tristr. f. e. p. 78 (Sahara); 
Sicinh. t. c. p. 429 (Laui-yit Isl.) ; id. Ibis, 18UL p. 51 (Hong 
Kong), 1862, p. 255 (Foochow) ; BhikUt. t. c. p. 330 (Hakndadi); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 310 ; id. Ibis, 1863. p. 405 ; Jerd. B. Ind. 

iii. p. 640 (1864); Dresser, Ibis, 1&65, p. 315 ; Ctudm. Ibis, 1866, 
pp. 100, 107 (Azores); Lilford, t. c. p. Isl (Tagus) : Taylor, Ibis, 
1867, p. 68 (Cairo); Blyth, t. c. p. 1*54; Tristr. Ili\ lbfo, p. 323 
(Palestine); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeuischl p. 110 11869); Boded. 
Avif. Sicil p. 177 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, lb69, p. 182 tSpain); 
Godman, Azores, p. 32 (1870) ; Hartinq, Ibis, 1870, p. 208; 
Blwes £ Buckley, t. c. p. 386 (Bulgarian Coa-ti : Sirinh. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 138, 1871, p. 404; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 17, no. 10020 
(1871); Salrad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 206 (18711; Gm-ney, Ibis, 
1871, p. 298 (Laghouat); Saunders, t. e. p. 3H» (Aranjuez); 
Shelley j B.Egypt, p. 240(1872); Severtz. Tvrkest. Jeruin. p. f»9 
(1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 337 (Sardinia i; Li/ford, Ibis, 1875, 

p. 26; Swinh. t. c. p. 452 (Hakodadi): Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 
p. 162 (1875); Dresser, B. Eur. \ii. p. 483, pi. 523 {WtfJ; id. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 279 (W0): Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France,"!, p. 248 (WO); Datrid $• Oust. Ok. 
Chine, p. 430 (1877); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 624 (Palawan); 
Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 218 (Japan); Boyd. B. Cave. 
p. 152 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 947 <lr?sO); Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 94 (Gilgit, Sept.); Swinh. Ifo\ 1882, _p. 120 
(Kandahar, winter); Seebohm, t. c. p. 222 {Kirghiz Steppes, 
summer); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 73 (Ferghana. Pamir); Gates, 
Handb. B. Brit. Burin, ii. p. 369 (1883): B. O. U. List Brit B. 
p. 158 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Tamil's Brit B. ill p, 267 (1883) ; 
Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 130 (1884); Murray, Vtrtebr. 
Faun. Sind, p. 227 (1884); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. p. 218 
(1884: Shoa) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 322 (S. Pala^ anJ; Saunders, 
t. c. p. 389 (Pyrenees); Sharpe, ed. Layard** B. S. Afr. p. 659 
(1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 41 (Corsica); Sicinh. *V Barnes, 
t c. p. 132 (Mhow distr.); Sahad. Ehnco Ucc. Ital. p. 213 (1&>«); 
Giyl. Avif. Ital p. 372(1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 385 (Portugal!): 
Guillem. Bis, 1888, p. 113'(Cyprus) ; Sharpe, t c. p. 203 (Palawan) 
; Chapm. t. c. p. 449 (Spain); Buckley 4* Harvie-Brown, 
Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 125 (1888); Koenig, J.f O. 1888, 
p. 84 (Tunis); Sahad. <§* Gigl. Mem. P. Accad. Torino, xxxix. 
p. 103 (1888); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 314 (1888 : Manipur); Gigl 
Avif Ital 1st Mesoc. p. 571 (1889), 2nd Sesoc. p. 644 (1890), ird 
Mesoc. p. 527 (1891) ; Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 527 (1889); St 
John, Ibis, 18S9, p. 176 (Kandahar, winter); Lttfbrd, t c. p. 338 
(Cyprus); Eagle Clark, t. e. p. 559 (East. Pyrenees, breeding); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 58 (Palawan); Sharpe, t. e. pp. 142, 284 
(Labuanj; Seebohm, t c. p. 403 (Ireland, not breeding); Gate?, ed. 
Hume's Nest £ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 337 (1890); Steers, List Birds 
# Mamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 25 (1890: Paragua : Bohol; Panay); 

32. -3BGIALITIS. 
277 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 309 (1890); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. 

p. 122 (1891); Madardsz, Ausst. TJnqar. For/, p. 103 (1891); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 113 (Fao); id. Sci. Res. 2nd Yark. Miss., 
Aves, p. 137 (1891: Karghalik, May); Be La Touche, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 496 (Foochow ; Swatow, winter); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 170, 
181 (Aden); Meade- Waldo, t c, p. 203 (Canary Isl.); Chapm. 
Ibis, 1894, p. 347 (W. Jutland); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxx. 
(1895). * J * 
Hiaticula cantiana, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 69 (1844: 
Nepanl); Hupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 118 (1845 : Egypt and Red Sea); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 263 (1849). 

.zEgialitis albifrons, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 551 (1831). 

^Egialitis albigularis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 552 (1831). 

The Kentish Plover, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 405 (1843). 

Hiaticula elegans, LichL Nomencl. Av. Berol p. 94 (1854). 

iEgiaiitis cantiacus, Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 355 (Eastern Atlas); Irby, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 187 (Santander). 
? iEgialitis nivosa (nee Cass.), Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 405 (Formosa). 
iEgialophilus cantianus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 234 (1865); 

Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 272 (1872: Damara-land, 
Walvisch Bay); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 40 (1873); Hume, 
Nests 8f Eggs Ind. B. p. 571 (1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 230 (1873: 
Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 394 (Sambhur); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 12 
(1876 : N. Guzerat; Kutch; Kathiawar) ; Scully{ t. c. p. 185 
(E.Turkestan); Ball, t. c. p. 236 (Sunibalpur; Orissa); Butler, 
Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877: Karachi); Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. 
Eur. Oecid. fasc. xiii. p. 42 (1890). 

Pluvialis cantianus, Broste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 153 (1869). 
iEgialitis niveifrons (nee Cuv.), Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 429 
(1870: Massowah). 
Charadrius marginatus (nee V.), Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 328 
(1870). 
Charadrius cantiacus, Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 33. fig. 2 (1870); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 380 (Archangel, summer). 

iEgialitis dealbatus, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 361 (Hainan) ; id. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 138, 1871, p. 404; Bavid fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 431 
(1877). 

iEgialitis 
alexandrinus, Blyth $ Wald. B. Burnt, p. 154 (1875) ; 
Stejn. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 35 (1882); Beichen. Syst. Verz. 
Vog. Beutschl. p. 51 (1889); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat.), 

p. 86 (1890). 
JEgialitis cantiana, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 323 (1875: Mergui); Butler, 
t. c. p. 440 (Mt. Aboo); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 452 (Hakodadi); 
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 340 (1876: Rangoon distr.); Hume, t. c. 
p. 464 (Laccadives); Butler, op. cit. v. p. 290 (1877: Island of 
Astola); Hume $ Bavison, Str. F. vi. p. 456 (1878: Tenasserim); 
Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 227 (1878: Raipur); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. 
p. 433 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Vidal, Str. F. 
ix. p. 81 (1880: S. Konkan); Hume, t. c. p. 118 (Singapore j Pulo 
Nongsa); Fteid, Str. F. x. p. 65 (1881: Lucknow); St. John, Ibis, 
1889, p. 176 (Kandahar, winter); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 58 
(Palawan, Sept.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 142, 284 (Labuan, Jan.) ; 
Barnes, Ibis, 1892, p. 170 (Aden, Sept. to April). 
iEgialitis placida (err.), teste Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 73, note. 
iEgialitis cantiana peroni, Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 10 
(1884: Yezo & Japan generally). 
Charadrius cantianus minor, Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. lo.) 
(1888), 

278 CHAKA.DBIXDJB. 

Cliaradrius cantianus dealbatus, Seehohm^ t c, p. 170; id, B. Japan. 
JBmp. p. 310 (1890) ; Kartl Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 831 
(1892: Hainan)* Seebokm, Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu EJU Islands). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above pale 
earthy brown, with faint remains of paler margins to the feathers ; 
wing-coverts like the back, the marginal ones blackish brown, the 
greater series darker brown, with a narrow white edging to the tip ; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown, the latter 
fringed with white at the tip; quills sepia-brown, with white shafts 
to the primaries, which are pale brown on the inner web, the inner 
primaries for the most part white towards the base of the outer 
web ; the secondaries dusky brown with white tips, the inner ones 
also white along the margins of both webs, the innermost long 
secondaries brown like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dark sepia-brown, the lateral ones white, forming a patch 
on each side; the four centre tail-feathers dark sepia-brown, paler 
towards the base, and having white shafts to the centre one;*, the 
three outer feathers white, the next ones smoky brown with white 
shafts ; crown of head asby brown, washed w ith light tawny rufous, 
especially distinct towards the nape; hind-neck and sides of neck 
white, forming a collar; forehead and a dibtinet eyebrow white, 
with a broad black band separating the white of the forehead from 
the brown of the crown; eyelid and loral streak black; feathers 
below the eye and sides of face white, with a Hack pitch on the 
hinder ear-coverts; cheeks and under surface of body pure white, 
with a patch of black on each side of the chest; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white; quills below light ashy like the low er 
primary-coverts : " bill black, with the base of the lower mandible 
of a dusky flesh-colour; tarsi dusky, toes darker, elaws Mack; iris 
brown " (IF. Macgillivray). Total length C*5 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 4*15, tail 1*7, middle toe and claw 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with less rufous on the 

head, this being represented by a tinge over the eye and round the 

nape, the black band on the fore part of the crown absent, the 

black patch on each side of the chest represented by a brown patch 

with a rufous tinge. Total length 6-Q inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*3, 

tail 1*9, tarsus 1*1. 

The Kentish Plovers which attain their breeding-plumage in the 
plains of India are certainly much brighter in colour than any 
which are seen in Europe. The black forehead and patch at the 
side of the chest are also strongly developed. Occasionally a rufous 
tinge overshades the back. 

The adult bird in winter plumage differs from the summer 
plumage in the entire absence of bright rufous on the head, and the 
black markings on the face and sides of the breast are also not 
developed. The head is like the back, the forehead and eyebrow 
are white, the lores dusky, and there is always a more or less 
distinct white collar united to the two sides of the neck. 

Young birds in first winter plumage only differ from the adults in 
having the whole upper surface distinctly marked with pale edges 
to the feathers. 

32. ^G-IALITIS. 
279 

Mr. Seebohm has separated " The Tropical Kentish Plover " as 
Oharadrius cantianus minutus. The wing is given as from 3*7 to 
4*2, and these measurements are confirmed by the series in the 
British Museum. At the same time, as Mr. Seebohm admits, there 
is no difference between these two birds, except the smaller size, and 
he also allows that they intergrade with the typical form. For 
this reason I do not think that the small race of the Kentish 
Plover can be maintained, I have added the measurement of the 
wing in the Museum series to show how completely the large and 
small forms intergrade. I do not see any advantage in upholding 
JEr/ialitis dealbatus of Swinhoe, which is supposed to differ by its 
paler legs. While admitting that most of the Chinese birds differ 
in this way, there are many birds, also from China, which have 
dark legs like the ordinary typical form, while it is equally certain 
that birds from other localities have also pale legs. In one 
instance I have seen a bird that had one dark leg and one pale one, 
so that apparently the skin of the leg dries in various colours'. 

Sab. Europe generally, but not ranging very far north, eastwards 
through Central Asia to China and Japan, wintering in Africa, the 
Indian Peninsula, and extending as far south as Australia. 

A. Mgialiiis aleaxmdr'nia. 
a, b. Ad.; c, d, e. Dungeness Beach, Kent, Colonel Irby and 
Pull. st. Capt. Willoughby 
Verner [P.], 
/ . -Pull. St. Dungeness Beach* H. E. Rawson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
g, h. <$ ad.; i $ ad.; Dungeness Beach, May, Gould Coll. 
jfc, I Pull sk. June (/. G.). 
m,n.c$2 ad. sk. Lydd Beach, Kent (E. Harting Coll 
Hargitt). 
o,p. S ad. [w. 4-15-Romney Marsh, Kent, May Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
4-35]; g. 2 ad. to Sept. [P.]. 

[w. 4-3]; r-w. 
Juv. sk. 
.r, y. 6 ad. sk. [w. Bye Harbour, Sussex, Seebohm Coll. 


4-35-4*4]. Sept. (J. E. Harting). 
z, a'. (S ad. sk. {w. Rye Harbour, May (P. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4-15-4-3]. Godmari). 
b', c'. 6 2 ad. sk. Hastings, Sussex. Purchased. 

d'. c? ad. sk. Shoreham, Sussex. Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 

e'. 2 ad. sk. Pagham Harbour, Sussex. Dr. Gtinther [P.]. 
f',g'. S 2 ad. sk. [w. South Sweden, May, June Hume Coll. 
4-3-4-2]. (W.Meves). 
h' i'.<$ ad. etpull.sk. Holland (J. Baker). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[w. 4-1]. 
k'. d1 ad. sk. [w. 4*4], Mouth of the Seine, France Seebohm Coll. 

(E. Hargitt). 
l',m\ 
c?2ad. sk. [w. Valencia, Spain, March Tweeddale Coll. 
(JET. Saunders).


4-35-4*4]. 

skMalaga, May 1 (H. Tweeddale Coll. 

ri. 2 a<*--tw-4"8]* 

Saunders). 

280

o'-r'. S $ ad. sk. [w.
4*25-4-35]. 
s'} f. $ ad. sk. [w.
4-31.
u', v. £ $ ad. sk.

[w. 4*15-4-25].
w'. Ad. sk. [w. 4-4].
x\ Ad. sk. fw. 4*41.
y\ Ad. sk. [w. 4*4J.
z'. Ad. sk. [w. 45].
a". Ad. sk. [w. 4*35].
b". c? ad.sk. [w. 4*4].

e". Ad. sk. [w. 4*451d". ?ad. sk. [w.4*2J.

e". Ad. sk. [w. 4*4].

f". $ ad. sk. [w.
4*35]. 
y'/.Sad.sk.[w.4*25].

h"-l". S $ ad. sk.

[w. 4*2-4*4].
m". 2 ad. sk. [w.
4*35]. 
«", o", p". Imm. sk.

[w. 4*3-4*45].
q". <$ad.sk. [w. 4*1].
r". cJad. sk. [w. 4*4].

s". tfad. sk.[w.4*3].

t"-w". J § ad. sk.

[w. 4*25-4*5].
xv. tfad. sk. [w. 4*3].
y ". <$ ad. sk. [w. 4*31

z", az. $ ad. sk. [w.
4*3]. 
b\ S ad. sk. [w. 4*3].

c\ <$ ad. sk [w. 4*3].

d\ Ad. sk. [w. 4*25].

e3,/3. $ ad. sk. [w.
4*1-4-15].

fi As, t3. <$ ad. sk.

[w. 3*9-4*5].
k\ $ ad. sk. [w. 4*351.
IK 2 ad. sk. [w. 4*25J. 
CHABADRDUXZE. 

 Near Gibraltar, April.

 Fayal, Azores, June (F.

 D. G.\ 
St. Michaels', Azores,

 April (F. D. <?.). 
Marocco {Olcese). 
Marocco. 
Algeria (E. B. Tris


tram), 

 Tunis. 
Sardinia. 
Missolonghi, Greece, Mav


30 (E. 8.). 
Cape Yerd, Senegambia. 
St. Vincent, Cape Yerd

Islands, July 24 (J.
Macgillivray). 
Damara-land (C. J. Andersson). 
Egypt (JET. Badgers).

 Thebes, Egypt (G. E.
Shelley). 
Cyprus, April (E. 25T. 
Guillemard). 

 River Volga, June.

 Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug.

 Persian Gulf (E. A.
Butler), 

 Ala Kul, Turkestan,
May 9. 
Yarkand, April 26 (J.
Scully). 

 Mekran Coast, Feb., May, 
Aug. (A. 0. E. $ E. A. 
Btdler). 

 G-wadar, Baluchistan, Dec.

 Muschid River, Baluchistan. 
Candahar, Feb.

 River Chenab, Sind, Dec. 8

(A. O. E.). 
River Jhelum, Nov. 23

{A. O. E.). 
Bhamdpur 
(G. F. L.
Marshall). 

 Karachi, Feb., March

 (0. A. E. $ E, A. 
Butler), 
Sambhur, Sept., March

 (R. M. Adam). 
Meerut, Feb. 12. 
Gilgit, Aug. 13.

 Colonel Irby [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tvreeddale Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 L. Fraser [C.j. 
Capt. Shelley ~P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
L. Las-lake T. l 
Yoy. fi.M.S7'Rattlesnake.' 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddaie Coll. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 W. 
D. Gumming-, 
Esq. [P.]Hume 
Coll. 
Dr. 0. Finsch fC.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 W. T. Bianford, Esq. 
[P.l 
W. T^ Bianford, Esq. 
W.T;I 

 FC.]. 
Colonel Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 

 Hume Coll. 

 Col. Biddulph [0.1 
Col. Biddulph [C.]. 

32 . .ZEGIALITIS. 
281 
m*, ^3, 6 ad. [w. 
4-25-4-15]; *»,«», 
T-$ ad. sk. fw. 
3-9-4-5]. 

rZ, s\ &2 ad. sk. 

[w. 4-25-4-45]. 
&, u3, v3. $ ad. [w. 
4-3-4-5]; w% x\ 
$ad.[w.4-S];y3, 
s3, a\ Ad. sk. [w. 
4-2-4-3]. 

b*, c4. ^ ad. sk. [w. 
4-2-4-3]. 
<Z4-/. Ad. sk. [w. 
4-35-4-75]. 
A4, z4. (j ad. [w. 4-34-
5]; k\ $ ad. sk. 
l\ m\ <$ ad. sk. [w. 
4-3-4-4]. 
n*-w\ £ § ad. [w. 
4*2-4-5] etjuv. sk. 

x% y4, z\ Ad. sk. [w. 

4-35]. 
a5. $ ad.sk. [w.4'5]. 
bs. Ad. sk. [w. 4-4]. 
c5, <Z5, e5. Ad. sk. [w. 

4-2]. 
f5. Ad. sk. [w. 4-3]. 
g5, h5. Ad. sk. 
i5. 3 ad. sk. [w. 4*4]. 
h5,15, m5. <$ ad. [w. 

4-2-4-3]; n5. $ad. 
sk. [w. 4-3]. 
o5. S ad. [w. 4-25]; 
i?5? tf-? ad. sk. 


[w. 4-5]. 
r5-v5. J ad. sk. [w. 
4-15-4-55]. 
w5, tf5, y5. J ad. sk. 

[w. 4-3]. 
z5. ?ad. sk. [w. 4-21 
a6. tfad. sk. [w.4'2J. 
b«. cf ad. [w. 4-251 ; 
c6, <Z6, <?6. $ ad. si. 
jy. 4-1-4-5]. 

/*, g\ S ad. sk. [w. 
4-1-4-2]. 
A6. <J ad. sk. [w. 4-0], 

t6. $ ad. sk [w. 4-5]. 

Af«, Z6, m*. Ad. sk. [w. 
4*25-4-35]. 

»6. Ad. sk. [w. 4*3].

G-urgaon Distr., Jan., 
April (W. N. Chill). 


Umbala, Nov. 

Etawah, Nov., Dec. 

(A. 0. H.). 
Badlee, March 1 (A.O. E.). 

Oudh, Jan. to March. 

Futtehgurh, March 18 (A. 
Anderson). 
Futtehgurh, March (A. 
Anderson). 

Allahabad, Dec. to March 

(A. O. H. Sr C. Cock-
burn). 
Nepal. 

Behar. 
Saugor, Dec. 
Raipur, Jan., Oct. 


Deccan (Burgess). 
Assam (McClelland). 
Akyab, Nov. 1 (E. W. 0.). 
Elephant Point, Dec. (J. 

Armstrong). 

Tonghoo, Nov., Dec. 

(It. G. W. JR.). 

Thatone, Tenasserim, Nov.,
Dec. (W. Davison). 
Theinzeik, Nov. (W.

Davison). 
Phagat (W. Davison).
Wippitan, Dec. (J. Dor


ling). 
Amherst, Dec, Jan. (W.
Davison). 

Mergui, Nov., Jan. (W. 
Davison). 

Singapore Island, Dec. 15 

( W. Davison), 
Pulo Nongsa, Nov. 26 (W. 
Davison). 

Labuan, Nov. to Jan. 

 Sarawak. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm ColL 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
India Museum. 

Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll, 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

A. H. Everett & 
J. Whitehead, 
Esqs. [C.]. 
A. 
H. Everett, Esq. 
[0.]. 
28 2 
CHARADRIIDJS. 

o6. Ad. sk. [w. 4-31 Sarawak (K. JET. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
p\ Ad. sk. [w. 4-8J. Sandakan. Tweeddale Coll. 
g*. $ ad. sk. [w. 4*3], Puerto Pincesa, Palawan, Tweeddale Coll. 

Nov. (A. 3. Everett). 
r6. c? ad. [w. 4*3- X. Bohol, Oct. (A. E. Tweeddale Coll. 
4-4]; s% t\ J ad. sk. Everett). 
w6. Ad. sk. [w. 4 3], Fokien, China. Gould Coll. 

G e 6

v, w, a-. Ad. sk. [w. Ainoy, Nov. (i£. Swinhoe). Seebohm Cell. 
4*35-44]. 
y5. $ ad. sk. [w. 4*35]. South-west Formosa (B. Seeb ilim Coll. 

z6. Ad. sk. [w. 4-lo]. Ichang, Dec. A. Pratt, E*q. "C.l 
a7. Ad. sk. [4-81. Corea. C. W. Cample":!, 

B. JEgialitis minnia* 
b~. Ad. sk. [w. 4*151 West Africa. L. Eraser "C.l 
c7. tfad. sk.fw.4-051 Socotra, Feb. 26. Prof. I. B. Balfour 
;c.i 

<21 tfad.sk. [w. 4*15]. Zoulla, Abyssinia, June 3 Tweeddalp Coll. 

(W. Jesse). 
e7. <$ ad. sk. fw. 3*951 Massowah, Abyssinia. \V. T. 151 nillrd, E*q. 
T'.l 
/7. Ad. sk. [w. 4-15], ME. Africa. Mr. iWi ^ T.l 
#1 h7. $ J aa*.s^- "w- River Kishon, Palestine. Canon Tri-trani 1\1 

4-0-4-25]. 
%\ $ ad. [w. 4-051: Ceylon, June, July. Colonel Lf w "P.". 

k7 

, 
f. $ ad. sk 

[w. 3-7-3-9]. 
C. JEgialitis dealbata. 
m7. J ad. sk. [w. 4*4]. South Yezo, Japan (Capt, Tweeddale Coll. 
Blakiston). 
n7, o7, p7. Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 

[w. 5*0-5*5]. 
q7. Ad. sk. [w. 4*11 Talienwan, China, July. Seebohm Coll 
r7. Ad. sk. [w. 4*4]". Osukeo, China, Xoy." (JR. Seebohm Coll. 
Swwhoe). 
s7, t7, u7. Ad. sk. [w. Amoy (E. Swinhoe). Hume Coll. 
4-0-4-25]. 
v7-z7. c? $ ad. sk. Amoy, Oct. to May (E. Seebohm Coll 

[w. 4-2-4-55]. Swinhoe). 
a8-d?. Ad. sk. [w. Amoy, Jan. (E. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
4-25-4*55]. 
«*,/*,/. Ad. sk. [w. Canton. Tweeddale Coll. 
4-2-4-35]. 
h*. Ad. sk. [w. 4-3]. Fokien. Gould Coll. 
i\ Ad. sk. [w. 4-35]. Formosa, March (E. Tweeddale Coll. 

Swinhoe). 
k\ Ad. sk. [w. 4*4]. S.W. Formosa (E, S.). Tweeddale Coll. 

6. JEgialitis margraata. 
Charadrius 
marginatus, Vieill N. Diet. d>Hi$t. Nat xxvii. p. 138 
(1818); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Layard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 298 (1867); Einsch $> Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 6%4 (1870); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 16, no. 10014 (1871); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, 
p. 338 (Natal); id. Geogr. Bisir. Charadr. p. 161 (1888). 
Charadrius 
leucopolius, WagL Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 65, sp. 28 
(1827); Grill, Zool Anteckn. pp. 11, 52 (1859; Knysna). 

32 . iEGIALXTJS. 
283 

Charadrius nivifrons, Cuv. Regne Anim. p. 501 (1829 : deacr. nulla); 
Less. Traite d?Orn. p. 544 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) j 
Pucker. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 280; Strickl. § Sol Contr. 
Om. 1852, p. 159 (Dainara Land): Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Oursores, 

p. 35(1865). J 
Hiaticula marginata, Gray, List Gralla Brit. Mtis. p. 69 (1844: S. 
Africa). 
Hiaticula leucopolia, LicM. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 94 (1854). 
Leucopolius niveifrons, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
^Igialitis marginata, Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p, 218 (Natal); id. in 

Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 272 (1872: Walvisch Bay; Coast 
south to the Cape); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 85 (Durban); ? Sharpe 
Sf Bowner, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 53 (1876: Landana); 
?Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 433 (1881); Salmn, Cat Strickl Coll. 

p. 598 (1882); Butler, Feilden, # Beid, Zool 1882, p. 341 (Durban 
Harbour). 
iEgialitis niveifrons, Cab. in Von der Dechen, Beis. iii. p. 46 (1869). 
iEgialitis albidipectus, Ridgw. Froe. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 526 

(1883); id. Auk, i. p. 83 (1884). 
P^Egialitis meckowi, Cab. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 437 (Angola); Reiehen. 

J.f. 0. 1885, tab. vi.figs.2 a, 2 b. 
iEgialitis mechorsi (lapsu), Scl. Ibis, 1890, p. 120. 
Leucopolius marginatus, Heine fy Reiehen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 
p. 237 (1890). 
Adult male. General colour above light ashy grey, washed with 
pale rust-colour, very distinct on the scapulars ; rump and central 
upper tail-coverts a little darker brown, sides of rump and lateral 
upper tail-coverts pure white* wing-coverts like the back, the 
marginal ones dusky brown, forming a band along the edge of the 
wing; greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-
bar ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown, the latter 
broadly tipped with white• quills light ashy brown, blackish on 
the outer webs and at the tips, the inner ones for the most part 
white along the outer web; secondaries dark brown, with white 
shafts, the inner ones for the most part white, with a dark patch 
near the end on the inner web, those adjoining the long secondaries 
pure white, the long inner secondaries like the back; the four centre 
tail-feathers dark brown, the next ones brown, externally white, the 
outer ones pure white; crown of head rust-colour, a broad frontal 
band of white extending to above the eye, separated from the rustcolour 
of the crown by a broad black band• a very distinct black 
loral streak from the base of the bill to the eye * sides of face and 
ear-coverts white, with a black line along the upper edge of the 
latter; throat and under surface of body white, with a delicate 
blush of sandy buff from the fore-neck downwards; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white; quills below ashy grey : " bill black; 
feet greyish flesh-colour; iris dark brown" (G. E. Shelley). Total 
length &8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*3, tail 2, tarsus 0*95, middle 
toe and claw 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wanting the blacky bar 
across the crown ; the forehead white, extending backwards in a 
broad eyebrow; the black loral streak indicated by a dusky line, 
and the black on the upper margin of the ear-coverts also replaced 

284: 
CHARADRIIDJE. 
by dusky. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-4, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 1. 

Nestling, Uniform light isabelline-grey, white below. 

It must be noted that Capt. Savile Eeid has marked a bird from 
Durban as a " female" which agrees exactly in colour with the 

male. If this view be correct, the bird described above as the adult 
female is probably the winter plumage of the species. 

2E. mechowi of Cabanis I believe to be the bird in full breeding-
plumage, which would account for the brighter coloration of the 
neck and breast. I find considerable variation in the breadth of 
the black band on the crown, and the birds which I take to be in 
winter plumage are more uniformly grey above, and lack the sandy-
rufous colour of the upper parts, this colour accompanying the 
rufescent colour of the breast, and being apparently a sign of 
breeding-plumage. The birds from Cape Town are all in the greyer 
dress, as also is the bird from Walvisch Bay; all the others have 
the colour of 2EJ. mechoivi. 

The black loral line, which is a specific character in some of the 
Sand-Plovers, seems to be a sign of summer plumage only in others. 
The present species apparently loses it entirely in the winter, and 
the specimen from Walvisch Bay is in nearly full summer plumage, 
but still retains the white lores. 

In the absence of an examination of the type specimen, I agree 
with Mr. Seebohm that Mr. Bidgway's M. albidipeehts is this 
species. 

Hah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal, north to 
Damara-land and possibly Angola. 

a, b. Ad. et pull. South Africa.
sk. 
Sir A. Smith [C.J. 
c. Ad. sk.
d, e. (S ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
Cape Town (E. L. Laya 
Cape Town (B. X. Laya 
George, Knysna (Jr.
rd).
rd). 
C. 
Br. Krauss [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Atmore). 
h, i. Ad. sk. East London, June {C. Major Trevelvan 
k,L <$2 ad. sk.
Newby). 
Durban, Natal, Aug. 25 
[P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
(Capt, Savile Meid). 

Trij n. $ ; o. 2 ad. Walvisch Bay, Damara-land, Tweeddale and Seesk. 
Oct. (C. J. A.), bohm Colls. 

7. JEgialitis pallida. 
Hiaticula 
sp., Gray, List GralL Brit. Mm. p. 69 (1844: River 
Niger) *. 
Charadrius pallidus, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 158 (Damaraland) 
; Safam, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 598 (1882) * 

* There is a synonym,ce H. Jwjwoo&% Thompson," of which the Museum is 
supposed to have the type specimen, which is quoted by Hartlaub and others, 
and even by Gray himself in the ' Hand-list.' The reference given by these 
authors is incorrect, and I have been unable to find tbe place where the name is 
published. 
32. .EGIALITIS. 
^Egialitis marginata (nee F.), Hartl. Orn. Wesb-Afr. p. 21G (1857: 
Gold Coast; River Niger); Cass, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 173 
(Gamma River) j Hartl. J.f 0. 1861, p. 269; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, 

p. 487 (Fantee); Shelley fy Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 290 (Accra); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1873, p. 487 (River Volta); Oustal. Nouv. Arch. 
Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 145 (1879: Gaboon). 
Oharadrius tenellus, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 72 (1861); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 164 (Madagascar); Roch $ E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 169; 

E. Newton, i.e. p. 455; Grandid. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, 
p. 419; Schl. 8r Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 129 (1868); Finsch $r 
Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 655, note (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 16, no. 10018 (1871); Hartl. Fog. Madag. p. 288 (1877); 
Beichen. Fog. Beutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 34 (1894: Lindi). 
Oharadrius niveifrons [nee Cuv.), Schl. P. Z. S.1866, p. 425 (Madagascar) 
; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 419. 
Gharadrius marginatus, var. tenellus, Milne-EdwardsfyGrandidier, 
Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 509 (1879). 
Charadrius marginatus (nee F.), Fischer, J.f.O.1885, p. 115 (Lindi). 
iEgialitis mechowi (nee Cab.), Hartert, J.f. 0.1886, p. 610 (Benue 

River). 
iEgialitis marginatus tenellus, Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. 

p. 163, pi. vii. (1888). 
./Egialitis tenellus, Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Manda Tsl.) j Sibree, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar). 
Leucopolius tenellus, Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 337 
(1890). 

Adult male in hreeding-jplwnac/e. Similar to M. marginata, but 
smaller and having all the secondaries of the same colour, namely 
dark brown edged with white externally, more broadly towards 
the tip, none of the secondaries being pure white: " bill black ; 
feet lead-colour ; iris "brown " (E. Newton). Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 4, tail 1*9, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 0*65. 

Adult in winter plumage (type of C.jpallidus, Strickl. & Scl.). Light 
grey above, without any rufous ; base of forehead, eyebrow, sides of 
face, and under surface of body pure white * lores also white, the black 
loral line obsolete. Total length 6 inches, wing 3*95, tarsus 1*15. 

Hob. Madagascar and East Africa, from the Zambesi north to 
Lindi; West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Niger and Gaboon 
and probably to the Congo and Angola. 

I am unable to determine what the Charadrius marginatus of 
Heuglin (Yog. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1031, tab. xxxiv. fig. 6) can 
be, from the Red Sea, Dahlak Archipelago, and Jeddah. As JE. 
tenella ranges as far as Lindi, it is extremely probable that it extends 
northwards to the Red Sea. 

a. Ad.sk. River Niger. Mrs. Hey wood [PAof UC. heywoodi.) 
(Type 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
el Ad.sk. 
River OgowS, Gaboon. 
Lake Nyasa (Sir J. Kirk), 
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 
Manda Island. 
H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. 
Livingstone Expedition. 
Livingstone Expedition. 
F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]. 

* Dr. Gadow has kindly sent me the type of this species for examination, 
that I find that it must be the winter plumage of M. tenella, over which name 
and of M. pallida takes precedence. 
286 CHABA.DBIIDJE. 

8. iEgialitis venusta. 
Ciiaradrius venustus, Fischer Sf Reichen. J.f O. 1884, p. 178 (Masai 
Land); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 392 (1884: Masai 
Land); id. J.f O. 1885, p. 115 (Nguruman); Reichen. t. c. pi. yi. 
figs. 4 a, 4 b. 

^Egialitis venusta, Cab. J.f 0. 1884, p. 437; Sauza, Jam. Sci. Lisb. 
(2)1 no. 2, p. 117 (1889). 

Adult male. Above brownish grey, the forehead white, bordered 
behind with a black and a reddish-coloured band, the latter continued 
down tbe side of the neck and united to a band on the crop, 
of the same colour; loral streak black ; chin, sides of the head, and 
entire under surface of body white; primary-coverts and primaries 
black, with white shafts, and a white base on the inner web and 
small spots at tip ; middle tail-feathers dark brown, the next with 
the outer web more or less white, the outermost pure white: 
bill black; feet greenish grey. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 3*3, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*9. {Fischer 4' Eeichenow.) 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black band 
behind the forehead, with a paler reddibh-coloured loral streak and 
paler crop-band. (F. <$• JR.) 

Hab. East Africa (Masai Land). 

9. iEgialitis mficapilla. 
Charadrius ruficapillus, Temm. PL Col.w pi. 147. fig. 2 (1823); 

Wag I. Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. ($7, sp. 33 (1827): Gray, Gen. B. 
hi. p. 544 (1847); id. P.Z 8. 18,38, p. 197: id. Cat. Mamm. $ B. 
Few Guin. p. 62 (1859) ^ Rosenb. J.f 0.1804, p. 135 (S. Coast of 
New Guinea); Finsch. Neu-Guin. p. 181 (1865); Sckl. Mm. Pays-
Bas, Cursores, p. 42 (1865); Gray, Jiand-l B. iii. p. 17, no. 10021 
(1871); Seebohm, Geogr. Di&tr. Charadr. p. 164 (1888); Buller, 
B, Xew Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 5 (1868). 

Charadrius inarsrinatus (Geoffr. nee V.), Less. Trailed? Orn. p. 544 

(1831); id. Cbmpl. Buff., Ois. iii. p. 393 (1838). 
IEgialitis canus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 154. 
Hiatieula mficapilla, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 71 (1844: Van 

Diemen's Land); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 17 (1846); Macgill 
Narr. Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (18o2: N.E. Austr.• Torres 
Straits); Kirl-, Trans. K. Zeal. Inst. xiL p. 246 (1880). 

j^gialitis ruficapillus, Reichenb. Voq. XeuholL p. 39, no. 330 (1850); 
id. Grail. Kovit. tab. 174. figs. 2424-25 (1851) ; Eartinq, P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 459, pi. ix. fig. 8 (egg); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337 
(Queensland ; New South Wales, breeding); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. 

N.S. JV. i. p- 384 (1877: Norman Biver, Gulf of Carpentaria), ii. 
p. 197 (1878); Salvad. Ann. Mm. Gen. xviii. p. S26 (1882); id. 
Orn. Papuasia etc. iii p. 302 (1882: S.E. New Guinea); North, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. W. (2) i. p. 1164 (1887), iii. p. 1778 (1889: 
Cumberland, N. S. W.); id. Nests 8r Eggs Amtr. B. p. 306 (1889); 
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: nearly the whole of 
Australia); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 200* (1882); Legge, 
Prvc. Amtr. Assoc. 1892, p. 40. 
Leucopolius ruficapillus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 
JEgialophilus ruficapillus, Gould, Kandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 235 (1805); 


'32. MGciAUxis. 

287 

Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 334 (Port Denison) ; Mathew, JProc. Linn. 
Soe. N. S. W. x. p. 355 (1886: Claremont Isl.) ; Heme §• Meichen. 
Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 337 (1890). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, a little darker on the 
rump and central upper tail-coverts; sides of rump and lateral upper 
tail-coverts pure white; wing-coverts like the back, the lesser wing-
coverts sepia-brown, extending round the bend of the wing to the 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts, the latter fringed with white at 
the ends; the greater coverts tipped with white, forming a wing-
band ; quills ashy brown, blackish along the outer webs and at the 
tips, the shafts white, the inner primaries white towards the base 
of the outer web, the secondaries internally white, the inner ones 
with a good deal of white on the inner web and at the tip, the long 
inner secondaries brown like the back; the four centre tail-feathers 
brown, the next pair white, with more or less brown on the inner 
web, the remainder white; crown of head and entire hind-neck 
cinnamon-rufous, spreading slightly on to the mantle; frontal band 
white, extending above the eye, and separated from the rufous head 
by a narrow band of black, also continued to above the eye ; a loral 
streak of black from the base of the bill to the eye; sides of face, 
ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire under surface white; a narrow line 
of black separating the white of the sides of the face from the rufous 
of the head and neck, and continued down the sides of the neck, 
where there is a black patch; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white; quills below light ashy: "bill dark reddish brown; naked 
part of legs above the tarsi dark greenish grey; tarsi light grey ; 
toes blackish brown; iris very dark brown" {J. Gould). Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4*1, tail 1*55, tarsus 1*1, middle 
toe and claw 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so brightly coloured, 
and the red of the head and neck not so pronounced. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4*1, tail 1*5, tarsus 1. 

The specimen recorded below from Amoy still bears Swinhoe's 
label, but was determined by him as Eiaticula cantiana. It seems 
to me to belong undoubtedly to this species, having the rufous colour 
of the head extending over the hind-neck, and it shows no trace of 
the white collar which is characteristic of JE. cantiana; it has the 
loral streak cinnamon like the head, and the patch at the side of the 
neck Is also cinnamon. This I believe to be a character of young 
birds, as it is seen in all the immature ones in the Collection. The 
only other difference between the young and old birds is the mottled 
appearance, the feathers having rufous margins. 

Hob. Australia and Tasmania, extending to the islands of Torres 
Straits and the south coast of Kew Guinea. Accidental in Few 
Zealand. Probably ranging north to China. 

a, b. Ad. sk. [w. Tasmania, Sept. J. B. Jukes, Esq. 
4-15-4*4]. 

c. 
Ad. sk. [w. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. 
3-95]. 
p.]. 

288 CHAKADEIID.S. 
d, e. Ad. sk. [w. Australia. Purchased. 
8-9-4-1]. 
/ , g. Ad. sk. [w. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 
4-0-4-1]. 
h, i. Ad. sk. [w.
4-05-4*2].
k, I. Ad. sk. [w.
4-1-4-2]. 
m. Ad. sk. [w. 4*2].
n. Ad. sk. [w. 3*9].
o, p, q. Ad. et juv.
sk. [w. 3-95-41]. 
r. $ ad. sk. [w.
4*1].
s,t. d S ad. sk. 
New South Wales. 
New South Wales. 
Port Lincoln. 
Cape York. 
Cape York. 
Keppel Isl., Dec. (/. Maogillivray). 
Eottnest Island, West 
Australian Museum 
-p.l 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
JSalvin-Godman Coll. 
Toy. H.M.S. 'Rat- 
tlesnake.' 
Gould Coll. 
[w. 3-95-4-1.]
u. Ad.sk.[w. 4*1]. 
Australia. 
Amoy, Jan. {R. Swinhoe). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

10. iEgialitis collaris. 
Mbatuitui collar negro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 291 (1803). 

Charadrius collaris, 
VieilL N. Diet. d'Hkt. Nat. xxvii. p. 138 (1817); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 547 (1847); Marti. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847); 
Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 37 (1605) ; Gray, Ha?id-l B. 

iii. p. 16, no. 10017 (1871); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Ckaradr. 
p. 173 (1888). 
Charadrius azarse, Temm. PI Coir. pi. 184 (1823); Lieht. Verz. 
JDoubl. p. 71 (1823); Less. Traiti dOrn. p. 544 (1831); Neuwied, 
Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 772 (1832); Cab. in Schomh. JReis. 
Guian. iii. p. 751 (1848); Burnt. Tk. Bras. iii. p. 360 (1858); id. 
Beise La Plata-St. ii. p. 501 (1861: everywhere); Peh. Orn. 
Bras. p. 297 (1871: Peiby, March; Marambaya, March ; Villa de 
Castro, Dec.; Cuyaba, Jan.; Caicara, May; Barra de Rio Negro, 
April; Cajutuba). 

Charadrius larvatus, Less. Man. d?Om. ii. p. 318 (1828). 

Hiaticula azarse, Gould in Darwin1's Voy. < Beagle/ Birds, p 127 
(1841); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 70 (1844) ; Scl P. Z. 8 
1860, p. 298 (Esmeraldas); id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili). 

Hiaticula collaris, Scl P. Z. S. I860, p. 290 (Babahoyo). 
iEgialitis collaris, Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 197 (Guatemala); Scl.&Salv. 


T> 
r/ Of iQfifi ^, HA. ;*J T> V Cf TOftT _ r m /-*!-_• TX-

Peru), p. 309 (Upper and Lower Ucayali; Santa Cruz, breeding • 
Eariing, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 458, pi. Ix. fig. 7; Later. Bull U.S. Nat. 
Mus. iv. p. 46 (1876: Tehuantepec); Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 67 
(Buenos Ayres, Oct. to Feb.), 1880, p. 424 (Tucuman); White, 
P, Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Punta Lara); Zeledm, Cat. Aves Costa Mica, 

p.30 (1882); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 313 (1884: Lower Uruguay): 
Tacz. 8f Berl P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119 (Ecuador); Sdlvm, Ibis* 1886, 
p. 178 (Bartica Grove); Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 344 (1886; 
Upper and Lower Ucayali; Santa Cruz); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer 
B. p. 179 (1887); Scl. <§• Huds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 173 (1889); Biker 
# Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 163 (1891: Santarem); Graham Kerr. Ibis 
1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 150 (Pilcomayo River); Bichm. Proc. 
U.S. Nat Mus. xvi. p. 526 (1893: Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa 
32 . JEGIA.LIT1S. 
289 
Pica); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 335 (Bonaire); Aptin, Ibis, 1894, 

p; 206 (Uruguay, Dec.^. 

--Egialitis nivosa [nee Cass.), Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 (Ohiapam). 

-Egialitis gracilis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 158; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1885, 

Taf. vi. figs. Za, 3 6. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, varied with, rufous-
margins to all the feathers ; scapulars like the back; rump and 
central upper tail-coverts dark sepia-brown, with rufous margins to 
the feathers; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts pure 
white• wing-coverts like the back, the inner marginal coverts dark 
brown, forming a band on the top of the wing; greater coverts 
tipped with white, forming a narrow wing-bar; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts dark brown, with white tips; quills ashy brown, 
blackish along the outer webs and at the tips, secondaries with 
white tips and with a good deal of white on the inner webs, the 
long inner secondaries brown with rufous margins like the back; 
the six centre tail-feathers dark brown with white tips, the next 
ones ashy brown, dark brown on the inner web and white at the 
tips, the outer feathers white; crown of head and hind-neck, as well 
as the sides of the latter, dark cinnamon-rufous, separated by a broad 
black band from the white forehead, which extends over and round 
the eye ; a distinct black loral streak; sides of face white; upper 
part of ear-coverts rufous like the head; throat and entire under 
surface of body pure white, with a black collar across the fore-neck, 
widening out on the sides of the latter; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries pure white ; quill-lining ashy grey : " bill blackish ; feet 
whitish red ; iris greyish brown" (Neuwiecl): " bill black; feet 
flesh-colour; iris brown" (L. Fraser). Total length 6*3 inches, 
culmen 0-65, wing 4*25, tail 2*15, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 
0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so much rufous 
on the upper surface. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 44 , 
tail 1-95, tarsus 1. 

Hob. South America, ranging northwards into Mexico. Island 
of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. 

a. 
2 ad- sk. [w. Plava Vicente, Vera Oruz, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3-7]. Sec. [M. Trujillo). 
b. 
$ ad. sk. [w. La Antigua, Vera Oruz, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3-9]. Sept. (M. Tmjillo). 
c. Ad. sk. [w. 3*9]. Ohiapam, Guatemala (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d-g. $ $ ad. sk. Momotombo, Nicaragua, May 'Salvin-Godman Coll. 
( W. B. Richardson), 
h. <$ ad. sk. Grenada, July (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Smith), 
u Ad.sk. rw.3*85]. Bogota. Seebohm Coll. 


k. Ad.sk. [w. 3*7]. 
Tntac, Ecuador (C. Ruck- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ley), 
L Ad. sk. [w. 3*75]. Peru. Seebohm Coll. 


m. <$ ad. sk. [w. Laguna de Valencia, Vene- Seebohm Coll. 
3*55]. 
zuela, Sept. 22 (A. 
Qoering). 


VOL. xxiv. 
tf 

CHAEABEIIDJE. 

n. 
Ad. st. Britisli Guiana. Sir B. Sckomburark 
[C.]. 
o. 
5 ad. sk. [w. Bartica Grove, Britisli Salvm-Godman Coll. 
3-65]. Guiana, Hay 18 (H. 
Whitely). 
p, q. $ 2 ad. sk Island of Mexiana, Dec. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[w. 3-8-3-9]. R. Wallace). 
r, s. Ad. sk. [w. Rio Tocantins, Sept. (A. R. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3-65]. Wallace). 
t, u. Ad. sk. [w. Pernambuco (W. A.Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3*85]. 

y. 
Ad. sk. [w. Babia (Dr. Wucherei*). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3-85]. 
to. Ad. sk. [w. [BaLia.] Tweeddaie Coll. 
3-75.] 
x, y. d1 $ ad. sk. Corumba, Matto Grosso, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[w. 3-95-4*2o]. Brazil, Jan. (D. W. Smith). 
z. Ad.sk.[w.4-1]. Pelotas, Eio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joyner). 
a!. 3 ad. sk. [w. Eio Grande, Brazil. Seebobm Coll. 
4-1]. 
£'. $ ad. sk. [w. Mararnbaya, Brazil, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4-1]. (J. Natterer). 
<?'. c? ad. sk. [w. San Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

O.Q"] 

^'.Ad*sk.rw.4*l]. :.rw.4*ll Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e'. Ad.sk :.[w.4*l]. Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres, II. Durnford, Em. 
Oct. 19. 
/'. Ad. sk. [w. Mendoza (Burmeister). Salvin-Godman Coll 
4'05]. 

11, JEgialitis nivosa. 

Hiaticula azarse, Darwin, Voy.l Beagle J Bird*, p. 127 (1841). 
JEgialitis nivosus, Cass, in Baird's B. N. Amer. p. 690 (1858: 
Presidio, California, May). 
Charadrius cantianus (nee Lath.), Heerm. Pacific R. Rep. p. 64 
(1859). 
JEgialitis tenuirostris (nee Hume), Later. Ann. Lyc. N. T. vii. p. 455 
(1862: Cuba). 
JEgialeus tenuii'ostris (nee Hume), Gundl. Bepert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 

i. p. 359 (1866); id. J. f. O. 1875, p. 336 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cuba, 
p. 183 (1876). 
JEgialitis nivosa, 
Coues, Ibis, 1866t p. 274 (San Pedro, California); 
Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 176 (Tambo Vallev, Peru); Hurting, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 305; Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.h- p. 209 (1870: 
Yucatan); Cones, Ibis, 1872, p. 53; Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. 

ii. p. 307 (1874: Mazatlan); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 559 (Cborillos); 
Belding, Broc. U.S. Nat Mm. i. p. 395 (1878: Central California); 
Cooper, op. eii. ii. p. 251 (1879 : San Pedro, California) ; Bidgw. 
op. cit. iii. p. 199 (1880); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15; Zehdon, 
Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883? p. 428 
(Chili); Zehdon, Ifoe. U.S. Nat. Mm. viii. p. 113 (1885); 
Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 346 (1886: Cborillos); FJverm. Auk, iii. 

y. 92 (1886 : Yentura Co., California); Goss, t. c. p. 409 (Kansas); 
id. Auk, iv. p. 8 (1887 : Kansas), p. 344 (Central Kansas, 
breeding); A. O. U. Check-L N. Amer. B. p. 163 (1886); Cory, 
Auk, iv. p. 229 (1887); Berl J. f. O. 1887, p. 134 (Paraguay); 
32 . JEGIALITIS. 
291 

Ridgw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 178 (1887); Sennett, Auk, v. p. 110 
(1888: Corpus Christi, Texas); Cory, B. Westlnd. p. 229 (1889); 
Towns. Proc. US. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 136 (1890: Pacific Coast, 

N. Calif.) ; Berkeley James, Neto List Chilian B. p. 11 (1882); 
Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 95 (1892); Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna, 
no. 7, p. 25 (1893). 
Charadrius cantianus (pt.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 17, no. 10020 

(1871). 
Charadrius tenuirostris, Cray, t. c. p. 16, no. 10011. 
JEgialitis cantianus {nee Lath), Cones, Key N Amer. B. p. 245 

(1872); Seton, Auk, ii. p. 335 (1885 : Toronto). 

iEgialitis cantiana, var. nivosa, Ridqw. Amer. Nat viii. p. 109 
(1874); Cones, B. N.-West, p. 456 (1874); Ridgw. Hep. 40th 
Parallel, p. 604 (1877: "Warm Spring Lake, Utah). 

PiEgialitis microrhyncha, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 109 (1874). 
JEgialitis cantianus nivosus, Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 97 
(1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 603 (1884). 

iEgialitis alexandrina nivosa, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 35 
(1883); Belding, t. c. p. 528 (1883: St. Quentin Bay), p. 530 
(Santa Rosalia Bay), p. 545 (Peninsula of Lower California); 
Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 164 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to JE. alexandrina, but easily distinguished 
by its white lores, which entirely want the blackish or dusky streak 
between the base of the bill and the eye; the black forehead and 
the black patch on the sides of the, chest, as well as the black ear-
streak, are all well developed, but the rufous colour of the head 
is never so strongly pronounced as in JE. alexandrina, and it 
disappears rapidly after the bird has arrived at its breeding-
quarters, so that the head is ashy brown like the back, shaded with 
hoary white. Total length about &5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*15, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 0*95, middle toe and claw 0*7. 

Adult female. Similarly coloured to the male. Total length 
about 6*5 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 4*3, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*9. 

Adults in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
entirely wanting the black on the fore part of the crown, ear-coverts 
or sides of the chest, these parts being brown like the rest of the 
upper surface ; forehead and eyebrow conspicuously white. There 
is a slight indication of a white collar round the hind-neck. 

Young. Besembles the winter plumage of the adult, but has the 
upper surface varied with pale edges to the feathers, producing a 
somewhat scalloped appearance, the margins to most of the dorsal 
feathers, the inner secondaries, and tail-feathers being pale sandy. 

Hah. Western Forth America, throughout Central America and 
Western South America to Peru and Chili. ? Cuba. 

a~-e. <$ ad. [w. 4*15 Corpus Christi, Texas, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
-4#8] ;/-*.$ ad. Oct., Nov. (F. B. Armsk. 
[w. 4*1-4*2]. strong), 

m, n. Ad. sk. [w. California. Seebohm Coll. 
4*2-4-351. 
o, <J ad. sk. [w. Santa Cruz, California, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4*15]. (W. JS. Collins-. Kensh. 
Coll.). 

p. 6 juv.sk. Monte Key, CaL, Sept. 30 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. 
W. Henshaw), 
u2 
292 CHAEADRIID-2E. 

q~x. <$ ad. [w. 4*1-Santa Barbara, CaL, July, Salvin-Godman ColL 
4'3] ;*/-&'.$ ad. Sept., Oct. {H. W. Sen


[w. 4-0-4-2]; d. shaw). 
Pull, sk. 

d\ <$ ad. [>. 4-1] ; San Diego, Gal., Dec. (M. Salvin-Godman ColL 
e', / $ ad. sk. W. Henshaw). 

[w. 4*1]. 
*' A'. Ad. sk. [w. San Pedro, CaL, NOT. (F. Salvin-Godman ColL 
4-15]. L Coues: JEensh. Coll.). 
i'. 2 ad. sk. [w. San Francisco, CaL, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4*15]. (&. W. Hejishaw). 
k'. J ad. sk. [w. San Jacinto, CaL, Aug. 4 Salvin-Godman ColL 
4-15]. (F. Stevens). 
I'. 2 ad. sk. [w. San Jose del Cabo. Lower Salvin-Godman ColL 
4*35]. CaL, Sept. ^(M.'A.Frazar). 
m'. Ad. sk. [w. South America {A. Boucard). Salvin-Godman ColL 

4-SJ. 

w', <?'. c? ad. sk. [w\ Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct., Salvin-Godman ColL 
4-1-4-2]. Nov. (JET. ^Mtehj). 
#'. <$ ad. sk. [w. Tambo Valley, Oct. 25 (H. Seebohm ColL 
4-0]. Whitely). 
a'. Ad. sk. [w. Valparaiso (G. F. Matheio). Seebohm ColL 
4-25]. 
?•'. Ad. sk. [w. Chili. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
4-15]. 
s\ Ad. sk. [w. Chili {A. H. Markham). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
4-4]. 
tf. Ad. sk. [w. 4-1]. Chili. Salvin-Godman ColL 
v!, vf. Ad. sk. [w. Central Chili (Landbeek). Berkeley James Coll. 

4-15-4-21. 
w'.Ad.sk.[w.4-2]. Valparaiso (C. Dancin). Salvin-Godman ColL 

12. JEgialitis melodus. 
Charadrius hiaticula, var., Wilson, Amer. Orn. v. p. 30, pi. 37. fig. 3 
(1812). 

Charadrms melodus, Ord in Wilson's Amer. Orn. vii p. 71 (1824) j. 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. eexx. (c. 1826); Bp. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 74, 
pi. 24 (1832); Audub, Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 154 (1835), v. p. 578 
(1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 223, pi. 321 (1842); Gray, Gen. 

B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; Bp. C. B. xliii- p. 417 (1856) ; Bremer, Proc. 
Boat. Soc. A7. FL. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Schl Mm. Fays-Bus, 
Cursores, p. 29 (1865) ; Gray, FLand-l. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10010 
(1871); Finse.h, Abhandl Bremen, iii. pt. I. p. 62 (1872 : Alaska); 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 121 (1888). 
Charadrius okeni, Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 63, sp. 24 (1827). 
Piping Einged Plover, Nuttatt, Man. B. ii. p. 18 (1834). 
iEgiaiitis melodus, Bp. Comp. List B, Fur. fy iV. Amer. p. 45 


(1838); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 330 (1847); Beichmk Grail 
tab. ccckiv. figs. 2842-43 (1849) ; Cass, in Bairds B. N. Amer. 

p. 695 (1858); Bryant, Proc. Post Soc. M. JE£. vii. p. 121 (1859 : 
Bahamas); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 80 (Jamaica); GundL J. f. 0. 
1862, p. 88 (Cuba) ; Albrecht, t c. p. 205 (Jamaica); Alien, Bull. 
Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 355 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 245 
(1872); Scl. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Meotr. p. 143 (1873); Eeid, 
ZooL 1877, p. 475 (Bermuda, Sept.); Co?*y, B. Bahamas, p. 148 
(1880); Btdgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 218 (1881); Cowi, 
32 . JBGIAMTIS. 
293 
Checkml N Amer. B. p. 97 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 602 (1884); Butcher, Auk, ii. p. 37 (1885: Long Isl.); A. 0. U. 
Chech-l N. Amer. B. p. 162 (1886): Cory, Auk, iv. p. 230 
(1887) j id. B. West Ind. p. 230 (] 889). 
Hiaticula meloda, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 69 (1844). 

JBgialeus melodus, Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. iv. p. 86 (1864); GundL 
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 359 (1866); id. J.f. 0.1875, p. 386 
(Cuba); id. Orn. Cuba, p. 183 (1876); id. Anal Soc. Bsp. Hist. 
Nat. vii. p. 385 (1878: Porto Rico). 

•Charadrius (^Sgialitis) melodus, Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. T. x. p. 383 
^Egialitis meloda, var. circumcincta, Corns, Clieck-l N Amer. B. 

p. 133 (1873); Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 109 (1874) ; Coues, B. 
N.-West, p. 455 (1874); Baird, Brewer, <§• Bidgw. Water-Birds 
N. Amer. I p. 160 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p._ 602 (1884). 
JEgialitis melodus 
circumcincta, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 
pp. 199,221 (1880); Coues, Chech-l N. Amer.B.y. 97 (1882); 
Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 285 (1885 : S.E. Dakota); Breivster, Auk, 

iii. p. 408 (1886: S. Carolina); Allen, t. c. p. 482 (Long Beach, 
Rarnegat Bay); Smith fy Palmer, Auk, v. p. 147 (1888: Potomac 
River); Brown, Auk, vi. p. 70 (1889: Maine) ; Scott, Auk, vii. 
p. 309 (1890: Dry Tortugas); Allen, Auk, x. p. 134 (1893). 
JBgialitis meloda circumcincta,.^. O. U. Check4. N. Amer.B. p. 163 
(1836); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 178 (1887). 
€haradrius melodus circumcinctus, Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. 

p. 122 (1888). 
^Egialitis meloda, Baird, Brewer, <§* Ridqway, Water-Birds N. Amer. 
I p. 160 (1884); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 162 (1886: Lake Manitoba; 
Lake Winnipeg) ; Ridgw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 178 (1887) ; 
Bishop, Auk, vi. p. 147 (1889: Magdalen Isl.); Scott, t. c. p. 159 
(PuntaRassa, Gulf of Florida); Shick, Auk, vii. p. 328 (1890: 
New Jersey); Palmer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 260 (1890 : 
Magdalen Isl.); Thomps. t. c. p. 506 (Manitoba); Cory, Auk, viii. 

p. 351 (1891: Magua Isl.); id. Cat. B. West Ind. p. 95 (1892: 
Bahamas; Greater Antilles); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 15 (1892: Jamaica), 
p. 212 (Florida); Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Massachusetts); 
Dwiqht, Auk, x. p. 8 (1893: Prince Edward Isl.); Mackay, t. c. 
p. 370(MuskegetIsL). 
Adult. General colour above pale greyish brown, including the 
rump and upper tail-coverts; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-
coverts white; scapulars and wing-coverts pale greyish brown like 
the back, with the lesser series rather darker brown, forming a line 
along the bend of the wing; the greater coverts tipped with wbite, 
forming a band across the wing; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
blackish, the latter fringed with wbite; primaries blackish, at the 
«nds and along the outer webs, the greater part of the inner web 
white, extending across the shaft and forming a conspicuous white 
mark for nearly the terminal third of the quill, being accompanied 
by a wbite shaft; the inner primaries with the outer web white 
for nearly the whole length, forming a wing-patch; secondaries 
white, with a blackish mark near the end of the outer web, gradually 
diminishing in size towards the inner secondaries, which are 
pure white; innermost long secondaries very pale brown, with ashy 
margins, only slightly darker than the back; tail-feathers brown, 

294 
CRABABEIJDiB. 

with a white base, and inclining to blackish towards the end of the 

feathers, forming a band, which diminishes in size towards the 

outside ones, where it becomes confined to the inner web and dis


appears altogether on the outer feathers, which are pure white; crown 

of head pale greyish brown like the back, separated from the mantle 

by a broad white 
collar; forehead white, succeeded by a narrow 

band of black, which extends from eye to eye; a tolerably well-

marked white eyebrow; ear-coverts pale greyish* lores, feathers 

below the eye, cheeks, and under surface of body pure white, with 

a large patch on the sides of the fore-neck, not quite meeting in the 

centre, though a 
few of the feathers have black margins; under 

wing-coverts, axillaries, and quili-lining pure white: *'bill orange 

at base, tipped with black; feet orange-yellow " (Baird, Brewer, §-

Bidgway). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4*5, 

tail 1*9, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but apparently never putting 

on a complete preepectoral collar. Total length 6*4 inches,, 

wing 4*85. 

Adults in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but 

wanting the black line across the forepart of the crown, and having 

the patch on the 
sides of the fore-neck ashy brown, becoming 

gradually mixed with black and lastly entirely black as the season 

advances. The bill is wholly black. 

Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but with ashy


fulvous margins 
to the feathers of the upper surface; the brown 

patches at the side of the fore-neck scarcely developed. 

Mr. Ridgway has separated two races of this bird, which he de


fines as the true JE. meloda, chiefly from the Atlantic coasts of the 

United States, north to Southern Labrador, and to the West Indies 

in winter, and 2E. meloda cireumcincta, from the Mississippi Yalley 

north to Lake Winnipeg. This last race has the black band con


tinuous across the chest • but I do not see any reason for supposing 

that this is any more than the sign of a very old bird, for every in


termediate link is shown in a series in the Museum. Thus we 

have two fully adult birds from the 49th Parallel Survey, one with 

a complete band, and one without, and the same thing is found in 

birds from Waukegan, Illinois. Winter birds from Texas show 

every possible gradation. 

Bab. North America, wintering to the south. Bermudas; Baha


mas ; Cuba; Jamaica. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Hudson's Bay. Sir G. Back [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. 
North America. Old Coll. 
c. d. <S ad. sk. Lake of Woods (G. Dawson). N. A. Bound. Oomm. 
e. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel {G. Dawson). N. A. Bound. Oomm.. 
fi 9} h-6 $ act. Waukegan, Illinois, April, Salvin-Goclman Coll. 
sk. 
June (JE. W. Nelson: 
Hensh. Coll.). 


i. 
Ad. sk. St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Salvin-Godman ColL 
May {Osburn). 
h. Ad. sk. New Jersey. J. J. Audubon, Esq*. 
I, m. Ad. sk. New Jersey. Salvin-Godman Colt 
32 . JSGIALITIS. 
295n, 
o, p. Ad. sk. Massachusetts (Hensh. Coll.), Salvin-Godman Coll. 

q. Juv. sk. Cobb's Island, Virginia, Aug. 1 Salvin-Godman Coll 
{Hensh. Coll.). 
r-a'. £ 2 
axL Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
hiem. sk. Nov. (F. B. Armstrong). 

13. JEgialitis occidentalis. 
^Egialitis occidentals, Cab. J. f. 0. 1872, p. 158; id. J. f. 0.1885, 
pi. vi. fig. 1; ScL P. Z. S. 1886, p. 403 (Tarapaca) ; Berkeley 
James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892). 

Oharadrius 
occidentalis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 174 
(1888). 

Adult male. Similar to 2E. nivosa, and like that species having 
perfectly white lores, but differing in its slightly larger size and 
black legs: "bill and legs black; iris dark brown" (Bdhmer\ 
Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 075, wing 4*7, tail 2, tarsus 1*05. 
middle toe and claw 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so rufous on the 
head. Total length about 6*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*6, 
tail 1*9, tarsus 1*05. 

Hah. Province of Tarapaca, Chili. 

a-d. S ad. [w. Tarapaca, Jan., Feb. (Bahmer). Berkeley James Coll. 
4*6-4*8]; e. £ 
ad.sk. [w. 4*6]. 

a<l' sk.

f, g. S 5 Sacaya, April, May (A. A. Berkeley James Coll. 

[w. 4*6-4-65]. Lane), 
h, i. cf ? ad. sk. Laraquete, Tarapaca, Aug. (A. Berkeley James Coll. 
A. Lane). 
14. JEgialitis faMandica. 
Charadrius falklandicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 747 (1790: Falkland 
Is.); Vieill. N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xxvii. p. 141 (1818)*, Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847); Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 417 (1856); Schl. 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 36 (1865: Falklands) ; Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 16, no. 10006 (1871); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 156 (1888). 

Charadrius trifasciatus, LicH. Verz. Doubl. p. 71 (1823: Montevideo) r. 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847). 
Charadrius pyocephalus, Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. p. 46 (1826 : 

Falkland Is.); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 331 (1828). 
Charadrius pyrrocephalus, Less. Toy. Coquille, p. 719 (1826). 
Charadrius annuligems, Wagl. Syst. Av., Oharadrius, p. 59, sp. 13 

(1827). 
Hiaticula bifasciata, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Andes of Chili). 
Hiaticula falklandica, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1844). 
Hiaticula trifasciata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854: 

Montevideo). 

^Egialitis 
falklandica, ScL P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.); 
Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 (Falkland Is., breeding in Sept.); Scl 
$ Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 188 (Sandy Point, Dec; Gregory Bay, 
May); iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas, Buenos Ayres) ; 
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro, Patagonia); Scl 8r 

CHAEADBIID^B. 

Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); Parting, P. Z. S.1874, 

p. 457, pi. lx. % 6 (egg); Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 402 (Central Patagonia) 
; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos 
Ayres, breeding in Aug. & Sept.); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 313 (1884: 
Concepcion, Lower Uruguay); Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 134 
(Paraguay) ; Scl $ Huds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 172 (1889); Bidgw. 
Proc. UA Nat. Mus. xii. p. 136 (1889: Laredo Bay) ; Holland, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 19 (Argentine Bep., July) ; Berkeley James, New 
List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (E&tancia 
Espartilla, March to Sept.), 1893, p. 468 (migrant from Patagonia). 
Charadrius (iEgialitis) falklandicus, Oust. Miss. Sou Cap Horn, Ois. 

p. 114 (1891). 
Adult male. General colour aboye dark ashy brown : wing-coverts 
like the back, with a narrow fringe of white to the ends of the 
greater series; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black, 
the latter brown on the inner web, which is lined with whitibh, the 
shafts of the outer primaries entirely white, those of the inner primaries 
white for the subterminal portion only, the base of these quills 
being white on the outer web, causing a speculum ; secondaries 
ashy brown, fringed with white at the ends, the inner secondaries 
like the back; lower back, rump, central upper tail-coverts, and 

•central tail-feathers blackish brown, darker than the resr of the 
back; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts white; all but 
the centre tail-feathers light ashy, the three outermost with white 
shafts and white at the ends, the white extending down the middle 
of the penultimate feather, the outermost one being entirely white; 
•central and hinder part of crown, nape, hind-neck, and sides of 
neck cinnamon-rufous; forehead and lores white, separated from 
the red crown by a broad band of black; ear-coverts black, this 
colour extending along the sides of the throat; feathers below the 
eye, cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure white, with a 
band of black across the fore-neck, and a second, much broader, 
black band across the breast; under wing-coverfc and axillaries 
white; the outer coverts mottled with ashy bases, the lower 
primary-coverts ashy like the quill-lining: "bill, feet, and claws 
black; iris wood-brown" (H. Zktrnford). Total length 7 inches, 
-culmen 0*8, wing 4*9o, tail 2, tarsus 1*1. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with the black 
band on the forehead and ear-coverts less strongly defined; the 
rufous on the hinder crown and hind-neck paler and less pronounced, 
and inclining to ashy grey on the hinder crown and nape. 
Total length 7 inches, wing 4*9. 

Young. Light brown, all the feathers having pale ashy margins ; 
wings and tail as in the adults; crown of head and hind-neck like 
the back, and mottled in the same way with ashy margins to the 
feathers; but no rufous apparent anywhere, though there is a 
slight tinge of buff over the eye and behind the ear-coverts ; forehead, 
lores, cheeks, and under surface of body white, the two black 
bands of the adult being replaced by brown ones. 

Hah. Palkland Islands. Patagonia to Chili and the Argentine 
Eepublic. 

32 . .dBGIALITIS. 
<<a-d. Ad. sk. 
Falkland Islands. AntarcticExpedition. 

e. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Gould Coll. 
!/• &&• sk. "Uranie Bay, Falklands, May. McCormiek Bequest. 
g. Inim. sk. South America. The Admiralty [P.]. 
h. 
Ad. sk. Port Julian, Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett & 
Capt. Fitzroy [P.*]. 
2. 
S ad.; k. $ Eio Negro, Patagonia, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. (W. H. Hudson). 
h 
m* <5 S ad.: Chupat, Patagonia, Sept., Dec. H. Durnford, Es£. 
n, o. Imm. sk. 

p, q. Imm. sk. Chili. Bridges Coll. 
r, *, *. Ad. sk. Central Chili. Berkeley James Coll. 

m 

u. 
2 imm. sk. Province Santiago, Chili (Leu- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
bold), K U 
15. JEgialitis pecuaria. 
Charadrius varius (nee Linn.), Vieill N. Diet d'Eist. Nat. xxvii. 
p. 143 (1818). 
Charadrius pecuarius, 
Temm. PI Col v. pi. 183 (1823) ; Licht. Verz. 
Boubl p. 71 (1823) ; Wagl Syst. Av., Charadrius, p. 60, sp. 17 
(1827); Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 544 (1831); KittliU, Kupf. Vog. 

p. 26, tab. 34. fig. 1 (1833); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847) ; 
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. 
pp. 11, 52 (1859: Knysna; Cape Town); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 34 (1865); Grand. Men. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 419 ; 
Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 297 (1870: Zoulla, June); id. #• 
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 662, note (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 16, no. 10015 (1871) ; Eeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. 1, 
p. 1035, Taf. xxxiv. fig.'7 (1873); Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 291 
(1877); Peichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 11; Fischer, J. f O. 1879, 
p. 284 (Mambrui); id. fy Peichen. t.c. p. 337; Milne-Edwards ty 
Grandidie?', Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 511 (1882); Fischer, J.f O. 
1885, p. 115 (Mambrui); Seebohm, Geogr. Eistr. Charadr. p. 158 
(1888); Peichen. J.f.O. 1890, p. 107 (Cameroons); Emin,J.f O. 
1891, p. 58; Peichen. t. c. p. 141; id. J.f 0.1892, p. 7 (Bukoba); 
id. Vog. Eeutsch-Ost~Afr. p. 34 (1894: Ugogo ; Kar<Sma; Masai 
Steppe3; Tanganyika * Kagehi; Bukoba); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, 
p. 74 (Lake Shirwa). 
Charadrius pastor, Cuv. Mus. Paris; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 319 
(1828); id. Compl Buff. ix. p. 394 (1837). 
Hiaticula pecuaria, Pilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 118 (1845: Egypt); 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854: Nubia). 
JEgialitis pecuarius kitlittzi, Peichenb. Grail Taf. cv. fig. 1063 (1851). 
Charadrius isabellinus, Milller, Naum. 1851, pt. iv. p. 29 (Sennaar). 
JEgialitis pecuarius, Strickl Ann. fy Mag. N. E. (2) ix. p. 348 

(1852: Kordofan) ; Eeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856: Egypt); 
Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 215 (1857 : Ashantee; Cape Lopez); Cass. 
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 173 (Camma River); Eeine, J.f.O. 
1860, p. 199; SartL J. f. O. 1861, p. 268; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 68 (Nile, near Girgeh) ; Layard, t. c. p. 250; Gurney in Anderss. 
B. Bam. Ld. p. 274 (1872 : Otjimbinque, Damara-land, not 
breeding); Shellei/, B. Egypt, p. 239 (1872) ; id. <$r Buckley, Ibis, 
1872, p. 293 (Cape Coast Castle); Earting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 457, 
pi. Ix. fig. 4 (egg); Sharpe fy Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool France, i. 
p. 313 (1876: Ohiloango, Landana) ; Oustalet, Nouv. 
Arch. Mus. 
(2) ii. Bull p. 145 (1879 : Gaboon) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 432 
(1881: Benguela); Eartert,J.f.O. 1886, p. 610 (Kaura; Sokoto; 
298 CHABADEITD^:. 

Anassawara); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 30-3 (Manda Isl.; Jipi); id, 

P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49 (Kibiro). 
Hiaticula pectoralis, Licht. Komencl. Ac, Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854; 
Kaflraria). 

Hiaticula frontalis, Licht. Komenel. Ai\ p. 94 (S. Africa). 

JEgialitis lon^ipes (nee Temm.), Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1856: 

Blue and White Kiles; Nubia). 

Leucopolius pecuarius, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 {1856); Antin. Cat. 

descr, Uec. p. 96 (1864: Egrypt) ; Seine § Reicken. Nomencl. Mus, 

Rein. p. 337 (1890 : Egypt). 

Leucopolius kitlittzi, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 

Charadrius Mtlittzi, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 297 (1867: Cape 

Colony J; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 16, no. 10016 (1871: Egypt & 

Nubiaj. 

iEgialitis kitlittzi, Newton, Ibis, 1867, p. 251 (Cape Town) ; Ayresf 

Ibi\ 1869, p. 300 (Transvaal). 

iEgialitis varius, Hariiny, Ibis, 1873, p. 262, pi. viii.; At/res, Ibis, 
1878, p. 299 (Transvaal, breeding in August), lfc80, p. 267 (Transvaal) 
; Salvin, Cat Strichl. Coll. p. 39 ^ (I&h2: Kordofan)* Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 218 (1884: Lakt* Cialalaka, Shoa); 
Sliarpe, ed. Layar&s B. S. Afr. p. 661 (1884). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, -with paler margins to 
most of the feathers of the upper surface; the lower back, rump, 
and central upper tail-coverts blackish brown, the sides of the rump 
and lateral upper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts like the back, with 
pale margins to the feathers, but with no more than a white fringe 
to the greater coverts, so that there is no conspicuous wing-bar; 
marginal coverts blackish, forming a band along the edge of the 
wing; primary-coverts and quills blackish, with white shafts to the 
first primary and with little or none on the inner primaries, the 
secondaries blackish brown, narrowly fringed with white at the 
ends, the innermost secondaries like the back; the four central tail-
feathers blackish brown, the next pair smoky brown with white 
tips, the lateral feathers white with a shade of smoky brown on 
the outer web; crown of head brown; forehead white, extending 
backwards in a broad eyebrow and forming a collar round the nape, 
this succeeded by a blackish shade on the upper mantle, which is 
united to a broad black band traversing the ear-coverts and joining 
the lower eyelid and black loral streak, the white forehead 
separated from the crown of the head by a tolerably broad 
band of black, which is again followed by an indistinct line 
of white; sides of face, throat, and underparts white, with the 
exception of the chest and sides of breast, which are tinged with 
rusty; on each side of the chest a brown patch; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white like the breast; quills below white, 
internally ashy: " tibia and toes bluish black, the tarsus greyish; 
iris very dark brown " (C. J". Andersson). Total length 6-5 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3*95, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 
0*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*9, tail 1*6, tarsus 1*15. 
The third primary never seems to have a white shaft, though 

32. -asGiAXiTis. 
sometimes an infinitesimal line of white occurs on the latter, and 
this is mostly the case with East-African individuals. Some of 
those from the Gape Colony are not only rather larger in size, but 
have two or three primaries uniformly brown-shafted. 

Young birds differ from the adults in wanting the black band on 
the forehead, so that the crown is entirely like the back ; the forehead, 
eyebrow, and sides of face are tinged with rusty, and there is 
no black on the upper mantle. 

Hah, Africa generally, extending into the Delta of Egypt. 

a.Ad.sk.[w.3-9]. Egypt, March 8. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
[P.]. 

b. Ad. sk. [w, Tani, Soudan. Capt. Willoughby 
3-95]. Verner [P.]. 
c, d. (S $ ad. sk. Kibiro, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.]. 

[w. 4-0]. June. 
e, /. 6 2 ad. sk. Lake Jipi, Aug., Sept. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[w. 3-9-3-95]. 
[P.]. 
ac^ sk*

a, h. <$ J Manda Island. E. J. Jackson, Esq. 

[w. 3-9-3-95]. pp.]. 
i k7 I. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 
[w. 3-9-4-0]. 
Livingstone Exped. 
m, 
(S ad. sk. |_w. Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
4-25]. Sha-rpe Coll. 

n. 
$ ad. sk. [w. Potckefstroom, Aug. 16 (T. Gurney Coll. 
4:1]. Ayres). 
o. 
9 ad. sk. [w. Kingwilliamstown, April 30 Major Trevelyan 
4-3]. (C. Newly). [P.], 
p. 
$ ad. sk [w. Port Elizabeth, May 18 (J. C. Seebohm Coll. 
4*1]. . Richard), 
a, r. Ad. sk. [w. Cape Colony (JS. L. Layard). Salvin-Goduian Coll. 
4-3-4-35]. 
$. Ad. sk. [w. 4*1]. Cape Colony. Seebohm Coll. 

t. 
Ad. sk. [w. South Africa. • Sir A. Smith. 
4-35]. 
u, v. <$ $ ad. [w. Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Seebohm Coll. 
4*2]; w. $juv. Nov., March (C. J. Anderssk. 
son). 

x. 
<$ ad. ; y, s. Otjimbinque, Jan., Nov. (C. J. Gurney Coll. 
Juv. sk. A.). 
a'. Ad. sk. [w. Monteiro Seebohm Coll.

 Angol
AngolAngola
aa (J. 
(J.(J. J. 
J.J. Monteiro).
3*95]. 


b'. Ad. sk. [w. Gaboon (Duehaillu). Tweeddale Coll. 
4-0]. 

c\ Ad. sk. [w. Fantee (H. T. Ussier). Seebohm Coll. 
3*951 
d\ Ad. • ef, f. Cape Verd, Senegambia. L. Laglaize [C.]. 

Juv. sk. [w. 

3-95]. 

16. JEgialitis sanctae helense. 
Charadrius pecuarius (nee Temm.), Layard, Ibis, 1867, p. 251 j 
Newton, t. c. pp. 251, 252, note; Baker, Zool. 1868, p. 1475; 
Mettiss. Ibis, 1870, p. 104. 
iEgialitis sancta3 helenge, Harting, Ibis, 1873, p. 266, pi. IX. ; Melliss, 
St. Helena, p. 95, pi to p. 88 (1875). 

CHABADEIHLE. 

Charadrius sanct^e Helenas, Seebohm, Geogr. Disir. Charadr. p. 160 
(1888). 
Adult. Similar to JE. pecuaria, but much larger. Total length 
7-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*4, tail 2, tarsus 1-55. 
Hab. Island of St. Helena. 

a, b. Ad. ak. St. Helena. Old Collection. 
</ 4d sk St. Helena. J- H. Le Keux, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Inim. 'sk. St. Helena. Dr. GiUesme [P.J. 
e Ad sk St. Helena. Seebohm Coll. 
f,y> 6 2 ad- s k St* Helena *
(Type of species.) 
Seebohm Coll. 

17. JEgiaJitis melanops. 
Charadrius melanops, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviL p. 139 
(1818); Gray, Gen. B. ill. p. 544 (1847). 

Charadrius nigrifrons, 
Temm. PI. Col v. pi. 47.fi<r. 1 (1823); Less. 
Traite dOrn. p. 544 (1831); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856); ScM. 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Gursores, p. 31 (1865); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. 

p. 16, no. 10008 (1871). 
jEgiaiitis nigrifrons. Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 978 ; Gov Id, Syn. B. Aztstr. 
pi. 32. £g. 1 (1837); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 232 (1885); 
Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 334 (Port Denison): Blyth, IMs, 1867, 

p. 165: Harting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 450, pi. lx. %. 9; Ramsay, 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337 (Queensland, brsedimr); id. Proe. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. ii. p. 197 (1878); Hume, Str. FMi. p. 438 (1878), viii. 
p. 112 (1879); North, Proe. Linn. Soc. N S. W. (2) i. p. 1164 
(1887); Ramsay, op. eit. (2) ii. p. 171 (1888 : Derby, X.W. 
Austr.); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: Australia generally, 
except N. Austr. and Cape York) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Disir. 
Charadr. p. 138 (1888); Forth, Nests $ Er/gs Austr. B. p. 304 
(1889); id. Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) "iii. p. 1778 (1889: 
Cumberland, N.S.W.); Cox $ Hamilton, op. cit. (2) iy. p. 419 
(1890: Mudgee District): North, t. c. p. 1025 (Kaeburne, N.W. 
Australia); Legge, Proe. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 39. 
Charadrius russatus, Jerd. Madr. Jour. xii. p. 213 (1840: Madras). 

Hiaticula nigrifrons, 
Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 71 (1844); 
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi*. 20 (1845): Start, Exp. Centr. Austr. ii. 
App. p. 49 (1849); Blyih, Cat. B.'Mus. As. Soc. p. 264 (1849); 
Reichenb. Vaq. Neuholl p. 42 (1850) : Licht. NomencL At. Mus. 
Berol p. 94 (1854). 

Adult male. General colour above dark sandy brown, with darker 
brown bases to the feathers; rump slightly washed with rufous; 
sides of lower back and sides of rump white ; lesser wing-coverts 
dark brown; median and greater series ashy brown, with blackish 
shaft-stripes, and mottled with the whit© inner webs to the 
feathers; the greater coverts paler ashy brown, with white tips; 
scapulars deep maroon-chestnut, forming a conspicuous patch down 
each side of the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries 
black, the secondaries white on the inner web, dark brown on the 
outer one, the brown decreasing in extent towards the inner 
feathers till it becomes obsolete and disappears on the inner 

32. ^eiAxiTis. 
secondaries, so that two at least of these are pure white; the innermost 
long secondaries brown, externally lighter brown, washed with 
rufous; upper tail-coverts rufous, with blackish centres to most of 
them; centre tail-feathers blackish, the next ones ashy brown at 
the base and tipped with white, before which there^is a sub-terminal 
black band, decreasing in extent towards the outer feathers, the 
outermost being entirely white, with a little spot of black near the 
end of the inner web only; crown of head brown; forehead and lores 
black, as well as the feathers above and below the eye, extending 
in a band along the ear-coverts, and joining a black patch on the 
hind-neck; this black band separated from the brown crown by a 
broad superciliary line of white, which starts from behind the 
lores, encircles the sides of the crown, and meets on the nape; 
cheeks, throat, and underparts white, with a broad black collar on 
the fore-neck, descending to a point on the breast, and uniting 
laterally with the black collar round the hind-neck; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, those round the bend of the wing 
blackish like the lower surface of the primaries: " bill orange at 
the base and black at the tip; feet orange flesh-colour in some, in 
others pale flesh-colour; eyelid bright red; iris dark brown;1 

(J. Gould). Total length 6 inches, culmon 0*65, wing 4*4, tail 2*1, 
£arsus 0*9. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage, but with the 
maroon scapulars somewhat paler. Total length 5*8 inches, wing 
4*3. 

Young. Eeproduces the colours of the adult, but has the whole 
of the upper plumage mottled with sandy-buff edges to the feathers, 
with generally a sub-marginal line of dusky blackish; scapulars 
blackish, with maroon tips to the feathers as well as to the lesser 
wing-coverts; head entirely brown, with no black on the forehead; 
eyebrow sandy buff; nape with a white patch; under surface of 
body white, with no black band on the fore-neck, but some of the 
lateral feathers of the latter mottled with dusky bases. 

Hab. Australia. Supposed to have occurred once in Madras. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Es^. [P.]. 
b Ad sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
c. Ad.sk. Australia. Lady Carrington [P.]. 
d Ad. sk. Australia. Tweeddale (Joll. 
e Ad sk. South Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
fa Ad.sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
hi Ad.sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum. 
k Ad sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
1. Ad. sk. Wellington, N.S.W. Lord Leigh [P.] 
m, n, o. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salym^odman Coll. 
P,q. 3 $ ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll. 
r. Ad. sk. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll. 
s Ad sk. N. W. Australia. J. &• Llsey, Lsq. [P._. 
i d ? ad-5 u> Derby, N.W. Australia (T.-ff. Capt. Bowyer Bowe •r 
* v. Juv. sk. 
Bowyer Bower). |PJ- .. 
w. 
6 ad. sk. Eiver Avon, Western Aus- Gould Coil, 
tralia, June 17. 
302 CHAEADEITDJE. 

18. JEgialitis CTLCulIatns. 
Oharadrius cucullatus, Vieill. N. Diet. cTEist. Nat. xxvii. p. 136 
(1818); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 544 (1847). 

Oharadrius monachus, Wagl. Syst Ai\, Charadrius, p. 60, sp. 15 
(1827) ; Less. Traite cTOm. p. 545 (1831); Schl Mus. Bays-Bas, 
Cursores, p. 35 (1865): Gray, Eand-l B. Iii. p. 16, no. 10007 
(1871); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 127, pi. T. (1S88). 

iEgialitis nionachus, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. pi. 32. fig. 2 (1837); id. 

B. Aastr. part % pi. 10 (1838, cancelled) ; id. Eandb. B. Austr. 
ii. p. 231 (1865); Ramsay ^ Broc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. p. 197 
(1878), yii. p. 57 (1883: egg); North, op. cit. (2) L p. 1164 
(1887) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: "Wide Bay 
distr.; Bichniond and Clarence Rivers; X. S. W.; Victoria; 
Tasmania; W. Australia); North, Nests Ǥ* Eggs Austr. B. p. 304 
(1889); Heine $ Reichen. Nomencl Mm. Ec-in. p. 336 (1890); 
Legge, Broc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 39. 
fliaticula monacha, Gray, List Grail. Brit Mm. p. 70 (1844); 
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 18 (1848); Reichcnb.Vdg. Neuholl p. 207 
(1850). 

Hiaticula cucullata, Licht. Nomencl. Ai\ Mm. Berol p. 94 (1854). 
Leucopolius nionachus, BJJ. 0. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy grey, the rump ashy 
only in the middle, the sides being white; wing-eoverts like the 
back, but the median series rather lighter, the greater series broadly 
tipped with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown, and slightly fringed with white at the tips; the 
quills with a large white patch across both webs, including the 
shaft, and leaving the end of the feather blackish; the secondaries 
white, with a sub-terminal mark of brown, decreasing gradually in 
extent and becoming obsolete on the inner secondaries, which are 
pure white; the innermost long secondaries ashy like the back; 
central upper tail-coverts blackish brown, the lateral ones white ; 
centre tail-feathers blackish brown, the others white for the most 
part and tipped with white, before which is a sub-terminal band of 
blackish brown, which becomes gradually smaller towards the 
outer feathers, which are entirely white; crown of head and nape, 
as well as the sides of the face, sides of neck and throat, black, 
enclosing a broad white collar round the hind-neck, which is 
followed by a black mantle-patch, which joins the black throat 
laterally; a whitish spot below the eye; remainder of under surface 
of body pure white, with a black patch on the sides of the chest ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, like the quill-lining: 
" bill rich orange at the base, passing into yellow and Hack at the 

tip; legs flesh-colour; eyelid rich reddish orange or scarlet; iris 
yellowish or orange-brown * (J. Gould). Total length 8*3 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 5*4, tail 2*6, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
8 inches, wing 5*5. Mr. Gould says that the female differs from 
the male in having the crown mottled with black and white, the 
face and throat white, and in having only a narrow Hue of black 
at the base of the neck behind. 

33 . PLTTVIAtfELLUS. 
303 

Young birds, according to Mr. Gould, may be known by having 
the feathers of the back and upper surface narrowly fringed with 
brownish black. 

Hob. Australia and Tasmania. 

a. 
Ad.; b. Juv. Australia. Purchased. 
&t. 
c. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Australia. II. Brown, Esq. HP.]. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
g. 2 ad. sk. Ulladulla, New South Wales, Hume Coll. 
July. 
h, i. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

k. 
tfad.; /. Ad. Flinders Island, Bass' Straits, Voy JI.M.S.'Herald.' 
sk. Jan. 17 (F. M. Rayner). 
33. PLUYIAUELLUS. 
Type. 
Pluvianellus, Jacq. et Pucher. Voy. Pole Sud, ZooL iii. 


p. 124 (1853) ' P. sociabiHs. 
Range. Confined to Patagonia. 
1. Pluvianellus sociabilis. 
Pluvianellus sociabilis, Jacq. et Pucher. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. 
p. 125, pi. 30 (1853 : Straits of Magellan): Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 22, no. 10071 (1871). 
Pluvianellus socialis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 549 (1846). 
Strepsilas sociabiHs, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 541 (1877). 
Charadrius sociabilis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 107, pi. ii. 
(1888: Tova Harbour, Patagonia): Oust. Miss. Sci Cap Horn, 
Ok. p. 288 (1891). 

Adult. General colour above light grey or dove-colour; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series tipped with white, forming 
a wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown, 
the inner ones of the latter series tipped with white ; quills blackish 
brown on the outer webs and at the end of the inner web, paler 
grey on the inner web, the feathers white-shafted for more than 
their terminal half, and the inner primaries white for some distance 
along the outer web; secondaries white at the base, brown near 
the end of the outer web; this brown colour gradually diminishing 
in extent towards the inner secondaries, which are quite white, 
the innermost long secondaries grey like the back; median upper 
tail-coverts blackish, the lateral ones white; centre tail-feathers 
blackish, with some white on the outer web, the next pair white on 
the outer web, blackish on the inner one, the remainder white, 
dusted with brown on the outer web; crown of head like the 
back, the forehead inclining to whitish; lores dusky; sides of face 
and throat greyish white, becoming darker grey on the ear-coverts 
and sides of neGk, which resemble the back; across the fore-neck 
and chest a broad band of light brown, washed with ashy; 

304 
CHAKADEIIDJE. 

remainder of under surface of body, including the under wing- and 

tail-coverts, white: " iris, legs, and feet, pink " (J". Young). Total 

length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 5*35, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Patagonia. 

a. Ad. sk. Patagonia. Capt King "P.], 
34. THTKTOBinS. 
Type. 

Thinoxnis, Gray, Toy. Ereh. $• Terr., Birds, p. 11 
(1846) T. novse zealandia?. 

Range. Confined to Xew Zealand and the Chatham Inlands. 

1. TMnomis novse zealandiae. 
New Zealand Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. i00, pi. Ixxxiii. 
(1785 : Queen Charlotte's Sound). 
Charadrius novae zealandige, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. Ub4 (1788); VieilL 

N. Diet d'Hist Nat xxvii. p. 143 (1818) ; tSeebohm,? Geoar 
Distrib. Charadr. p. 128 (1888). * 
Charadrius dudoroa, Wagl. Hyst. Aw, Charadrius, p. 60 sp 14 
(1827). ' ** 
Hiaticula novse zealandige, Gray in JDieffenb. Trar N Zeal ii 
App. p. 195 (1843). 
Charadrius torquatula, Forst. Icon. ined. tab. 121; id. Descr. Anini 

p. 108 (1844). 
Thinornis 
novas zealandiae, Gray, Toy. Ereb. §* Terr., Birds p 1*> 
pi. ii. (1846) ; id. Gm. B. iii. p. 545 (1847); Bp. C 11 xliii 

p. 417 (1856); Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 234; Huttun, Mis., 1870. p. 394 
(Great Barrier Isl.); Ifasch, J.f. 0.1870, p. 431; Gray. Mand-L 
B. iii. p. 17, no. 10022 (1871); Sutton, Ibis, 1S72 p. 246 
(1888) ; E. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 528, pi. xiv. figs, o, 0 (eg-sL 

pi. xv. fig. 2 (pull.). 
" 

? Charadrius atricinctus, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7469 (New Zealand). 

Strepsilas novas zealandise, SeM. Mi/s. Paifb-Bas, (Jursores n 45 

(1865 : New Zealand). 
' F 

^IcZwZi wiaZe. General colour above dark brown, with slight 
margins of paler brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the 
median and greater coverts rather greyer, with dusky streaks, the 
greater coverts tipped with white, forming a wing-bar; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts blackish, the latter tipped with white; 
quills light brown on the inner web, blackish on the outer web 
and at the end ot the inner web ; the shaft of the primaries white 
before the ends, extending a little on each side of the shaft, and 
occupying the base of the outer web, forming a wing-patch ; 
secondaries blackish brown, edged with white at the ends, and with 
white bases, the white increasing in extent and the brown on the 
outer web decreasing, until on the inner secondaries the latter colour 
disappears, and these quills are entirely white; the long innermost 

34 . THINORNTS. 
305 

secondaries dark brown, with narrow whitish margins to some 
of the feathers; rump and central upper tail-coverts "black, the 
lateral ones white; centre tail-feathers black, the next ones ashy-
brown, tipped with white, and with a distinct sub-terminal mark of 
black, almost obsolete on the penultimate feather, the outermost 
being pure white; crown of head brown, slightly varied with darker 
brown centres, and surrounded by a band of white, not quite so 
strongly marked round the nape; forehead, lores, entire sides of 
face, and throat black, extending over the sides of the neck and 
forming a collar across the mantle ; remainder of under surface of 
body pure white, excepting for some brown feathers on the sides of 
the upper breast and on the outer aspect of the thighs ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pure white, the lower primary-coverts grey, 
like the quill-lining : " legs pale yellow; iris light red with blue-
black centre" (T. Hawkins): "eyelid red; bill orange for more 
than half its length, then black to the tip; tarsi and toes orange ; 
claws black; iris black" (W. L. Butter). Total length • 7 inches, 

culnien 1*05, wing 4*7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Bather smaller and duller in colour than the male, 
and with less orange on the bill and feet (W. L. Butter). 

Young. Differs from the adult in having only the basal part of 
the bill yellow, and the forehead white like the eyebrow and sides of 
face ; throat also white instead of black. In a young malo obtained 
by Mr. W. Hawkins in the Chatham Islands in May, the forehead 
and throat are much dappled with black, apparently signs of the 
approaching adult plumage. There appear to be no additional 
sandy margins to the feathers of the upper surface, usual in the 
immature Sand-Plovers; but certainly these white-throated birds 
cannot represent the winter plumage of the species, as black-
throated specimens were killed on the same day. 

Sir "Walter Puller believes that the type-specimen of Thinomis 
rossi, from the Auckland Islands, represents the young of T. novce 
zealanclim; but this is certainly not correct, for the bird in question 
is quite adult, and must, in my opinion, belong to a distinct species. 

Nestling. Principally sandy-coloured above, with minute spots or 
freckles of black and greyish white, with an indication of a black 
line round the nape; the region of the wing rather more rufous ; 
entire under surface pure white. 

Hob. New Zealand; Chatham Islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Ear], Esq. 
c-f. <$ 2 ad. et imm.; Chatham Islands, May. Dr. II. 0. Forbes [C.]. 

g. Pull. sk. 
2. Thinornis rossi. 
Thinornis rossii, 
Gray, Voy. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, p. 12, pi. xi*. 
(1846); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 546 (1847); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 417 
(1856): Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 235; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1870, p. 431; 
Gray, tfand-l. B. iii. p. 17, no. 10023 (1871); Hutton, Ibis, 1874, 

p. 34. 

VOL. XXIV.

306 
CHAKADRIID-E. 

Adult (type of species). Similar to T. novas zealandice, but differing 
in, its much, darker colour, which is uniform "brown, and by 
having the sides of the body extensively mottled with brown bases 
to the feathers. Total length 7*5 inches, culnien 1, wing 4*8, 
tail 2*4, tarsus 0*95. 

Hah. Auckland Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Auckland Islands. The Admiralty ~P/\ (Type of 
species.) 
35. 
ASTAEHYNCHUS. 
Type. 
Anarhynchus, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de VAstrolabe, 
Zool. i. p. 252 (1830) A. frontalis. 

Range. Confined to Xew Zealand. 

1. Anarhynchus frontalis. 
Anarhynchus frontalis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de PAstroL, ZooL i. p. 252, 
pi. 81. figs. 2-5 (1830 : Chourika Bay, N.Z.); Less. Compl. Buff. 

ix. p. 427 (1837); Gray in Diejfenb. frav. X. Zeal II. A pp. p 190 
(1843); id. Voy. Ereb. # Terr., Birds, y. 12 (1846); BJJ. C JR. 
xliii. p. 597 (1856); Harting, Ibis, 1809, p. 304, pi. viii.; Button, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 394 (Auckland) ; Newton, P. Z. tf. 1870, pp. 073, 
674 (N.Z.); Fimch,J. f. O. 1872, p. 1G9; Bulkr,B. Xew Zeal. 
p. 216 (1873 J ; Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, p. 194 (S.Z.) ; Hutton, Ibis, 
1874, p. 40; Harvie-Brown, t. c. p. 97 (Otai River-bed, Canterbury 
Settlement, breeding, Oct.) ; Butter, t. c. p. 118; Harting, 
F.Z.S. 1874, p. 549, pi. Ix.fig*. 11 (egg); Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. $ 
Terr., Birds, App. p. 29 (1875); Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 519 ; 
Butter, B. Xew Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 9, pi. xxvi. tig. 2 (1888). 
Thinornis frontalis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p, 545 (1847); id. Hand~l B. 
hi. p. 17, no. 10024 (1871). 
Anarhynchus albifrons, Reichenb. Grail, tab. civ. fig. 60S (1848) ; 
Schl. Handl. Dierk. i. p. 435 (1857). 
Charadrius frontalis, Ellman, ZooL 1861, p. 7469; Gray, Ibis, 1862, 

p. 234; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 152 (1888). 
Hsematopus frontalis, Finsch, J.f.O. 1867, p. 346. 
Adult male. General colour above pale slaty grey ; wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater series slightly fringed with whitish ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish, the latter 
greyer on the inner webs, blackish at the tip and on the outer web, 
shafts white for the greater part, and the inner primaries white 
near the base 011 the inner webs; secondaries ashy brown, paler 
externally and fringed with white at the ends; the long inner 
secondaries entirely grey ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
slightly darker than the back, the tail-coverts with black shaft-
streaks ; centre tail-feathers dusky blackish with grey edges, the 
outer feathers gradually paler grey and whitish at the tips, the 
outermost feathers white with a little grey before the ends; head 
like the back * a broad white forehead extending above the eye and 
separated from the crown by an indistinct line of blackish; lores 

36 . PELTOHYAS. 
dusky grey, as also the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; cheeks, throat, 

and under surface pure white, with a black band across the fore 

neck ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; the lower greater 

coverts ashy like the quill-lining: " bill black; legs and feet blackish 

green tinged with grey ; iris black" (W. L. Butler). Total length 

7 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-75, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7*5 inches, 

culmen 1*1, wing 4-75, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*95. 

Hah £Tew Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Auckland. 
Sir G. Grev [P.]. 
c. 3 
ad.; d, e,f. Selwyn River, Oct., Feb. Colonial "Museum, 
S ad. sk. Wellington [P.]. 
g. 
Ad. sk. West Coast of South Island. Tweeddale Coll. 
Subfamily V. PELTOHYATIN^E. 

36. PELTOHYAS. 
Eudrornlas, pt., auct. recent. 
Mange, Confined to Australia. 

1. Peltohyas australis. 
Eudromias australis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 174 (interior of S. Australia) 
; id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 15 (1843); Gray, List Grail. Brit. 
Mus. p. 68 (1844) ; Stuart, Exp. Cmtr. Austr. ii. App. p. 49 (1849: 
Plains of Adelaide); Reichenb. Grail. Suppl. tab. cv.figs. 106567 
(1851); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854); Schl. 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 47 (1865); Gould, Hcmdb. B. Austr. 

ii. p. 227 (1865); Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 202; Ramsay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N.S. W. i. n. 187 (1877: N.S.W.; Queensland; Victoria; 
Interior; S. Australia) ; Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 97 (1877) ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 197 (1878) j id. op. eit. 
vii. p. 410 (1883: Darling & Lachlan Rivers, breeding); North, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1167 (1887); Ramsay, Tab. List 
Austr. B. p. 19 (1888: N.S.W.; Interior; S. Australia); North, 
Nests fy Eggs Austr. B. p. SOS (1889) ; Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. 
Mus. Hein. p. 336 (1890). 
Charadrius australis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 25 (1849); id. 
Hand~l B. iii. p. 14, no. 9991 (1871); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. 
Charadr. p. 110 (1888). 

Morinellus australis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 417 (1856). 

Adult. General colour above sandy buff, mottled and streaked 
with dark brown centres to the feathers; wing-coverts like the 
back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
edged with sandy buff at the ends ; all the primaries lighter brown 
on the inner webs except at the tips, the first primary with a white 
shaft, the next ones with the shaft pale cinnamon, this colour 

308 OIIARADKin^. 

extending on each side of the shaft, of the inner foathors and also 
towards the ba*e of the outer webs of the inner primaries, forming 
thereby a speculum of oinnamon-buff; the secondaries brown, edged 
With sandy rufous and inclining to cinnamon-buff towards the base; 
the long inner secondaries like the back; lower back rump, and 
upper tail-coverts ashy brown, with pale cinnamon-buff margins; 

Foot of Mtohyas australis, to show tho scales on both aspects of tarsus. 

tail-feathers dark brown, paler at the base and edged with, sandy 
buff, more broadly at the tips, especially of the outer ones, which 
have whitish ends, with a sub-terminal dusky shade before the end 
of the inner web ; crown of head sandy buff, spotted with blackish, 
and separated from the forehead by a broad band of black, reaching 
across from eye to eye ; forehead, lores, and feathers round the eye 
isahelline, with a black patch below the eye extending backwards 
on to the ear-coverts, which are otherwise vinous buff like the throat 
and centre of the fore-neck; round the hind-neck a black collar 
descending on to the chest and skirting the fore-neck in the shape 
of a triangle; remainder of under surface sandy buff, the region of 
the prse-pectoral collar whitish below; centre of breast maroon-
chestnut, dividing out on to the flanks ; lower abdomen, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries vinous 
buff or pale cinnamon ; lower primary-coverts and quill-lining ashy 
washed with pale cinnamon: " bill dark olive-brown; feet yellowish. 

37 . 
BLIMANTOPTJS. 
309 

brown " (J". Gould). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 5*35, 
tail 2S, tarsus 1-35. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but more sandy buff on the upper 
surface, the black band on the crown absent, the patch on the sides 
of the face and the collar round the hind-neck merely indicated by 
a blackish shade, and the triangular collar down the fore-neck 
absent, though the chestnut breast is present. 

Hob. Australia. 
a. Ad. sk. Australia. Old Coll. 
b. Ad. st.
e. Ad. sk. 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
C. Wood, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
d, e. Ad. sk.
/ Ad. sk.
g, h, i Ad. sk.
k. Imm. sk. 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
Queensland. 
Queensland. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Capt. Sturt [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Subfamily VI. HIMANTOPODIN^E. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Toes with scarcely any web, and divided to 
the base; no hind toe; tarsus more than 
twice the length of the middle toe and claw; [p. 309. 
bill nearly straight 37. HIMANTOPUS, 
b. Toes webbed; no hind toe; tarsus more than 
twice the length of the middle toe and claw; [p. 324. 
bill with a slight upward curve 38. CLADOEHYNCHUS, 
c. 
Toes fully webbed; a hind toe; tarsus not 
more than twice the length of the middle 
toe and claw; bill strongly recurved; base [p. 326. 
of genys flattened 39. RECTJBVIBOSTBA, 
37. 
HIMAHTOPUS. ^ 
xype. 
Himantopus, JBriss. Orn. v. p. 33 (1760) H. himantopus. 
Macrotarsus, LacSp. Mim. de VInst. Paris, iii. p. 518 

(1801) H. himantopus. 
Himantellus, Rqfin. Analyse, p. 219 (1815) : H. himantopus. 
Hypsibates, Nitzsch in JErsch u. Gruber's Ericycl. xvi. 

p. 150 (1827) 
H. himantopus. 
Range, Almost cosmopolitan, but not extending beyond the 
temperate regions of either hemisphere. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Under surface of body_ white. 
a'. 
Head and neck entirely white. [p. 310. 
a". Mantle and inner secondaries black .. himantopus <5 ad., 
b". Mantle and inner secondaries brown .. himantopus J ad., p. 310. 

310 
CHAKADKIIDJE. 

b'. A white or grey collar round the bind neck 
above the mantle. 
c". A black or grey mark on the ear-
coverts. 


a"'. Forebead white, the black of the 
hind-neck extending over the crown 
as far as the line of the fore part of [p. 310. 
the eye kimantopm, 2nd year, 

b'". Forehead white; crown grey like the 
hind-neck: back black (<$) or brown 
(Sortfjuv.). . ^ [p. 310. 

«4. Ear-coverts ashy himantopus, homot, 
¥. Ear-coverts black, like the hind-neck melanurm j u v., p. 310. 
&". Forehead and fore part of crown 
white, the black of the hind-neck not 
reaching far before the occiput melanurm ad., p. 316. 

d". No black or grey on the ear-coverts, 
which are entirely white like the 
entire head; hind-neck black from the 
nape leucocephalus, p. 317. 

c'. Head and neck black; no complete white 
collar on the latter: forehead white ... . picatus, p. 310. 


eu. Ear-coverts and sides of neck for the 
most part white, excepting a black line 
under the eye ; culmen 2*45 inch ; tail 
grey with no black tip mexieanm, p. 320. 

f". 
Ear-coverts and sides of face black like 
the sides of the neck; tail tipped with 
black knudseni, p. 323. 

b. Under surface of body black like the upper 
surface melas, p. 324. 
1. HimantopTLS Mmantopus. 
The Black-winged Stilt 
L'fehasse, Briss. Orn. v. p. 33, pi. iii. %. 1 (1760); D'AttbenL PL 
Enl. ix. pi. 878 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 114, fl. viii. (1781). 
Charadrius himantopus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 255 (176(5); Scop. Ann. 

i. p. 103 (1769) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 690 (1788); Chapm. Trau. 
S. Afr. ii. App. p. 420 (1868). 
Charadrius haemantopus, Bodd. Tabl PL Enl. p. 53 (1783). 
Long-legged Plover, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt 1, p. 105 (178-5). 
Himaniopus candidus, Bonn. Enc. MSth. i. p. 24(1700); Less. Traite 
dOrn. p. 550 (1831) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 97 (1844); 
id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodys. p. 138 (1846); id. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 577 (1847); Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Jaub. et Bartk.-
Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 483 (1859); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 238 (Oude 
& Kumaon); Simpson, t. c. p. 366 (Bobrudscha); Gray, List 
Brit B. p. 163 (1863); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 701 (1864); SehL 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 105 (1864); Aniin. Cat. descr* TJcc. 
p. 109 (1864: Kordofan & White Nile); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 61 
(Pisa); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 328 (1867); Grand. Bev. et May. 
de ZooL 1867, p. 4 (Madagascar); JDegL et Gerbt, Orn. Eur. ii. 
p. 246 (1867); Loche, Expl Sci. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 285 (1867); 
Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 69 (Egypt); Blyth, t. c. p. 169; Tyrwhitt 
Brake, t. c. p. 429 (Tangier); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 326 (Palestine); 
Beavan, t. c. p. 395 (Umbala); Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal); 
SchL 8r Poll. Faune Maday., Ois. p. 160 (1868); Doderl Am/. 
37 . HIMANTOPUS. 
Sicil. p. 198 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 181 (S. Spain) j 
Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 145 (Gurgaon); Feilden, t c. p. 295 (Secunderabad); 
Elwes # Buckley, t c. p. 332 (Kustendji); Fritsch, Vbg. 
Eur. tab. 34. fig. 5 (1870) ; Gould, B. Great Brit iv. pi. 34 (1870); 
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 208 (1871); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 299 
(Algeria); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 405 (Pekin) ; Harting, Handb. 
Brit. B. p. 135 (1872); Shelley Sp Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 293 
(Accra); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 260 (1872); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 
1873, p. 417 (Katkiawar); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 164 (1875); 
BartL P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 329; Blanf. 
East, Persia, ii. p. 286 (1876: Baluchistan, winter; Skiraz Lake, 
June); Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 263 (1876: Akmednuggnr); David 
Sf Oustal Ois. Chine, p. 462 (1877); Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 328 

(1877); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 587, pis. 535, 536 (1877); Prjev. 
in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 89 (1878: Iloang-ho, breeding); 
Hume # Damon, Str. F. vi. p. 464 (1878: Tenasserim); Davidson 
$ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 (1878: Deccan); Ball, t c. p. 229 
(Rajmehal Hills; Lohardugga); Cripps, t. c. p. 304 (Faridpur); 
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Tiraut, Bull ComiU Agric. et 
Industr. Coehinchine, (3) i. p. 156 (1879); Butler, Cat B. Sind, 
Kutch 8f Kathiawar, p. 65 (1879 : cold weather visitant); id. Cat 

B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 78 (1880); Leqge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 919 (1880); 
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 430 (1880: S. Bombay); Finsch, Ibis, 1880, 
p. 79; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 73 (1881: Lucknow); Biddulph, Ibis, 
1881, p. 97 (Gilgit); Sadly, t. c. p. 590; Gigl Iconogr. Avif. Ital. 
fasc. xii. (1881) j C. Swinh, Ibis, 1882, p. 122 (Kandahar); Davidson, 
Str. F. x. p. 321 (1882: W. Khandeish); Oates, Handb. B. 
Brit. Bum. ii. p. 379 (1883) • Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caucasus); 
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 163 (1883); Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Brit 
B. iii. p. 305 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 131 (1884) ; 
Sharpe, ed. LayardsB. S. Afr. p. 675 (1884); Sahad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 220 (1884: Lake Oialalaka); Whitehead, Ibis, 
1885, p. 42 (Corsica); Swinh. $ Barnes, t. c. p. 134 (Mbow); Reid, 
t.e. p. 253 (Marocco); Ayres, t c. p. 347 (Transvaal) ; Gigl. Avif. 
Ital. p. 380 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Uco. Ital p. 215 (1886); 
Sadly, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 87 (1887) * Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 388 
(Oporto); Taylor, Str.F.x.yAQ6 (1887: Mysore); Hume, Str. F. 
xl p. 326 (1888: Manipur); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. 
p. 311 (1888) j Chapm. Ibis, 1888, p. 488 (Spain) ; Saunders, Man. 
Brit B. p. 547 (1889); Reichen. Syst Vers. Vdg. Deutschl. p. 50 
(1889); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177 (S. Afghanistan; Kelat) ; 
Gigl 1st Resoc. Avif. Ital p. 582 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 653 (1890), 
3rd Resoc. p. 512 (1891); Oates^ ed. Hume's Nestsfy Eggs Ind. B. 
iii. p. 353 (1890); Heine ty Reichen. Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 332 
(1890); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar); Barnes, t c. 
p. 166 ; Rendall, t c. p. 229 (Gambia) ; De La louche, t c. p. 497 
(Fooehow; Swatow); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 204 (Fuerteventura); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 475 (Palombi R., Nyasaland); 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 274 (1895). 
Himantopus vulgaris, Bechst Orn. Taschenb. pt. ii. p. 325, pi. 28 
(1803) ; Riipp. Syst Xlebers. p. 126 (1845: Lower Egypt); Heugl. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 63 (1856: S. of Kordofan); Peh. Verh. z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, xxxi. p. 606 (1881: Lado, Jan., Feb.); Hartl. Abhandl 
nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 231 (1883). 

Cursorius himantopus, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 62 (1807). 

Himantopus rufipes, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 466 (1809); 

Brehm, Voq. Deutschl. p. 681 (1831); Reichenb. Grail tab. xcvii. 
figs. 638-40 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854); 

312 
CHAHADEIIDJ2. 

Kjcerb. Barm. Fugle, pi. xxxiii. B. fig. 1 (1851) ; Milller, J. f. O. 
1879, p.391 (Cyprus); Blasivs, J.f.O. 1884, pp. 215-222 (Bankau 
Lake); Matschie, J. f. O. 1887, p. 138 (Boga-Katani, Feb.) ; 
Koenig, J. f. 0. 1888, p. 282 (Tunis) ; Reiser, Vogels. Zandesm. 
Sarajevo, p. 128 (1891). 

Himantopus atropterus, Meyer, Taschenb. Ii. p. 315, cum tab. (1810); 

Webb f Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 33 (1841: accidental). 
Limosahimantopus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 186 (1811: Caspian). 
Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer, Ann. Wetter. Gesellsch. iii. p. 177 

(1814); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 528 (1820); Werner, Atlas, 
Coureurs, pi. 2 (1827); Brehm, Tog. DeutschL p. 0*82 (1831); 
Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cane. p. 54 (1832: Salt Lake* near Baku); 
Gould, B. JEur. iv. pL 289 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ 
N. Amer. p. 54 (1838): Macg. Man. Brit B. ii. p. 87 (1840): 
Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 354 (1840); Selus-Zonqch. Faun. Belg. p. 123 
(1842) ; Schl Rev. Crit. p. 96 (1844) ; JBodgs. Icon, ined.in Brit 
Mas., Grail, pis. 91, 91 A. no. 556; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 86 
(1844) ; Heiuits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 29*, pi kxxii. tier. 2 (1846); 
Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 221 (1850) ; Macg. Brit B. iv. p. 312 
(1850); Strickl <§•ScL Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 (Damara-land); 
Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 236 (1857: Senegal; GVamance ; Accra ; 
Ashanti; Gaboon); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1S59, p. 53 (Einpt); 
Salvin, t c. p. 356 (E. Atlas), p. 300 (Zana); A. E. Kn»z\ t. c. 

p. 395 (Sussex); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79 Qs. Sahara) ; Poinjs, 
t. 
c. p. 344 (Corfu); Eartl J. f. O. 1861, p. 271 (BibMiu); 
8. 8. Allen. Ibis, 1803, p. 157 (Egypt); Ltith Adams, Ibis, 
1864, p. 33'(Cairo); Wright, t. c. p. 140 iMalta); Sperling, 
t. e. p. 287 (Gulf of Arte); Bh/th, Ibi% \btio, p. 35; Sharpe, 
R Z. 8. 1870, p. 147 (Angola)*; Steven*. B. JNw/. ii. p. 240 
(1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (Majorca); It Gray, B. West 
Scotl p. 303, cum tab. (1871); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 33fe (Sardinia); 
Saxby, B. Shefl. p. 197 (1874); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 149 (1875); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc, Zool. France, ii. p. 154 (1^77: Poland) ; Danf. 
Ibis, 1880, p. 84 (Djend, Asia Minor); Scebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 79, pi. 24 (1885); id. Ibis, 18*6, p. 235; Lilford, Ens, 1889, 
p. 339 ^ Cyprus) ; Everettf J. Straits Branch As. Soc. I8fel>, p. 206 
(Bangkau Lake); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit B. pt. xiii. (IKK)); 
Sharpe, Sci. Res. 2nd York. Miss., Aves, p. 142 (1891); Styan, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 330 (Lower Yangtse), p. 504 (Shanghai); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland). 
Himantopus albicollis, Vieill. K Bid. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 41 (1817). 

Hypsibates himantopus, 
Nitzsch in Ersch u. Grub. Encycl. xvi. p. 150 
(1827); Naum. Tog. DeutschL viii. p. 101, Taf. 203*(1836); Kegs. 
$ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 209 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Vmj. Rims. 
Mirid. iii. p. 248 (1840: Black Sea, nesting); Miihle, Btitr. Orn. 
GriechenL p. 99 (1844); Linderm. Fog. Grieehenl p. 137 (1800); 
Borggr. Vogelf. NorddetitschL p. 112 (1869; ; Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: Turkestan, breeding); Rogdarwff, B. Cam. 

p. 165 (1879); id. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 79 (1884); Rmlde, 
Orn. Cam. pp. 44, 425 (1884); Hartert, J. /. O. 1886, p. 608 
(Sandbanks of Benue), 1889, p. 436. 
Himantopus plinii, Fleming, Hist Brit Anim. p. 112 (1828); 

Dubois, Faun. HL Vertebras Belg. ii. p. 274, pi. 221 (1894). 
Himantopus longjpes, Breh?n, Vdg. DeutschL p. 083 (1831). 
Himantopus asiaticus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 44 (Pondichery). 
Black-winged Stilt, Yarrell, Brit B. ii. p. 559 (1843). 
Himantopus intermedius, Blyth, Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. '265 (1^49: 

Agra; Calcutta); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1850); Gray, Iland-l. 

B. iii. p. 47, no. 10293 (1871); Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 589 
37 . HIMANTOPUS. 
313 

(1873) j id. Str. F. i. p. 248 (1873: Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 397 

(Sambhur); id. op. cit. ii, p. 339 (1874: Samblmr, breeding); 

Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 183 (1875: Pegu); Legge, t. c. p. 373 (Ceylon, 

breeding); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 18 (1876: Mount Aboo) ; Scully, 

t. e. p. 190 (Yarkand); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877: Deesa); 
Hurray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 258 (1884). 
Ilimantopus melanocepkalus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 324 (1855). 
Himantopus nigricollis (nee V.), Brehm, t. c. p. 324. 
Himantopus leucocepkalus (nee Gould), Brehm, t c. p. 325. 
Himantopus brevipes, Brehm, t. c. p. 325. 
Himantopus minor, Natterer, MSS.; Hartl J. f 0. 1860, p. 170 

(Madagascar); id. Faun. Madag. p. 78 (1861); Gray, Hand-l B. 

iii. p. 48, no. 10297 (1871). 
Himantopus autumnalis, Hasselq,; Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. 
p. 300 (1870: Senafe); id. $ Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 758 note 
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 47, no. 10292 (1871); Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 315 (1872); Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 475 
(Ceylon); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1177 (1873); Blyth 
8> Wald.B. Burm. p. 154 (1875 : Arakan ; Karen Hills); Beichen. 
J. f. O. 1877, p. 12 (Loango); Finsch, Verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
xxix. p. 253 (1879: Sassyk-Ala-Kul); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 470 
(1881); Milne-Fdwards fy Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. 
p. 635 (1882); Bohm, J.f 0.1885, p. 72; Matschie, J.f 0.1887, 
p. 159; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 141 (1891) ; Emin, J. f O. 
1891, p, 345. 
Himantopus europaeus, Sand, teste Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 47 (1871). 
Hypsibates Ilimantopus /3. nigTicollis, Sevei-tz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 

(1873: Turkestan, breeding). 
Himantopus Ilimantopus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 114 (Fao); Beichen. 

J.f O. 1892, p. 8 (Mengo, Uganda, Dec.); id. Fog. Bezdsch-Ost-
Afr. p. 40 (1894: Wembaere Steppes; Massai Steppes; Tanganyika). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black 
with a greenish gloss; entire back and rump pure white; upper 
tail-coverts pale ashy grey, the outer feathers with a certain amount 
of white on the inner web; wings entirely black, glossed with green ; 
head and neck all round, upper mantle, and entire under surface of 
body pure white; under wing-coverts black ; axillaries white: 
bill blackish; feet rose-pink; iris deep carmine. Total length 
13 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 9-6, tail 3, tarsus 4*65. 

The changes of plumage through which this species passes are 
extremely difficult to understand. Young males and females are 
at first alike, and have brown backs and inner secondaries, and 
may be distinguished by the white tips to the inner primaries and 
secondaries. 

In the next plumage, when the black back is assumed, the hind-
neck is ashy grey, and the crown of the head is dusky brown. It 
is possible that the white head and neck are only assumed in the 
third or fourth season; but there is another stage, which probably 
follows the ashy-necked one, when the forehead and lower hind-
neck are white, but the crown is glossy black, this colour extending 
down the hind-neck. This may be a stage of coloration worn for a 
very short period in the spring, as it appears to merge into the 
pure white of the head and neck. I strongly suspect that the species 
has a brown-backed winter plumage, but have been unable to prove 
it to my satisfaction. 

314 
CHAEADETIDJ3. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but "having 

the mantle, scapulars, and inner secondaries brown instead of black. 

Total length 13 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 9-1, tail 3, tarsus 4*7. 

Nestling. Covered with down of an isabelline colour above, varied 

with rather broad lines of black, with a streak of black down the 

lower back and rump ; the first feathers being sandy rufous, barred 

with black ; entire under surface of body creamy white. 

Young in first plumage. Similar to the adult female, and brown 
on the mantle, scapulars, and inner secondaries, which have sandybun2 
margins to the feathers; the wings are black, but have sandybun2 
margins ; the quills brown on their inner webs towards the tips, 
which are broadly fringed or tipped with white; forehead and sides 
of face white; the crown of the head and nape brown ; the hind-
neck ashy grey ; under surface of body pure white, with a shade of 
grey on the fore-neck. 

Hah Southern Europe, straggling occasionally to the Northern 
and Central portions of the continent. Throughout Africa in suitable 
localities; extending eastward to Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula 
and Ceylon, Cochin China and Western China. 

a. S ad. sk. 
Sicily (C. A. Wright). Spebohm Coll. 
b. Ad.; c. Juv. sk. 
Spain. Seebohm Cell. 
d. <$ ad.; e,f. $ 
Zana, Algeria, June (0, 8.). Sah in-Godinan Coll. 
ad. sk. 
g,h. S 2 a^* gk* Tangier (Famer). Gould Coll. 

i. £ ad. sk. 
Mogador. Hume Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. 
Dobrudseha, June 10 (H. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
I. $ ad. sk. 
Sarepta, Lower Volga. Seebohm Coll. 
m, n. <$ $ ad. sk. Famagasta Lake, Cyprus, Lord Lilford ~P."l 
May (F. A. GuilieinarrJ). 

o. 
c? ad. sk. Delta of the Nile [G. & 8M-Seebohm Coll. 
ley). 
p. 2 imm. sk. 
Senate", Abyssinia, April Tweeddale Coll. 
(W. Jesse). 
q. Ad. sk. 
Central Soudan (Baron J. Seebohm Coll. 
W. von Mutter). 
§\ Ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa, Jan. {HarIndia 
Museum. 
ris). 

s. 
2 a(l- sk. Accra, Gold Coast (/. Smith). Seebohm Coll. 
Kattimbella, Benguela, Nov. 5 Monteiro Coll. 
t, u. <$ 2 a<*. sk. 

(G. 8ala). 
v. 2 3llv* sk. 
Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 
w. S ad. sk. 
Rio Coroca, Benguela, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 
(J. Anchieta). 
x. 
2 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Gurney Coll. 
July 27 (21 Ay res). 
y. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
s, a'. cJ$ad.; b'. Palombe River, Shirwa Plain, H.H.Johnston, Esq., 
6 pv. sk. Oct. (A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 
e\ Ad. sk. Madagascar. G. F. Scott Elliot, 
Esq. [P.]. 
d'. Juv. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, July. W. I). Camming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
S>f> 6 2 ad. sk. Persia. K. Loftu>, Esq. [P.]. 

37 . HIMANTOPtTS. 
g'. 6 ad. sk. 

h', i'. S ad. sk. 
h'. $ ad. sk. 


T. Ad. sk. 
?#', ri. $ ad. sk. 
o'. $ ad. sk. * 
/. $ ad. sk. 
#', r'. $ ad.; sr, £'. 

? ad. sk. 
«'. $ ad. sk. 
v'. § ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 

y. <3 ad. sk. 
*/'-«". dad.; 5".$ 
ad. sk. 
e", d". Pull. sk. 
«", A c? ? ad. sk. 
?". c? ad. sk. 
h"-m". Pull. sk. 

»"-$". 6 ad.; r", 
s". 2 ad. sk. 


ad. et iuv.: gz. 
Pull. sk. 
h*-P. <$ ad.; m3. 

S ad. sk. 
n*, o\ <S 2 ad. sk. 
f-rK <$ ad.; s3. $ 

ad. sk. 
t2. S juv. sk. 
w3. c? juv. sk. 

v3, w>3. c? $ ad.; x3. 

Juv. sk. 
y3. Ad. sk. 
z3. c? juv. sk. 

«4. tf ad. sk. 
¥. Juv. sk. 
e4. <J juv. sk. 
d\ d imm. sk. 
e4. Juv. sk. 
/ 4, #4. Juv. sk. 

£4. g juv. sk. 
s4. $ ad. sk. 
k\ 2 juv. sk. 

I4-. <5 juv. sk. 
m4, nl. <S ad. et juv. 
sk. 
o4, /. <J $ ad. sk. 

Near Teheran, March (Sir 0.

St. John). 
Mesopotamia (Commr. Jones). 
Ala Kul, Turkestan, May 9 

(Dr. 0. Finsch). 

Yarkand. 
Tarirn River, May. 


Quetta (Griffith). 
Kandahar, March, April. 
Kandahar, April 9 (Sir 0. 


St. John). 

Gilgit, Aug. 10. 
Sind, Jan. (Dr. H. Gould). 
Cutch (Stoliczka). 
Sirza District, Punjab. 
Sambhur, Jan. to Slarch (R. 


M. Adam). 
Sambhur, August (JR. M. A.). 
Jaipur, March 23 (A. 0. E.\ 
Ajmere, Dec. 18 (A. 0. JET.). 
Gurgaon District, May, July 
(W.N. Chill). 
Gurgaon District, Dec. to May 

(W.N. Chill). 
Delhi, March to Oct. 
(C. T. 
Bingham). 

Etawah, Sept-Nov. (A. 0. 

m). 

Oudh, Dec, Feb. 
Oudh. 

Lucknow, May 20. 
Futtehgurh District, Feb. 

(A. Anderson). 
Nepal. 


Nepal. 
Behar. 
Darjiling. 
Darjiling. 
Calcutta, Dec. 16. 
Mhow, Nov. 9. 
Hoshunghabad, C.P., Dec. 


(J. A. Betham). 
W. Khandeish, Dec, Jan. 
(J. Davidson). 
Deccan (Syhes). 
Deccan (Burgess). 
Ahmednuggur District, Nov. 
30 (8. JS. Fairbanh). 
Wadale, Oct. (S. B. F.). 
Ooromandel Coast. 

S.E. Ceylon, Nov., July (W. 
V. Legge). 
India Museum 

India Museum. 
Geogr Soc. Bremen. 

Dr.R.B.SharpefP.]. 
St. George Littledale, 
Esq. [>.]. 
India Museum. 
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Col. Biddulph [C.]. 


India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 


Col. WayJT.l 
Seebohm Coll. 


Hodgson Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Gould Coll. 


Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 

316 
CHARADBIID^. 

q\ $ ad. sk 

r4. § juv. sk. 

sK $ ad. sk. 

t4

-. Juv. sk. 
ul, v*. $ ad.; wK 
<$ imm. sk. 
#S y1. $ ad. sk. 

z> 5. c?ad.^5. $ 
ad. sk. 
c5. Ad. sk. 

d3 

. Ad. sk. 
e\ $ ad. sk. 
/5. S skeleton. 

(f. Bones of trunk. 
h5 

. 
Sternum. 

Batticaloa, Ceylon, Feb. 17 

(H. C. Buchanan). 
Putlam, Ceylon, July 14 

(Hart). 

Ceylon. 
Pegu (R. G. W. 22.). 
Lower Pegu, Oct. {J3. W. 0.). 


Karen-nee, Jan., March (i2. 


G. W. R.). 
Tliatone, Tenasserirn, Oct., 

Nov. 
Cochin China. 
Pa-chow, lehang, China. 
Sa-tschen, June (Prejevalski). 

R. Volga. 
Nepal. 
Algeria. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
A. Pratt, Ek,q_. [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 
Hodgson Coil. 
Purchased. 
2. Himantopus melaaurus. 
Mbatuitui zancudo, Azara, Ajmnt iii. p. 297 (1&03). 
Himantopus melanurus, Vieill. N, Diet. dJIIist. Nat. x. p. 42 (1817: 
Paraguay); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 577 (1*47). 
Himantopus mexicanus (?iec P. L. S. Mull.), Neuwied, Beifr. Katurg. 
Bras. iv. p, 741 (1838) ; Haril Ind. Azara, p. 25 (1847) ; 
Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 367 (1856). 
Himantopus nigricollis (nee VieilL), Gould, in Darwin's Toy. 'ReagkJ 
Birds, p. 130 (1841: La Plata, swamps near Buenos Ayres*); 
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Chili); Gay, Faim. Chili; ZooL 

p. 424 (1847); Burm. Reise La Plata-St ii. p. 502 (1801); ScL 
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 (Chili) ; id. $ Sale. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 144 
(Buenos Ayres) j Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 310, 457 (1871: Ypanema, 
June j Irisanga, Dec.; Caicara, March); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 314 
(1884: Azul, Jan.• Puan, March; Concepeion, March to Aug., not 
observed breeding); Tacz. Orn. Peron, iii. p. 382 (1886: Tumbez). 
Himantopus nigricollis (pt), Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus, p. 98 
(1844); Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas^ Scolopaces, p. 107 (1804: Brazil, 
Chili); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 48, no. 10294 (1871). 

Himantopus mexicanus (pt.), Bp, O. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856). 

Himantopus 
brasiliensis, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl p. 684 (1831); 
Sol $ Sab. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 454 (Buenos Ayres); iid. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 198 (Baradero, 
Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 67; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 162 (Cape San 
Antonio); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 225 ; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 

p. 281 (1888); Scl. $ Muds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 179 (1889); ScL 
Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Arg. Eep.); Graham Kerr, Ibis, I8i)27 p. 150 
(Pilcomayo); Holland, t c. p. 211 (Arg. Rep.); Berkeley Ja?nes, 
New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 207 
(Uruguay). 
Adult male. Similar to H. mexicanus (infra,, p. 820), but larger, 
always with a white collar on the upper mantle, and distinguished 
by the greater amount of white on the head, which occupies nearly 
the whole crown, almost as far as the occiput; a black streak on 
the ear-coverts joins the black on the hinder neck. Total length 14 
inches, culmeu 2*45, wing 9*5, tail 3*2, tarsus 4*5. 

37 . HIMANTOPTJS. 
317 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having a brown back. 
Total length 14 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 8*9, tail 3, tarsus 4*25. 

Young. Similar to the adult female, and having a brown back, 
with ashy-whitish margins to the feathers of the back and whitish 
edges to the inner primaries, which are brown on the inner 
webs. The crown of the head is ashy grey, the forehead and sides 
of the face white, and the collar on the hind-neck is light ashy 
grey. 

Eab. Brazil and Chili. 

a, b. <$ ad.; c, d. Central Chili (Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 

e. Juv. sk. Chili. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f. S ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Heed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 
J ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Leijbold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. 
Ad. sk Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy 
t. 
Ad. sk. " Maldonado. Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy 
[p.]. 
k. $ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, May. H. Durnford7 Esq. 
I. S ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (W. H. Hud- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
son). 
wi.Jimm.sk. Cai$ara, Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 


3. Himantopus leucocephalns. 
Himantopus 
leucocephalus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26; S. Mull. 
Verh. Land- en Volkenk. p. 153 (1839-44: New Guinea; Java; 
Sumatra); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 24 (1841); Gray, List Grail. 
Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 577 (1847); Reichenb. 
Grail, tab. xcvii. figs. 642-43 (1848) ; Start, Exp. Centr. Austr. 

ii. App. p. 49 (1849); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 
(1854: Australia); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Scl. Journ. 
Linn. Soc. ii. p. 169 (1858); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. 
Mamm. $ B. New Guin. pp. 52, 62 (1859); Wallace, Ibis, 1861, 
p. 350 (Timor); Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 (Mvsol); Wallace, 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 487 (Timor); Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. 
xxv. p. 255 (1863); id. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 137; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Scolopaces, p. 106 (1864); Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 246 
(1865); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 35; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 
(1865); Bamsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 334 (Port Denison); id. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 600 (Grafton, Clarence R., breeding); Gray, Hand-l. B. 
iii. p. 48, no. 10295 (1871); Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 91 
(1872: Celebes); Bamsay, Ibis, 1874, p. 259 (Perth; Rottnest 
Isl.) ; Harting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 459; Salvad. TJcc. Bom. p. 321 
(1874); Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. pp. 2'28, 251 (1875: Philippines) 
; Bosenb. Beistoeht. Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875); Cab. 8f Beichen. 
J. f. O. 1876, p. 327 (Amboina); Bamsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337 
(e^s); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 384 (1877: Norman B., 
Gulf of Carpentaria), ii. p. 198 (1878), iii. p. 115 (1879: Hall 
Sound, New Guinea); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 141 (Tondano; Limbotto) 
; Bosenb. Malay. Arcliip. p. 278 (1878-79: Celebes), p. 324 
(Ceram), p. 407 (Ternate), p. 563 (New Guinea); Salvad. Ann. 
318 CHARADRIID^. 

Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 326 (1882); id. 0m. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 809 
(1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, pp. 225-234; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soe. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1099 (1887), ii. p. 172 (1888: Derby, X.W. 
Australia); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888 : Australia generally, 
except Cape York); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 283 
(1888); Tristr. Ibis, 1889, p. 558 (Ferguson Isl.); North, Nests § 
Eggs Austr. B. p. 310 (1889) ; Saluad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia etc. 

iii. p. 201 (1891); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 2a 
Himantopus melanopterus {nee Tem?n.), 8. Mull. Verh. Land-en 
Volkenh. p. 22 (1839-44: New Guinea) ; Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederl. 2nd. xxv. p. 255 (1863); id. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 137. ' 

Himantopus novas hollandiae, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (]8-J6). 
Himantopus rufipes (nee Bechst.), Martens, J. f. O. 1866, p. 28 
(Luzon). 
Himantopus autumnalis (nee Hasselq.), Wald. Tram. ZooL Soc. ix. 

p. 228 (1875: Philippines). 
Adult, General colour above glossy black, including the wrings; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; tail white, washed 
with smoky brown on the centre feathers and on the outer webs of 
the outer ones; head all round pure white, as also a very broad 
collar extending round the hind-neck above the mantle; hind-neck, 
from the nape down to this white collar, black ; entire under surface 
of body white; under wing-coverts black ; axillaries white : " bill 
black; legs and feet deep pink flesh-colour, becoming red after 
death; iris pink, margined externally with a deep red ring " (J. 
Gould). Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 9*4, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 4*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male and almost as black on the 
back. Total length 14 inches, culmen 2*4, wing 8'4, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 4*15. 

Young. Brown on the upper back and inner secondaries; the 
hind-neck, from the nape to the mantle, ashy grey, mottled with 
dusky sub-terminal bars to the feathers; crown of head dull ashy 
grey; lores and fore part of face white like the under surface of 
the body. 
Bab. Australia, extending to New Guinea and the Moluccas. 

a, b. Ad. et imm. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d, e. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
Lachlan River, N.S.W. 
South Australia. 
Lord Leigh [P.X 
Capt. Sturt [P.J. 
/ . <$ ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
k Ad. sk. 
South Australia (X Gould). 
South Australia. 
Queensland. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Sir I). Cooper. 
Seebohm Coll. 
i, k. Ad. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
m, Ad. sk. 
n. <$ ad. sk. 
Brisbane (J. T. Cockerell). 
Cape York. 
Cape York. 
Port Essington. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould CoU. 
Seebohm Coll. 
J. B. Jukes, Esq. 
0, p,q. <$ $ ad. 
et imm. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
N.W. Australia (W. H. 
Bowyer Boiver). 
Saibai, S.E. New Guinea. 
CO.]-
Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Jp.}. 
Rev. Q. McFarlane 
[C.]. 

37. HIMANTOPUS. 319 
s, t. (S ad.; u} v.
2 ad. sk. 
E. Timor. Wallace Coll. 
«-,#. <$ ? ad.sk. E. Timor (A. It. Wallace). Seebohm & Tweeddale 
Colls. 
y, s. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
a\ S ad. sk. N. Celebes (Dr. Meyer). Seebohni Coll. 
b'. <$ ad. sk. Aver Pannas, Celebes (JRoSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
e\ d'. S S acLsk.
e'. § ad. sk.
senberg). 
Mindanao. 
Laguna de Bai, Mindanao, 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
XOY.12 (A.M. Everett), 
f. Ad. sk. Java. Gould Coil. 
g\ Ad. sk. Java (Eorsfield). India Museum. 
h'. Sternum. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

Subsp. a. Himantopus picatus. 

Himantopus picatus, Bllman, Zool 1861, p. 7470. 

Himantopus albus, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7470. 

Himantopus novse zealandise (nee Gould), Reichenb. Grail tab. cxvii. 

fig. 1045 (1850); Potts, Trans. New Zeal Inst. ii. p. 70 (1870). 
Himantopus spicatus, Potts, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. v. p. 198 (1872). 
Himantopus leucocepbalus (?iec Gould), Puller, B. New Zeal. p. 203 

(1873) ; SAarpe, Voy. Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 30 (1875); Finsch, 

Ibis, 1882, pp. 392, 399 (N. Z.); Bullet, B. New Zeal 2nd ed. ii. 

p. 21, pi. xxvii. $%. 2 (1888); M'Lean, Ibis, 1892, p. 252 (N. Z.). 
Himantopus albicollis, Buller, Tr. N Z. Inst vii. p. 224 (1874); id. 
B. New Zeal 2nd ed. iii. p. 27 (1888). 
Himantopus leucocepbalus picatus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 284 (1888). 
Adult male. Similar to H. leucoceplialus, but distinguished by the 
admixture of black markings on the crown and on the hind-neck, 
the tail-feathers being also edged more or less broadly with black 
near the tips: " bill black, sometimes horn-coloured at the tip; 
legs and feet deep pink flesh-colour, and sometimes beautiful pale 
lake-red; claws black; iris and eyelid brick-red " (W. L. Buller). 
Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 2*6, wing 9*e5, tail 3*1, tarsus 4. 

Of all the specimens examined by me from New Zealand, not one 
is true H. leumcejphalus. AH of them seem to me to have a taint 
of H. melas in their plumage, and the young birds have every 
appearance of being hybrids between the two forms. 

Bab. New Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott [P.]. 
c. $ &&-sk- New Zealand. Seebohm Coll. 
d. Juv. sk, Selwyn, N. Z., March. Seebohm Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Kakaia, N. Z., Nov. Seebohm Coll. 
a&* et

f-l. <5 2 Otago, N. Z.} Nov., Bee, Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. July. 

CHARABBIIDJ:. 

4. Himantopus mexicanus. 
L'Ecbasse da Mexique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 36 (1760: Mexico, winter). 

Charadrius mexicanus, P. L. S. Mull. Si/st. 3,at., Anhang, p. 117 
(1770); Ord, ed. Wilson's'Amer. Orn. vn. p. 52 (1824) ; Cass. Proc. 
Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 246. m 

Cliaradrius himantopus (pt.), Gm. Syst. bat. L p. 090 (1/fe^) ^ 
Himantopus mexicanus, Xa^. Ind. Orn. n. p/41 (1/90: *r i?m*:) ; 
5» Cow iwf #. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 54 (1&36); Grflry, G-ew. X. in. 

p. 577 (1847); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 
p 237 (S. Domingo); Bryant, Proc. Bost Soc. 3. H. xi. p. 97 
0.867 • S Domingo); ifo/^o. Pep. 4Qfh Parallel, p. C06 (1877: 
Carson, Nevada; Salt Lake); id. Proc. V. S. Nat. Mu<*. iii. pp. 10, 
201 (1880); Coues, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 99 (18-2); Belding, 
Proc US. Nat Mus. v. p. 534 (1882: Lower California), -vi 
Mtts'vm p. US (1885: Costa Eica); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: 
Colorado): A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1886); Ferrari-
Perez Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 178 (1886: Puebla) ; Go$% Aide, 
iii v 114 (1886: S.W.Kansas); Cooper, Auk, iv. p. b7 (1887: 
Ventura Co., Cal.); Toicns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 16:], 198, 
235 (1887: N. Calif.); Beckh. t. c. p. G37 (Bexar Co., S.T\ . Texa«), 
p 651 (San Antonio); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 47 (1887) ; 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 279 (lb88); Scott, Auk, vi. 
v 156 (1889 : Sanibel IsL, Gulf Coast of Florida); Ridgw. Proc. 
US. Nat Mus. xii. pp. 116, 120, 123,128 (18-9: Jame, 1,1); 
Cory, B. West Ind. p. 231 (1889); Mortimer, Auk, MI. p. 338 
(1890: St. John's River, Florida); Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

xiii. p. 134 (1890: Clarion IsL); Cory, Auk, vili. p. 46 (J891: 
Ano-uiUa IsL) ; Northrop, t e. p. 78 (Andro« 1*1.); Biker $ 
Chapman, t c. p. 163 (Santarem); Cory, t e. p. 351 (Inagua); id. 
Cat B. West Ind. p. 92 (1892: Bahamas; Greater and Lesser 
Antilles); Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, no. 5, p. 91 (1891: Idaho); 
Scott, Auk, ix. p. 12 (1892: Jamaica); Cory, t c. p. 48 (Maraguana 
_ ...p. 526 (1893: 
(Lake Patzcuaro, C. Mexico); Fisher, N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, 

p. 22 (1893). ^ 
Recurvirostra himantopus {neeLinn.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. xii. p. 48, 
pi. 58. fig. 2 (1813). 
Himantopus nigricollis, Vieill. N. Diet a"Hist. Nat x. p. 42 (1817: 

N. America); Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccexxviii. (e. 1826); Vieill. 
Gal Ois. ii. p. 85, pi. 229 (1834); Audub. Orn. Biagr. iv. 
p. 247 (1838); Bp. Camp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 54 (1838) ; 
Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 31, pi. 354 (1843); Gray, List 
Grail. Brit Mus. p. 98 (1844: pt.); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 386 
(1847); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 102 (1850); Reichenb. Grail. 
tab. xcvii. fig. 641 (1851); Set P. Z. S. 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa); 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 704 (1858) ; Henri/, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci 
Philad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico) ; A. fy B. Newton, Bis, 1859, 
p. 258 (St. Croix); Sci $ Salv. t c p. 228 (La Antigua); Bryant, 
Proc. Bost Soc. N. U. vii. p. 121 (1859 : Bahamas); Brewer, t c. 
p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Taylor, Ibis, 1862, p. 129 (Florida); March, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica); Sri. P Z. S. 
37. Hi:o.xToprs. 
321 

1864, p. 178 (near the City of Mexico); SchL Mtis. Pays-Bas, 
Scolopaees, p. 107 (1864: pt.); Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 159 (Arizona) ; 
Salvin, t. c. p. 192 (Guatemala); Dresser, t. e. p. 319; id. Ibis, 
1866, p. 35 (S. Texas); Coues, t. c. p. 363; Leot. Ois. Trinid. 

p. 464 (1866); Laicr.Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 12 (1866; Panama), 
p. 295 (Xew York) ,* ScL $ Sab. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 591 (Mexiana); 
Simdev. (Efv. K. Yei.-Akad. Fork. 1869, p. 602 (Porto Rico); 
ScL $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable IsL); Allen, Bull. 
Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 356 (1871); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 48, no. 10294 
(1871); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 (Cienaga); Allen, Bull Mus. 
C. Z. iii. p. 171 (1872: Great Salt Lake); Coues, Key N. Amer. 
B. p. 247 (1872) ; ScL # Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 453 ; iid. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Sorting, Ibis, 1874, p. 254; Coues, B. 
N.~ West, p. 462 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 308 
(1874: Rio de Coaliuana, Mazatlan); Kensh. Hep. Zool. \Wth 
Merid. p. 450 (1875 : Colorado; Utah); Coues, Ibis, 1875, p. 498; 
Salvin, Trims. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 502 (1875: Indefatigable IsL); 
Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 40 (1876: Tehuantepec, Aug.) ; 
Be id, Zool. 1877, p. 475 (Bermudas); Sennet t, Bull. U.S. Geol. 
Surv. iv. p. 54 (1878: Brownsville, breeding); Later. Proc. U.S. 
Sat. Mus. i. p. 197 (1878; St. Vincent), p. 238 (Antigua), p. 242 
(Barbuda); Mayyiard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 368 (1879) ; Cory, 
B. Bahamas, p. 153 (1880); A. §* E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 
p. 115 (1881); Boiward, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 462 (Yucatan); Salvin, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 178 (British Guiana) ; Cory, Auk, iv. p. 231 (1887); 
Salvin, Ms, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel); Feilden, t. c. p. 492 (Barbados) 
; Cory, B. Bahamas, 2nd eel. p. 153 (1890). 
Himantopus leucurus, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 42 (1817: 

Mexico). 
Black-necked Stilt, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 8 (1834). 
Hvpsibates nigricollis, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 758 (1848). 
Macrotarsus mgricollis, Gundl. X f. O. 1856, p. 422 (Cuba), 1874, 

p. 313 (PortoRico), 1875,p.329 (Cuba); id.Om.Cub.p. 177(1876); 
id. Anal. Soc. Esp. Mist. Nat. vii. p. 377 (1878: Porto Rico). 
Adult male in hreeding-jdumage. General colour above glossy-
black with a slight oily-green tinge* wings entirely black slightly 
glossed with green; entire back, excepting the mantle, pure 
white, including also the rump and upper tail-coverts * tail-feathers 
pale smoky-grey7, with white shafts and a great deal of white on the 

inner webs, increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is 
almost entirely white, with a little smoky grey on the outer web ; 
forehead white, extending over the fore part of the crown, as far as 
in a line with the eyes; lores, cheeks, and under surface of body 
pure white, the latter with a slight pinkish tinge ; ear-coverts 
black, extending in a line underneath the eye; below the latter and 
behind the hinder part of the eye a white spot; under wing-coverts 
black; axillaries white: " bill deep black; legs and feet fine rose-
pink or delicate pale lake-red (in life): iris rosy carmine " (Baird, 
Brewer, # Ridgw.y). Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 2*45, wing 
8-3, tail 2*65, tarsus 4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the back, scapulars, 
and inner secondaries browner. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 
2*5, wing 8*4, tail 2*65, tarsus 4*2. 

Young birds have brown backs like the old females, but have 
VOL. xxiv. Y 

322 CHARADRIIDJB. 

narrow whitish fringes to the feathers of the back, and the inner 
primaries are browner at the end of the inner weh, which is fringed 
with white. The back of the neck is also greyish brown, and the 
eye-spots and forehead are tinged with ashy. The first winter 
plumage of the young birds is like that of the old female, and the 
birds moult into the M l black plumage in the following spring. 
In young birds there is a tendency to a broad grey collar round the 
hind-neck, and some old birds in black plumage have more or less 
of an indication of a white collar round the neek. So rarely does 
this plumage occur in collections that I believe it to be peculiar to 
young birds that have donned their nuptial dress for the first time. 

llab. Temperate Forth America; Central America and South 
America to Peru, Guiana, and Amazonia. Galapagos, West India 
Islands. 

a. $ ad. skr San Bernardino, California Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F Stephens). 
b. 2 ad. ak* St. Lewis Lakes, California, Salvin-Godruan Coll. 
c. 2 ^d. sk. 
June (S. W. J?.). 
Salt Lake, Utah, June 29 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{J. W. Jacox). 
d. e3f. S ad. sk. Aransas Bay, Texas, Jane Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g, h, i. c? ad. sk. 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
Corpus Ckristi, Texas, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k, I. $ ad.; m, 
n, o. 2 ^d. sk. 
p, q. & ad.; r, s. 
2 ad. sk. 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
Brownsville, May (F.
A.). 
Texas (F B. A.), 
B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. 2 Juv. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Bee. 20 Salvin-Gfodman Coll. 
u, v. (S 2 ad. s&-
to. <$ ad. sk. 
{A. Forrer). 
Tres Marias Is., Feb. 20 
(A. Forrer), 
Zapotlan, Jalisco {W. B* 
Salvin-Godman Coil. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
x\ (S juv. sk 
y. <$ ad. sk, 
Bichardson). 
Tamesi, Tampico, March 
(W. B. K.). 
Santana near Guadalajara, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z. 2 ad. sk. 
Jalisco,Dec.3( W.Lloyd). 
Santa Ana, Jalapa, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a'. Ad. sk. 
(F. Ferez). 
Progreso, N. Yucatan, (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b'. <$ ad. sk. 
c'j d'. Ad. sk 
C. G. JDevis). 
Progreso, Oct. (G. F 
Gaumer). 
Cozumel Isl., June (G. F. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e'. Ad. sk. 
/' , g'. Ad. sk 
h\ Ad. sk. 
i'. Imm. sk. 
Gaumer), 
Buatan Isl. (<?. F. GX 
Jolbox Isl., Dec. (G. F. G.). 
Guatemala (Constancia). 
San Jose*; Jan., Guatemala 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h'. <S ad. sk. 
(0.&). 
Momotombo, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May 29 ( W. B. Richardson)* 


323 

37 . HIMANTOPUS. 
l\ Ad. sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 
m' 
?i'. 
. Ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
San Domingo. 
Anguilla, W. I., Apr. 6 {C. 
S. Winch): Coi-y Coll. 
M. Salle* [C.J. 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
o'. 
P'S 
ad. sk. 
2 ad. sk. 
Antigua, Feb. [Col. Feilden). 
St. Vincent, May 9 {Mrs. 
W. India Committee 
Hoyal Soc. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<1*Ad. sk. 
B. W. Smith). 
Magdalena Valley, Colombia 
(C. W. Wyatt). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r, 
t'. 
s. Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
British Guiana. 
Isl. of Mexiana, Lower 
Sir E. Schomburgk. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
< , v'. Inim. sk. 
Amazons(-4.J2. Wallace). 
Indefatigable Isl., Galapagos, 
Sept. (Br. A. 
Hdbel). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
to'. Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 

5. Himantopus knudseni. 
Himantopus nigricollis (nee Vieill), Pelz. Verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
xxiii. p. 159 (1873: Honolulu, Feb.). 
Himantopus candidus (nee Bonn.), Bole, Hawaiian Aim. 1879, p. 52; 
Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 79 (Honolulu). 
Himantopus knudseni, Stejn. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 81, pi. vi. 
ng. 2 (1887: Kauai Isl.), xi. p. 96 (1888: Nuhau), xii. p. 381 
(1889); Seeboh?n, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 280 (1888); Scott 
Wihon fy Evans, Aves Hawaiienses, pt. iv. (1893). 

Adult. Similar to H. mexicanus, but larger and with a longer 
bill. General colour above sooty black with, a greenish gloss; the 
wings deeper black, glossed with green; entire back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts white, the latter edged with black; tail-feathers 
ashy grey, with white shafts and a good deal of white on the 
inner webs; all the feathers tipped with black; head and neck 
"black, including the feathers in front of the eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and sides of neck; below the eye, and behind the upper 
part of the latter, a white spot; base of forehead, lores, cheeks, and 
under surface of body pure white; under wing-coverts black; axillaries 
white- Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 3*1, wing 9"3, 
tail 3, tarsus 4*7. 

Hah. Sandwich Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Hawaii. 
Prof. Collefct [P.]. 
b. 
§ ad. sk. Molokai, May 16 (P. C. L. Joint Comm. Roy. Soc. 
Perkins). & Brit. Assoc. 
6. Himantopus melas. 
Himantopus melas, Hombr. fy Jacq, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi. p. 320 
(1841: Otago); Potts, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. ii. p. 70 (1870: 
Itakaia river-bed, Oct. to Dec, breeding); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. 
Charadr. p. 285 (1888). 

Himantopus nov*e zealandiae, Gould, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 8 (Port Nicholson), 
pt.; id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 25 (1841); Gray, in, Bieffenb. Trav. 

N. 
Zeal. ii. App. p. 196 (1843: Port Nicholson); id. Voy. 
Y2 
324 
CHARADKIIDJS. 

Hreb. § Terr., Birds, p. 13 (1844); id. List GralL Brit. Mus, 

p. 98 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 577 (1847); Rekkenb. GralL 
tab. xcvii. fig. 1046 (1850) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Gray, 
Ibis, 1862, p. 237; SchL Mm. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 108 (1864); 
Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 394 (Auckland); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. 
p. 48, no. 10296 (1871); Buller, B. New Zeal p. 205 (1873); 
Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1874, p. 96 JOtaio): Harting, P.Z. S. 1874, 
P(
187_ 
ed. ii. p. 
(N.Z.); Legge, Froc. Ausir. Assoc. 1892, p. 30. 


Himantopus niger, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7470. 
Adult male. Entirely black above and below, the wings and tail 
glossed with green ; the under surface of the body duller and more 
sooty black than the upper surface: u bill black; legs and feet 
pinky red, the claws black; iris and eyelids crimson7? (W. L» 
Buller). Total length 12 inches, oilmen 2^6, wing 9*8, tail 3-1, 
tarsus 3*55. 
Young. Black, more or less blotched with white, with a good 
deal of white on the base of the tail, and the throat and breast white. 
I believe, however, that the back and rump always remain black in 
the young bird. 
Hah. New Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [C.l 
b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Captain Stokes I ?.]." 
c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Captain Stokes [P.], 
d. e. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott [P.], 
/ . Imm. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.], 
*g. Imm. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. [P.1. 
)i. Ad. sk. Port Nicholson, N. Z. New Zealand Co. [P."]. 

i. 
Ad. sk. Saltwater Creek, N. Z.? Seebohm Coll. 
May. 
h. Ad. &k. Selwyn, N. Z., Sept. (Von Seehohm Coll. 
Haast). 
I Ad. sk. Wellington, N. Z. Seehohm Coll. 
m,n. <$ ad. et $ Otago, N.Z., May,Sept. Hume Coll. 

imm. sk. 

38. CLADORHYKCHUS. 
Tjpe. 
Leptorhynchus, Du Bus, Bull. R. Acad, Brux. ii. 


p. 419 (1835) C. leucocephalus. 
Cladorhynchus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 69 .. C. leucocephalus. 
Xiphidiorhyncnus, Reichmb. Vog. Neuholl. ii. 
Abth. i. p. 28 (1845) 
C. leucocephalus. 

Mange. Confined to Australia. 

1. Cladorhyuchus leucocephalus. 
Recurvirostra leucocephala, 
Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat* iii. p. 103 
(1816); id. Gal Ois. ii. pi. eclxxi. (1834). 
Recurvirostra orientalis, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 496 (1817) Teinm. 

38 . CLADORHYNCHUS. 
323 

Man. d?Orn. ii. p. 593 (1820); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847) ; 
Reichenb. Grail tab. lxii. fig. 520 (1851). 
Leptorliynchus pectoralis, JDu Bus, Bull. R. Acad. Belqiqae, ii. 

p. 420, pi. vii. (1835); id. Mag. de Zool. 1835, pi. 45. 
Himantopus pahiiatus, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. part ii. (1837). 
Cladorhvnchus pectoralis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 69 (1840); Gould, 
B. Amtr. YL pi. 26 (1841); Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 98 
(1844: S. Australia); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 557 (1847); Sturt Bxp. 
Centr. Amtr. ii. App. p. 49 (1849: Lepson's Lake; Strezlecki's 
Creek); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 248 (1865); Gray, Hand-l 
B. iii. p. 47, no. 10291 (1871) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. 
i. pp. 188, 217 (1877), ii. p. 198 (1878), vii. p. 57 (1883 : eggs)• 
North, op. cit. (2) i. p. 1165 (1887: eggs) j Ramsay, Tab. List 
Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: N. S. W.; Victoria and S. Australia,* W. 
and S.W. Australia); North, Nests &• Bags Austr. B. p. 311 
(1889). 
Xiphidiorhvnchus pectoralis, Reichenb. Fog. Neuholl p. 28 (1848) ; 
id. Grail, tab. xcvii. fig. 1047 (1851). 
Cladorhvnchus orientalis, Selys-Longch. Bull. Acad. R. Belgiqae, 
xviii.pt. 1, p. 9 (1851); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 421 (1856). 

Himantopus pectoralis, Schl Mm. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 108 
(1864) • Seebohm, Geogr. BisL Charadr. p. 288, pi. 14 (1888). 
Cladorhvnchus leucocephaius, Saloin, Ibis, 1874, p. 252 note; id. 

Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 604 (1882). 

Adult. General colour above white, including the scapulars; 
parapteral plumes and wing-coverts black; primaries black, browner 
on the inner web, the inner ones more or less white on the inner 
webs ; the secondaries entirely whi^g, except the innermost, which 
are black : tail white, shaded with ashy grey, principally on the outer 
webs; head and neck all round pure white as far as the fore-neck, 
which is separated by a line of black from the chest, which, with the 
breast, is dark chestnut, coming to a point on the centre of the latter 
and joining a broad black band down the centre of the abdomen; 
sides of body, under tail-coverts, and axillaries pure white; under 
wing-coverts blackish, those near the edge of the wing and the lower 
primary-coverts with white spots : " bill black; feet yellow " (J. 
Gould). Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 7*7, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 3*05. 

Mr. Gould imagined that the chestnut breast-band disappeared 
during the winter and was a mark of breeding-plumage. This seems 
very possible, judging by the specimens in the Museum, which are 
changing from white to chestnut. As they appear to be perfectly 
old individuals, the acquisition of the chestnut breast cannot be a 
sign of passing from youth to age. 

Young birds differ from the adults in being entirely white below, 
and in some specimens the wings are ashy brown instead of black. 

Hab. Australia. 
a. Imm. st. 
b. Ad. sk. 
e. Imm. sk. 
d7 e,f. Ad. sk, 
g. Juv, sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
Sir D. Cooper [PA 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

326 CHARADRIIDiE. 
h, i. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
Victoria, S. and W. Coast(J. T. Cockerell). 
New South Wales. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Australian Museum 
/. Juv. sk. West Australia. Purchased. 

39. 
RECURVIROSTRA. 
Type. 
Recurvirostra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 256 (1766) R. avocetta. 
Avocetta, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 538 (1760) R. avocetta. 

Range. Nearly cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Greater wing-coverts and secondaries white ; 
back white, with a broad line of black down 
the scapulars. 
a'. 
Crown black or blackish brown; sides of 
face and throat white avocetta, p. 326. 

bl 

. Crown cinnamon like the hind-neck, sides 
of face, and throat (ad. sestiv.); crown 
pearly grey like the hind-neck (juv. et 
ptil. hiem.) americana, p. 330. 

c'. Crown chestnut like the hind-neck, sides of 
face, and throat novts hollandm, p. 333. 

b. Greater wing-coverts and secondaries blackish 
brown like the mantle, wings, and tail; head 
white andina7 p. 334. 
1. Recurvirostra avocetta. 
The Avocet. 
The Avosetta of the Italians, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. L p. 96, pi. 101 
(1738). 
L'Avocette, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 538, pl.zlvii. fig. 2 (1760); iPAubent. 
PI JEnl ix. pi. 353; Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 466 (1781). 

Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 25G (1766); Gm. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 693 (1788); Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. pt. 2, p. 329, pi. 29 
(1803) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 160 (1811 : S. Dauria); 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 380 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet. d'JBist. Nat. 

iii. p. 102 (1816); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 590 (1820); 
BOUT, Orn. Prov. pi. 338 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 3 
(1827); Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 685 (1831); Less. Traiie d'Orn. 
p. 591 (1831); Naum. Vog. Beutschl. viii. p. 213, Taf. 204 (183(>); 
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna) ; Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 308 
(1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 54 (1838); MacyUL 
Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 87 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard,^ p. 398 (1840); 
Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 209 (1840); Nord?n. in Bimid. Voy. 
Buss. MSrid. iii. p. 248 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 123 
(1842); Schl. Bev. Crit. p. xevi (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. 
Mus. p. 97 (1844); Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 98 (1844); 
Hodgs, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail pis. 90, 100, no. 573; id. 
in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 126 
(1845: Lower Egypt in winter) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal 
39. RECURVIROSTIU. 
327 

pres. Rodgs. p. 138 (1846); Rewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 227, 
pi. Ixxxii. fig. 1 (1840); Gray, Gen. R iii. p. 576 (1847); Bh/th, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. JSoc. p. 265 (1849: Oaleatta); Thomps. B. Irel 

ii. p. 220 (1849); Maegill. Brit B. iv. p. 306 (1850) ; Reichenh 
Grail, tab. IxvL figs. 985-987 (1851); Kjarb. Damn. Fugle, pi. 33 k 
fig. 2 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 250 (1854); Licht. Nomencl 
AD. MUS. Berol. p. 93 (1854) ; Heugl Syst. TIebers. p. 63 (1856: 
Kordofaa and Red Sea); Bf. C. B. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Rartl. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 235 (1857: Congo); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. 
Mich. Orn. p. 484 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 79 (Tuggurt) ; 
Salvia, t. c. p. 357 (E. Atlas), p. 359 (Djendeli); Powys, lids, 
1860, p. 345 (Butrinto); Lindtrm. Vog. Griechenl p. 136 (1860); 
Swink. Ibis, 18(50, p. m (Amoy), 1861, p. 343 (Peiho River); 
Schl. Bier. Nederl Vogels, pi. 25. figs. 10, 10 a (1861); Marti. 
J.f. 0.1861, p. 271; Swink. Ibis, 1863, p. 406 (Ape's HiR Creek, 
Formosa); Radde, Beis. Svbir., Vdgels, p. 326 (1863: Tarei-nor, 
April); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 162 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 149 (Malta); Stafford Allen, t. e. p. 241 (Egypt) ;. Kirk, t. c. 
p. 332 (Zambesi); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 52 (186i) j Collett, 
Overs. Christiania Omegns orn. Faun. p. 195 (1864k Schl. 
Mm. Pays-Bas, Scoloy&ces, p. 103 (1864); Jerd. B. IndTm.-p. 707 
(1864); GigL Ibis, 1865, p. 61 (Pisa); More, t. c. p. 436; Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 328 (1867); Swink. Ibis, 1867, p. 400; Degl. et Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. n. p. 243 (1867); Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 287 
(1807); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, pp. 133, 326 (Palestine); Smith, t. c. 
p. 454 (Portugal); Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 420 (1868); 
Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 57 (1868); Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutsckL 
p. 112 (1869); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 38. fig. 1 (I860); Doderl Avif. 
SicU. p. 197 (1869); Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 76 (Colesberg, 
breeding; Hopetown); Broste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 168 (1869); 
Finsch $• Rartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 755 (1870) ; Stevens. B. Norfolk, 
ii. p. 237 (1870): Elwes <$• Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Macedonia; 
Kustendji) ; Fritsck, Vog. Eur. Taf. 34. tig. 7 (1873); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 47, no. 10285 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Hal., Ucc. 
p. 209 (1871); Swink P. Z. S. 1871, p. 405 (China Coast in 
winter); Gray, B. WestScotl. p. 302 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 387 (S. Spain); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 475 (Ceylon); Rarting, 
Randb. Brit. B. p. 46 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 260 (1872) ; 
Gnrney in Andsrss. B. Earn. Ld. p. 314 (1872: Otjimbinque; 
Ondonga; Walfi&b Bay; Sandwich Harbour; Angra Pequena); 
Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1175 (1873); Palrnen, Finlands 
Fogl. p. 246 (1873); Severtz. TurJcest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 338 (Sardinia); Rages Lloyd, t. c. p. 417 
(Kathiawar); Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 133, 248 (1873: Munchur 
Lake); Adam, t. c. p. 397 (Sambhur); Rarting, Ibis, 1874, p. 245 ; 
Saxby, B. Shetl p. 196 (1874); Adam, Str. F. ii. p. 339 (1874: 
Sambhur); Bresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 577, pi. 534 (1875); Irby, Orn. 
Str. Gibr. p. 164 (1875); Banf. § Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 420 
(Transylvania); FaUon, Ois. Belg. p. 164 (1875); Butler, Str. F. 
iv. p. 18 (1876: Deesa); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 286 (1870: 
Shiraz Lake, June); Bresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 329; Tacz. Bull. Soc. 
Zool France, i. p. 249 (1876), ii. p. 156 (1877: Poland); Finsch, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 50 (Lake Ala-Kul); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877: 
Guzerat); Bavid § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 461 (1877); Prjev. in 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 89 (1878: S.E. Mongolia, March; 
Yellow River, breeding: Koko-nor, March); Hume, Str. F. vii. 
p. 67 (1878: Jodhpur), p. 489 (Calcutta); Blakist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 
328 CHAR\DEHT)-E. 

1878, p. 220 (Su.aki, Tokio); Bogd. B. Cave, p. 105 (1879); 
Finsch, VerhandL z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix. p. 2-31 (1879: Omsk) ; 
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 65 (1879: winter visitant; ; Hume, 
Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 925 (1860) ; 
Danf. Ibis, 1880, p. 84 (Asia Minor); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 409 
(1881: Mossamedes) ; W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 644 (anatomy) 
; Milne-Edwards §-Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. 
p. 628 (18S2); Butler, Feilden, $ Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 425 '(Newcastle, 
S. A.); Salvi?i, Cat. Strickl. ColL p. 604 (1^82 : Snnrna) ; 
Blakiston $ Fryer, B. Japan, p. Ill (1882) ; Simsoa, Ibis", lb^2, 
p. 90 (Dacca); Seebohm, t. c. p. 222 (A&trachan) ; B. O. U. List 
Brit. B. p. 162 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caspian and 
Black Seas) ; Irby, t. c. p. 186 (Santander); Seebohm, t. c. p. 398 
(Dobrudscha): Saunders, ed. Yarrelts Brit. B. iii. p. 299 (1883) ; 
Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 30 (18^4: doubtfully 
recorded); Tristr. Faun. $ Ftor. Palest, p. 131 (1^84: Sea 
of Galilee) ; Bogd. Consp.Av. Imp. Boss. p. 79 (1884: Black Sea ; 
Sea of Azof; Aralo-Caspian region ; Russian Songaria; Dauria); 
Fadde, Orn. Cane. pp. 44, 424 (1884); Murray^ Vertebr. Faun. 
Sind, p. 258 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 073 
(1884); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 221 (1884: Lake 
Oialalaka); Swinhoe §* Barnes, Ibis, 18^5, p. 134 (Gumrra, Central 
India): Giql. Avif. Ital. p. 379 (1886); Salvad. Fleaeo Ucc. ItaL 

p. 214 (1886); Sundev. Ibis, 1886, p. 450; Buckley # liar vie 
Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Sutherl. p. 215 (1887) ; Tait, Ibi% lfes?, 
p. 388 (Portugal); Reid, Sir. F. x. p. 453 (1887 : Luckuow); 
Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 45 (1888) ; Chapman, Ibis, lb^, 
p. 448 (Spain) ; Buckley <$• Harue Broivn, Vertebr. Faun. Outer 
Hebrides, p. 128 (1888); Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. DeuUehl p. 50 
(1889); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 545 (18e9); Git/l. Avif. 
Ital. 1st Mesoc. p. 581 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 660 (1893), 3rd Besoe. 
p. 516 (1891); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat), p. bb (Ifc90) ; 
Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xiii. (1890); Buckley % Harvie 
Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 206 (1891) : Firms, IbisT 
1891, p. 80 (incubation): Sharpe, t. c. p. 114 (Fao); Siya?i, t. e. 
pp. 330, 504 (Lower Yangtse); Frivaldsky, A v. Hung. p. 141 
(1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland); Sibree, t. c. 
p. 115 (Madagascar); Be la Touche, t. e. p. 493 (Foochow ; 
Swatow); Harte?'t, t. c. p. 516 (E. Prussia); Chapin. Ibis. 1894» 
p. 349 (W. Jutland); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p 274 
(1895). 
Scolopax avocetta, Scop. Ann. i. p. 92 (1769). 
Avoeetta recurvirostra, Bodd. Tabl PI. Fnl. p. 21 (1783). 
Scooping Avoset, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 293 (1785). 
Avocetta europaea, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Kaf. iii. p. 339 (1810). 
Recurvirostra tephroleuca, Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 300 (1820: 


Senegal); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 236 (1857). 
Recurvirostra fissipes, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 686 (1831). 
The Avoeet, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 555 (1843). 
Recurvirostra avocetta fissipes, Beiehmh. Grail, tab. IxvL fisr. 988 

(1851). 
Recurvirostra helebi, A. E. Brehm, J.f.O. 1854, p. 84. 
Recurvirostra helevi, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 326 (1855). 
Recurvirostra europsea, Antinori, Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 110 (1864). 
Recurvirostra sinensis, Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1867, p. 401 (Anioy). 
Hinaantopus avocetta, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 74 (1885); id. 

Ibk, 1880, p. 228; id. Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 289 (1888). 

39 . RECTTRYIROSTTU. 
329 
Adult male. General colour above varied with black and white; the 
upper part of the mantle and scapulars black ; the rest of the back, 
ramp, and upper tail-coverts pure white, as also the outer scapulars, 
which form a white band on each side of the lateral black bands on the 
back; smaU wing-coverts along the carpal edge of the wing white, 
median coverts black, forming a broad band down the wing; bastard-
wing and greater coverts pure white; primary-coverts white with 
black tips, the inner ones pure white; outer primaries blackish with 
white at the base, the inner ones pure white as well as the secondaries, 
the innermost secondaries blackish; tail-feathers pale ashy-
grey, the outermost feathers whitish; crown of head black, extending 
in a broad line to the hind-neck; lores also blackish, and the feathers 
below the eye, sides of face and ear-coverts, sides of neck, and entire 
under surface of body, including the under wing-coverts, axillaries, 
and quill-lining, pure white : " bill black• feet and toes pale blue; 
iris reddish brown " {Howard Saunders). Total length 16*5 inches, 
culmen 3-3, wing 8*6, tail 3, tarsus 3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 
17 inches, culmen 3*15, wing 9, tail 3*55, tarsus 3*3. 
In winter both the old and young birds appear to have the white 
of the upper parts sullied with grey, and the black of the head is 

* confined 
to the crown, not reaching beyond the nape ; some specimens, 
probably young ones, have a good deal of brown mixed with 
the black of the upper parts. The tail is light grey in winter, and 
becomes pure white in summer. 
Nestling. Ashy grey, slightly mottled with dusky bars ; on the 
sides of the mantle two incomplete streaks of black ; a black streak 
on the middle of the rump and a black line extending along the sides 
of the body across the base of the root of the tail *. minor black 
markings are seen upon the head and on the wings; under surface 
of body yellowish white. 

Hah. In suitable localities throughout Central and Southern 
Europe, Africa, and Temperate Asia, east to Mongolia in summer, 
and south to the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. Formerly breeding 
in the British Islands, but now only an occasional visitor. 

a. Imm. st. Pagham, Sussex. Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Norfolk. 
Old Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. S. Wales. Montagu Coll. 
d7 e. Juv. st. Europe. Purchased. 
/ . Ad. sk. Jutland, June (A. Benzon). Hume Coll. 
(/. Ad. sk. Zuyder Zee, Holland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
)*, I Juv. st. Holland. Gould Coll. 

k. Pull. sk. Holland {F. Bond). Gould Coll. 
I $ ad. sk. Seville, May 29 (H. Saunders). Tweeddale Coll. 
m, n. <$ imm. sk.; Algeria. Seebohm Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. Athens. Consul Merlin [P.]. 
#, r. <3 ad. sk. Egypt, March (G. E.Shelley). Seebohm Coll. 
s, t. Juv. st. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
u. Ad. sk. Damara-land. C.J. Andersson, Esq. 
[C.J. 
330 
CHAUA.DKriD.2E. 

v. Ad. sk. 
to. $ ad. sk. 

x. Ad. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
z. $ ad. sk. 
a'. 5 ad. sk. 

ti> e', df. 6 2 ad. 

sk.^ 
e'. 2 j uv-s^. 
f-k'. $ S ad. sk. 

*-?n\ <$ ? ad. sk. 

^-?'• c? 2 ad. sk. 

r', s', z5'. Ad. sk. 
wf-#\ Ad. sk. 
y'. Ad. sk. 
z'. Ad. sk. 
«", 6". Ad. sk. 
c", d". <$ $ ad. 

sk. 

e". Ad. sk. 
/'. 2 ad. sk. 

g". J ad. sk. 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Jan. 6. 

Narkot, Sind, Jan. 18 (W. T. 
Blanford). 

Loodiana, Jan. 
Sind (Dr. Gould). 
Munchur Lake, Jan. 27 (A. 

0. H.). 
Sambhur, Jan. 14 (22. M. 
Adam). 
Ahmedabad, April 19 (A. 0. 
H.). 
Ajinere, Dec. 19 (A. 0. S.). 
Delhi, Jan. to March (A. 0. 

K.). 

Gurgaon district, Jan. to 
March (A. 0. H.). ^ 
Gurgaon district, Xov. to 

March (W. N. Chill), 
Etawah. 
Sohnpur. 
Nepal. 
Assam (McClelland). 
Calcutta (Blyth). 
Arnoy, Feb. 5 (JR. Swinhoe). 

Fokien. 
Swatow (B. S.). 
Tientsin, Dec. (B. $.). 

W.D. Cummin^, Esq. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Plume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 


India Milium. 
FWboh in Cull. 


(Type> of It. sinensis.) 
Set'bohm Coll. 
8et*bohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

2. Kecurvirostra americana. 
American Avoset, 
Pennant, Arci. Zool. ii. p. 502, pi. xxi. (17#5); 
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 225, pi. xeii. (1785J; Nutt. Man. Orn. 

ii. p. 75 (1834;. 
Recurvirostra 
americana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 693 (1788); Wilson, 
Amer. Orn. vii. p. 126, pi. 63. %. 2 (1813); Leach. ZooL Misc. ii. 

p. 114, pi. 101 (1815); Weill. N Diet. oVHist. Nat. iii. p. 103 
(1816); Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccexviii. (e. 1826); Swains. Faun. Bor.~ 
Amer., Birds, p. 375 (1831: Saskatchewan, May) ; Audub. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 168 (1838); Bp. Comp. ZistB. Eur.fy N. Amer. p. 54 
(1838); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 24, pi. 353 (1843); Giraud, 
B. Long Lsl. p. 269 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 97 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 576 (1847); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 389 
(1847); Reichenb. Grail tab. Ixvi. fig. 991 (1851); LicJit Nomencl. 
Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: Mexico); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 421 
(1856); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 703 (1858); Henry, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 108 iNew Mexico) ; Xantus, t. c. p. 192 
(Fort Tejon, California); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 
(1860: Cuba) ; Gundl. J.f.O. 1862, p. 88 (Cuba) ; Albrecht, t. c. 
p. 206 (Jamaica); Blahist. Ibis, 1863, p. 130 (Saskatchewan 
Plains; Fort Carlton; Mackenzie River); March, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, 
Scolopaces, p. 104 (1864); Cones, Ibis, 1865, p. 158 (Arizona); 
Salvin, t. c. p. 192 (Guatemala); Dresser, Ibis, I860, p. 35 
(S. Texas) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 198 (Chiapam); Coues, t c. p. 263; id. 
39 . BECURYIROSTRA. 
331 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. 1866, p. 97 (Arizona); id. Proa. 
Bost. Soc. N. JET. xii. p. 124 (1868: S. Carolina); Stevenson, GeoL 
Surv. Terr. 1871, p. 466 (North Platte River); Gray, Hand-l. B. 

iii. p. 47, no. 10288 (1871); Allen, Bull Harv. Coll. ii. p. 357 
(1871: Florida); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL Philad. 1871, p. 33 
(Fort Macon, N. Carolina) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 247 (1872); 
Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. iii. p. 171 (1872: Great Salt Lake, 
breeding); Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xv. p. 209 (1872 : 
Arkansas River); ScL $ Salv. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); 
Merriam, GeoL Surv. Terr. vi. p. 701 (1873: Great Salt Lake); 
Ridgw. Proc. Bost Soc. N. H. xvi. p. 328 (1874: Lower Wabash 
Valley); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 460 (1874); Hurting, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 253 ; Laiur. Mem. Bost. Soc. N H. ii. p. 308 (1874: Rio de 
Coahuana; Mazatlan); Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xvii. p. 66 
(1874: Yellowstone); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. T. x. p. 384 (1874: 
Illinois); Rensh. Rep. Zool. Fvpl. 100*A Merid. p. 448 (1875) 
Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 330 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cubana, p. 178 
Ridgw. Rep. Survey 40th Parallel, p. 605 (1877: Carson, Nevada 
Salt Lake) ; Sennett, Bulk U.S. GeoL Surv. iv. p. 54 (1878 
Galveston Bay); Coues, t. c. p. 635 (Milk River, breeding) 
Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 84 (1879: Lake 
Kennedy); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 368 (1879); Ridgw. 
Proc. U.S. Nat MILS. iii. p. 201 (1880), iv. p. 219 (1881); Belding, 
Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 351 (1882: Lower California); Coues, 
Check-L N Amer. B. p. 99 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 011 (1834); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. 
i. p. 341 (1884); Cory, List B. West Ind. p. 26 (1885); Brew, 
Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Bechh. t c. p. 144 (Pueblo); 
Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); JSverm. op.cit iii. p. 91 (1886: 
Ventura Co., California); Scott, t c. p. 386 (S. Arizona); A. O. U. 
Chech-l. N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1886); Lloyd, Auk, iv.p. 185 (1887: 
W. Texas); Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 163, 198 (1887: 
N. California); Bechh. t. c. p. 642 (S.W. Texas), p. 651 (Corpus 
Ckristi Ray); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1887); Jeffries, 
Auk, vi. p."223 (1889: Santa Barbara); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 232 
(1889); Thomps. Proc. US. Nat Mus. xiii, p. 497 (1890: Manitoba 
; Winnipeg ; Souris R.; Plum Creek); Merriam, N. Amer. 
Faun. no. 3, p. 88 (1890), no. 5, p. 91 (1891: Idaho); Fisher, 
op. cit. no. 7, p. 22 (1893); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 12 (1892 : Jamaica) ; 
Attzoater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio) ; Anthony, t. c. p. 360 (S.W. 
New Mexico); Cory, Cat B. West Indies, p. 92 (1892: Greater 
and Lesser Antilles); Dutch®*, Auk, x. p. 272 (1893: Long 
Island). 
Recurvirostra 
occidentalis, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 356 (1829: 
San Francisco); Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 520; Vigors, in Beechey's 
Voy. Blosso?n, p. 28, pi. xii. (1839); Gray §• Mitchell, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 570, pi. 155 (1847); Reichenb. Grail, tab." eclxxxviii. figs. 236465 
(1851); Bp.C R. xliii. p. 421 (1856). 
Himantopus americana, Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 75 (1885); id. 
Geo(p\ Distr. Charadr. p. 291 (1888). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black and 
white, the mantle and scapulars black, the upper mantle white; 
wing-coverts black, the greater coverts broadly tipped with white, 
forming a wing-band; the coverts separated from the black of the 
back by a broad band of white, which occupies the outer scapulars 

332 
CHIRADRIIDJE. 

and parapteral feathers; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries 
black, the inner ones black edged with white, which increases 
gradually on the inner ones, which have only a black mark near the 
end of the outer web ; the inner secondaries entirely white, the long 
innermost quills brown, grey at the ends ; tail-feathers pearly grey ; 
head and neck all round vinaceous chestnut, becoming paler on the 
hind-neck and on the lower throat, where it gradually overspreads 
the breast; the rest of the under surface being white, including the 
under wing-coverts and axillaries ; base of forehead and base of chin 
also white: " bill deep black ; feet ashy blue; iris umber-brown " 

(R. Ridgway). Total length 16 inches, culmen 3*7, wing 8*9, 
tail 3*4, tarsus 3*7. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 15 inches, 
culmen 3*5, wing 8*9, tail 3*3, tarsus 3*5. 
Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
having the head and hind-neck pale lavender-grey. 
Young. Similar to the adults, but brownish black wbere the full 
plumage is deep black; the head and face pale lavender-grey ; the 
hind-neck and sides of neck washed with pale cinnamon; and the 
white of the mantle sullied with brown. 

Bab. Temperate North America, north to the Saskatchewan and 
Great Slave Lake, south (in winter) to Guatemala, Cuba, and 
Jamaica (R. Ridgway). 

a. Ad. aestiv. st. Hudson's Bay Territory. Sir G. Back TV. 
Hudson's Bay Territory. Sir John IticLarclson 

b. Ad. sestiv. st. 
e, d. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, July (G. X.A. Bound. Comm. 

Daivsori). 

e,f. Ad. sk. Near Chief Mountain, DaSalvin-
Godman Coll. 

kota, Aug. 29 (K Coues: 

Hensh. Coll.). 

g. S sestiv. sk. N. Dakota, May 3. E. S. Cameron, E^q. 
~p*l* 

k. S 
ad. sk. "Washoe Lake, Nevada, May Salvin-Godman Cull. 
^ (H. W. H.). 
t. 
2 ad. sk. Fort Larned, Kansas, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 (K Coues). 
k, I. J ad. sk. Fort Garland, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 2 (H. W. H.). 

m. 
(S ad. sk. Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Cull. 
May 2 (Jff. W. H.). 
w-s. <$ 5 ad. hi em. Corpus Christi, Texas, Feb., Salvin-Godman ColL 
sk. March, Nov. {F.B.Armstrong). 
t~w. cf sestiv.; x. Brownsville, May (F. B. Salvin-Godman ColL 
$ sk. Armstrong).
y~b". <? 2 »stiv. Aransas Bay, May, June Salvin-Godman Cull. 
sk. (F. B. Armstrong).
c". 5 hiem. sk. San Patricio, Dec. \F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Armstrong).
d". 
Ad. sk. Avocet Camp, Utah (C. S, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
McCarty). 

39 . RECT7BVIK0STKA. 333 
«"> f \ ff"Ad. 
California. Seebohm Coll. 
eestiv.; h", i". 
Ad. hiem. sk. 
k". Ad. sk.
I". Ad. sestiv. sk. 
Laguna, California, Oct(61 K Aithen). 
Santa Cruz, California,
. 1 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m". $ sestiv. sk.
June 10 (JET. W. K.). 
Mexico. Seebohm Coll. 
n". c? sestiv. sk. Zacatecas, Aug. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson), 
o". Ad. sk. S. Mexico (Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p", q", r".
biem.sk. 
Ad. Chiapam, Guatemala, J 
(0. S.).
an. Salvin-Godman and 
Tweeddale Colls. 

3. Recurvirostra novae hollandise. 
JRecurvirostra novse hollandiee, Vieill N. Diet. WKist. Nat p. 103 
(1816) ; Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 237 (New Zealand); Bullet, B. New 
Zeal p. 201 (1873); Harting, Ibis, 1874, p. 258; Bullei\ B. New 
Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 20, pi. xxvii. fig. 1 (1888). 

Itecurvirostra 
rubricollis, Temm. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 592 (1820); 
Gould, B. Australia, vi. pi. 27 (1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit. 
Mus. p. 97 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847); Beichmb. Vog. 
Neiiholl p. 20 (1850); id. Grail, tab. lxii. figs. 989-990 (1851); 
Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 421 (1856); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces^ 

p. 104 (1864); Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 249 (1865); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 47, no. 10287 (1871); Bamsay, Proc. linn. Soc. 
N.S.W. i p. 217 (1877: N.S.W.); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 337 
(eggs) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. p. 198 (1878), vii. p. 411 
(1883: Lacblan distr., breeding, Sept.-Dec.) ; id. op. cit. (2) i. 
p. 1099 (1887: Derby, N.W. Australia); North, t. c. p. 1173; 
Bamsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: Australia generally 
except Cape York): id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii'. p. 171 
(1888); North, Nests $Bggs Austr. B. p. 309 (1889). 
Avocetta 
novae hollandise, EUman, Zool. 1861, p. 7470 (New 
Zealand). 
Himantopus novse hollandia^ Seebohm, Hist. Bnt. B. iii. p. 75 
(1885). 
Himantopus rubricollis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 229; id. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 292 (1888). 
Adult. General colour above white, with a longitudinal line of 
black down the sides of the back, formed by the scapulars; outer 
scapulars white, forming a broad band which skirts the black scapulars 
; small wing-coverts on the edge of the wing white, the 
remainder of the lesser wing-coverts black, the greater series white, 
with more or less black on the outer webs; bastard-wing pure 
white ; primary-coverts blackish, white at the base, the inner ones 
entirely white; quills blackish, primaries white at the base and 
along the inner web, the inner primaries and secondaries pure 
white, tbe innermost secondaries black; upper tail-coverts and tail 
ashy grey, the outer feathers white, shaded with ashy externally ; 
head all round bright chestnut, extending round half the neck 
and occupying the whole of the throat; remainder of the under 
surface, from the fore-neck downwards, pure white, including 

CHABADKIJDiE. 

the under wing-coverts and axillaries: " bill Mack; legs greyish 
blue, tarsi and feet tinged with olive; iris bright red " (J. Gould). 
Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 3-6, wing 8-9, tail 31, tarsus 3-35. 

Bab. Australia and New Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
cy d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/, g. Ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
I Ad. sk. 
m% n, o. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. ^ 

S. Australia. 
S. Australia. 
Port Adelaide, S. Australia, 
May. 

S. Australia. 
Lachlan River, N. S. W. 
Queensland. 
Queensland. 
Derby, N.W. Australia (T. 
H. Bowyer Bower). 
N.W. Australia, Sept. 19. 
New Zealand. 
New Zealand. 
Ladv Carrington HP/j. 
Old "Con. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Capt. Stmt [P.\ 
Sir G. Grey [P."]. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Lord Leigh fP.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Bowyer Bower 


j;pJ:Ehey, E&q. y.\ 
Sir Samuel Scott "P."\ 
Colonial Museum "P.^. 


4. Kectmrirostra andina. 
Recurvirostra andina, PhilippifyLandb. Arch.f. Naturq. xxlx. p. 131 
(1863: Paruncota, 16,000 ft.); Gray, Hand-l. B. III. p. 47, 
no. 10289 (1871); ScL $ Sah. NomencLAo.Neofr. p. 144 |1S73) ; 
Hurting, Ibis, 1874, p. 257, pi. lx.; Baird, Breicer, $ Bidyio. 

Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 341 (1884); Tarz. Orn. Perm, iii. 

p. 384 (1886); ScL P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Huasco, Tarapaca) ; 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1887). 
Himantopus 
andinus, Seeboh?7i} Ibis, 1886, p. 232; id. Geoff r. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 286 (1888). 

Adult female. General colour above sooty black, including the 
wings and tail, tbe secondaries with a certain amount of white 
towards the base of the inner web ; lower back and rump white, 
the upper tail-coverts sooty black, with white on many of these 
feathers ; head and neck all round, as well as the upper mantle and 
the entire under surface of the body, pure white, including the 
under wing-coverts and axillaries: u bill black; feet bluish grey; 
iris orange, with a yellow rim" (A. A. Lane). Total length 
17 inches, culmen 2*9, wing 9'5, tail 4, tarsus 3-5. 

Nestling. Covered with white down, the back mottled with brown, 
the black appearing on the scapulars, sides of body, and upper 
tail-coverts. 

Bab. Andes of Chili. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Berkeley James Coll. 
Jm.jFebt(A.A.Lane). 
Sacaya, March 18 (A. Berkeley James Coll. 

A. Lane). 
d. 
5 ad. et pull, sk. Lueva Negra, Tarapaca, Berkeley James Coll. 
Feb. 0 (Bahmer). 
40 . IBIDORHYNCHTJS. 
335 

Subfamily VII. IBIDORHYNCHlNiE. 

40. 
IBIDOEHYNCHUS. 
Type. 
Ibidorliyncliiis, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 174 I. strutliersi. 
Clorhynehus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. iv. p. 701 (1835) .. I. struthersi. 
Falcirostra, Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 146 (1873) ... . I. struthersi. 
Range. The mountain streams of the Himalayan Kegion to 
Central Asia and eastwards to China. 

1. Ibidorhynchus struthersi. 
Ibidorhynchus 
struthersi, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 174 (Himalaya 
Mis.)"; Gould, Cat. B. ffimal. Mts. pi. lxxix. (1832); Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 138 (1846); id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 568 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 265 (1849: 
Bhotan; Nepal); Reichenb. Gratt. tab. xcvi. fig. 1044 (1850); 
Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 61 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 685 (1864) 
Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 41, no. 10238 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 411 (near Pekin) ; Blanf. J A. S. Beng. xl. p. 400 (1871), 
xli. p. 72 (1872: Sikkim); Brooks, t c. p. 86 (Cashmere); id. 
Str. F. iii. p. 257 (1875: Derali, Bhagirati Valley); Dresser, Ibis, 
1876, p. 329 (Turkestan) ; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 456, pi. 118 
(1877); Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 51 (1878: Koko-nor 
Mts., Nov.; Kan-su Mts.); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879), xi. 
p. 323 (1888: Manipur); Seeboh?n, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 314 
(1888) ; id. Ibis,^ 1891, p. 378 (Western Szechuen, 14,000 ft.); 
Berez. fy Bianchi, Aves Gan-su. p. 4 (1891); Oust. N. Arch. Mus. 
(3) vi. p. 89 (1894: Tatsien-lou). 
Clorhynehus strophiatus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. iv. p. 701 (1835); 
id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pis. 82, 82 «, 99, App. pi. 46, 
no. 576; id. in Grafs Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 

Ardea ?, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344 (between Takoo & Pekin). 
Numenius struthersi, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 102 (1864: 
Nepal). 
Falcirostra kaufmanni, Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. pp. 69, 146, pi. x. 
figs. 1, 2 (1873). 
Falcirostra longipes, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 69, 147 (1873). 

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, a little clearer grey on 
the wing-coverts; bastard-wing blackish; primary-coverts blackish; 
quills dusky grey, hlackish at the ends, the inner primaries with a 
round sub-terminal spot of white, increasing in extent towards the 
secondaries, the outermost of which have white bases, forming a 
large wing-patch; remainder of secondaries ashy grey, with more 
or less white towards the base of the inner web; innermost long 
secondaries like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts clearer grey than the mantle, the central coverts blackish 
with grey tips, the others grey externally; tail-feathers ashy brown, 
with wavy bars of dusky blackish, all but the centre feathers with 
a large black spot at the ends, the external one barred with black 
and white on the outer web on]y, and the bars on the inner web 

336 CH4,BADEIIT>^. 

very indistinct; centre of crown black, ending in a point on the 
nape• the forehead somewhat hoary, as also the tore part of the 
cheeks; lores and remainder of sides of face, as -well as the throat, 
black, which extends to below the eye and then in a diagonal 
direction across the face to the lower throat; a white line skirting 
this black mask from the sides of the nape and joining on the 
throat; ear-coverts and sides of neck, as well as the whole of the 
hind-neck and fore-neck, lavender-grey, everywhere separated by 
the line of white before mentioned ; across the chest a broad band 
of black, separated from the grey fore-neck t y a line of white ; 
remainder of under surface of body pure white, including the under 
tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries : " bill deep crimson ; 
feet blood-red ; iris red " (T. 0. Jerdon). Total length 13 inches, 
culmen 2*9, wing 9*2, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*85. 

Adult jhn ale. Similar to the male, but with the black of the face 
and the band on the chest rather browner. Total length lb* inches, 
culmen 3, wing 2*2, tail 4'5, tarsus 1*75. 

Young. Much more dingy than the adults in colour, but freckled 
with ochreous buff and dusky lines: the black of the face replaced 
with dusky and also on the crown; the forehead, cheeks, and throat 
hoary; the black band on the chest feebly developed, dusky blackish, 
obscured with whitish margins to the feathers, 

Hab. Himalayas from Cashmere to Assam. Central Asia from 
Turkestan to Tibet, and eastwards to Mongolia and Northern 
China. 

a, b. Ad. &k. Gulcha, Pamir, May. St. GeorgreLit tledale,Ebn. 

?•]•" 

c. Ad. &k. Himalayas. 
India Mu«eum. (Type 
of species.) 

d. $ ad. sk. Rembiara River, CashHume 
Coll. 

mere, June 12 {W. 

JE. Brooks). 
e-L Ad. et juv. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
h, /.Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Dec, Hume Coll. 


March (X. Mandelli). 

m. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, March Tweeddale Coll. 
(J. Biddidph). 
n. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Sept. Colonel Biddulph [C.X 
o-u. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Dec. to March Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
v, <$ juv. sk. Sikhim (12,000ft.), Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
14 (JT. J. Elwes). 
xv-%. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
a'. Ad. sk. Tibet, Oct. (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
b'-d'. Ad. sk. Bhotan (Pemberton). India Museum. 

e. Ad. sk. Upper Assam (Chinese Tweeddale Coll. 
Frontier). 
/' . Ad. sk. Saddya, Assam, Feb. Hume Coll. 
g", h". (S ad. sk. Noa Dihing, Assam, Feb., Godwin-Austen Coll. 

March {H. II. Godloin-
Austen). 
{. $ imra. sk. Pekin. F. W. Shan, Ew|. rP.]. 

TOTANHOE. 337 

Subfamily VIII. TOTANIN^E. 

Key to the Genera. 

&. Bill distinctly arched. 
a'. Tarsus transversely scaled and reticulated 
behind 41. NUMENJUS, p. 340. 

Foot of Numenius phceopus, from nature, to show the scutellation 
VOL. XXIV. z 

338 CHAEADEIID.^. 

b\ Tarsus transversely scutellated in front 
and behind 

b. Bill straight or slightly upturned. 
c'. Bill long, the culruen exceeding the tail 
in length. 
a". Bill with the tip scarcely widened, 
with a slight upward tendency, 
but not pitted; the groove at the 
base of the under mandible not extending 
beyond the half of the bill. 

b". Bill widened at the tip, which is 
pitted; the groove on the lower 
mandible extending nearly to the 
tip of the latter, which is also pitted. 

d'. Bill moderate, not exceeding the tail 
in length, and generally exceeded hj 
the latter. 

e". Culmen exceeding the length of the 
middle toe and claw. 

#'". Bill long and slender, straight 
and widened at the tip, which 
is pitted: outer and inner toes 
united at the base to the middle 
one by a distinct membrane .. 

b'". Bill straight, the tip of the upper 
mandible slightly decuxved at 
the tip. 

aK Tarsus longer than middle toe 
and claw. 
a5. Inner and outer toes joined to 
the middle one at the base 
by a distinct web 

b5. Outer toe joined to the middle 
one by a distinct web at the 
base, the inner toe scarcely 
united to the middle one. 

a6. Tarsus much longer than 
middle toe without claw, 
being more than one and 
a half times as long as the 
toe 

bB 

. Tarsus much shorter and 
scarcely exceeding the 
length of the middle toe 
and claw 

b4. Tarsus about equal to the middle 
toe and claw, and not exceeding 
the latter; bare part of 
tibia scarcely exceeding the 
length of the hind toe and claw. 

e5. Secondaries falling1 far short 
of the primaries, by more 
than the length of the tarsus. 

d5. Secondaries equal to the 
primaries, the distance between 
them being much less 
than the length of the tarsus. 

[p. 371. 
42. MESOSCOLOPAX, 
43. LmoSA, p. 372. 
[p. 393. 
44. AXACBQBHAMPHUS, 
45. MICBOPALA:MA7 p.401. 
46. SYMPHEMIA, p. 405. 
47. TOTANUS, p. 409. 
48. HELODEOMAS, p. 437. 
[p. 449. 
49. HETEBACTITIS, 
50. TBIXGOIDES, p. 456. 
TOTASISJL 

e"\ Bill with an upward curve. 
c4. Both inner and outer toes united 
at the base to the middle one 
_ by a distinct membrane. 


e°. Bill slender; inner secondaries 
rather long in comparison 
with the primaries, and 
reaching to about the fourth 
primary 51. TEBEKIA, p. 474 

f3 

. Bill much stouter; inner secondaries 
shorter and reaching 
to about the sixth [p. 479, 
primary* 52. PSEUDoGLOTTIS, 

dl 

. Inner toe united at the base by 
a membrane to the middle toe, 
but the outer toe scarcely connected 
; bill with a distinct 
upward tendency of the lower 
mandible, rising from a point 
a little beyond the terminal 
half of the latter 53. GLOTTIS, p. 480. 

'. Bill short; the tail exceeding the 
culmen in length. 


d". Tarsus very long, exceeding the bill 
in length; the bare part of the 
tibia equal to about half the length 
of the tarsus. 


d'". Toes long, the tarsus not twice the 
length of the inner toe and claw. 


e4. No ornamental shield ; sexes 
alike in size; tail nearly square, 
the centre feathers exceeding 
the outer rectrices by less than 
the length of the hind toe and 
claw; feathers on the angle of 
the chin reaching only to about [p. 490. 

the level of the forehead 54. KHYACOPHILUS, 

fl 

, A conspicuous shield of feathers 
in the male, which is much 
larger than the female; tail 
strongly graduated 55, PAYONCELLA, p. 499. 

«'". Toes much shorter, the tarsus 
twice the length of the inner toe 
and claw ,* tail much graduated, 
the outer feathers falling short 
of the middle ones by more than 
the length of the hind toe and 
claw; feathers on the angle of 
the chin produced forwards, far 
beyond the line of the forehead; 
a dertral swelling slightly indicated 
56. BARTEAMIA, p. 509. 

* These two genera are very closely allied, much more so than would be at 
first supposed; but Terekia is evidently a long-billed genus akin to Tnngoidcs, 
while Pseudoglottis is a web-toed Greenshank. 
340 
CHAEADEIIB^J. 

e". Tarsus short, about equal to the culmen 
in length; hare part of the 
tibia nearly equalling* the tarsus in 
length; bill flattened and somewhat 
widened at the end; feathers 
of the chin-angle nearly equal to 
the feathers on the edge of the 


forehead 
57. EEEUXETES, p. 514. 

41. ITUISCENIUS. 
Type. 
Numenius, Briss. Orn. y. p. 311 (1760) ... . N. arquatus. 
Phaeopus, Cuvier, Reyne An. i. p. 485 (1817) X. phseopus. 
Craeticomis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 88 (1841) 1ST. arquatus. 

Mange. Nearly cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Quills barred with whitish or rufous on the 
inner web. 
a'. Colour of crown of head similar to that of the 
back, not showing a mesial pale longitudinal 
band. (CURLEWS.) 


a". Axillaries pure white, or with traces of a 
few dusky lines; lower back and rump 
white, either uniform or with longitudinal 
streaks and spots of black. 


anr. Size larger : culmen 4*75-6*1 inches; 
tarsus 2'9-3*2 inches; rump white 
(juy. Tel hiem.), or white spotted and 
streaked with blackish (ad. a?stiv.) .« arquatus, p. 341. 

b'". Size smaller: culmen less than 3 inches; 
tarsus 2*4 inches; lower back and rump 
_ always pure white .. . imuirostris^ p. 348. 

V\ Axillaries white, broadly and plentifully 
barred with blackish like the wing-coverts; 
lower back and rump brown, not white, 
mottled with blackish like the mantle 
and upper back ^ cyanopus, p. 350. 

c". Axillaries and 'under wing-coverts vinous 
cinnamon, with a few narrow dusky bars; 
quills also vinous cinnamon below, barred 
with dusky; lower back and rump dark 
like the upper back, not white hngirostris. p. 352. 

b'. A central longitudinal pale band down the 
crown, with the sides of the crown blackish 
brown, forming a broad band along each side 
of the latter. (WHIMBBELS.) 


d". Lower back and rump pure white, or with 
some central spots and streaks of dusky 
blackish ; axillaries white or white barred t 7 0 -withbrown 
\ pappus, V.m,y 

«". 
Lower back and rump like the upper back, *mne9atuh P* 3b3. 
not white. 
c'". Upper tail-coverts barred with buff and 
dark brown * tail ashy brown with bars 

341 

41. NUMEKIUS, 
of dark brown; no peculiarity of thigh-
feathers kudsoiiicus, p. 364. 

dm. Upper tail-coverts uniform cinnamon-
buff ; tail-feathers cinnamon-buff, 
banded with dusky brown; shafts of 
thigh-feathers produced into hair-like 
bristles takitiensis, p. 367. 

b. 
Inner aspect of quills uniform, without bars or 
notches on the inner web; axillaries cinnamon-
rufous barred with brown; lower back and 
rump like the rest of the back , borealis, p. 368, 
1. HrimeiriTis arquatus. 
The Curlew, Albin, Nat Hist B. I p. 75, pi. 79 (1738). 
Le Dourly, Briss. Onu v. p. 311 (1760): DAubent. PL Enl viii. 

pi. 318. 
Le Courly de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. v. p. 321, pi. xxviii. (1760). 
Scolopax arquata, Linn. Si/st Nat i. p. 242 (1766: Europe); Gm, 

Syst. Nat L p. 635 (1788). 
Scolopax madagascariensis, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 242 (1766: Mada


gascar) ; Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. tioo (1788). 
Courly de Madagascar, DAubent. PL Ed. viii. pi. 198. 
Le Courlis, Buff, Hid. Nat Ois. viii. p. 19, pi. ii. (1781). 
Xumenius madagascariensis, Bodd. Tall. PL Enl. p. 12 (1783); Lath, 

hid. 
Orn. ii. p. 710 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat viii. 

p. 306 (1817); Gray, List GralL Brit. Mas. p. 93 (18441; Bp. C. 
It. xliii. p. 597 (1856); E. Newt Ibis, 1863, p. 457 (Madagascar); 
Schl. % Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 133 (1808); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 571; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10244 (1871); 
HartL Vog. Maday. p. 323 (1877); E. Newt. Tr. Norf. Soc. 1889, 
p. 553 (Reunion ; Seychelles; Rodriguez). 
Numenius 
arquatus, Bodd. TabL PL Enl. p. 50 (1783); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 710 (1790); Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat ii. p. 168 (1811); 
Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist Nat viii. p. 304 (1817); Temm. Man. 
<fGm. ii. p. 603 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 306 (1825); Werner, 
Atlas, Grallse, pi. 5 (1827) ; Brehn, Vog. Deutsohl.^.Qm (1831) ; 
Strickl P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna); Naum. Vog. Deutschl 

viii. p. 478, Taf. 216 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 302 (1837); 
Bp.Uomp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer, p. 49 (1838); Cresp. Orn. Gardj 
p. 404 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxviii, 207 (1840); 
Nor dm. in JDemid. Voy. Rtiss. Mir id. iii. p. 255 (1840); Selys-
Longck. Faun. Belg. p. 130 (1842: spring and autumn); Schl. 
Bev. Grit. p. xcv (1844) ; Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 110 
(1844); Gray, List GralL Brit. Mus. p. 93 (1844); Hodgs. Icon, 
ined. in Brit Mus., GralL 79 a, no. 614; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 
p. 86 (1844); R'upp. Syst Uebers. p. 125 (1845: Lower Egypt and 
Abyssinian Coast, in winter); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 285, 
pi. "lxxix. (1846) j Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 
p. 137 (1846); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 268 (1849: Calcutta); Thomps. B. IreL ii. p. 184 
(1850; resident); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); 
Rekht<nh. GralL tab. lxxviii. fig. 539 (1851); Maog. Brit B. 
iv. p. 243 (1852); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. xxxiii a. fig. 4 
(1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 247 (1854) ; Brehm, J.f.O. 1854, 
p. 81 (Khartoum); Lichi. NomencL AD. MUS. Berol. p. 91 (1854 : 
Germany; Arabia); Bp, C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Heugl. 
CHAEADEIID-E. 

Syst. Uebers. p. 62 (1850); Hartl. Om-W.-Afr. p. 232 (180/: 

Ashanti; Redfeea; Don-ola; Abyssinia; Mozambique:-Grill,Zool. 

Anteckn. pp. 11, 53 (1859: Knysna) ;r /^.e t Barth.-Lapomm. 

Rich. Orn. p. 472 (1859); Taylor, Ibis, 18o9, p. o3 (Egypt h 
ZwHfefm 1 % Griechenl. p. 147 (I860): Pomjs, Ibi*, 1800, p. 34o 
(Corfu) j GWy, *. c p. 218 (Natal) ; Schl Bier JSederl Jogels, 
pi 22 ho- 8 (1861); F. $• P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 86 (Bodo, 
Norway)* Irby, t. c. p. 240 (Oudh) ; Cass. Proc.Aead.JSat. Sci 
Philad. 1862, p. 321 (Liu Kiu); Sicmhoe, Ibis, 186.,, p 410 
(Formosa); Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, P: 41o (1^»: 
Reykjavik, Sept.); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 153 (}*&>)', ColleU, 
Overs. Christicmia 0means omithol Faun. p. 194 (lbo-AJ; Adams, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 33 (Egypt); Wright, t. c. p. 144 (Malta, spring and 
autumn); Sperling, t c. p. 287; Jerd. B. hid. m. p. 683 (1864) : 
Nordm. J.f.O. 1864, p. 375 (Lapland) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, 
Scolopaces, p. 85, pt. (1864); Gigl Ibis, 1865, p. 60 (Pisa); E. 
Newt, t c. p. 150 (Rodriguez) ; More, t c. p. 434; Sundev. Sv. 
Fogl. pi. 38. fig. 2 (1865) : Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 101 (Azores); 
Sioinhoe, t. c. p. 137 (Formosa); Bolini, P. Z. S. I860, p. 331 
(Princes Isl.) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70 (Egypt); B. Newton, 

t. c. p. 346 (Seychelles); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 322 (1867); 
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 159 (1867): Zoche, ExpL Set. 
AlgSr. Ois. ii. p. 331 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282 (Iceland) 
; Swinhoe, t. c. p. 391 (Amoy); Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 292 
(Mozambique and Zanzibar); Tristr. t. c. p. 327 (Palestine) ; 
Beavan, t. c. p. 398 (Moulmein) ; Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal); 
Byb. § Parvex, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (Darasun); Colleft, Norges 
Fugle, p. 57 (1868); Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 419 (1868): 
Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 121 (1869); Boded. Aiif, Sicil. 
p. 180 (1869); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 48 (1869) ; Brake, Ibis, 
1869, p. 154 (Marocco); Finsch 8e Earth Vdg. Ost-Afr. p. 736 
(1870); Blanf. Geol. § Zool. Abyss, p. 432 (1870: coast in 
winter); Etwes fy Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Macedonia); Stevens. 
B. Norf. ii. p. 194 (1870); Godman, Azores, p. 34 (1870): Fritsch, 
Vdg. Eur. tab. 40. fig. 4 (1870); Saltad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 233 
(1871); Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 410 (China; Formosa; Hainan, 
in winter); P. Gray, B. West Scot I. p. 287 (1871); Gray, Eand-l. 
B. iii. p. 40, no. 10239 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 389 
(Southern Spain); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Zd. p. 299 (1872: 
I)amara and Great Namaqua Lands); Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 
(Nagua R., Fantee); G. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 232 (Ismid); Shelley $> 
Buckley, t. c. p. 290 (Gold Coast) ; Hartiug, Handb. Brit. B: 
p. 53 (1872); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 (Ceylon); Feilden, 
Zool. 1872, p. 3248 (Faroes, autumn and winter); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 243 (1872); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 34, 469, 641; 
Palmin, Finlands Foglar, p. 118 (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. 
p. 69 (1873: migrant); Btesser, B. Eur. yiii. p. 243, pi. 578 
(1873); Alston ty Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 70 (Archangel); 
Brooke, t. c. p. 340 (Sardinia, winter); HeugL Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 
pt. 1, p. 1146 (1873) ; Antin. 8f Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 145 
(1873: Massaua, Dec.) ; Usslier, Ibis, 1874, p. 74 (Gold Coast); 
Buckley, t. c. p. 388 (Matabele Country); Saxby, B. Sketl p. 190 
(1874); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 332 (1874); Hume, Sir, F. iii. 
p. 182 (1875: Pegu); Irby, Orn. Straits Gihr. p. 178 (1875); 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 168 (1875 : migrant); Ban/. <$• Harvie-Brown, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 424 (Transylvania); Barratt, Ibis, 1876. p. 213 
(Potchefstroom); Breszer, t. c. p. 412; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. 
41. HUMENItTS. 
343 

Hfl77P." P^ni^S"^ ; ^ ; *** '**• %»>£ France I V\ 158 

q kfJ^ (^omj);Salvin, Cat. Striekl. Coll. p. 010 (1882: 

( ni

piL^^? Rv Dec); JiW^m, Ibis, ISS'i, p. 10 (Malay 
Peninsula) • Seebohm t c. p. 2*4 (Astrakhan, mignmt), p. 382 
(Archangel); «* J6MJ 1883j 20 (0aucasu^ bl£edin£ Jn th, 

Steppes) )Irby,t.c. p 186 (Santander, May, June, November); 

A 0. £/. List Brit B p. 179 (1883); Gates, EandL B. Brit. 

n'P; 412 (1883

*f™;r) 5 Anders, ed. TarreWs Brit B. iii.p. 499 
(1863); Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 99 (Spain, throughout the 
winter): 'Saunders, t c. p. 390 (Pyrenees); Murray, Vertebr. 
Faun bind, p ,M7 (1884); Tristr. 'Faun. fy JFVor. Ralest p. 134 
(1884),-^ffd.tonsp. Av. Imp. Ross.y. 81 (1884); i^M», Om 
Owe. pp. 45 436 (1884: 6300 feet,breeding); Sharpe,ed. Bayard's 

P\692 (1884);

% of, ^ ^'^™-^ ^ ^^ - /**• adiv. p. 204 
(1884 : Java) ; Zamdn. Bull. Moso. 1885, p. 328 (Plain of Teke); 
Seebohm, Mist. Brit B. iii. p. 94 (1885); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, 

p. 43 (Corsica, winter) ; BLvon, t e. p. 85 (St. Kilda); Swinhoe fy 
Barnes, t c. p. 134 (Mhow Distr.) ; Reid, t o. p. 253 (Marocco, 
winter); Gigl.Avif. Mat p. 407 (1886); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21 
(Aden); Sharps, t, c. p. 492 (Fao, July to March); Salmd. Elenco 
Ucc. Ital p. 229 (1886); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 182 (Liu Kiu 
Islands) ; Tait, t. c. p. 393 (Portugal, autumn and spring); Ilarvie-
Br own fy Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. SutherL, Caithn.,fy W. Cromarty, 
p. 226 (1887); iid. Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 138 (1888); 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 322 (1888); Barker, Ibis, 18*8, 
p. 217 (anatomy) ; Seebohm, t. c. pp. 236,416 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 306 
(Lamu, Nov.); Chapman, t. c. p. 445 (Spain, winter); Irby, Key 
List Brit. B. p. 49 (1888); Koenig, J.f.O. 1888, p. 276 (Tunis); 
Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 611 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 342 
(Cyprus); Reichen, Syst Fog. Deutschl p. 46 (1889); Giql. Avif. 
Ital 1st Resoc. p. 621 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 656 (1890), 3rd Resoc. 
p. 514 (1891); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat) p. 92 (1890); 
TV. Fvans, Ibis, 1891, p. 81 (incubation); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. 
B. pt. xix. (1891) ; Madardsz, Erlaut. Aust Ungar. Vogelf.y. 107 
(1891); Frivaldsky, Aves Hung. p. 137 (1891); Reiser, Vogels. 
Mus. Sarajevo, p. 119 (1891); Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 473 (1891) ; 
Buckley fy Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orlmei/s, p. 224 (1891); 
iid. Argyll fy Inner Eebr. p. 184 (1892); Vorderm. N. T. Nederl 
Ind. li. p. 406 (1892: Cheribon); Fatio fy Studer, Cat distr. Ois. 
Suisse, p. 46 (1892); Macphers. Vertebr. Faun. Lakel. p. 406 
(1892); Dw^Aer,^^,ix.p.390(1892: Long Isl.) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 
1892, p. 22 (Heligoland); Hartert, t c. p. 514 (East. Prussia) ; 
Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 171,181 (Aden); Meade- Waldo, tc.$. 205 
(Canary Islands); Reichen. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wissensch. A?ist x. 

p. 7 (1893: Zanzibar); id. Vog. DeutscheOst-Afr. p. 43 (1894); 
Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 290 (1895). 
Common Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 119 (1785); larrell, 
Brit. B. ii. p. 510 (1843). # 
Madagascar Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 119(1785). 
Numenius major, Stephens in Sliaiv's Gen. Zool xii. pt. 1, p. 26 

(1824); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 168 (xMuscat) 
Numenius virgatus, Cuv. Regne Amm. I. p. oJl (18J9: Oape). 

CHARADEIIDJ2. 


Numenius lineatus, Cuv. Begne Amm. i. V-5|< ^." ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 167 ; Hume,Jtr. F i. p. 2o/ (lb78: bind); 
^ , *. o p. 396 (Sambhur); Hayes Lloyd Ibis, 1^2, £ 417 
(Kathiawar) ; Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 103, 18/4 p. 336 -Hume 
Sir. F. ii. p. 296 (1874: Andamans, Aug. to April); Myth $ 

Wald. B. Burm. p. 155 (1875: Arakan, Kyasoo Creek); Butler & 
Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 16 (1876) ; Armstrong t c p. *41 Rangoon); 
Hume] t. c. p. 464 (Laccadives) ; Tacz Bull Soc. Zool France i 

p. 256 (1876); Hume 8r Davison, Str. F vip . 460 (18/8); 
ZtewVfoew £ F^m , /SYr. J?1, vii. p. 89 (18/8: Deccan); JTw^, 
e>p. eft viii. p. 112 (1879); Scully, t e .p . 3o6 (Nepal galley);; 
JVrflwf, j?wtf. ComiMAyric. et Industr. Cochinchine, (6) i. p. lo6 
(1879); j^ter, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 62 (1879: winter); id. Cat. 
B. 8. Bomb. Ires, p. 76 (1880 : winter visitant) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, 
p. 906 (1880) ; Blakiston, Amended List B. Jap. p. 39 (1884); 
Seehohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 34 (Japan), p. 268 (Kiukiang) ; Hume, Str. 
F xi p. 322 (1888: Manipur); Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. 
Soc. 1889, p. 208 (Borneo); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan); 
Sfyan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 331, 508 (Lower Yangtse, winter); Be la 
Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 501 (Foochow and Swatow, winter); Harfl 
Abhandl nab. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 299 (1893: Hainan); Styan, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 437 (Hainan). 
JNumenius medius, Brehm, Vog. DeutschL p. 609 (1831); id. ISau


mannia, 1855, p. 291, 
Numenius orientalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 610 (1831). 
Numenius nasicu?, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 393 (1840). 
Oracticornis arqnata, Gray, List Gen. p. 88 (1841). 
Numenius arquatula, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm,, Grail App. 

tab. 45, no. 615: id. in Gh-ay's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Gray, 

Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 137 (1846). 
? Numenius hudsonicus (nee Lath.), Brehm, J.f.O. 1854, p. 81. 
Numenius assimilis, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 291. 
Numenius rufescens {nee Gould), Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 291. 
Numenius longirostris, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 291. 
Numenius tenuirostiis (nee V.), Heugl. Syst. TJebers.^. 62 (1856); 

id. Ibis, 1859, p. 347 (Red Sea; Gulf of Suez; Arabia Petrsea; 

Massaua, Aug.; Gulf of Aden, Oct. to Dec). 
Numenius cassini, Stoinhoe, Ibis, 1867, p. 398. 
Numenius arquatus, var. madagascariensis, Milne-Fdwards <$* 

Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madagasc., Ois., p. 619, pi. ecliv. (1882). 

Numenius arquatus lineatus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 324 
(1888); id. B. Japan. Fmp. p. 314 (1890); Berez. \ Bxanchi, 
Aves Gan-su, p. 4 (1891); Tacz. Faun. Orn. Siber. Orient, pt. ii. 

p. 938 (1893). 
Numenius 
arquatus madagascariensis, Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 
(Madagascar). 

Adxdt male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown 
with, longitudinal black centres to the feathers imparting a broadly 
striped appearance, the feathers of the upper surface being notched 
with ashy or rufous, giving to many of the scapulars a somewhat 
barred appearance; wing-coverts dark brown, edged with whity 
brown, the median and greater series also chequered with the latter 
colour, imparting a somewhat barred appearance to this part of the 
wing; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish, 
externally glossed with bottle-green, the primary-coverts slightly 
tipped with white, the shafts of the outer primaries white, those of 

41 . NUMENITTS. 
the inner ones brown, the primaries rmf^wi ^» i 
web only, with sandf buff o^ti h £f tn ^ ' °^J»™ 
thus marked on both webs, the aSSLSj X R™^, ^ 
brown and white, both webs b£^L^ ^ 
whitish, the innermost secondaries ashfbrnL -n ° i ? U l mhj 


b\0Wn Wlt]l dllHk7

ornaq bars the centre of fli* W u 1 •J ^w n 
cross bars, tne centre ot the feathers being also du.skv brown- lower 
back and rump pure white with black Wiiurlin. l * I \ \ 
a little more distinct on the ra£. £^ ^ 
with black and white or with sagittal SiSS^^Z t^r 
ones tinged wxth sandy buff and the brown C l £ n m 2r 
mmous ; tail white or slightly tinged with sandy buff, or sMled w th 
ashy brown and crossed with nine or ten rather' bwTb^ S 
blackish brown; head dark brown, the feathers edged wtsancly 
buff, gmn g a streaked appearance, the neck more ashy, streaked 

buff streaked with blackishbroi^ 
the face ; ehm and upper throat white ; breast, abdomen, sides of 
body, thighs and under tail-eoverts white, streaked with dark 
brown on the breast, and very narrowly on tho abdomen and under 
tail-coverts; thighs unstreaked ; sides of body with distinct bars or 
sagittate markings of dark brown ; under wing-coverts and aarillaries 
pure white, mottled with blackish centres to the feathers, the 
axillafies more or less regularly barred with blackish or with a 
sub-terminal heart-shaped spot; lower primary-coverts and quills 
below ashy grey with white notches to the inner webs: ubill 
fleshy brown, shading into dark brown towards the tip; feet dusky * 
iris brown » (G. E. Shelley), Total length 21 inches, culmen 4-75,' 
wing 11, tail 4*25, tarsus 2-9. 
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to tho male, but 
larger, and with a longer bill. Total length 24 inches, culmen 6-1, 
wing 12, tail 5*7, tarsus 3-2. 
Adults in winter plumage, Yery similar to the breeding-plumage, 
but paler, and much less heavily striped, especially on the under 
surface of the body; the black spots and streaks on the rump 
scarcely apparent, and concealed by the white plumage; upper tail-
coverts white, with very few brown cross-bars; tail white, barred 
with brown: u feet pale leaden grey, claws blackish ; bill blackish 
brown, flesh-colour at the base of the lower mandible " (A. 0. Hume). 
There is evidently a spring moult, but whether partial or entire I 
have not been able to determine. The breeding-plumage is gained 
by a widening of the longitudinal centres to the feathers, of which 
the pattern changes on several portions of the body. Such parts as 
the rump and the abdomen and under tail-coverts have scarcely any 
visible streaks, but these appear with the summer plumage, and 
these streaks are gained by a change of the feather. The sides of 
the body change from a streaked to a barred appearance, this being 
effected by a preliminary widening of the brown centres to the 
feathers which develop into bars without any direct moult. The 
innermost secondaries, at the autumn moult, seem to be entirely 
uniform, and the bars make their appearance gradually. 

346 
CHAKADRIID^. 

Yowng. Differs from the adult in being much more tawny, and, 
as Mr. Seebohm has pointed put, young birds may always be distinguished 
from the old ones by the much lighter patterns of the 
notches and bars on the innermost secondaries, these markings being 
tawny buff, and the black centres to the feathers being much broader. 

I have united the Indian Curlew {Numenius lineatus) with 

N. arquatus, because the only character for its separation is the 
white lower back, without streaks or spots. This is a sign of winter 
or young plumage in A7, arquatus; and many Eastern birds are also 
found with black streaks and spots, for the simple reason that 
these are concealed at first under the white plumage, and are merely 
represented by shaft-lines. The latter, as the breeding-season approaches, 
become wider and more distinct, and are often assumed 
quite early in the year. Thus a male shot by Colonel Irby in 
January is nearly in full breeding-plumage. 
On the whole the Eastern birds seem to hate rather longer bills, 
but even these- are approached by some European and African 
specimens, and the reason for the occurrence of long-billed examples 
in India and other parts of Southern Asia is, to a great extent, 
accounted for by the curious fact that they are nearly all old birds. 
As will be seen by the list of specimens given below, the immature 
birds from the Eastern part of the Curlew's range are exceedingly 
few in number. 

Hah. Europe generally, wintering in Africa, as far south as the Cape 
Colony and in Madagascar. In Asia it extends as far as Lake Baikal, 
and winters in the Indian Peninsula. Accidental in X. America. 

a. Juv. st. Ballynakuick, Ireland. C. Coninffham, ESQ. 
pp.]


b. 3 ad. sk. Dunglow, Co. Donegal, Jan. 
14. 
Colonel Irby ! PA 
c. 
<$ ad. sk. Orkney Islands, March 14 Seebohm Coll. 
(Dunn). 
d. Pull. st. Orkney Islands. Mr. Baker [C.]. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Beauly Castle, KB . Lord Lovat [P.J. 
gt h, i. $ ad. sk. Beaiily Castle, N.B., May, Lord Lovat [P.j. 
June. 
7c. S ad. sk. [group]. Beauly Castle, N.B., June. Lord Lovat [P.]. 
/. $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker. 

m. <$ juv sk. Oookliam, Berks, June (22. Tweeddale ColL 
B. &). 
Bomney Marsh, Kent, Sept. Dr. B. B. Sharpe 
o, p. $ a^« e"k JUY' Pagham, Sussex. Dr. K. B. Sharpe 
st. [P.]. 

q. Juv. sk. Pagham, Sept. Dr.K.B.SharpefP.l 
r. 
$ juv.; *. $ juv. Pagbam, Aug. Shelley CoU. 
sk. 
t. 
<$ juv. sk. Pagham, Sept. (JR. B. &). Tweeddale Coll. 
u. 2 
ad. sk. Pagham Harbour, Sept. 22 Seebohm Coll. 
(J.E.Harting). 
v. S ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
w, z\ 2 ad. sk. St. Bride's, S. Wales, Jan. 4. Hon. W. Edwardes 
y. Ad. sk. 
z, a'. $ ad.; h\ $ 

ad. sk. 
cT. Ad. sk. 
d'. Ad. sk. 
er. Imm. st. 
/". § imm. sk. 

y . cJ ad. sk. 
Ji'. ? ad. sk. 

i'9 h'. 2 &&-s&» 

r. 5 iuT-s^m'j 
n . Ad. sk. 

o',jp'. c? $ ad. sk. 

q\ Juv. sk. 

r'. $ ad. sk. 

s'. $ ad. sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
u\ vr. $ imm. sk. 

to'. 2 a$. sk. 
*r'. 2 juv. sk. 

y'> $juv.st. 
z'. Ad:sk. 
a", d" imna. sk. 
b". Ad. sk. 

Ad sk

c"-/"--


g'\ h". 2 ad. sk. 

z"~W. 2 ad. sk. 

n". S ad.; o",/'. 

2 ad. sk. 
q". Ad. sk. 
r". (5" ad. sk. 
s'r. Ad. sk. 

t'\ urr. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
V, 10". 2 ad. sk. 

a?", y". Ad. sk. 
s", a3. 2 ad. sk. 

# . *3, ^3. <5 $ ad. 

'ska8,/*,^
3. Ad.sk. 
#>. Ad. sk. 

41 . NUMENIXTS. 
Bodo, Norway (F. D. God-
man). 

Kiliki, Hungary, Oct. 

(Kumzt). 

Arcachon, France, Nov. 25. 
Marocco (Olcese). 
Athens. 
Obdorsk, "W. Siberia, Sept, 


(0. Finsoh). 
Mesopotamia {Commander 
Jones). 
Hirer 
Tigris {Commander 
Jones). 

Fao, Persian Gulf. 

Muscat. 
Favoom, Egypt, Feb. (G. 
E.S.). 

Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Jan. 

15. 
Nagua Biver, Fantee {JET.

Shelley Coll. 

T. Usher). 
Ambriz, Angola, Bee. 
Bio Coroca, Benguela {Anchieta). 
Walfisch Bay (C. J. Anders-

son). 
Durban, Natal (Gordge). 
Natal {T.L.Ayres). 
Potchefstroom. 

South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Cape Colony. 
Afghanistan (Griffith). 
Sirsa Bistr.. Nov. 
Mooltan, Dec. {A. 0. JS.). 
River Jhelum, Nov. 29 {A. 


0. It). 
Chenab Biver, Dec. 9 {A. 
0. JS.). 
Hydrabad, Sind, Dec. 
Karachi, Dec. lo (A.O. H.). 
Kathiawar, Oct. 16. 

Sambhur Lake, Dec, March 

{A. 0. m). 
Sambhur Lake, Feb., Dec. 

(JR. M. Adam). 

Dehra Dhoon. 
Gurgaon Distr., Oct., Dec. 

(W.N. Chill). 
Allahabad, Feb. 23 (A. 0.
J21). 
Etawah, Nov. 
Eta, Putiala, Feb. 26 (A. 

Anderson). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hungarian National 

Museum [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Consul Merlin [P.]. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

India Museum. 

India Museum. 

W. D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Colonel Mills [P.]. 

Shelley Coll. 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Monteiro Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 


J. Gould, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Hayes Lloyd 


[P.J. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll, 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

348 

iz 

. Ad. sk. 
k\ Ad. sk. 
IK $ ad. sk. 


m3. 3 *ad. sk. 

w3, o3. $ ad. et S 
juv. sk. 
jt?3. $ juv. sk. 

q3. Ad. sk. 
r3. J ad. sk. 


s3. 3 ad. sk. 
tf3, z^3. 3 ad.; ?;3, w3, 
x3. $ ad. sk. 
#3. § ad. sk. 

z\ a\ <J ? ad. sk. 
b\ci. d 2 imm. sk. 
fZl. 3 ad. sk. 


e4. c? ad, sk. 

/',/ . Jad.sk. 
A1. <$ ad. sk. 

t4. $ ad. sk. 

¥. $ ad. sk. 

l\ <$ ad.jmV*4. $ 
ad. sk. 
oK $ ad. sk. 

JP4> <74- cf S ad. sk. 

iA 

. 2 ad. sk. 
s*} tK Imm. sk. 
w4. Ad. sk. 
y4, w4. Ad. et juv. sk. 
#4. $ ad. sk.' 

y*-b5. S ? ad. sk. 

c5. $ ad. sk. 

d5, e5. 3 $ ad. sk. 
f5-i5. Ad.etjuv.sk. 
k5,I3. Skeletons. 
m\ Bones of trunk. 

CHAKADKIID2G. 

Oudh, Dec. Hume Coll. 

Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 

Shahjehanpur, Aug. 25 (A. Seebohni Coll. 

Anderson). 
Futtehgurh, Nov. 12 (A. Hume Coll. 
Andersoti). 

Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of A"", arquatula.) 
Nepal Valley, Oct. 2 (J. "Hume Coll. 

Scully). 
Darjeeling (Pearson). 
Laecadive Islands, Feb. 18 

(A. 0. Jff.). 
Calcutta (J. Biddidph). 
Calcutta, Dec. to March 
(A. 0. &.). 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans (F. 
A. de JRoepstorff). 
Port Blair. 
South Andaman, Aug., Sept. 
Trinkut Isl., Nicobars, Feb. 


7 (JR. J. Wimberletj). 
Kyasoo Creek, Burma, Oct. 

(JR. G. W. JR.). 
Lower Pegu (E. W. Gates). 
Eastern Grove, Burma, Feb. 

14 (J. Armstrong). 

Deserter's Creek, Burma, 
Jan. 3 (J. Armstrong). 
Sittang River, Tena&serim, 
Feb. 14 (W. Davison), 
Tavoy River, May (W. 


Davison). 
Amherst, Dec. 16 (W. 

Davison). 
Mergui, Nov. (W. Davison). 
Tonka, Dec. 13 (J. Darling). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Amoy, China, Dec. '25 (JR. 

Swinhoe). 

Amoy, Jan., Feb., Oct., Dec. 

{JR. 8.). 
Formosa, Feb. (JR. #.). 
Nagasaki, Japan. 
Yokohama (EJ. Dryer). 
England. 
Nepal. 

2. Nnmenius tennirostris. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Cell. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume CoH, 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll, 
Purchased. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Numenius tenuirostris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'JBKst Nat. viii. p. 302 
(1817); JRoux, Orn. Prov. pi. 308 (1825); Bp. Icon. Faun. ItaL 
fasc. iii. tav. 42 (1833); Naum. Fog. Deutschl. viii. p. 527, Taf. 
218 (1836); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 394 (1840) j Werner, 
Atlas, pi. 469; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 407 (1840) ; Keys. 8? Bias. 

41 . NTTMEIHTTS. 849 
Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxviii, 78 (1840); Nordm. in Bimid. Voy. Russ. 
MSrid. iii. p. 256 (1840); Sohl. Rev. Crit. p. xcv (1844); Muhle, 
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl p. 110 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 569, 
pi. cliii. (1847); Licit. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 91 (1854); 
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. 
Orn. p. 308 (1859); Salvin, t. c. p. 359 (Tunis); Tristr. Ibis, I860, 

p. 80 (Biskra); Powys, t. c. p. 345 (Corfu, Sept.) ; Linderm. Voy. 
Griechenl. p. 147 (1860); ScM. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 92 
(1864) j Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 145 (Malta) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 60 
(Pisa); Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 54, cum tab. (1867); Degl. et Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 160 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. 
p. 335 (1807); Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal); Borggr. FogeJf. 
Norddeutschl p. 121 (1869) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 182 (1869); 
Elwes 8r Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Dobrudscha) ; Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 389 (Spain); Salvad. Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 224 (1871); 
Gray, Eand-i. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10241 (1871) ; Dresser, B. Eur. 
viii. p. 237, pi. 577 (1871): Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 245 (1872) ; 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1149 (1873: North coast of 
Esrypt); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia); Irby, Orn. Str. 
Gibr. p. 179 (1875 : spring and autumn) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. 
p. 167 (1875); Banf. <§* Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 424 (Transylvania) 
; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 224 (Astrakhan, autumn) ; 
Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 83 (1884); Reid, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 253 (Marocco, winter) ; Zarudn. Bull. Mosc. 1885, p. 328 (Plain 
of Telve) ; 6^.^/.iM.p.408(1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc.ltal. 
p. 230 (1880); Ta'it, Ibis, 1887, p. 393 (Portugal); Salvad. Ibis, 
1888, p. 321; Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 325 (1888) ; 
Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 342 (Cyprus); Gigl. Avif. Hal 1st Resoc. 
p. 623 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 656 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 514 (1891) ; 
Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 325 (1890); Gathe, 
Vogelm. Helgol. p. 476 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland) 
; Fatio § Studer, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 46 (1892); Graaf, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 150 (Spaamdam, N. Holland, ~Dec.); Irby, Orn. Str. 
Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 290 (1895). 
Numenius syngenicos, Muhle, Beitr.Orn. Griechenl p. 14 (1844); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847); Linderm. Fog. Griechenl. p. 147 (1860). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to N. arquatus, but 

readily distinguished by its smaller size ; the lower back and rump 

always pure white, with no black spots or streaks ; the upper tail-

coverts with longitudinal black centres, very distinct; the tail 

always white, with no ashy or buff shade, and distinctly barred 

across with dark brown. A white eyebrow is generally visible and 

the nape and hind-neck are also more or less whitish, forming in 

some specimens an indication of a pale collar. Total length. 16 

inches, culmen 2*75, wing 9*7, tail 3*5, tarsus 2*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male and only slightly larger. Total 

length 16 inches, culmen 3*5, wing 9*9, tail 3*9, tarsus 2-4. 

Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but 
rather more sandy rufous in tone and with fewer streaks and spots 
of black on the rump: the under surface longitudinally streaked 
and spotted, but the streaks much narrower and the spots less 
heart-shaped. 

Young. Similar to the winter plumage of the adults, but always 

to be distinguished by the light notches on both webs of the iuner


• most secondaries. 
350 CHAKADEIID^;. 
Hob. Countries of the Mediterranean, ranging occasionally into 

Central Europe. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Rome (JE. a Taylor). Seebohm Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Sicily. Seebohrn Coll. 
d. c? ad. sk. Sicily (Boderlein). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/ . (S ad. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
Sicily {JDoderlein). 
Palermo. 
Malta, April 9 (C.
Wright). 
-4. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
h. $ juv. sk. 
i, k. Ad. sk. 
1. § ad. sk. 
Malta, Sept. (C. A. W.). 
Guelma, Algeria. 
El Djen, Tunis, Feb. 28 
(OlSalvin). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m. J juv. sk. 
ra. c? ad. sk. 
Asia Minor, Dec. 17 (T. 
Robson). 
Ismid, Asia Minor, April 1 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
o. (S ad. sk. 
{T. Robson). 
Egypt {Birkbeek). Seebohm Coll. 

3. Numenius cyanopus. 
Numenius cyanopus, 
VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist Nat viii. p. 308 (1817: 
Australia); Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 93 (1844); id. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 569 (1847); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Gould, Handb. 
B. Austr. ii.p. 277 (1865); Gray, Eand-l. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10242 
(1871); Cab. $ Reichen. J. f. 0. 1876, p. £2/; Bidler, Trans. 
N. Z. Inst. ix. p. 333 (1877); Eaast, t. c. p. 427 (Kaiapoi Bay, 
April; Ashley River, June); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. 
xhi. p. 320 (1877: YulelsL, S.E. New Guinea) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 339 (Queensland) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. I. p. 190 
(1877); Cast. # Ramsay, i. c. p. 385 (Norman IU ; Ramsay, op. 
tit ii. p. 198 (1878), iii. p. 296 (1879: Port Moresby), iv. p. 101 
(1880: S. Cape and Louisiades); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. 
p. 330 (1882); id. Orn. Rapuasia etc. iii. p. 330 (1882); Blakist 
Amended List B. Jap. p. 12 (1884: Yezo and Japan generally); 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 317 (1885: Kamtchatka); 
Gigl.fySahad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 588 (Corea, Aug.,Oct.); Seebohm, 
Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 326 (1888); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 459 
(Corea); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: the whole of 
Australia except the N.W.); Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. 
Soc. 1889, p. 210; Seebohm, B.Japan. JSmp. p. 315 (1800); Salvad. 
Agg. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 204 (1891); Be la Touehe, Ibis, 
1892, p. 501 (Foochow, Oct.; Bwatow, spring); Tacz. Mem. Acad. 
Imp. St Pttersb. (7) xxxix. p. 940 (1893). 
Numenius australis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 155; id. B. Austr. vL 
pi. 42 (1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 198, no. 532 (1850) 
id. Grail, Novit tab. xcvii. fig. 2824 (1851); Macgill Narr. Voy 
Ratblesn. ii. p. 358 (1852: N.E. Coast Austr. and Torres Straits); 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (N. Austr.); id. Cat. Mamm. <$• B. 
New Guin. p. 62 (1859); Schrench, Reis. Amurl p. 426 (1859); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 79 (N. China); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 318 
(Pekin, Aug.) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 338 (1863); SehL 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 90 (1864: Japan; Amboina; Bouru; 
Australia; Tasmania); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 128 (1865: 
Australia); Salvad. Uce. Born. p. 333 (1874); Swinh. Ibis, 1876, 

p. 334 (Hakodadi) 5 Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 222; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 271 (Lumbidan); Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
41. inmENiirs. 
351 
xxxi. p. 767 (1881: Sumba); Blahist. # Fryer, B. Jap. p. 115 
(1882: Yezo; Eturop ; Yokohama); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. 
p. 82 (1884: Bering Isl; Karatchatka); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 34; 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885, p. 475. 
Numenius major (nee Steph.), Temm.fySchl. Faun. Jap. p. 110, pi. 66 
(1850) ; Reichenb. Grail. Novit. tab. Ivi. %. 2564 (1851); Swinh. 
Ibis, 1861, p. 343 (Pekin); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 318 (S. China; 
Formosa, winter); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 334 (Hakodadi); Blakist $ 
Fryer, B. Jap. p. 115 (1882: Hakodadi); Vorderm. N. T. Nederl 
Ind. xliv. p. 204 (1884: Java), xlix. p. 416 (1889 : Sumatra), 

xsumenius rostratus, Licht., teste Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 
Kumenius australasianus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 364 (E. Gilolo); 
Fimch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865). 

Kumenius rufeseens, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 286 (Formosa); Swinh, 
Ibis, 1863, p. 410; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 318 (N. Formosa, breeding); 
Gould, B. Asia, vii. pl. 60 (1864); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 42, 
no. 10243 (1871); Dresser, B. Bur. viii. p. 245 (1873). 

Kumenius 
tahitiensis (nee Gm.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 410 
(Pekin; Formosa) ; Tacz. J.f.O. 1873, p. 104 (E. Siberia); id. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 254 (1876); David & Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 458 (1877). 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to N. arquatus and of 
the same size, but distinguished by the dark lower back and rump 
and the regular barring of the axillaries and under wing-coverts. 
The general appearance is more fulvous; the under surface is tinged 
with vinous buff all over; the lower back and rump are sandy 
buff with blackish-brown centres to the feathers, thus greatly 
resembling the rest of the back; the upper tail-eoverts barred with 
blackish brown and sandy buff or white: " bill black, flesh-coloured 
at the base of the lower mandible; feet bluish grey; iris dark 
browm" (L. Taezanowshi). Total length 24 inches, culmen 7*2, 
wing 12-5, tail 4*6, tarsus 3*46. 

Adult male. In this species the difference in size between the 
sexes is not so apparent as in some of the allied ones. Total length 
21 inches, culmen 6*8, wing 11 9, tail 4*3, tarsus 3*2. 

Young. Much more tawny than the adults and having tawny-buff 
bars or notches on the innermost secondaries; the streaks on the 
under surface very fine and narrow. 

Adults in winter plumage do not differ very much from the 
summer plumage, but the under surface is much less distinctly 
streaked; the upper surface is very similar at both times of year. 

Eab. Breeds in Eastern Siberia, and winters as far south as 

Australia. 
a. Ad. sk. Upper Ussuri, April 4 (Jan-Seebohm Coll. 
b, c. Ad. sk. 
d, e,f. Imm. sk. 
g. $ juv. sk. 
howshy). 
Nagasaki, Japan, May. 
Yokohama, Japan (H. 
Pryer). 
Hakodadi, Sept. 25 (J5T. 
F. Kinger, Esq.. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
h, i. 2 ad*sk* 
Whitely).
Negros, Philippine Isl., Feb. E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
Jc. Ad.sk. Dumaguete, Feb. E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
[C.]. 

352 CHAJEWJ>Eim2B. 

L m. Ad. sk. Labuan, Nov., Dec. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[C.I. * 
n, o. Ad. sk. Halmahera (-4. 12. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
p. <$ ad. sk. Yule Isl, S.E. New Guinea, Tweeddale ColL 
Dec. (Dr. James), 
q. Ad. sk. Australia. J. B, Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
r. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
s. 5 ad. sk. Australia. Seebohni ColL 
t, u. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.]. 
(Type of N. australasiamts*.} 
%\ Ad. sk Queensland. Sab in-Godrnan ColL 
w, a,. Ad. sk. New South. Wales. Australian Museum. 
y. Ad. sk. Victoria. Seebohni Coll. 
z. Ad. sk. Lord Howe Island, Sept. 8 Gould Coll. 
(J. Macyillivray). 
a!. $ ad. sk. Green Isl., D'Entrecasteaux J. Gould, Esq, 
Channel, Tasmania, Nov. 
8 (J. Macyillivray). 

4. Numeiiius longirostris. 
Scolopax arquata, var. £, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 656 (1788). 
Numenius arquata, var. B, Lath. Fid. Or/2, ii. p. 710 (1790). 
Numenius longirostris, Wilson, Amer. Orn. viii. p. 23, pi. 64. fig. 4 


(1814) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 231 (c. 1826); tiwains. Faim. Bor.~ 
Amer., Birds, p. 370 (1831); Audub. Orn. Biogr. Iii. p. 240 (1835); 
JSp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. p. 49 (1838); Audub. Orn. 
Biogr. v. p. 587 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 35, pi. 355 
(1843); Vigors, Toy. 'Blossom! p. 28 (1839); Gray, List Grail. 
Brit. Mas. p. 94 (1844); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 271 (1844); 
Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 (Jamaica); Gray, Gen. B. ill. p. 560 
(1847); Reichenb. Grail, tab. Ixxvill. fig. 544, ccclix. figs. 2815-16 
(1850); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 88 (1850); LicM. Nmnencl. Av. 
Mus.Berol p.* 91 (1854); Bp. CM. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Cass. 

U.S. Expl Exp, p. 315 (1858: Columbia to California ; Oregon); 
id. in Bairds B. N. Amer. p. 743 (1858); Henry, Froc. Acad. 
Nat. Set. Philad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico); Breicer, Froc. Bost. 
8oc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860 : Cuba); G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1862, 
p. 129 (Florida); Boardm. Froc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 129 
(1862: Maine, migrant); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 134; March, 
Froc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Philad. 1864, p. 68 (Jamaica); Schl. Mas. 
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 8o (1864: Mexico ; Texus); Cones, Ibis, 
1865, p. 165 (Arizona); Salvin, t.c. p. 190 (Guatemala); Gundl 
Fepert Fisico-Nat Cuba, i. p. 352 (1866); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 
p. 40 (Matamoras, July, Aug.; Galveston IsL7 May, June; JSan 
Antonio, winter); Salvin, t. c. p. 197 (Duenas); COUPS, t. c. p. 269 
(Arizona); id. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl Philad. 1866, p. 90 (Fort 
Whipple); id. Proc. Bost.Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 123 (1868: South 
Carolina); Broion, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.); Fimch, 
Abh nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 363 (1870: Mazatlan) : Cozies, Froc. 
Acad. Nat. 8ci. Philad, 1871, p. 32 (N. Carolina); Gray, Hand-l 
B. iii. p. 42, no. 10247 (1871); Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. C. Z. 
iii. p. 182 (1872: Kansas); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 202 
(1872); 8cl. 8f 8alv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 146 (1873); Cones, 
B. N.-West, p. 508 (1874); id. Amer. Nat. 1874, p. 601 (Upper 
Missouri); Laxor. Mem. Bost, 8oc. N. H. ii. p. 309 (1874); Gundl 
41 . ffTTMENITTS. 353 
J. f. 0, 1875, p. 320 (Cuba); Kensh. Rep. Zool. Expl 100th 
Merid. p. 461 (1875: St. Charles, R. Colorado); Lawr. iM . CT.S. 
ifizi. Mus. iv. p. 48 (1876: Tekuantepec, Dec.); Sennett, Bull. 
U.S. G-eol. Surv. iv. p. 55 (1878: Brownsville); Cones, t. c. p. 045 
(Dakota) ; Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 197 (1878: St. 
Vincent); Beldlng, t. c. p. 441 (California); Lawr. t. c. pp. 451, 
488 (Guadeloupe) ; Maynard, B. Bast. N. Amer. p. 398 (1879); 
Midgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880); A. Sf E. Newton, 
Kandb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); Corns, Chech-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 104 (1882); Bidding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 545 (1883: 
Lower California); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. 
Amer. i. p. 311 (1884); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 645 
(1884) ; Cory, List B. West Ind. p. 27 (1885) ; Turner, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 248 (1885: Labrador); Dreio, Auk, ii. p. 18 
(1885: Colorado); Lawr. t. c. p. 273 (Long Isl.); Agersb. t. c. 
p. 286 (Dakota); A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 158 (1886) ; 
Exierman, Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886: Ventura Co., California); Seton, 
t. c. p. 152 (Manitoba); Scott, t. c. p. 386 (Tucson, Arizona); 
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. is. p. 179 (1836: State of 
Puebla) ; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186 (1887: Western Texas); Cory, 
t. c. p. 320; Toions. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 199 (1887 : Upper 
Sacramento Valley, California); Beckh. t. c. p. 637 (Bexar Co., 
Texas), p. 053 (San Antonio); Merrill, Auk, v. p. 145 (1888: 
Fort Klamath); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 327 (1888); 
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 158 (1889: Tarpon Springs) ; Saloin, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 179 (Cozumel Isl); Corg, B. West Ind. p. 241 (1889); 
Thompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 505 (1890: Manitoba); 
Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 95 (1890); Merriam, N Amer. Faun. 
no. 5, p. 92 (1891: Idaho); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892 : Jamaica), 
p. 212 (Caloosahatchie Region); AUwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio); 
Mackay, t. c. p. 350 (Massachusetts); Lawr. t. c. p. 354 (Gray's 
Harbour, Washington); Anthony, t. c. p. 360 (New Mexico); Cory, 
Cat. B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892: Greater and Lesser Antilles) ; 
Butcher, Auk, x. p. 272 (1893: Long Isl.). 
Numenius melanopus, Fieill. A7. Diet. d?Hist. Nat. viii. p. 306 (1817: 

N. America). 
Long-billed Curlew, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 94 (1834). 
Numenius oecidentalis, Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. PMlad. 1852, 
p. 194 (Rio Grande, New Mexico). 
Numenius (Numenius) longirostris, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci 
PMlad. 1861, p. 235 (Labrador). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown 
varied with rufous, all the feathers blackish brown in the centre, 
notched and barred with cinnamon-rufous ; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts like the rest of the back; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series barred with blackish brown 
and cinnamon; primary-coverts blackish brown tipped with pale 
cinnamon; primaries blackish brown, the shaft of the first pure 
white, the shafts of all the other quills cinnamon-rufous, with which 
colour the inner primaries are broadly but irregularly barred; the 
secondaries cinnamon, regularly barred with dusky brov\n; the 
innermost secondaries like the back, and more ashy brown instead 
of rufous ; tail cinnamon-rufous, regularly barred across with dusky 
brown, the bars being nine or ten in number ; head and neck pale 

cinnamon-rufous, longitudinally streaked with brown, more narrowly 
VOL. xxrv. 2 A 

354 
CHARADKIIDJ2. 

on the latter; lores whitish, extending above the eye and forming 
a faint eyebrow; sides of face and ear-coverts rufescent, with 
narrow lines of dusky brown ; upper throat whitish; remainder of 
under surface vinous cinnamon, paler on the abdomen, the feathers 
with more or less distinct margins of isabelline white ; lower throat, 
fore-neck, and chest with narrow blackish longitudinal centres, as 
on the sides of the neck: sides of the body with a few narrow bars 
of dusky brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, 
with dusky-brown bars on the primary-coverts, and to a less extent 
on the lower greater coverts : " bill black, becoming dull light lilac-
brown on the basal half of the mandible; feet grey; iris brown " 

(B. Bidgway). Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 5*3, wing 10*5, 
tail 4, tarsus 3*2. 
Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but larger. 
Total length 21 inches, culmen 7*3, wing 11, tail 3*8, tarsus 3*4. 
Nestling. Buffy yellow, deeper above, tinged with sulphur-yellow 
below; upper parts coarsely and irregularly marbled with black: 
" bill straight, about 1*4 inch long " (B. Ridgway). 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
chiefly in its uniform under surface, the streaks on the throat and 
chest not being developed, and the flanks not barred. 

Young birds may be distinguished from the old ones by the broad 
white bands on the innermost secondaries, the contrast between 
the black and light markings on the upper surface being more 
marked than in the adult birds. The throat and chest are plentifully 
striped with brownish black, the sides of the body having 
numerous bars of dusky brown, these being also developed on the 
axillaries and under wing-coverts, where, however, they are 

. 
generally incomplete. 
Hal. Temperate North America, in winter south to Central 
America, as far as Guatemala. Cuba; Jamaica. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, June (G. N. Amer. Boundary 
Dawson). Comm. [P.]. 
d, e. cS $ ad. sk. Powder River, Montana. E. S. Cameron. Esq. 

f> 9-<S 2 Juv* fik- British Columbia. J. K.Lord, Esq. [C.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Iowa, May. Seebohm Coll. 
*. $ ad. sk. Lyons Pails, N.Y., Jan. 10 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. J. Day an -. Mensh. Coll.}. 
7c. 3 ad. sk. Texas (A. L. Heerman). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I, m, n. Ad. et San Antonio, Texas, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. (S. JE. Dresser), 
o-s. $ ad.; t-w. Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. Nov. (F. B. Armstrong), 
x, y. $ ad. sk. San Patricio, Texas, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F.B.A.). 

z. $ ad. sk. California. 
Capt. Kellett and 
Lieut. Wood. 
ar. S ad. sk. California Seebohm Coll. 
b'. c? juv. ak. San Diego, California, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

14 (JET. W.Hewthaw). 

41 . NUMENIUS. 355 
c'. <S ad. sk. Fort Crook, N. California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d\ tf ad. sk.
er . $ ad. sk.
June (J. Feilner). 
City of Mexico. 
Rio Guerrero, Chihuahua, 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f. $ ad. sk.
Jan. 3 (W. Lloyd), 
San Bias, Tepioe, April 28 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ff', h'> 6 juv. et2 ad. sk.
i', k', I'. Ad. sk.
(W. B. Richardson), 
Zacatecas, Aug. [W. B. 
Richardson), 
Cozumel Island (G. F GauSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m'. Ad. sk.
mer), 
Dueiias, Guatemala (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5. N*umenius phgeopiis. 

The Whimhrel or Lesser Curlew, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. ii. 

p. 204, pL 307 (1760). 
Le Petit Courly ou le Corlieu, Briss. Orn. v. p. 317, pi. xxvii. fig. 1 
(1760). * '* 
Scolopax phseopusjimw. Bust. Nat i. p. 243 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 657 (1788). 
Le Corlieu, D'Aubmt. PL Enl. viii. pi. 842. 
Le Courlieu ou Petit Courlis, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 27, pi. iiL 
(1781). 
Whimhrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 123 (1785); Yarr. Brit B. 
JL p. 516(1843). 

Numenius 
phseopus, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 291 (1787); id. 
Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 711 (1790) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 169 
pt. (1811); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 303 (1817) ; 
Temm. Man. tfOrn. ii. p. 604 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 307 
(1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 6 (1827); Less. Traite dOrn. 

p. 566 (1831); Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 611 (1831); Minttr. 
Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 50 (1832: Caucasus) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. 
viii. p. 506, pi. 217 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 303 (1837); 
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 49 (1838) ; Cresp. Orn. 
Gard, p. 406 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. lxxviii (1840) ; 
Webb $ Berth. Orn. Conor, p. 37 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. 
Voy. Russ. Mirid. iii. p. 255 (1840) ,* Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. 

p. 131 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xcv (1844); Muhle, Beitr. Orn. 
Griechenl p. 110 (1844) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 94 
(1844); Hodgs. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 80, no. 616; 
id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 125 
(1845: Lower Egypt, in winter); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 137 (1846); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 287, 
pi. lxxix. fig. 2 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847); Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 268 (1849: Calcutta); Reichenb. Grail 
tab. lxxviii. figs. 540-41 (1850); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 196 
(1850); Macgill Brit.B. iv. p. 253 (1852); Ejcarb. Danm. Fugle, 
pi. xxxiiLa. fig. 5 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 248 (1854); 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 91 (1854 : Europe; Abyssinia; 
Arabia); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 62 (1856: Banks of the Nile, in 
winter); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 232 (1857 : Gambia; Ashantee; 
Mozambique) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 473 (1859); 
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 146 (1860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 344 
(Corfu & Epirus, spring & autumn); Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 10 
(Greenland); F. # P. Godman, t c. p. 87 (Bodo, breeding); 
Irby, t. c. p. 240 (Oudh) ; E. Newton, t. c. p. 276 (Mauritius); 
Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 22.figs.9,9 a (1861) ; Maill. Notes 
2 A. 2 

CHAKADIillDJi;. 

sur VIsle Reunion, p. 163 (1862); Xezotan in Baring-Gould's 
Iceland, p. 413 (1863 : April to Sept.); Gray, List Brit, B. p. 154 
(1863) ; Roch$E. Newt Ibis, 1863, p. 171 (Madagascar); E. Newt 

t. c. p. 457 ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 94, pt. (1864); 
Jerd. B. Bid. iii. p. 684 (lb64); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 145 (Malta); 
Gigl Ibis, I860, p. 60 (Pisa) ; Gumey, t c. p. 272 (Xatal); More, 
t. c. p. 434; Godman, Ibis, 1866, pp. 101, 107 (Azores) ; Schl 
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 (Madagascar); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 168 
(Calcutta); Bawd, t.c. p. 282 (Iceland & Greenland) ; E.Xeiuion, 
t. c. pp. 346, 359 (Seychelles); Degl. £ Gerbe. Qr/i. Eur. ii. p. 102 
(1867); Locke, Expl. Sei. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 333 (18b7); Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. S22 (1867: WaMseh Bay,* Cape Town); Grandid. 
Rev. et Mag. de Z00L 1868, p. 4; Chapm. Trar. S. Afr. ii. App. 
p. 419 (1868); Schl. $ Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 183 (18f,8); 
Tristr.Ibis, 1868, p. 327 (Pale-tine); Smith, t.c. p. 454 (Portugal); 
Borggr. Vogelf. Korddeutschl p. 120 (1869); Doderl 
Avif. Sicil. p*. 181 (1869) ; Droste, Yogelic. BorJaun, p. 249 (1869); 
Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154 (Marocco); Godman, Azores, pp. 34, 41 
(1870: Madeira & Canaries); Frifsch, Tog. Eur. tab. 40. fig. 2 
(1870) ; Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 199 (1870): Fin&ch & Harfl Vdq. 
Ost-Afr. p. 739 (1870); Saluad. Fairn. Ital, Ucc. p. 225 (1871); 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 49 (1871); It Gray, B. West Scotl. 
p. 288 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. ottO (b. Spain); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 42, no. 10249 (1871); Ratting, Handb. Brit. B. 
p. 53 {1872;; Sundev. Si\ FogL pi. xxxviii. tig. 3 (1856-72); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 (Xagua Ii., Gold Coast); G. V. Taylor, 
t. c. p. 232 (Constantinople); Shelley fy Buckley, t.c. p. 290 (Gold 
Coast); Gumey in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 300 (1872 : rare in 
Damara & Gieat Namaqua Lands); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 244 
(1872); Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3248 (Faroe M., April to Sept.); 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 (Ceylon); Palmen, Finland* For/tar, 
p. 122 (1873); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. \ p. 1150 (1873: 
Lower Egypt; Khartoum; Abyssinia; coast of Arabia); Antin. 
$ Saluad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 145 (1873 : Rhas-Gherar, Dec.); Brooke, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia) j Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 417 (Kathiawar); 
Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 227, pi. 576 (1873) ; Ussher, Ibis, 
1874, p. 74 (Gold Coast); Bumf. i. c. p. 399 (X. Frisian Isl.) ; 
Siuinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 132 (Chefoo, May) ; JDanf. § H.-Brown, t. c. 
p. 424 (Transylvania); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 178 (1875); Fallon, 
Ois.Belg. p. 167 (1875: spring & autumn); Sharpe fyBouvier, Bull. 
Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 53 (1876: Chinchonxo, March); Butler, 
Sir. F. iv. p. 16 (1876 : Sind) ; Hume, t. c. p. 464 (Laccadives) ; 
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 286 (1876): Seehohyn 4*H.-Brmon, IMs, 
1876, p. 311 (Ust Zylma, May); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, ii. 

p. 157 (1877: Poland); Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 350 (Transvaal, 
Nov.); Earth Vdq. Madag. p. 322 (1877); Butler, Str. F. v. 
p. 233 (1877: Deesa); Hume, t. c. p. 329 (Sind); Oust Bull. 
Soc. Philomath. 1878, p. 185 (Seychelles); Sharpe, Report Trans. 
Venus Exped. p. 462 (1878: Rodriguez); Butler, Str. F. vii. 
p. 187 (1878 : Karachi Harbour); Hume, t. c. p. 487 (Calcutta); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 301 (Transvaal); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 156 
(1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Butler, Cat B. Sind, 
etc. p. 62 (1879: cold weather visitant) ; id. Cat B. S. Boinb. 
Pres. p. 76 (1880: winter); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 910 (1880); 
Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 85 (1880 : S. Konkan); Butler, t c. p. 429 
(Deccan & S. Mahratta Country); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 

p. 230 (1880: Greenland); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 70 (1881: Lucknow); 
41 . NUMENIUS. 
357 

Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 462 (1881: R Zaire & Cimene) ; Collett, 
Norges Fugle, p. 101 (1881) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1882, p. 75 (Mombasa); 
Seebohm, t. c. p. 224 (Astrakhan), p. 382 (Archangel) j Milne-
Edwards $ Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 621 (1882) ; 
Cocks, Zool. 1882, p. 408 (Spitsbergen, July) ; Gates, Mandb. B. 
Burm. ii p. 411 (1883, pt.); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 179 
(1883); Booth, Hough Notes,ii. (1881--87); Saunders, ed. YarreWs 
Brit. B. iii. p. 507 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus); 
Irby, t. c. p. 186 (Santander); Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest 
p. 134 (1884: scarce winter visitant); Chapman, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 99 (Coast of Portugal); Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 45 (1884: 
liflito, breeding up to 6300 ft.), p. 435 (Lenkoran); Murray, Vertebr. 
Faun. Sind, p. 247 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 693 
(1864); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 100 (1885) ; Dixon, Ibis, 
1885, p. 85 (St. Kilda); Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 116 (Zanzibar; 
Laniu); Bilttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 1885, p. 243 (Liberia) ; Hartert, 
J.f.O. 1886, p. 009 (Los Isl.; Tumbo & Cassa); Saluad. Elenco 
Ucc. Ital. p. 230 (1880); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego 
Garcia, Chagos Group); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21 (Aden); 
Sharpe, t. c. p. 492 (Fao, July to March); Gic/l. Avif. Ital p. 409 
(18S6): Tait,Ibis, 1887, p. 393 (Portugal); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. 

B. p. 171 (1887); Harvie-Brown fy Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Sutherl, 
Caithn. $ Cromarty, p. 225 (1887) ; iid. Vertebr. Faun. Outer 
Ilebr. p. 137 (1888); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Lamu); Chapman, 
t. c. p. 445 (Spain, Sept.); Milne-Edwards fy Oust. N. Arch, 
Mus. (2) x. Bull p. 286 (1888; Comoro Isl.); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Bistr. Charadr. p. 328 (1888); Bilttik Notes Leyd. Mus. 1888, 
p. 102 (Junk R.), 1889, p. 137 ; Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Beutschl 
p. 46 (1889); Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 213 (Kuklia, Cyprus); Lilford, 
t o. p. 342 (Cyprus) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 613 (1889) ; 
Hartwig, J f. 0, 1889, p. 150 (Trom&o) ; Chamberlain, Auk, vi. 
p. 217 (1889 : Arsuk, S. Greenland); Gigl Avif. Ital 1st Resoc. 
p. 624 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 656 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 514 (1891) ; 
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 442 (Madeira); Graham, B. lona 8f 
Mull, p. 237 (1890); Frivaldsky, Aves Hung. p. 138 (1891); 
Hagerup, B. Gre&nl p. 20 (1891); Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 475 
(1891); Harvie-Brown §* Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll fy Inner 
Hebr. p. 183 (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland); 
Sibree, t. c. p. 115 (Madagascar); Rendall, t. c. p. 229 (Gambia); 
Hartert, t. c. p. 514 (E. Prussia); Fatio 8f Studer, Cat. di*tr. Ois. 
Suisse, p. 46 (1892); Irby, Key List Brit. B. 2nd ed. p. 54 
(1892); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 171, 181 (Aden); Meade-Waldo, 
t. c. p. 205 (Canary Isl.) ; Pearson ty Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 235 
(Norway, breeding); Chapman, i. c. p. 347 (West Jutland); Reichen. 
Vdg.Deuisch-Ost-Afr. p. 42 (1894 : East African coast in winter); 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 291 (1895). 
Numenius minor, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. <§*c. Brit. Mus. p. 32 

(1816; Devonshire). 
PhEeopus phseopus, Cuu. Regne An. i. p. 485 (1817). 
Phasopus vulgaris, Fleming', Philos. Zool ii. p. 254 (1822). 
'*> Phajopus arquatus (nee Linn.), Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. 

p. 36, pi. 5 (1824). 
Numenius islandicus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 610 (1831). 
Numenius melanorhynchus, Bp. C. R. xiiii. p. 1021 (1856: Greenland) 
; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 42, no. 10250 (1871). 
Numeniub hgesitatus, Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 233 (1857: St. 
Thomas); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10251 (1871). 

CHARADKIID.E. 

358 

Phseopus minor, Heme $ Reichen. NomencL Mus. Hein. p. 826 
(1890). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above nearly 

•uniform dark brown, excepting for the broad ashy-brown markings 
on the feathers of the mantle and upper back; the wing-coverts 
like the back, but the margins paler and more whitish, the greater 
series with whitish notches on both webs ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark brown, fringed with white at the ends ; primaries 
blackish brown, notched with white on the inner webs, which have 
a barred appearance along the edge of the latter, the inner primaries 
notched with white, also on the outer webs; secondaries brown, 
notched on the outer web and barred on the inner web with white, 
the innermost secondaries nearly uniform brown like the back, the 
shafts of the outer primary white, of the second whity brown, and 
of the rest pale brown ; lower back and rump white, slightly mottled 
with longitudinal spots of blackish brown, more or less concealed 
on the back, but larger and more distinct on the rump ; upper tail-
coverts barred with brown and whitish, the brown bars somewhat 
irregular and not coterminous; tail-feathers ashy brown and tipped 
with white and crossed by regular bars of dark brown, about nine 
in number; centre of crown whitish and streaked with brown, the 
remainder of the crown dark brown, forming two broad bands and 
followed by a broad eyebrow of dull white and narrowly streaked 
with small lines of blackish; lores and upper margin of ear-coverts 
dark brown; remainder of sides of face and neck all round pale 
brown, streaked with darker brown, the cheeks somewhat whiter ; 
chin and upper throat white, with scarcely any brown spots ; lower 
throat, breast, and sides of body pale rufescent buff, thickly clouded 
with longitudinal streaks of dark brown on the throat and breast, 
and with bars of dark brown, of a more or less sagittate shape, on 
the sides of the body and flanks; abdomen and under tail-coverts 
white, the latter with streaks and bars of dark brown; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white with dusky brown bars, very distinct 
on the latter; quills dusky brown below, notched with white: bill 
black, the base of the under mandible pale brown; feet light greyish 
blue, claws black; iris brown. Total length 15 inches, culmen 3*4, 
wing 9*5, tail 3*7, tarsus 2-5. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male in plumage, 
and scarcely differing in size. Total length 15 inches, culmen 3*3, 
wing 9*8, tail 3*9, tarsus 2-25, 

Adults in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but 
with the lower back perfectly white, the black streaks being concealed, 
the underparts less distinctly streaked, and the flanks less 
distinctly barred than in the summer plumage. 

Young birds may always be distinguished by the more mottled 
appearance of the upper surface, most of the feathers being spotted 
on both webs with whitish or pale rufescent buff; the lower back 
and rump are plentifully mottled with spots of dusky brown, and 
the innermost secondaries very distinctly notched with rufescent 
buff; the streaks on the throat and breast and the bars on the 

41. sruMENius. 
flanks almost as plentifully developed as in the adults; the bars 
on the axillaries are often very incomplete, and are, in rare instances, 
entirely absent. 

Eab. Europe generally, extending to Iceland and Greenland, and 
ranging eastwards as far as the Indian Peninsula in winter, and 
even to the Burmese countries and the Malayan Peninsula, where 
its range coalesces with that of N. variegatus* Winters also in 

Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. S ad- sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. J ad.; e. $ 
juv. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 

g. Imm. sk. 
h. Juv. sir. 
i} k. $ $ ad.; Z, m. 
$ juv. sk. 
n, o. <S 2 ad. sk. 

p. <$ juv. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r} s. Ad. et juv. sk. 

t, u. v. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
Wj x. Ad. et juv. st. 

y. <5 ad. sk. 
z. J ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 
V. Pull. sk. 
c'. Ad. sk. 
d\ Ad. sk. 
e'. S ad. sk. 

/' . Imm. sk. 
g\ £ juv. sk. 

ti. Ad. sk. 
i'. Ad. sk. 

Jc\ Ad. sk. 

I'. S imm. sk. 

m'. Imm. sk. 
n\ Ad. sk. 

o. $ ad. sk. 
p\ Ad. sk. 
Greenland. 
Fseroe Islands, June. 
Isle of Grain, N.B., Aug. 


(JR. G. W. JR.). 

Spurn Point, Lincolnshire, 

Sept. 
Spurn Point, Oct. 1. 
Wells, Norfolk, Sept. 1. 
Aldeburgh, Suffolk. 

Romney Marsh, Kent, May, 
Aug., Sept. (It. B. 8.). 
Pagham Harbour, Sussex, 
May. 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 10 

(J. E. S.). 
Hay ling Island. 

Poole Harbour, Dorset (A. 
von JECugel). 

Devonshire. 
(Types 
Torquay. 

Bodo, Norway, May 27 (P. 

Godman). 
Bodo, June (Jff. &). 
Molde, Norway, May 31. 
Sweden, July 16. 
Heligoland. 
Havre, France, April 27 

(V. JPluche). 
Malaga, Spain, July 29 

(S. Saunders). 
Marocco. 
Madeira, Sept. 15. 


Senegambia. 
Ancobra River, Gold Coast. 


Naqua River, Fantee 
(Ussher). 
Walfisch Bay, Sept. 24 


(C. J". Andersson). 
Transvaal. 
Madagascar. 
N.E. Madagascar. 
Great Comoro Island (Sir 
J. Kirk). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


R. J. Caton Haigh, 
Esq. [P.]. 
J.Cordeaux,Esq.[P.l. 
Colonel Feilden[P.j. 
Theodore Fisher, 

Esq. [P.]. 
Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.]. 

J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 


T. W. Tyndale, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 
of N. minor of Leach.) 

C. Coningham, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hargitt Coll. 


H. Gatke, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
W.R.Ogilvie Grant, 

Esq. [P.]. 
GovernorRendall[P.]. 
Sir F. Burton &Capt. 

Cameron [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll, 


Seebohm Coll. 

Gurney Coll. 
Mr. Gerrard [0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


360 

q'. <$ ad. sk. 

r'. 
Ad. sk. 

s'. Ad. sk. 

t'. 
Juv. sk. 

u'. 
§ ad. sk. 

v'. 
$ ad. sk. 

vf, x\ y'. Ad. sk. 

z', a". J ad. sk. 

£", c". Ad. et imin. 
sk. 
d". 1mm. sk. 


e". S ad. sk. 
f". Ad. sk. 

#", k"j i". Imm. sk. 
&". <$ ad. sk. 
Z". Imm. sk. 
m". Imm. sk. 
w", o". 2 ad. cJ imm. 

sk. 
p". 2 ad. sk. 
q". Ad. sk. 

r". 2 a<i- sk. 

s". <£ ad. sk. 

t". 2 ad. &k. 

u". <S ad. sk. 

«". 2 ad. sk. 

to". 2 ad. &k. 

xu. <$ ad. sk. 

y". $ ad. sk. 

z". cJ imm. sk. 

a3. 2 ad. sk. 

b\ e\ <S 2 ad. sk. 

ds, e?.($% ad. sk. 
f>, ^ . <J ad. sk. 

#. <?; £,#,**. 2 

ad. sk. 

m3, nz. 3 ad.; o\ 

2 ad. sk. 
p^7 qz. Skeleton. 
r!. Bones of trunk. 
*'. Skull. 

CHABAD1UIDJ3. 

Rodriguez (H. S. Slater). 
Zanzibar (Si?-J. Kirk). 
Zanzibar (JEJ. 0. Buxton). 
Mombasa. 
Manda Island, Feb. 14. 


Massowa, Red Sea, Aug. 
24 ( W. Jesse). 
Fao, Persian Gulf. 

Karachi, Aug., Oct. (E. 

A. Butler). 
Karachi, Dec. (Capt. 
Bishop). 
Ghizni, 
Sind (Dr. JET. 
Gould). 

Pind Dadan Khan, Oct. 22. 
Balaeherry, Kathlawar, 

Oct. 22. 
Bombay Harbour, Nov. 
Etawah, Aug. 20. 
Chinghut, Oudh. 
Nepal. 
Madras, Sept. 

Laccadive Islands, Feb. 16. 

S. 
Andamans, Jan. S (B. 
G. W. JR.). 
S. Andamans, Sept. 
(R. J. 
Wimberley). 
Corbyn's Cove, Andamans, 

Octl6(F.A.deBoepsto)ff). 
Port Blair, March 10 -(B. 

J. Wimberley). 
Viper Isl., Andamans, Dec. 

(W. Davison). 
Dungleaf Creek, Andamans, 
Jan. 3( W.Davison). 
Trinkut Island, Nicobars, 
Jan.31 (R.J Wimberley). 
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. IS 

(W. Davison). 
Elephant Point, Burma, 
Dec. 29 (J.Armstrong). 
Lower Pegu, Sept. 18. 
Sittang River, Feb. 4 

(W. Davison). 
Thatone Creek, Dec. ( W. 
Davison). 
Amherst, Jan.( W. Davison). 
Mergui, Nov., Dec. (W. 

Davison). 

Klang, Malay Peninsula, 
Dec.toFeb.( W.Davison). 
Pulo Nongsa, Singapore 

(W. Davison). 
England. 
Nepal 
England. 

Transit of Venus Exp. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Rev.A.H.Buxton^P.]. 

F. 
J. Jackson, Esq. 
pp.: 

Tweeddale Coll. 
TV.D. dimming, E^q. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Cull. 
Colonel Hayes Lloyd 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
He clgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coil. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Purchased. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Yarrell Coll. 

41 . NUMENIUS. 
361 
Subsp. a. Numenius variegatus. 

Le Couriis tachete cle l'lsle de Lucon, Sonn. Voij. N. Guin. p. 85, 
pi. 48 (1776). 

Luzordan Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 122 (1785). 

Tantalus variegatus, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92 (1786 ; 
ex Sonn.). 
Scolopax luzoniensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 656 (1788). 
Numenius luzoniensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 711 (1790); Gray, Gen. 

B. iii. p. 569 (1847); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Martens, 
J.f 0.1806, p. 28 ; Gray, Hand~l. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10252 (1871); 
Stciizh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 410 (Formosa; 8. China coast); Legge, 
B. Ceylon, p. 911 (1880). 
Nunienius 
phasopus {nee L.), Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 169 
(1811, pt.); Mors/. Tr. Linn. Soc. xi'ii. p. 191 (1821); S. Mull. 
Verh. Land-en Volkenh. p. 22 (1839-44); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, 

p. 167; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 317; Badde, Beis. Sibir., Fog. 
p. 340 (1863: Central Irkut River) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, 
p. 93 (1864, pt.) ; Hartl P. Z. S. 1867, p. 831 (Pelew Isl.; 
Maletotas Isl.); id. fy Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 8, 118 (Pelew 
Islands); Dyb. § Parvex, J.f O. 1868, p. 337 (Darasun, rare); 
Finsch $ Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 739 (1870, pt.); Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 410 (Pekin to Shanghai in winter); Hartl. fy Finsch, 
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 106 (Uap; Pelew Isl.); Wold. Tr. Z. S. viii. 
p. 96 (1872: Bonshain, S. Celebes; Tondano, N. Celebes); id. 
Ibis, 1873, p. 317 (S. Andamans); Dresser, B. Fur. viii. p. 245 
(1873, pt.); Tacz. J.f O. 1873, p. 103 (E. Siberia); Salvad. Ucc. 
Bom. p. 333 (1874); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 297 (1874: Andamans 
and Nicobars); Wald. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 232 (1875 : Cujo Isl., Dec.) ; 
Finsch, Jour. Mus. Godeffr. Heft 8, p. 35 (1875); Bosenb. Beist. 
naar Geehirikh. p. 8 (1875); Annstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 341 (1876: 
Rangoon R.); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 254 (1876); 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 457 (1877); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 550 (Cebu; Malanipaj; Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 460 
(1878: Tenasserim); Blakist. § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 223 (Yezo; 
Tokio; Yokohama) ; Bosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 278, 324, 373,407, 
563 (1878); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Menado, March; Menadotua, 
April); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 576 (Ruk Isl.); Tweedd. 
Voy. ' Challenger,1 ii. Birds, p. 23 (1881); Finsch, Ibis, 1881, 
pp. 107, 109 (Kushai), 115 (PonapS); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 17 
(Singapore, Nov.) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 411, pt. 
(1883); Torderm. N. T. Nederl Ind. xliii. p. 119 (1883: Java), 
xliv. p. 204 (1884), xlix. p. 416 (1889: Sumatra); Seebohm, B. 
Japan. Fmp. p.£L6 (1890). 
Numenius atricapillus, Vieillot, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 303 
(1817). 
Numenius 
uropygialis, Govld, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 175 ; Gray, List 
Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1844: Port Essington); id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 569 (1847); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 43 (1848) ; Macgill. Narr. 
Voy. < Battlesnake; ii. p. 358 (1852); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 
(1856); Scl. Jour. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 170 (1858); Gray, P. Z. S. 
1858, pp. 188, 197 (Aru Islands); id. Cat. B. Netv Guinea, p. 182 
(1859); id. P Z. S. 1861, p. 438 (New Guinea); Swinh. Ibis, 
1863, p. 409 (Formosa); Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 35 (Bouru) ; 
Stoinh. t. c. p. 317; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865); Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 279 (1865); Bosenb. Beis naar Zuidoostereil. 
p. 53 (1867); Marie, Acfes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvii. p. 328 
(1870 : New Caledonia); David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 12 
362 
CHABADEIID^. 

(1871: Pekin); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 245 (1873); Sharpe, Ibis, 
1876, p. 52 (Bruit, Nov.); Cab. $ Beichen. J.f.O. 1876, p. 327; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. ix. pp. 48 (Yule IsL), 63 (1876: 
Sanghir), x. p. 164 (1877: Sorong); Scl P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 113, 
(Duke of York IsL), 557 (Admiralty IsL) ; Masters, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 61 (1877: Gape Grenville; Cape York ; Sue IsL; 
Bet IsL; Long IsL; Daraley IsL); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 

p. 504 (1877); Castelnau $* Bam&ay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 
p. 385 (Gulf of Carpentaria); Ramsay, t. c. p. 394 (1877: Pt. 
Moresby), ii. p. 198 (1878), iii. p. 296 (1879), iv. p. 101 (1880); 
Bosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 373, 390 (1879); Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, 
pp. 90 (Ki IsL), 100 (Aru Isl.) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 14 (New 
Britain); Sharpe, t. c. p. 351 (Kina Banua River); Scl. t.c.ip. 447 
(Duke of York IsL); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 667 (1879: 
Great Ki Island); DAlbert. Nuovctr Guinea, pp. 582, 585 (1880); 
Scl Voy. < Challenger^ ii. Birds, p. 33 (1881: Admiralty IsL); 
Salvad. t. c. pp. 73, 83 (Ki IsL); Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges". Wien, 
1881, p. 767 (Suniba); Finsch, Tog. Suisse, p. 22 (lb84: New 
Britain), p. 39 (Torres Straits); Meyer, Sitz. Abhandl. Ges. i Isis,7 
Dresden, 1884, Abth. i. p. 56 (Siao); Pleske, Bvll Acad. St. Pitersb. 
xxix. p. 573 (1884: Ternate); Bogd. Comp. A v. Imp. Boss. 
i. p. 84 (1884); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 576 (Obi Major); Ham-
say7 Tab. List Amtr. B. p. 20 (1888) ; North, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. (2) iii. p. 1778 (1888: Cumberland, X. S. W.); Ether idge, 
LordEowelsl. 5.17(1889). 
Nurnenius tahitensis {nee Gm.), Cassin in Perry^s Piped. Japan, ii. 

p. 228, pi. 5 (1856). 
Nurnenius minor (nee Leach), Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. 
xxv. p. 255 (1863); id. J.f O. 1864, p. 137. 
Nurnenius sp., Bosenb. Beis naur Zuidoostereil p. 82 (1867 : Ki 
Islands). 
Nurnenius variegatus, Salvad. Ann. Mus* Genov. x\m. p. 330(1882); 
id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 332 (1882); Scl P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 
200 (Larut, Timorlaut); Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 12 
(1884); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 433 (Timor Laut); id. Naturalist's 

Wand. East. Arch. p. 367 (1885); Nehrk. J.f.O. 1885, p. 35 
(Waigiou) ,* Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 201 (Aola, Guadalcanal) ; 
Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 629 (Sangbir); Everett, Journ. Straits 
Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 209; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia etc. 

iii. p. 204 (1891); Bilttik. Notes Leyd. Mm. xiv. p. 204 (1892 : 
Sumba); Meyer $ Wiglesw. J.f. 0.1894, p. 252 (Talaut IsL). 
Nurnenius melanorbyncbus (nee Pp.), Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool Fr. viii. 


p. 340 (1883: Kamtchatka); Dyb. f Tacz. op. cit. ix. p. 146 (1884). 
Nurnenius 
phseopus variegatus, Stejneger, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 29, p. 138 (1885: Bering IsL), p. 317 (Kamtcbatka); Seebohm, 
Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 101 (1885); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 

p. 330 (1880); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 (GMmuipo, Corea, 
May); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 317 (1890); Nieholski, Faune 
Sayhalien, p. 267 (teste Tacz.); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Scl 
St. PUersb. (7) xxxix. p. 943 (1893). 
Adult male* Similar to N. phceopus, but with tbe lower back and 
rump very thickly mottled with bars and spots of brown, and the 
axillaries with broader and more numerous bands of brown: *' bill 
blackish, dark brown at the base of the lower mandible; feet dark 
lead-colour; claws black; iris very dark brown " (L. Taczanowskiy 
Total length 15 inches, culmen 3, wing 8-8^ tail 3*8, tarsus 2*15. 

41 . ffTTMENIUS. 
363 
The female and young, as well as the winter plumage, are exactly 
similar to those of N. phceopus. The differences between this race 
and the Whimbrel of Europe are not so strongly pronounced in all 
cases as to render the determination of specimens always a matter 
of certainty. Some of the Philippine specimens, for instance, are 
very difficult to separate from European examples, and many others 
also appear to be intermediate between the two forms. 

Hah. Eeplaces N. jphceojpus in Eastern Siberia and the Japanese 
Islands, extending in winter to the Malay Archipelago and Aus


tralia. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. <$ ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. e. Ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
h, i. Imm. sk. 
k. Imm. sk. 
I $ ad. sk. 
m. S ad.; n, o. $ 
ad. sk. 
p, q* d $ ad. sk. 

r. Ad. sk. 
s. J ad. sk. 
t. ? ad. sk. 
u,v. 3 $ ad. sk. 
to. Ad. sk. 

x. J juv. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
z} a!. Ad. sk. 
b\ S ad. sk. 
c'. Ad. sk. 
d'. Ad. sk. 
e'. $ ad. sk. 


/'. Ad. sk. 
g\ h'. Ad. sk. 
i%h'. 3 ? ad.sk. 
I'. Ad. sk. 
m',rc', </. Ad.sk. 
p', q'. Ad. sk. 
rf. Ad. sk. 
s'. $ imm. sk. 
t\ $ ad. sk. 
u\ 3 ad. sk. 

Hakodadi, Japan, May 24 

(Bldkiston). 

Nagasaki, May 1. 
Yokohama, May 22 {Snow). 
Yokohama {H. Fryer). 
Shanghai, May. 
Shanghai, May {R. Swinhoe). 
Formosa, Sept., Oct. {R. 


Swinhoe). 
Burma {Houghton). 
Tavoy, Tenasserim, April 29, 

( W. Davison). 
Salangore, Nov. to Feb. 
(W. 
Davison). 

Pulo Nongsa, Singapore, Nov. 

{W. Davison). 
Manila, 
Philippines {Maitland 
Heriot). 

Cujo IsL, Philippines, Nov. 

{A. B. Meyer). 
Negros IsL, Feb. 
Cebu. 


Malanipa. 

Baram River, Sarawak. 

Borneo. 
Menado, Celebes. 


Sanghir, Nov. 27. 
Sula Islands. 
Flores. 
Larut, Tenimber IsL, Sept. 6. 
Halmahera (A R. Wallace). 
Morotai. 
Morotai, Sept. {Bernstein). 
Bouru. 
Ceram. 
Oeram {A. R. Wallace). 
Mysol. 
Mysol, Feb. 16 {Rosenberg). 
Aru Islands. 
Aru Islands. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. Kinger, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

E. M. Moseley, Esq. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 
Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 
Charles Hose, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm & Tweed


dale Colls. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Dr. H.O. Forbes [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. l Chal


lenger.' 

364 CHAKADIUiDJi:. 

v'. J ad. sk. Ko Doulan. Voy. II.M.S. ' Glial-

lender. 

ID'. $ ad. sk. New Guinea (& Milller). 

Seebohrn Coll. 

x\ , Ad. sk. 1Juke of York Island. He v. G. Brown [C.]. 
!/'•. Ad. sk. New Britain ((9. Brown). T\\ eeddale Coll. 
z'. 2 ad. sk. Admiralty LJands. Voy. H.M.S. < Chal


lenger.' 
a" , //'. Ad. sk. Australia. Tweeddale Coll. 
c" ,d",e". Ad.sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

. Juv. sk. Port Esteington. Gould Coll. 

f" 

, /i". Ad. et Port Essing-ton. Capt. Chambers [P.]. 

<j" 

juv. St. 

i". New South Wales. Australian Museum. 

Ad. st. 

k" . cJ imm. sk. Ansevata, New Caledonia, Seebohrn Coll. 
Sept. 21 (E. L. Layard). 
I". tf ad. sk. Lord Howe Island {J. Mac-Gould Coll. 
gillivray). 
m ', n". Skulls. N. Australia. Voy. H3I.S/Rattlesnake.' 


6. Jfaimenius hudsoiiicus. 
Hudsonian Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 243 (1787). 
Scolopax borealis (nee Forst.), Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 654 (1788). 
Numenius hudsonicus, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 712 (1790) ; Swains. 


Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 377 (1831); Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. cexxxvii.; id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 283 (1835) ; Bp. Camp. List 

B. Fur. fy N. Amer. p. 49 (1838); Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 589 
(1839); Gould in Darwin's Voy. i Beagle,' Birds, p. 129 (1841: 
Chiloe) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Chili); Audub. B. Amer. 
8vo, vi. p. 42, pi. 356 (1843) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 94 
(1844); Rolbbll, Orn. Beitr. Faun. Grcenl. p. 38 (1846); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847) ; Reichenb. Grail, tab. ccclix. tigs. 281516 
(1850); Licht Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 91 (1854: Chili); 
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1850); Cass. U.S. Fxpl. Exped. p. 315 
(1858 : San Lorenzo IsL, Peru, June) ; id. in Baird's B. Is. Amer. 
p. 744 (1858); G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 313 (Fonseca Bay, 
Honduras) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 10 (Greenland) ; Boardm. Proc. 
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 129 (1862: Maine J; BlaJdst. Ibis, 
1863, p. 134 (Hudson's Bay); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopace&, 
p. 100 (1864: Surinam ; Chili); Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 190 (Guatemala) 
; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 40 (San Antonio, spring and 
autumn); Salvin, t. c. p. 190 (Chiapam); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
viii. p. 100 (1867 : Sombrero); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 333 (Chili); 
Bairdj Ibis, 1867, p. 283; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver 
IsL); Coues, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 123 (1868: S. 
Carolina); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 176 (Tambo Valley); 
Ball Sf Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 293 (1869: St. Michael's, 
Alaska) j Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 363 (1870: Mazatlan); 
Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. C. Z. ii. p. 365 (1871: Florida); 
Newton, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 57, pi. iv. fig. 3 (egg); Gray, JKwd-l. B. 
iii. p. 42, no. 10248 (1871); Allen, Full. Harv. Coll. C. Z. iii. p. 356 
(1872 : Kansas); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 263 (1872); Snow, 
Birds Kansas, p. 10 (1873); Lilford, Ibis, 1873, p. 98 (S. Spain); 
Scl. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 146 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 
1873, p. 456; Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 385 (1874: Illinois); 
Coues, B. N-West,y. 509 (1874); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. 
41 . NTOKNIUS. 3(55 
ft 309

 £87A> «• -^ .?.& to*. AT«. i 

Ant^ua p. 245 (Barbuda), p. 277 (Grenada), p. 451 ^ < o 

(^ S6 r

?i«^ ^ntlllls)j ^«V*«rtf, B. Asf.N Amer. p.;«) J 
(18/9)5 *^ . P™.V.8. Nat. Mas. Iii. p. 201 (1880); &4/^/, 

: LoW6r

T R P"?n* K California); ClJ*, 67* ^ A 
(18So: Labrador); to, p . & $, l883 p< 420 (iWas1 
Bay 
S ' •*«» "4 ^«w»* &idffw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 315 

(AmerB2nd ed

p Vv %"%?'+*& N---- P- 64/5 (]884) ? ?W«-, 

^Y>C. ff.ff A«# itfw viii. p. 248 (1886: Koksoak, Labrador) 
Cory,^ List B West 2nd. p. 27 (1885); ifccMow, Auk, ii. p. 143 
(18bo : I uebla Colorado) ; Murdoch, t. c. p. 201 (Point Barrow) ; 
£*&(>*, *. e.p 241 (Xotzebue Sound); Agersb. t. c. p. 287 (S.E. 
Dakota); A 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1880); 7te. 
Or». Perow m. p. 380 (1886); Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 180 (British 
Guiana) ; Everm. Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886: Ventura Co., California) ; 

ColL Alasl*h

*f!*™'J&' hcJ:LBist' P- 120 (1887) ; MacFarlane, 

(Chimbote

Ihl?,l}8^J' £°?> about 9° S. hit.); Drew, Auk, iv. 

P: 2b 4 j}^bl; 
Colorado) ; Cory, t. c. p. 320 (West Indies); Well*, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 629 (1887 : Grenada) ; Ridgw. Man. 

N. Amer. B. p. 171 (1887) ; Beckham, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. xi. 
pp. 637, 654 (1888: Bexar Co., Texas); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 331 (1888) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 497 (Barbados, 
Aug.); Ridgxo. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 120,123 (1889 : Indefatigable 
Id.); Con/, B. West hid. p. 241 (1889); Clarke, Auk, 
vii. p. 321 (1890: Hudson's Bay) ; Corij, t. c. p. 374 (Anegada); 
Ridgw. op. cit. viii. p. 339 (1891: Bahamas); MacFarlane, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mies. xiv. p. 429 (1891: Franklin Bay, Arctic America); 
Magerup, B. Greenl. p. 55 (1891: occ. visitor) ; Lator. Auk, ix. 
p. 43 (1892: Gray's Harbour); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Caloosahatchie 
Kegion); Mackay, t. c. pp. 306, 345 (Nantucket, Mass.) ; Cory, 
Cat. B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892 : Bahamas and Greater Antilles) ; 
James, Neio List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892) ; Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 
(1893: Arctic America); Mackay, t. c. p. 370 (Massachusetts); 
Chapm. Bull Amer. Mus. vi. p. 76 (1894: Trinidad); Irbg, Orn. 
Str. Gibr. p. 291 (1895). 
Numenius rufiventris, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 356 (1829: N.W. 
America) ; id. Voy. ' Blossom,1 p. 28 (1839;. 
Numenius brasiliensis, Neuwied, JBeitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 708 

(1833). 
Esquimaux Curlew, Nuttatt, Man. Orn. ii. p. 97 (1834). 
Numenius intermedins, Nuttatt, Man. Orn. ii. p. 100 (1834). 
American Whimbrel, Nuttatt, Man. Orn. ii. p. 100 (1834). 
Numenius phseopus {nee Linn.), Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. 

p. 757 (1848); Pete. Orn. Bras. p. 308 (1871 : Cajutuba). 
Phseopus hudsonicus, Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, 
p. 108 (Bio Grande, New Mexico). 
Numenius (Phseopus) hudsonicus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philad. 1861, p. 235 (Labrador). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to N. jpjiceojms, with a 
distinct pale streak down the crown, the rest of which is deep 
brown, forming, on each side of the central streak, a broad lateral 
band /lower back and rump dark brown like the mantle and upper 
back/the upper tail-coverts banded with sandy" buff and dark 

366 
CHARADRirD.*E. 

brown ; tail-feathers ashy brown with blackish-brown bands, about 
nine in number; a distinct white eyebrow; lores brown ; sides of 
face white, with minute streaks of brown; chin and tipper throat 
white; remainder of under surface of body sandy buff, broadly 
streaked with brown on the lower throat, chest, and fore-neck, and 
barred with brown on the sides of the body; centre of breast, abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts whiter and uniform, excepting for a few 
brown bars on the latter ; under wing-coverts and axillaries rufescent, 
thickly barred with dusky brown ; quills below dusky brown, 
very distinctly notched on the inner web with fulvous bars: " bill 
brownish black, the basal half of the lower mandible flesh-colour; 
feet greyish blue, the claws black; iris dark brown " (J. J. Audubon). 
Total length 14 inches, culmen 3*7, wing 9S, tail 3*8, 
tarsus 2*25. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, and 
scarcely differing in size. Total length 17 inches, culmen 3*8, 
wing 10*1, tail 3*4, tarsus 2*3. 

Adults in winter plumage. Only differ from the breeding-plumage in 
being less strongly marked on the under surface with spots and bars. 

Young. Resemble the adults, but are quite as strongly barred 
and streaked underneath, though the markings on the chest are 
concentric or irregular bars. The upper surface is spotted with 
rufescent buff, the feathers of the back and especially the innermost 
secondaries being notched externally with this colour. 

Hab. The whole of North America, breeding in the high north, 
and passing south in winter, when it visits nearly every country of 
South America. Once in Spain. 

a, h. $ $ ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June (E. W. Kelson: 
Hensh. Coll.) 

c. Ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. RIoeour Coll. 
(Type^of N. rufus, VieilL) 
d. Imm. sk. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Seebohm Coll. 
Sept. 1 (C.J. Maynard). 
e,f. 
$ ad. sk. Cobb's Island, Virginia, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(JSensh. Coll.). 

g. Ad. sk. Pennsylvania (J. Krid&r). Seebohm Coll. 
h. J ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, April 26 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
i. Ad. sk. Mexico. Seebohm Coll. 
kj L <5 J imm. Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (A. Forrer). 
m, n, o. Ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(as.).

p. Imm. sk. 
Sir E. Schomburgk 
Barbados. 

CO.]. 

q. Ad. sk. Para. 
R.Graham, Esq. [P.]. 

r. Ad. sk. Oajtituba, Brazil (J. NatSalvin-
Godman Coll. 

terer). 

s. 2 imm. sk. Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct. 16 Tweeddale Coll. 
(E. Whitely). 
t. ? ad. sk. Paraeas Bay, Peru, Oct. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
K. Markham), 
41 . NUMENIUS. 367 
u. S acL sk.
v, w. <$ ad. sk. 
Vina del Mar, Tarapaca,
Nov. 18 {A. Lane), 
Aranca, Tarapaca, Aug. 18 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
x. Ad. sk.
(A. Lane), 
Island of Chiloe. Sir W. Burnett & Ady. 
$ ad. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
br . Ad. sk.
c'. § ad. sk.
d'. <5 ad. sk.
e'. Skeleton. 
Talcahuano, Chili, Sept. 
Province of Santiago, Chili(Leybold). 
Chili (E. C. Heed). 
Charles Isl., Galapagos, Feb.
(A. H. Markham). 
Indefatigable Isl., G-alapagosSept. (I)r. Babel), 
Indefatigable Isl., Galapagos,
TAug. 
N. America.
miral Fitzroy [P.], 
Dr. Coppinger [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dr. Habel [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

7. Famenius tahitiensis. 
Otahexte Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 122 (1785). 
Scolopax tahitiensis, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. Q5Q (1788; ex Lath.). 
Numenius tabitiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 711 (1790); Vieill. N. 


Diet, d?Mst. Nat viii. p. 308 (1817); id. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1157 
(1823) ; Stephens, in Shatos Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 32 (1824); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1856) ; 
Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 49 (1859: Society Isl.; Cook's Isl.; 
New Caledonia; Sandwich Isl.; Christmas Isl.); Finsch fy Hartl 
Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 175 (1867) ; Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. 

iii. p. 230 (1880: Kadiak, Alaska), iv. p. 330 (1881); Nelson, 
Cruise B. S.' CorxoinJ p. 90 (1883: Bering Sea, coast of Alaska); 
A. O. U. Chech-l. N Amer. B. p. 159 (1886); Towns. Auk, iv. p. 12 
(1887: N. Alaska); Nelson, Be]). Nat Hist. Coll Alaska, p. 121 
pi. ix. (1887: St. Michael's); Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. 
p. 
332 (1888); Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 299 (Phoenix Isl.); 
Wiglesw. Av. Polyn., Abh. k. Zool. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, p. 66 
(1892: Marianne Isl.; Society Isl.; Marquesas Isl.; Paumotu 
Isl.; Hervey Isl.; Fanning Group); Scott Wilsonty Evans, Aves 
Hawaiienses, part iii. (1892); Bothschild, Avifauna Laysan, pt. i. 
p. 17 (1893). 
? Scolopax phseopus, Forst Icon. ined. pi. 131 (Otaheite); id. JDeser. 
Anim. p. 242 (1844). 
Numenius femoralis, Peak, U.S.Exped., Birds, p. 233, pi. 64 (1848); 
HartL Arch, filr Nat 1852, p. 120 (Paumotu Group); id. J. f. O. 
1854, p. 170; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Cass. U.S. Expl. 
Exped. p. 316, pi. xxxvii. (1858 : Vincennes Isl., Paumotu Group); 
Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl p. 50 (1859: Paumotu Isl.); Gray, 
Handrl B. iii. p. 43, no. 10257 (1871); Bidgw. Amer. Nat. 1874, 

p. 435 ; Streets, Bull U.S. Nat Mus. no. 7, p. 19 (1877 : Fanning 
Isl); Finsch, Ibis, 1880, pp. 220, 331 (Taluit, Marshall Isl.), 
pp. 432, 433 (Gilbert Isl.); Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 251 (Marquesas 
Isl.); Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 330 (1881); Tristr. Ibis, 
1883, p. 47 (Fanning Isl.); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 83 
(1886: Kauai). 
Numenius 
?, Gray, Cat B. Trop. Isl. p. 50 (1859 : Marianne 
Isl.; Gilbert Isl.). 
Numenius phaeopus (pt.), Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 94 
(1864). 

368 
CHARADRIIDJE. 

Nurnenius australis (nee Gould), Dole, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist. xii. 

p. 303 (1869: Hawaiian IsL). 
Nurnenius taitensis, Coues, Check4. N. Amer. B. p. 105 (1882); id. 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 646 (1834). 
Numenius tibialis, F. L. § F. L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1882, p. 533; 
Tristr. t. c. p. 534, note. 

Adult male. Yery similar to N. hudsoniciis, but much, more uniform 
below, and easily recognizable by the curious hair-like elongations 
of the shafts of the thigh -feathers; the throat and chest 
streaked with brown, and the sides of the body somewhat sparsely 
barred with brown; the axillaries and under wing-coverts pale 
rufescent, broadly barred with dusky brown. Upper surface of 
body darker than in N. hudsonicus, with large spots and notches of 
rufous-buff, the lower back and rump like the rest of the back; the 
upper tail-coverts uniform rufous-buff, only the longer ones with 
dusky bars; centre tail-feathers ashy brown, the rest pale rufous-

buff, all barred with dark brown, the bars about 6 or 7 in number: 
" bill blackish brown, the base of the lower mandible dull fleshcolour, 
the tip darkest; feet bluish; iris dark hazel" (H. C. 
Palmer). Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 3-7, wing 9*8t tail 4*1, 
tarsus 2'2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 17 
inches, culmen 3*7, wing 8*2, tail 3*7, tarsus 2*16. 

Hob. North-western North America (rarely), visiting most of 
the islands of the Pacific Ocean, in some of which it is believed to 
breed. 

a,b. $ 2 a<i' s^- Canton Island, Phoenix J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 
Group, July 2. 

c. Ad. sk. Molokai IsL, Hawaiian Roy. Soc. & Brit. Assoc. 
Archipelago (P. C. L. Joint Committee [P.]. 
Perkins). 
8. Numenius borealis. 
Scolopax borealis, Forster, Phil. Trans, lxii. pp. 411, 431 (1772). 
Eskimaux Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 125 (1785). 
"Numenius 
borealis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 712 (1790); Audub. B. 
Amer. pi. ccviii. (c. 1820); Sioains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 

p. 378, pi. 66 (1831: Point Lake, breeding) *. Audub. Orn. Biogr. 
iii. p. 69 (1835); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 49 
(1838) ; Vigors, Voy. 'Blossom; p.28 (1839),* Audub. Orn. Biogr. 
v. p. 590 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 45, pi. 357 (1843) * 
Giraud, B. Long Lsl. p. 274 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. 
p. 94 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847) • Pain. Proc. Fssex 
Inst i. p. 218 (1856: Massachusetts) * Bp. C. J2. xliii. p. 597 
(1856); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 744 (1858); Remh. Ibis, 1801, 
p. 10 (Greenland); Salvin, t. c. p. 356 (San Geronimo, Guatemala) 
; Boardm. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 129 (1862: 
Maine); Allen, Proc. Fss. Inst iv. p. 87 (1864: Massachusetts); 
SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 101 (1864: Brazil); Leot. 
Ois. Trinid. p. 444 (1866)• Sol. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 333 (Chili); 
Coues, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist. xii. p. 123 (1808; S. Carolina) ; 
Ball $ Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 293 (1869,* Fort Yukon) ,Allen, 
Bull. Harv. Coll. C. Z. ii, p. 856 (1871: not observed in 
Florida); Newton, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 56, pi. 4. fig. 1 (Arctic coast 
41. inJMENius. 369* 
east of Anderson river); Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 42, no. 10255 
(1871); Brooke, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 299 (Sligo); B. Gray, Bm 
West Scotl p. 290 (1871: Aberdeen, Sept.) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. 

C. Z. iii. p. 182 (1872: Kansas, June); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 263 (1872); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 221, pL 575 (1873); Scl 
%-Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 146 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, 
p. 456; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 510 (1874); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y x. p. 385 (1874: Illinois); Reid, ZooL 1877, p. 478 (Bermudas) 
; Bennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 56 (1878: Corpus 
Christi); Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 44 (Chnpat Valley); Merrill, Broc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 162 (1878 : Port Brown); Gundl. Anal. Soc. 
Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 367 (1878: Porto Rico); Maynard, B. 
East. N. Amer. p. 400 (1879) ; Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 15, p. 88 (1879); Sorting, ZooL 1879, p. 135 (Aberdeenshire) 
; Ridgw. Broc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880); Reinh. 
Vid. Medd. Kjobenh. 1881, p. 183 (Greenland); Harvie-Broion, 
Rroc. Nat. Hist. Glasgow, 1881, p. 314 (Kincardineshire); Elliott f 
Mon. Seal-Isl. Alaska, p. 130 (1882); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, 
p. 429 (Charles Isl., Galapagos); Nelson, Cruise B. S. c Corwin,' 
p. 90 (1883: Norton Sound; Siberia); B. O. U. List Brit 
B. p. 178 (1883); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 512 
(1883); Stearns, Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 120 (1883: Labrador); 
Barrows, Auk, i. p. 316 (1884: Concepcion Isl., Lower 
Uruguay) ; Baird, Breioer, 8f Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. 
p. 318 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 646 (1884); 
Turner, Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 248 (1885); Cory, List B. 
West Ind. p. 27 (1885); Murdoch, Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885 : Point 
Barrow, Alaska); Lawr. t c. p. 273 (Long Isl.); Agersb. t. c. 
p. 287 (S.E. Dakota); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 94, pi. 33. 
iig. 3 (1885); A. O. U. Chech-l N. Amer. B. p. 159 (1886); 
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 121 (1887); Ridgw. Man. 
N. Amer. B. p. 171 (1887); Wells, Broc. US. Nat Mus. ix. 
p. 629 (1887: Grenada); Irby, Key List Brit. B p. 49 (1888); 
Beckham, Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 637 (1888: Bexar Co.), 
p. 654 (San Antonio); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 333 
(1888); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 615 (1889); Cory, B. West 
Ind. p. 241 (1889) ; Sel. § Huds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 192 (1889) ; 
MacFarl Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 429 (1891: Fort Anderson) 
; Oust. Mis. Set. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 290 (1891); Mackay, 
Auk, ix. p. 16 (1892: New England); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Caloosahatchie 
Region, Florida); Cory, Cat B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892: 
Greater and Lesser Antilles); James, New List Chilian B. p. 12 
(1892); Mackay, Auk, x. p. 79 (1893: Nantucket, Mass.); Allen, 
t. c. p. 123; Tacz, MSm. Acad. Imp. St. Betersb. xxxix. p. 946 
(1893). 
? Chorlito eampesino, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 310 (1803). 
Numenius brevirostris, Licht Verz. JDoubl. p. 7^5(1823: Monte


video); Tmnm.Bl. Cot v. pi. 381 (1825); Gould, in Darwin's 
Voy. < Beagle,7 Birds, p. 129 (1841: Buenos Ayres); ? Hartl. Ind. 
Azara. p. 25 (1847); Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxviii. "fig. 546 (1850); 
Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland Isl.) ; Belz. Orn. Bras. p. 30& 
(1871: Ypanema). 

? Tringacampestris, Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1087 (1823). 
Small Esquimaux Curlew, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 101 (1834). 
Numenius hemirhynchus, Temm., teste Bp. C. P.xliii.p. 597 (1856). 
Numenius (Pkeopus) borealis, Coues, Broc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhilad


1861, p. 236 (Labrador). 
VOL. XXIV. * B 

370 CHAKABEIID^. 

Numenius microrhynchus, Phil, fy Landb. Arch, fur Nat. 1868, 

p. 129 (Chili) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 43, no. 10256 (1871). 
Esquimaux Curlew, Blake-Enox, Zool, 1870, p. 2408 (Sligo); 
Harvie-Broicn, Zool. 1880, p. 485 (Kincardineshire). 
Phseopus borealis, Seine fy Reichen. Komencl. Mus. Hem. p. 326 
(1890). 

Adult male in breeding^plwmage. Similar to N. Jiudsouiais, but 
very small, more rufescent underneath, and easily distinguished by 
its uniform primaries, which have no pale notches on the inner web, 
"but sometimes show sligho indications of frecklings along the inner 
margin; the lower back and rump dark like the upper back, not 
white• the lower throat and chest streaked with blackish, the latter 
having numerous sagittate markings, very distinct on the flanks; 
the axillaries and under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, barred with 
dark brown : " bill brownish black, the lower mandible flesh-colour 
at the base; feet greyish blue, claws black; iris dark brown5? (J. 

J. Audubon). Total length 13*5 inches, cuimen 2-5, wing 8*6, 
tail 3*2, tarsus 1*8. 
Adidt female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length 14 inches, cuimen 2*4, wing 8*7, tail 3*15, tarsus 1*8. 
Young. Recognized by the spotted character of the upper surface, 
which is uniform brown, with scattered spots and notches of rufous-
buff on the plumage, especially on the innermost secondaries ; the 
streaks plentiful on the throat and neck; the chest and breast with 
irregular and sagittate markings of dusky brown, which are also 
very distinct on the sides of the body. 

Hab. North America, wintering in South America. 

a, b. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
c, d. S ad.; e. $ 
ad. sk. 
St. Michael's,Alaska, May, 
July (JB. W. Nelson: 
JSensh. Coll.) 
Salvin-Godman CoU. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
Fort Good Hope. 
Fort Simpson (B. McDonald).
Henley Harbour, Coast of 
Labrador, Aug. 23 (JB. 
B.B. Ross, Esq. [PA 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i} h. Ad. sk. 
Coues). 
Henley Harbour, Aug.
Coues). 
(E. Seebohm Coll, 
/. $ ad. sk. 
m. <$ ad. sk. 
Massachusetts, Sept. 10. 
Massachusetts, Oct. 10 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Sensh. Coll.). 
n-w. S $ ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
x. <$ ad. sk. San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. 
Guatemala, April (R. 
Owen). 
Grenada, West Indies, Sept. Salvin-Godman ColL 
2 AcL sk. 
22 (D. W.
Barbados. 
Smith). 
Sir B. Schombursrk 
.**'. <$ &d. sk. Xavier, Brazil, Oct. (J. Nat-Salvin-Godman Coll. 

terer). 

42 . MESOSCOLOPAX. 371 
h\ Ad. st.
c'. Ad. sk.
d', e'. Ad. sk. 
Paraguay. 
Paraguay, 
Chupat,
Nov.
Oct. 9. 
Patagonia, Oct., 
E. Wilson, Esq. PP.], 
Alan Peel, Esq. LP.]. 
H. Durnford, Esq. 
[P.]. 

42. MES0SCOLOPAX. 
Numenius, pt., auct. recent. 
Range. From Eastern Siberia and Japan south through China to 
the Moluccas and Australia. 

1. Mesoscolopax minutus. 
Numenius minutus, Gould, P. Z. S.1840, p. 176 (New South Wales) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847); Gould, B. Austr, vi. pi. 49 
(1848); Reichenb. Grail tab. xcvii. figs. 2820-21 (1850); Temm. 
\ Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. Ill, pi. 67 (1850); Macg. Narr. Voy. 
Ratilesn. ii. p. 358 (1852); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Gray, 

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Oat. Mamm. 8f B. Nexo Guin. p. 53 
(1859); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 317 (Amoy); Schl Mus, Pays-
Bas, Scolopaces, p. 101 (1864: Japan; Amboyna) ; Gould, Handb. 
B. Austr. ii. p. 280 (1865); Schl Nederl Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. 
p. 34S (1800); Tacz. J.f.O. 1871, p. 60; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 409 (Amoy); Wold. Trans. Zool Soc. viii. p. 96 (1872: Celebes) ; 
Sioinh. Ibis,"l87Z, p. 426 (Chefoo); Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 103 
(E. Siberia), 1874, p. 336; Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 334 (1874); Swmh. 
Ibis, 1875, p. 132 (Chefoo) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 254 
(1876: Hultuk; Dauria); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 458 
(1877 : Mongolia in summer ; Shanghai, April & May); Masters, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 61 (1877: Cape York); Casteln. $ 
Ramsay, t. c. p. 385 (Gulf of Carpentaria) ; Sahad. Orn. Papuasia, 
etc. iii. p. 334 (1882): Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 84 
(1884: Basin of the Lena; Lake Baikal; Dauria); Meyer, 
Zeitschr. Ges. Orn. i. p. 295 (1884: Aru Isl.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 34 (Japan), p. 268 (Kiukiang); id. Ibis, 1885, p. 363 (Yokohama) 
; id. Geogi\ Distr. Charadr. p. 335 (1888); id. B, Jap. 
Fmp. p. 317 (1890); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, etc. iii. p. 205 
(1891); Sty an, Ibis, 1891, p. 331 (Lower Yangtse, migrant), p. 508 
(Shanghai, April; Kiukiang, Sept.); Be La louche, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 501 (Foochow, April); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. (7) 
xxxix. p. 947 (1893). 
Numenius minor 
(nee Leach), S. Mull. Verh. Landr* en "Folk. p. 110 
(1839-44); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 569 (1847); id. P. Z. S. 1860, 

p. 346 (Batchian; Amboyna); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 411 (Amoy); 
id. Ibis, 1863, p. 409 (Formosa); Rosenb. J.f.O. 1864? p. 137; 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865); Gray, JSand-l B. iii. p. 43 
no. 10255 (1871); Dresser, B. Fur. viii. p. 245 (1873); Ramsay, 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 339 (Lower Darling E.) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. ii. p. 198 (1878) ; Masters, t. c. p. 275 (Port Darwin); 
Blahist. fy Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 222 (Japan); Rosenb. Malay. 
Archip. p. 396 (1878); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 911 (1880); Ramsay, 
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: Port Darwin; Port Easing-
ton; Gulf of Carpentaria; Richmond & Clarence R ; N. S. W.; 
'Victoria & S. Australia; W. & S.W. Australia). 
2 B2 

372 
CHAEADEIID^. 

? Numenius brevirostris (nee ZicM.), Rosenb. Nat. Tijdsckr. NederL 
Ind. xxv. p. 255 (1863) ; id. J.f. 0.1864, p. 137. 

Adult female. General colour above blackish, mottled with sandy-
buff spots and margins to the feathers ; wing-coverts blackish brown, 
with sandy-buff edges inclining to whitish on the greater coverts, 
which show traces of dusky bars; lesser wing-coverts as well as 
the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown; first 
primary with a white shaft, all the quills rather paler brown on the 
inner web, the long inner secondaries tawny on both webs, with 
dark brown centres and notches; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts blackish, mottled with spots of ashy white, with which 
colour also the feathers are tipped ; upper tail-coverts regularly 
barred with ashy and blackish; tail-feathers ashy grey narrowly 
barred with blackish, the bars being six in number, but not always 
strictly continuous across the feathers; crown of head blackish, the 
feathers slightly margined with sandy buff; along the centre of the 
crown a pale streak of the latter colour; lores, eyebrow, and sides 
of face uniform isabelline buff: upper margins of the ear-coverts 
slightly streaked with dark brown ; throat whitish; lower throat 
and fore-neck sandy buff like the sides of the body, the former 
streaked, and the latter barred with dusky brown ; centre of breast, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts isabelline whitish ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale sandy buff, with bars of dusky brown, 
mostly triangular in shape, the axillaries having a slight vinaceous 
tinge: " bill blackish brown, flesh-colour at the base of the lower 

mandible ; feet grey; iris dark brown " (Dybowski). Total length 
13 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 7*1, tail 2-85, tarsus 1-8. 
Hab. Breeds in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, and passes through 
Japan and China on its migrations to the Moluccas and Australia. 

a. 2 a^- sk. Shanghai, April. Shanghai Museum. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Port Albany, Cape York. Purchased. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. d1 ad. sk. Maitland, New South Wales, J. Gould, Esq. 
April. 

43. LIMOSA. 
Type. 
Limosa, Briss. Orn. v. p. 261 (1760) L. lappomca. 
Acfcitis, pt, Illig. &*odr. p. 262 (1811) L. lappomca. 
Limicula, Vieill N. Diet. d'Jffist, Mat iii. p. 245 (1816) L. lapponiea. 
Fedoa, Stephens, Gen. Zool xii. pt. 1, p. 70 (1824) ... . L. fedoa. 

Range. Almost cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Axillaries white, with or without dusky bars. 
a'. Tail regularly barred with black and white. 
a". 
Lower back and rump white, with a 
few dusky spots lapponiea, p. 373. 

43 . 
LIMOSA.. 373 

b". Lower back and rump dusky brown 

with white edgings to the feathers, 

which have also white bars novce zealandice, p. 377. 

V. 
Tail black; with a white base to the inner 
primaries limosa, p. 381. 


h. 
Axillaries slaty blackish like the under wing-
coverts ; tail black with a white base ... . hudsonica, p. 388. 
£. Axillaries cinnamon rufous like the under 
wing-coverts and q_tiill-lining; tail banded 
with dusky brown and rufous fedoa, p. 391. 

1. Limosa lapponica. 
Bar-tailed Godwit. 
The Godwit or Yarwelph^&m, Nat Hist B. ii. p. 64 (1738, nee tab.). 
La Grande Barge grise, Briss. Orn. v. p. 272, pi. xxiv. fig. 2 (1760). 
La Barge rousse, Briss. t c. p. 281, pi. xxv. fig. 1; DAubent, PL 
Enl. viii. pi. 900 j Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. vii. p. 505 (1780). 
La Grande Barge rousse, Briss. Orn. v. p. 284 (1760). 
Scolopax lapponica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 246 (1766). 
Scolopax aegocephala, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 246 (1766); Gm. Syst 
Nat. i. p. 6(57 (1788). 
Common Godwit, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 144 (1785). 
Scolopax leueophaea, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 719 (1790). 
Tringa gregaria, Otto, Buffon, XJebers. vol. xxvi. p. 242 (1797: teste 
Dresser). 
Totanus segocephalus, Bechst Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 288 (1803). 
Totanus leucophgeus, Bechst. t. c. p. 289. 
Totanus ferrugineus, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 374 (1810). 
Limosa ferruginea, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 180 (1811). 
Limosa meyeri, Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturg. ii. p. 172 (1815); 
Brehm, Fog. BeutscM. p. 627 (1831): Nairn. Fog. Deutschl. viii. 

p. 428, pi. 214 (1836); Nordm. in Dimid. Toy. Buss. MSrid. iii. 

p. 254 (1840); Reichenb. Grail tab. lxvvi. fig* 567-68 (1850). 
Limosa noveboracensis, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. 

p. 32 (1816). 
Limosa aegocephala, Leach, t. c. p. 32 (1816) ; SeebohmfyHarvk* 
Broton, Ibis, 1876, p. 292 (Lower Petchora); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, 

p. 96 (Gilgit); Scully, t. c. p. 588. 
Limicula meyeri, Fieitt. N. Diet. oVHist. Nat. iii. p. £i9 (1816). 
Limicula lapponica, Fieitt. t.c. p. 250,- Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 305 (1825). 
Limosa leucophaea, Cuvier, Begne Anim. p. 488 (1817). 
Limosa rufa, Temm. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. QQ8 (1820); Werner, Atlas, 
Grail, pi. 20 (1827); Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 107 (1828); Brehm, 
Fog. Deutschl. p. 628 (1831); Less. Traite ffOrn. p. 554 (1831) ; 
Minetr. Cat. Bais. Cam. p. 51 (1832); Jenyns, Man. Brit Fertebr. 

p. 202 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 306 (1837); Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 52 (1831); Crespon, Orn. Gard, 

p. 437 (1840); Keys. # Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxiv, 213 (1840) ; 
Nordm. in Dimid. Foy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 255 (1840: Caspian); 
Webb 8f Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 38 (1841); Schl. Bev. Crit. p. lxxxvii 
(1844) ; Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 102 (1844); Thomps. B. 
Irel. ii. p. 225 (1850); Reichenb. Grail, tab. Ixxvi. figs. 56566 
(1850): Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxxiii.6 (1851); Macgill. 
Brit. B. iv. p. 260 (1852); Schl. Fog. Nederl. pi. 226 (1854); 
Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol. p. 91 (1854); Hewits. Eggs Brit. 

CHABABEnD^J 

B. ii. p. 343, pi. 94 (1856); Haril. Orn. West-Afr. p. 233 (18571 
Gambia); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 475 (1859) j 
Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 347 (Red Sea); Boicys, Ibis, 1860, p. 343 
(Butrinto, Sept.); Heugl t. c. p. 430; Linderm. Yog. Griechmh 
p. 140 (1860); Schl Bier. Kederl. Yogels, pi. 23. figs. 3,4 (1861) -r 
id. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 23 (1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 146 (Malta); Sperling, t. c. p. 287 (Missolonghi, Nov.) ; Blyth, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 36; Begl et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 169 (1867); 
Gould, B. Gt Brit. iv. pi. 51 (1868); Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 56 
(1868); Sundev. Sv~ Fogl pi. xxxviii. £g. 4 (1869); Borggr. 
Vogelf Norddeutschl. p. 115 (1869): Broste, Yogelw. Borkum, 
p. 202 (1869); Boderl Avif. Sicil p. 183 (1869); Wright, Ibis, 
1869, p. 251 (Malta); Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 39. figs. 7, 12 
(1870) ; Stevens. B. Norf ii. p. 253 (1870); Fimch # Haiti. Yog, 
Ost-Afr. p. 742 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital, TJcc. p. 223 (1871) ; 
Gray, B. West Scotl p. 306 (1871); Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 468 
fSind); Alston § Harvie-Broicn, Ibis, 1873, p. 69 (Archangel) ; 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1155 (1873); Hume, Str. F, 
i. pp. 45, 139, 235 (1873: Karachi); Saxbij, B. Shell p. 198 
(1874); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 177 (1875); Tacz. Bull Soc. ZooL 
France, ii. p. 158 (1877; Poland, rare); Bogd. B. C'auc. p. 156 
(1879); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 210 (Florence); Milne-Edwards $ 
Grandidier, Hist. Nat Madag.,Ois. p. 631, pi. 255 (la*2); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 382 (Archangel), 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus*); Chapm. 
Ibis, 1884, p. 199 (Portugal): Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 86, pt, 
(1884); RaddeK Orn. Caue. 'pp. 45, 435 (1884 : to 6,300 ft., on 
migration); Gigl Avif. Ital p. 401 (1886); Seebohn, Geogr* 
Distr. Charadr. p. 384 (1888) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital 1st Besoc. p. 608 
(1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 654 (1890), Brd Besoc. p. 513 (1891); 
Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 108 (1891); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland). 
Fedoa meyeri, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool xii. p. 75 (1824). 
Fedoa rufa, Stephens, t. c. p. 77. 
Fedoa pectoralis, Stephens, t. e. p. 79. 
The Bar-tailed Gfodwit, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 569 (1843). 
Limosa lapponica, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1844); id. 


Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847); Bp. C. B. adiii. p. 597 (1856); Gray, 
Cat. Brit. B. p. 155 (1863); Loche, Expl Sei Algir., Ois. ii. p. 330 
(1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 454 (Portugal): Brake, Ik's, 1869, 

p. 154 (Tangiers) ; Elwes 8? Buckley, Ibis, 1870? p. 331 (Epirus)} 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 43, no. 10259 (1871): Hartinq, Handb. 
Br. B. p. 53 (1872); Dresser, B. Eur. viiL p. 203, pi. 573. fig. 1, 
pi. 574. fig. 2 (1872); Pahnen, Finlands Fogkir, p. 127 (1872); 
Bumf Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N. Frisian IsL, May); Irby, Orn. Str. 
Gibr. p. 170 (1875); Blanf East. Persia, ii. p. 283 (1876: Caspian); 
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 621 
(1879: Karachi Harbour); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 152 (BrekKorl-
sky); B. O. TJ. list Brit B. p. 177 (1883); Irby, Ibis, 1883, 
p. 186 (Santander); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit B. iii. p. 494 
(1883); Murray, Yertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 244 (1884); Salvad, 
Elenco Ucc. Ital p. 229 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 392 (Portugal) 
; Bidgw. Man. K Amei\ B. p. 163 (1887); Harwe-Brmun 
§ Buckley, Yertebr. Faun. Sutherl, Caithn. fy West Cromartyr 
p. 224 (1887); iid. Yertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 136 (1888); 
Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 49 (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. 
p. 607 (1889); Beichen. Syst Yerz. Yog. Beutschl p. 47 (1889); 
Brusina, Motr. etc. {Orn. Croatica), p. 90 (1890); Frivaldskyr 
43. LIMOSA. 375 
Av. Hung. p. 138 (1891); Harme-Brown $• BticMey, Vertebr. 
Faun. Orkney Isl p. 221 (1891) : iid. Vertebr. Faun. Argyll thinner 
JELebr. p. 182 (1892); Macph. Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, 

p. 402 (1892); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar); Hartert, 
t. c. p. 514; Fatio fy Studer, Cat. distrib. Ois. Suisse, p. 46 (1892); 
Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. part xxii. (1892); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 
1893, p. 205 (Canaries); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. St Petersb. (7) 
xxxix. p. 932 (1893); Pearson $ Bidwett, Ibis, 1894, p. 235 (N. Norway) 
; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 288 (1895). 
Totanus rufus, Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 156 (1885). 


Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above blackish, 
mottled with chestnut-red, with which each feather is notched or 
margined; wing-coverts dark brown, with white edgings to the 
feathers, a little broader on the inner webs of the greater series, 
many of the coverts tinged with chestnut, especially the inner 
greater coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 
the primaries lighter brown on the inner web, freckled towards its-
base, which is whitish, the first primary with a white shaft, the 
rest with brown shafts ; secondaries brown, edged with white, and 
with a longitudinal subterminal mark of white along the inner web; 
the innermost secondaries like the back, blackish notched with 
rufous; lower back and rump white, mottled with spear-shaped 
spots of black; the upper tail-coverts barred with black and white, 
or chestnut and black ; tail-feathers brown or greyish brown, tipped 
with white and barred across with white, the white bars sometimes 
tinged with chestnut; crown of head chestnut, streaked with blackish-
brown centres to the feathers, narrower on the hind-neck; a broad 
chestnut eyebrow; lores and sides of face chestnut, with numerous 
blackish spots on the former; under the eye a whitish spot; entire 
under surface of body chestnut, with blackish streaks on the sides 
of the upper breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with 
indistinct spots on the former, and bars on the latter of dusky 
brown; quills dusky below, with more or less white on the inner 
webs: " bill flesh-colour, dusky on its terminal half; feet greyish, 
blue, toes darker, claws black; iris browa" (W. Macgillivray). 
Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 2*65, wing 7*9, tail 2-8, tarsus 

1-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with a longer bill, and 
apparently never becoming so entirely chestnut below or on the 
sides of the face and neck. Total length 16 inches, culmen 3*9, 
wing 8*25, tail 2*95, tarsus 1*8. 

The pair above described were shot by myself on the 14th of May, 
1830. The female has very little black spotting on the rump, and 
the breast is for the most part white, with an admixture of pale-
chestnut, with considerable remains of arrow-head bars on the 
flanks. Even on the back the chestnut is not so pronounced as in. 
the male. 

Adult in winter plumage. Ashy brown above, with longitudinal' 
black centres to the feathers, and evident ashy-white margins, the 
wing-ooverts like the back, and the white edges very strongly marked; 

376 
OHAEADEIH)^. 

'wings and tail as in the summer plumage, but the bars lighter brown 
and not so black, and those on the outer tail-feathers considerably 
broken up; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white, with 
& few arrowhead-shaped markings and bars, more distinct on the 
upper tail-coverts ; head and neck light ashy brown, streaked with 
lines of darker brown, the sides of the face speckled with li»hfc 
brown; under surface of body pure white, with a few streaks of 
brown on the lower throat, sides of breast, and sides of body, where 
the streaks take the form of arrowhead-shaped markings ; on the 
chest a few obsolete dusky cross-bars; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, the former with twin-spots of blackish brown; the 

•centre tail-feathers ashy brown with a few remains of darker brown 
mottlings, the rest of the feathers notched and barred with white 
on the inner webs, and usually uniform on the outer webs. 
Young birch, Eesemble the adults in winter plumage, but are 
much more fulvescent, and especially of an ashy-fulvous shade over 
the lower throat and chest, and more decidedly fulvous on the sides 
of the body. The whole of the upper surface is mottled with rufous 
buff in the shape of tawny notches to most of the feathers, and the 
whole of the tail is regularly banded across with dusky brown and 
buffy whitish, the bands being about seven in number. * 

HaL Occurs throughout Europe on passage: breeds on the tundra 
above the limit of forest-growth from Lapland to the Yenesei, and 
migrates south to winter in Sind, the countries of the Mediterranean, 
and even extends to Senegambia, but does not cross the 
Equator. Accidental on the Canary Islands. 

^, b. Ad. 83stiv. et Great Britain. Montagu Coll. 
hi em. sk. 
/•. Imm. sk. Grangemouth, Stirlingshire, J. E. Harting, Esq. 
Sept. 

[P.], u 

d) e. Imm. sk. St. Andrews, N.B., Aug., 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Sept. (F. G. W. B.). 

f. Imm. sk. England. 
Hume Coll. 
g. Ad. asstiv. sk. England. Salvin-Gcdman CoH 
\ Ad. hiem. sk. Doncaster. Yorkshire. Rev. E. C. Taylor 
[P.]. 

i. 
Ad. hiem. sk. Lincolnshire, Sept. Theodore Walker, 
Esq. [P.]. 
7c, I. <$ imm. sk. Lincolnshire, Sept. 4. G. H. Oaton Hakh. 
Esci.fp.l 

W} n. d § imm. sk. Cley, Norfolk, Sept. (G. Hume Coll. 
Back). 

o. S ad. hiem. sk. Cromer, Norfolk, Feb. Seehohm Coll. 
P, (h T: 6 S ad. Breydon Harbour, Norfolk, Seehohm Coll. 
sestiv. sk. May (F. Frere). 
$-w. $ $ ad. et Great Yarmouth, April, Seebohm Coll. 

imm. sk. May, Sept. 
-r. Imm. sk. Great Yarmouth, Sept. 16 Hume Coll. 

(G. Smith). 
y. Ad. sestiv. sk. Kent. 
Montagu Coll. 
z. Ad. aestiv. sk. Eomney Marsh, Kent, May Tweeddale Coll. 
(F. Haynes). 
43 . LIMOSA. 
377 
&'-d\ $ 'J ad. aestiv. ; 
e\ Imm. sk. 
f, g'. S ad. et imm. 
sk. 
h\ 2 ad. idem. st. 

i'. 
<$ ad. aestiv. st. 

k'. Juv. st. 

l'-p'* 6 S juv. sk. 

q', r'. Juv. sk. 

s',t'. c? $ ad. asstiv.; 
w.'. Juv. sk. 
v'. 2 ad. sestiv. sk. 
a/. Juv. sk. 
#'. Ad. hieni. st. 

y . Juv. st. 
y. Ad. sk. 
a". Ad. sk. 
&''. Ad. Mem. sk. 
c". <J ad. sk. 
*T'. $ juv. sk. 
e". c? ad. sk. 

/",</'• d $ ad.sk. 

A". Ad. sk. 

a'W. tf ad.; o'\ 
2 ad. sk. 


r". Skeleton. 
*". Skeleton, 
i", «". SkuUs. 
#". Sternum. 

Bomney Marsh, May, Sept. 

Roinney Marsh, Aug., Sept. 

Shoreham, Sussex, Sept. 

Paghani Harbour, Sussex, 
May. 
Paghani Barbour, Sussex, 
Sept. 
Pagham Harbour, Sussex, 
Sept. 5-10. 
Pagham Harbour, Sussex, 
Sept. (A. Grant), 
Pagham Harbour, Sussex, 

Sept. (A. Grant). 
Somersetshire. 
Devonshire. 
Torquay. 

Wales. 
Marocco. 
West Africa. 
Senegambia. 
Archangel. 
Heligoland, Oct. 3. 


Heligoland, Sept. (A. 
Gdtke). 

Guriev, Caspian Sea, May 

(M. Menzbier). 
Yen-e-sei (70J N. lat.), 
July 1. 
Karachi, Sind, Feb. (A. 0. 
J5T.). 
Karachi, Sept., Oct. (K 

A. 
Butler). 
England. 
England. 
England. 
England. 

Dr.B.B.Sharpe[P.]. 

Colonel Irby [P.J. 

J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[C.]. 
J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Dr.ft.B.Sharpe[P.]. 

Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 

C. Coningham, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Rev. A. Morgan [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 
Governor Kendall. 
Seebohm Coll. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Eyton Coll. 
Purchased. 
Yarrell Coll. 
John Ray, Esq. [P.]. 


Subsp. a. Limosa novae zealaiidise. 

Limosa barge (pi), Pall.Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 180 (1811 ; Kamtchatka; 
Kurile Isl.). 

Limosa haueri, Nauru. Fog. Deutschl viii. p. 429 (1836 : ex Natterer 
MSS.; descr. nulla) ; Butler, B. Neio Zeal. p. 198 (1873); Salvad. 
Ucc. Born. p. 331 (1874); Tristr. Ibis, 1876, p. 264 (Aneiteum) ; 
David <§• Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 459 (1877); Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 419 
(Sarawak); Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 444 (Solomon Isl.), 1882, p. 144; 
Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 329 (1882); Ramsay, JProc. Linn. 
Soe. N.S. W. vii. p. 41 (1883: Solomon Isl.) ; Vor&erm. Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 22 (1886: Borneo); Gigl. $ 
Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 588 (Olga Bay); Seine $ Reiehen. 
Nomencl. Mus. Kein. p. 326 (1890); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia 
etc. iii. p. 203 (1891). 

CEAKABBIIl)^. 

Limosa brevipes, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 95 (1844: descr* 
nulla). 

Limosa australasiana, Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 96 (1844). 

Limosa lapponica, var. novae zealandise, Gray, Toy. Ereb. $• Terr., 
Birds, p. 13 (1846) ; Palmen, Vega Eaped. v. p. 302 J1887). 
Limosa novas zealandise, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847); Reichenb. 
Grail, tab. exxvii. figs. 2449-50 (1850) ; Bp. C. B, xliii. p. 597 
(1856) j Cass. U.S. Ez.pl Bxped. p. 814 (1855); Gray, Cat. B. 
Trop. Isl p. 50 (1859) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 326 (New Zealand); 
Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870: New Caledonia) 
j Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 ; Gray, Mand-L B. iii p. 43, 
no. 10262 (1871); Sharpe Sr Dresser, B. Bur. yiii. p. 213 (1872) ; 
Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 196; Sharpe, Toy. Ereb. # Terr., Birds, 
App. p. 30 (1875); Legge, B. Gtijlon, p. 833 (1880); Hume, 
Sir. F. ix. p. 118 (1880: Singapore Isl.)*, Layard, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 123 (Norfolk Isl.) ; Butter, B. New Zeal 2nd ed. II. p. 40 (1888); 
Wiglesw. Abhandl Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, p. 66 (1*91: Samoa; 
Tonga; Fiji; New Hebrides; Loyalty Isl.; New Caledonia; 
Carolines: Gilbeit Isl); Forbes,Ibis, 1893,p.529 (Chatham Id.), 

Limosa 
uropygialia>, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 33 (Australia; ; id. B. 
Austr. vi. pi. 29 (1848) ; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 190% no. 528 
(1850); Macgill Karr. Toy. Battlesn. ii. p. 356 (1852); Lichf. 
Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol p. 91 (1854: Australia); Bp. C. M. 

xliii. p. 597 (3856); Gray, P. Z. S. Ib58, p. 197 (Torre* Straits); id. 
Cat. Mamm. § B. K. Gum. p. &2 {lb59 j: Layard, Ibk, 1^*3, p. 245 
(New Zealand); Sici/zh. t. c. p. 409 (Formosa), p. 445 (N. Japan); 
Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 25 (1b04); Blyth, Ibis, I8b'5, 
p. 40; Gould, Mandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 252 (lfc65); Finsch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 182 (1865) ; id. § HaHl Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 177 
(1867); DaU$ Bonn. Trans. Chic. Acad. I p. 293 (1869 : month 
of Yukon River) ; Baird, i. c. p. 320, pL 32 ; Marie, Actes Soc* 
Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870) ; StcinL Ibis, 1870, p. 362 (N.W. 
Hainan); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 406 (Amov; Formosa); Gray, 
Mand-l B. iii. p. 43, no. 10261 (1871); Wald. Trans. ZooL See. 
Yiii. p. 97 (1872: Celebes); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 258 (1872); 
Finsch, J. f. 0.1872, p. 52 (Samoa Isl.), p. 173 (New Zealand); 
8harpe 6f Dresser, B. Ear. viii. p. 213 (1672) ; Mutton, Ibis, 18727 
p. 246 (Chatham Isl.); StcinL Ibis, 1873, pp. 368, 424 (China); 
Dall, Auif. Aleutian Isl p. 6 (1874); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. 439 (Fiji Isl.), 1876, p. 497 (Samoa), p. 503 (Friendly Isl); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 453 (Hakodadi); Tacz. Bull Soc. ZooL 
France, i. p. 255 (1876); Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (Fiji Isl.), 
1877, p. 363 (New Caledonia); Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
i. p. 60 (1877 : Cape York; Bet Isl.) ; Ramsay, t c. p. 76 (Fiji 
Isl.), p. 189; Blahist $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 220 (Yokohama]; 
E. L. fy L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 262 (New Caledonia); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 198 (1878); Rosenb. Malay. Archp. 
p. 278 (1878 : Celebes), p. 373 (Am), p. 563 (New Guinea); JS.L. 
§• L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 232 (Loyalty Isl.); Finsch, Ibis, 
1881, p. 540 (New Britain); Elliott, Mon. Fur-Seal Isl Alaska. 
p. 130 (1882); E.L.Sf L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 534, 544 
(New Caledonia); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 103 (1882); 
Marti J. f. O. 1883, p. 279 (Yukon R.); Bamsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 41 (1883: Solomon IsL), p. 88 (Lord Howe 
Isl.); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 87, pt. (1884: Bering IsL ; 
Dauria); Meyer, Sitz. u. Abhandl ges. Isis Dresden, 1884, Abth. L 
43 . LIMOSA. 
379 
p. 56 (Siao); Finsch, Vog. der Siidsee, pp. 5, 22 (1884: New 
Britain) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 636 (1884) ; Matfiew, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. x. p. 255 (1886 : Claremont Isl.); Ramsay•, 
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888 : Australia generally, except 
the North-west); Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, 
p. 209 (Sarawak; Labuan); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.W. (2) 
iii. p. 1778 (1889: Cumberland Co., N.S.W.); Etheridge, Lord 
Howe Lsl. p. 17 (1889); Styan,Ibis, 1891, p. 331 (Lower Yangtse, 
migrant), p. 507 (Shanghai) ; De La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 500 
(Swatow, Jan.); Pickett, Ibis, 1894, p. 225 (Foochow) ; Meyer fy 
Wiglesw. J.f. 0. 1894, p. 252 (Talaut Isl.). 
Limosa foxii, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 231, pi. 65 (1848: Rose 
Isl, Samoa Groupj; Marti. Arch.f. Nat. 1852, p. 120. 

Limosa rata {nee Temm.), Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 114 (1850); 
Middend. Peis. Sibir., Zool p. 217 (1851: Taimyr B., 74° N. lat.) ; 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 329 (1890). 

Limosa lapponica (nee Linn.), Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Philad. 
1858, p. 196 (Hakodadi); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 711 (N. Bohol) ; 
Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. p. 11 (1884); Steere, List B. Sf 
Mamm. Philipp. Exped. p. 26 (1890: Negros). 

Limosa lapponica, var., Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 364 (E. Gilolo). 
Limosa lapponica seu rufa, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 410 (Amoy). 
Gallinago punctata, Ellman, Zool 1861, p. 7470 (New Zealand). 
Limosa inelanuroides (nee Gould), Tristr. Ibis, 1876, p. 265 (New 

Hebrides) ; Prjev. in Bowlegs Orn. Misc. iii. p. 53 (1878 : Hoangho 
Valley, Aug.; Koko-nor, March; Lake Hanka, breeding: 
Possiet Bay,Sept.); Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 432 (Gilbert Isl.). 

Limosa lapponica novse zealandise, Pidqw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii, 

p. 200 (1880); id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 45 (1881); 
Nelson, Cruise P. S. 'Conoin,1 p. 89 (1883 : Aleutian Isl.; Bering 
Straits; St. Michael's); Baird, Brewer, fy Pidgw. Water-Birds 
N. Amer. i. p. 258 (1884); Murdoch, Exped. Ft. Barrow, p. 114 
(1885). 
Limosa 
lapponica baueri, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 122 
(1885: Bering Isl.); A. O. U. Check-list N Amer. B. p. 154 
(1886) ; Turner, Contr. Nat. Mist. Alaska, p. 149 (1886); Nelson, 
Nat Mist Coll. Alaska, p. 115 (18*7); Steffi. Proc. U.S. Nat, 
Mus. x. p. 130 (1887: Commander Isl.); Pidgw. Man. N. Amer. 

B. p. 163 (1887) j Taaz. P. Z. S 1888, p. 457 (Seoul, Oorea); 
Martert, Mat Vogelsamml. Mus. Seuckenb. p. 223 (1891) ; Stejn. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 616 (1893: Tokio); Tacz. Mem. 
Acad. Imp. St Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 933 (1893). 
Limosa 
rufa uropygialis, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x. p. 475 
(1885 : Sidemi); Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 348 (Great Liakoff Isl.); 
id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 387 (1888j j id. B. Japan. Emp. 

p. 329 (1890). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to L. lapponica, but the 
rufous colour paler and more cinnamon, and distinguished by the 
dusky lower back and rump, the feathers of which are blackish with 
white edgings ; the under wiog-coverts more thickly mottled with 
dusky bases to the feathers, and the axillaries with distinct bars of 
dusky brown; " bill clear reddish for its basal half, blackish towards 
the terminal part, the base of the lower mandible paler; feet 
blackish brown; iris brown" (TaczanowsJd). Total length 14*5 
inches, culmen 3*4, wing 8*9, tail 2*9, tarsus 2-2. 

380 
0HAEADBI1D-E. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but not 
so entirely cinnamon rufous below, and with remains of brown bars 
on the under surface, especially on the flanks. Total length 16 
inches, culmen 4*3, wing 9'5y tail 3*25, tarsus 2*3. 

Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of L, 
lapponica, but distinguished by the dusky rump and by the bars on 
the axillaries. 

Young. Similar to the young of L. lapponica, but distinguished, 
as in the winter plumage, by the dusky rump and barred axillaries. 
The young birds may be told from the adults in winter plumage 
by their more tawny colour, and by the ashy-grey shade on the 
throat and chest, as well as by the fulvescent bars and notches to 
the feathers of the upper surface. 

^ Hab. .From Alaska in N.W. America, Kamtchatka, and Eastern 
Siberia, through Japan and China to the Malay Archipelago, and 
thence to Oceania, Australia, and Few Zealand. 

a-e. 3 2 ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, May, Salvin-Godman Coil* 
June (JE. W, Nelson: 
Hensh. Coll.). 

f, g. Juv. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug., Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Sept (JE. W. Nelson: 
Hensh. Coll.). 

h. c? ad. sk, St. Michael's, Alaska, June Salvin-Godman Ooll 
(L. M. Turner: Hensh. 
Coll.).
*. $ ad. sk. Kotlik, Yukon R , May 18 Salvin-Godman Coll* 

(U. W. Nelson: Hensh. 
Coll.).
h. 
3 ad. sk. Unalashka, June 9 (W. H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dall).
1. $ ad. sk. Kurile Islands (Snoio). Seebohm Col. 
m-r. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (H Seebohm Coll. 
Fryer).
*, t. 3 $ ad. sk. South Yezo. Seebohm Coll. 


u. 3 ad. sk. Shanghai, April 4. Shanghai Museum. 
vs. 3 $ ad. sk. Shanghai, March, April Seebohm Col. 
(H. Swinhoe).
of, b\ 3 ? ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. (It. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
c', d', e'. Ad. sk. Hainan, March (H. Swin-Seebohm Coll. 
hoe).
/'. 3 imm. sk. Singapore Island, Nov. 23 Hume Coll. 

( W. Davison). 
g'i h'. 3 2 imm. sk. Labuan, Oct., Dec. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
H. Imm. sk. Sarawak. 
A. HI Everett, Esq. 
k', V, m'. 3 $ ad. sk. N. Bohol, Philippine IsL, Tweeddale CoH. 
Nov. (A. H. Everett).
n'. Ad. sk. East Gilolo. Wallace Coll. 

o', p', q'. Ad. sk. Queensland^. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman CoE 

r', e\ Ad. sk. Port Darwin. Seebohm OolL 

1. Ad. sk. 
Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.]. 
(Type of L, au$tralasianaf Gray.) 

u', v\ Ad. sk. New South Wales. 

Australian Museum. 

43. LIMOSA. ; ^ | 
W. Ad. sk. n; i , -r. 
aud L nom

« -/ '• Ad. sk. New ziahnd ^-z^dia.)

' Sir Samuel Soott, 

9\ • Ad. sk. Npw 7u , Bart. [PA 
A", »", A". Ad. sk. New 7? W Sir «• G»y [P-l 

T. Ad.sk. KerwV , Capt. Stoke8L[P ]. 
«". $ imm.sk. OautaW'^'^ Seibolim Coll. J 
n". rf ad. sk. Ota™ T^' £ ^ , 1Ium« OolL 

o". Ad. sk. Mf, ?ealand, Nov. Hume Coll. 

* von
r" A d olr A ^ Hu9el). 

• .*• ^iteum^H^ J.M ilHvray)Esq. 
•m T A •-, , „ 2' L™°sa limosa. 
-Black-tailed Godwit, 
The Godwit; AMn, Nat. Hist. JB. ii. pi 70 /17o81 
La Barge, fc Or??, v T> 9fio nVSn\ },, J /' ^ „ 
P* b"

pi. 874 (1/60); WAubent. Pi Enl. viii. 

"T^eee'Trls)^ ** ** L *•2*6 (™»>; « * ** **. 

La Barge commune, 2?^ 2&i ^. ^ ^ p ^ p,_ ^ 
La Graade Barge rousse, DUKW . P/. Enl viii pi 916 
Red Godwit, Lath. Gen. Sun iii tit 1 „ lVo /vrdr •> 


P ' P' W2 (1'86: neC

Jadreka Snipe, Lath. t. c^UQ. s^" 
? Scolopax kpponica, <?w. Syst. Nat. i. p. 667 (17881 
Seolopax belgica, Gm. Sys^Nat. i. p. 603 (1788) J' 
lotanus agocephalus, JSechst. Natun,. LeutscM.iy p 234 Q809) 


P' l

Totanus limosa, Bechst. t. e. p. 244 >' 
Actitis limosa, /%<»,•, P;-o<2r. p. 262 (1811) 
Limosa ^gocephala, JPaOw, Say,. Souo-Askt ii. p. 178 (1811) 


$ l! jj^ ' ^-/»^- P- 107 (1828); JBp. Camp. list II. 

2^ahJf' Beitr 0m

> '. vl ,) ir,--Griechenl. p. 102 (1844); Gray 
Lut Gran. Br*. Mm p. 95 (1844); Hupp*Syst. ^Jeri'p l l 
nfi **yP*. ™n*<*); <W (?m. K. iii. p. 670 (]847). ^ a 

Cat.B.Mus.As Soc• v. 268 (1849:. Calcutta); Middekd. Aeil 
«&r, |bof p. 218 1851: Great Schantar W., breeding); Macr/ill. 
B?it. B xv. p 260 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 225 (1854): 
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 63 (1856); Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 597 (1856) ; 
Liwlerm. Vog. Onechml. p. 140 (I860); Schl. Dier. Nederl. Voneh, 
pl. 23. figs. 1, 2 (1861); Reinh. Mis, 1861, p. 11 (Greenland) ; 

fyJ^LR 2t° (°^h)' Newton, in Baring-Gould's Iceland, 

p. 412 (1863); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 156 (1863); liadde, Zeis. 
Site-rSff.V.3Sl (1863: Tarei-nor); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 14(5 
(Malta, spring and autumn); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, 
382 CHAKADEIIDJ3. 

p. 19 (1864); Antin. Cat descr. TJcc. p. 108 (1864: Kordofan); 
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 681 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865. p. 437 ; Begl. 
et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 167 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. AlgSr., Ois. 
ii. p. 328 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282; Smith, Ibis. 1868, 
p. 454 (Portugal) ; Collett, Norges Fugle, p. -56 (1868) : Borggr. 
Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 115 (1869); Boderl Avif Sicil p. 182 
(1869); JDroste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 199 (1869); Sazmders, Ibis, 
1869, p. 173 (S. Spain) ; Fritsch, Fog. Eur. tab. 39. fig. 6 (1870); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 43, no. 10258 (1871): Sahad. Faun. Ital, 
Ucc, p. 222 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (o. Spain); 
Sharpe & Dresser, B. Fur. viii. p. 211, pi. 574 (1872) ; Harting7 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 53 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 245 (1872) 
Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3249 (Fseroe JsL, breeding); Holdsw. 
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 473 (Ceylon); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. 
p. 1153 (1873 : Nile to 12° N. lat.; Abyssinia); Pal men, Finlands 
Foglar, p. 131 (1873); Alston fy Harvie-Braicne, Ibis, 1873, p. 69 
(Archangel) ; Brooke, t. c. p. 338 (Sardinia, migrant); Hayes 
Lloyd, t.c. p. 417 (Kathiawar); Hume, Sfr. F. i. pp. 124, 133, 
137, 235 (1873: Banks of Indus; Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 390 (Sambhur); 
Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 405 (X.Frisian KL); Irby, Orn. 
Straits Gibr. p. 169 (1875); Oates. Sir. F. iii. p. 346 (1875: 
Sittang H.) ; Banf.Sf Harvie-Broicn, Ibi^ lb7o, p. 422 (Transylvania) 
; Blyth,B.Burma, p. 155 (1875 : Arakan): Brewer, Ibis, 
1876, p. 412; Blanf. East Persia, ily. 283 (1570: Shiraz); Butler 
$ Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 16 (1876: Mount Aboo) ; Butler, Str. F. 

v. p. 232 (1877: Deesa, cold season); Wardlaw Ilammy, Ibis, 
1877, p. 469 (Tonghoo); Tweedd. P.Z. S. 187*% p. 2-^ (Valencia, 
Negi'os) ; Hume <§* Bavison, Str. F. vi. p. 4r»0 (1878: Moulmein); 
Hume, op. cit. vii. p. 97 (1878: Oodeypur); Cripps, t. c. p. 302 
(Faridpur); Hume, t c. p. 486 (Calcutta): Finhch, Verh. z.-b.ges. 
Wien, xxix. p. 249 (1879: Steppes of Irtiseh : Semipalatinsk) ; 
Hume, Str. F. riii. p. 112 (1879); Scully u t. c. p. 356 (Xepal 
Valley); Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 62 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, 

p. 832 (1880): Hume $ Marshall, Game Birds of India, iii. 
p. 409, cum tab. (1881); Biddulph. Ibis, 1881, p. 96 (Gilgit); 
Scully, t c. p. 588 (Gilgit, April, Sept.); Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat 
Mus. no. 21, p. 45 (1881); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 16 (Singapore); 
Simson, t c. p. 92 (Dacca); C. Swinhoe, t. c. p. 121 (Kandahar) ; 
Salvin, Cat. Striehl. Coll p. 618 (1882); Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 239 
(1882: Sittang R.); Bavidsm, t.c. p. 320 (West. Khandeish); 
B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 178 (1883); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 186 
(Santander); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit B. iii. p. 488 (1883); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 409 (1883); Murray, Vertehr. 
Faun. Sind, p. 243 (1884); Baird, Brewer,$ Ridgw. Water-Birds 
N. Amer. i. p. 263 (1884); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. p. 221 
(1884: Lake Cialalaka); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 390 (Pyrenees); 
Swinh. # Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 133 (Depalpur); Reid7 t. c. p. 253 
(Marocco) ; Taylor, Str. F. x. pp. 529, 531 (1887); Buckley # 
Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 136 (1888); Hume, 
Str. F xi. p. 322 (1888: Manipur); Irby, Key List Brit B. p. 49 
(1888); Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 213 (Cyprus); Reichen. Syst Vers. 
Vog. Beutschl. p. 47 (1889); Heine # Reichen. Komencl. Mus. 
Hein. p. 326 (1890); FrwaldsTty, Av. Hung. p. 138 (1891); 
Madardsz, Erlaut Ausst Ungar. Vogelf. p. 108 (1891); BucMey 
<§• Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 221 (1891); 
Hartert^ Ibis, 1892, p. 514 (E. Prussia); Fath $ Studer, Cat 
dtstr. Ois. Suisse, p. 46 (1892); Harwe-Brown § Buckky, Vertebr, 
43 . LIMOSA. 383 
Faun. Argyll $ Inner Hebr. p. 183 (1892); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 
1893, p. 205 (Canary Isl.); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxvii. 
(1893). 

Limosa melanura, Leister, JS'acktr. Bechst. Naturg. ii, p. 153 (1813); 
Temm. Man. dJOrn. ii. p. 664 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Grail 
pi. 25 (1827); Breton, Tog. Deutschl. p. 627 (1831); Less. Traite 
tfOm. p. 554 (1831); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 203 (1835); 
Naum. Vog. Deutschl. viii. p. 406, pis. 212, 213 (1836); Gould, B. 
Bur. iv. pi. 305^ (1837); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 435 (1840); 
Nordm. in Bemid. Vog. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 254 (1840); Jerd. 
Madras Journ. xii. p. 208 (1840); Webb $ Berth. Orn. Canar. 

p. 38 (1841: accidental visitor); Schl Rev. Grit p. Ixxxvii (1844); 
Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pis. 81, 99, no. 537; id. in 
Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 8Q fl844) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. fye. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 137 (1846) ; Rolb, Faun. Groenl. p. 40 (1846); 
Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 222 (1850); Temm. fy Schl Faun. Jap., 
Aves, p. 113 (1850); Reickenb. Grail tab. lxxvi. figs. 569-571 
(1850); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 309 (1855); Hewits. Fggs Brit. B. ii. 

p. 342, pi. xciii. (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 
p. 475 (1859); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 343 (Ionian Isl.) ; Gigl. Ibis, 
1865, p. 61 (Pisa); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 50 (1868) ; Dyb. 
J.f.O. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria); Stevens. B. Norf. ii, p. 248 (1870); 
Ehces 8f Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Epirus); Sundev. Sv. Fogl 
pi. xxxviii. fig. 5 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 310 (Southern 
Spain) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 305 (1871); Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant); Saxby, B. Shetl p. 197 (1874); 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 176 (1875); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, ii, 
p. 158 (1877: Poland); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 156 (1879); W. A. 
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 644 (anatomy); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, 
p. 29 (Caucasus) ; Bogd. Comp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 85 (1884); 
Gigl Avif. Ital p. 400 (1886); Buckley § Harvie-Brozvn, Vertebr. 
Faun. Sutherl, Caithn. $ West Cromarty, p. 225 (1887); Seebohm, 
Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 389 (1888); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, 

p. 342 (Cvprus); Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Resoc. p. 607 (1889), 2nd 
Resoc. p. 654 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 513 (1891); Seebohm, B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 329 (1890); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland). 
Limicula melanura, Vieill N. Bid. WFList. Nat. iii. p. 250 (1816) ; 
Rouz, Orn. Prov. pis. 303, 304 (1825). 
Liinosa jadreca, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. 8fC. Brit. Mus. p. 32 

(1816: Lincolnshire). 
Fedoa melanura, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool xii. p. 73 (1824). 
Limosa islandica, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl p. 627 (1831); id. Vogelf. 

p. 309 (1855). 
Limosa leucopnsea (nee Lath.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 208 (1840). 
Limosa melanuroides, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 84 (Port Essington); 
id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 28 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847); 
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (Torres 
Straits); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 35; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 406 
(Amoy); Gray, Kand-l. B. iii. p. 43, no. 10260 (1871); Byb. 
Jf O. 1873, p. 104 (Kultuk); Tacz. J f O. 1874, p. 336; 
Sahad. Uec. Bom. p. 331 (1874); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. 

p. 255 (1876); Ramsay, Froc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 189 (1877), 
ii. p. 198 (1878: Cape York); Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 157 (1879); 
Finsch, Vog. der Sildsee, p. 22 (1882: New Britain); Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool France, viii. p. 340 (1883); Bogd. Consp. Av. 
Imp. Ross. p. 85 (1884); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. 
xlvi. p. 22 (1886: Borneo); Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 322 (1888: 
384 
CHA.KAJDRIIDJS. 

Manipur); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1880: Port Darwin; 
Port Essington ; N. S. W.); Everett, Jour. Straits Branch 
As.Soc. 1889, p. 209 (Pontianak); Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 331 (Lower 
Yangt&e), p. 507 (Shanghai) ; Be La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 500 
(Swatow, Jan.; Poochow, Aug., Sept.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437 
(Hainan); Chapman, Ibis, 1895, p. 289 (W. Jutland). 

The Black-tailed Godwit, Yarrell, British Birds, ii. p. 563 (1843). 
Linaosa brachyptera, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 309 (1855). 
Limosa grisea, Brehm, Kaumannia, 1855, p. 291; id. Vogelf. p. 309 


(1855). 

Limota brevipes (nee Gray), Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 21 
(1864); David 8? Oust Ois. Chine, p. 460 (1877;; Blakist. $ 
Bryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 220; Salvad. Orn. Bapuasia etc. iii. p. 328 
(1882); Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. p. 11 (18S4); Gigl. $ 
balvad. B. Z. S. 1887, p. 588 (Olga Bay, Corea); Salvad. Agg. 
Om. Bapuasia, etc. iii. p. 203 (1891). 

Limosa segocephala melanuroides, JDyb. <§• Tacz. Bull. Soc. ZooL 
France, ix. p. 146 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mtts. no. 29, 

p. 338 (1885: Kamtchatka). 
Totanus melanurus, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 162 (1885). 
Totanus inelanurus melanuroides, Seebohm, i. c. p. 163. 
Limoba limosa, Midgio. Broc. U.S. Wat. Mus. viii. p. 356 (18S5); 
A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 154 (1886); Mdgw. Man. N. 
Amen B. p. 164 (1887); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Om. Croat.) p. 90 
(1890) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao); Hagerup, B. Greenl. 
p. 55 (1891: S. Greenland, chance visitor) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogels. 
Mus. Senck. p. 223 (1891). 
Limosa belgica, Salvad. Blenco Ucc. Hal. p. 228 (18&6); Tait, Ibis, 
1887, p. 393 (Portugal, March); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Gen. (2) vi. 

p. 311 (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 609 (18^9); Macph. 
Fertebr. Faun. Lakeland, p. 405 (1892): B*bg, Orn. Straits Gibr. 
p. 289 (1895). 
Limosa limosa melanuroides, Stejn. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 131 
(1887: Commander Isl.); id. 'Auk, v. p. 197 (1888); Eartert, 
Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senck. p. 223 (1891: Australia). 

Limosa melanura melanuroides, Seebohm, Geogr. Bisfr. Charadr. 

p. 391 (1888); Nikolski, Faun. Sakhal.^.tm (1889;; Seebohm, 
B. Japan. Bmp. p. 329 (1890); Berezowski fy Bianchi, Aves Gan-
sit, p. 5 (1894). 
Limosa melanura 
brevipes, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Corea); 
Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Betersb. (7) xxxix. p. 929 (1893). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above ashy brown, 
with slightly paler edges to the feathers; lower back and rump 
blackish brown; upper tail-coverts white, the long ones tipped 
with black; lesser wing-coverts darker brown than the back; 
median coverts dusky brown, lighter brown externally and fringed 
with white ; greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a 
wing-band; bastard-wing blackish; primary-coverts also blackish, 
the inner ones broadly tipped with white; primaries blackish, with 
white shafts, the greater part of the inner webs white, and then 
sub-terminally brown, the white extending to the base of the outer 
web on all but the first primary and increasing in extent on the 
inner primaries and secondaries, the latter being white with a 

43. ULMOSA. 38$ 
broad blackish, tip, which gradually diminishes in size on the inner 

secondaries; the innermost secondaries brown like the back; tail 

white at the base, with a broad black terminal band, gradually 

decreasing in size towards the outer feathers, which are edged with 

white at the tip, the centre feathers brownish at the tip ; head ashy 

brown, the forehead more hoary; an indistinct whitish eyebrow ex


tending from the base of the nostril to behind the eye; lores dusky 

grey; below the eye a whitish spot; sides of face, sides of neck, 

throat, and chest light ashy brown, a little darker on the sides of 

the body; fore part of cheeks and upper throat white, as well as 

the whole of the centre of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, 

under wing-coverts, and axillaries ; the edge of the wing mottled 

with dark brown bases to the feathers; quill-lining white: " bill 

pale fleshy, blackish brown at the tip; feet olivaceous green, toes-

blackish brown; iris brown" (A. 0. Hume). Total length 16*5 

inches, culmen 4*4, wing 8-8, tail 3, tarsus 3*2. 

Adult female in winter plumage. Similar to the male in colour, 

but rather larger : " bill livid pink, blackish horny at the tip ; feet 

blackish plumbeous, toes brownish; iris brown" (A. 0. Hume). 

Total length 17*5 inches, culmen 5, wing 8'5, tail 3, tarsus 3*35. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Differs in having the back more 
or less mottled with rufous and black, the crown of the head rufous 
with short broad streaks of black, the sides of the face and entire 
neck all round rufous, the fore-neck and breast overshaded with 
rufous and barred with dusky blackish, these bars also developed 
on the abdomen and on the sides of the body. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but with 
less rufous, and distinguished by the larger size. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by being darker brown 
above, with broad sandy-rufous edges to the feathers of the upper 
surface, the innermost secondaries banded with blackish brown and 
sandy rufous ; the head rufous, streaked with dark brown, but indistinctly 
; sides of face buffy white, with very fine streaks of 
brown ; throat white; lower throat, sides of neck, and chest reddish 
buff, slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the side 
of the breast; remainder of under surface white, suffused with 
rufescent buff, and shaded with ashy brown on the sides of the 
body. 

It is evident from the moulting specimens in the collection that 
the black markings are acquired first, and that the rufous colour 
overspreads the plumage afterwards. Great variation in the amount 
of the nuptial decoration is seen in the series, and sometimes very 
old individuals have the abdomen, and even the under tail-coverts, 
barred. 

The Eastern specimens of the Black-tailed Godwit are generally 
smaller than those from Western localities, but so many examples 
are met with which are impossible to distinguish, that I have not 
found it necessary to recognize L. melanuroides as a race. 

Hal. Central and Northern Europe, not extending beyond the 

VOL. XXIV. 2 c 

386 
CJB.AKADEIID-S1. 

Arctic Circle, -wintering on the shores of the Mediterranean 

•countries, and as far south as Abyssinia. The Eastern range of 
the true L. limosa extends to the yalley of the Ob, according to 
Mr. Seebohm; and the smaller Western race breeds in Eastern 
Siberia, and winters in India and as far south as Australia. 
^b. S $ ad. sk. 

c. Imm. st. 
d, e. $ ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 

g. Imm. st. 
h. 
Ad. sk. 
2. Ad. sk. 
7c, I Ad. sk. 

m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. c? ad. sk. 
p. 
Ad. sk. 
q, r. <$ $ ad. sk. 

s. 
S ad. sk. 
t, u. Ad. sk. 

®. 5 ad. sk. 

w. Ad. sk. 
x. 
Ad. sk. 
y. J ad. sk. 
z. 
Ad.sk. 
d. (S ad. sk. 
b'. Ad. sk. 

c'. Ad. sk. 

W. Ad. sk. 
e'-~g\ S ad.; h', i\ 

$ ad. sk. 
k'. <S ad. sk. 
l'-o', <3 ad. sk. 


p'. $ imm. sk. 

q'. $ ad. sk. 

r\ S ad.; s\ t\ 
2 ad. sk. 
JU'-W'. S ad.; $'» 
$ ad. sk 

Great Britain. 
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Sept. 


Canvey Isl., Essex, April 28. 
Sandgate, Kent. 
Paghani, Sussex. 


Paghani, spring (J. JE. 


Harting). 
Holland. 

Holland. 
Egvpt, April 7 (G. E. &). 


Cairo, Egypt (G. JS. S.). 
Asia Minor, Jan. 30 (61 G. 


Danford). 

Xantus, Asia Minor. 
Marshes of Babylonia (Commander 
Jones). 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct. 25. 

Bagdad. 

Caspian Sea, April. 
Omsk, May 27. 

Kashgar (Dr. Bellew). 

Candahar, March. 

Sind, Jan. (I}r. Gould). 
Mehur, Sind, Jan. 20 (A. 

o. jr.). 
Kutch (Dr. Stoliczka). 
Kathiawar, Dec. 5. 

Raipootana, March 28 (A. 

b. j2i). 
Sambhur Lake, Dec, Jan.

(It. M.Adam: A.O.S.). 
Ajmere, March 27 (A. 0. JS.).
Gurgaon Distr., Jan. to

March (A. O. JS.). 
Gurgaon Distr., Aug. 17 

(W.N. CUll). 
Delhi, May 25 (01 T. Bingham). 
Allahabad, Nov. (A. O. JS.). 

Etawah, Nov. to March (A. 
O.H.). 

J. Gould, Esq. 
Theodore Fisher, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 

J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[CA 
Tweeddale Coll. 

J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[CI-

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Sir C. Fellows [P.]. 
India Museum. 

W. 
I). Cummine** 
E&q. [PA 
Kenneth lLoftus, 
Esq. [PA 
Moscow Museum. 
St. George Little-

dale, E*q. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Colonel Swinhoe 

[P.]. 
India Museum, 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Colonel Haves Lloyd 


[p.i. -
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

43 . LIHOSA. 387 
y'-c". Ad. sk. 

d". d ad. sk. 

.e?'-g", <$ ad. sk. 

h". $ ad. sk 
i". Ad. sk. 
k". Ad. sk. 


V. Ad. sk. 
m",n". $ $ ad.sk. 
o",p". 6 $ ad. sk. 
q", r". Ad. sk. 
*". $ad. sk. 
t". Ad. sk. 
u", v", w". Ad..; 
#", y". Juv. sk. 
s". ? ad. sk. 

az. <$ ad. sk. 

P-d*. 5 ad. sk. 

e3. Ad. sk. 

Z3-*3. c? 5 ad. et 
imm. sk. 
7c3. 2 ad. sk. 

P~p3. <J $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 
q\ Ad. sk. 
r3-v3. <? $ ad. sk. 

w3. $ ad. sk. 

.r3. § ad. sk. 

j^3. Ad. sk. 

s3. Ad. sk. 

<«4. S ad. sk. 

£4. Ad. sk. 
c€. Ad. sk. 
rf4. Ad.sk. 
«4,/4. Skeletons. 
/ , A4. Skulls. 
£\ Bones of trunk. 
&4» Sternum. 
I*. Sternum. 

Oudh. 
Futtehgurh, March. (A. 
Anderson). 
Futtehgurh, March (A. Anderson). 
Nepal Valley, Sept. 7 (J. 

Scully). 
Darjeeling (Col. Sharpe). 
I)arjeeling (Pearson). 
Calcutta (Blyth). 
Calcutta, Feb., April. 
Dacca. 
Dinapur, Dec. 
Depalpur, Jan. 
Ladak (Strachey). 
Nepal. 


Tapti River, Khandeish, 
March 23 (J. Davidson). 
Ceylon, Jan. 26 (S. Chap


man). 
Manipur, March 19 (A. 

0. H.). 
Tonghoo, Burma, Oct. (R. 
G. W. 22.). 
Lower Pegu, Sept., Oct. 
(E. W. 6.). 
Moulmein, Dec. 4 (W. 
Davison). 
Yokohama (Fryer: Snow). 


Shanghai, May. 
Shanghai, March, May, Nov. 


(JR. Swinhoe). 
Malacca, March 9 (W. Davison). 


Chemulpo, Corea, Sept. 6, 

Amoy, April 22 (JR. Swinhoe). 


Dumaguete, Negros, Feb, 

Valencia, Negros, Aug. (A. 

H. Everett). 
Java (Horsfield). 
Port Essington (Gilbert). 
Wide Bay, Queensland. 
Europe. 
Europe. 
Nepal. 
Algeria. 
Europe. 
PinwiU CoU. 
Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Swinhoe. 
India Museum. 
Hodgson Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale CoU. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Oates Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

C. W. CampbeU, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm ColL 


E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

India Maseum. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 
Yarrell Coll. 
Hodgson ColL 
Purchased. 

J. IngaU, Esq. [P.]. 
2c2 

CHARADBIID^J. 

3. Limosa kudsoiiica. 
The Red-breasted Godwit, Ediuards, Nat. Hist B. Hi. p. 138, 
pi. 138 (1750). 
? The White Godwit from Hudson's Bay, Edwards, t. c. p. 139f 
pi. 139. 

? Scolopax alba, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 247 (17G6). 

? Scolopax Candida, Linn, t c. p. 247; Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 668 
(1788). 

Hudsonian Godwit, Pennant, ArcL ZooL, Suppl. p. 68 (1787); Lath 
Gen. Syn.} Suppl. i. p. 246 (1787) : Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii, p. 17-5 
(1834). 

Scolopax lapponica, var. ft Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 667 (1788). 
Scolopax hudsonica, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 720 (1790). 
Limicola hudsonica, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. Hi. p. 250 (1816). 
Limosa melanura (nee LeisL), Sabine in Frankl Journ. Polar Sea, L 


p. 689 (1823). 
Fedoa hudsonica, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. ZooL x. p. 81 (1824). 
Limosa huclsonica, Swains. Faun. B or.- Amer., Birds, p. 396 (1831: 
Fort William, Lake Superior; Fort Franklin); Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. eclviii. (1834-35); id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 426 (1835) ; Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. o"2 (1838) : Auduh. Orn. 
Biogr. v. p. 592 (1839); Gould in Dancitfs Voy.£ Beagle, Birdsf 

p. 129 (1841: Chiloe; Falkland Isl.); Eraser, P. Z. S 1843, p. 118 
(Chili); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 335, pi. 349 (1843); Giraud, 
B. Long Lsl. p. 2C0 (1844); Gay, Faun.phiL, ZooL i. p. 420 (1847); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847); Reichenb. Grail, tab. ccchiii. 
figs. 2813-14 (1850); Licht. NomencL Av. Mus. Berol p. 91 (1854 : 
Chili); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1856): Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 350 
(Cuba); Oass. in Baird's B. K Amer. p. 741 (1858): SeL P. Z. S. 
I860, p. 387 (Falkland Isl.); Abbott,Ibis, 1861, p. 156(Falkland IsL, 
May); Gundl. J.f. 0.1862, p. 84 (Cuba); Verrill, Proe. Fss. Inst 
iii. p. 158 (1862 : Maine); Boa?*dm. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. 
p. 129 (1862 : Maine); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 134 (Hudson's Bay: 
Mackenzie K.); Allen, Proc. Ess. Inst ix. p. 87 (1864: Springfield, 
Massachusetts); Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 22 
(1864: Mexico; Falkland Isl.) ; Pelz. Beis. Novara, Tog. p. 128 
(1865 : Chiloe); Mcllwr. Proc. Ess. Inst. v. p. 93 (1866: Hamilton, 
Canada West); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 339; Owes, Proc. 
'Bost. Soc. Nat Hist. xii. p. 123 (1868: S. Carolina); id. Proc. Ess. 
Inst. v. p. 296 (1868: New England); Ball $ Bami. Trans. Chic. 
Acad. i. p. 293 (1869: mouth of River Yukon); SeL £ Salu. 

P. Z. S. 1869, p. 252 (Lake Valencia, Venezuela); iid. Ibis, 1870, 
p. 500 (Ancud; Chiloe, Nov.); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 308 (1871: 
Oaicara); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 43, no. 10264 (1871); Coues, 
Key N. Amer.*B. p. 258 (1872) ; Scl. $ Salv. NomencL At). Neotr. 
p. 146 (1873); iid. P.Z.S. 1873, p. 456; Owes, B. N.-West 
p. 494 (1874) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 320 (Cuba): Beid, Zool 
1877, p. 477 (Bermudas); Lhtmf. Ibis, 1877, p. 43 (Chupat 
Valley), p. 200 (Buenos Ayres); Ernst, Flor. y Faun. Venez* 
p. 312 (1877); Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 439 (Michalaski); Lawr. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 450 (1878: Guadeloupe); Maynard, B, 
East N. Amer. p. 396 (1879); Kumlien, Contr. Nat. Hist Arct, 
Amer. p. 87 (1879: Cape Edwards, Cumberland Sound, Sept.); 
White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (Buenos Ayres); Macfarl. Ibis. 1887, 

p. 204 (St. Nicholas Bay) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 392 
(1888); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 291 (1891): James, 
New List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892). 
43 . LIMOSA. 389 
Limosa edwardsi, Stvains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds* p. 398, note 

(1831). 

The White Godwit, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 179 (1834). 

Limosa australis, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 95 (1844: San 

Salvador Bay, E. Falkland IsL). 

Limosa alba, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847). 

Limosa hsemastica, Coues (ex Linn. 1758), Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. 

p. 641 (1878: Milk River); id. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1880, 
p. 100; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 (1880); id. Bull 
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 45 (1881); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. 
B. p. 102 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise B. S. 'Comm,' p. 89 (1883); 
Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 119 (1883: Old Fort IsL, 
Labrador1); Baird, Breioer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. 
p. 260 (1884); Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 286 (1885: S.E. Dakota); 
Turner, Proc. US. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 247 (1885 : Rupert House, 
Labrador); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 154 (1886) ; 
Seton, Auk, iii. p. 152 (1886: Manitoba); Butcher, t. c. p. 437 
(Long Isl.); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 164 (1887); Nelson, 
Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 117 (1887); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 316 
(1887: Cuba); Scl. $ Euds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 191 (1889); 
Canhaell, Auk, vi. p. 340 (1889 : Minnesota); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 495 (Barbados); Clarice, Auk, vii. p. 321 (1890 : Hudson's 
Bay); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 502 (1890: Manitoba, 
rare migrant); MacFarl. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 428 
(1891: Lower Anderson R.); Bagg, Auk, xi.p. 163 (1894: Oneida 
Co., New York); Trowbridge, Ibis, 1894, p. 449; Chapm. Bull 
Amer. Mus. vi. p. 77 (1894: Trinidad). 
Totanus hudsonica, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 163 (1885), 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black, 
mottled with, white edges and rufous markings to the feathers, the 
rufous taking the form of spots and notches: lower back black, with 
^obsolete white fringes to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts black, the 
lateral ones with white bars; tail black, narrowly tipped with 
white, and showing a good deal of white at the base of the outer 
web; wing-coverts brown, with much less rufous than the back, 
the greater series edged with white at the ends, the inner greater 

ioverts notched with rufous like the inner secondaries ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts black, with a large spot of white at the 
ends of the inner primary-coverts; quills blackish, the primaries 
with white shafts ; head ashy brown, slightly washed with rufous, 
the feathers mesially centred with blackish brown; a tolerably 
distinct whitish eyebrow, lined with dusky brown streaks; lores 
-dusky; below the eye a white spot; sides of face and sides of neck 
and chin whitish, with a slight rufescent tinge, streaked with 
^ninute spots of dusky brown; lower throat and under surface of 
body deep chestnut, streaked on the throat and fore-neck and barred 
-on the rest of the under surface with dusky blackish; under tail-
coverts broadly barred with rufous and black and tipped with 
white; axillaries and under wing-coverts slaty blackish, the outer 
coverts with broad white edgings ; quills dusky below, with a little 
white at the base of the inner web: " bill greyish yellow, dark 
'brown along the ridge of the upper mandible, and blackish towards 
-the tips of both; feet light greyish blue; iris brown" (J". J. 

390 CHABiJDKlID-S. 

Audubon). Total length. 14 inches, oilmen 3-3, wing 8*1, tail 2*9T 
tarsus 2-2. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but never 
so fully assuming the red plumage. Total length 14 inches, culmen 
3*7, wing 8*7, tail 2*9, tarsus 2-5. 

Adult in winter plumage. Ashy brown with dusky shaft-lines to 
the feathers; rump darker and more of a dusky blackish; upper 
tail-coverts white with black tips ; tail black, white at base; wing-
coverts ashy brown with whitish edges, broader on the greater series,, 
the lesser coverts darker brown; quills as in the summer plumage, 
the innermost secondaries ashy brown like the back; crown of head 
uniform ashy brown, the hind-neck slightly fulvescent; lores and 
feathers in front of the eye dusky brown, surmounted by a broad 
streak of dull white; sides of face and sides of neck ashy grey, whiter 
below the eye; throat and under surface of body white, the lower-
throat, fore-neck, and chest ashy grey, with whitish edges to the 
feathers; axillaries and under wing-coverts blackish, the latter 
edged with white. 

Young. Similar to the winter plumage of the adult, but a little 
darker ashy brown, the feathers of the upper parts mottled with 
tawny-buff edges, before which is a sub-terminal black mottling or 
bars, the centre tail-feathers similarly mottled with buff, and the 
inner secondaries barred with the same colour; crown of head ashy 
brown with dusky blackish streaks; throat dull white; lower 
throat, fore-neck, and chest light ashy, washed with pale cinnamon-
buff, which pervades the rest of the under surface, leaving only th© 
abdomen white; sides of body slightly browner; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts black, with broad white margins to the latter. 

Sab. North America from Alaska to Hudson's Bay, and south to 
the eastward of the Rocky Mountains, migrating through the Eastern-
United States south by way of Cuba to South America, where it is 
found down to Chili and even the Falkland Islands. 

#. <$ ad. sk. North America, May(Henshcac ColL). 
19 Salvin-Godman ColL 
b. $ ad. sk. Nulato, Alaska, spring (F. Salvin-Godman ColL 
W. Nelson : JEensh. Coll). 
c. <$ ad. sk. Fort Kenia, Alaska, May 5(F. Bisckof: Hensh. Coll). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. Ad. sk.
e-i Ad. sk.
k. c? ad. sk. 
Hudson's Bay. 
Repulse Bay. 
Big Isl., Great Slave Lake. 
Capt. Herd FP.]. 
Dr. J. Rae [P.]. 
B. R. Ross, Esq 
I Ad.sk.
m. Ad. sk.
*>.. Ad. sk. 
Big Isl. (J. Reid). 
49th Parallel; May 27 (G.
Dazason). 
New Jersey.
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman ColLN. 
A. Bound. Conmu 
Seebohm Coll. 
o.
p. 
$ ad. sk. 
<J juv. sk. 
Long Isl, New York, May(C. J. Maynard). 
Massachusetts, Oct 10 (HenSeebohm 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
q. S pv» sk,
shaw Coll). 
Ipswich, Massachusetts, Seebohm Coll. 
Oct. 20 (C. J. Maynard). 

43 . LIMOSA. 391 
r. $ hum. sk. Philadelphia {J. Krider). Seebohm Coll. 
s, t. Ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois (8. C. Bow- Salvin-Godman OolL 
man: FLensh. Coll.). 
u, v. $ g ad. sk. California. Seebohm Coll. 
w-ti. S § ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, April, Salvin-Godman Coll, 

May (F. B. Armstrong). 
%'. <$ ad. hiem. sk. Laguna de Valencia, Vene- Salvin-Godman Coll, 
zuela, Oct. {A. Goering). 
k'. S ad. hiem. sk. La Plata, Buenos Ayres, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 10 (R W. White). 

V. d ad. sk. Argentine Republic, May 24 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W.H. Hudson), 
m'. Ad. hiem. sk. Chupat, Patagonia, Nov. 13. H.Durnford,Esq.[P.]. 
n', o'. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. SirW. Burnett & Admiral 
Pitzroy [P.]. 
p\ $ ad. Idem. sk. Straits of Magellan, Nov. 16 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Dr, Cunningham). 

4. Limosa fedoa. 
The Greater American Godwit, Edwards, Nat Hist B. iii. p. 137*. 

pi. 137 (1750). 
La Barge rousse d'Amerique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 287 (1760). 
Scolopax fedoa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 24-4 (1766) ; Orn. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 663 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 30, pi. 56.fig. 4 (1813). 
American Godwit, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 142 (1785). 
Marbled Godwit, Pennant, Arctic Zool., Suppl. p. 68 (1787); Lath, 
Gen. 8y7i. Suppl. i. p. 68 (1787). 
Scolopax marmorata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 720 (1790). 
Limicula fedoa, Vieill. N Diet, tfHist Nat. iii. p. 248 (1816). 
Limicola marmorata, Vieill. t. c. p. 248; id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 115r 

pi. 343 (1825). 

Limosa fedoa, Sabine in Franhl. Journ. Polar Beg. i. p. 689 (1823) ; 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. cexxxviii. (c. 1826); Swains. Faun. Bor.-
Amer., Birds, p. 395 (1831: Saskatchewan Plains); Audub. Orn. 
Biogr. iii. p. 287 (1835); JBp. Comp. List B. Bur. fy N. Amer. 

p. 52 (1838); Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 590 (1839) ; id. B. Amer„ 
8vo, v. p. 331, pi. 348 (1843); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 259 (1844); 
Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus, p. 95 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 570 
(1847); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 90 (1850) ; Reiehenb. Grail. 
tab. Ixxvi. fig. 572 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 91 
(1854) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Cab. J.f. 0.1856, p. 350 
(Cuba) ; Cass, in BairoVs B. N. Amer. p. 740 (1858) ,* Scl. # 8alv„ 
Ibis, 1859, p. 230 (Belize); Moore, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 64 (British 
Honduras); Brewer, Froc. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860: 
Cuba) ; Verrill, Froc. Fss. Inst iii. p. 158 (1862: Maine); Gundl. 
J.f. 0.1862, p. 84 (Cuba); Allen, Froc. Fss. Inst iv. p. 87 (1864: 
Massachusetts); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 23 (1864); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 190 (Guatemala); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 39 
(Texas); Mcllwr. Froc. Fss. List v. p. 93 (1866: Hamilton, 
Canada West) ; Coues, t c. p. 296 (1868 : New England); Lawr. 
Ann. Lyc. N. T. ix. p. 210 (1868: Northern Yucatan); Coues, 
B'oc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist xii. p. 123 (1868: South Carolina); 
Gray, Kand-l. B. iii. p. 43, no. 10263 (1871); Trippe, Froc. Fss. 
Inst vi. p. 119 (1871: Minnesota); Allen, Bull. Sarv. Coll. n. 
p. 356 (1871: Florida, winter) ; Coues, Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philad. 1871, p. 32 (Fort Macon, N. Carolina); Trippe, Proc. Bost* 
.392 CH4LRADBIID-S:. 

Soc. Nat Eist. xv. p. 241 (1872: Southern Iowa) ; Coues, Key N. 
Amer. B. p. 257 (1872); Snow, B. Kansas, p. 10 (1873); Set $ 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 146 (1873): Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N T. 

x. p. 384 (1874: Illinois); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 492 (1874); 
Laior. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Eist ii. p. 308 (1874: 3Iazatlan) ; 
Eensh. Rep. Zool. Expl. IQttth Mend. p. 457 (1875); Gundl 
J. f. 0.1875, p. 320; Lawr. Bull US. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 47 
(1876: Tehuantepec); Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 141 (Santa 
Rosa, Ecuador); Gundl. Anal. Soe. Esp. Nat. vii. p. 308 (1878: 
Porto Rico); Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 041 (1878; 
Pembina); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mils. i. p. 162 (1878: Fort 
Brown, Texas); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p, 396 (1879); 
Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 (1880); Baird, Brewer, f 
Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 255 (1884); Brew, Auk, ii. 
p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Agersb. i.e. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); A. O. 
U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 153 (1886); JBverm. Auk, ill p. 91 
(1886 : Ventura Co., Calif.); Seton, t. c. p. 152 (Manitoba); Scott, 
t. c. p. 386 (San Pedro River, Arizona); Butcher, t. c. p. 436 
(Long IsL); Tacs. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 379 (1886): Wells, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 628 (1887 : Grenada); Cory. Avk,iy. p.310 
(1887: West Indies); Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. pp. 163. 
198, 235 (1887: Northern California); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B, 
p. 163 (1887); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Ckaradr. p. 388 (1888) 
Beckham, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. pp. 642, 652 (18N3 : S.W. 
Texas); Everm. Auk, v. p. 349 (1888: Carroll Co., Indiana); 
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 157 (1889: Gulf Coast of Florida); tialvin, Ms, 
1889, p. 379 (Cozumel IsL); Cory, B. West Indies, p. 237 {1889; 
Greater Antilles); Thomps. Proc. US. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 501 
(1890: Manitoba); Cory, Cat. B. West Indies, p. 93 (1892Greater 
and Lesser Antilles); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892 
Caloosahatchie Region, Florida); Allen, Auk, x. p. 125 (1893) 
Fisher, N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, p. 23 (1893: Morro Bay, Cal.) 
CJiapm. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist vi. p. 77 (1894). 
Fedoa americana, Stephens in Skaufs Gen. Zool xii. p. 71 (1824). 
Great Marbled Godwit, NuttalL Man. Orn. ii. p. 173 (1834). 
Limosa adspersa, Naum. Yog. Bmtschl. viii. p. 429 (1836), ex 

Licht.; Reichenb. Grail, tab. Ixxvi. fig. 573 (1850). 
Limosa foeda, Betding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 527 (1881: San 
Quinton Bay, Lower California); Cones, Check-list N Amer. B* 

p. 102 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 635 (1884). 
Totanus fedoa, Seebohm, Eist Brit. B. iii. p. 158 (1885). 
Adult female in hreeding-phimage* General colour above blackish, 
mottled all over with pale cinnamon-buff, the feathers spotted or 
barred with tbis colour; lesser wing-coverts like tbe back, the 
median and greater coverts pale cinnamon with whitish edges, 
centred longitudinally with dark brown and mottled with dusky 
spots or bars, the inner greater coverts notched and barred with 
cinnamon-buff like the inner secondaries; bastard-wing and primary


•coverts blackish ; quills for the most part cinnamon-rufous, slightly 
mottled or marbled with dusky brown, the outer webs nearly uniform 
dark brown, tbe first primary with a white shaft, the remainder 
with whity-brown shafts; secondaries pale cinnamon with slight 
dusky mottlings, the innermost secondaries like the back; entire 
back ashy brown, barred with dusky brown; upper tail-coverts pale 
cinnamon-buff, with dusky brown bars somewhat concentric in 
393 

44 . HACBOEHAMPHTIS. 
shape: tail-feathers] cinnamon-buff, with irregular dusky bars; 

«rown of head brown, with broad streaks of blackish• hind-neck 

rather lighter and more narrowly streaked; centre of forehead and 

lores white, dotted with brown; a tolerably distinct white eyebrow; 

sides of face whitish, with minute spots of brown ; throat white; 

remainder of the under surface, from the lower throat downwards, 

pale cinnamon-buff,,with wavy bars of dusky brown on the fore-

neck, breast, and sides of body; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

uniform cinnamon-buff; quills dusky below, rufescent on the inner 

webs: " bill dull flesh-colour on its basal half, the rest blackish 

brown; feet bluish grey; iris brown " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 

16 inches, culmen 4*7, wing 9*3, tail 3*1, tarsus 3*2. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to the female, but 
smaller. Total length 145 inches, culmen 3*6, wing 8*5, tail 3, 
tarsus 2m65. 

Young birds have no bars on the under surface and are of a pale 

•cinnamon colour. 
Hab. North America, breeding from Iowa, Dakota, &c, north to 
Alaska, according to Mr. Eidgway ; wintering in Central America as 
far south as Guatemala and Cuba. 


a. Ad. sk. N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. 
b. 
Ad. sk, N. America. Sir J. Eichardson 
[P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Sir E, Belcher [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, May 31. . N. A. Bound. Comm. 
f. Ad. sk. California. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 
Ad. sk. Humboldt Bay, California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 3 (C. E. Townsend: 
Eensk Coll.). 
%? i> 6 $ ad. sk. San Diego, California, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(E. W.Eenshaw). 
Jc. Juv. sk. Lagima, California, Oct. 1 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{E. W. E.). 
l,m* <$ $ ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
n. 9. ad. sk. Cedar Keys, Plorida, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. W. E). 
4h-r. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
#, t. Ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

u. Juv. sk. Chiapam (0. Salvin). Tweeddale Coll. 
v. SkuU. N. America. Old Coll. 
44. 
MACEORHAMPHUS. w A 
Type. 
Macrorhamphus, Zeach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fy B. Brit. 
Mus. p. 31 (1816) M. griseus. 
Limnodromus; Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. iv. 
Abth. % p. 716 (1833) M. griseus. 
Pseudoscolopax, Blyth, J. A. JS. Beng. xxviii. p. 280 
(1859) M. taczanowskii. 

394 
CHAKADBIID.2E. 

Range. Forth America generally, from the Arctic Eegions south 
to Central and South America; Eastern Siberia, wintering in the 
Burmese countries and KE . Bengal. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Smaller; culmen less than 3 inches: rump 
white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts, as 
well as the sides of the body and under tail-
coverts, profusely barred with dusky griseus, p. 394. 
b. Larger; culmen more than 3 inches: rump 
mottled with black; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts white or with only a few dusky 
frecklings taczanowskii, p. 400. 
1. Macrorhamphus griseus. 
Brown 
Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt 1, p. 154 (1735); Pennant7 
Arct. Zool. ii. p. 464 (1785). 
Red-breasted Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 153 (1785); Pennantf 
Arct Zool. ii. p. 464 (1785). 
Scolopax grisea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 658 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn*. 

ii. p. 724 (1790); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 079 (1820); Fleming, 
Brit. Anim. p. 106 (1828); Bp. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 51, pi. 23 
(1832); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxxvi (1844); Harting, Birds 
Middlesex, p. 195 (1866 : B. Brent). 
Scolopax noveboracensis, Gm. Syst Nat L p. 658 (178S) ; Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 723 (1790); Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 45, pi. 58.fig.1 
(1813) ; Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 398 (lb31: Saskatchewan 
Plains) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 285, pi. 335 (1838) j 
id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 10, pi. 351 (1843); Gimud, B. Long Isl. 

p. 263 (1844); Putnam, Proc. Ess. Inst i. p. 21b (1856: Massachusetts). 
Scolopax leucophaea (nee Lath.), Vieill. N. Diet, tCHist. Nat iii. 

p. 358 (1816); id. Gal Ois. ii. p. 110, pi. 241 (1834). 
Macrorhamphus griseus, Leach, Syst. Cat Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. 
p. 31 (1816: Devonshire); Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiL 
p. 61, pi. 9 (1824); Jard.ed Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 337 (1832); 
Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 207 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. iv. 
pi. 323 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. £ JY1 Amer. p. 52 (1838); 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1844: Devonshire); id. Gen, 
B. iii. p. 582 (1846); Schomh. Peis. Guian. iii. p. 758 (1848); 
Meichenb. Grail, tab. ccclvi. figs. 2793-95 (1850); MacgtiL Brii^ 
B. iv. p. 275 (1852); Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Bawd, B. 
N. Amer. p. 712 (1858); Cooper $ Suckley, N. E. Washington 
Territory, p. 238 (1860) ; Set $ Sah. Ibis, 1860, p. 277 (San 
Geronimo, Guatemala); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 273 (1861;. 
Cuba); Peinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 11 (Greenland); Coues, Proc. Acad. 
Nat Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 229 (Labrador); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
vii. p. 479 (1862 : Panama); Boardm. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist, 
ix. p. 128 (1862: Maine); Gzmdl J. f. O. 1862, p. 85 (Cuba); 
Verrill, Proc. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862: Maine); Gray, Cat 
Brit. B. p. 172 (1863); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 131 (Fort Carlton); 
Allen, Proc. Ess. Inst. iv. p. 86 (1864: Springfield, Massachusetts); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 101 (1864: Sombrero); Salvin, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 191 (Guatemala); Dresser, t c. p. 313 (Southern 
Texas); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 97 (Arizona) 
; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, pp. 36, 37 (Matamoras); Mellwr^ 
Proc. Ess. Inst v. p. 92 (1866: Hamilton, Canada West); Mot 

44 . MACKOEJEAMPHXTS. 395 
Ois. Trinid. p. 482 (1866: Aug. to Oct.) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. ii. p. 174 (1867;; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285; Brown, Ibis, 
1868, p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.) ; (hues, Proc. Ess. Inst. v. p. 293 
(1868: New England); id. Proc. Bost. Soo. Nat. Eist. xii. p. 122 
(1868: S. Carolina); Ball $ Barm. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 291 
(1869: Mouth, of Yukon R.; Pastolik); Stevens. B. Norf. ii. 

p. 348 (1870); Gray, Eand4. B. iii. p. 51, no. 10325 (1871); 
Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1871, p. 30 (N. Carolina); 
Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 313 (1871: Cajutuba) ; P. Gray, B. West 
Scotl. p. 314 (1871) ; Earting, Brit. B. p. 144 (1872); Gould, B. 
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 76 (1872) ; Trippe, Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. Eist. 
xv. p. 241 (1872: Iowa); Allen, Bull Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 181 
(1872: Great Salt Lake, Utah); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 253 
(1872); ScL 8f Sab. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); iid. 
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 455; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 476 (1874); Gundl. 
J. f. 0. 1875, p. 322 (Cuba); Eensh. Rep. 100& Mend. p. 453 
(1875: Utah; Colorado; Arizona); Eeid, Zool. 1877, p. 476 
(Bermudas) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 187, pi. 571 (1878) ; Adams, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 438 (Michalaski); Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. 
p. 638 (1878: Moose Eiver); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. 
p. 161 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas); Belding, t c. p. 440 (Stockton, 
Calif.) ; Laior. t. c. p. 451 (Guadeloupe); Scl. <$• Salv. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 547 (Medellin, Antioquia) ; Maynard, B. East N. Amer. 
p. 376 (1879); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880); 
A. fy E. Neivt. Eandb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); Coues, Chech-list 
N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1882); Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. 
p. 119 (1883 : Labrador) ; B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 177 (1883); 
Saunders, ed. YatreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 357 (1883): Baird, Breioer, 
§ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 196 (1884); Coues, Key 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 622 (1884); Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. viii. p. 246 (1885: Fort Chimo ; Davis Straits, Labrador) ; 
Brew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado): A. O. U. Check-list N. 
Amer. B. p. 148 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 373 (1886: 
Tumbez); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 179 (British Guiana); Seton,Auk, 
iii. p. 151 (1886: Manitoba); Earvie-Brown fy Buckley, Vwtebr. 
Faun. Caithness, p. 224 (1887); Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 185 (1887: 
"Western Texas); Cory, t. c. p. 312 (Bahamas ,* Cuba; Jamaica); 
Beckham, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. x. pp. 637, 642, 652 (1887: S.W. 
Texas); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 151 (1887); Earvie-
Brovm § Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Eebrides, p. 136 (1888) j 
Sennett, Auk, v. p. 100 (1888: Corpus Christi); Scott, Auk, vi. 
p. 156 (1889: Tarpon Springs, Florida); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p.379 
(Yucatan); Feilden, t. c. p. 492 (Barbados); Cory, B. West Bid. 
p. 233 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit B. pp. 561, 736 (1889); 
Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 82 (1890); Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321 
(1890: Hudson's Bay); White, t. c. p. 400 (Ottawa); Eamilton, 
P. Z. S. 1891, p. 627 (Argyllshire); Cory, Cat. B. West Ind. 
p. 92 (1892: Greater and Lesser Antilles); Earvie-Broion $• 
Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll, p. 177 (1892); Macph. Vertebr. 
Faun. Lakeland, p. 378 (1892); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892: 
Jamaica), p. 212 (Oaloosahatchie Region, Florida); Allen, Auk, 
x. p. 125 (1893); Field, Auk, xi. p. 122 (1894: Port Henderson). 
Scolopax paykullii, Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 106, tab. xi. (1817). 
Totanus ferrugineicollis, Vieill. Enc. Metli. iii. p. 1099 (1823). 
Totanus noveboracensis, Sabine in Frankl. Jburn. Polar Sea, i. p. 687 
(1823). 
Limosa scolopacea, Say in Long'sExped. Rocky Mts. i. p. 170 (1823). 
Macrorhamphus punctatus, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 556 (1831). 

396 
CHAEADEIID-E. 

Linmodromus noveboracensis, Nemoied, Beiir. Naturg. Bras. iv. 

p. 717 (1832). 
The Brown or Red-breasted Snipe, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 181 
(1834). 
Limnodromus griseus, Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 91 (1850). 
Scolopax longirostris, Bell, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 3 (1852: Long Isl.}. 
Macrorhamphus scolopaceus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 4, pi. i. 

(1852); Licht Nomenel Av. Mtis. Berol p. 93 (1854); Bp. C. It. 

xliii. p. 579 (1856); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 712 (1858); Henry, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 108 (Xew Mexico); Later. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 272 (1861: Cuba) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, 
p. 132 (Mackenzie It) ; Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 271 (California) ; id. 
Proc. Bss. Inst. v. p. 293 (1868: Xew England); Later. Ann. 
Lye. N Y. ix. p. 141 (1869: Costa Rica); Ball # Bann. Trans. 
Chic. Acad. i. p. 291 (1869: Yukon R.; Pastolik); Gray, HandA. 
B. in. p. 51, no. 10326 (1871); Scl.fy JSalv. Nome/icl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 145 (1873) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist. ii. p. 308 
(1874: Mazatlan); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 148 
(1886) j Butcher, Auk, iii, p. 436 (1886: Lon<? Wand): Turner, 
Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 146 (1886: St. Michael's, breeding); 
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 100 (1887: Norton Sound) ; 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 151 (1887); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 312 
(1887 : Cuba and Antilles); Smith 4* Palmer, Auk, v. p. 147 
(1888 : Washington, B.C.; ; Scott, t. c. p. 184 (Tarpon Springs) ; 
id. Auk, vi. p. 156 (1P89); Cory, B. We*t Ind. p. 233 (lb89); 
id. Auk, vii. p. 374 (1890: Anegada): Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat 
Mus. xiii. p. 500 (1890: Manitoba); MacFarl Proc. U.S. Nat, 
Mus. xiv. p. 426 (1891); Scott, Auk,ix. p. 13 (1892: Jamaica), 
p. 212 (Caloosahatchie Region, Florida); Attwater, t c. p. 345 
(San Antonio, Texas); Later, t c. p. 345 (Gray's Harbour, 
Washington); Cory, Cat B. West hid. p. 92 (1892: Lesser 
Antilles); Allen, Aitk,x. p. 125 (1893); Barrett-Hamilton, Bull. 
B. O. C. iv. p. xviii (1894: Ireland). 
Macrorhamphus noveboracensis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. 
p. 93 (1854). 
Limosa grisea, ScM. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 26 (1864). 
Macrorhamphus longirostris, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, L p. 255 
(1876). 

Macrorhamphus griseus var. scolopaceus, Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat* 
Mus. no. iv. p. 46 (1876: Tehuantepec, Aug. to Feb.); Pabnen, 
Vega-Bap. v. p. 302 (1887). 

Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. 

iii. p. 199 (1880); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1882); 
Butcher, Auk, i. p. 32 (1884 : Long Isl.); Corns, Key N. Amer. 
B. 2nd ed. p. 623 (1884); Butcher, Auk, ii. p. 37 (1885); 
Merriam, t. c. p. 63 (Point Barrow); Lawr. t c. p. 273 (Long 
Isl.); Agersh. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); Murdoch, JExped. Point 
Barrow, Alaska, p. 110 (1885 : near Cape Smythe); Tacz. M4m. 
Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 951 (1893). 
Macrorhamphus 
griseus /S. scolopaceus, Baird, Brewer, fy Midgw. 
Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 196 (1884). 
Ereunetes griseus, Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 168, pi. 68 (1885) ; 
id. Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 396 (1888). 
Ereunetes griseus scolopaceus, Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. 

p. 398 (1888). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above very 

44 . MACP.OEHAMPB.TJS. 
dark, the feathers being black, with pale cinnamon or bully-white 
spots on either web of the feathers, the scapulars barred with 
rufous or buffy white like the long innermost secondaries; wing-
coverts like the back, with white tips to the greater series, the 
coverts uniform brown where the rufous spotting of the summer 
plumage has not commenced; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish, the latter with brown shafts, except the first one 
which has a white shaft; the inner primary-coverts and inner 
primaries tipped with white, the latter with a whity-brown longitudinal 
streak along the terminal region of the shaft; the secondaries 
margined with white externally and round the tip, with a white 
shaft-streak also; the innermost secondaries like the back; lower 
back and rump white, the latter with black spots or horseshoe-
shaped bars; the upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers white, 
washed with rufous, and barred across with dusky black, the former 
with a sub-terminal black spot as well; remainder of the tail-feathers 
blackish brown, barred with white, these bars narrower than the 
dusky ones and somewhat irregular in shape; crown of head 
nearly uniform blackish, except for a few spots of pale cinnamon, 
the hinder neck streaked with the latter colour and dusky blackish; 

a broad eyebrow of sandy buff; sides of the face of the same colour 
with tiny streaks of dusky brown ; lores dusky brown; cheeks and 
under surface of body light cinnamon-rufous, with a few dots of 
dusky black, mostly on the sides of the upper breast; the sides of 
the body with dusky blackish bars; under tail-coverts again 
spotted; axillaries white, barred with blackish; under wing-coverts 
also white, barred with horseshoe markings of blackish: " bill 
dark olive; feet light yellowish olive; iris reddish hazel" (J. J. 
Audubon). Total length 10 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 5'5, tail 2*0, 
tarsus 1-3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but apparently with 
a longer bill. Total length 11 inches, culmen 2*9, wing 5'65, 
tail 1*9, tarsus 1*15. 

A pair of birds, in breeding-plumage, of the small race measure 
as follows:— 
$. Total length 10 inches, culmen 2*35, wing 5*6, tail 1*95, 
tarsus 1*5. 
$ . Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 2-55, wing 5*9, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 1*5. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Uniform ashy grey above, with 
a few blackish shaft-lines on the feathers of the mantle; wing-coverts 
darker brown than the back, and fringed with white; quills as in 
the summer plumage; centre of the back white ; the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts white, barred with black, the bars not 
always transverse, but sometimes horseshoe-shaped; tail barred 
with black and white, the bars complete on the centre tail-feathers, 
but somewhat broken up and irregular on the other ones; crown 
of head and hind-neck uniform ashy brown; lores and sides of face 
dull ashy, with a tolerably broad streak of white above the lores, 
minutely streaked with dusky; the sides of the face also with 

398 
CHABADBHJD.3E. 

dusty streaks; throat, chest, and sides of the hody white, with 

dusky streaks on the former and small bars on the latter, the lower 

throat and fore-neck shaded with ashy; lower breast and abdomen 

pure white, unspotted; under tail-coverts white, with distinct black 

spots ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with black spots on 

the former, the greater series with bars of an irregular form, the cross-

markings on the asiUariesbroken up into spots and irregularly shaped 

bars, some of which are sub-marginal. 

Young birds are like the winter plumage of the adults, but are 
very much darker ashy brown, the feathers of the back black edged 
with rufous, before which is a mark of black; the grey on the 
throat is altogether darker and is washed with rufous, and there is 
a distinct wash of rufous all over the breast and on the under tail-
coverts ; the bars on the axillaries are distinct, but are fewer in 
number than in the adult. 

Specimens from Western j^orth America are, as a rule, larger 
than Eastern birds, and are said by Mr. Eidgway to have the 
" cinnamon colour of the underparts deeper and much more uniform, 
covering the entire belly, the sides distinctly barred with dusky." 

M. griseus, the Eastern race, has the belly whitish, according to 
Mr. Eidgway; but I think that this is only due to the whitish 
edges, which are plainly indicated on the rufous feathers of the 
under surface, and remain longer on the abdomen than any other 
part of the body, but ultimately wear off even on the abdominal 
plumes. Mr. Seebohm does not attach any importance to the 
difference in colour between the two races, and I myself think 
that it is probably due to age, the older individuals becoming 
darker and more vinous. The measurements of the culmen, given 
by Mr. Eidgway and by Mr. Seebohm, show that these completely 
overlap in the two races, and I can see no reason for keeping them 
separate on this account. In the list of specimens given below 
will be found detailed the length of the culmen in the series in the 
British Museum ; and it will be seen that no differences coincident 
with a separate geographical distribution can be found, but that, on 
the contrary, the length of the bill varies in a great degree. I 
have an idea that, Grodwit-like, the female has a longer bill than 
the male, and that some of the specimens marked as males have 
been wrongly determined. Both races occur in winter in Texas 
and Florida, and the same diversity in dimension of bill is seen in 
a series from the winter-quarters of the bird. I have therefore 
not kept M. scolojpaceus distinct from M. griseus. 
Hal. Breeds in Arctic Eastern Siberia and Arctic America, and 
wanders south on migration as far as Southern Brazil, wintering in 
Central and South America. Accidental in Europe. 

a. 
Ad. sk. N. America. Eiocour Coll. 
(Type of S. letieophtea, Vieill.) 
b. Ad. sk. Arctic America. Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
<?.tfjuv. [cul. 2*2]; Point Barrow, Alaska, Aug. Salvin-Godman ColL 
d, e. § rav. sk. (J. Murdoch). 

[c. 2*8]. 
44 . MACKORHAMPHUS. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 

Wood [P.]. 
B.R.Ross,Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Old Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

W. B. Tegetmeier, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq.. [P.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Capt. Savile Reid 

fo.]. 

f-h. S ad. sir. 

[c. 2-5-2-8]. 
i}k. S juv.[c.2*52-
65];/. $juv. 
sk. [c. 2-9]. 

m, n. Ad. sestiv. 
sk. [c. 2-3-2-4]. 

o. Ad.sk. [a 2-45]. 
j?.Ad.sk.[c.2-15l. 
q. Juv. sk. [c. 2-2]. 
r. (S sestiv. ad. sk. 
[c. 2-2]. 
s. $ juy.sk. [c. 2-5]. 
t, u. c? ad. sk. 

[c. 2-2-2-3]. 
v, $ juv. sk. 
[c. 2-15]. 
w. Ad. sk. [c. 2*7]. 
<r. J ad. sk. [c. 2*0], Rockford, Illinois. 
y. Ad.sk. [a 2-45]. 
2.Jad.sk.[c.2-05]. 
a'7 b'. (S ad. sk. 

[c. 2-05-2-21. 
c' d'. Ad. sk. 
[c. 2*5-2-8]. 
/, /'. Juv. sk. 
[c. 2-45-2-8]. 
g'. 5 ad. sk. 
[c. 3-0]. 
h',t. Ad. sk. 
[c. 2-35-2-4]. 
k'. $ ad. sk. 
[c. 2-75]. 
V. S ad. sk. 
[c. 2-451 
m'. $ ad. sk. 
[c. 245]. 
n'-sr. d1 ad. sk. 
[c. 2-1-2-5]. 
* tJ-v'. 2 ad. sk. 
[c. 2-35-2-55]. 
w'.c?juv.[c2-25]; 
x',y'.$ juv.sk. 

[c. 2*4-2-65]. 
z' a". Ad. sk. 
[c. 2-7-2-85]. 
b",c".<$% ad.sk. 
[c. 2-2-2-5]. 
a". <J ad. sk. 
[c. 2-35]. 
6".Ad.sk.[e.2-25]. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, June, 
July (E. W. Nelson: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
St. Michael's, Aug. (E. W. Nelson: 
Hensh Coll.). 

Bering Straits. 


Forfc Simpson, June. 
Port Albany, Canada. 
Nova Scotia. 
Massachusetts (Hensh. Coll.). 


Long Isl., Sept. 3 (Henshaw 
Coll.). 
Cobb's Island, Virginia (Henshaio 
Coll.). 
Philadelphia (Krider). 

Englewood, Illinois, May 

(Hensh. Coll.). 

Lulu Isl., Vancouver. 

San Juan Isl., Vancouver. 

British Columbia. 

British Columbia. 

British Columbia. 

Arizona, Oct. 22 (C. G. New-
berry). 
Texas (F. B. Armstrong). 

Texas, Nov. (F. B. A.). 

Brownsville, April 25 (F. £. 
A). 
Corpus Christi, May 18 (F. B. 
A.). 

Tarpon Springs, Florida, Oct. 
to May (W.E. D. Scott).^ 
Tarpon Springs, Dec, April, 
my(W.E.D.S.). 

Tarpon Springs, Aug. (W. E. 

D. $.). 
Do Soto Co., Florida, Nov. 

(W.JR.JDean). 

Cedar Keys, Florida, Nov. 

(Hensh. Coll.). 

Key West, Florida, Nov. (C. J. 
Maynard). 
Bermuda, Sept. 

40 0 
CHAHABRIJD.E, 

/", g". 6 ad. Zacatecas, Mexico, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll, 

[c. 2*4-2-55]; {W.B.Richardson). 
A", i". $ ad. 
fc.2-7-2-9];&'\ 
Juv.sk.[c.2*25]. 
r. $ ad. sk. San Luis Potosi, July ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[c. 2-3]. JR.). 
Cozumel Island (G. F. Gati-Salvin-Godman Coll 

[c. 2-1-2-4]. mer). 
y". Ad. sk. Lake of Duenas, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[c. 2-4-2-5]. (O.S.). 
s'\Ad.sk.[c.2-35]. San Geronirno, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(O.S.). 
a3, b3. Ad. sk. Chiapani, Guatemala (0. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[c. 2-3-2-41. 
c3.Ad.sk.[c.2-05]. Grenada, "West Indies (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Smith). 

tf3.Ad.st.[e.2-15j. Barbados. Sir R. Sebomburgk 
3 [.C.j, 

e. $ ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia, U.S. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

[c. 2-5]. Colombia (T. K. Salmon). 
f\ g3. Ad. &k Para, Lower Amazons. 11. Graham, Esq. ^P.], 
[c. 2-2-2-4]. 
#>.Ad.sk.[e.2-2]. 
Cajutuba, Brazil (J. Nat-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
terer). 

*\Ad.sk.[c.2-01 Bahia. Sudbury Mus. 
&3.Ad.sk.Lc.2-4J. Brazil. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Z3.Ad.sk.[c.2-5j. Devonshire, England. Montagu Coll. 
m\ Ad. sk. [2-15]. Stonebouse, River Brent, Harting Coll. 

Middlesex^ Oct. 1862. 
ra3. Ad. sk. [2-4]. Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 

2. Macrorhamphus taczanowskii 
Macrorbampbus semipalmatus (nee Gm.), Blyth, XA.8. Beng. xviL 
p. 252 (1848: Calcutta); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 679 (1864) : Rums, 
Sir. F. vii. p. 484 (1878 : Calcutta). 
Pseudoscolopax semipalmatus (nee Gm.), Blyth, J". A, 8. Beng. 

xxviii. p. 280 (1859) ; Sicinhoe, F. Z. 8. 1863, p. 313,1871, p. 407; 
Salmd. Ucc. Bom. p. 332 (1874); David et Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 474, pi. 121 (1877); JSume, Str. F. TIII. p. 112 (1879); id. <$• 
Marshall, Game Birds 2nd. iii. p. 395, pi. 47 (1881); Gates, 
Eandb. B. Brit. Burm. iii. p. 408 (1883); Vordem. Mat Tijdschr. 
Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 416 (1889). 
Micropalama tackzanowskia, Verreaia, Bev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, 

p. 206, pi. 14. 
Ereunetes semipalmatus (nee Gm.)f Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B» iii. p. 169 
(1885). 
Ereunetes 
taczanowskii, Seebohm, Geogr* Distr. Cliaradr. p. 399 
(1888); Fverett, Jour. Straits Branch Asiat, Soc. 1889, p. 209 
(Pontianak). 

Adult in winter jplumage* Similar to M. griseus, but with tbe 
whole of tbe rump and lower back mottled witb black bases to the 
feathers, and not showing a conspicuous white patch on the lower 
back as in that species; the under surface of the body like that of 

45 . MICEOPAIAMA. 
401 

M. grisem, but the flanks and under tail-coverts not so profusely 
barred, and the under wing-coverts and axillaries entirely white or 
witb obsolete dusky frecklings : " bill black, turning to plumbeous 
at the base; legs and toes dark plumbeous, claws black; iris dark 
brown." Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 3'2, wing 6-3, tail 2*2, 
tarsus 1*8. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 13 inches, 
culmen 3-45, wing 6-7, tail 2*25, tarsus 2'2. 

I have not had the opportunity of examining a specimen of this 
species in breeding-plumage, but the characters of the winter 
plumage will doubtless distinguish the bird from M. griseus in 
summer dress as well. 

Young birds resemble the winter plumage of the adults, but are 
washed with rusty red on the chest and the sides of the upper 
breast. 

Hal. Breeding in Eastern Siberia, and wintering in the Burmese 
countries and near Calcutta. Probably visiting the Chinese coasts 

also on migration. 
a. 6 ad.; b. $ ad. Calcutta, Dec. 13. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
c. 6 juv.; d. § ad. Pegu, Sept. 29 (B. W. Oates). Oates Coll. 
sk. 

45. MICKOPALAMA. 
Hemipalma, Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 61 (1827; nee 1826). M. himantopus. 
Mieropalama, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 726 (1858) M. himantopus. 

Range. Eastern North America, breeding in Canada, migrating in 
winter to Central America, South America, and the "West Indies. 

1. Mcropalama himantopus. 
Tringa himantopus, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 157 (1826: Long 
Branch, New Jersey, July) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 284 (1828) ; 
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 380 (1831: Hayes River); 
Bp. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 89, pi. 25. ftg. 3 (1833: Long Isl.); Audub. 
Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 332, pi. 344 (1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 271, 
pi. 334 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 232 (1844); Breioer, 
Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Schl. Mus, 
Bays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 54 (1864: Cuba). 

Tringa (Hemipalma) himantopus, Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 61 (1827). 

Tringa douglasii, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 379, pi. 6(> 
(1831: Saskatchewan). 
Long-legged Sandpiper, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 138 (1834). 
Douglas's Stilt Sandpiper, Nuttall, t. c. p. 141. 
Audubon's Stilt Sandpiper, Nuttall, t. e. p. 140. 
Tringa auduboni, Nuttall, t c. p. 140. 
Hemipalama himantopus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 49 

(1838); id. C. JR. xliii. p. 596 (1856). 
Hemipalma himantopus, Be Kay, Zool. New York, p. 235, pi. 86* 
fig. 196 (1843). 

VOL. XX1Y. 2 D 

402 CHAEADBIID2B. 

Hemipalma multistriata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 578, pi. 156. %. 2 

(1845) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras, p. 311 (1871). 

Hemipalma auduboni, Gray, t. c. p. 578. 

Totanus Mmantopus, Lembeye,Av. Cuba, p. 95 (1850); Ma?*cJz. Proc. 

Acad. Nat. Sci Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica, April, June, Aug.); 
Gundl Repert Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 356 (1866); A. fy E. Newton, 
Eandb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881). 

Hemipalma niultifa&ciata, Licht, Nomencl Av. Mus. BeroL p. 92 
(1854: Mexico). 

Micropalama hiraantopus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 726 (1858) ; Scl. c5* 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 229 (Guatemala) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 290 
(Babahoyo); Coues, Proa. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 174 
(Great Slave Lake ; Bed Fork of the Arkansas); Blakisi. Ibis, 
1863, p. 133 (Hudson's Bay); Scl P. Z. S.1862, p. 369 (Mexico) ; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 100 (1864: Sombrero); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 37 (Texas); Coues, t c. p. 271 (Arizona); Scl <|* 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (River Ucayali); Lawr. Ami. Lye. N. T. 

viii. p. 294 (1866); Coues, Proc. Ess. Inst. v. p. 294 (1868: New 
England) ; id. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xif. p. 122 (1868: 
S. Carolina); Allen, Amer. Nat. iii. p. 639 (1870: Rye Beach, 
New Hampshire); Stevens. U.S. Geo!. Surv. Terr. p. 466 (1871: 
Port Bridger, Wyoming); Brewster, Amer. Nat. v. p. 307 (1872: 
Cape Cod, Massachusetts); Coues, Keif N. Amer. B. p. 254 (1672); 
Scl. $ Salv. Nmnencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, 
p. 309 (Nauta, Peru); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 480 (1874); Ridr/tv. 
Ann. Lyc. N. T. x. p. 383 (1874: Illinois); Gundl J.f.O. 1875, 
p. 326 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cubana, p. 174 (1876) ; Lawr. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iv. p. 47 (1876: Tehuantepec); Reid, Zool. 1877, 
p. 476 (Bermudas); Moore, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Mist. xix. p. 241 
(1877: Bahamas); Gundl Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat vii. p. 373 
(1878); Coues, Bull U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. j>. 638 (1878: near 
Rocky Mountains) ,* Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 161 
(1878: Fort Brown, Texas); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 378 
(1879); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880); Coues, 
Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1882) ; id. in Steams" Neio Engl 
Bird-Life, ii. p, 206 (1883); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nded.p. 623 
(1884); Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i p. 201 
(1884); Lawr. Auk, ii. p. 273 (1885: Long IsL); Agersb. t. c. 
p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); Berl. $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119; Ferrari-
Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. ix. p. 178 (1886: Tlaxcala); Tacz. 
Orn. PSrou,iii. p. 363 (1886 : Nauta; Chorillos); A. O. U. Checklist, 
p. 149 (1886); Wells, List B. Grenada, p. 8 (1886); Smith, 
Auk, iii. p. 140 (1886: Maryland); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. 
p. 152 (1887); Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186 (1887: Western Texas); 
Thome, t. c. p. 264 (Colorado); Cory, t c. p. 312; Sennett, Auk, 
v. p. 110 (1888) ; Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. x i p. 637 (1888: 
Bexar Co., Texas), p. 652 (San Antonio); Cory, B. West Ind. 
p. 233 (1889); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 493 (Barbados); Scott, Auk, 
vi. p. 156 (1889: Key West, Florida); Bond, t c. p. 341 (Wyoming) 
; Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321 (1890: Hudson's Bay); Palmer, 
Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 260 (1890: PengTiin IsL); Thomjps. 
t c. p. 500 (Manitoba); MaeFarl Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiv. 
p. 426 (1891: Franklin Bay; Rendezvous Lake E. of Fort Anderson) 
; Cory, Cat B. West Ind. p. 92 (1892: Greater and Lesser 
Antilles); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892: Jamaica), p. 212 (Caloosahatchie 
Region, Florida); Attwater, t c. p. 232 (San Ajatonio, 
Texas); Berl. $ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 400, 408 (Peru) ; 
Thomps. Auk, x. p. 49 (1893: Manitoba); Allen, t. c. p. 125. 
45 . 1IICE0PALAMA. 
403 

Ereunetes himantopus, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork Stockh. 
1869, p. 587 (St. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Kico); Seebohm, 
Geogr. Distrib. Charadr. p. 400 (1888). 

Micropelma himantopus, Gray, TLand-l. B. iii. p. 48, no. 10298 (1871). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black, 
-with -whitish, margins to the feathers, these margins strongly-
tinged with rufous and sometimes entirely rufous, especially the 
innermost secondaries, which are notched or edged with this colour; 
lower back and rump dusky brown, slightly mottled with rufous 
and with black centres to the feathers ; lower rump and upper tail-
coverts white, barred with black and tinged with rufous; centre 
tail-feathers black, with rufous bars, both patterns being irregular; 
remainder of the tail-feathers ashy grey, with white centres, increasing 
in extent towards the outermost, which is for the most 
part white, irregularly mottled with grey ; wing-coverts dark ashy 
brown, with wrhitish margins to the feathers, more distinct on the 
greater series, the lesser wing-coverts darker; primary-coverts and 
primaries blackish ; the secondaries more ashy brown, fringed with 
white and having the inner web somewhat whitish, the innermost 
secondaries parti-coloured like the back ; centre of crown streaked 
with blackish and white, with which the feathers are edged; sides 
of hinder crown dark cinnamon-rufous; a broad white eyebrow, 
minutely streaked with dusky blackish; lores dusky grey; ear-
coverts cinnamon; sides of face, cheeks, and throat white, with 
narrow streaks of dusky blackish, these streaks broader on the 
lower throat; the entire under surface of the body white, crossed 
from the fore-neck downwards with blackish bars and rufous interspaces 
; axillaries and under wing-coverts pure white, mottled near 
the edge of the wing with dusky bases to the feathers; the axillaries 
spotted with dusky or irregularly barred; lower primary-
coverts ashy, edged with white; the quill-lining also grey: " bill 
black; feet dull yellowish white; claws brown; iris brown " (J. J". 
Audubon). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 5, tail 1*9, 
tarsus 1*5. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but with 
the rufous markings less strongly pronounced, and the spotting and 
barring of the under surface less distinct. Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 1*55, wing 5*1, tail 1-9, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult in winter plumage. Ashy grey above, nearly uniform, including 
the wing-coverts and inner secondaries; rest of the quills 
as in the summer plumage; rump and upper tail-coverts white, 
with irregular spots and streaks of dusky blackish, the upper tail-
coverts spotted, not barred; centre tail-feathers uniform ashy grey, 
the rest with white shafts or centres to the feathers, occupying the 
greater part of the outer feathers ; head grey like the back ; lores 
and a distinct eyebrow white; upper edge of ear-coverts ashy; 
sides of face and upper throat whitish, with narrow dusky streaks ; 
lower throat and fore-neck, as well as the sides of the upper breast, 
ashy grey; remainder of under surface of body pure white, slightly 
mottled with ashy grey, the under tail-coverts with irregular spear


404 
CH:ARA.DEIID^. 

shaped spots of dusky; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the 

latter with a few dusky markings. 

Young. Resemble the adults in winter plumage, but have the 

breast and sides suffused with sandy buff. The upper surface, how


ever, is more like that of the summer plumage, the feathers of the 

back being black, edged with rufous or white; upper wing-coverts 

dusky brown, rather broadly edged with ashy whitish; crown of 

head like the back ; hind-neck ashy grey; a broad white eyebrow ; 

centre tail-feathers ashy grey, with white centres and a blackish 

sub-terminal line near the tips, the rest of the tail-feathers white, 

edged on the outer web and round the tip of the inner one with 

dusky blackish. 

Hah. Eastern North America, principally breeding in Canada, 

and migrating south in winter to Central and South America and 

the West Indies. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 
N.W. America. Capt. Coliinson HP.]. 
Big IsL, Great Slave Lake Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. Ad. sk. 
(J. Heid). 
d, e. Juv. sk. Chief Mountain, Dakota, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. Coues: Eensh. Coll). 
f, g, h. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Itae "J?X 
i. j ad. sk. 
Seabrook, New Hampshire, July 
(W. Brewster: Eensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
&, L <$ imm. sk. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Sept. 
(C. J. Maynard). Seebohm Coll. 
m,n. 
<$ J juv. Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Aug., 
sk. Sept. (Henslmio Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

o. 5 juv. sk. 
Lake KoshMonong, Wisconsin, 
Aug. 22. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p-t, S ^d. sk. Cape Canaveral, Florida, Aug. 

( W. Hoxje: Hensh. Coll). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w. Imm. sk. 
San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 20 
(JET. E. Dresser). Salvin-Godman ColL 
v-x. <3 ad. ,* y. Brownsville, Texas, April, May 
$ ad. sk (F. B. Armstrong). Salvin-Godman ColL 
z, a'. <$ ad ; b'. Zacatecas, Mexico, Aug. (W. 

J 
ad. sk. B. Bichardson). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c'. Ad. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godman ColL 
d'. $ ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, April 11 Salvin-Godman ColL 

(0. &). 
e'. $ ad. sk. Momotombo, Nicaragua, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W. B. Richardson). 
/. 6 ad. sk. Spanish Town, Jamaica. Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
20 {W. T. March). 
ff'-f. d $ ad.sk. Grenada, W. I., July, Aug. Salvin-Godman ColL 
(2>. W. Smith). 
h\l\ 6 ? ad.sk. Anegada, W. L, Dec. (C. S. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Wynch). 
m1, n\ $ ad. sk. Colonia, Uruguay, Nov. 24 Seebohm Goll. 
(Harrison).
o'. o ad. sk# Yquitos, Peru, Sept. 19 (H. Seebohm Coll. 
Whitely). 
pfj q\ 2 ad. sk. Yquitos, Aug., Sept. (H W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r'. Ad. sk. Chili. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

46. STMPHEMIA. 
405 

46. 
SYHPHEMIA. „. 
aype. 
Symphemia, Rafin. Journ. de Phys. lxxxviii. p. 417 
(1819).., S. semipalmata. 
Oatoptrophorus, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 323 
(1826) S. semipalmata. 
Hodites^ Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 155 (1829) S. semipalmata. 

Range. Temperate Forth America, south to Central America, the 
West Indies, and British Guiana. 

1. Symphemia semipalmata. 
Semipalmated Snipe, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 469, pi. 20. fig. 2 
(1785: New York); Lath. Gen. Syn. hi. pt. 1, p. 152 C1785). 

Scolopax semipalmata, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 659 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 722 (1790); Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 27, pi. 56. 
fig. 3 (1813). 

Totanus crassirostris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 406 (1816 : 

Louisiania). 
Sympkenia atlantica, Rafin. Journ. Phys. lxxxviii. p. 417 (1819). 
Totanus seroipalmatus, Temm. Man. ffOrn. ii. p. 637 (1820) ; 

Werner, Atlas, Grail, pi. 15 (1827) ; Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., 
Birds, p. 388, pi. 67 (1831); Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 319 
(1832); Andub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 510, pi. 274 (1835); Gould, B. 
Eur. iv. pi. 311 (1837); Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 589 (1839); id. 

B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 324, pi. 347 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. 
p. 254 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xciv (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 573 (1846); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 92 (1850): Wallengren, 
Naum. 1854, p. 256 (Sweden); Neioton, Ibis, I860, p. 331 (egg: 
France!); Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Seolopaces, p. 76 (1864: Dalmatia); 
LSot. Ois. Trinid. p. 456 (1866); Gray, JZand-l B. iii. p. 46, 
no. 10278 (1871); Corns, Key N. Amer. B. p. 258 (1872); id. B. 
N-West, p. 494 (1874); Ilensh. Rep. Zool Expl. 100th Merid. p. 457 
(1875: Arizona; Denver, Colorado); Reid, Zool 1877, p. 477 
(Bermudas, July); Bennett, Bull U.S. Geol Surv. iv. p. 55 (1878: 
Texas); Coues, t. c. p. 641 (Montana. Aug.) ; Mayn. B. East. N 
Amer. p. 294 (1879) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 160 (1880); Karting, 
Lbis, 1883, p. 134; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 358 (1888); 
Cory, B. Bahamas, 2nd ed. p. 160 (1890 : Inagua, breeding). 
Glottis semipalmata, Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 55 (1821). 
Totanus (Oatoptrophorus) semipalmatus, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 

p. 323 (1826: N. America, occasional on European shores). 
Totanus speculiferus, Cuv. Reqne Anim. i. p. 531 (1829); Less. 
Traite d'Orn. p. 552 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); 
Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 369. 

Hodites semipalmatus, Kaup, Natiirl Syst. p. 155 (1829). 
Semipalmated Snipe or Willet, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 144 (1834). 
Oatoptrophorus semipalmatus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. §• N. Amer. 

p. 51 (1838); Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 101 (1844); Gosse, 
B. Jamaica, p. 354 (1847) ; Sehomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 758 
(1848); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe. 
Nat Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860) ; Newt. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 18 
(1862: Sweden). _ 
Sympkemia 
semipalmatus, Hartl Rev. Zool 1845, p. 342; LichL 
Nomenel Av. Mus. Berol p. 91 (1854); Cab. J.f.O. 1856, p. 351 

CHARADEIID2E. 

(Cuba); Casein in Laird's B. N. Amer. p. 729 (1858) ; Henry, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 108 (Rio Mimbres, New-
Mexico) ; Bryant, Proc. Bast. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 122 (18591 
Bahamas); Lawr. Ann. Ltjc. N. Y. vii. p. 272 (1860: Cuba); 
Cooper $ Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 240 (1860) ; Cass. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1860, p. 195 (Oarthagena); G. C. 
Taylor, Bis, 1862, pp. 129, 198 (Florida); Sci. t. c. p. 277 (accidental 
in Europe); Verrill, Proc. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862) ; 
Boardm. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 129 (1862: Maine, 
breeding); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 133 (Saskatchewan); March, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica); Allen, Proc. 
Ess. Inst. iv. p. 77 (1864: Massachusetts); Salvin, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 190 (Guatemala); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 37 (Texas); Salvin, 
t. c. p. 198 (Chiapani); Cones, t. c. p. 269 (Arizona); Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. 7. viii. p. 294 (1866 : New York); Coues, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 97 (Arizona, Oct.); Baird, Ibis, 1867y 
p. 285; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 233 (1867); Covet,, Proc. 
Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 122 (1868 : S. Carolina) ; Lawr. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y.ix. p. 210 (1869: Yucatan) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. 
C. Z. ii. p. 356 (1871: Florida); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philad. 1871, p. 32 (N. Carolina); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 309 (1871: 
Guapore* River, March); Merriam, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872, 
p. 700 (Salt Lake, Utah; North Fork, Idaho) ; Sci # Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. ii. p. 309 (1874: Mazatlan) ; Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. 
p. 384 (1874: Illinois); Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 322 (Cuba); 
Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 47 (1876 : Tehuantepec) ; Bree, 
B. Eur. v. p. 15, pi. 2. fig. 2 (1875); Pidgw. Pep. AOth Paralhl, 
p. 609 (1877: Great Salt Lake, Utah) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 748 
(Santa Lucia, Peru, Nov., Dec.); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
i. p. 162 (1878 : Fort Brown, Texas); Lator. t. c. p. 238 (Antigua), 
p. 242 (Barbuda), p. 488; Gundl. Anal. Soc. Esp. Nat. Hist. vii. 
p. 369 (1878: Porto Rico) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 
p. 200 (1880); A. % E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881) ; 
Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 534 (1882: Lower California); 
Coues,1 Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 103 (1882); Belding, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. vi. p. 351 (1883: Lower California) ; Baird, Breicer, 8? 
Pidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 285 (1884); Coues, Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 637 (1884); Lrew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: 
Colorado, 6000 feet, breeding); Agersb. t.c.y. 286 (1885: S.E. 
Dakota); Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. Q28 (1886: Grenada) ; 
Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 364 (1886: Timibez); Salvin, Ibis, Ib86, 

p. 179 (British Guiana) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 156 
(1886); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 152 (1886: Manitoba); Towns. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 199 (1887 : Humboldt Bay); Cooper, Auk, 
iv. p. 91 (1887: Ventura Co., California); Cory, t. c. p. 316; 
Pidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. pp. 167, 585 (1887); Merrill, Auk, v. 
p. 145 (1888: Fort Klamath, Oregon); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 
(Cozumel Island); Feilden, t. c. p. 495 (Barbados); Cory, B. West 
Ind. p. 237 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 158 (1889: Florida, breeding) 
; Pindar, t. c. p. 312 (Kentucky); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat, 
Mus. xiii. p. 503 (1890: Manitoba); Shick, Auk, vii. p. 328 (1890 r 
New Jersey) ; Cory, t. c. p. 374 (Anegada); id. Auk, viii. p. 4 
(1891: Antigua); Northrop, t. c. p. 76 (Andros Isl.) ; Brewster fy 
Chapman, t. c. p. 137 (Suwanee River); Cory, t c. p. 351 
(Inagua); id. Cat. B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892: Bahamas, Greater 
and Lesser Antilles); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892: Jamaica) -r 
46 . SYMPHEMIA. 407 
Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Caloosahatchie 
Region). 
Totanus seinipalmatus, var. speculiferus, Lembeye, Ad. Cuba, p. 133


Catoptrophorus crassirostris, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 596 (1856). 

Catoptrophorus speculiferus, Brewer. Froc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist viL 

p. 308(1860: Cuba). 
Symphernia speculifera, Sol. Ibis, 1862, p. 199. 
Symphernia semipalmata inornata, Brewster, Auk, iv. p. 145 (1887) -r 
Beckh. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 637, 642, 653 (1887: Texas) ; 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 585, note (1887); Scott, Auk, v. 

p. 185 (1888: Tarpon Springs), vi. p. 158(1889); Merriam, N. 
Amer. Faun. no. 5, p. 92 (1891: Snake R., July; Great Salt 
Lake, breeding) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892: Caloosahatchie 
Region, Florida); Fisher, N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, pt. 2, p. 23 
(1893 : Morro Bay, California); Fichm. $ Knowlt Auk, xi. p. 302 
(1894: Montana), 
Symphemia semipalmata typica, Brewster, Auk, iv. p. 146 (1887). 
Symphemia semipalmata speculifera, Allen, Auk, v. p. 424 (1888). 
Totanus semipalmatus speculiferus, Seebohm, Geoqr. Distr. Charade 

p. 359 (1888). 
Adult in ivinter plumage. General colour above ashy brown, the 
rump somewhat darker, the feathers with white fringes and subterminal 
dusky bars ; upper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts ashy 
brown; the outermost lesser coverts blackish, fringed with white, 
the greater coverts vermiculated with dusky brown, and with a 
distinct sub-terminal line of brown; the outer median and greater 
coverts broadly edged with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and primaries blackish tipped with white, the latter with the basal 
half white; secondaries white, the outer ones with a brown mark 
near the end of the outer web; the inner secondaries ashy brown 
like the back, and mottled with blackish markings near the ends; 
centre tail-feathers light ashy, with brown barrings near the ends, 
these markings disappearing on the outer feathers, which are for the 
most part white; crown of head and neck uniform ashy, as also-
the sides of the face, the latter with shaft-lines of darker brown; a 
supra-loral streak of white reaching to the fore part of the eye; 
fore part of cheeks and entire under surface of body white, with a 
shade of ashy grey on the sides of the breast; the fore-neck and 
chest also slightly freckled with ashy; the axillaries blackish, fringed 
with white at the ends; under wing-coverts blackish, edged with 
white, those round the bend of the wing white with blackish centres; 
lower primary-coverts and quills below black with white bases. 
Total length 12 inches, culmen 2*4, wing 7*3, tail 2*7, tarsus 2-2. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Differs from the winter plumage-
in having a tinge of ruddy brown over the grey of the upper surface, 
which is thickly mottled with bars and arrow-head markings of 
black; the rump uniform ashy brown; some of the upper tail-
coverts barred with brown, and the centre tail-feathers crossed with 
black bars ; the head and neck ashy brown, streaked with blackish 
centres to the feathers ; the sides of the face, throat, and fore-neck 
streaked with blackish, the latter also spotted with black; breast


408 
CHAKADEIIM. 

and sides of body, as well as the under tail-coverts, with zigzag bars 

of dusky blackish : " bill light blue, dusky towards the end ; feet 

light blue, claws black; iris brown " (J. J, Audubon). Total length 

12 inches, oilmen 2-15, wing 7*7, tail 2-8, tarsus 2*05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 13 inches, 

culmen 2-3, wing 7*7, tail 2*8, tarsus 2-2. 

Young. Similar to the winter plumage of the adults, but the 

upper surface mottled with fulvous spots on both webs of the 

feathers : the head uniform ashy brown; the outer tail-feathers 

barred, but the middle one almost uniform. Under surface of body 

white, freckled with grey on the breast. 

I have been unable to distinguish Symphemia inornate^ Brewster, 

from 8. semipalmata, and I can endorse Mr. Seebohm's opinion that 

the two races are entirely connected by intermediate specimens. 

Hah. Temperate North America, to Central and South America 

in winter. Accidental in Europe. The true 8. semipalmata is said 

by Mr. Eidgway to inhabit the Atlantic coasts of the United States, 

while 8. inornata is supposed to inhabit Western North America, 

east to the Mississippi Valley (Illinois, &c.) and Gulf States (sparingly 

to South Atlantic States in winter) ; south through Mexico, &c. in 

winter (ef. Man. p. 585). 

a. Ad. sk. N. America. Old Coll. 
49th Parallel, May 28 (<?. Dawb. 
Ad. sk. son). N. A. Bound. Comm, 
Snake River, Idaho, July 16 
c. Juv. sk. (C. H. Mernam). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
New Jersey. 
d. Ad. sk. 
J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
e. $ ad. sk. Philadelphia. 
[p.]. 
/ 
¥ ad.; g. 6 Cobb's IsL, Virginia, July, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. (-H". W. Henshaw). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h, i. <5 J ad. sk, Florida (Henshaw Coll.), Salvin-Godman Coll. 

k. 
Ad. sk. Florida (C. J. Maynard). Seebohm Coll. 
L-q. tf ad.etjuv.; Tarpon Springs, Florida, March Salvin-Godman CoU. 
r-a. 2 ad. et to May, Aug. to Oct., Dec. 
juv. sk. ( W. JE. D. Scott). 

y,'z. 6 2 ad.sk. Brownsville, Texas, April, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
a'-k\ <$ $ ad. Corpus Christi, April, Mav, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk (F. B. A.). 
J'. ?'ad.sk. Nueces Co., Texas, Oct. 18 (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. A.). 
m'. $ ad. sk. San Diego, California, Dec. 12 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. W. Henshaw). 
n', o\ Ad. et Mexico. Seebohm Coll 
imm. sk. 
2 a<l' s^. Tres Marias Isl., March 4 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

pr.

Forrer). 
q', r'. <5 J ad. sk. Presidio, Jan., March (A. F.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
«*>'. 2 ad. sk. San Bias, Tepic, April 24 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

( W. B. Bicha?'dson). 
i\ Ad. sk. Tehuantepec (F. Sumic^rast), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
47 . TOTANOS. 409 
u'-d". Ad. etimm. sk, 
OozumelIsland (G.F.Gaumer). Salvin-Godraan Coll. 
e". Imm. sk.
J", Ad. sk. 
Chiapam, Guatemala (0. S.). 
San Jose, Guatemala, Jan. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g". c? ad. sk.
(0. S.). 
San Pedro, Honduras (G. M. Sabin-Godman Coll. 
h''. Ad. sk.
i". Ad. sk.
WJiitely). 
Grenada, West Indies, Aug. 30(D. W. Smith). 
British Guiana. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

47. TOTANUS. T 
Totanus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 282 (1803) T. calidris. 
Gambetta (nee Koch), Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 54 (1829) T. calidris. 
Erythroscelis, Kaup, torn. cit. p. 54 (1829) T. calidris. 
iEgialodes, Jleine, in Seine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. 

Hein. p. 327 (1890) T. calidris. 

Range. Almost cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

:. Lower back and rump white; upper tail-coverts 
barred. 

a'. Largest: culmen 2*3-2*4 inches, wing 6*256*
45 inches; secondaries regularly barred 
with white and dusky blackish, none of them 
entirely white ; tail-feathers all barred fuscus, p. 409. 

b'. Of moderate size: culmen 1\55 inch, wing 5*85 
inches • inner secondaries for the most part 
white or with dusky bases, not barred; tail-
feathers narrowly banded calidris, p. 413. 

c'. Smallest: culmen 1*5 inch, wing 5*2 inches; 
inner secondaries brown with a little white 
on the inner web, no bars; centre tail-
feathers barred, outer ones white, freckled 
with brown on the outer web, but with no 
bars , stagnatilis, p. 422. 

. Lower back and rump dusky brown; upper tail-

coverts white, the longer ones banded. 
d'. Larger: culmen 2*15 inches, wing 7*3 inches, melanoleums, p. 426. 
e'. Smaller: culmen 1*4-1-45 inch, wing 6*4-6*7 

inches , flavipes, p. 431. 

1. Totanus fuscus. 
The Spotted Bedshank. 

La Barge brune, Briss. Orn. v. p. 276, pi. xxiii. fig. 2 (1760) ; 
D'Anient. PL Enl. viii. pi. 875; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii* p. 508 
(1780). 

Scolopax fusca, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 243 (1766: nee Scolopax 

fusca, ed. x.=-Tantalus fuscus) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 657 (1788). 
Scolopax maculata, Tunstail, Orn. B?-it. p. 3 (1771). 
Scolopax atra, Sander, Naturf. xiii. p. 193 (1779). 
Cambridge Godwit, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 146 (1785V 

410 CHARA.DKHDJE. 

Scolopax cantabridgiensis, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl i. p. 292 (1787) -T 

Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 668 (1788). 
Tringa atra, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 673 (1788). 
Scolopax natans, Otto, Uebers. Buff. Vog. xxvi. p. 234 (1797). 
Totanus maculatus, Bechst Orn. Taschenb. pt. 2, p. 284 (1803). 
Totanus natans, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. pt. 2, p. 286 cum tab. (1803) $ 

Brehm, Vog. Deutsehl. p. 635 (1831). 

Totanus fuscus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. pt. 2, p. 286 (1803) ; Temm. 
Man. oVOrn. p. 412 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist Nat vi. p. 399 
(1816) ; Temm. Man. oJOm. 2nd ed. ii. p. 639 (1820); Bote, Lsist 
1822, p. 560; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 293 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, 
Grail pi. 21 (1827); Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 102 (1828); Brehm, 
Vog. Deutsehl. p. 633 (1831); Less. Traite dOrn. p. 552 (1831) ; 
GrayfyHardxo. lllustr. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 53 (1832) ; Jenyns, Man. 
Brit. Vertebr. p. 196 (1835); Naum. Vog. Deutsehl viii. p. 123, 
pi. 200 (1836); Gould, B.JEur. iv. pi. 309 (1837); Bp. Comp.List 

B. Bur. 8? N. Amer. p. 51 (1838) ; Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 423 (1840) ; 
Keys. <$• Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxii, 210 (1840); Ncrdm. in Demid. 
Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 244 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Bely* 

p. 127 (1842); Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl. p. 100 (1844) ; Schl 
Rev. Crit. p. xcii (1844); Hodgs. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail 
pi. 89. no. 798; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844); Gray, List 
Grail Brit Mus. p. 100 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); id. Cat 
Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Lfodgs.y. 139 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus, 
As. Soc. p. 266 (1849 : Calcutta]; Reichenb. Grail tab. Ixxv. figs. 
576-77 (1850); Thomps. B. Lrel ii. p. 200 (1850); Middend. Beis. 
Sibir., Zool p. 214 (1851) ; Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, tab.xxxvi. Hg. 4 
(1851); Macgill. BritB. iv. p.* 328 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 241 
(1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 91 (1854); Hewits. 
Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 326, pi. kxxviii. (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 457 (1859); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xl. 
figs. 1, 2 (1860); Linderm. Vog. Grieehenl p. 138 (1860); SchL 
Dier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 2b.ftg.3 (1861) ; Lrby, Lbis, 1861, p. 239 
(Oudb); Swinh. Lbis, 1862, p. 254 (Foocbow); id. P.Z. S. 1862, 
p. 319 ; id. Lbis, 1863, p. 97 (N. Obina) ; Gray, Cat. Brit B. p. 157 
(1863); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 327 (1863) ; Wright, Lbisr 
1864, p. 146 (Malta, spring and autumn) ; Sperling, t c. p. 287 
(Missolongbi) ; Jerd. B. Lnd. iii. p. 702 (1864); Schl Mus. Rays-
Bas, Scolopaces, p. 54 (1864: Holland); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 
ii. p. 216 (1867); Gould, B. Gt Brit. iv. pi. 55 (1867); Layardr 
B. S. Afr. p. 326 (1867: Knysna); DybowsH % Parvex, J.f.O. 
1868, p. 337 (Darasun); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 113 
(1869); Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 184 (1869); Droste, Vogeha. 
Borhum, p. 181 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 34. fig. 3 (1870); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 427; Finsch $ Llartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. 
p. 748 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Ltal, Ucc. p. 219 (1871); Swinh. 
P.Z.S. 1871, p. 406; Gray, LLand-l B. iii. p. 45, no. 10275 
(1871); R. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 290 (1871); Saunders, LbisT 
1871, p. 387 (Malaga, Marcb); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 46 
(1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 255 (1872: Sakkara, April); JSeugl 
Bis, 1872, n. 65 (Waigats Isl.); Palmen, Finl. Fogl. p. 145 (1873) ; 
Brooke, Lbis, 1872, p. 338 (Sardinia, Marcb); Swinh. t c. p. 373(
Sbangbai, winter) ; Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); Meugl 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1167 (1873 : Bed Sea); LIume, Sir. F, 
i. p. 248 (1873: Sind); Adam, t c. p. 397 (Sambbur); Tacz. 
J.f. 0.1873, p. 102 (E. Siberia), 1874, p. 336; Dresser, B. Eur. 
viii. p. 165, pi. 568.figs. 2, 3, pi. 569. ^g. 1 (1875); Lrby, Orn. 
47 . TOTANtTS. 411 
Straits Gibr. p. 166 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 172 (1875); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 453 (S. Yezo, Oct.) ; Danf. § H.-Brown, Ibis, 
1875, p. 421 (Transylvania, migrant) ; Seebohmfy H.-Brown, Ibis, 
1876, p. 292 (Petchora); Dresser, t. c. p. 411; Blanf. Bast. Persia, 

ii. p. 285 (1876) ,• Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 250 (1876) ; 
Sharpe fy Bouvier, t. c. p. 313 (Congo); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 18 
(1876 : Mount Aboo district); Cockburn, t. c. p. 509 (Allahabad, 
May); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 463 (1877); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, 
p. 62 (Kiver Ob); Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 463 (1878: 
Sittang Biver); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 229 (1878: Ganges-Godavery); 
Hume, t. c. p. 488 (Calcutta); Blahist. § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 200 
(Yezo); Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 88 (1878: Lake 
Hanka, March); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 250 
(1879: Obdorsk, Aug.); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 65 (1879) ; 
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 848 
(1880); Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 193 (Lat. 69°, Siberia); Collett, 
Norges Fugle/, p. 103 (1881); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 71 (1881: 
lucknow); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 97 (Gilgit); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. 
Coll. p. 613 (1882); Blakist. $ Pryer, B. Japan, p. 110 (1882: 
Yezo); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 222 (Astrakhan), p. 381 (Archangel) 
; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 30 (Caucasus); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. 
Burm. ii. p. 405 (1883); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 176 (1883) j 
Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. iii. p. 474 (1883); Booth, Bough 
Notes, ii. (1882-87); Dyboioski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 146 
(1883); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 689 (1884 : Knysna); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 390 (Pyrenees, April); Seebohm, t. c. p. 429 
(Lenkoran); Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884: Yezo 
and Japan generally); Bogd. Consp. An. Imp. Boss. i. p. 96 (1884): 
Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 45, 341 (1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. 
Sind, p. 255 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 145, pi. 32, 
figs. 4-6 (1885); Swinhoe $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 134 (Mhow distr., 
winter); Pleske, TJebers. S'dug. u. Vo'g. Kola Halb. p. 362 (1886); 
Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 397 (1886); Salvad. Blenco TJcc. Ital. p. 286 
(1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 392 (Portugal); Gigl. # Salvad. P. Z. S. 
1887, p. 587 (Olga Bay, Corea); Buckley fy Harvie-Brown, Vertebr, 
Faun. Caithn. p. 223 (1887) ; iid. Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 135 
(1888); Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 49 (1888); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 351 (1888); Koenig, J. f. O. 1888, p. 279 
(Tunis); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 603 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 
1889, p. 342 (Cyprus, April) ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vbg. Deutschl. 

p. 47 (1889); Gigl. Avif. Ital., 1st Besoc. p. 604 (1889), 2nd Besoc, 
p. 662 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 517 (1891); Seebohm, B. Japan. Bmp. 
p. 319 (1890); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Om. Croatica),?. 90 (1890); 
Madardsz, Ausst. TJngar. Vogelf. p. 109 (1891; Styan, Ibis, 1891, 
pp. 331, 507 (Lower Yangtse); Frivaldsky, Av. Hungar. p. 142 
(1891); Buckleyfy Harvie-Br own, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 220 
(1891); Sharpe, Bep. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 140 (1891: Sirikol); 
Macphers. Vei'tebr. Faun. Lakeland, p. 397 (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 
1892, p. 24 (Heligoland); Campbell, t. c. p. 246 (Corea); De la 
Touche, t. c. p. 500 (Foochow); Hartert, t. c. p. 515 (E. Prussia); 
Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 869 (1893); Irby, Orn. 
Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 287 (1895). 
Limosa fusca, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 187 (1811). 
Tringa longipes, Leisler, Nach. Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. ii. p. 189 (1813). -
Tringa totanus, Meyer, Vo'g. Liv- u. Fsthl. p. 200 (1815). 
Totanus raii, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 31 (1816 : 


Somersetshire and Devonshire). 

412 CHAEABK1ID.E. 

Erythroscelus fiiscus, Kaup, Nat'url Sijst. p. 54 (1829); Bp. C. B. 

xliii. p. 596 (1856): Gigl Ibis, 1865, p. 61 (Pisa, May); Loche, 
Bxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. p. 319 (1867); Seine $ Reichen. NomencL 
Mus.BCein. p. 327(1890). 
Totanus ater, Brehm, Tog. DeutscM. p. 634 (1831): Sign. Bull, US. 
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 129 (1885: Bering IsL); id. Proa. U.S. Nat. 
Mm. x. p. 133 (1887 : Commander IsL). 

The Spotted Kedshank, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 520 (1843). 
Totanus fuseus indicus, Reichenb. Grail, tab. cclxxxix. figs. 2370-71 
(1850). 
Erythroscelus ocellatus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 596 (1856). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above sooty 
black, the head uniform; the hind-neck varied with white fringes 
and spots on the feathers, many of which are barred with brown ; 
scapulars also blackish, with broader white spots and edges; wing-
coverts blackish, edged with white, and notched with white on both 
webs; the greater coverts more distinctly barred and notched with 
white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries bronzy brown, 
the latter white on the inner web and freckled with brown; the 
secondaries barred with white and brown, the brown bars irregular 
in shape and producing a mottled appearance; the innermost secondaries 
bronzy brown, notched with white or brownish white on both 
webs; the lower back pure white; rump and upper tail-coverts 
regularly and distinctly barred with black and dull white; tail-
feathers also blackish, narrowly barred across with white, the bars 
somewhat interrupted on the outer feathers; sides of face, throat, 
and under surface of body sooty black, with the remains of whitish 
margins, these being more distinct on the abdomen ; the rnder tail-
coverts distinctly barred with black and white ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pure white, the edge of the wing and lower primary-
coverts barred with black: " bill very dark brown, the basal half of 
the lower mandible dusky red; legs and toes orange-red; claws 
black; iris brown " (E. W. Octtes). Total length 12 inches, culmen 
2-4, wing 6-25, tail 2*4, tarsus 2-1. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Not to be distinguished from 
the male. Total length 12 inches, culmen 2-3, wing 6*45, tail 2-5^ 
tarsus 2*1. 

Adult in winter plumage. Entirely different frou the summer 
plumage and with reddish legs ; upper surface grey, the lower back 
white; the rump and upper tail-coverts barred with black and 
white; wings bronzy brown, all the coverts and secondaries edged 
or notched with white, the secondaries as plainly barred with black 
and white as in the breeding-plumage; the innermost secondaries 
bronzy brown, with imperfect bars of black on the margins ; head 
grey like the back, with a supra-loral mark of white ; lores ashy ; 
sides of face white, streaked with ashy grey ; under surface of body 
white, with streaks of dusky grey on the fore-neck: sides of upper 
breast also ashy grey; on the flanks and under tail-coverts a few 
incomplete dusky cross-bars. 

Young birds in first plumage are similar to the winter plumage of 

47 . TOTAtfUS. 
413 
the adults, but are darker and more bronzy brown, with white spots 
on the edges of the feathers, very distinct on the scapulars and -wingcoverts 
; centre tail-feathers regularly barred with dusky; under 
surface of body broadly barred with dusky blackish on the breast, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts; the lower throat, fore-neck, and 
chest thickly mottled with dusky grey; the secondaries not so 
distinctly barred with white as in the adults, the white bars not 
being continuous across the feathers : i( bill olive, the base of the 
lower mandible orange; feet orange, claws olive; iris hazel" (H. 

Whiteltj). 

Hah. Breeds beyond the Arctic Circle in Northern Europe and 
Asia. Passes south in winter to the Mediterranean countries and 
North Africa, the Indian Peninsula, and China. 

a. Ad. 83stiv. sk. 
b. S ad. sk. 
e. $ juv. sk. 
d. <$ ad. sk, 
<?,/. Ad. etjuv.sk. 
g% $ imm. st. 

A. Ad. st 
i. 
? juv. st. 
h. Juv. sk. 
L 2 Juv-s^* 

m. S ad. sk. 
n. <$ ad. sk. 
o. Juv. sk. 
p. Juv. sk. 
q, r. £ $ ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
t, u. (J ad.; v} w. $ 
ad. sk. 

x. Ad. hiem. sk. 
y. (3 ad. sk. 
z. J ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sestiv. sk. 
V. 2 JUY- sk. 
cf. $ ad. Mem. sk. 

d', e'. $ ad. hiem. 
sk. 

f. Ad. hiem. sk. 
Dunwich, Suffolk. 
Aldborough, Sept. 9 (J. JS. 
Harting). 

Dallingham, Nov. 17. 
Breydon, Norfolk (Harting 
Coll.). 

Kent. 
New Romney, Kent Sept. 


22. 
Brighton. 
Paghairt Harbour, Sussex, 
Sept. 26. 
Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 3 

(R B. Sharpe). 

Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 10 

(J. E. Harting). 
Selsea, Sussex, Sept. 26. 

Wallsend, Sussex, Sept. 19. 

Somersetshire. 

of 
Devonshire. 
Sweden, June. 

Holland, April 29 {Harting 
Coll). 

Harlingen, Holland, Dec. 

Owerkerk,Holland(Jr.I?a&e?*). 
Malta (CI A. Wright). 
Egypt, Feb. S(G.JB. Shelley). 
Archangel, May 20. 
Obdorsk, Western Siberia, 

Aug. 27 {Dr. 0. Finsch). 
Larkhana, Sindh, Jan. 7 

{A. 0. H). 
River Jhelum, Sindb, Nov. 
27 {A. 0. H). 
Kutch, Jan. (F. Stoliczka). 

J. Leaman, Esq. [P.]„ 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Old Coll. 
Colonel Irby [P.]. 


Purchased. 


J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[0.1. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Capt. Clarke Kennedy 
[0.]. 
Montagu Coll. (Type 
Totaims raii, Leach.) 
Montagu Coll. 
Oapt. Clarke Kei 


nedy[0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

W. E. De Wintoo,. 
Esq[. [P."|. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Cull. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

414 
CKABADEIID^. 

g'. S ad. biem. sk. Sambbur, Deo. 29 (JR. M.
Adam). 
h', H. 5 juv. biem. Gurgaon Distr., Oct. 3 2 (W.
sk. N. Chill). 
A*', V. <$ ad. sestiv. Gurgaon Distr., April, May

sk. (W.N. Chill). 
m'. Ad. biem. sk. Unibala, Jan. (Dr. Scott).
n\ $ ad. sestiv. sk. Allahabad, May 8 (J. Cock-

o'-r'. Ad. gestiv. 

•v'. . biem. sk.
s'-v'. Ad 
AdAd. hi( 

w'. J ad. sk. 

x*. $ ad. sk, 

y'. Ad. sk. 

»', a". Ad. sestiv. et 
biem. sk. 
b"f c". S ad. aestiv. 
et biem. sk. 
d". $ ad. biem. sk. 

e", /' . Ad. sestiv. 

sk. 
q". Ad. sestiv. sk. 
h", i". Ad. sk. 
h". Ad. sestiv. sk. 

Ad. sestiv. sk, 
m"9 n,;. Ad. "biem.
sk. 
o". dad.; p", q". 
2 ad. biem. sk. 
r", s". J ad. biem. 

sk. 
t". <$ ad. biem. sk. 
u". c? ad. sk. 

»''-/'• Ad.; z", a\ 
Juv. sk. 

bz 

. Juv. sk. 

c*. c? juv. sk. 
d\ $ ad. sk. 

burn). 

Etawab, Feb., March. 
Etawab, Xov. to Jan. 
Cawnpore District, Dec. 19 

(A. Anderson). 
Futtebgurb Distr., April 14 

(A. Anderson). 
Futtehgurb District 
{A, Andersori). 


Nepal. 

Raipur. 

Depalpur, Central India, Jan. 

Calcutta, April (W. T. Stan


ford). 
Calcutta (E. Blyth). 
Calcutta (E. Blyth). 
Madras. 
Cbingleput. 
Tongboo, Dec. 7 (P. G. W. 

JR.). 

Pegu, Feb., April (E. W.
0.). 
Sittang R., Burma, Feb. 4

(W. Davison). 
Canton (Capt. Tuckett).
Sbangbai, Marcb 20 (P.
Swinhoe). 
Yokobama,Japan (H.Pryer).

Hakodadi, Japan, Oct. 11

(JET. Whitely). 
S.Yezo}Oct.(Capt.BIakiston).
Corea.

% Totainis caHdxis. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale C 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Swinboe 

[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Seebobm Coll. 
T.G.Jerdon,Esq.{P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 

0. W. Campbell, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tbe Common Redsbank. 

? Tbe Poole-Snipe, Albin, Nat. Mst. B. iii. p. 82, pi. 87 (1740). 
Le Cbevalier rayS, Ms . Orn. v. p. 196, pi. xviii. bg. 1 (1760); Buff. 

Mist. Nat Ois. vii. p. 516 (1780); DAubent. PI. Enl viii. pi. 827. 
Le Cbevalier tacbet6, Briss. t. c. p. 200, pi. xviii. fig. 2. 
Scolopax calidris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 245 (1760); Gm> Syst. Nat* i. 

p. 664 (1788). 
Trmga striata, Linn. Syst. Nat. L p. 248 (1766): Gm. Syst, Nat. i. 
p. 672 (1788). 
La Gambette, DAubent PI Enl viii. pi. 845. 
47 . TOTANTJS. 415 
Chevalier aux pieds rouges, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 513, 
pi. xxviii. (1780). 
Redshank, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 150 (1785). 
Chinese Redshank, Lath. torn. cit. p. 151. 

Striated Sandpiper, Lath. torn. cit. p. 176. 

Striated Sandpiper, var. A, Lath. torn. cit. p. 177. 

Totanus calidris,Bechst. Orn. Taschenb.iL p. 284 (1803) ; Temm.Man. 
oVOrn. p. 415 (1815) ; Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. 

p. 31 (1816); Vieill. N Diet d'Hist Nat vi. p. 404 (1816); Temm. 
Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 643 (1820); Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 62 (1821) ; 
Boie} Isis, 1822, p. 560 ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 294 (1825); Werner, 
Atlas, Grail, pi. 22 (1827); Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 102 (1828); 
Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 552 (1831); Brehn, Vog. Beutschl. p. 637 
(1831) ; Minitr. Cat rais. Cauc. p. 51 (1832) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit 
Vertebr. p. 196 (1835); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna) ; 
Naum. Vog. Beutschl. viii. p. 95, tab. 199 (1836); Gould, B. Bur. 

iv. p. 310 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 51 
(1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 424 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. 
Eur. pp. Ixxii, 211 (1843); Nordm. in JDemid. Voy. Buss. Merid. 
iii. p. 244 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 128 (1842); 
Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl p. 100 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit 
p. xciii (1844); Kodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus., Grail, pi. 89 a. 
no. 367 ;* id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Gray, List Grail. 
Brit. Mus. p. 100 (1844); Hupp. Syst Uebers. p. 126 (1845); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); id. Cat Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. 
Bodgs. p. 139 (1846); Bewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 289, pi. lxxx. 
(1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 266 (1849); Reichenb. 
Grail, tab. lxxv. figs. 580-81 (1850); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 202 
(1850); Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool. p. 205 (1851: Ochotsk, Aug.) ; 
Kjcerb. JDanm. Fugle, tab. 36. fig. 5 (1851); Macgill. Brit B. iv. 
p. 333 (1852); Sol Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 126 (Suez); Licht 
Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 92 (1854); Schl. Vog. Nederl. 
pis. 243, 244 (1854); Eeugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 62 (1856); Bartl. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 234 (1857: Ashanti); Beugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 347 
(Massowah, Aug.; DanaHl and Somali Coast) ; Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 458 (1859) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 40. 
figs. 3, 4 (1860); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 138 (1860) ; F. $ P. 
Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 87 (Bodo, May, breeding); Irby, t c. p. 239 
(Kumaon); Swinh. t c. p. 363 (N. China, Aug. to Dec.); id. Ibis, 
1862, p. 254 (Foochow); id. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 320 (Tientsin); id. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 407 (Formosa, Sept.); Newton in Baring-Gould1s 
Iceland, p. 412 (1863); Gray, Cat. Brit B. p. 158 (1863) ; JRadde, 
Beis. Sibir., Vog. p. 328 (1863 : Lake Baikal, Aug., Sept.); Sioinh. 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 311 (Formosa); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 702 (1864); 
Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 65 (1864: Borneo; Java; 
Celebes); Pelz. Beis. Novara, Vog. p. 126 (1865: Nicobars); 
Swinhoe, Ibis. 1865, p. 347 (Takow); Filippi, Viagg. Persia, p. 251 
(1865); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1865, p. 347 (Takow); More, t c. p. 435; 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 324 (1867); JDeglfyGerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. 
p. 218 (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 454 (Portugal); Collett, 
Norges Fuglef. p. 55 (1868); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 113 
(1869); JDoderl Avif. Sicil. p. 184 (1869); Broste, Vogehv. 
Borhim, p. 183 (1869); Blanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 433 
(1870: Red Sea, Jan.); Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332; 
Swinhoe, t c. p. 364 (Hainan); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 34. 
figs. 4, 6 (1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 299 (1870: Zoulla, 
March); Gray, Band-l. B. iii. p. 45, no. 10272 (1871) ; Swinhoe^ 
CHAEADEIlDiE. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 406; Sahad. Faun. Ital, JJcc. p. 220 (1871) ^ 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (Andalucia, breeding); Gould, 
B. Gt. Brit iv. pi. 54 (1871) ; M. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 291 
(1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit B. p. 46 (1872); Feilden, Zool 
1872, p. 3248 (Fseroe KL); £fo%, 2?. -%^ ? p. 255 (1872); 
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 300 (1872: Lake N'pami); 
Heugl. Bis, 1872, p. 65 (Waigats Isl.) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 74 (Nagua 
R Pantee); Wald. Tram. Z. S. viii. p. 97 (1872: Celebes); 
Ball Str.F. i. p. 85 (1873); Hume, t e. p. 248 (Karachi) ; AdamT 
t.c. p. 397 (Sainbhur); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1. p. llb%> 
(1873: N.E. Africa, Sept. to April): Anting Salmd. Viagg. 
Bogos, p. 145 (1873: Massaua); Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 373 (Shanghai 
winter); Brooke, t c. p. 338 (Sardinia, winter) ; Hayes Lloyd, 
t c. p. 417 (Kathiawar); Palmen, Finl Fogl p. 150 (1873); 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevoin. p. 69 (1873); Sauby, B. Shetl p. 194 
(1874) 5 ZTssher, Ibis, 1874, p. 74 (Gold Coast); Wald. t. c. p. 147 
(Andamans) ; Durnf. t c. p. 399 (X. Frisian Isl.) ; Hume, Str. F. 
ii p 299 (1874: Andamans, Sept. to May) : Adam, t c. p. 339 
(Sambhur, July); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 328 (1874); Blyth $ 
Wald. B. Burm. p. 155 (1875); Dresser, B. Eur. \m. p. 157, 
pi. 568. tig. 1, ph 569. fig. 2 (1875); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 

p. 1G6 (lb/o); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 173 (1875): Banf $ Hanrie-
Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 421 (Transylvania) ; Wald. Trans. Z. S. is. 
p 234 (1875: Philippine Isl.) ; Butler, Str. F iv. p. 18 (1870 : 
Mount Aboo); Scully, t. c. p. 189 (East. Turkestan): Armstrong, 
t c p. 348 (Irawaddy Delta); BlanfFast Persia, ii. p. 285 (1876: 
Shiraz Lake, June); Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 412 ; Tacz. Bull Soc. 
Zool France, i. p. 251 (1870); Butler, Str. F v. p. 233 (1877: 
Karachi, Aug., Hay); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 464 (1877); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 156 (1877: Poland); Banf. 
Ibis, 1878, p. 33 (Asia Minor); Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. 
p 88 (1878); Hume # Davison, Sir. F vi. p. 464 (1878: 
Tenasserim); Davids, fy Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 (1878: Deccan); 
Cripps t. c. p. 304 (Faridpur); Hume, i. c. p. 488 (Calcutta); id. 
op cit yiii. p. 113 (1879); Bogd. B. Caue. p. 157 (1879); Finsch, 
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 250 (1879: Sassyk-Alu-Kul, May) j 
Tiraut, Bull Agric. CocMnchine, (3) i. p. 157 (1879); Butler, Cat. 
B Sind etc. p. 65 (1879: winter visitor); id. Cat B. S. Bomb. 
Ires. p. 78 (1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 852 (1880); Tidal, 
Str F. ix. p. 80 (18b0: S. Konkan) ; Hume, t. c. p. 259 (Cachar); 
Reid, Str. F. x. p. 71 (1881: Lucknow); Oates, i. c. p. 241 
(Pegu); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 97 (Gflgit); Scully, t c. p. o89 
(Gilffit, April and Sept); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 466 (1881); 
CollettNorges Fuglef. p. 102 (1881); Blahist $ Fryer, B. Jap. 
^ 109 (1882); Sa&n, Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 613 (1882: Smyrna); 
6 Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 122 (Candahar, Jan. to March); Seebohm, 
t 'c p 222 (Astrakhan); Biddulph, t. c. p. 229; Seebohm, t. c. 
p SSi (Archangel); Davids. Str. F. x. p. 321 (1882: West. 
Khandeish); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 30 (Caucasus, deeding) 
Severtz. t c. p. 74 (Pamir, breeding); Irby,J. c. p. 186 (Santander); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. u. p. 404 (1883); 
B O. U. List Brit. B. p. 176 (1883); Booth, Bough Notes, 
ii 7l882-87); Gwlioll Iconogr. Avif. Ital no. 295; Saunders, ed. 
YarreWs BrU. B. iii. p. 469 (1883); id. Ibis 1884 p._390 
(Pyrenees, March) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Smd, p. 25b (1884); 
Radde, Orn. Cam. pp. 45, 432 (1884: Tiflis, 6300 ft breeding); 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 688 (1884); Bogd. Consp. Av. 

47 . TOTANirs. 
417 

Imp. Moss. p. 96 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest p. 134 
(1884 : winter); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 140, pi. 32.figs. 1-& 
(1885); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 43 (Corsica); Swinh.fyBarnes 

t. c. p. 134 (Mhow distr.); Seebohm, t. c. p. 363 (Yokohama) ; 
Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21 (Aden); Sharpe, t. c. p. 167 (Muscat) ; 
Reid, t. c. p. 253 (Laraish Valley, Marocco, winter) ; Sharpe, t. c. # 
p. 492 (Fao); Hartert, J.f. 0.1886, p. 608 (K. Niger, Sept. and 
Feb.); Giglioli,Avif.Ital.-p.m (188G); 8alvad.EkncoUcc.ItaL 
p. 226 (1886); Pleske, Uebers. Sdug. u. Tog. Kola-Halbins. p. 362 
(1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 392 (Portugal, July and Aug.); 
Macgregor, Str. F. x. p. 466 (1887: Mysore); Harvie-Brown 
# Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithn. p. 223 (1887); Giglioli # 
Salvad. P. Z. S.1887, p. 587 (Olga Bay, Corea) ; Karvie-Brown §Buckley, 
Vertebr. Faun. Outer Sebf. p. 135 (1888); Seebohmr 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 353 (1888); Tacz. P. Z. S.1888, p. 457 
(Corea) ; Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 49 (1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888,, 
p. 203 (Palawan); Ko&nig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 279 (Tunis, April) -T 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 325 (1888: Manipur) ; Everett, Journ. 
Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 208; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177 
(Afghanistan, winter); Lilford, t. c. p. 342 (Cyprus, April) ; 
Clarke, t. c. p. 552 (Pyrenees); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 601 
(1889); Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 47 (1889); Giglioli, 
Avif. Ital, 1st Resoc. p. 632 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 662 (1890), Srd 
Resoc. p. 517 (1891); Koenig, J.f.O. 1890, p. 456 (Madeira); 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 320 (1890); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1890, 
p. 442 (Madeira) ; Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croatica), p. 90 
(1890); W. Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 81 (incubation); Lilford, Col. 
Fig. Brit. B. part xviii. (1891) ; Madardsz, Erldut. Ausst. Ungar-
Vogelf. p. 108 (1891); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 140 (1891); 
Buckley fy Karvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 21^ 
(1891); Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Switzerland, April); 
Dresser, t. c. p. 169 (Erzeroum); Sharpe, t. c. p. 114 (Fao); id. 
Rep. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 140 (1891: Yarkand, Nov.; Karghalik, 
May); Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 507 (1891) ; Macpherson, 
Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, p. 395 (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 
(Heligoland, spring and autumn); Rendall, t. e. p. 229 (Gambia); 
De la louche, t. c. p. 500 (Foochow and Swatow); Hartert, t. c. 
p. 515 (E. Prussia); Harvie-Brown $* Buckley, Vertebr. Faun* 
Argyll $ Inner Uebr. p. 181 (1892); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 173,181 
(Aden); Meade-Waldo, t c. p. 205 (Canary Isl.); Styan, t. c. p. 437 
(Hainan); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 866 
(1893) ; PearsonfyBidwell,Ibis, 1894, p. 235 (N. Norway, breeding) -yIrby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 287 (1895) ; Sjostedt,K. Svensk. 
Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxvii. p. 27 (1895 : Cameroons, Feb.). 
Gambetta calidris, Kaup, Naturl Syst. p. 54 (1829); Bp. C. R. xliii. 

p. 597 (1856); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 80 (Algeria); Poivys, t. c. 
p. 345 (Epirus and Corfu) ; Loche, Expl. Sci.Algir., Ois. ii. p. 321 
(1867). 

Totanus littoralis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 636 (1831). 

Totanus striatus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 637 (1831). 

The Common Redshank, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 254 (1843). 

Totanus graecus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 312 (1855). 

Totanus meridionalis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 292. 

Tringa calidris, Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 33 (Alexandria,Feb.); Wright, 
t c. p. 146 (Malta, Sept. to April). 
Totanus fuscus (nee Leisl), Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 295 (Formosa). 
iEgialodes calidris, Seine <§* Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein, p. 327 

(1890). 
OL. X5IY. 2 E 

418 CHAEADE1ID-E. 

Adult Male in summer plumage. General colour above "brown, with 
more or less of a reddish hue, the feathers mottled with black centres 
and notched or barred with black on the margins ; scapulars brown, 
barred with black; lower back and rump pure white, with a few 
black spots on the latter; upper tail-coverts ashy white, barred 
across with black; wing-coverts uniform, excepting the median and 
greater coverts, which are barred with lighter brown and notched 
with white at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-covert*, and primaries 
uniform blackish brown; the inner primaries white towards 
the ends, freckled with brown ; secondaries white, with blackish 
bases ; the inner secondaries brown, notched with whity br* »wn and 
more or less distinctly barred with black ; centre tail-feathers 
brown, barred with darker brown, the remainder white, barred across 
with blackish ; crown of head dark brown, the feathers edged with 
lighter brown ; lores blackish; sides of face and ear-coverts whitt, 
streaked with blackish brown ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of 
body white, streaked \uth broad central markings of blackish brown, 
most of the breast-feathers with more or less concealed bars of 
brown ; abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks with arrow-shaped 
bars and streaks of brown ; under tail-covcrts white, barred across 
with brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, with a 
few narrow brown bars near the edge of the wing; quills below 
dusky brown, ashy on the inner web, many of the quilK freckled or 
barred with brown : bill black, red near the base ; feet bright 
orange-red; iris brown. Total length 9*5 inches, eufmen 1*55, 
wing 5*85, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*65. 

Adult female in breedAng-plwuage. Similar to the male, but not 
quite so strongly mottled with black above and somewhat less spotted 
below. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 02, tail 2*45, 
tarsus 1*65. 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 
being more uniform both above and below. The upper surface is 
dark ashy brown, and the wing-coverts and inner secondaries are 
also uniform brown, excepting for a few whitish notches and bars 
at the end of the greater coverts and on some of the inner secondaries 
; otherwise the quills and fail-feathers are the same as in the 
summer plumage; throat and underparts white; the sides of the face 
and lower throat narrowly streaked with blackish ; the fore-neck, 
chest, and sides of breast uniform ashy brown ; the sides of the body, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts white, with wavy bars of blackish 
brown ; the centre of the breast also mottled with a few spots and 
bars of brown : bill dark brown; feet yellow; iris dark brown. 

Young after first <moidt. Similar to the winter plumage of the 
.adults, but more spangled above, with reddish-brown edges to the 
feathers and white or fulvous notches or bars on the wing-coverfs 
and inner secondaries; under surface of body with triangular spots 
of brown on the fore-neck and breast, and the sides of the body 
irregularly barred with brown. 

Nestling. Beddish above, longitudinally streaked with black; 
the sides of the crown and sides of face buff, with a black line 

47 . TOTANUS. 
419 
through the eye; the centre of the crown rufous, with a 
median line of black, the nape and hind-neck for the most part 
black ; down the back a central line of black, mesially mottled with 
buff, and on each side of the back a broad line of pale buff intersected 
by a line of black. 

The Eastern Bedshanks from Central Asia and India are much 

more richly coloured in the breeding-season than European indi


viduals, being much 
more rufous, and having the inner median 

coverts rufous with 
distinct blackish bars. The European spe


cimens appear to be always more dusky, both in winter and summer 

plumage. 

Hal. Breeds throughout Europe generally and the Mediterranean 

countries, and across 
Asia Minor south of about 55° to Eastern 

Siberia. In winter it visits Africa, India, the Burmese countries, 

and the Malayan Archipelago. 

a-c. Pull. sk. Orkney Islands. Gould CoU. 

d, e. Pull. sk. Orkney Islands. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f,g. Pull, st Kirkwall, Orkneys. Purchased. 
"h. Imm. sk. Thurso, N. Scotland (It. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. R). 
i, h. S $ hiem. sk. Moray Forth, Sept. 10. J. M. Chadwick, Esq. 
I. Imm. sk. St. Andrews (JR. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
»Zj n. Ad. sk. Island of Tiree, March 4. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
o, p. Ad. sk. Warkworth, NorthumberSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
land, Nov. 

q-t. PuU. st. Carlisle, Cumberland, June. Rev. H. A. Macpher


son [P.]. 

u, v. Ad. sk. Lincolnshire. Montagu Coll. 

w-z. cJ $ juv. sk. Lincolnshire, Sept. 11. J. H. Caton Haigh, 

Esq. [P.l. 
a\ bf. Ad. sk. Norfolk. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<?'. Pull. st. Yarmouth, June. Harting Coll. 
dr. Pull. sk. Norfolk Broads, May 27. Dr. Gunther [P.]. 
e',f. <5 ? ad. sk. Snape, Suffolk, May 25 (A. Seebohm Coll. 

C. Kennedy). 
g\ J ad. sk. Walton, Essex (F. Bond). Seebohm Coll. 
h'. Juv. st. Kingsbury Keservoir, MidHarting 
Coll. 
dlesex, Aug. (J. JE. H.). 
i\ h\ Juv. sk. Eomney Marsh, Kent, Aug., Dr.RB.SharpeLP.]. 
Sept. 

V. 6 
ad. sk. Pagham Harbour, Sussex, Seebohm Coll. 
May (J. JS. Harting). 
mr. 6 juv. sk. Pagham Harbour, Aug. 14 Seebohm Coll. 
(G.E.Shelley). 
ri. Juv. st. South Wales. Rev. A. Morgan [P.]. 
o'j p\ Ad. et juv. Ballinacuik, Ireland. C. Coningham, Esq. 

st. HP.]. 
q'. <$ ad. sk. Bodo, Norway (F. D. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r\ 6 ad. sk. Dovrefjeld, Norway. Gould CoU. 
s'. $ imm. sk, Kistrand, June 20 (H. &). Seebohm Coll. 

f. 
(J ad. sk. Havre, P/ance, April 18 Seebohm Coll. 
(V.Pluche). 
u\ <5 ad. sk. River Genil,Granada, Spain, Tweeddale Coll. 
April (H. Saunders). 
2E2 

420

v'. $ ad. sk.

w', x\ Ad. sk

«/'. r? ad. sk.


z'. Ad. sk.

a". Ad. sk.

b". <5 ad. sk.

c". Ad. sk.

d". Ad. sk.

e"-g". Ad. sk.

h". Ad. st.

i". <$ ad. sk.

k". Ad. sk.

I". $ ad. sk.

m'\ 9i". Ad. sk.

o". S ad. sk.

p"-t". Imm. sk.

u". Ad. sk,

v". <S ad. sk.

w". Ad.sk.

x". Ad. sk.

y". Ad. sk.

z". (S ad. sk.

a3, b3. Ad. sk.
c3. $ ad.; ^3. Pull.
sk. 
e3. Ad. sk.

f. Imm. sk.
gz. Ad. sk.
h\ Ad. sk.
i*~P. Ad. sk.
m3, n3. S $ ad. sk.

o3 <? ad.; p\ f.
$ ad. sk. 
r8, s3. Imm. sk.

t\ S ad.; u3, vK$ ad. sk.
w\ <$ ad. sk.

x\ S ad. sk.

 CHAEADKILDJE. 

 Seville, Spain, April 20

(If. Saunders), 

 Marocco. 
Madeira, April 26.


 River Gambia. 
Naqua River, Fantee (H.

T. Ussher). 
Zoulla, Abyssinia, March 12

( W. Jesse), 
Zoulla, Jan. 23. 
Egypt, Feb. 19. 
Egypt, Feb. (G. F. Shelley). 
Athens.


 Mount Carmel, Palestine. 
Asia Minor, May 18 (G. G.
Danford). 
Asia Minor, Feb. 5 (T.Fohson). 
Marshes of Babylonia (Commander 
Jones), 

 Shiraz Lake, June 8. 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug.,
Sept. 
Muscat. 
Saissan, Turkestan, May 20

(Dr. 0. Finsch). 

 Gulcha.

 Murghab, June 17.

 Maralbashi, April S.

 Yarkand (J. Biddulph).

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seeboiim Coll. 

 W. R. Ogilvie Grant,Esq. 
[P.]. 
GovernorRendall[C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
CaptfShelley |T.]. 
Seeboiim Coll." 
Consul Merlin [P.], 

 Canon Tristram [CI. 
Seeboiim Coll. 

 Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
TP.~. 
Inclia Museum. 

 Sir 0. St. John X1.]. 

 W. D. Cumming^Esq. 
[P.\ 
Colonel Miles [P.]. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

 St. George Littledale, 
Esq. [P.]. 
St. George Littledale, 
Esq. [P.]. 
St. George Littledale, 
Esq. ;PA 
Hume Coll. 

 Yarkand (Colwiel Ghajp?)ian). Br. R. B. Sharpe 

 Yarkand, June (J. Scully).

 Earghalik, Yarkand, May 29

(F. Stoliczka). 
Yarkand, Nov. 13 (F. S.). 
Kashgar (Dr. JBellew). 
Thibet. 
Thibet, June to August (L.
Mandelli). 
Candahar, Marchj April (Sir

0. St. John). 
Candahar, Jan. to March.

 Ghiznee, Sindh (Dr. H.
Gould). 
Karachi, Dec, Feb. (A. 0. 
Jff.). 
Karachi, Sept. 13 (F. A.
Butler). 
Shahpur, Nov. 27 (A. 0.

 Hume Coll. 
Forsyth Exped. 
Forsyth Exped. 

 India Museum. 
Earl of Gifford [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
CoL Swinhoe [P.l. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

y3. Imm. sk. 

s3, a4. c?ad.et3mm.; 

h\ J ad. sk. 

c\ Ad. sk. 

d\ e\ £ $ ad. sk. 

fS 9l-6 juv. sk. 

M Ad. sk. 

i^. Ad. sk. 

m^-p*. <J ad. sk. 

qK <$ ad. sk. 

r4. Imm. sk. 

s4-?#4. Ad. sk. 

x\ Ad. sk. 

y4,55*. Ad. sk. 

a5. Ad. sk. 

V-d\ Ad. sk. 

a5,/5, d1 $ ad. sk. 

<r/5-i5. Ad. sk. 

k'\ S ad. sk. 

l\ ? ad. sk. 

m5. Ad. sk. 


n. 2 a(l sk* 
o5. Ad, sk. 
j?5. Ad. sk. 

q5} r5. $ ad. j s% 
t3 

. $ ad. sk. 
u5. S ad. sk. 
v5~g\ S ad. sk. 
z5. S ad. sk. 
a6, 5°. 6 2 ad. sk. 
.cs. $ ad. sk. 
d6, *s. cj ad.; /6. 
5 ad. sk. 
y , A6. $ ad. sk. 

iQ 

. <$ ad. sk. 
k*. c? ad. sk. 
2\ 2 ad. sk. 

47 . T0TA3S-TTS. 
Balacherry, Kattiawar, Oct. 

Sambhur, March, July, Nov. 

(R. M. Adam). 
Delhi. 
Ghirgacm Distr., Feb., Oct. 

(W.N. Chill). 
Gilgit, August. 
Kooloo, N.W. Himalayas 

{Major Hay). 

Etawah, Nov., Jan. 
Futtehghur District, Sept., 
Oct. (A. Anderson). 
Futtekghur, Sept. 6 (A. Anderson). 


Nepal. 
Native Sikhim, May-Aug. 

(L. Mandelli). 
Darjeeling. 
Calcutta [D. Blyth). 
Calcutta. 
Calcutta, April (W. T.Blan


ford). 

Calcutta. 

DA o (*i\j 

N.E. Ceylon, Jan. 28 (W. 
V. Legcje). 
Faridpur, April 2 (J. R. 
Cripps). 
Assam [McClelland). 
Caohar, March 23 (J. Di


gits). 
Aracan Coast (R. C. Tytler). 
Burmah, Dec. 28 (R. G. W. 

R.). 

Elephant Point, Dec, Jan. 

(J. Armstrong). 
Zike-ka-Yai Greek, Oct. 23 

(J. Armstrong). 
Lower Pegu, April, Nov. 

(R W. 0). 
Karen-nee, March 29 (R. G. 

W. JR.). 
Amherst, Tenasserim, Dec, 
Jan. (TV. Davison). 
Kadoc, Sal ween Ri ver,Feb.4 

(W. Davison). 
Thatone, 
Dec. (W. Davison). 


Long Island, Tavoy River, 
April 29 ( W. Davison). 
Wippitan, Dec. 13 (J. Dar


ling). 
Bopyin Creek,Dec. 22 (W. 
Davison). 

Choungchapee Creek, Malewoon, 
May 15 (W. Davison). 


Col. Hayes Lloyd 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Biddulph [0.1 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Hume CoU. 
Godwin-Austen Ooll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Ooll, 

422 
CHAEADPJIDJE. 

m% ne. tf ? ad. sk. 

o6, p\ 6 2 ad. sk. 

q6, r\ 6 $ ad. sk. 

S6 imm 

, f. s 2-; 
w6. tf ad. sk. 
vB. $ ad. sk. 

wG. g ad. sk. 

#e 

. Ad. sk. 
yG~k7. d ad.; Vs7. 
$ ad. sk. 

£7. Imm. sk. 

w7. cJ imm. sk. 

v7. $ ad. sk. 
w7. 6 imm.; ^7, y7. 
2 imm. sk. 
&7. tf ad. sk. 

a8, bs. 6 $ ad. sk. 

c8. Ad. sk. 

id. Ad. sk. 

e8. tf ad. sk. 
fs 

. Ad. sk. 
/ , A8. Ad. sk. 

i8. S ad. sk. 

k\ Skeleton. 

P. Sternum. 
m\ Skull. 
n*. Sternum. 
os. Bones of trunk. 

Port Blair, S. Andamans, 
May, July (B. J. Whaberley). 


Port Blair, Jan. (W. Davi


son). 
Port Blair, June, Sept. (JR. 

J. Winiberlcy).
S. 
Andaman,-, Sept. (JR. J. 
irimberley). 
S. Andamans, 2s ov. 4 (JR. J. 
Wimberley). 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, 

May 3 (IV. JDaviton). 
X:eobar Klandb. 
Salangore, Malayan Penin


sula, Au2"., Dec, Marcli 

(W.DarUon). 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Singapore, Sept. 12 {W. 

Daviscn). 

Sarawak, Borneo. 
Lahuan, Augr>t. 

Dumaguete, Xegros, Feb. 8. 

X. Bohol, May (A. II Eve-
red). 
Hainan, Feb. (JR. Sidnhoe). 
Talow, Formosa, Oct. (B. 

Sidnhoe). 

Canton, China. 
Tientsin. 
Shanghai, Jan., April (JR. 


Sic inhoe). 
Lob-Xor, March (JPrjevalshy). 


England. 
Ensland. 
Heligoland. 
Pegu. 

Xepal. 

3. Totanus stagnatilis. 
Totanus stagnatilis, Beehst. Orn. Taschenb.

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Cull. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

A. II. E\ert-tt, E>q. 
rev. 

EfLf Moselev, Esq. 

Tweeddale Cull. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Purchased. 
John Riv, E*q. [P.". 
Dr. Gunther X1.1. 

E. AV. Oate;, "Esq. 
[C.j. 
Hodgson Coll. 
ii. p. 292, cum tab. 
(1803) ; Vieill N. Diet. d'Hid. Sat. vi. p. 403 (1810) ; Temm. 
Man. dJOrn. ii. p. 647 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 295 (1825); 
Werner, Atlas, Grail, pi. xxiii. (1827) ; Less. Traite dJOnx. p. 552 
(1831); Brehm, Vdg. Deutsckl. p. 644 (1831); Saum. Tog. 
DeutschL viii. p. 171, pi. 202 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 314 
(1837) ; JBp. Comjp. List JB. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 51 (1838) ; 
Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 426 (1840) ; Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. 
pp. lxxii, 210 (1840); Nor dm. i/i Demid. Voy. JRuss. Mend. iii. 
p. 246 (1840 : Black Sea, April); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. 
p. 127, note (1842); SchL JRev. Crit. p. xciii (1844); Miihle, 
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 99 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. 

47 . TOTANUS. 423Mus. 
p. 100 (1844: Athens; Dalmatia; Gambia); fflpp. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 126 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 37 (1848); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 266 (1849 : Calcutta) ; 
Reichenb. Grail tab. lxxv. figs. 578-9 (1850); Middend. Reis. 
Sibir., Zool. p. 214 (1851: Sea of Ochotsk) ; Licht Nomencl 
Av. Mus. Berol. p. 91 (1854); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856) ; 
Heugl. Syst: Uebers. p. 62 (1856: Kordofan); Hartl. Orn. West-
Afr. p. 233 (1857 : Ashanti); Jaub. et Bar th.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 

p. 458 (1859) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 53; Heugl. t. c. p. 349 
(Mastioua) ; Binderm. Tog. Griechenl.^. 138(1860); Poiut/s, Ibis, 
1860, p. 344 (Corfu, March to May); Irby, Ibis, 186lJ p. 239 
(Kumaon) ; fiwinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 254 (Eoochow) ; Radde, Reis. 
Sibir., Tog. p. 328 (1863: Tarei-nor, April); Wright, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 146 (Malta, May); Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 701 (1864); Schl Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces; p. 68 (1864: Guriev; Gold Coast; Ceylon ; 
Borneo; Java); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 267 (1865); 
Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 324 (1867) ; Degl. § Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. 
p. 221 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sci Alger., Ois. ii. p. 317 (1867); 
Borggr. Togelf. Norddeutschl p. 113 (1869); Doderl. Avif, Sicil. 
p. 185 (1869); Layard, Ibis, 1809, p. 76 (Cole&berg; George) ; 
Finsch, Trans. Z. 8. vii. p. -299 (1870: Zoulla, March); Ehoes fy 
Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 33:3 (Corfu); Swinh. t. c. p. 364 (Hainan); 
Fritsch, Tog. Bur. tab. 38. fig. 3 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital.,Ucc. 
p. 220 (1871); Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 405 (Formosa; Amoy; 
Hainan) ; Sharpe # Dresser, B. Bur. viii. p. 151, pi. o6Q (1871); 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 475 (Aripo, Ceylon) ; Gurney in Anderss* 
B. Dam. Band, p. 302 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. ^57 (1872); 
BrooJce, Ibis, 1873, p. 338 (Sardinia) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. 
p. 69 (1873: breeding); Tacz. J. f. O. 1874, p. 325 (Argun R) ; 
Adam. Sir. F. ii. p. 338(1874: Sambhur); Salvad. Ucc. Born. 
p. 328 (1874); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 183 (1875: Pegu); Fallon, 
Ois. Belg. p. 173 (1875: irregular migrant) ; Cordeaux, Ibis, 
1875, p. 185 (Heligoland, May); Danf. § Harvie-Brown, t. c. 
p. 420 (Transylvania); Blyth 8r Wald. B. Burm. p. 155 (1875); 
Sliarpe # Bouvier, Bull. 8oc. Zool France, i. p. 53 (1876: Landana); 
Tacz. t. c. p. 250; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 18 (1876: Mount 
Aboo distr.); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Ahmednuggur); Armstrong, t. c. 
p. 348 (Irawaddy Delta); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 285 (1876) -r 
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 412 ; Tacz. Bidl. 8oc. Zool. France, ii. 
p. 156(1877 : Poland) ; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 463 (1877); 
Butler, Str. F v. p. 233 (1877 : Karachi, Aug. to May); Ramsayr 
Froc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 189 (1877), ii. p. 197 (1878: 
N. S. W.; Wide Bay Distr.; S.E. New Guinea); Hume fy 
Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 463 (1878: Tenasserim); Davidson $ 
Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 (1878: Deccan, cold season) ; Hume, 

t. c. p. 488 (Calcutta) ; Bogd. B. Cam. p. 156 (1879); Finsch, 
Verhandl z.-b. Ges, Wien, xxix. p. 250 (1879); Hume: Str. F. 
viii. p. 70 (1879 : Malay Peninsula), p. 113 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind 
etc. p. 66 (1879); id. Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 78 (1880); Legye, 
B. Ceylon, p. 844 (1880); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 465 (1881); 
Felz. Terhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 155 (1881: Lado, Feb.); 
Reid, Str. F. x. p. 81 (1881 ; Lucknow); Davidson, t. c. p. 321 
(1882: "W. Khandeish) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 615 (1882); 
Salvad. Orn. Fapuasia etc. iii. p. 324 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibist 
1882, p. 222 (Astrakhan) ; Dixon, t. n. p. 578 (Constantine); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus, breeding) ; Oates, Handb. 
B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 403 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest. 
424 CHi.RAX>BIIDJB. 

p. 134 (1884); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp.Ross. p. 95 (1884) ; Radde 
Orn. Cauc. pp. 45, 431 (1884) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, 
p. 255 (1884); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Kederl Lid. xliv. p. 204 
(1884: Java) ; Sharps, ed. Layartfs B. S. Afr. p. 690 (1884: 
Colesberer; Orange River; Knysna); Salvad. Ann. Mvs. Genov. 
(2) i. p. 221 (1884 : Cialalaka, Nov.}: Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 134" (Mhow); Vorderm. Nat Tijdschr. Kederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 22 
(188G : Borneo); Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 397 (1S86); Salvad. JBlenco 
Ucc. Ital. p. 227 (1886) ,• Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Upper Engadine); 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 325 (1888: Manipur) ; Koenig,J.fO. 
1888, p. 281 (Tunis, Feb.); Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov. (2) vi. 
p. 312 (1888: Shoa, Feb.) : Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. 
p. 357 (1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Amtr. B. p. 20 (1888) ; 
Reichen. J.f.O. 1889, p. 267 (Quilimane, Jan.); Lilford, Ibis, 
1889, p. 341 (Cyprus, Jan.); Reichen. Syst. Verz. Toy. DeutschL 
p. 48 (1889); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Kederl Ltd. xlix. p. 416 
(1889: Sumatra); Everett, Jour. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, 
p. 208 (Tabanio); Gigl. Avif. Ital., 1st Resoe. p. 601 118S9), 2nd 
Resoe. p. 662 (1890), 3rd Resoe. p. 517 (1891); Seebohm, B. Japan. 
Emp.ip. 322 (1890); Brusina, Moir. etc. (Orn. Croat ifa), p. 90 
(1890); Gdthe, Vogeho. Helgol. p. 509 (1891); Salvad. Agg. Orn. 
Rapuasia etc. iii. p. 202 (1891); Frivaldszlcy, Ares Ungar. p. 119 
(1891); Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst. Lngar. Yoqelf. p. 108 (1891) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland); Be la Touche, t c. 
p. 411 (Foochow & Swatow) ; Hariert, t. c. p. 515 (E. Prussia); 
Fatio 8f Studer, Cat JDistr. Ois. Suisse, p. 48 (1892); Sfyan, Ibis, 
1893, p. 437 (Hainan); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Retersb. 
(7) xxxix. p. 864 (1893); Reichen. Jahrb. Anst. WissenscJi. Hamburg, 
x. p. 7 (1893 : Quilimane) ; id. Vog. Deut*cft-0<t-Afr. p. 41 
(1894: Karema, winter); Irby, Dm. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 286 
(1895). 
Trynga guinetta, Roll. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 195 (1811). 

Glottis stagnatilis, Koch, Syst baier. Zool. p. 306 (1816). 

Totanus tenuirostris, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821: 

Java); Bp. C.R. xliii.p. 596 (1856). 

Iliornis stagnatilis, Kaup, KatitrL Syst p. 156 (1829). 

Limosa horsfieldii, Sykes, B.Z. S. 3832, p. 163 (Deccan). 

Totanus lathami, Gray §• Hardtv. Illusir. Lid. Zool. ii. pi. 51, Hg. 3 

(1834); Reiche?ib. Grail, tab. ccxc. % . 2374 (1850). 
Glottis horsfieldii, Gray, List Grail. Brit* Mus. p. 99 (1844: Gangautri; 
Nepal; China). 
Totanus horsfieldii, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); Scl R. Z. S. 
1863, p. 222 (Tabanio). 
Totanus stagnalis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); id. Hand-l. B. 

iii. p. 44, no. 10266 (1871) ; Heugl.Orn. K.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1159 
(1873: N.E. Africa, Aug. to April). 
Totanus (Glottis) horsfieldi, Gray, R. Z. S. 1860, p. 364 (E. Gilolo). 
Totanus gracilis, Brehm, Kaum. 1855, p. 292; id. Vog elf. p. 313 

(1855). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above nearly 
uniform ashy brown, some of the feathers slightly margined with, 
white; scapulars like the back; lower back and rump pure white ; 
upper tail-coverts white, mesially streaked and transversely barred 
with black; lesser wing-coverts darker brown than the back; 
median and greater coverts ashy brown like the back, with narrow 

47 . T0TA1TTJS. 
425 
margins of paler brown; bastard-wing brown like the coverts; 
primary-coverts and quills blaekisb, fringed with white at the end 
of the inner web; the secondaries ashy brown like the greater 
coverts and fringed with -white at the ends ; the inner secondaries 
ashy brown, irregularly spotted with black; centre tail-feathers 
ashy, irregularly barred with black, the remainder of the tail-
feathers white, freckled on the outer web and barred on the inner 
one with blackish ; crown of head ashy brown like the back, mottled 
with blackish centres to the feathers; forehead and an indistinct 
eyebrow hoary white; lores white; sides of face, ear-coverts, and 
cheeks white, spotted or streaked with ashy brown; chin, throat, 
and under surface of body pure white, with a few dusky streaks 
and bars on the sides of the upper breast; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries pure white, the lower primary-coverts grey, edged with 
white; quills below ashy, with white fringes to the secondaries: 
xi bill black, olive-brown at base; feet yellowish brown with an 
olive tinge ; claws dark brown ; iris brown ,J (E. W. Oates). Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 5-2, tail 2*1, tarsus 2*1. 

Adult female in winter plumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length 10*3 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5*4, tail 2-5, tarsus 2*2. 

Adults in summer plumage. Lighter ashy grey than in winter, 
with a reddish tinge, the feathers of the upper surface centred and 
barred with black in a conspicuous manner; the throat and breast 
spotted and the sides of the body marked with arrow-shaped bars of 
blackish, less distinct on the flanks. 

Young birds after the first moult resemble the winter plumage of 
the adults, but have conspicuous white fringes to the feathers of the 
upper surface, the under surface of the body being pure white, with 
scarcely any dusky freckling on the sides of the breast. 

Hob. Southern Europe, extending to North-eastern Asia, 
wintering in Africa, India, and the Malay Archipelago, the 
Moluccas, and Australia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. [England.] 
Old Coll. 

c. $ 
ad. sk. Fogaras, Hungary (E. Cyznh). Hungarian National 
Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Dalmatia. 
Old Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Greece. Gould Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Athens. Consul Merlin [P.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Crimea, May. Gould Coll. 
h. S ad. sk. Ismid, Asia Minor (2*. Robson). Seebohm Coll. 
I Ad. sk. Egypt (G. JE. S.). Shellev Coll. 
k. Ad. sk. Alexandria, April (8. 8. Allen). Seebohm Coll. 
I 3 ad. sk. Nubia, April 7 (G. E. Shelley). Tweeddale Coll. 
m. 
$ ad. sk. Zoulla, Abyssinia, March 13 Tweeddale Coll. 
(TV. Jesse), 
n. 
Ad. sk. Itiver Gambia. Governor Kendall 
[C.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. 
Gould Coll. 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Orange River, Jan. 24 (Dr. It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Bradshaio). [P.]. 
q. 
Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingtone Expedition. 
r. 
J ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
i,«. tf 2 ad. sk. 

v. $ ad. sk. 
w. cJ ad. sk. 
.r-&'. c? $ ad. sk. 
c\ c? ad. sk. 

d', e'. <^ ad. sk. 
/'. Ad. sk. 
g'. Ad. sk. 

ti. $ ad. sk. 

%. 5 ad. sk. 

k'-n'. <$ ad.; o'


q'. Ad. sk. 
r\ J ad. sk. 

s',f. $ ad. sk. 

u% v'. Ad. sk. 

to'. Ad. sk. 

a'. Ad. sk. 

%f. Ad. sk. 
c'-«". S ad.; 
&"-/"• $ ad. 

a". Ad. sk. 

A". $ ad. sk. 

*". tf ad. sk. 

h". Ad. sk. 

I". Ad. sk. 

m". Ad. sk. 

n". $ ad. sk. 

o"-q". $ ad.sk. 
r". $ ad.sk. 

*". ad. &k. 

*". ad. &k. 
u". Juv. sk. 

C5ARADKIID2E. 

Otjimbinque, Daniara-land, 
Dec. lo (C. J. Andersson). 
Bushire, Persian Gulf. 

Sambkur, N.W. India, Aug., 

Sept. {R.M.Adam). 
Ajniere, Dec. 15 (A. 0. H.). 
Oodeypur, Feb. 14 {A. 0. H.). 
Delhi, Dec. to April (W. X 

Chill: A. O.H.). 
Delhi, March 18 {C. T. Bing


ham). 
Gurgaon, Jan. {A. O. IE.). 
Sirsa. 
Gangaotri. 
Juggernathpur. 
Etawah, Nov. 1. 
Etawah, XOT. to March. 

Futtehgurh District, April 

(A, Anderson). 

Futtehgurh District, Apiil 

(A. Anderson). 
xvepal. 
Behar. 
Chimar, Nov. 17 (W. E. 


Brooks). 

Dacca. 
Calcutta, Dec. to March. 


Calcutta. 
Mhow, Dec. 26. 
Khandeish, Nov. 4 (J. David


son). 
Deccan (Sykes). 

Seebohm Coll. 

A. I. T. Palmer, Esq, 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Old Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Hodgson Cull. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum 
Colonel Swinhoe [P.", 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

(Type of Limosa korsfieldi.) 

Madras, Dec. 11 (22. G. W. IL).
Calicut. 
Elephant Point, Burmah, 

Feb. 20 (J. Armstrong). 
Lower Pegu, Oct. 
Yeaboo, Tenasserim, March 9 

(W. Davison). 
Java (Sorsfield). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 
Hume ColL 

Indian Museum. 

(Type of T. tenuirostris.) 
Canton, China. " Tweeddale Coll. 

S.W. 
Formosa, Aug. 30 (B. Seebohm ColL 
Swinhoe). 
4. Totanus melanoleucus. 
Scolopax totanus (nee Linn.). Fo?-st. JPhil. Trans. Ixii. p. 410 
(1772). 
Spotted Snipe, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 149 (1785 : ex 
Forst.). 

47 . TOTANTJS. 427 
Stone Snipe, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 468 (1785 : Chateaux Bay): 
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 152 (1785). 
Scolopax melanoleucus, Gm. Syst. 2s at. i. p. 059 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 723 (1790). 

Chorlito rabadilla blanca, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 305 (1805). 

Scolopax vociferus, Wilson. Amer. Orn. vii, p. 57, pi. 58, fig. 5 
(1813). 

Totanns melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Diet. cTHist. Sat. vi. p. 398 (1810); 
Less. Traits d'Orn. p. 552 (1831); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 68, 
pi. 308 (1838) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 51 (1838): 
Gould in Damoirfs Toy. 'Beagle,1 Birds, p. 130 (1841); Gray, 
List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 99 (1844); Tschudify Cab. Faun. Peruan., 
Aves, p. 52 (1845-46) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1840); Marti. 
Lnd. Azara, p. 25 (1847) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 352 (1847) ; 
Reichenb. Grail tab. lxxv.fig. 583 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 3G8 
(1856); id. BeiseLaPlata-St. ii. p. 503 (1861); Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, 
Scolopaces, p. 63 (1864: Cuba; Colombia ; Surinam ; Chili); Leot. 
Ois. Trinid. p. 454 (1866) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi. 

p. 69 (1866 : Bahamas); Swidev. (Efv. K. Tet-Akad. Fork Stockh. 
1869, p. 588 (St. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Rico); Scl 8? Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1869, p. 156 (Tinta; Tungasuca); Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 
(Veragua); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 308 (1871: Caicara, Oct.; Mattogrosso, 
Oct.; Cajutuba); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 45, no. 1027a 
(1871) ; Finsch,Abh. nat. Ter. Bremen, iii. p. 63 (1873: Alaska"*; 
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 259 (1872); Bidr/iu. Ami. Lye. N. Y„ 
x. p. 384 (1874: Illinois); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 500 (Chorillos ; 
Junin); Hensh. Pep. Zool. Fxpl. Itifoth Merid. p. 458 (1875); 
Laior. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. iv. p. 47 (1876 : Tehuantepec); Beidr 
Zool 1877, p. 477 (Bermudas, autumn migrant) ; Sennett, Bull. 
U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 55 (1878: Texas, May); Coues, t. c. p. 462 
(Montana, July, Aug.); May?i. B. Fast. N. Amer. p. 394 (1879) ; 
Alien, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 169 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, 
p. 161 (1880); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 200 (1880); 
A. fy F. Newt, llandb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); Coues, Check-list 
N. Amer. B. p. 103 (1882); Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. xxii. p. 380 (1883: Gulf of St. Lawrence); Steams, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 119 (1883: Labrador); Belding, 
t. c. p. 351 (Lower California) ; Nutting, t. c. p. 379 (Nicaragua) 
; Baird, Brewer, fy Bidgio. Water-Birds N. Amer. L 
p. 269 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 638 (1884); 
Barrows, Auk, i. p. 315 (1884: Concepcion, Lower Uruxuay) ; 
Bidgio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 178 (1884: New Granada) *r 
Berl. Lbis, 1884, p. 441 (Venezuela); Brew, Auk, ii. p. 18 
(1885: Colorado); Agersb. t c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); Turner, 
Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. p. 247 (1885 : Koksoak R, Labrador) ; 
id. Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 189 (1886); A. O. U. Check-list 
N. Amer. B. p. 155 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 365 (1886: 
Callao; Puna Isl.); Fverm. Auk, iii. p. 92 (1886: Ventura Co., 
California); Seton, t. c. p. 152 (W. Manitoba); Scott, t. c. p. 386 
(Tuczon, Arizona); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 178 
(1886 : Tlaxcala, Mexico) ; Wells, t. c, p. 628 (Grenada); Nelson, 
Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 117 (1887: Sitka); Lloyd, Aukr 
iv. p. 186 (1887: W. Texas); Cory, t. c. p. 317; Towns. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 163 (1887: N. California),p. 198 (RedBluff); 
Beckh. i.e. p. 637 (1888 -. Bexar Co., Texas), p. 053 (San Antonio); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 165 (1887); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. 
Chdradr. p. 363 (1888); Senneit, Auk, v. p. 110 (1888: Corpus 
428 
CHARADBIIDJ3. 

Christi, Texas); Merrill, I c. p. 145 (Fort Klamath, Oregon); 
JEverm. t c. p. 349 (Indiana) ; Cory, B. West Indies, p. 238 (1889) ; 
Bishop, Auk, vi. p. 146 (1889: Magdalen Isl.); Scott, t c. p. 157 
(Tarpon Springs) ; Scl fy Hads. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 186 (1889) ; 
Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 495 (Barbados, May, Sept. to Nov.); Palmer, 
Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. xiii. p. 260 (1890: Mingan) ; Thomps. t c. 

p. 502 (Manitoba); Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321 (1890: Hudson s Bar); 
Oust. Miss. Scl Cap Horn, Ois. p. 129 (1891) ; Cory, Auk, viii. 
p. 47 (1891 : Antigua) ; Brewster 4* Chapm. t. c. p. 137 (Suwanee 
fever) ; James, New List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892); Berl & Stokm. 
P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 399, 408 (Peru); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892 : 
Jamaica), p. 212 (Florida) ; Atticater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, 
Texas) ; Lawrence, t. c. p. 354 (Gray's Harbour, Washington); 
Graham Kerr* Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Lower Pilcomavo); Holland, t c. 
p. 212 (Estancia Espartilia); Allen, Avk, £ p. 125 (1893); 
Brimlcy, t c. p. 243 (X. Carolina) ; HarteH, Ibis, 1893, p. 334 
(Bonaire Isl.); Field, Auk, xi. p. 122 (1894 : Port Henderson, 
Jamaica) ; Richm. $ Enowlton, t. c. p. 302 (Montana) ; Aplin, Ibis, 
1894, p. 209 (Urueruav). 
Totanus 
vociferus. Vieill. X. Diet d'Hist: Nat. vi. p._ 401 (1816); 
Sabine in Frankl. Jovm. Polar Sea, i. p. G87 (1823); Strains. 
Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 389 (1831); Audi/b. B. Amer. 8vo, v. 

p. 316, pi. 845 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 252 (1844); Lembeye, 
Av. Cuba, p. 93 (1850); Putnam, Proc. Ess. List. i. p. 217 {l*oG : 
Essex Co., Mass.); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist. vii. p. 308 
(1860); Trippe, Proc. Fss. Inst. vi. p. 119 (1871 : Minnesota). 
Totanus sasashew, 
Vieill. X. Diet. dHist Xat. si. p. 412 (1816 : ex 
For St.). 
Totanus solitarius {nee Wilson), Vieill. X. Diet. d'Hist. Xat vi. 

p. 413 (1816). 
Tell-tale or Greater Yellow-shanks, Xuttall, Man. Dim. ii. p. 148 
(1834). 
Gainbetta rnelanoleuca, 
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856) : Baird, B. X. 
Amer. p. 731 (1858); Henry, Proc. Acad. Xat. Scl Philad. 1859, 

p. 108 (Rio Grande, New Mexico); Scl. $ Sale. Ibis. 1859, p. 229 ; 
Cass. Proc. Acad. Xat. Scl Philad. 1860, p. 195 (Carthagena); Scl. 
P. Z. S. 1861, p. 80 (Jamaica); Coues, Proc. Acad. Xat. Scl 
Philad. 1861, p. 234 (Labrador); Boardm. Proc. BosL Soc. Xat. 
Hist. ix. p. 129 (1862: Maine); Verrill, Proc. Ess. Imt. iu. p. 152 
(1802); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 9 (Hudson's Bav, Aug. to Oct.), 
1863, p. 133 (Fort Charlton, April); March, Proc. Acad. Xat. Scl 
Philad. 1864, p. 6S (Jamaica); Allen, Proc. Ess. Inst. iv. p. 77 
(1864: Springfield, Mass.) ; Mcllwr. op. cit. v. p. 93 (1866 : Hamilton, 
Canada West); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 38 (Texas, June) ; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. X. T. viii. p. 294 (1866: Sombrero); Coues, 
Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Arizona) ; id. Proc. Ess. 
Inst v. p. 295 (1868: New England); id. Proc. Bost Soc. Xat. 
Hist xii. p. 122 (1868: S. Carolina); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 
(Vancouver Isl.); Later. Ann. Lyc. X. T. ix. p. 141 (1868: San 
Jose, Costa Rica); Ball $• Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 292 
(1869: Sitka) ; Stevens. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Camp 
Revnolds & Fort Fetterman); Allen, Bidl. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 35Q 
{1871: Florida); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 (La Cruz, U.S. Colombia) ; 
Coues, Proc. Acad. Xat. Scl Philad. 1871, p. 32 (N. Carolina); 
Trippe, Proc. Bost Soc. Xat. Hist. xv. p. 241 (1872: Iowa); Allen, 
Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 183 (1872: Eastern Kansas, May; Lake 
Pass, Colorado; Laramie Plains; Cheyenne, Aug.; Great Salt 
47 . TOTANUS. 429' 
Lake, Sept.) ; Merriam, US. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872, p. 700 (N, 
Fork, Idaho) ; Scl. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); 
Owes, B. N.-West,?. 496 (1874 : Big Sandy Fork); lator. Mem. 
JBost Soc. Nat. Sist. ii. p. 309 (1874 : Oolima); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, 

p. 199 (Buenos Ayres); Merrill, Froc. US. Nat. Mm. i. p. 162 
(1878: Fort Brown, Texas) ; later, t. c. pp. 238, 489; Belding, 
t. c. p. 441 (California) ; Scl § Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 457 
(Antioquia); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Talcahuano) ; White, 
P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Buenos Ayres); Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 
(Tarapaca); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zaniora). 
Totanus chilensis, Philippi, Arck.f. Nat. 1857, pt. i. p. 264 (Chili). 
Glottis melanoleuca, licht. Nomencl, Av. Mus. Berol. p. 91 (1854 : 

Montevideo): Scl P. Z. S. 1858, p. 401 (Cuenca, Ecuador); 
Gundl. If. 6.1862, p. 85 (Cuba). 
iEgialodes melanoleucus, Seine § Reiehen. Nomencl. Mus. Sein, 

p. 327 (1890: Guiana)^ 
iEgialodes yociferans, Seine <$f Reiehen. torn. cit. p. 327 (Texas). 
Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of Glottis 
nebularius, "but much more spotted, the feathers of the upper 
surface notched with black and white on the margins in very marked 
pattern, especially on the outer aspect of the wing-coverts and 
secondaries; the tail-feathers much more distinctly barred than in 

G. nebularius, the outer feathers having also interrupted bars of 
brown on the inner web; the lower throat, fore-neck, and chest 
very thickly streaked with blackish brown; only the lower rump 
and upper tail-coverts are white; the yellow legs also distinguish 
P. melanoleucus at all ages. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in being much blacker above; the white upper tail-coverts distinctly 
barred across with black ; crown of head blackish, the feathers edged 
with white; down the centre of the crown a streak of white; lores 
blackish, surmounted by a broad streak of white; sides of face, 
throat, and fore-neck white, broadly streaked with black, widening 
into large arrow-shaped spots and bars on the chest, the breast and 
sides of the body distinctly banded with black; the under tail-
coverts also obsoletely barred with black; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, barred with black, the latter very distinctly : " bill 
black, tinted with bluish grey at the base; feet bright yellow, claws 
brownish black; iris dark brown " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 
11 inches, culmen 2-15, wing 7*3, tail 3, tarsus 2*3. 

Adidt female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but not 
quite so plentifully spotted underneath. Total length 12*8 inches, 
wing 7-85. 

Young in winter plumage, Besembles the winter plumage of the 
adults, but is rather more reddish brown, with the central tail-
feathers nearly uniform brown, but the others all strongly barred 
with blackish on the inner web ; the head and back nearly uniform-
brown, the white edgings and notches on the feathers nearly obsolete; 
the lower throat, fore-neck, chest, and sides of the body ashy brown, 
mottled and streaked with dusky, the thighs also somewhat mottled 
with brown: feet yellow, tinged with olive. 

430 
CHAEADEIIDJS. 

Hah. The whole of America, breeding in the north of the continent 
and visiting the extreme south of South America in winter. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b, c. <$ mini, sk. 
d. 
Ad.; e,f. JUT. 
sk. 
y. 
Juv. sk. 
h. 
$ juv. sk. 
$ 
ad. sk. 

k. $ ad. sk. 
/. J ad. sk. 
m, n. ? inim. sk. 
o, J ad. sk. 
;;. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. o ad. sk. 
,«. § inim. sk. 
t. 
S inim. sk. 
juv. sk. 
y. 
Ad. sk. 
r. Juv. sk. 
a'. Inim. sk. 
b\ Ad.sk. 
<?'. Ad. sk. 
iV, § ad. sk. 
<*'-zv. J inim. sk. 
&', I'. Inim. sk. 
m', ri. <3 $ ad. 
sk. 
o\ <$ ad. sk. 
p'. Ad. sk. 
q\ r\ $ $ ad. sk. 
«'. S ad. sk. 
t\ $ ad. sk. 

Canada {Bush). 
Henley Harbour, Aug*. 27 (K 
Cones). 
49th Parallel (£. Dawson). 

^ew Brunswick, Sept. 

Bis Moo^e Lake, New York, 
Oct. (C. II. Merriam: Hensh. 
Coll.). 

TVoodhul Lake, X. Y., May 18 

(C.H. Merriam: Hensh. Coll.). 
Locuat Grove, X Y. (C. II M.: 
Hensh. Coll). 
Lyons Falls, N. Yr., Sept. (A. 

J. Day an : Hensh. Coll.). 
Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 21 
{H. 
TV. Henshaw). 

CublA Island, Virginia, Aug. 

{II W. Henshaw). 

Pennsylvania. 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
Eockford, 111., Sept. 
Calumet, 111., Feb. 10 (B. W. 


Xelson: Henshaic Coll.). 

AYetet side of Vancouver Island. 
British Columbia. 

Washoe Lake, Nevada, Nov, 6 

(H. W. Henshaw). 
Utah, Oct. 14 (C. Drexler). 
Yellowstone Lake, Aug. 14 (C 
II. Merriam: Henshaio Coll.). 
California. 
San Francisco. 
Itio Medina, Texas, April 10 


{H. E. Dresser). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct. to 
Bee. (F. B. Armstrong). 
Hernando Co., Florida, Oct. 

(W. JR. Dean). 
Tarpon Springs, Florida, Jan. 
{TV. E. D. Scott). 

Atotonilco, Mexico, April 22 
{Ferrari-JPerez). 
San tana, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 
March'13 {W. Lloyd). 
Presidio, Mexico, Jan., Feb. 

{A. Forrer). 
Progreso, N. Yucatan, November 
(G. F. Ganmer). 
Bueiias, Guatemala, April 11 

(O.S.). 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohni Coll. 

N. A. Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
Capt. Savile Reid 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Prof. Kirtland [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J, K. Lord, Esq. [TA 

J. K Lord, Esq. [P. j 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lord TValsinghani 

[p.i 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

u'} v'. Ad. sk.
w\ $ ad. sk.
x\ 5 imrn. sk.
y\ $ ad. sk.
z\ Imm. sk.
a!'. Imm. sk.

b". Ad. sk.

•c'\ Ad. sk.
d". <$ ad. sk.

e",f",g". J imm.;
h". J imm, sk.
i", k". 6 "2 ad. sk.

I". $ ad. sk.

m". $ imm. sk.

n". Ad. sk.

o". Imm. sk.
})". $ ad. sk.
ff. tS ad. sk.

r". $ ad. sk.

£\ c? ad. sk.

t". Ad. sk.

u'r. cf ad. sk.

v". Juv. sk.
to". 2 ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
y'\ z", a3. Ad. et

imm. sk. 

b3 

. 2 ad. sk.
c3. Juv. sk.


d3 

. Juv. st.
e3> d ad.sk.
f3 3 

, g. Ad. st.

h3 

. Sternum.

47. IOTAKUS. 
Ohiapain, Guatemala, Jan.

(0. S.). 
Atitlan, Guatemala, Dec. 16

(W. B. Richardson). 
San Jose, Costa Bica, Nov. 1
(J. Zeledon). 
Moniotombo, Nicaragua, May23 (7F. B. JR.). 
Lion Hill, Panama (J,

McLeannan). 
Chitra, Veragua (Arce). 
Bermuda, Oct.

 Barbados.

 Anegada, W. I.. Dec. 24 (D.

W. Smith). 
St. Vincent, W. I , Oct. 8 (D.

 W. Smith), 
Grenada, 
Sept., Oct. (Z>. TV.
Smith). 

 Union Island, Kev of St. Vincent, 
Oct. 12 (D.W. S?nith). 
Medellin, U.S. Colombia (T.

K. Salmon), 
Venezuela (Sjmice). 
Para. 
Cajutuba, Brazil {J. Natterer). 
Pelotas, Pvio Grande do Sul
(Joyner). 
Tinta, Peru, Jan. 23 (H.


Whitely). 
Tinta, Peru (S. Whitely). 
Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres,

June 25. 
Lomas de Zamora, June 3

( Withington). 
Chili. 
Chili (JE. C. Heed). 
Chili. 
Central Chili (Landbech).

 Santiago, Chili (Leybold). 
Valparaiso.

 Valparaiso.

 431 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Savile Keid 
[0.]. 
Sir H. Schoinburgk 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 R. Graham,Esq.[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 H. Durnford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Sclater Coll. 


 Old Collection. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 T. Bridges, Esq. [0.]. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sir W. Burnett & Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. 
SirW. Burnett & Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. 

 Talcahuano, April (Dr. Cop- Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 
pinger). 

 Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty. 
Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 

5. Totanus flavipes. 
YellowshankS; Penn. Arct. ZooL ii. p. 468 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. 

iii. pt. 1, p. 152 (1785)| 
Scolopax flavipes, Orn. Syst Nat. i. p. 659 (1788) $ Lath. Ind. Orn. 
432 CHAEADEUD.22. 

ii. p. 723 (1790); Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 55. pi. 58. fig. 4 
(1818). 
Chorlito pardo mayor, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 314 (1803). 
Totanus flavipes, "Yieill N. Diet. oVHist. Nat. vi. p. 410 (lbl6); 

Sabine in EranM. Journ. Polar Sea, i. p. 688 (1823); less. Tra'iie 
d'Orn. p. 552 (1831); Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 395 
(1831); Nemcied, Beiir. Naiurg. Bras. iv. p. 723 (1832) ; Audub, 
Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 573, pi. 288 (1835); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. <§• 

N. Amer. p. 51 (1838) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 586 (1839) ; 
Gould inBariviris VoyJ Beagle,' Birds, p. 129 (1841) ; Audub. B. 
Amer. 8vo, p. 313, pi. 344 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 250 
(1844); Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 100 (1844); id. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 573 (1846); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 351 (1847J ; Hartl. Ind. 
Azara, p. 25 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Bern. Guian. iii. p. 757 
(1848); Reichtnb. Grail, tab. Ixxv. fig. 582 (1850); Licht. 
Nomench Av. Mus. Berol. p. 91 (1854); Bzirm. Tk. Bras, iii, 
p. 369 (1856); Brewer, Broc. BosL Soc. Nat. Hist vii. p. 308 
(I860: Cuba); Burm. Reise La Flata-St. ii. p. 503 (1861); 
Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 11 (Greenland); AlbrecM, J. f. O. 1862, 
p. 205 (Jamaica); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 157 (1863); Schl Mus. 
Fays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 69 (1864: Haiti; Surinam; Brazil); 
Leot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 452 (1860) : Bryant, Froc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. xi. p. 69 (1867: Bahamas); Sunder. (Efts. K. Vet.-Akad. 
Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 588 (St. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto 
Rico) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 43, no. 10274 (1871); Ilodd, ZooL 
1871, p. 2807 (Cornwall); Felz.Om. Bras. p. 309(1871: Ypaneina; 
Irisanga^Feb.; Caicara, Sept.; Barra; Cajutuba); Harting, 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 137 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 259 (1872); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 384 (1874: Illinois); 
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 497 (1874): Tacz. F. Z. S. 1874, p. 560 
(Central Peru); Hensli. Rep. Expl IWth Merid. p. 450 (1875); 
Reid, Zool 1877, p. 478 (Bermudas, autumn niispant); Coues 
Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 642 (1878: Montana) \ Maynard, B. 
East. N. Amer. p. 293 (1879); Scl. fy Salv. F. Z. S. 1879, p. 547 
(Medellin, U.S. Colombia); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 162 (1880); 
Allen, Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, v. p. 169 (1880: S. Lucia); Ridgw. 
Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 (1880); A. $ E. Newt. Handb, 
Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 176 (1883) j 
Saunders, eel YarrelTs Brit. B. iii. p. 480 (1884) ; Baird, Breicer, 
fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 273 (1884); Coues, Key 
N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 638 (1884); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 315 
(1884: Lower Uruguay); Dretu, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); 
Beckh. t. c. p. 143 (Puebla, Colorado); Loomis, t. c. p. 189 (S. 
Carolina); Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); Turner, Froc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 247 (1885 : Koksoak E., Labrador); Seebohm, 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 136, pi. 32. fig. 8 (1885)j Tacz. Orn. Ferou, 

iii. p. 367 (1886: Cliorillos; Junin); Salvin, This, 1886, p. 180 
(Bartica Grove); A. O. U. Chech-list N Amer. B. p. 155 (1886); 
Turner, Coyitr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 189 (1886); Seton, Auk, iii. 
p. 152 (1886: W. Manitoba); Cory, t. c. p. 502 (Grand Cayman); 
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 118 (1887 : Yukon B.; 
Kodiak Isi.; Sitka); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 166 (1887) ; 
Towns. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: N. Alaska); Dwight, t. c. p. 16 
(Cape Breton Isl.); Wells, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 628 (1887: 
Grenada); Towns, op. cit. x. p. 163 (1887 : N. California), p. 198 
(Humboldt Bay); Ridgw. t. c. p. 578 (Swan Isl.); Beckh. i. c. 
p. 637 (Bexar Co., Texas), p. 653 (San Antonio; Matamoras); 
Chapm. Auk, v. p. 270 (1888: Gainsville, Florida); Everm. t. e. 
47. IOTAKUS. 43S 
p. 349 (Indiana) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 364 (1888); 
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 138 (1S89: Florida); Salt-in, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 
(Jolbox Isl.); Feilden, t. c. p. 490 (Barbados); Con/, B. West 
2nd. p. 238 (1889); Scl. % Suds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 187 (18S9) ; 
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 599 (1889); Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321 
(1890: Hudson's Bay); Cory, t. c.'p. 374 (xlnegada) ; Ridgw. 
Proc. US. Nat MILS. xii. p. 137 (1889 : Gregory Bay, Galapagos); 
Thomps. op. eit. xiii. p. 502 (1890: Manitoba); Cory, Auk, viii 
p. 47 (1891: S. Croix), p. 48 (S. Kitts); Allen, t. c. p. 164 (Cape 
Breton Isl., Nova Scotia); Bidgw. t c. p. 337 (Watling's Isl.), 
p. 338 (Eurn Quay) ; Cory, t. c. p. 350 (Eleutkera Isl.) ; Bowdieh, 
t. c. p. 394 (New "York); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 297 
(1891); Hagerup, B. Greenl p. 55 (1891: accidental); Scl. 
P.Z. S. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca) ; Bed. 8/ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, 
pp. 400, 408 (Ghonllos, Peru); Scl. t c. p. 500 (Anguilla Isl.); 
Cory, Cat. B. West Lid. p. 93 (1892: Bahamas; Greater and 
Lesser Antilles); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Lower Pilconiayo) 
; Holland, t. c. p. 212 (Estaocia Espaitilla) ; Scott, 
Auk,"ix. p. 13 (1892: Jamaica) ; Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana 
Isl.), p. 49 (Inagua) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida) ; Attwater, 
t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texas); Machay, t. c. p. 389 (N. Carolina) 
; James, Neio List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892); Hartert, Ibis, 
1893, p. 308 (Ambalsl.) ; Bhoads, Auk, x. p. 17 (1893: Washington, 
B.C.) ; Alien, t. c. p. 125 ; Wayne, t. c. p. 337 (Suwanee 
River); Ilichm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. xvi. p. 520 (1893: Escondido 
River, Nicaragua); Field, Auk, xi. p. 123 (1894: Port 
Henderson, Jamaica) ; Bichm. § Knoivlton, t. c. p. 301 (Montana) ; 
Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. vi. p. 77 (1894: Trinidad). 
Totanus natator, VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1810). 

Totanus fuscocapillus, VieilL N. Diet, dHist. Nat. vi. p. 409 (1816). 

Yellow-shanks Tatler, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 152 (1834). 

Totanus staanatilis (nee Bechst.), Gay, Faun. Chit, Zool. p. 422 

(1847). 
Gambetta flavipes, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1856) ; Cass, in BairdJs 

B. N. Amer. p. 732 (1858); id. Broc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Bhilad. 
I860, p. 195 (Carthagena) ; Henry, op. cit. 1859, p. 108 (New 
Mexico, Aug., Sept.); Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 229 (Duenas); 
A. § F. Netoton, t. c. p. 257 (St. Croix); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. 
Y. vii. p. 334 (1861: Panama); Boardm. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat 
Hist. ix. p. 129 (1862: Maine, spring & autumn), Verrill, Proc. 
Fss. List. iii. p. 152 (1862 : Urnbagog Lakes, Maine); Blakist. Ibis, 
1862, p. 9 (Saskatchewan Plains), 1863,p. 133 (Mackenzie River); 
March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 68 (Jamaica) ; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p 100 (1804: Sombrero); Allen, 
Proc. Ess. Inst. iv. p. 77 (1864: Springfield, Mass.) ; I)?*esser, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 38 (Matamoras, April, May; Galveston Isl., June) ; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 294 (1866: New York); McLhor. 
Proc. Fss. Inst. v. p. 93 (1866 : Hamilton, Canada West); Coues, 
op. cit. v. p. 295 (1868 : New England); Brozon, Ibis, 1868, p. 428 
(Vancouver Isl.) ; Coues, Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 122 
(1868: S. Carolina); Laiur. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 141 (1868: 
San Jose, Costa Rica), p. 210 (Yucatan); Ball § Bann. Trans. 
Chic. Acad. i. p. 292 (1869: Nulato; Sitka; Kodiak; Fort 
Yukon) ; Stevens, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming); 
Allen, Bull. Mus. C Z. ii. p. 356 (1871: Florida); Coues, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1871, p. 32 (Fort Macon, N. Carolina) 
; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. C. Z. iii. p. 182 (1872 : Lake Pass, 
VOL. xxiv. ^ r 

434 CHAKAJDEIID^:. 

Colorado, Aug.; Ogden, Utah, Sept.); Trippe, Proe. Bost. Soc. 
Nat Hist. xv. p. 241 (1873: Iowa); Scl. § tialvin, Nomencl. Ai\ 
Neotr. p. 145 (1873); iid. P Z. 8. 1873, p. 310 (Peru); Later. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist ii. p. 309 (1874: Mazatlan); id. BulL 

U.S. Nat Mus. iv. p. 47 (1875: Tehuantepec) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 164 (Buenos Avres), 1877, p. 199, 1878, p. 404 (Patagonia); 
Merrill, JProe. US. Nat Mus. i. p. 102 (1878: Fort Brown, 
Texas) j Later, t c. pp. 197, 242, 489 (S. Vincent; Barbuda); 
Belding, t. c. p. 441 (California) ; Tacz. fy Berl P. Z. S. 1885, 
pp. 119,124 (Babakoyo) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Tarapaea)._ 
Totanus leucopyga, Illiger, Mus. Berol.; teste Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. 

p. 645 (1877). 
JBgialodes flavipes, Heine § Beichea. Nomenel. Mus. Hem. p. 327 
(1890). 

Adult in whiter jplumage. General colour above uniform ashy 
brown, with, obsolete white fringes to the feathers; scapulars like 
the back; lower back and rump black, the feathers edged with 
white• upper tail-coverts white, the lateral ones with a few Irregular 
bars of black; lesser wing-coverts blackish, fringed with 
white; median and greater coverts brown, rather broadly edged 
with white, and sub-marginally barred with black in an interrupted 
manner; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the 
inner primaries and the secondaries browner, fringed with white ; 
the long inner secondaries like the greater coverts, and sub-marginally 
spotted with black; tail-feathers white, barred with black, 
the bars more numerous and distinct on the outer webs, though 
closer together and more broken on the inner webs, which are 
mostly white for the basal half, the centre feathers ashy towards 
the ends, with broad dusky bars ; crown of head uniform like the 
back, or only slightly streaked with blackish; lores dusky blackish, 
surmounted by a broad streak of white: eyelid white ; sides of face 
and ear-coverts brown, streaked with white; cheeks, throat, and 
under surface of body white, the throat with hair-like blackisii 
streaks; sides of neck, fore-neck, and chest ashy brown, with 
whitish vermiculations, or whitish mottled with ashy brown ; breast 
and abdomen pure white, freckled with bars and vermiculations of 
ashy brown on the sides of body and flanks ; thighs and under tail-
coverts white, the latter with a few bars of blackish ; under wing-
coverts white, barred with sub-marginal markings of blackish; 
axillaries white, with dusky bars, nou very perfect, of brown; 
lower primary-coverts and quills below ashy, the former with 
whitish bars near the end. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*45, 
wing 6*7, tail 2*3, tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9mo inches, 
culmen 1*6, wing 6-5, tail 2*2^ tarsus 2-25, 

Adult male in Ireeding-yplumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in being mottled with black, the centres to the feathers being 
black; median and greater wing-coverts more or less conspicuously 
barred and notched with black; centre tail-feathers ashy brown, 
barred with black, the lateral ones white with less complete blackish 
bars; head black, streaked with white; under surface of body 

47. TOTANTS. 
435 
white, "with, blackish streaks on the sides of the face, throat, arid 
breast, the latter broader and more arrow-shaped; the sides of the 
breast distinctly barred with black; axillaries with only a few 
blackish bars : " bill black; feet bright yellow; iris dark brown " 

(B. Ridgway). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6-4, tail 
2-45, tarsus 1-9. 
Young after first moult. Much more mottled than the winter 
plumage of the adult, which it otherwise resembles, all the feathers 
having spots or notches of brownish white on the margins; the 
throat and chest minutely streaked with ashy brown, and the sides 
of the breast mottled with larger spots of ashy brown; axillaries 
almost entirely white, with scarcely any evidences of dusky bars. 

Hah. North America, breeding in the cold temperate and subarctic 
districts of the northern continent; migrating south in winter 
as far as Buenos Ayres and Chili. Much rarer in the Western than 
in the Eastern provinces of North America. Accidental in Europe 

(Riclgway). 

a> h. Ad. et juv. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll). 
c. Ad. sk. Fort Reliance, May 7 (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 
d. $ ad. sk. Hudson's Bay, May 17. Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Sir G. Back [C.]. 
f. 
Ad. sk. Grand Menan, New Brans- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
wick, Aug. 19 (H H. 
Herrick: Hensh Coll). 
g. Ad. sk. New Brunswick {Bell). Seebohm Coll. 
k, i, k. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson, May. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
I. Juv. sk. 49th Parallel (G. JDawson). N. A. Bound. Comm. 
m. 
Juv. sk. Souris River, Dakota, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
10 (E. Coues: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
n. 
Juv. sk. Chief Mountain, Montana, Salvin-Godman ColL 
Aug. 16 (E. Coues: 
Hensh. Coll.). 
o,p. 
Imm. sk. Massachusetts (H. W. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Henshaio). 

q. Juv. sk. Cornell, 111., Sept. (E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nelson: Hensh. Coll). 
r, s. <J $ ad. sk. Rigolets, Louisiana, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April {Hensh. Coll). 

t. 
$ ad. sk. San Antonio, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
23 {H. E. Dresser). 
u-z. 
S ad.; a', ad. $ Brownsville, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April (F. B. Armstrong).

sk. 

Corpus Christi, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h'-d!. <$ ad.; e'. § 

March (F. B. Arm


ad. sk. 

strong). 

f-h'. S ad. sk. Bermuda, April, May, Sept. Capt.Savile Reid [C.]. 
i'. Ad. sk. Mexico. Seebohm Coll. 
#-»'. <$ $ ad. sk. Atotonilco, Huejotzingo, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, April (Ferrarir 
Ferez). 

436 CflABADRIID.33. 

or,p'. <$ ad. sk. Ixtapalapa,Tlalpam, March Salvin-Godman ColL 
{Ferrari-Perez). 
q\ $ ad. sk. Chimalpa, Tacnbaya, April Salvin-Godrnan Coll* 
{Ferrari-Perez). 
rr-v't j J ad. sk. Zacatecas, Aug*. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson), 
w', x'. Ad. sk. Goznmel Island, Jan. (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

F. Gaumer). 
y\ S ad. sk. Progreso, X. Yucatan, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
\G. F. Gaumer). 
%'. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Coll. 
a". 6 ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

12 (0. S.). 
b"-d". S ad. j e." $ Moinotombo, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ad. sk. 31ay ( W. B. Richardson), 
f". Ad. sk. Panama {J. McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
gn. $ ad. sk. Panama {J. JIcLeanmm). See boh m Coll. 
h". Ad. sk. Barbados. Sir IL Sehombuigk 

"P.". 
i", Jo". <$ $ ad. j St. Vincent, TV. I., Aug. 1 Salvin-Godman ColL 
r-o". Juv. sk. to Sept. 25 (D. "W. 
Smith). 

pf/. q". Juv. sk. Union Island, St. Vincent, Sah in-Godman Coil. 
Oct. 12 (D; JF. Smith). 
rtf-y". Ad. sk. Grenada, West Indies, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Julv 10 to Sept. 11 (I). 

W. Smith\ 
z", a3. 5 ad. sk. ^Anguilla, West Indies, TVe&t Indian Coram.. 
March (W. B. Elliot). ^ lioy Soc. TV. 

b3 

. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Seebuhni Coll. 
c3. $ ad. sk. Medellin, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman ColL 


(T. K. Salmon). 
d3 

. $ ad, sk. Caniaeusa, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman ColL 
% 
April 25 (JET. Wkitely). 

e. Ad. sk. Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman ColL 
/ 3 . Ad. sk. Pasto,Ecuador (Lehmami). Salvin-Godman ColL 
g2. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen. 
hJ. $ ad. sk. Ypanema, Brazil, Sept. (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Natter er). 

e3. $ ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(A. B. Wallace). 
h3. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres. H.Durnford,Esq."C.L 
Is. Ad. sk. Chupat, Patagonia,Xov. 27. fI.Durn£ord,Esc[."~C. . 
m3, n3. S ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Beid). Seebohm ColL 
o\ Ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Beid). Salvin-Godman ColL 
f\ Ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Let/bold). Salvin-Godman ColL 
q3-f. Ad. sk. Central Chili (Let/bold). Seebohm ColL 
ud-w3. $ ad.; x3-^. Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chili, Berkeley James ColL 
5 ad.sk. Feb., March, April 

(Bahmer). 
b\ Skeleton. Mexico. Purchased. 


48 . HELOD-ROM-iS. 437 
48. HELODEOHAS. 
Type. 
Helodronias, Kaup, Natilrl Syst. p. 144 (1829) H. ochropus. 

Range. Almost cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Rump white, in contrast to the hack ochropus, p. 437. 
b. Rump dark like the hack ... *, solitarius, p. 444. 
1. Helodromas ochropus. 
Green Sandpiper. 
Le Beccasseau cul-hlanc, Briss. Orn. v. p. 177, pi. xvi fig. 1 (1760); 
D'Aubent. PL Fnl. viii. pi. 843. 
Tringa ocrophus, 'Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 676 (1788). 
Le Be"casseau, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 534 (1780). 
Green Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Sy?i. iii. pt. 1, p. 170 (1785); Yarrett, 
Brit. B. ii. p. 528 (1843). 
Trynga ochropus, Pallas, Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 192 (1811). 
Totanus ochropus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 420 (1815); Vieill. N. 

Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 397 (1816); Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fyc. 
Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1816: Wiltshire),-Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. 

p. 051 (1820); Bole, Isis, 1822, p. 560; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 296 
(1825); Werner, Atlas, Grail, pi. 25 (1827) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. 
p. 103 (1828) ; Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 641 (1831)"; Less. TraiU 
d'Orn. p. 552 (1831); Swains. Faun. Bor.-A.7ner., Birds, p. 392 
(1831: Hudson's Bay); Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 51 (1832); 
Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 197 (1835); Naum. Vog. Deutschl 
viii. p. 59, pi. 197 (1836); StricU. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna) ; 
Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 315. fig. 1 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. 
4- N Amer. p. 51 (1838); Keys. 8? Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. lxxiii, 211 
(1840); Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Puss. Mend. iii. p. 243 (1840); 
Jerd. Madr. Jouni. xii. p. 211 (1840); Selys-LongcJi. Faun. Belg. 
p. 127 (1842); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 87. 
no. 744; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Milhle, Beit?: 
Orn. Griechenl p. 101 (1844); SeU. Pev. Crit. p. xciii (1844) ; 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. MILS. p. 101 (1844, pt.) ; id. Gen. B. iii. 
p. 573 (1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm. #c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 139 
U846); Piipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 126(1845); Thomps, B.Irel.ii. 
p. 208 (1850); Peichenb. Grail, tah. lxxiv. figs. 585-86 (1850); 
Middend. Pels. Sibir., Zool. p. 215 (1851: Stanovoi Mts., May); 
Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. xxxvi. ii^;. 6 (1852); Macqill. Brit. B. 
iv. p. 342 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl p. 245 (1854); LicU. 
Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 92 (1854); tlewits. Eggs Brit. B. 
ii. p. 334, pi. xc. (1850); Heur/l. Syst. Uebers. p. 62 (1856); 
Haiil. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 234 (1857: Gahoon) ; Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Pich. Orn. p. 459 (1859); SchrencTc, Peis. Amurl 
p. 410 (1859); Sundev. Sv. FogL pi. xli. fig. 1 (1860); Linderm. 
For/. Griechenl. p. 139 (i860); Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 66 (Amoy) ; 
Tristr. t. c. p. 80 (Algeria); Powys, t. c. p. 344 (Corfu & Epirus) ; 
Schl. Vier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 25. fig. 8 (1861); Sioinh. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 343 (Takoo to Peking); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 245 (Foochow); Gray, 
Cat. Brit. B. p. 158 (1863); Padde, Peis. Sibir., Vog. p. 330 
(1863: Lake Baikal, in summer); Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 407 
CHAKADRIID^. 

(Formosa); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaees, p. 70 (1864^ 
Holland, Julv: Senaar; Japan); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 147 
(Malta, spring & autumn); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. oiS (1865) • 
Filippi, Viagg. Persia, p. 351 (1865); Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 325 
(1867 : Colesberg); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 325 (lb67); 
Collett, Gorges Fugle, p. 55 (1868); Borggr. Yogelf. Xorddeutschl. 
p. 114 (1869); Doderl Amf SiriL p. 186 (1869); Droste, Vogeho. 
Borkum. p. 192 (1869); Stevens. B.Xorf. ii. p. 215 (1S70) ; Fritsch, 
Vbg. Bur. tab. 38. fig. 2 (1870); Wyait, Ibis, lb70, p. 17 (Sinai) ; 
Blwes $ Buckley, t. e. p. 332 (Macedonia); Swinh. t. c. p. 363 
(Hainan); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 299 (1870: Zouila, June; 
Senafe, April); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 44, no. 10267 (1871); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 298 (Algeria); Saunders, t. c. p. 387 
(Seville, Jan.); Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 406 (China and Formosa); 

P. Gray, B. West ScotL p. 293 (1871) ; Marfing, Handb. Brit. B. 
p. 47 (1872) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 232 (Crimea); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 258 (1872); Hume, Sir. F i. p. 247 (lb73: 8ind); 
Adam, t. c. p. 396 (Sambhur); Palmen. Finl. Fogl. p. 159 (1^73); 
Tacz. J. f O. 1873, p. 102; Brooke, Ibis, 1&73, p. 333 (Sardinia, 
April) ; Swinh. t c. p. 373 (Shanghai, winter); Severtz. Turkest, 
Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); Heugl. Orn. 2^.0.-Afr. ii. pt 1, p. 1161 
(1873 : JNT.E. Africa, Aug. to April): Tacz. J.f.O. 1&74, p. 336 
(E. Siberia); Adam, Str. F. ii. p. 339 (lb74: Sainbliur, July); 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 167 (lfc7o: Aug. to June); Fallon, 
Ois. Belg. p. 174 (1875); Danf. §• Karvie-Broim, Ibis, 1^75, p. 421 
(Transylvania, spring & autumn); Swinh. t. e. p. 453 (Hakodadi); 
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 183 (1875: Pegu, winter); Dresser, Ibis, 
1876, p. 412; id. B. Eur. viii. p. 135, pi. 564 (1876); Blanf. East 
Persia, ii. p. 285 (1876: Baluchistan, March ; Shiraz, Dec.): 
Tacz. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, i. p. 251 (1670;; Wharton, Ibis, 
1876, p. 27 (Corsica, April); Sharpe 4" Bouvier, Bull. Soe. ZooK 
France, i. p. 53 (1876: Chinchonxo, March, April); David $* 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 465 (1877); Danf. Ibis, 1&78, p. 34 (Asia 
Minor); Blakist. <£• Fryer, t. c. p. 220 (Yezo); Frjei\ m Rowley's 
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 87 (1878: Kansn, Sept.; Ussuri, April); Brewer, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii. p. 49 (lfc78); Anders. ZooL Results Mxped. 
West. Yunnan, p. 679 (1878: T&itkaw, Feb.; Tapetig. March); 
Hume §* Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 462 (1878: Tenasserim); Butler, 
Str. F. vii. p. 187 (1878: E. Narra; Karachi); Cripps, t. c. p. 303 
(Faridpur); Hume, t. c. p. 488 (Calcutta, cold weather); Boqd, 

B. Cauc. p. 158 (1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. lo2 (Egarka, 
xat. 67° N.); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 {1879) j Scully, t. c. p. 357 
(Nepal Valley, winter); Tiraut, Bull. Comm. Agric. Cochinchine, 
(B) I p. 157 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 64 (1879); 
id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres p. 78 (1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, 
p. 862 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 86 (1880: S. Konkan) ; 
Bingham, t. c. p. 197 (Thoungyeen Valley); Hume, t. c. p. 259 
(Cachar) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 70 (1881: fmcknow) ; Scully, Ibis, 
1881, p. 589 (Gilgit); C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 122 (Afghanistan, 
Dec. to May); Seebohm, t. e. p. 223 (Astrakhan), p. 381 (Archangel); 
Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 614 (1882); Davidson, Str. F. 
x. p. 321 (1882: Khandeish); Blakist. 8> Pryer, B. Japan, p. 110 
(1882); Booth, Rough Notes, ii. (1881-87); Gigl Iconogr. Avif. 
Ital. no. 292; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 30 (Caucasus, breeding); 
JSevertz. t. c. p. 74 (Pamir, breeding) ; Irby, t e. p. 186 (Santander) ; 
Davison, Str. F. x. p. 414 (1883: ^ ynaad); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 689 (1884); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. 
48 . HELODEOMAS. 439* 
p. 457 (1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 267 (Kiukiang, Nov.); 
Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884) ; Trisir. Faun. 8f 
Flor. Palest p. 133 (1884); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 97 
(1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 45, 433 (1884) ; Seebohm, Hist. 
Brit B. iii. p. 120, pi. 30. figs. 1-3 (1885); Zarudn. Bull Soc. Mosc. 
1885/ p. 329 (Transcaspia); Swinh. fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 134 
(Mhow, winter); Pleske, Uebers. Sang. u. Vog. Kola-Halbinsel, 
p. 359 (1886); Mcolski, Faun. Sakhal p. 262 (1886); Yerbury, Ibis, 
1886, p. 21 (Aden); Sharpe, t. c. p. 167 (Muscat) ; Gigl Avif. Xtal 
p. 394 (1886) ; A. O.TJ. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 156 (1886); 
Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, xi. p. 308 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, 
p. 392 (Portugal) ; Ridgw. Man. iV. Amer. B. p. 166 (1887); 
Harvie-Broion § Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithn. p. 222 (1887) ; 
Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 87 (1887); Terry, Sir. F. x. p. 480 
(1887 : Palani Hills); Lorries, J.f 0. 1888, p. 91 (Askold Isl.) ; 
Koenig, t. c. p. 2S2 (Tunis); Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 324 (1888: 
Manipur); Karme-Brown fy Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Outer FLebr. 
p. 135 (1888); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 368 (1888); Irby, 
Key List Brit. B. p. 48 (1888); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 (Oorea); 
Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool (2) pt. 3, p. 89 (1889); Reiehen. 
Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 48 (1889) ; Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 177 
(Cyprus) ; Lilford, t. c. p. 341 (Cyprus, March to May); Saunders, 
Man. Brit. B. p. 595 (1889) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Bmp. p. 325 
(1890); Brmina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croatica), p. 90 (1890); Gigl. 
Avif. Ital, 1st Resoc. p. 597 (1889), 2nd Resoc. $.662 (1890), 3rd 
Besoc. p. 517 (1891); W. Fva?is, Ibis, 1891, p. 81 (incubation); 
Styan, t c. pp. 331, 506 (Lower Yangtse) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 114 
(Fao); Gatke, Vogeho. Ilelgol. p. 510 (1891); Reiser, Vogels. 
Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 124 (1891); Frivcddsky, Aves FLungar. 
p. 140 (1891); 'Sharpe, Rep. 2nd York. Miss., Aves, p. 141 (1891); 
Macph. Vertebr. Faun. Lakel p. 394 (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 24 (Heligoland); Hartert, t. c. p. 515 (E. Prussia); Tacz. Mem. 
Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 872 (1893); Lilford, 
Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xxvi. (1893); WMtdker, Ibis, 1894, p. 100 
(Tamerza, Tunis); Reiehen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 42 (1894: 
E. Africa, winter) ; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd eel. p. 284(1895)^ 
Sjostedt, MT. deutsch. Schutz. viii. p. 13 (1895); id. K. Sv. Vet-
Akad. IZandl. Stockh. xxvii. p. 28 (1895 : Cameroons). 
Helodromas ochropus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 144 (1829); Bp. C. R. 

xliii. p. 597 (1856); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 61 (Pisa); Loche, Eapl. 
Sci. Alger., Ois. ii.'p. 323 (1867); Ball, Sir. F. ii. p. 431 (1874: 
Chota Kagpur); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 174 (1883); Oates, 
Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 400 (1883); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 43 (Corsica, winter); Reid, t. c. p. 253 (Marocco); Salvad. 
Elenco TJcc. Ital. p. 225 (1886); id. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. 
p. 311 (1888: Shoa, Dec.); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Lake 
Jipi, Sept.); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177 (S. Afghanistan, winter: 
Khelat, May); Heine 8f Reiehen. Nomencl. Mus. Uein. p. 328 
(1890). 
Totanus leucourus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 643 (1831). 
Totanus rivalis, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 642 ; id. Vogelf p. 313 (1855). 
Totanus leucurus, Gray § Hardw. III. Lid. Zool. ii. pi. 5. fig. 1 (1834);


Brehm, Vogelf p. 313 (1855). 
Totanus achrop'us, Cresjmi, Orn. Gard, p. 427 (1840). 
Actitis ochropus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 267 (1849: 

Calcutta); Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 698 (1864) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, 

p. 395 (Umbala, Oct.) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. 
440 
CIIAIiADEIIDJE. 

p. 273 (]S70); Blanf. Geol § Zool. Abyss. p. 433 (1870) ; Bume $ 
Blenders. Lahore to Turk, p. 289 (1873); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 
1878, p. 417 (Kathiawar); Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm.-p. 155 (1875); 
Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 18 (187(3: Mt. Aboo district); Scully, t. c. 
p. 188 (Kasbs-ar); Fairb. t. c. p. 203 (Ahniednuggur); Butler, 
Str. F. v. p. 233 (1377 : Deesa); Davids. # Wenden, Str. F. -v ii. 
p. 89 (1878: Dec-can); Ball, t. c. p. 2'2& (Ganges to Godavery); 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 96 (Giljrit, Aug. to May) ; Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 254 (1834); Macqreg. Str!F. x. p. 466 
(1887: 31}>ore). 
Helodroinas* leucurus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 

Rbyacophilus 
ochropus, liidqw. Proc. U. S. Xat. Mas. iii. p. 200 
(1880); Cones, Check-list X. Amer. B. p. 103 (18b2); id. Fey X 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 039 (1884); Baird, Brewer, fy Budgie. Water-
Birds N. Amer. i. p. 282 (18fe4). 

Adult male in iv inter plumage (Lamu : P. J. Jackson). General 
colour above uniform olive-brown with a slight gloss of bronzy 
olive; scapulars and -wing-coverts like the back, but having a few 
tiny white spots on the margins; lower back and rump darker, 
blackish brown with white edges to the feathers; upper tail-coverts 
pure white; lesser wing-coverts as well as the outer median and 
outer greater coverts uniform olive-brown ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, the secondaries like the back and 
freckled with tiny white spots on the edges; tail-feathers white, the 
centre ones with three black bars on the terminal half, these bars 
disappearing gradually on the lateral feathers, the outer ones being 
entirely white; crown of head, hind-neck, and n • an tie uniform asly 
brown : a supra-loral streak of white ; lores dusky, surmounted by 
an indistinct white eyebrow, lined with blackish streaks; sides of 
face, ear-coverts, and cheeks white, rather broadly streaked with 
blackish brown; throat white, streaked with brown on the sides ; 
the lower throat, sides of neck, and fore-neck also distinctly streaked 
with brown: remainder of under surface of body pure white; 
sides of upper breast brown, slightly mottled with white; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, barred very plainly with white : 
lower primary-coverts and inner lining of quills uniform, with white 

dots along the inner edge of the secondaries: "bill dusky above, 
reddish beneath ; feet greyish blue, tinged with green ; iris dusky"*' 

(J. Macgillivray). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5*4, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 1*3. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in being much more variegated, the whole of the hack being spotted 
with white, the spots being arranged in pairs on the edges of the 
feathers, which are also tipped with a bar or twin spots of white ; 
the whole of the head and neck streaked with white, and the 
brown streaks on the side of the face, fore-neck, and chest very 
broad and distinct, the sides of the upper breast being brown, very 
much mottled with bars of white. Total length 1)3 inches, culmen 
14, wing 5*4, tail 2-15, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Does not differ in colour from 

48 . HELODEOMAS. 
the male, but is not quite so strongly marked. Total length 9 inches, 

culmen 1-5, wing 5-6, tail 2, tarsus 1-3. 

Young in autumn 
plumage. Scarcely differs from the winter 

plumage of the adult, but, when freshly moulted, it has indistinct 

margins of ashy bronze on the feathers of the upper surface; the 

tail-bands are narrower on the centre feathers, while the sub


terminal band is broader than in the adults. 

The change to the 
summer plumage is apparently effected by a 

distinct moult, which takes place while the bird is in its winter 

quarters, and in many instances, especially in the case of the males, 

the summer plumage is completely assumed before the species leaves 

for its breeding-place. 

Hah. Nearly the whole of the Old "Worlds from the At]antic to 
the Pacific, breeding in the North of Europe and Asia, and visiting 
Africa and India in winter, but not reaching to Australia, though it 
extends to the Malay Archipelago. 

a. Ad. sk. England, December. 
b, c. Imm. st. Kingsbury Reservoir, MiddleJ. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
sex, Aug. 
d, e. J ad. et juv. Kingsbury Reservoir, MiddleSeebohm 
Coll. 
sex, July, Aug. {J. E. Hartsk. 
ing). 


Tketford, Norfolk, Aug. 11, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. $ ad. sk. 1850 (0. Salvin). 
Yarmouth, Sept. 6 (J. E. Seebohm Coll. 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Harting). 
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Sept. Theodore Fisher, 
h. Juv. st. Esq. [P.]. 
Epping, near London. H. Doubleday, Esq. 
t, h. Ad. sk. 
[P.], 

7, m. Juv. sk. 
Romney Marsh, Kent, Sept. Sharpe Coll. 

n. Imm. st. 
Cookham, Berkshire. Mr. W. Briggs. 
o,p. 
Ad. etimm. Wiltshire. Montagu Coll. 
sk. 

q. Imm. st. 
Plympton, Devon (J. E. H). Harting Coll. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
Norway, May 13 (E.H. Alston). Seebohm Coll. 
s. <$ ad. sk. 
Sweden, Aug. ( W. Meves). Seebohm Coll. 
t. 6 
juv. sk. Fogaras, Hungary, Oct. 6 (C. Hungarian National 
Czynk). Mus. [P.]. 
u. $ 
ad. sk. Corsica, April 27 (C. By grave Seebohm Coll. 
Wharton). 
v. Ad. sk. Catanroja, Valencia, April 28 Tweeddale Coll. 
(£[. Saunders). 
w. Ad. sk. 
Marocco (Olcese). Seebohm Coll. 
x. Ad sk, 
Dakar, Senegal (L. Laglaize). Seebohm Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. Angola. Monteiro Coll. 
z-a'. Ad, sk. ? St. Helena. Gould Coll. 
b'. S ad. sk. Lamu, E. Africa. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
e\ S ad. sk. Adigrat, Abyssinia, April 14. W. T.Blanford,Esq. 

[C.]. 
d'. Ad. sk. Zoulla, June 8 (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 
e'. Ad. sk. Bogos-land {Ester). Seebohm Coll. 

442 

/ . Ad. sk. 

g'. Juv. sk. 

h\ $ ad. sk. 

i'. Ad. sk. 

k'. cJ ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
m'. Ad. sk. 
ri9 o'. Ad. sk. 
p', q'. Ad. sk. 
r'-u\ Ad. sk. 
v'. $ ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 

aJ. $ ad.sk. 

y. Ad. sk. 
s'. 2 ad. sk. 
a", J ad. sk. 

h", c". <$ ad.; 

d". J ad. sk. 

e", /". tf ad.; 

5 ad. sk. 

CHAKADKIID^. 

Egypt-


Egypt {G.F.Shelley). 
Gennesaretk, Palestine. 
Xantus, Asia Minor. 
Zebil Taurus, Feb. 13 (C. G. 


Danford). 

Lower Volga, April. 
Shiraz, Persia. 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug., Sept. 


Muscat. 
Yarkand. 
Kashgar, Jan. 31 (F. Stoliczka). 
Gulran Pass, Northern Afgha


nistan, April. 
Calagan, Baluchistan, March 10. 

Quetta (Griffith). 
Nal, Kelat, May 2 (0. T.
Duke). 

Pisheen Valley, Dec. 19. 
Candahar, Dec. to Feb. 

Candahar, Feb., Sept. (Sir 0. 
Si. John). 

</"-Ic". 2 ad. sk. Kushdil Kan, May 2. 

I". Ad. sk. 

m". $ ad. sk. 

n". Ad. sk. 

o". Ad. sk. 

p". Ad. sk. 
$".c?ad.;r"-V. 

$ ad.sk. 
x", y". Ad. sk. 
s". d1 ad. sk. 

«3. Ad. sk. 
6j. Ad. sk. 
e3-#3. Ad. sk. 
h\ Ad. sk. 
«3. $ ad. sk. 
k*-n\S 
ad.; o3. 
$ ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
qz. $ ad. sk. 
r3. j ad. sk. 
s3. Ad. sk. 
f. Ad. sk. 
ud, vz. Ad. sk. 
w?3. Ad. sk. 
x^aK Ad. sk. 

7A tf ad. sk. 

c*. Ad. sk. 

d^-gK Ad. sk. 

Pushut {Griffith). 
Koree, Sindh (F. Bay). 
Ghiznee, Sindh (Dr. Gould). 
Dhorajee, Kattiawar. 


Mount Aboo (Dr. Keicman). 
Sambhur, July to March (It. 


M. Adam). 
Jodhpur, Feb. 8 (A. 0. II.). 
Delhi, Oct. 7 (O. T. B.). 
Gurgaon, Jan. 31 (A. O. H.). 
Gurgaon, Jan. 21 (W. JV. Chill). 
Sirsa District, cold season. 
Agrore District, March 8. 
Bawul Pindee. 
Gilgit, Jan., April, Aug., Sept. 


Gilgit, April 23. 
Leh, Sept 10 (F. Stoliczka). 
Tanktze, Sept. 18 {F. Stoliczka). 
Masuri. 
Dehra Dhoon. 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Kumaon Bhabur, March 19 


(Dr. G. King). 

Etawah, Jan., Sept. 
Cawnpore, Feb. 21. 
Futtehgurh, April 20 {A. 


Anderson). 

Nepal. 

G. Tumbull, Esq, 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Canon Tristram [0.\ 
Sir C. Fellowes pP.j, 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Sir O. St. John [0.]. 
"W. D. Cummingy

Esq. rpr. 

Colonel Miles rP.]. 
Br. R.B. Sharped.]. 
Forsyth Expedition. 
Dr. Aitchison [G.]. 

W.T.BIanford,Esq, 

[C.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Sir 0. St John '0.~* 
Colonel S winhoe ~P7|. 


Hume Coll. 


Colonel Swinhoe [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coh. 
India Museum. 
CoL Hayes Lloyd 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
CoL Biddulph [C I 
CoL Biddulph [G J. 


Dr. J. Scully [P.], 
2nd YarkancL Exped* 
2nd Yarkand Exped. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 
Seebohm Coll. 


Hodgson ColL 


¥. $ ad. sk. 

i\ h\ Ad. sk 

74,m*,%4. Ad.sk. 

oK $ juv. sk 

p*. Juv. sk. 

<jr4, r1. Ad. sk 

s1. Ad. sk 

tK Ad. sk 

«*-#*. Ad. sk. 

yt Ad. sk. 
z\ a?,b5. Jad. sk. 

2 ad. sk. 

, Imm. sk 

£5. $ ad. sk. 
f\ Ad. sk. 

P. Ad. sk 
£ 

c? ad. sk. 

F, T. Ad. sk ^ 

m5. c? ad.; w5


q"\ $ ad. sk. 

r5, s5. Ad. sk 

*5. Ad. sk. 

u5, v\ w\ 2 a<^ 
sk. 
#%y5- <? 5 ad. 

sk. 

S5. Ad. sk 

a6. Ad. sk. 

£G. d ad. sk. 
ca, ^G. d S ad. 

sk. 
a6,/0. Ad.sk 
gQ. $ ad. sk. 
A6. $ ad. sk 

z. Ad. sk. 
hG 

. d ad. sk. 
Z8. d ad. sk 
mG. J ad. sk. 
?a6. $ ad. sk. 
o°. d ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk 
q6. Ad. sk. 
rG. Ad. sk 
s*. Ad. sk. 
£6,w°. Ad.sk 
v6, wQ. Ad. sk. 

48 . HELODEOMAS. 
Nepal Valley, Dec. 27 (J". 

Scully). 
Native Sikhim, Jan. (L. 

Mandetti). 
Sikhira, March, Nov. (L. M.). 
Lachong Lake, Sikhim, 8000 

feet, Sept. 12 (JET. J. Elves). 
Darjiling {Col. Sharpe). 
Buxa Doars, Dec, Jan, (X. M.). 
Dibrughur, Dec. (J. F. Cripps). 
Mvniensing. 
North Khasia Hills, Feb. {A. 

W. Clwnndl). 
Miri Hills. 
Manipur, Feb., March (A. 

0. H.). 
Sylhet, Jan. 24 (A. 0. H.). 
Cachar. 
Cachar, Jan. 15 (J. Inglis). 
Maunbhoom, Feb. (fa. C. 
Beavan). 

Behar. 
Mhow, Oct. 3. 
Kamptee. 
Khandeish, Dec. to March 


[J. Davidson). 
Deccan (SyJces). 
Matterhan, Nov. (8. B. Fair-
bank). 

Ahmednuggur Distr., Sept., 

^Bec. (8.'B.Fairban/c). 
Nilghiris, April (W. Davison). 

Palani Hills, April 3 (JET. 

Terry). 

Western Province, Ceylon, Jan. 

30 (W. K Legge). 
Pegu, Oct. 12. 
Pegu, Dec. (JR. G. W. 22.). 

Tonghoo. 
Karen-nee, W arch 29. 
Tsitkau, Tapeng R , Feb. 6. 
Houngthraw River, Tenas


serim, Feb. 11 {W.Limhonj). 
Thatone, Dec. 30 ( W. Davison). 
Amherst, March (W. D.). 
Yeaboo, Dec. 23 (J. Darling). 
Miulwin. Dec. 29 (W. D.). 
Pakchan, Jan. 25 (W. D.). 
Siani (Finlayson). 
Shanghai, May 12. 
Kiukiang, Nov. 9. 

Amoy, Nov. (R. Sioinhoe). 
Amoy, Sept., Feb. (R.Swirihoe). 
Canton. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Flume Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hodgson Coll. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.l. 
Dr.ll. B.Hinde[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.]. 


Oates Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Call. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


F. W. Styan, Esq.. 
[P.J. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
444 
CHAKADPaiDJC. 

&*, if. Ad. sk. Canton (S. Bligli). Seebohm Coll. 
zQ-e7. Ad. sk. Yokohama (II. Fryer § Snow). Seebobni Coll. 
f7, g\ Ad. &k. Nagasaki, Xov. 26^ F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
h7. Ad. sk. Fungsban, Formosa, Dec. (B. Seebohm Coll. 

Swinhoe). 
i7, k7, (S ? ad. sk. Monte Alban, Luzon, March Tweeddale Coll. 

(A. II. Everett). 
I7. Ad. sk. Borneo. Gould Coll. 
m7. Juv. sk. [Halifax, Nova Scotia.] Seebohm Coll. 
n7, o7. Ad. bt. & Hudson's Bay. Hudson's Bay Co, 
sk. * ;P:. 
j)7. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 

2. Helodromas solitarius. 
Green Sandpiper, Tar. ft, lath. Gen. Syn. iii. p i 1, p. 171 (1785: 
King George^ Sound). 
Tringa'ochiopiiN, var. H, X^/ L Lid, Orn. ii. p. 730 (1790: X. 

America J. 
Chorlitu pardo menor, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 315 (1805). 
Tringa solitaria, Wilson. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 53, pi. 55. fig. 3 (1813). 
Totanus ehloropvrrius Vieill. X. Diet. (THkt. Sat.<\. p. 401 (1810); 

lew. TVtfrte d Orn. p. ->ji> (L^31); in*///. i***, 1-31, P; /~21; 
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 393(lb31); Jard. ed. Wihons 
Amer. Orn. iii. p. 344, pi. o<. tig. 3 (1&32); Audub. Om. Bioyr. 

iii. p. 570, pi. 2^0 (lS:j5j ; Up. ~Onap. Lift IJ. Ear. fy X. Amer. 
p. 51 (1838); Audidj. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 5^3 (1^39) ; Gray, Gen. 
B. iii. p. 573 (184(t); Goose, B. Jamaica, p. 350 (ls47/; lieichenb. 
Grail, tab. Ixxiv. fau*. 584 (1850) ; Brewer. Brae. Bo*t. She. Sat. 
Hist vii. p. 30S (18C0: Cuba): Gimdl. J. f. O. 1802, p. 86 
(Cuba) j Leoi. 01$. Trinid. p. 450 (1MJ0); 11. Gray, B. West 
Scotl. p. 205 (1871): Gray, Hand-l. IJ. iii. p. 44, no. 10209 ('1871). 
Totanus punctata, 
Vieill X. Diet d'Hi^t. Xat. vi. p. 411 (1810: 
Paraguay): Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1840;; Hart!. Ltd. Azara, 

p. 25^(1847). 
Totanus calfcatus, LicJit. Terz. Dovll. p. 74 (1823); Burm. Th. 
Bras.nl p. 370 (1850). 
Tringa glareola {nee L.), Ord,ed. Wil*o?i*s Am. Orn. vii. p. 57 (1825). 
Tringa maeioptera, Sjnv, Av. Bra*, ii. p. 76, pi. xcii. C1^25). 
Green-rump Taller, XuttalL Man. Orn. ii. p. 150 (1834). 
Totanus solitarius, B'Orb. Hid. Xat. Cuba, p. 23S (1839) ; Audub. 

B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 309, pi. ;J43 (1842); Gray, Li*t Grail. Brit 
31us. p. 101 (1844); Set P Z. S. 1850, p. 310'(Cordova, Mexico), 
1858, p. 401 (Ecuador): Self I. Mas. Bays-Bas, Scolopaee*, p. 73 
(1804); Scl. 4-&'ah\ P. Z. S. 1807, p. 079 (Pebas, E. Peru). 1SG8, 
p. 109 (Venezuela); Sandeo. (Efi\ K. Vet-Akad. Fork. Storkh, 
1809, p. 587 (St. Bartholomew), p. 002 (Porto Rico); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 300, 457 (1871); Ilartim/, Handh. Brit. B. p, 137 
(1872); Cones, Key X. Amer. B. p. 259 (lfc7f>): Scl. $ Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Eastern Peru) ; Coues ~B. X.-West, p. 498 
(1874); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 560; Hensh. Bep. Zool IQQth 
Merid. p. 459 (1875) ; lit id, Zool. 1877, p. 478 (Bermudas, 
migrant); Ernst, Estud. Flor. ?/ Fawn. Venezuela, p. 312 (1877); 
Cones, Bvll. U.S. Geo!. Sum. iv. p. 043 (1878: Montana, July, 
Aug.); Mayn. B. East X. Amer. p. 292 (1879); A. $ jfe 
Xewton, lldndb. Jamaica, p. 110 (1881); B. O. II. List Brit B. 
p. 175 (1883) ; Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 130 (1885) ; A. O. 
48 . HELODROMAS. 445 
U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 156 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. 
p. 368 (1886: Cliorillos, Tumfaez); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. 
Alaska, p. 189 (1886); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 152 (1886: Manitoba) ; 
Fox, t. c. p. 320 (Roane Co., Tennessee); Scott, t. c. p. 3b6 (Tucson, 
Arizona); Toians. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 198, 235 (1887: 
Mt. Shasta, California); Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 91 (1887: Ventura 
Co., California); Langdon, t. c. p. 129 (Tennessee) ; Lloyd, t. c. 
p. 186 (West Texas); Sennett, t. c. p. 241 (N. Carolina); Cory, 
t. c. p. 318 (West Indies); Beckham, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mu% x* 
pp. 637, 653 (1887: Bexar Co. & San Antonio, Texas) ; Nelson, 
Pep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 118 (1887: Anvik and Nulato, 
Lower Yukon); Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 37 (Pilcomayo, Dec.) ; 
Midgiu, Man. N. Amer. B. p. 166 (1887); Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. 
Charadr. p. 367 (1888); Merrill, Auk, v. p. 144 (lb88: Fort 
Klamath, Oregon); Chapm. t. c. p. 270 (Gainsulle, Florida) j, 
Bverm. t. c. p. 349 (Indiana); Brittain § Gov, Auk, vi. p. 117 
(1889: Restigoucke Valley); Scott, t. c. p. 158 (Tarpon Springs, 
Florida); Salvin, Ibis, lb89, p. 379 (Ruatau Isl.); Berl. J. f. O. 
1889, p. 321 (Sarayacu and Ueayali R.); Cory, B. West Ind. 
p. 239 (1889); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 503 (1890: 
Manitoba); C. H. Merriam, 2V Amer. Faun. no. 3, p. 88 (1890: 
California); Hagencp, B. Greenl. p. 55 (1891: Kangek, 64° N. 
lat) ; Cory, Auk, viii. p. 48 (LbUl: Guadeloupe}; Brewster 8f 
Chapm. t. c. p. 137 (Snwanee R.) ; Todd, t. c. p. 2o6 (West 
Pennsylvania); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892: Jamaica), p. 212 
(Florida) ; Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texab) ; Cherrie, 
i. c. p. 329 (Costa Rica); C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Faun. no. 5, 
p. 92 (1892: Idaho); Berl. # Stohm. P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 400, 
408 (Chorillos, Peru); Cory, Cat. B. West Ind. p. 93 (1892: 
Greater and Leaser Antilles) ; Allen, Auk, x. p. 125 (1893) ; 
White, t. c. p. 223 (Mackinac Isl.); Richn. Proa. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

xvi. p. 526 (1893 : Nicaragua and Costa Rica); Lilford, Col. Fig. 
Brit. B. pt. xxvi. (1893); Chapm. Bull, Amer. Mus. N. H. vi. 
p. 77 (1894 : Trinidad). 
Totanus macropterus, Gould, in Darivirts Voy. 'Beagle/ Birds, 
p. 129 (1841). 
Rhyncophilus ckloropygius, Bp. C, P. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 
Rhyncophilus caligatus, Bp. t. c. p. 597. 
Rhyacophilus solitarius, Scl. fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 229 (Guatemala) ; 
A. fy E. Newton, t. c. p. 257 (St. Croix) ; Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat, 
Sci. PMlad. 1859, p. 108 (Rio Grande, New Mexico) ; Baird, B. 
N. Amer. p. 733 (1860): Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 254 (Orizaba), 
1861, p. 80 (Jamaica) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 334 
(1861: Panama); Boardm. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 129 
(1862: Maine, breeding) ; Verrill, Proc. Fss. Inst. iii. p. 152 
(1862: Maine) ; Albrecht, J.f.O. 1862, p. 205 (Cuba); Blakist. 
Ibis, 1862, p. 9 (Forks of Saskatchewan, May), 1863, p. 133 
(Mackenzie R.) ; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PMlad. 1864, 
p. 67 (Jamaica): Allen, Proc. Fss. Inst. iv. p. 77 (1864: Springfield, 
Mass.); Scl P. Z. S. 1864, p. 178 (City of Mexico); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 38 (Matamoras, Aug. to April); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 199 (Nauta, East. Peru); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. 
p. 294 (1866: Sombrero); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad, 
1866, p. 98 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Scl P. Z. S. 1867, p. 592 
(Mexiana); Coues, Proc. Fss. Inst. v. p. 295 (1868: New England); 
id. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 123 (1868: S. Carolina); 
Law. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 141 (1869: Costa Rica); Scl. # 
446 CHARADBIID33. 

Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 598 (Tinta, Peru) ; Ball $ Bann. Trans, 
Chic. Acad. i. p. 292 (1869: 2\ulato, May); Stevens, U.S. Geol. 
Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Philad. 1871, p. 32 (N. Carolina) - Maynard, Proc. Bost. Soc. 
Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 383 (1871: Xew Hampshire) ; Trippe, op. cit. 

xv. p. 241 (1872: Iowa, breeding); Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. 
p. 182 (1872: Kansas; Colorado; Wyoming, Aug.); ScL $* Sah\ 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 146 (1873); Laicr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. ii. p. 309 (1874: Mazatlan); Gundl J.f. 0. 1874, p. 313 
(Porto Rico), 1875, p. 324 (Cuba) ; Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. 
p. 47 (1876: Tehuantepec City, Oct. to April); Bumf. Ibis, 1878, 
p. 68 (Buenos Avres, Oct. to March); Later. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. 
i. p. 238 (1878 : Antigua), p. 242 (Barbuda), p. 461 (Guadeloupe); 
ScL 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 547 (Medellin, U.S. Colombia) ; 
Allen, Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 169 (1880: Santa Lucia): 
Salvin <$• Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 (Santa Marta, Dec.); Bidgw. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 (1880); Steams, Proc. U.S. Nat 
Mus. vi. p. 119 (1883: Labrador); Barroics, Auk, i. p. 315 
(1884; Lower Uruguay): Corns, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 639 (1884); Baird, Brewer, e§* Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. 
i. p. 278 (1884)• Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Turner, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. viii. p. 247 (1885 : Fort Chimo, Labrador); 
Scl £ Suds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 188 (1889) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 496 (Barbados); Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 20; Graham Kerr, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Lower Pilcomayo); Holland, t. e. p. 212 
(Estancia Espartilla); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 209 (Uruguay). 
Totanus chloropus, var. solitarius, Bidgw. Ann. Lyc. N. T. x. p. 384 
(1874: Illinois). 

Adult male in Ireeding-jyiumage. Similar to H ochrojni.% but 
smaller and wanting the white rump of the latter species; tlie 
rump as weR as the mesial upper tail-coverts dusky blackish ; the 
lateral upper tail-co^erts white broadly barred with black, exactly 
like the tail-feathers, all of which have broad black bars; under 
surface of body resembling H. ocliropus, but the white bars on the 
axillaries and under wing-coverts much wider than in that species: 
"bill greenish black; the edges of the eyelids dark grey; feet 
greenish grey, claws brownish black; iris brown" (J. J. Audubon). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5*1, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Does not differ from the male 
in colour. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5"27 tail 2, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Adult in tvinter plumage. Differs from the winter plumage of 

H. ocliropus exactly in the same way as the summer plumage of the 
two birds differs. From the summer plumage described above it is 
distinguished by being more uniform above with scarcely any white 
spots, the head uniform and not streaked with white ; eyelid and a 
supra-loral streak white; lower throat, fore-neck, and sides of 
neck ashy brown, slightly mottled with darker brown spots or bars. 
Young after first moult. Similar to the winter plumage of the 
adults, but all the margins of the feathers of the back and wings are 
notched or spotted with light rufous brown; under surface of body 
pure white, the lower throat streaked with brown, and the sides 
of the fore-neck and of the breast nearly uniform dark brown. 

48. HELOJDEOMAS. 44 7 
Hal. North America, breeding in the North and visiting South 
America in winter.

a. $ ad. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
4, e,f. Juv. sk.
g. Ad. sk,
h. Ad. sk.
if k. Ad. sk.
I. J ad. sk.
m. Jad.sk.
n. <$ ad. sk.
o. P ad. sk.
p. P ad. sk.
4, r. <$ J ad. sk.
®,t. (S $ ad. sk.
u. <$ ad. sk.
t\ Ad. sk.
to. $ juv. sk.

x. 2 ad. sk.
v. z. Juv. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
b', c', dJ. $ ad. sk. 
fik*

e\ S ad*
fy g\ 5 ad. sk.

h!. <$ ad. sk.

i' 7cr. Ad. sk.

lr. d juv. sk.

m\ Juv. sk.

n\ o\ <$ ad. sk.

 Accidental in Europe. 

 Nulato, Alaska (E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nelson-. Hensh. Coll.). 

 Fort Simpson. B. K. Boss, Esq. [P.]. 
Bepulse Bay. Dr. Kae [P.]. 
49th Parallel, Aug. (G. N. A. Bound. Comm. 

Dawson). [P.]. 
Canada. Tweeddale Coll. 
New Brunswick, Sept. Capt. Savile Beid 

 New Jersey. Hume Coll. 

 Lyons Falls, New York, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. (A J. Dayan: Hensh. 
Coll.). 

 Adirondack Mts., New York, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 10 (C. H.M.: Hensh. 
Coll.). 

 Greig, Lewis Co., N. Y., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 18 (C. H. Merriam: 
Hensh. Coll.). 

 New Haven, Conn., May 17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. H.M.i Hensh. Coll). 
Concord, Mass., Oct. 3 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. E.). 
District Columbia, May 10 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(E. Cones'). 
"Washington, D.C., April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (H. W. H). 
Waukegan, 111., May 6 (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W.Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 

 Bockport, Ohio. Professor Kirtland 

[p.i. 
Virginia Beach, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
Bigolets, Louisiana, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H W. H). 

 White Mountains, Arizona, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 10 (H. W. H.). 
Melbourne, Florida, Sept. 17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(W.Hoxie: Hensh. Coll), 

 Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
Hidalgo, Texas, April (F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Armstrong). 


 Brownsville, Texas, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

{F. B. Armstrong), 
San Antonio, April 10 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
E. Dresser), 
Bermuda, April, Oct. Capt. Savile Beid 

 Puebla, Mexico, Aug. 25 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Ferrari-Perez). 

 Coajimalpa, Tacubaya, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
22 (Ferrari-Perez). 
Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. (M. Trujillo). 

p\ $ ad. sk.

q\ $ ad. sk.

r\ 6 ad. sk.

s'. $ ad. sk.

t'. Ad. sk.

u'. 6 ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

to'. Ad. sk.

a'' <$ ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

z'-b". <3; c",d".

5 ad. sk.
e". Ad. sk.


f. $ ad.; g"> h".
2 ad.sk.
i", k". Ad. sk.


I". S ad. sk.

m". $ ad. sk.
u'r,o". <$ ad. ;p".
§ ad. sk.
q". Ad. sk.

r". o* ad. sk.

s". Ad. sk.

t". Ad. sk.
u". Ad. sk.

v". <5 ad. sk.

w". 2 ad. sk.

cc". S ad. sk.
yv. Ad, sk.
z". $ ad. sk.

«3. Juv. sk.
b\ <} ad. sk. 
CHAEADEIIDJC. 

 Aguas Calientes, Aug. (JT. Salvin-Godman ColL 
2?. llkliardbon), 

 Sierra San Dominsro, Tebu- Salvin-Godman ColL 
antepec. Apiil 15 (W. R. 
Richardson). 

 Las Vigas, Jalapa, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Ferrari-Perez), 

 Sierra San Domingo, Teliu- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
antepec, April 15 (IF. B. 
Richardson). 

 Noitliem Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
Tabi, Yucatan, Feb. (F. I). Salvin-Gcdman Coll. 
6-'.). 
Jolbox Island, Dec. (G. F. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Gaumer). 
Euatan Inland (G. F. Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mer). 
Moneasue, Jamaica, Aug. Salvin-Godman ColL 

(O. k). 
Barbados. Sir E. Sebomburak 
S. Vincent, *W. I., Aug. 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(D. Jr. Smith). 
British Honduras 
(F. JBlan- Sah in-Godman Coll. 
caneaiu), 

 Dueuas, Guatemala, Sept Salvin-Godman ColL 
(0.6'.). 
San Jose, Costa Eiea (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Carmiol). 

 Volean de Cbixiqui, Panama Salvin-Godman ColL 

(E. ArcS). 
Castillo, Veragua (F. ArcC). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lion 
Hill, Panama (J. 21c- Salvin-Godman ColL 
Leannan). 

 Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia, Salvin-Godman CoH. 
Dec. {F. A. A. Simons), 
Medellin, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(T. K. Salmon), 
Saravacu. Ecuador (C.JBuck- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ley). 
Cayenne (JelsJd). Seebohm Coll. 
Maroni Paver, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Kapler), 

 Bartica Grove, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guiana, Sept. 18 (JET. 

Whitely). 

 E. Carimang, Maxell 28 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w.y 
E.Eupurumi,May6(2T. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Para. E. Graham, Esq. 

[P.J. 
Para, Aug. 4 (F. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
Island of Mexiana (A. R. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wallace). 
Pebas, E. Peru, April 2 (J. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Hauxivell). 

49 . HETEBACHTIS. 
449» 
e3, d3. <$ 2 a(*. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian Ama- Seebohm Coll. 
zons, Sept., Oct. (E. Bart-

e3 . c? ad. sk.
f3, g3 . Ad. sk.
lett). 
Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. 6 (B.
Whitely). 
Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h3 , i3 . Ad. sk.
k2 . $ ad. sk.
P. J ad. sk.
Forbes). 
Bahia. 
Chapada,MattoGrosso,Nov.
24 (Mrs. m H. Smith). 
Campana, Buenos Avres, 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
PI. Durnford, Esq. 
Dec. 30. " ' [C.]. 

49. 
HETEBACTITIS. 
Type. 
Heteroscelus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 734 (1858, nee Lath). EL incanus. 
Heteractitis, Stejn. Auk, i. p. 236 (1884: nom. emend.) .. H. incanus. 

Range. Prom N.W. America and Eastern Siberia south to Japan 
and China, the Malayan Archipelago and Australia, as well as 
throughout the islands of the Pacific, to the Sandwich Islands and 
the Galapagos. 

Key to the Species *. 

a. 
Nasal groove not reaching much beyond the half of 
the upper mandible and falling short of the tip by 
0*7 inch; tarsus plated behind; centre of breast 
and abdomen white in summer plumage, and not 
barred brevipes, p. 449. 
b. Nasal groove reaching to within the terminal third 
of the upper mandible and falling short of the 
tip by no more than 0*5 inch; tarsus reticulated 
behind, seldom with plates ,• centre of breast and 
abdomen thickly barred with dusky grey like the 
rest of the under surface incanus, p. 453. 
1. Heteractitis "brevipes. 
Trynga glareola 
(nee Linn.), Ball. Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. ii. p. 194. 
tab. lx. (1811, pi).; 
Totanus brevipes, Vieill. N. Diet, a"Hist. Nat. vi. p. 410 (1816); 
Gi-ay, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); BucTier. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 

* Although the difference in the extent of the nasal groove appears at first 
sight to be structural, and therefore of generic importance, I have found the 
utmost difficulty in separating the two species, as there is great variation in 
the character of the nasal groove, and it is by no means always of the same 
length. The same may be said of the scaling on the tarsus, for, whereas 
most of the specimens of B. incanus have the hinder side reticulated, some 
few individuals have it partly scaled and partly reticulated. As the two forms 
are found together in some of their summer (Bering Island; Ponin Islands), 
and again in some of their winter haunts (Australia), it may be that they interbreed, 
which would account for the inconstancy of their characters. 
VOL. XXIV. 
2 G 

450 CHJJ&ADKIID^!. 

1851, pp. 370, 570 (Timor); Cassin in Perry1$ Fxped. Japan, ii. 

p. 229 (1857) ; Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1802, p. 321 
(Bonin IsL ; Liu Km IsL); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 312; id. Ibis, 
1863, p. 407 (Formosa, Aug.), p. 444 (Japan); id. Ibis7 1867, 
p. 390 (Amoy); Gray, Sand-L B. Hi. p. 45. no. 10271 (1871); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 163 (Hakodadi); Pamsay, Proc. Linn. Soe. 
N. S. W. i. p. 375 (1877 : Duke of York Isl.); Casteln.fyPamsay, 
t. e. p. 384 (Gulf of Carpentaria); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soe. xiii. 
p. 504 (1877: S.E. New Guinea) ; Pamsay, Proc. Linn. Soe. 
N. S. W. TIL p. 41 (1883; San Christoval); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, 
p. 180 (Liu Xiu IsL)j Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); 
Everett, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225; id. Journ. Straits Branch As. Soo. 
1889, p. 208; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan, Sept); 
Sharpe, t c. pp. 144, 285 (Labuan, Jan.). 
Totanus pedestris, pt, Lesson, Traite, p. 552 (1831). 
Totanus pulverulentus, Mull. Verh. not. Gesch. Land-en Yolkenk. 


p. 152 (1839-44); Graij, Gen. B. iii.^p. 573 (1846); Temm. $ 
Schl. Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 109, pi. 65 (1S50) ; Peiehmb. Grallee, 
tab. eccxviii. figs. 2560-61 (1850); Midd. Peis. Sibir. p. 214 
(1851); Swinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 132, 359 (Amoy), 1861, p. 343 
(Takow—Pekin), 1862, p. 254 (Foochow); Padde,Peis. Sibir., Tog. 
p. 326 (1863: Lake Baikal); WJutely, Ibis, 1867, p. 205 (Hakodadi) 
; Meyer, J.f.O. 1873, p. 405 (Celebes) ; id. Ibis, 1879, 
p. 143 (Menado, March). 
Totanus griseopygius, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 39 (Port Essington); 
id. B. AusiY. vi. pi. 38 (1848); Meiehenb. Tog. Nmhoil. p. 194 
(1850); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (X. Australia); id. Cat. 
Mamm. etc. New Guinea, p. 62 (1859: Cape York); id. P. Z. S. 
1860, p. 364 (BatcHan); Krefft, Ibis, 18t52, p. 191 (Brampton 
Shoals) ; Posenb. J.f.O. 1864, p. 137. 

Actitis brevipes, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. Seng. p. 267 (1849: 
Australia). 

Actitis pulverulentus, JDyb. fy Parvex, J.f. 0.1868, p. 337 (Darasun); 
Tacz. Bull Soe. Zool. France, i. p. 250 (1876). vii. p. 397 
(1882); Dyb. # Tacz. op. cit. ix. p. 54 (1884). 

Gambetta pulverulentus, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 
Oambetta griseopyga, Bp. t. c. p. 59/ (1856). 
Oambetta brevipes, Bp. t. c. p. 597 (1856). 
Totanus incanus (nee Gm.), Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas) Scolopaces, p. 74 


(1864: Jajjan; China; Borneo; Moluccas); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 406 (Chinese and Formosan coast in winter) ; id. Ibis, 1874, 
p. 163 (Hakodadi); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 329 (1874); id. Ann. 
Mas. Genov. ix. p. 63 (1876); Scl P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113 (Duke of 
York IsL); Tweedd. t c. p. 550 (Malanipa); Scl. t e. p. 557 (Admiralty 
Isl.); Tzoeedd. t c. p. 769 (Cebu); David fy Oust Ok. Chine, 
p. 466 (1877) ; Pamsay, Proc. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. ii. p. 197 (1878); 
W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 127 (Wednesday IsL); Tweedd. 
t. c. p. 345 (S. Leyte), p. 711 (S. Bohol); Blahist. fy Fryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 220 (Japan); Posenb. Malay Arch. pp. 324 (1878-79: 
€eram), 373 (Coram; K6 IsL), 407 (Ternate), 563 (New Guinea); 
Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 447 (Buke of York IsL); Sharpe, t. c. p. 351 
(Labuan); Tweedd. Voy. &.M.S. lChallenger/ Zool. ii. p. 24 
(1881); Scl. t c. p. 23; W. A. Forbes, t e. p. 92; Salvad. Orn. 
Papuasia, iii p. 320 (1882); Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 200 (Timor 
Laut); Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 317 (1883); J.f.O. 
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 433 ; Blakiston, Amended List B. Japan, 
p. 11 (1884); Sharpe, Pep. Zool. Coll. < Akrt] p. 27 (1884: 
49. HETEEACTITIS. 
451 

"West Isl.); Meyer, Sitz. u. AbhandL Ges. Isis, 1884, Abth. i. 

p. 55 (Siao); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 477 (Usukan Bay, N. 
Borneo), p. 665 (Waigiou); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 
(1888: Gulf of Carpentaria; Cape York; Rockingham Bay; Port 
Denison; Wide Bay district; Richmond and Clarence River 
district; N. S. Wales); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 
xlix. p. 416 (1889 : Sumatra) ; North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
(2) ill. p. 1778 (1889: Cumberland, N. S. W.); Seeb. Ibis, 1890, 
p, 104 (Bonin IsL); id. B. Japan. Fmp. p. 323 (1890); Styan, 
Ibis, 1891, pp. 331, 507 (Lower Yangtze); De La louche, Ibis, 
1892, p. 500 (Foochow; Swatow); Tristr. Ibis, 1894, p. 31 (Santa 
Cruz IsL, Solomons). 
Oambetta pulverulentus, Gould, JSandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 268 (1865 : 
Port Essington); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 297 
(1879 : East Cape, S.E. New Guinea), iv. p. 102 (1879). 

Actitis incana, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 15 (Duke of York IsL). 

Heteroscelus incanus (nee Gm.), Boyd. Consp. Av.Imp. Ross. i. p. 98 
(1884); Heme $ Reichen. Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 327 (1890: 
Kamtchatka; Java; Timor). 

Heteractitis brevipes, 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 137 
(1885); Salvad. $ Gigl P. Z. S. 1887, p. 586 (Olga Bay, Sept.; Port 
Lazareff, Aug.; Gensan, Aug.); iid. Mem. R. Accad. Sci Torino, 

(2) xxxix. p. 115 (1888); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 827 
(1891: Killerton Isl.); id. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 202 (1891). 
Totanus incanus brevipes, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 361 
(1887); id. Ibis, 1890. p. 104 (Peel IsL, Bonin group, June); id. 
Ibis, 1891, p. 191 (Volcano Islands). 

Heteroscelus brevipes, Tacz. Mim. Acad. Imp. Sci St. Petersb. (7) 

xxxix. p. 877 (1893: Darasun; Kamtckatka; Ussuri River). 
Heteractitis incanus brevipes, Nikolski, Faun. Sahhal. p. 265. 
Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above uniform 
ashy grey, witk slightly indicated ligbt ashy margins; scapulars 
like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts purer grey 
than the back, with distinct whitish edges; the long upper tail-
coverts with sub-terminal dusky bars ; wing-coverts like the back, 
with paler margins, the greater series margined with white; 
primary-coverts and quills blackish, externally washed with ashy 
and fringed with white, the inner secondaries ashy grey like the 
back, fringed with whitish; tail-feathers uniform ashy, with narrow 
whitish margins ; head and neck like the back; base of forehead 
and a large supra-loral spot white, extending in a narrow streak 
above the eye; lores blackish ; sides of face and ear-coverts white, 
the upper edge of the latter ashy grey; cheeks and under surface 
of body pure white, with a shade of ashy grey over the fore-neck 
and chest; sides of breast and flanks also ashy grey, as well as the 
outer aspect of the thighs; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy 
grey, fringed with white at the ends; quills below ashy, lighter 
along the inner edge: " bill blackish grey, light brownish grey at 
base of lower mandible; feet light ochre-yellow, joints with a faint 
greenish tinge; iris dark brown" (L. Stejneger). Total length 
8*8 inches, wing 6-4. 

Adult female in tvinter plumage. Similar to the male: "bill 
black, greyish yellow at base; feet dirty chrome-yellow; claws 
2G2 

452 
CHAKADKIID^S. 

black " (A. E. Everett). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 

6*2, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*25. 

Young in winter plumage. Differs from the winter plumage of 

the adults in having the wing~eo verts, scapulars, and back mottled 

with white dots on the outer webs of the feathers. 

The adult birds appear to moult into winter plumage after 

quitting their summer haunts for southern latitudes, arriving with 

worn and abraded feathers, but with the barred under surface of 

the breeding-dress. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Eesembles the winter plumage 
as regards the upper surface of the body being entirely ashy grey, 
but differs in the colouring of the lower surface, which is profusely 
spotted and barred. The throat is white, but the cheeks, lower 
throat, and fore-neck are spotted and streaked with dusky blackish • 
the chest and breast, as well as the sides of the body and flanks, are 
also barred with dusky blackish, with a few bars on the under tail-
coverts : u bill brown; feet yellow-ochre; iris dark brown" 

(H. WMtely). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 6*1, 
tail 2*6, tarsus 1-15. 
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Does not differ from the male. 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 8, tail 2*13, tarsus 1*2. 
Hah. Prom Eastern Siberia and Kamtehatka, through Japan and 
China to the Malayan Archipelago, the Papuan Islands, and Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Lake Baikal, May 31 (2ty- Seebohm Coll. 
bowski). 
b, c. S ad.; d, e. Hakodadi, Japan, May, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 

$ ad. et imm. (Oapt. Blakikon : JS. 

sk. Whitely). 

f}g. <$2 ad.sk. Hakodadi, Oct. (JJ. Whitely). Tweeddale Coll. 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Sept. (W. Blakis- Tweeddale Coll. 
ion). 
i-l. Ad. et imm. Yokohama {JS. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
m} n. Ad. sk. Liu-Kiu Islands, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
Oj p, q. Ad. et S.W. Formosa, Aug., Sept. Seebohm Coll. 


imrn. sk. (E. JSwinhoe). 
r, s. Ad. et imm. Amoy, May, Sept. (E. Swinr Seebohm Coll. 
sk. hoe). 
t $*ad. sk. Cebu, Philippines, April Tweeddale CoIL 


(A. S. Everett). 
u. 2 ad. sk. Negros, Feb. F. S. Bourns, Esq. 
[C.]. 
2?. $ ad. sk. S. Leyte, Oct. (A. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll, 

w. $ imm. sk. S. Leyte, Oct. (A. H. Everett). Seebohm Coll. 
x, S ad. sk. Malanipa. Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.
7 
y, 
z. S ad.; a\ $ N. Bohol, Nov. (A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Dec. 6. E. L. Moseley, Esq.[
C.l 
c\ Ad. sk. Labuan, Oct. {A. EL. Everett). Seebohm Coll. 
d', e'. Ad. sk. Labuan, Jan. 10. A. H. Everett, Esq.. 
[p.]. 

49. HETBE^CTITIS. 
453 
f. Ad. sk. Labuan. Sir Hugh Low [0.]. 
g\ Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
h\ Ad. sk. Batchian. "Wallace Coll. 
i\ & ad. sk. Moloe Island, Tenimber group. H. 0. Forbes, Esq, 
h. 2ad.sk. New Guinea (A. P. Wallace). Seebohm Coll. 
I', w!. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Wallace Coll. 
n'. Ad. sk. New Guinea {A. H. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
o\pf. Ad. sk. Duke of York Island (G. Tweeddale Coll. 
Broimi), 
qr. 2 ad. sk. Admiralty Islands. Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 
r'. § ad. sk. West Island, Torres Straits, Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.' 
Sept. (Dr. Coppinger). 
s'. J ad. sk. Wednesday Island. Voy. H.M.S. < Chal


lenger.' 
t\ Ad. sk. North-eastern Australia. Gould Coll. 
ul, v', w\ Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
x'. Ad. sk. Port Bowen, Queensland. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.], 
y\ Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.J. 
rJ. Ad. sk. Australia. Capt. Stanley [P.]. 

2. Heteractitis incaims. 
Ash-coloured Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 154 (1785 : Eimeo 
and Palnierston IsL). 
Scolopax ineana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 658 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 724 (1790). 
Trynga glareola (fiec L.), Pall. Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 194, pi. lx. 
(1811, pt.) ; Kittl. Denhw. i. p. 287 (1858). 
Totanus incanus, 
Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1816); 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Seolopaces, p. 74, sp. 44 (1864); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 9 (Huaheine); Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. 

p. 328 (1870: New Caledonia); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 45, 
no. 10270 (1871); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 76 
(1877: Fiji IsL); Layard, Ibis, 1877, p. 363 (New Caledonia), 
1878, p. 262; Scl. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 351; id. Voy. 'Challenger? 
Zool. ii. Birds, p. 99 (1881: Sandwich Isl.); Tristr. Ibis, 1881 
p. 251 (Marquesas Isl.); id. Ibis, 1883, p. 47 (Fanning Isl.); id, 
P. Z. S. 1886, p. 79 (Sidney Isl., Phoenix group); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 360 (1888); id. Ibis, 1890, p. 104 (Peel IsL, 
Bonin group); Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 300 (Phoenix group) ; 
Wiglesio. Abhandl. fa Zool. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. 6, p. 65. 
Scolopax solitarius (nee Wilson), Bloxham in Byron's Voy. 'Blossom,' 

p. 252 (1826: Sandwich IsL). 
Tringa brevipes, Less. Compl Buff. ix. p. 416 (1837: Pacific IsL). 
"Totanus fuliginosus; Gould in Darwin's Voy. 'Beagle? Birds, p. 130 
(1841: Galapagos); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 101 (1844); 
id. Gen. I?, iii. p. 573, pi. cliv. (1846) ; Reichenb. Grail, tab. cecxviii. 
fig. 2369 (1850). 

•Scolopax 
undulata, Forst. Descr, Anim. p. 173 (1844: Otaheite; 
Uliatea). 
•Scolopax pacifica, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 174 (1844: Tongatabu). 
Totanus polynesise, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 257, pi. 65. fig. 1 
(1848); Sartl. Arch. f. Nat. 1852, p. 120 (Fiji, Tonga, Samoa 
Society, Paumotu, Marquesas, and Mathew Is.). 

'Totanus oceanicus, Less. Mamm, et Ois, ii. p. 244 (1847); HartL 

454 
CHAEADEIID^E. 

Arch. f. Nat 1852, pp. 121,135 (Marquesas and Caroline Is.) f 
Cass. U.S. BxpL Expect p. 318 (1858: Fiji; TaMti and Samoa 
group). 

Totanus paeificus, HartL Arch.f. Nat 1852, p. 134 (Tonga IsL). ^ 
Totanus solitarius (?iec Wilson), HartL torn, cit p. 135 (Sandwich 
IsL). 
Totanus brevipes (nee V.), Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philad. 1856f 

p. 40 (Pacific coast of America and Pacific islands); id. U.S. Kvpl. 
Exped. p. 318 (1858: Paumotu group) : Pek. Beis. Norara, Yog, 
p. 129 (1865: Puynipet; TaMti). ^ 
Actitis pulverulentus (nee Mull.), LicM. Nomencl. At. Mus. JBeroL 
p. 92 (1854; Sandwich IsL). 
Gambetta fuliginosa, Bp. C. II. xliii. p. 597 (185G). 
Gambetta oceanica, Bp. torn. cit. p. 597. 
Heteroscelus brevipes (nee V.), Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 734, pi. IxxxviiL 
(1858) ; Ball $ Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 293 (lfe69). 
Totanus (Gambetta) incanus, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. IsL Pacific Ocean, 

p. 50 (1859: Society, Low, Marquesas, Sandwich, Tonga, Fiji, 
Samoa, and Palnierston Is.). 
Totanus unduiatus, Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1SG0, p. 457. 
Actitis incanus, Finsch u. HartL Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 182(1867); 

Bote, Proc. Bost Soe. Nat Hist xii. p. 303 (1809: Hawaiian IsL); 
Set P. Z. S. 1871, p. 360 (Sandwich 1*1.) ; Finsch, Abhandl naU 
Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 64 (1872: N.W. America) : id. Journ. Mas. 
Godeffr. Heft viii. p. 36 (1875); Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (Fiji 
IsL); Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 79 (Honolulu), p. 210 (Taluit), p. 3i>0 
(Marshall IsL), p. 432 (Gilbert IsL); Layard, t c. p. 232 (Loyalty 
IsL), p. 305 (New Hebrides); Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 105," 109 
(Kushai), p. 115 (PonapS), p. 246 (Pleasant IsL); £. L. $ L. C. 
Layard, t. c. p. 136 (Aneiteum): iid. Ibis, 1882, p. 534 (New 
Caledonia), p. 544 (New Hebrides; Fiji M.). 

Heteroscelus incanus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 261 (1872); Salvin, 
Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 503 (1876: Galapagos); Streets, Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 7, p. 19 (1877: Palmyra IsL, Fanning group); 
Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat Mas. v. p. 165 (1882: Port Providence, 
Plover Bay, Siberia, Sept. 14); Elliott, Monogr. Pribylov IsL, 
Alaska, p. 130 (1882); Nelson, Cruise JR. S. 'Corwin; p. 89 (1883: 
St. Michael's; E. Yukon; Nulato); Saldn, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 
(Acapulco) ; Baird, Brewer, § Midgto. Water-Birds N. Amer. im 

p. 390 (1884); Cones. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 643 (1884); 
Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 880 (1893). 
Totanus semipalmatus (nee Gm.), Streets, Amer. Nat, 1877, p. 71 
(Fanning IsL). 
Heteractitis incanus, 
Stejn. Auk, i. p. 236 (1884); id. Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mm. no. 29, p. 132 (1885); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 157 (1885 ; 
Nearer IsL) j A. O. U. Check-list N.-Amer. B. p. 156 (1886); 
Nelson, Hep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 118 (1887) ; Cooper, Aukf 

iv. p. 87 (1887: Ventura Co., California); Blake, t. c. p. 329 
(Santa Cruz IsL; California); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. 
p. 83 (1887 : Kauai, Hawaiian IsL); Bidgw. op. cit xii. pp. 120, 
123 (1889: Hood and James IsL, Galapagos) ; Stejn. t. c. p. 381; 
Towns. Proc. U.S.Nat Mus. xiii. p. 134 (1890: Pacific coast) -f 
Fishery N. Amer. Fauna, no. 7, p. 23 (1892: Monterey, California); 
Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 (1893). 
Totanus 
(Heteractitis) incanus, Palmen, Veqa-Exped. v. p. 305 
(1887). 
Heteroscelus oceanicus, Heine fy Beichen. NomencL Mus. Hein* 

p. 327 (1890: St. Savoi, Samoa IsL). 
49. HETEKACTITIS. 
455' 
Adult male in winter plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of 

H. brevipes, but distinguished by the nasal furrow being produced 
to the apical third of the bill, and by the tarsus generally, but 
not always, reticulated behind; lower throat, fore-neck, and chest 
darker ashy grey than in H. brevipes. Total length 9 inches, 
culm en 1*45, wing 6'o, tail 2*6, tarsus 1*2. 
Adult male in summer plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
of H. brevipes in being much more closely spotted and barred underneath, 
the spots on the throat extending nearly up to the chin* 
while the bars are so closely distributed on the under surface that 
only the lower abdomen remains white ; the under tail-coverts also 
thickly barred with dusky blackish: " bill and feet dull greenish ; 
iris brown" (E. L. Layard). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*4, 
wing 6*3, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length. 10 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 6*7, tail 2*85, tarsus 1*3. 

Hob. Prom Alaska along the Pacific coasts of Forth America to 
Mexico and the Galapagos Islands. Throughout Oceania to the 
New Hebrides, and apparently to North-eastern Australia, if the 
locality ' Cape York' in the Gould Collection has been correctly 
recorded. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Purchased. 
b. S 
ad.; c, d. $ St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. (E. W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll) 
e. § ad. sk Nulato, Alaska, May 27 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W. H Ball: Hensh. Coll.). 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g. <$ ad. sk. 
h, i. <5 $ ad. sk. 
Jc. Ad. sk. 
Vancouver Island. 
San Miguel Isl., California, 
Aug. 31 (Hensh. Coll.). 
Monterey, California, Sept. 30 
(Hensh. Coll.). 
California. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [0.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I Ad. sk. 
?n. $ ad. sk. 
Acapulco, Mexico, March 
(A. H. Markham). 
Indefatigable Island, Galapagos, 
Sept. 20 {Br. A. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. 5 ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. 5 a<^-s^* 
q. Ad, sk. 
Habel). 
Abingdon Island, Galapagos, 
Dec. 23 (Br. A. Habel). 
Galapagos Islands. 
Hawaii, Sandwich Islands. 
Molokai (R. C. L. Perkins). 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Sir W. Burnett and 
Adm.Fitzroy[P.]. 
ie of T.fuliginosus.) 
"oy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 
JointCommitteeRoy. 
Soc. & Brit. Assoc. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u, v. $ ad. sk. 
w, x. Ad. sk. 
Huaheine, Society Islands. 
Society Islands. 
Society Islands. 
Tongatabu, Nov. (Br. Cop-
pinger). 
Samoa, 
[P.]* 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Voy.H.M.S. < Alert/ 
Eev. S. J. Whitmee 
[C.]. 

456 
CHAEADBUD^). 

y. Ad. sk. Tutuila Island, July. J. Brenchley, Esq. 
z. Ad. sir. SaYaii, July (G. Br-own). Hume Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Canton Isl., Phoenix group, J. J. Lister, Esq. 
July 1. [P.]. 
b', c'. c? $ ad. sk. Ovalau, Fiji group, xSor.} Dec. Tweeddale Coll. 

(F. L. Layard). 
d'. S innn.sk. Island of Ngau (Dr. F. M. Toy. H.M.S. 'He-
Rayner). raid.* 
e'. 
Qad.sk. Matuka (Dr. F. M. Eauner). TOY. H.M.S. ^Herald.* 


f. 
2 ad.sk. Notoya, Aug. (Dr. F. 31. Toy. H.M.S. <He-
Rayner). raid.' 
y . Ad. sk. Aneiteum, Xew Hebrides. J. Macgillivray, Esq. 
A'. Ad. sk. Cape York. 
Gould'ColL 

50. TBINGOIDES. rr 
Type. 
Actitis, Boie (nee Illig.), Isis} 1822, p. 560 . T. hypoleucus. 
Tringoides, Bp. Sagg. disir. met. An. Vert. p. 58 

(1881) T. hypoleucus. 
Guinetta, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 08 T. in puleucu*. 

Mange. Almost cosmopolitan. 

1. Tringoides kypoleucns. 
The Common Sandpiper. 
La Guignette, Briss. Orn. v. p. 183, pi. XYL %. 2 (1760); Buff. 
Hist. Nat Ois, vii. p. 540 (1780). 
Tringa hypoleucus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766); Gm. Syst 

Nat. i. p. 678 (1788). 
La Petite Alouette de Mer, DJAnient. PI Bnl Yiii. pi. 850. 
Common Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 178 (1785); 

Yarrett, Brit. B. ii. p. 539 (1843). 
Trynga leucoptera, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 196 (1811: 
Siberia: Kodiak IsL). 
Actitis hYpoleucus, Illiqer, Prodr. p. 262 (1811); Bote, Isis, 1822, 

p. 649"; Brehm, Tdy Deutschl p. 648 (1831); Nairn, Vog. 
Deutschl Tiii. p. 7, tab. 194 (1836); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. f 
N. Amer. p. 51 (1838); Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Buss. Mirid. iii. 
p. 243 (1840 : Odessa, March); Webb % Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 38 
(1841); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 101 (1844); Schl Rev. 
Crit. p. xci (1844); Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. XY. p. 373 (1846); id. 
Cat. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 267 (1849); Reichenb. Grail tab. Ixxiv. 
ftg. 593 (1850); Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 215 (1851); 
Macgill Brit. B. iv. p. 351 (1852); Schl Yog. Nederl pi. 240 
(1854); Licht. Nomenel. Av. Mus. Berol p. 92 (1854); Bp. 
C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Eeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 02 (1856); 
Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 235 (1857) ; Cass. Proa. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
PMlad. 1859, p. 174 (Camma R.); Eeugl Ibis, 1859, p. 347 
(Danakil & Somali Coasts); Schrenck, Rets. Amurl p. 417 (1859: 
July & Aug.); Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. 41. &g. 3 (1860); Linderm. 
Vog. Griechenl. p. 140 (1860); Schl Bier. Nederl Vogek, pi. 25. 
figs. 2, 2 A (1861); Earth J.f.O. 1861, p. 271 (Bissao); Irby, 
50 . TRINGOrDBS. 457 
Ibis, 1861, p. 240 (Kuraaon) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit, iv. pi. 58 
(1863); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 330 (1863: Lake Baikal, 
July); Jerd. B. Bid. iii. p. 699 (1864); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Seolopaees, p. 80 (1864: Gold Coast: Gaboon); Peh. Meis. Novara, 
Vog. p. 135 (1865) ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865); Begl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 227 (1867) ; Lochs, Expl. Sci. Alger., 
Ois. ii. p. 326 (1867); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 169; E. Newt. t. c. 

p. 346 (Seychelles); Finsch 8f Hartl Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 187 
(1867); iid. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 8, 118 (Pelew Is.) ; Beavan, Ibis, 
1868, p. 395 (Umbala); Byb. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 337 (Darasun); 
Betioni, TJcc. nidif. Bomb. ii. pi. 89 (1868); Borqgr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutschl. p. 115 (1869); Boderl Avif. Sicil. p. 186 (1869) ; 
Broste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 196 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 
pi. 33. figs. 13,14 (1870); Godioin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. 
pt. 2, p. 273 (1870: Kliasia Hills); Salvad. Faun. ltd., TJcc. 
p. 216 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (Malaga); Wald. 
Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 96 (1872: Celebes); Godman, Ibis, 1872, 
p. 221 (Madeira); Hartl. $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 106 (Pelew 
IsL); Holdsw. t. c. p. 474 (Ceylon); Hume 8f Henders. Bahore to 
Tark. p. 289 (1873); Ball, Str. F. i. p. 85 (1873: Andanians) ; 
Alston <§• Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. Q7 (River Dwina); Wald. 
t. c. p. 317 (Andamans); Brooke, t. e. p. 339 (Sardinia); Hayes 
Bloyd, t. c/p. 417 (Kathiawar); Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 102,1874, 
p. 336; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 431 (1874: Ohota Nagpur); Reichen. 
J. f. 0.1874, p. 377 ; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft viii. p. 36 
(1875); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 86 (Durban); Banf. # Harvie-
Brown, t. c. p. 422 (Transylvania); Brooks, Str. F. iii. p. 257 
(1875: Derail); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 27 (Corsica); Seebohm, 
t. c. p. 292 (Lower Petcbora); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 18 (1876: 
Mount Aboo distr.); Scully, t. c. p. 188 (E. Turkestan) ; Fairb. t. c. 
p. 263 (Ahmednuggur); Sharpefy Bouv., Bull. Soc. Zool. France^ I. 
p. 53 (Chincbonxo); Tacz. t c. p. 250 (1876: E. Siberia), ii. p. 156 
{1877 : Poland); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877: Deesa, Aug. to 
May); Masters, Proc. Binn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 61 (1877: Cape 
York); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 338 (Herbert R , Queensland); 
Sha?-pe, Journ. Binn. Soc, Zool xiii. p. 320 (1877: Yule IsL), p. 504 
(Port Moresby); Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 359 (Dar-es-Salaam) ; 
Cab. J.f. 0.1878, p. 245 (Zanzibar); Davidson $ Wenden, Str.F. 
vii. p, 89 (1878: Deccan^ ; Ball, t. c. p. 228 (Godaveri) ; Anderson, 
Rep. Zool. Res. Yunnan Exped. p. 681 (1878); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 197 (1878), iii. p. 297 (1879: Teste Isl.; 
Eoiara); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 15 (Duke of York IsL); Meyer, 
IbiS) 187$, pp. 143,146 (Menado: Limbotto : Togian IsL); Seebohm, 
t. c. p. 151 (Yen-e-sei Valley); Bogd. B. Cauc. p, 158 (1879); 
Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 251 (1879: Ob River); 
Ramsay, Pi'oc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 101 (1880: South Cape 
and Louisiades); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 468 (1881: Landana ; 
Benguela); Hartl. Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 120 (1881: 
Lado); Peh. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 155 (1881: Lado, 
Feb.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 223 (Astracban) ; Biddulph, t. c. 
p. 229 (Deosai plain); Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 185; Butler, 
Feilden, $* Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 425 (Newcastle, Natal, spring and 
autumn): Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital. no. 291 (1882); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 41 (1883: Ugi); Bogd. Consp. 
Av. Imp. Ross. p. 99 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 45, 430 
(1884: 7000 ft., breeding); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix. 
p. 146 (1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 254 (1884); 
458 
CHARAJ}RIID23. 

Finsch, Vbg. der Sildsee, p. 22 (1884: New Britain); Marshall? 
Ibis, 1884, p. 424 (Cham'ba); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 387 
(1884: Pangani, Aug.); id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 116 (Engatana) ; 
Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. Vn. p. 244 (1885: Liberia, Dec. to July) -7 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, x. p. 475 (1885); Stejn. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 131 (1885); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr, 
Nederl Ind. xlv. p. 108 (1885: W. Java); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886r 

p. 21 (Aden, resident); Harteri, J.f O. 1886, p. 608 (Niger, 
June, Sept.): Matschie, J. f 0. 1887, p. 145 (Iifuku, Aug.); 
Reichen. t c. p. 306 (Stanley Falls); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
x. p. 133 (1887: Commander IsL), p. 414 (Liu Eiu Isl.); Earvie-
Brown $ Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithi. p. 222 (18S7); Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 (Seoul, Corea); Milne-Edwards $ Oust. N. 
Arch. Mus. (2) x. p. 244 (1887-88; Comoro Isl.) ; Biittik. Notes 
Leyd. Mus. x. p. 244 (1888: Mossamedes); Ramsay^ Tab. List 
Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: Australia generally); Koenig, J. f. O. 
1888, p. 279 (Tunis); Biittik. Notes Leyd."Mus. xi. p. 78 (1889; 
Huinpata); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 40; Koenig, J. f. O. 
1890, p. 456 (Madeira; Tenerife) ; Reiser, Vogels. Landesm, 
Sarajevo, p. 125 (1891); Wiglesic. Abhandl. k. Mus. Dresd. 
1890-91, no. 6, p. 64; Elliot, Auk, yiii. p. 10 (1801: Bahala IsL, 
N.E. Borneo); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. {7} xxxix. 
p.882 (1893); Koenig, J.f. 0.1892,p. 92(Tunis): Reiser,Om. Bale. 
p. 105 (1894); Sjostedt, K. Svemk. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl Stockh. 
xxvii. p. 27 (1895 : Cameroons): id. JIT. Deutsch. Schutz. viii. p. IS 
(1895). ' 
Totanus 
hypoleucus, Temm. Man. dVOrn. p. 424 (1815); VieilL N. 
Bid. cTHist. Nat.Vi. p. 407 (1816); Temm. Man. (FOrn. ii, 

p. 657 (1820); Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821: Java); 
ROILV, Orru Prov. pi. 297 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Grail pL 24 
(1827) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 104 (1828) ; Brehm, Tog. 
Deutschl. p. 648 (1831); Less. Traits tfOrn. p. 552 (1831); 
Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 199 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. iv. 
pi. 318 (1837); Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 431 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. 
Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxiii, 212 (1840); Mull Verh. Land-en Volkenk. 
p. 22 (1839-44) ; Selys-Longch. Faune. Beige, p. 127 (1842) ; 
Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail pi. 83. %. 2, no. 557; id. 
in Gratfs Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Gray, List Grail Brit. 
Mus. p. 102 (1844); Riipp. Syst Uebers. p. 126 (1845); Gray, 
Cat Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 139 (1846); Sewits, 
Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 293. pi. IxxxL fig. 2 (1846); Strickl 
P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 212 
(1850); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, pi. 36. fig. 2 (1851); Jaub. et 
Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 461 (1859); F. $ P. Godman, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 87 (Bodo, May); Wallace, P.Z. S. 186S, p. 487 
(Flores and Timor) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 263 (1865); 
Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 454 (Portugal); Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 230 
(1870) ; Ehves fy Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Bosphorus); Gurney, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria); R. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 296 
(1871); Brooks, J A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 86 (1872: Cashmere, 
breeding); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); Palme'n, 
Finlands Foglar, p. 163 (1873): Saxby, B. Shetl p. 195 (1874); 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 168 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 175 
(1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 411 (Turkestan); id. B. Eur. viii. 
p. 127, pi. 563 (1877); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 834 (Butuan, 
May) ; JDanf Ibis, 1878, p. 34 (Asia Minor); Butler, Sir. F. vii 
p. 187 (1878: Karachi) ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 197 (1880); 
Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 104 (1881); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 381 
(Archangel); Slater, t. c. p. 435 (Yang-tse-Kiang); Seebohm, 
50. TEIltfGOIDES. 45$ 
Ibis, 1883, p. 30 (Caucasus); Severtz. t. c. p. 75 (Pamir, breeding); 
Irby, t. c. p. 186 (Santander) ; Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pi. 52 
(1881-87); Saunders, ed. YarrelTs Brit. B. iii. p. 446 (1883) ; 
Tnstr. Faun. § Flor. Palest, p. 133 (1884); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 390 (Pyrenees) ; Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 117, pi. 30, 
tigs. 7-9 (1885; ; Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 85 (St. Hilda); At/res, t c. 

p. 348 (Transvaal, Aug.) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 25 (TJnper 
Engadine) ; Bilttik Notes Leyd. Mus. viii. p. 26Q (1886: Liberia): 
Pleske, TJebers. Saiig. u. Vo'g. Kola. Halb. p. 357 (1886); Seehohm, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 182 (Liu Kiu Isl.) ; Tart, t. c. p. 391 
(Portugal, breeding) ; Seebohm, Geogr. ~Di$tr. Charadr. p. 371 
(1888) j Chap?nan, Ibis, 1888, p. 445 (Spain); Harvie-Brown 8r 
Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides, p. 135 (1888) ,* Buttik. 
Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 102 (1888), xi. p. 127 (1889); Lilford, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 341 (Cyprus) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 591 
(1889j ; Beichen. J. f. 0. 1889, p. 266 (Zanzibar, Nov.) ; id. 
Syst. Verz. Tog. Deutschl. p, 47 (1889); id. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 107 
(Oameroons) ; Sharpe in Jameson's Bear Column, App. p. 404 
(1890: Aruwhiini); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 326 (1890); id. 
Ibis, 1890, p. 104 (Peel Isl., July) ; Whitehead, t. c. p. 59 
(Palawan); Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 151 (1891) ; Saunders? 
Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Switzerland); W. Evans, t o. p. 81 (incubation) 
; Sharpe, t. c. p. 114 (Fao, Sept.) ; Buckley # Harvie-
Broiun, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl p. 219 (1891) ; Macph. 
Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, p. 392 (1892); Harvie-Broim <§• Buck-
leg, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll, p. 180 (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 24 (Heligoland), p. 97 (Tsu-sima); Hartert, t. c. p. 514 
(E. Prussia); Seebohm, Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Liu Kiu) ; Beichen. Vog* 
Beutsch-Ost~Afr. p. 42 (1894: Pangani; Ugalla; Tanganyika); 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 285 (1895). 
Totanus guinetta, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit. Mus. p. 30 
(1816: Pembrokeshire). 

Tringoides hypoleucus, Bp. Saggio Distr. Met. p. 58 (1831); Gray, 
List Gen. B. p. 88 (1841); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 754 (1846); Motley 
fy Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 60 (1855) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1860, 

p. 66 (Amoy); Tristr. t. c. p. 85 (Algeria) ; Powijs, t. c. p. 344 
(Epirus & Corfu); Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 134 (Natal); E. Newton, 
t. c. p. 276 (Mauritius, Oct.); Swinh. t c. p. 343 (N. China); 
Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat Set Philad. 1862, p. 322 (Liu Kiu Isl.); 
Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 161 (1863); Set P. Z. S. 1863, p. 22% 
(Banjarmassing); Stvinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 408 (Formosa, resident) ; 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 147 (Malta, migrant); Kirk, t c. p. 332 
(Zambesi and Shire'): More, Ibis, 1865, p. 436; Layard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 327 (1867: March, Nov.); Schl. $ Poll. Faune Madag., 
Ois. p. 133 (1868); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 469 (Transvaal); 
Brake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154 (Marocco) ; Cab. in Von der Beckeris 
Beis. iii. p. 47 (1869: Mombasa, Sept, Dec.); Blanf. Geol. $* 
Zool. Abyss, p. 433 (1870 : Anseba Valley); Finsch, Trans. ZooL 
Soc. viL p. 299 (1870: Senaf6, April; Ain, Aug.); Finsch Sf 
Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 752 (1870); Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 
(Sinai); Swinh. t. c. p. 363 (Hainan); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 

p. 46, no. 10279 (1871); Stoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 406 (China; 
Formosa ; Hainan) ; Harting, Handb. Brit B. p. 48 (1872) ; 
Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bamara-Land, p. 303 (1872); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 259 (1872); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1172 
(1873 : whole of N.E. Africa in winter ; probably breeding) ; 
Hume, Nests fy Fggs Ind. B. p. 588 (1873: Cashmere, breeding) -7 
id. Str. F. i. p. 247 (1873: Sind) ; Adam, tc.p . 397 (Sambhur); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 373 (Shanghai); id. Ibis, 1874, p. 163 
CHAKADKIIJD^. 

(Hakodadi); Burn/, t. c. p. 399 (X. Frisian IsL); Salvad. Uec. 
Born. p. 326 (1874: Sarawak, Aug.); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 299 
(1874: Andanians and Xicobars, Aug. to May), iii. p. 183 (1875: 
Pegu); JVald. Trans. Zool Soc. ix. pp. 234, 252 (1875: Luzon) : 
Armstrong, Sir. F. iy. p. 344 (1876: Elephant Point); Hume, 

t. c. p. 465 (Laecadives); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 52 (Sibu IsL, 
Oct.) ; Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii. p. 285 (1876: Baluchistan, April; 
SMraz, Dec. ; Elbuiz, Aug.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. ix. 
p. 663 (1876: San«rhir IsL); Elavil Tog. Madag. p. 327 (1877); 
Reichen. J. f. 0. Ib77, p. 11 (Loango Coast): Ticeedd. Ibis, 1877, 
p. 322 (Sumatra) ; Ranuay, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 189 
(1877); Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113 fDuke of York Id.), p. 557 
(Admiralty IsL) ; Ticeedd. t. c. p. 550 (Carnl^uin; Pasananca), 
p. 703 (Monte Alban), p. 768 (Cebu); David 4* Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 467 (1877); Sahad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 83 (Amboina), p. 90 (K<§ 
IsL), p. 100 (Aru IsL); Scl t. e. p. 289; E. Newton, t. c. p. 301 
(Anjuan); Ticeedd. t. c. p. 345 (S. Leyte), p. 624 (Palawan), 
p. 711 (X. Bohol), p. 937 (Zamboanga) • Hume 8f Davison, Str. 
F. -\i. pp. 463, 521 (1878: Tenasserim): Hume, op. cit. Vi\. p. 488 
(1878: Calcutta); Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 59 (1878: 
Lake Hanka, April to Sept., breeding); Bkkisf. 4* Fryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 220; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 351 (Labuan) ; \Scl t c. 
p. 447 (Duke of York IsL); Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 70,113 (1879: 
Kopab; Malacca; Chohongr); Scully, t c. p. 358 (Xepal Valley, 
Sept. to April); Tiraut, Bull. Agric. Coehinehine, (3) i. p. 158 
(1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. pp. 252, 666 (1879) ; 
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 64 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. 
p. 78 (1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 867 (1880) ; Wardlam 
Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 71 (Afghanistan); E. L. fy L. C. Layard, 
t. c. p. 305 (New Hebrides); Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 86 (1880: 
8. Konkan) ; Doig, t. c. p. 282 (E. Xarra, breeding); Bidditlph, 
Ibis, 1881,# p. 97 (Gilgit); Scully, t. c. p. 589 {Gilgit, spring and 
autumn migrant) ; Salvad. Toy. l Challenger? Zool. ii. Birds, p. 64 
(1881: Amboina), p. 72 (Banda), p. 83*(Aru IsL); Tweedd. t. c. 
p. 24 (Camiguin and Pasananca): Scl i. c. p. 33 (Admiralty IsL); 
Reid, Str. F. x. p. 71 (1881: Lueknow); Scl 4* Haril P. Z. S. 
1881, pp. 174, 956 (Soeotra); Sharpe, t. c. p. 800 (Borneo) ; id. 
in Oates^s Matabele Land, App, B, p. 325 (1881: Inyati, Oct.; 
Sibanane); Milne-Edwards fy Grandid. Nat. Hist. Madag., Ois. 

p. 622 (1882) ; Holub $ Pdz. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 292 (1882: 
Zambesi); Salv. Cat. Strichl. Coll p. 612 (1882); Tristr. Ibis, 
1882, p. 144 (Solomon IsL); Kelham. t. e. p. 18 (Singapore); 
Bias, cy Nehrk. Terhandl. z.-b. yes. Wien, xxxii. p. 430' (1882 : 
Amboina) ; Davidson, Str. F x. p. 321 (1882: TV. Kbandeisb); 
Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 318 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. 
B. p. 173 (1883); Nichols. Ibis, 1883, p. 256 (Sumatra, Feb.); 
Shelley, t. c. p. 562 (Egga); Oates, Blandb. B, Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 399 (1883 : Aug. to Slay); Davison, Str. F. x. p. 414 (1883: 
Xilghiris) ; Stejn. Proc. tJJS. Nat. Mm, yi. p. 71 (1883: 
Commander IsL); Meyer, Sitz. u. Abhandl Ges. Isis, 1884, 
Abtb. i. p. 55 (Siao; Sangliir; Bouru); id. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 
i. p. 295 (1884: A m IsL); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 222 
(1884: Shoa, Nov.); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 148 (Danube); 
Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. p. 11 (1884); Pleske, Bull. Acad. 
St. PHersb. xxix. p. 536 (1884: Ternate); Guilhm. P. Z. S. 1885, 
p. 560 (Cagayan, Sulu), p. 664 (Waigiou; Mysol); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 43 (Corsica); Swinhoe $ Barnes, t. c. p. 134 (Mbow 
50 . TBINGOIDES. 
461 

distr.): Raid, t. c. p. 253 (Marocco); Nehrk. J.f. 0.1885, p. 35 
(Waigiou); Zarudnoi, Ois. Transcasp. p. 70 (1885); Sharpe, Ibis7 
1886, p. 1G7 (Muscat) ; Gigl Avif, Ital. p. 392 (1886); Salvad. 
Elenco Ucc. Ital p. 223 (1886); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl 
Ind. xlvi. p. 22 (1886: Borneo) ; Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 87 
(1887); Macgregor, Sir. F. x. p. 466 (1887: Mysore); Lister, 

R. Z. S. 1888, p. 528 (Christmas Isl.); Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 78 
(Tenerife); Sharpe, t. c. p. 203 (Palawan); Hume, Str. F. xi. 
p. 324 (1888: Manipur); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr, Nederl. Ind. 
xlix. p. 416 (1889: Sumatra); St. John, ibis, 1889, p. 177 
(Afghanistan) ; Eagle Clarke, t. c. p. 552 (E. Pyrenees, May) ; 
Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 208; Gates, ed. 
Hume's Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 352 (1890); Be Vis, Ann. 
Rep. Brit. New Guinea, p. 62 (1890) ; Gigl Avif. Ital 1st Resoc. 
p. 595 (1889), 2nd Rtsoe. p. 662 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 517 (1891); 
Brusina, Motr. etc. {Om. Croat) p. 90 (1890); Shelley, Ibis, 
1890, p. 170 (Yambuya); Sharpe, t o. pp. 144, 284 (N. Borneo); 
Be Vis, Ibis, 1891, p. 41; Styan, t. c. pp. 331, 506 (Lower 
Yangtze); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 142 (1891); Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Genov. {2) x. p. 827 (1891: Killerton Isl.); id. Agg. Orn. 
Rapuasia etc. iii. p. 201 (1891) ; Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. 
Vog. p. 109 (1891); Sharpe, Rep. 2nd Tarh. Miss., Aves, p. 141 
(1891); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 13; Barnes, Ibis, 
1893, p. 71 (Aden); Styan, t. c. p. 437 (Hainan); Shelley, Ibis, 
1894, pp. 27, 476 (Nyasaland); Munn, t. c. p. 73 (Calcutta 
distr.); Rearson fy Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 235 (N. Norway); 
Cordeaux, t. c. p. 374 (Cashmere). 

Aetitis cinclus, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 648 (1831). 
Actitis stagnalis (nee Gray), Brehm, t. c. p. 649. 
Guinetta hypoleuca, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 68 (1840). 
Totanus macularius ? vel auratus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 


Grail pi. 83. fig. 1, no. 368; id. in Gray7s Zool. Misc. p. 86 
(1844). 
Actitis empusa, Gould, R. Z. S. 1847, p. 222 (Port Essington) ; id. 

B. Austr. vi. p. 35 (1848) ; Reichmb. Vog. Neuholl p. 195, no. 526 
(1850); id. Grail, tab. eccxxxvi. figs. 2655-56 (1850); Macgill 
Narr. Voy.l Rattlesnake,''ii. p. 358 (1852) ; Cass. Rroc. Acad. Nat. 
Scl Rhilad. 1862; p. 322 (Bonin Isl.) ; Ramsay, Rroc. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. TV. i. p. 375 (1877: Duke of York Isl.), P- 394 (Port Moresby); 
id. op. cit. (2) ii. p. 171 (1888: Derby, N.W. Australia). 
Actitis megarhynchus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 314 (1855). 
Actitis schlegeli, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 
Tringoides empusa, Gray, R. Z. S. 1858, p;> 197 (New Guinea; N. 

Australia); Scl Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool ii. p. 170 (1858) ; Grayf 

R. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 (Aru Isl.; New Guinea). 
Totanus empusa, Gray, Cat. Mamm. fy B. Nezv Guinea, p. 52 (1859)* 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour "bronzy brown, 
the feathers with arrow-shaped central markings of black, which 
take the form of bars on the scapulars and inner secondaries, which 
are like the back; wing-coverts bronzy brown like the back, but 
regularly barred across with blackish, the median and greater 
coverts with ashy fringes, the latter rather broadly tipped with 
white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown with an 
olive gloss, the secondaries tipped with white and having a broad 
white base; inner secondaries like the back; lower back, rump,. 

462 
CHABADRIIDJS. 

and upper tail-coverts like the back, the lateral coverts barred with 
blackish and with white on the outer web; tail-feathers bronzy 
brown, with irregular cross-bars of blackish brown, the middle 
feathers narrowly, but the outer feathers broadly, tipped with 
white, the penultimate feather barred with white on the outer web, 
the outermost feather almost entirely white with a little brown on 
the inner web, which is barred with blackish; crown of head and 
neck bronzy brown, with narrow mesial shaft-lines of blackish 
brown, a narrow superciliary line of whitish, extending from the 
base of the bill; sides of face bronzy brown, with blackish shaft-
lines to the feathers ; fore pait of cheeks and under surface of body 
pure white, with dusky streaks on the throat, these being a little 
larger on the chest, the sides of the latter and sides of upper breast 
brown; under wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish bases to 
the feathers, especially distinct on the edge of the wing; axillaries 
pure white; quills dusky below, white towards the base of the 
inner web : a bill dusky above, brownish grey beneath; feet 
greyish, tinged with green, the claws black ; iris brown'? (J. Mac


gillivray). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*1, tail 2, 
tarsus 096. 

Adult female in "breeding-plumage. Similar to the male in colour, 
but not quite so heavily marked, and the streaks on the fore-neck 
and chest less pronounced. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1*1, 
wing 4*3, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*85. 

Adidts in winter plumage. A little more bronzy olive than in 
summer, and uniform above, without the black central streaks and 
black spear-shaped spots which are characteristic of the summer 
dress; the streaks on the throat are also much narrower and not so 
distinct. 

Young birds. Easily distinguished by the cross-bars of sandy or 
reddish buff and dusky brown, which give the upper surface a 
freckled appearance ; the throat uniform, with scarcely any indication 
of streaks on the lower part. 

Hal. The greater part of the Old "World, nesting in the north, 
and migrating in winter to South Africa, India, and Australia. 

a. Pull. sk. Orkneys. Gould Coll. 
b, e. $ 2 ad. sk. Caithness, N.B., June. Col. Irby & Capt. 
Eeid [P.]. 
d, e. c? $ ad. sk. Sutherlandshire. Col. IrSy & Capt. 
Eeid [S\]. 
/. c? ad. sk. Loch Awe, Scotland, June 12. Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

CPJ* 

(j. $ ad. sk. Island of Tiree, May 7. Col. Irby [P.]. 
h. Juv. sk. St. Andrew's, Aug. (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. JR.). 
I Ad. sk. Isle of Grain, Aug. 7 (i£. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. £.). 
k-m. 
<$ $ &d. et Northumberland, May. Harting Coll 
pull. st. 

n. 
Pull. sk. Banks of the Eden, Dur- Gould Coll. 
ham, May. 
50. TBBTGOIDES.
.0. $ imm. sk. Breydon, Yarmouth, Sept. 12

(J. E. Harting). 
p. Juv. sk. Aldeburgh. Suffolk.
q, r. Ad. sk. Kingsbury Reservoir, Middlesex. 
s, t. cJ ad. sk. Kingsbury, Aug., Sept. (J. E,
Harting). 

u. Juv. sk.
v, w. $ ad.; x. $
ad.; y. J juv. sk.
s, d. <$ ad.; b'-e'.
c? 2 juv. sk.
/ . Ad. st.

g\ h'. $ § ad. sk.

i'. Juv. sk.

k\ Imm. sk.

I'. cJ ad. sk.

m\ n'. <S ad. sk.

o'. Juv. sk.

p\ q\ Q ad. sk.

r\ Pull. sk.

s'-ul.

 <5 2 a<^ s^"

vr. S ad. sk.

io'. 2 ad. sk.

x'. Juv. sk.

v' Ad. sk.

%'. Juv. sk.

a". Juv. sk.

b". Juv. sk.

c". Juv. sk.

d". Juv. sk.

e". 2 ad. sk.

f. 2 ad. sk.
g". 2 ad sk
«»
h" 2 ad. sk.
i" Juv. sk.


 Near Maidenhead, Berks,
July (7. <?.). 

 Cookham, Berks, April, July, 
Aug. ( W. Briggs). 
Cookham, April to July

 (JR. B. S.).

 Cookham. 
Romney Marsh, Kent, JulySept. 
Pagham, Sussex, Aug. 81

(22. B. S.). 
Pagham, 
Aug. 16 (G. E.
Shelley). 

 Avington, Hants, May.

 463 
Seebokrn Coll. 
Theodore Fisher, 

Esq. [P.]. 

 F. Bond Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

 [PJ. 
Mr. W. Briggs. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

 [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sir E. Shelley, Bart. 

 Avington, May. Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Pembrokeshire. Montagu Coll. 
(Type of T. guinetta, Leach.) 

 St. Bride's, South Wales,

April 22.' 
Norway. 
River Turia, Valencia, Spain,

April 28 {H. Saunders). 
Ajaccio, Corsica, Dec. 19 (C

By grave Wharton). 

 Sierra Leone, Dec.

 Fantee. 
Sweet River, Fantee,
Dec. 30 (J5T. T. Ussier). 
Wassa Province, Gold Coast.

 Accra, Feb. (J. Smith), 
Egga, River Niger (W.

A. F.). 
Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 
River Loge, Ambriz, Angola. 
Otjimbincjue, Damara-land,
Sept. 8 (C J. Andersson). 
Potchefstroom, Aug. 15 (T.
Ayres), 

 Potchefstroom, May 2 (T.

L. Ayres), 
Inyati, Matabele-land, Oct. 2

(F. Oates). 
Sibanane, Matabele-land,
Dec. 7 {F. Oates).


 Hon. W. Edwarde.s 

 [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 G. Stephens, Esq. 
[p.i. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sir JR. Burton & 
Capt. Cameron 
[P.]. 

 Shelley Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Monteiro Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Gurney Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll, 

 W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqs. [P.]. 
W. E, & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
464 CHAfLlDRIIDJE. 

k", l". tf ad.; m". Palombe Biver, Shirwa Plain, H. H. Johnston, Esq.r 
2 ad. sk. Nyasa-land, Oct. (A. C.B. [P.J. 
Whyte). 
n". Juv. sk. Upper Shire* Biver, Nov. H. H. Johnston. Esq 

(A. Whyte). C.B. rP.l. 
o". <$ ad. sk. N.E. Madagscar. F. Pollen [0.]. 
p"* 2 ad. sk. Mauritius, Jan. 14 (W. H. Seebohm Coll. 
F. Power), 
q", r". Ad. sk. Zanzibar (Sir J. Kirk § E. C. Seebohm Coll. 
Buxton), 
s"j t". $ ad. sk. Lado. Equatorial Africa, Seebohm Coll. 
Feb. 16 (Emia Pasha), 
u". £ ad. sk. Uand of Socotra, Feb. 15. Prof. Balfour "G.\ 
v". 3 ad. sk. Aden, Oct. 16 (E. L. Seebohm Coll."" 


Bayard), 
w". $ JUT« sk- Ain, Bogos-land, Aug. 17 Tweeddale Coll. 


( W. Jesse), 
x". <$ juv. sk. Ain, Bogos-land, Aug. 16. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
y". $ ad. sk. "Wa-liko, July 23 (TV. Jesse). Seebohm Coll. 
z". Ad, sk. Egypt. * Sir J. Bowring [0.]. 
a3. $ ad. sk. Egypt, March 3 (G. E. Seebohm Coll. 


Shelley). 
b3, c3. $ ad. sk. Lake of Gennesaret, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.j, 
d\ $ ad. sk. Valley of the Yen-e-sei, Tweeddale Coll.*" 

June 22 [H. Seebohm). 
e3. 2 imm-s^. Valley of the Yen-e-sei, Seebohm Coll. 
Aug. 8 (J5T. S.). 


f. <S ad. sk. Shiraz, Persia, Dec. Sir 0. St. John [0.]. 
g3, h3. Juv. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. W. D. Cuiiinikg, 
Esq. ;?.]. 


i3 

. Juv. sk. Muscat, Arabia. Col. Miles " P.I. 
k\ $ ad. sk. Quetta, May 7. Col. Swinhoe [P.], 
l\ Ad. sk. Kelat, Aug. (0. T. Duke). Hume Coll. 
m3. 2 ad. sk. Banks of the Elver Hubb, Hume Coll. 


Oct. 24 
n3,o3. <S 2 pv.sk. Karachi, Oct., Dec. (E. A. Hume Coll. 
Butler). 
p3. Juv. sk. Ghiznie, Sind, March (Dr. India Museum. 

JS. Gould). 
q3. Ad. sk. "Kathiawar, March 24. Col.HavesLloyd[F.], 
r3. Juv. sk. Deesa, Sept. (JS, A. Butler). Hume toll 
s3, t3. d ad.; u3. Sambhur, Oct., Dec. (R. M. Hume Coll. 

5 ad. sk. Adam). 
vs. Juv. sk. Delhi, Nov. 9 (C. T. Bing- Hume Coil. 
ham). 
w\ 2 ad. sk. Gurgaon, Nov. 20 (W. N. Hume Coll. 
Chill). 
x\ Ad. sk. Bhawlpur, Jan. 14 (C. BE. Hume Coll. 

T. Marshall). 
y3. Juv. sk. Sirsa Distr. Hume Coll. 
z3. 2 ad. sk. Gilgit, May 13 (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
aK 2 ad.; b\ c\ Gilgit, May 17. Col. Biddulph [C.]. 
<$ 2 jw. sk. 
dK 2 ad. sk. Deosai Plain, July. Col. Biddulph [C.]e\ 
Juv. sk. Aktag, Oct. 13 (F. Stoliczka). Forsyth Exped. 
/4. 2 *>&• s&* Bonia, Nov. 4 (F. Stoliczka). Forsyth Exped. 

50 . IBES'GOIDES. 
y\ Juv. sir. Masuri. 
A4, p. Juv. sk. Dhoon, Jan. 

k4 

. Imm. sk. Alrnorah, Oct. 12. 
l\ Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). 
mi. cT ad. sk. Umbala, Nov. (B. C.Beavan). 
^47 o4. 5 ad. sk. Allahabad, Jan., March. 
pl~rK Ad. sk. Etawah, Feb. 
s4. c? ad. sk. Futtehgurh, Sept. 25 (A. 

Anderson). 
t\ «4. <5 ad. sk. Futtehgurh, Aug., Oct. (A. 
Anderson).

t)4. Ad. sk. Nepal 
w*~cf. Ad.efciu7.sk. Nepal. 
£\ Ad. sk. Nepal Valley, Nov. 27 (J. 


Bctilly). 

c5. Juv. sk. Native Sikhim, Oct. (£. 

Mandetli). 
<25~/k5. Ad. et juv. Sikhim, Sept., Jan. (L. 

sk Mandelli). 
**. Ad. sk. Darjeeling {Colonel Skarpe). 
X-5. ? ad. sk. Dibrughur, March 12 (J". JR. 

Cripps). 
Z5. Juv. sk. Assam {McClelland). 
w5. cT ad. sk. Dunsiri Valley, Assam. 
n5. Juv. sk. Foot of Miri Hills. 
o\ Ad.sk. Mymensing, Dec. 
p5. Juv. sk. Ckerrapmrji. 
q\ Ad. sk. Sylhet. 
r5. J ad. sk. Calcutta, Dec. 
s\ J ad. sk. Maunbhoom, Dec. 24 (B. C. 

Beavan). 

Raipur, Jan.. 

2 ad. sk. 
w5. Ad. sk. Mhow, April 12. 
.r5. Ad. sk. Nerbudda, Dec. 10. 
7/. $ ad.; z5, #s. Khandeish, Dec. to Feb. (/. 

$ ad. sk Davidson). 
66, c6. Ad. sk. Deccan (Syhes). 
d\ 6 ad.; e6,f*. Ahmednuggur, Oct., Nov. 

$ juv. sk. (8. B. Fairbanh). 
#6. Imm. sk. Mysore (JR. G. W. It.). 
A6. $ ad. sk. Mangalore, April 24 (Dr. F. 

Day). 
is. Ad. sk. Malabar Coast. 
Jfee. Ad. sk. Kiltan, Laccadives, Feb. 16 

$ 
(A. 0. JT.). 
P, m. Imm. sk. Anjar>go, Travaucore, Dec. 
w6, o8. 5 imm. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, Sept., Dec. 

( W. V. Legge). 
Great Cocos Island, March 24 
{A. 0. JET.). 
q6-&6. $ ad. et imm. South Andamans, Jan., 
sk. March (JR. G. W. BJ). 
£5-t*6. tf ad.; t£s. South Andamans, Aug. 
5 juv. sk, (JR.. J. Wimberley). 
Port Moiwt, S. Andaman?, 
Dec, April ( W. Davison}, 
TOL. XXIV. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Col. Biddulph [0.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 
Dr.B.B.Sharpe[P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

2H 

466

su. $ imm. sir. 

a7. Juv. sk. 
b7. $ imm. sk. 
c7. <$ ad. sk. 

<T. § ad. sk. 
e7-f. Ad. sk. 

7i7. g juv. sk. 

i7. $ ad. sk. 

k\ J ad. sk. 

P-ri'. 6 ? ad. sk. 

o7, p7. Ad. sk. 
q7. (S ad. sk. 

r7. <3 ad. sk. 

57. $ ad. sk. 
^7-2;7. d" ad. sk. 

w7. $ ad. sk. 

x\ 6 ad. ; y7, z7. 
2 ad. sk. 

«8. 5 ad. sk. 
b*, c\ d $ ad. sk. 

<F, e\ tf $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 
f\ S ad. sk. 
g\ Ad. sk. 
'#. $ ad. sk. 

z8, 7c**. $ ad. sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
m8. $ ad.; n*-fn. 
§ ad. sk. 
qH. Ad. sk. 
r8. Ad. sk. 
sH, t*. d ad.; u\ 

2 ad. sk. 

t?g, vf. Ad. sk. 

.r8. Imm. sk. 

y9. c? ad. sk. 

zH. tf imm. sk. 

«9, b\ <S $ ad. sk. 

cq, dB. $ imm. sk. 

 CHARADRIIDJC. 

Ross Island, Dec. 15 (J?. G. 
JV. JR.). 

Ross Island, Dec. 8 ( A 0. JET.}. 
Aberdeen, Dec. 9 (A. O. H.). 
Escape Bav, Macpherson's 

Straits, March 7 (A. 0. H). 
Jolly Boys Island, March 8 

{ JV. JDavibon). 
Nicobar Islands. 
Catnorta, Nicobars, Jan. 19 

( JV. Davison). 
Tillangchong, Xicobars, 
.March 10"( W. Davison). 
Great Nicobar, March 12 

( W. Davison). 
Tonghoo,Burma,Qct.,Dee. 19 
(R. G. W. It). 
Pegu, Aug., Feb. {E. JV. O.). 
Elephant Point, Dec. 10 (J. 
Armstrong). 
Sittano: Bher, Feb. 4 (JV. 
Davison). 
Kyouknyat, Jan. 28 (TV 

Davison). 
Kaukaryit, Oct. (J. Darling). 
Wippitan, Dec. 8 ( W. Davi


son). 
Thatone, Oct., Dec. (7V. 
Davison). 
Amherst, March 4 ( JV. Davison). 
Moiilmein, Jan. 7 (J. Darling). 


Mergui, Nov., Jan. (i n 

Davison). 
Assoon, Feb. ( JV. Limhorg). 
Siam (Movhot). 
Ilopah River, Jan. 15 (W. 

Davison). 
Girbee, Sept. (J. Darling). 
Tapraw, April 17 {</. Darling). 
Tonkab, Jan. (J. Darling). 

Penang (Dr. Cayitor). 
Penang. 
Jerome, Salangore, Aug., 

Dec. (W. Davison). 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Malacca, July (W. Davison). 
Mount Opkir, Malacca, 

Aug. 15 (22. G. W. JR.). 
Ohohong, Oct. 12 ( W. Davison). 
Ding Ding Islands, Feb. (W. 
Davison). 

Gurmong Pulai, Johore, Aug., 
Sept. (W. Davison). 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 

OatPb Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Home Coil. 

Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Wallace Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

50 . TRINGOIDES. 
e"-g\ d ad.; h\ 

i\ S ad. sk. 
k»-m\ Ad. sk. 
n°, o\ 6 S ad. sk 
p\ q\ Ad. sk. 
r9, s\ Ad. sk. 


f. S juv.; u*. $ 
ad. sk. 
v*, w\ tf $ ad. sk. 

x*. $ ad. sk. 

y°. <$ ad. sk. 

zG. <$ ad. sk. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
ft y. $ ad. sk. 

& d juv. sk. 

e. 2 ad. sk. 
& 7). Ad. sk. 

6. i. Ad. sk. 
K. Ad. sk. 
X, ft. <J ad. sk. 
v. $ ad. sk. 
£, o. Ad. sk. 

77. Ad. sk. 
p. cJ ad. sk. 
o-. Ad. sk. 

r, f. $ ad. et juv. 
sk. 
<£; X, T^. Ad. sk. 

<u. $ juv. sk. 
a-€\ Ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
rj'. Ad. sk. 
B\ $ ad. sk. 

*', K'. $ ad. sk. 

X'. Imm. sk. 
fi!, v\ 6 $ ad. sk. 

£', o. 6 ad. sk. 
TT'. $ ad. sk. 
p'-v'. Ad. tk. 
<£'. <J juv. sk. 

Singapore Island, Sept., Dec., 

Feb., May ( W. Davison). 
Java (Eorsfield). 
Java {Leyden Mas.}, 
Java. 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (i£ 

C. Buxton). 
Mount Sago, Sumatra, Sept. 
{Carl Bock). 

Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb. 

{A. II Everett). 
Carnlguin. 

Buniaguete, Negros, Feb. 

Ceba, April {A. E. Everett). 
Zamboanga. 

Butuan, May {A.E. Everett). 

N. 
Bohol, Oct. (A. H. 
Everett). 
Menado, N. 
Celebes (A. B. 
Wallace). 

Flores. 

E. Timor. 
Morty Island. 
Batchian. 
Amboina. 
Mysol (A. E. Wallace). 
New Guinea. 
Ke* Doulan. 


Aru Islands. 

Duke of York Island {G. 
Broion). 
New Ireland (J. Brazier). 

Admiralty Islands. 

Queensland (/. T. Cockerell). 
New South Wales. 

N.W. Australia(T. E. Boioyer 
Botcer). 
Manchuria, June 16. 

Tsu-sbima, April, May 

(Eolst). 

Japan. 
Hakodadi, April, May {Capt. 
Blakiston). 

Nagasaki, Jan. 18. 
Nagasaki, Sept. 
Yokohama (E. Pryer). 
Shanghai, Oct. 25 {Capt. 


Ince). 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Voy. H.MS. ' Challenger.' 


E. C. Moseley, Esq. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Chal


lenger.' 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 


Seebohm Coll. 


Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Chal


lenger.' 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal


lenger.' 
Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.' 
Tweeddale Coll. 

P. L. Sclater, Esq. 
[P.l. 
Voy.*H.M.S. 'Challenger.' 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Australian Mus. [P.]. 
Capt. Bowyer Bower 

H. E. M. James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

F. Binger, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
2H2 

468 
CHAKADHIID^. 

Ad. sk. Shanghai. 
J. Webb, Esq. [P.], 

X-

Ad. sk. Tongsan, Dec.17 (JR. Sivinkoe), Seebohni Coll. *"


co'. , $ ad. sk. Kiukiang, Aug. 30. F. W. Stvan, Esq. 
fP.L " 
a". Ad. sk. Canton. T^eeodale Coll. 

j3" '. Ad. sk. Cauton (S. Bligh)^ Seebohm Coll. 
y" . Ad. sk. A mo j (Conaul Sicinhoe). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
8" ,-". Ad. etimin. Amov, Jan., Feb., March, Seebohm Coll. 

sk. Oct., Nov. (JR. S.). 

,K". Ad. sk. Formosa, Feb. (JR. $.). Seebohm Coll. 
X" . Skull England. J. Rav, Esq. TV. 
P ' . Sternum. England. J. Xngali, Escf. ;P.]. 
v' . Skull. S. Germany. Br. Glint her "0/. 
£". Bones of trunk. Nepal. Hodgson Coil. 

*>' J 

2. Triagoi&es mactilaria. 
The Spotted Sandpiper. 
The Spotted Tringa, Edwards, Gleanings of JSat. Hist. ii. p. 130, 
pi. 277 (1740). 
La Grive-d'eau, Briss. Orn. v, p. 255 (1760) ; Buff. Hist. JS'at. Oix. 

viii. p. 140 (1781). 
Tringa macularia, Linn. Sysi. Nat. i. p. 249 (1706); Gm. S>/sf. Xat. 
i. p. 672 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 734 (1790); Wilson, Amer. 
Orn. vii. p. 60, pi. 59. fig. 1 (1813 j ; Bryant, Proc. Bust Soc. Xai. 
Hist x. p. 257 (1800: Porto Ptico) ; Leoi. Ois. Trinid. p. 458 f 1860). 
Spotted 
Sandpiper, Pemi. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 473 (1785); Lath. Gen. 
Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 179 (1785). 
Totanus macularius, Temm. Man. d Orn. p. 422 (1815); VieilL JS. 
Diet dJHist Nat. vi. p. 406 (1816); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. 

ii. p. 663 (1820); Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 560; Werner, Atla*, Grail. 
pi. 23 (1827); Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 103 (1828); Brehn, Tog. 
Deutschl. p. 646 (1831); Swains. Faun. Bar.-Amer., Birds, p. 394 
(1831); Jenyns, Man. Brit Vertehr. p. 199 (1835); Gould, B. 
Fur. iv. pi. 317 (1837); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 81, pi 310 
(1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 303, pi. 342 (1842); Giraud, B. 
Long IsL p. 257 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 102 
(1844) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 216 (1850); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 
j). 94 (1850); Putnam, Proc. Fss. Inst i. p. 217 (1850 : Essex Co., 
Mass.); Trippe, op. cit. vi. p. 119 (1871: Minnesota); Gray, B. 
West Scott p. 299 (1871); Saunders, ed. TarreWs Brit. B. iii. 

p. 452 (1883); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 122, pL 30 (1885); 
id. Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 372 (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit B. 
p. 592 (1889); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 496 (Barbados, Julv, Aug.); 
Gatke, Vogeho. Helyol p. 512 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1891, p. 24 
(Heligoland); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 325 (Curasao). 
Actitis macularia, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 979; Saum. Fog. Deutschl. 

viii. p. 34, tab. 195 (1836); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $ JS. Amer. 
p. 51 (1838) j Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. Ixxiii (1840J ; SckL 
Rev. Crlt. p. xci (1844); Tschudi <§* Cab. Faun. JPeruan., Aues, 
p. 51 (1814-46): Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 349 (1847); Macgitl. Brit 
B. iv. p. 356 (1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Beral. p. 92 
(1854); Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, 
Scolopaces, p. 83 (1864); Begl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 229 (1867); 
Sundev. (Eft. K. Vet-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 587 (81. Bartholomew), 
p. 602 (Porto Rico); Finsch, Abhandl. nat Ver. 
50. THING OIDES. 469 
Bremen, iii p. 63 (1872 : Alexandrovsk) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit iv. 
pi. 59 (1873J; Tacz, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 330: Turner, Proa U.S. 
Nat Mus. viii. p. 247 (1885: Labrador); 'Ridqio. t. a p. 581 
(Cozumel) ; Teres. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 369 (1886: Tumbez j 
Huambo); A. 0. U Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 158 (1886); Brewst 
Auk, iii. p. 102 (1886: N.W. Carolina); Seton, t a p. 152 
(Manitoba); Fox, t. a p. 320 (Roane Co., Tennessee); Scott, t a 

p. 386 (Tuczon, Arizona) ; Cory, t. a p. 502 (Grand Cayman); 
Wells, Proa U.S. Nat Mtis. ix. p. 628 (IP87: Granada); "Towns, 
op. cit x. pp. 199, 235 (1887: Eagle Lake, California); Itidgw. t. c. 

p. 584 (Honduras) ; Beekk t c. pp. 637, 653 (Bexar Co., Texas); 
Kelson, Rep. Nat. Mist. Coll. Alaska, p. 120 (1887); Towns. Auk 
iv. p. 12 (1887 : N. Alaska); Dirighf, t. c. p. 16 (Cape Breton); 
Chadb. t. c. p. 103 (Peabody Kiverj White Mountains); Langdon, 
f. a p. 129 (Chilhavee Mountains, Tennessee): Cory, t. e. p. 180 
(Old Providence), p. 181 (St. Andrew's); Lloyd,' t. a p. 180 
(Western Texas) ; Richm. Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: District Columbia) ; 
Merrill, t a p. 145 (Fort Klamath, Oregon); Faxon, t. a p. 145 
(New Hampshire), p. 151 (Franconia); Chapm. t a p. 270 (Gains^
ille, Florida); Ererm. t. a p. 349 (Indiana); Brewst t a p. 389 
(Massachusetts) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 239 (1889) ; id. Auk, vi. 
pp. 31, 32 (1889: Little Cayman ; Cayman Brae); Faxon, t a 
p. 43 (Berkshire Co.. Mass.) ; Allen ^ t c pp. 76, 78 (New Hampshire); 
Brittain Sf Cox, t. a p. 117 (Restigouehe Vallev, New 
Brunswick); Butcher, t. c. p. 128 (Little Gull 'Isl., N. Y.) {Bishop, 
t. c. (Magdalen Isl.); Scott, t. c. p. 158 (Tarpon Springs, Florida); 
Hasbrouck, t. a p. 237 (Texas) ; Pindar, t c. p. 313 (Kentucky); 
Thumps. Proa US. Nat. Mvs. xiii. p. 505 (1S90: Manitoba); 
Merriam, N. Amer. Faun. no. 3, p, 88 (1890: San Francisco 
Mountains, Aug., Sept.); Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 94 (1890); 
Mearns, Auk, vii. p 52 (1890 : Arizona); Scott11. a p. 308 (Dry 
Tortugas) ; Clarke, t a p. 321 (Fort Churchill) ; Shick, t a p. 328 
(Seven Mile Beach, N. Y.) : Cherrie, t. a p. 332 (Costa Rica); 
Merriam, N. Amer. Fann. no. 5, p. 92 (1891: Idaho) ; Cory, Auk, 
viii. p. 48 (1891: Guadeloupe); Northrop, t. c. p. 77 (Andros Isl.); 
Breivst. # Chapm. t a p. 137 (Suwanee R) ; Biker Sf Chapm. t.a 
p. 163 (Santarem) ; Cory, t. a p. 295 (Berry Isl.); Berl. Sf Stolzm. 
P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 395, 408 (Lima) ; Scott] Auk, ix. p. 14 (1892 : 
Jamaica); Laior. t. c. p. 43 (Gray's Harbour) : Scott, t. c. p. 212 
(Caloosahatchie Region, Florida); Atiwater, t. c. p. 232 (San 
Antonio); Cherrie, t. a p. 329 (Costa Rica); Cory, Cat. B. West 
Ind. p. 94 (1892); Dwiyht, Auk, x. p. 8 (1893: 'Prince Edward 
Isl.); Todd, t. c. p. 38 (Indiana) ; Whitest, a p. 320 (Mackinac 
Isl.); Fisher, N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, p. 23 (1893: Death Valley 
Exped.); Richm. Proa US. Nat. Mvs. xvi. p. 526 (1893: Bscondido 
R.y Nicaragua, July to May); Field, Auk, xi -p. 123 (1894; 
Port Henderson, Jamaica) ; Stone, t a p. 136 (Pine Barrens, 
N. Y.); Richm. § Knoiolt t. a p. 302 (Montana). 
Spotted Tatler or Peet Weet, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 162 (1834). 
Tringoides macularius, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 574 (1846); Set P. Z. & 
1858, p. 461 (Ecuador); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 735 (1858) ; Henry, 
Proa Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 108 (Rio Grande Valley, 
New Mexico); Xcrntvs, t. a p. 192 (Fort Tejon, Calif.); ScL Sf 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 230: Neicton, t c. p. 257 (St. Croix); Breicer, 
Proa Bost Soa Nat. Hist vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); ScL P. Z. S. 
1860, p. 254 (Orizaba) ; Coues, Proa Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p 235 
(Labrador, breeding); Lawr. Ann. Lya N. Y. yii. p. 334 (1861: 

470 CHAKADRIIDJC. 

Panama); ScL P. Z. S.1861, p. 80 (Jamaica) ; Alhrecht, J.f. 0. 
18(52, p. 205; Blahist. Ibi?, 1863, p. 134 (Mackenzie R.) ; Gray. 
Cat. Brit B. p. 160 (1863); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 93 (Trinidad); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 38 (Matainoras, Aug.: San Antonio, Sept., 
Oct.); Mclhcr. Proc. Ess. hist. v. p. 93 (1866: Hamilton. Canada 
"West); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 294 (1876: Lonjr Kl , 
N. Y.) ; Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL Philad. 1866. p. 98 (Colorado 
11., Arizona); Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 461 (1866); ScL ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 592 (Mexiana), 1868, p. 629 (Venezuela): Lairr. Ann. 
Lye. X. T. ix. p. 142 (1868: Costa Rica): Ball £ Bann. Trans. 
Chic. Acad. i. p. 293 (1869 : Nulato, May ; St. Michael'^ autumn; 
Sitka) ; Stephens, U.S. GeoL Surv. TerrAbTO. p. 466 (Wyoming") ; 
Allen, Bull. Mus. G Z. ii. p. 356 (1871: Florida); Peh. Orn. Brat. 

p. 309 (1871: Sapitiba; Ypanetna; ParanaSTua; Manbatana> ; 
Cajutuba); Gray, Hand-l. B. in. p. 46, no. 10280 (1871) : Hurting, 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 139 (1872); Semper, P. Z. S. Ib72. p. 653 
(Santa Lucia); Trippe, Proc. Bost. tioc. Xat. Hist. xv. p. 241 
(1872: South. Iowa) ; Aiken, t. c. p. 210 (Wyoming); Allen, Bull. 
Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 182 (1872); Merriam, U.S. GeoL Surv. Terr. 
1872, p. 701 (Idaho); Coues, Key X. Amer.B. p: 260 flb72); 
Snow, B. Kansas, p. 10 (1873); ScL fy Salv. Xometul. A v. Xiotr. 
p. 146 (1873); Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist. x\ii. p. W {K4: 
Missouri); Coues, B. X.-West, p. 501 (lb74 : Wind River); 
Lawr. Mem. BOST. SOC. Xat. Hist. ii. p. 309 (1^74 : Colima); 
Hensh. Pep. ZooL ExpL 100th Mend, p 400 (1*7,5); Gundl. J. f. O. 
1875, p. 325 (Cuba); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Xat Mm. no. 4, p. 48 
(1876 : Tebuantepec City); Reid, Zooi. 1877, p. 47b (Bermuda^); 
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878\ p. 44 (Costa ltica); Coues, Bull. U.S. 
GeoL Surv. iv. p. 644 (1878: Dakota, June: Mouse Ii., Aujr.) ; 
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. i. p. 162 (lb7b: South Texa*); 
Later, t.c. p. 67 (Dominica),p. 197 (St. Vincent), p. 276 (Grenada), 
p. SCO (Martinique); Belding, t. c. pp. 392, 441 (Central California) 
; Maynard, B. Bast. X. Amer. p. 391 (1879); ScL § Sair. 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 547 (Antioquia); Brown, Bull. Xutt. Dm. Club, 
iv. p. 13 (1879; Alabama Kiverl; Scott, t.c. p. 147 (Western 
Missouri); Loomis, t. c. p. 217 (S. Carolina); Allen, op. cif: v. 
p. 169 (1880: Santa, Lucia); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mm. iii. 
p. 201 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 162 (1880); Litter, Ibis, 
1880, p. 44 (St. Vincent) ; A. 8? E. Xeicton, Handb. Jamaica, 
p. 115 (1881); Coues, Check-list X. Amer. B. p. 103 (1882); 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 49 (X.E. Peru); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, 
p. 429; Berl. $ Tacz. t. c. p. 577 (Western Ecuador); B. O. U 
List Brit. B. p. 174 (1883); Belding, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. v. 
pp. 545, 548 (1883: Lower California): Stearns, op. cit. vi. p. 119 
(1883: Labrador); Xutting, t. c. p. 879 (Nicaragua); Baird, 
Brewer, $ Ridgiu. Water-Birds X. Amer. i p. #01 (18b4); Coues, 
Key X. Amer.'B. 2nd ed. p. 640 (1884); Butcher, Aul% L p. 175 
(1884: Long- IsL) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 148 (1885) ; Drew, 
Avtk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Later. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mm. 
viii. p. 623 (1885: Guadeloupe); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 194 
(Cozumel, April); Tacz. <$• Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 124 (Ecuador): 
Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180 (Bartica Grove; Camaeusa); Hensh. 
Auk, iii. p. 80 (1886: New Mexico, 8000 ft., breeding); Beckk 
t. c. p. 143 (Colorado); Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota): Salvin, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel IsL); Cory, B. Bahamas. 2nd ed. 
p. 162 (1890). 
50 . THINGOIDES. 
471 

Actiturus niacularius, Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxiv. fig. 591, ccclviii. 

figs. 2811-12 (1850). 

Actitis notata, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 

Tringites niacularius, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Chamicuros). 

Totanus hypoleucus, var. macularius, Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x, 

p. 384(1874: Illinois). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to T. hypoleucus, but 
much more strongly barred with black on the upper surface, and 
thickly spotted with black underneath; the size is also smaller, 
and, in the skin, the bill is almost entirely fleshy yellow ; the inner 
secondaries likewise show less white than in the allied species: 
" bill greenish-olive above, yellow beneath, the point of both mandibles 
black; feet pale yellowish flesh-colour, claws black; iris 
hazel" (J. J. Audubon). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4, 
tail 1*85, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, and quite 
as heavily spotted below. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 4*1, tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more olive-brown, and 
entirely wanting the black spots of the under surface; the upper 
surface barred across with reddish brown and black. It, therefore, 
closely resembles T. hypoleucus in young and winter plumages, but 
may be distinguished by the more yellow mandible, and by having 
the broad sub-terminal band continuous throughout the secondaries, 
instead of having the inner secondaries for the most part white. 

Adult in winter plumage. More olive-brown than in summer, and 
lacking the bronzy shade; the under surface of the body white, 
with few or no shaft-lines of brown on the fore-neck and chest, and 
having the sides of the upper breast ashy brown. 

Young in doivn. Above yellowish grey, with a narrow black 
dorsal stripe from the bill to the tail: a narrow black line through 
the eye; beneath dull white. (Ridgway.) 

Hob. ISTorth America generally, migrating south in winter 
through Central America and the West Indies to Amazonia and 
Brazil. Accidental in Europe. 

a. Ad. sk. [Sussex.] 
Hume Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Kent. ^ Ilarting ColL 
c. Ad. sk. 
Kingsbury Reservoir, Mid- F. Bond Coll. 
dlesex. 
d. Ad. sk. Spitsbergen. The Admiralty [P.]. 
e. 
9 ad. sk. Hayes River, Hudson's Bay, Seebohm ColL 
Oct. (J. Krider). 
f. Ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Gould Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. Toronto. 
Seebohm Coll. 
h. i. cS 2 ad.; k. Canada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Pull. sk. 
1. (S ad. sk. New Brunswick. Seebohm Coll. 
m, n. (S ad, sk. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Et-q. [P.], 
o,p. <$ ad. sk. Lake of Woods, Manitoba, N. A. Bound. Comm. 
July (G. Dawson). 

q. <5 ad,; r, s. 5 
ad. sk. 
t tf ad.; ti, v. S $ 
juv. sk. 

w. c? ad. skx. 
Ad. sk. 
?/. Ad. sk. 
z. d ad. sk. 
a'. $ juv. sk. 

5'. <$ ad. sk. 

c', d'. S ad.; €f. J 
ad. sk. 
f-V. $ ad. sk. 

m'} ri. $ $ ad. sk. 

o\ <$ ad.; y. Juv.; 
#f. Pull. sk. 
r'. <J ad. sk. 

^', $'. <J ? pull. sk. 

u'. S ad. sk. 

v', w'. <S 2 ad.; .r', 
y'. Imm. sk. 
z'. Ad. sk. 

a". J ad. sk. 

b", c". tf ad.; d", 
e". 2 ioun« sk. 


/', <A e ? ad. sk. 

A". Juv. sk. 
i". (S ad. sk. 


k". c? imm. sk. 

l"-n'r. <J ad.; </', 
p". Juv. sk. 
<?'>"• d ? ad.; 


s"-u". cS Jjuv.sk. 
v". J ad. sk. 

w". $ ad. sk. 

CHARADRIII)^. 

Locust Grove, New York, 
April, May (C. JZ1 Merriam: 
Hensy. Coll.). 

Lyons Falls, X Y\, June, 
"July, Oct. (A.J. Day an: 
Hensh. Coll.). 

Leyden, X Y., Sept. 9 

(C. J5. Jtf".: Hensh. Coll.). 
New Jersey. 
New Jersey. 
Wellesley,"Mas»., June (H. 
W. H). 
Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 5 
(H. W. H). 
New Haven, Connecticut, 
May 15 {A. J. Day an: 
Hensh. Coll.). 

Pennsylvania (J". Krider). 

Washington, D.C., April, 
May (H. W. H). 
Rock" Creek, D.C., April, 
May (E. Corns). 
Elinois, June, Aug. (H. K. 
Coale: Hensh. Coll.). 

Colorado Springs, Colorado, 
May 27 (H. W. H). 
Santa Pe* Mts.,New Mexico, 
July 21 (H. W. H.). 
Snake Biver, Idaho, July IS 

{C.H. Merriami Hensh, 
Coll.). 
British Columbia. 

California. 

Hidalgo,Texas, April (F. B. 
Armstrong). 

Corpus Ohristi, Texa^?, May, 
Oct. (F. B. Armstrong). 

Tarpon Springs, Florida, 
April, May (W. E. D. 
Scott). 

Bermuda, Nov. 23. 
Nuevo Leon, April (F. B. 
Armstrong). 

Bio de Iglesias, Chihuahua, 
Dec. { W. Lloyd). 
Zacatecas, Aug. {W. B. 
Richardson). 
Aguas Calientes, Aug. ( W. 

B. R.). 
Colotlan, Jalisco, March 22 

(W.B.R.). 

Bolanos, Jalisco, March 12 

(W.B.R.). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohni Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Cull. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohni Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Eaq. [P.]. 
Lord Walsingham 
rp.:. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 

Capt.SavileReid[C.\ 
Salvin-Godman toll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 

50. TRDsTGOIDES. 473 
#"-y''- 6 2 ad. sk. Puebla, March, May (Fer- Salvin-Godman Coll 
rari-Berez). 

z". $ ad. sk. San Lorenzo, Cordova, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mar. 11 {Ferrari-Perez). 
a3. Imm. sk. Dos Arroyos, Guerrero, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sept. (Mrs. JS.H. Smith). 

£33

, c. Imm. sk. Acapulco, Guerrero, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Mrs. H. H. Smith). 
d3. Ad. sk. Amula,Guerrero,Aug. (Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

H. H. Smith). 
e\f. cjad.sk. Tehuantepec, Feb. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson). 
9\ h\ cS 2 ad. sk. Chimalapa, March ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson). 
i3, k3. Ad. sk. Sola, Oaxaca, April (M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Trujillo). 
I3, m3. $ ad. sk. Juchatengo, Oaxaca, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(M. Trujillo). 
n*, o3. Ad. sk. Tamesi, Tampico, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W.B.R.). 
p3. Ad. sk. Laguna Verde, Vera Cruz, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. (M. Trujillo). 
q'\ 2 ad. sk. La Antigua, Sept. (M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Trujillo). 
r3. Ad. sk. Teapa', Feb. {Mrs. H. H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Smith). 
s3. $ ad. sk. Tizimin, N. Yucatan, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
16 {G.F. G(turner). 
t3, u3. Ad.' sk. Cozumel Island, May (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

F. Gaitmer). 
v3, w3. Ad. sk. Ruatan Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
x3, y3. Juv. sk. Yzabel, Guatemala, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(O. S.). 
z3. S ad. sk. Duenas, Sept. 2 (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ci^-eK cJad.j d*} e4. Panajachel,Guatemala,Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. (W. B. Richardson). 
fK $ ad. sk. La Libertad, San Salvador, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. o(W.B.R.). 
y\ hl. $ ad. sk. Momotombo, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May 22 ( W. B. R.). 
i4. 2 ad. sk. San Jose", Costa Rica, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
14 (J. Carmiol). 
7s4. Ad. sk. Irazu Distr., Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(H. Rodgers). 
IK 2 ad- sk. Lion Hill, Panama (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
McLeannan). 
m\ nl. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 
o4. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia (Semper). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
jpl-t*. 6 2 ad.; ul~ St. Vincent, W. L, May- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

.tA. Juv. sk. Aug. (Mrs. B.H. Smith). 

y^-c5. $ 2 ad. sk. Grenada, W. I., March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April, Aug. (Mrs. H. JS. 
Smith). 

d5. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 
e\ Ad. sk. Cayenne. H. C. Rothery, Esq. 
[P.]. 

474 CHAKADRIIDJ3. 

/' , 95> 6 $ ad. sk. Bartica Grove,
Guiana, April, 
British 
Sept. 
Seehohm Coll. 
h\i5 . Ad. etjuv.sk 
(IT. Whitehj). 
Bartica Grove, Sept. {H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
k\ (S ad. sk. River Carimansr, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guiana,Apr. (H. Wh itely). 
P. <$ ad. sk. Camacu&a, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (H. Whitely). 
m'\ $ ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Goer my). 
??"'. $ ad. &k. Valle Dupar, U.S. Colombia, Sah in-G odman Coll. 
Sept. ^5 (F Simons), 
o'\ Ad. sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Illingworth). 
/>\ Imm. sk. Intaj, Ecuador {C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
</\ Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 
r \ Imm. sk. 
s5 . Ad. bk. 
*5 . Ad. sk. 
Island of Puna. 
Para, Lower Amazon. 
Island of Mexiana, Dec. 
G. Barclay, Esq. ~1\}. 
It. Graham, E-sq. P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u3 . Imm. sk. 
2;5 . Imm. sk. 
(A.R. Wallace). 
Bahia,Brazil (Dr. JJ 'ucherer). 
Santa Fe, Minas Geraes, 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Brazil {H. Rogers). 

51. TEEEKIA. 
Type. 
Xenus, Kaup, Natilrl Si/i>t p. 115 ("1829; nee Ross) ... . T. cinerea. 
Terekia, JBp, Camp. List B. Eur. $ X. Amer. p. 52 (l&rJS). T. cinerea. 
Simorhynclms, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixxiv(lb40; 

nee Merrem) T. cinerea. 
lihvnchosimus, Heine $-Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 

p. 320 (1890) T. cinerea. 
Range. Northern parts of the Palsearctic Region, ranging south 
in winter to Africa, India, and Australia. 

1. Terekia cinerea. 
Scolopax cinerea, Gilldenst. Nov. (Jomm. Petrop. xix. p. 473, pi. 19 

(1774) ; Gm. Syst. Nat, i. p. 657 (1788). 
Terek Avoset, Renu. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 502 (1785). 
Terek Snipe, Lath. Gin. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 155 (1785: Caspian Sea). 
Scolopax terek, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 724 (171)0). 
Limosa recurvirostra, Rail, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 181 (1811). 
Totairas javanicus, Ilorsf. Trails. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 193 (1821 : Java). 
Scolopax sumatrana, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 327 (1822: 

Sumatra). 
Numenius cinereus, Tieill. Enc. Metlx. iii. p. 1157 (1823). 
Limicula terek, Vieill, Faune Franc, p. 30(5, pi. 171. %. 2 (1823). 
Fedoa terekensis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 83 (1824). 
Xenus cinereus, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 115 (1829); Gray, Lint Grail. 

Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1844: Port Essington) ; Filipjri, Yiaqq. Persia, 

p. 351 (1865) ; Fimch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 328 (1870); Fritsch, 
51 . TEREKIA. 475 
Tog. Eur. tab. 38. fig. 0 (1870); Alston ty Harvie-Broion, Ibis, 
1873, p. 68 (Dwina: breeding ; Blyth # Wald. B. Bitrm. p. loo 
(1875). 

Limicola Indiana, Less. TraiU d'Orn. p. 554 (1831). 

Limosa terek, Temm. MSS.; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 307 (1837); 
Temm. Man. d'Om. iv. p. 42G (1840) ; Reichenb. Grail, tab. cccii. 
figs. 2446-48 (1850); Fimch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865). 

Terekia javanica, Bjp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 52 (1838); 
Gray, List Gen. B. p. 68 (1840); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 319 
(Tientsin); id Ibis, 1863, p. 97 (N. China). 

Limosa (Simorhynchus) cinerea, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxiv, 
212(1840); Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool. p. 216 (1851: Sea of 
Ocbotsk). 

Terekia cinerea, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 88; Gould, B. Austr. 

vi. pi. 34 (1848); Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 267 (1849: 
Calcutta); Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 312 ; Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 682 (1864) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. 
ii. p. 171 (18G5); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 167; Begl. fy Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. ii. p. 171 (1807); Dyb. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 337 (Dauria) ; 
Borggr. Togelf. Nordcleutschl. p. 115 (1869); Salvad. Ibis, 1870, 
p. 154; Blanf. Geol $ Zool Abyss, p. 433 (1870: Zoulla, Jan.) ; 
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Uec. p. 221 (1871): Simnh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 406 (Tientsin); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 195, pi. 572 (1871); 
Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 304 (1872); Hume, Str. F. I. 
p. 23^ (1873: Karachi, Feb.); Antin. fy Salvad. Tiagg. Bor/os, 
p. 145 (1873: Massowa, Sept.) ; Tacz. J.f.O. 1873, p.'l02, 1874, 
p. 330; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 296 (1874: Port Blair) ; Salvad. Uec. 
Born. p. 330 (1874: Sarawak, Oct.); Scl. § Taylor, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 64 (Sweet Waters, Constantinople); Seebohm 8f Harvie-Broicn, 
t. c. p. 292 (Haboriki, June); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 283 (1876); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 250 (1876 : E. Siberia); Ball, 
Str. F. iv. p. 236 (1876: Sambalpur; Orissa, May); Armstrong, 
t. c. p. 341 (Elephant Point) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, pp. 59, 6'2 (Ob 
River, July); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 460 (1877) ; Hartl. Vog. 
Madag. p. 325 (1877) ; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 460 (1878 : 
Tbatone ; Amherst; Tavov); Scl. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 579 (Japan); 
Ticeedd. t. c. p. 711 (N. Bohol, Oct.); Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 486 
(1878: Calcutta); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 152 (Siberia, 70°N. 
lat., June) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 249 (1879 : 
Schtschutschja) ; Hume, Str. .F. viii. p. 70 (1879 : Kopah), p. 112; 
Butler, Cat. B. Bind etc. p. 62 (1879 : Karachi); Legge, B. Ceylon, 
p. 836 (1880) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 463 (1881: Landana ; 
Loango); Scl. Toy. l Challenger? Zool ii. Birds, p. ll/^fTSSl: 
Japan, May); Gig'l Ibis, 1881, p. 210 (Italv, Nov.); Simson, Ibis, 
1882, p. 92 (E. Bengal); Seebohm. t. c. p. 223 (Sarepta); Salvad. 
Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 326 (1882) ; Milne-Edwards §• Grundid. 
Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 269 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 29 
(Caucasus, autumn migrant); Severtz. t. c. p. 74 (Pamir, Sept.); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 407 (1883); Torderm. Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xliii. p. 116 (1883: Java), xliv. p. 204 (1884); 
Meyer, Sitz. h. Abh. Ges. Isis, 1884, Abth. i. p. 56 (Ceram) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 33 (Yokohama) ; Bogdan. Consp. A v. Imp. 
Boss. p. 100 (1884); Radde, Orn. Caxic. pp.'45, 433 (1884: South 
Caspian, breeding); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 246 (1884) ; 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 691 (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 132 (1885: Bering Isl.) ; Yerbmy, Ibis, 
476 CHAKADBIIDJEL 

1886, p. 21 (Aden, winter); Sharpe, t. e. p. 402; Gigl. Avif. Ital. 

Om. iii. p. 166 (1886 : Celebes) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Xat. 
Mus. x. p. 133 (1887); Gigl. 8r Sahmcl P. Z. S. 1887, p. 587 
(Corea) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); E. Xewton, Trans. 
Xorf. § Xorw. Xat. Hist. Soc. iv. p. oo3 (1889 : Mauritius); 
Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 18b9, p 209 (Sarawak: 
Taguso); Yorderm. Xat. Tijdschr. Sederl. Lid. xlix. p. 41tJ f 18^9: 
Sumatra); Steere, List Mam?n. 4* B. Philipp. Exped. p. 20 (lb90 : 
Xegros); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan, Sept.*: Gigl. 
Avif. Ital., 1st Resoc. p. 600 (1889;, 2nd Resoc. p. (5(52 flSUOr, 
tialvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 203 (1891); Skarpe. Ibis, 
1891, p. 114 (Fao); Saunders, t. c. p. 187 (Switzerland, sprmsr); 
Styan, t. c. pp. 331, 507 (Lower Yangtse, migrant) ; Fat ifJ ^* 
Stader, Cat Distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 46 (1^92); Tticz. Mem. Acad. 
Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 8~>Q (189$}. 

Limosa einerea, Graif, Gen. B. iii. p. 570 (1847); Blasbis in Xaum. 
Tog. Deutst'hl siii. p. 248, j>}. 386. %. 3 (1853); Janb. et Earth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 477 (1859): Schrenck, Reis.Amuri. p. 419 
(1859); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vdg. p. 330 (1803) ; Bayard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 323 (1867); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 44, no. 10265 (1871); 
Hengl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. ii. Abtk. i. p. 1137 (1KT3: Arabian coast j ; 
Rosenb. Malay. Ariliip. p. 109 (1878-79: Sumatra!. 
Xenus cinereus, Licht. XomencL Ai\ Mux. Berol. p. 91 (1854 : Arabia). 
Totanus cinereus, SchL Mm. Pays-Bus, J8eolopace&, p. 77 (lfc04: 

Japan: Java; Moluccas). 
Totanus terek, SchL § Pall. Faune Madag., Ok. p. 172 (IHI^J. 
Tringa (Terekia) einerea, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X S. IV. ii. p. 198 

(1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (188s : Wide Bav District ; 

N. S. W.). 
Totanus terekius, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 369 (1888): id. 
B. Jajxm. Emp. p. 326 (1890). 
IUiynehosimus cinereus, Heine 4" Reichen. XomencL Mits. Htin. 
p. 326 (1890). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
(described below) in baying black centres to the upper surface, the 
bead streaked with blackish brown; a rufeseent tint pervades the 
upper surface; the lesser wing-coverts and scapulars are almost 
entirely black, the latter forming a double band down the back; 
the wing-coverts and secondaries, as well as the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts, are mottled with dusky markings; under 
surface of body white; lower throat and fore-neck streaked with 
blackish : i% bill black, the base of the lower mandible yellowish. 
green: feet olive-grey; iris dark brown ,J (teste L. TaczanowsJci). 
Total length 8'b inches, culmen 2, wing 5*35, tail 2*2, tarsus 1-15. 

The yellow base to the lower mandible appears fco me to be a 
sign of immaturity and winter plumage, as it seems to disappear 
entirely in breeding birds. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male in plumage, 
with less of the bronzy tint above ; the black streaks on the upper 
surface and the dusky streaks on the throat less pronounced. 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 5*35, tail 2-2, tarsus 1. 

51. TEEEKIA. 
477 
Young wale of the year. Similar to the adults, but with a much 
shorter bill, the base of the latter being conspicuously yellow; the 
mantle streaked with blackish, and the scapulars marked with black 
almost as much as in the adult bird; the upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers barred with dusky and pale rufous; the greater coverts 
black, forming a band across the wing; head and neck and underpays 
as in the winter plumage of the adults, the throat not being 
streaked with dusky: " bill blackish olive, yellowish olive at the 
base of both mandibles ; feet, including web, bright orange-yellow ; 
iris blackish brown" (L. Stejneger). 

Adult in winter plumage. General colour above light ashy grey, 
with obsolete whitish edges to the scapulars and wing-coverts, 
especially the greater series; lesser coverts distinctly black in the 
centre; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the 
outer primaries with white shafts, the inner primaries ashy towards 
the ends, with a white fringe; secondaries broadly tipped with 
white, and white also along the inner web; the inner secondaries 
ashy grey like the back, with blackish shaft-lines ; lower back and 
rump and upper tail-coverts like the back, the latter freckled and 
edged with ashy white; tail-feathers ashy grey, whitish at base, 
mottled with ashy: head and neck ashy grey; the forehead and 
eyebrows white, becoming fulvescent above the ear-coverts; lores 
dusky ashy; sides of face whitish, streaked with ashy grey, the 
upper edge of the ear-coverts uniform ashy; cheeks, throat, and 
under surface of body pure white; the sides of the neck and sides 
of tipper breast ashy grey, the latter with a distinct dusky patch ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white; the feathers along the 
edge of the wing ashy grey; quills greyish below: "bill dark 
brown, yellowish at the base of the lower mandible; feet and toes 
yellow ; iris brown " (E. W* Oates). 

Hah. Breeding in North-eastern Europe and Northern Siberia, 
ranging south in winter to Africa, India, and Australia. 

a. <5 ad. sk. River Onega, Russia, July 9 Seebohm Coll. 
(IF. Meves). 
b. cS ad. sk. Ijma Reaka, Dvina, July 3 Seebohm Coll. 
' (E. R. Alston). 
c. d. Ad.; e. Pull Archangel, July. Dr. R. B. Sharpe [P.]. 
sk. 
/. 2 ad- sk. Archangel, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 

g. 
(5juv.sk. Archangel, July 24 (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Meves). 
h, i. <$; k. $ ad. sk. Petchora River, June. H. Seebohm and J. A. 
Harvie-Brown, 
Esqrs. [PA 

I <$ ad. sk. Siberia. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

m. 
$ imm. sk. Schtschutschja, River Ob, Geogr. Soc. Bremen 
Aug. 13 (Dr. 0. Fimch). [P.]. 
n. S ad. sk. River Yen-e-sei, June 16 Tweeddale Coll. 
(H. Seebohm). 
o. <$ ad. sk. Lake Baikal, May 24 (Br. Seebohm Coll. 
Dyboiuski). 
478 
3 $ ad sk

p, 
q-


r. Ad. sk.
s.<$;t, u. $ ad. sk.
v. 3; w, x. 2 ad.sk.
u Ad. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a'-e'. Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/-&'. 6',1>-2 ad.sk.
m'. 2 
a^* s^*

n'. 6 ad. sk.

o'j p\ Ad. sk.

q. $ ad. sk.
r'-u\ $: v'-z\ 2
ad. ski

y. Ad. &k.
s'. <$ ad. sk.
a". Ad. st.
b", c". Ad. sk.
d", e". (S 2

 a^-s^* 
2 a(*-s^


f ', g".

h". <j: i", h". 2 ad.

sk.

I". Ad.sk.

m". <$; n",o". §

ad. sk.

p"-s". 6', t"-y"* 2

ad. sk. 
z". Ad. sk.

 ac*-sk*

d-d*, d 2e3. Q ad. sk.

Pm 2 ad. sk.

 CHA.EADRIIDJE. 

 Inland Sea, Japan, May.

 China. 
Shanghai, April, May,
Sept. (J2. Swinhoe). 


 X. 
Bohul, Oct. (A, H.
Everett), 
Barani, Sarawak, Oct. 7.

 New Guinea.

 Cape York, X. Australia

(J. T. Cockerell), 
Port Esslngton.

 Java {Korsfield).

 Salangore, Dec-March ( W.
Davison), 

 Kopah River, Jan. 15 (7.
Barling), 
Tavoy River, April 29 ( W.
Davison), 
Thatone Creek, Dec. ( W.
Davison), 
Wippitan, Jan. IS (J.
Darling). 
Amherst, Dec-March { W. 
Davison), 
Saigon, Cochin China. 
Elephant Point, Dec. (J.
Armstrong), 
Dacca. 
Dacca. 
Haddo, Andaman Islands,
Dec. ( W. Davison), 

P° s t Mouat, April (W.
Davison), 
Ducg Leaf Creek, Dec. 31 
($r. Davison). 
Ceylon. 
Karachi, Sind, Dec, May, 
Aug. [E. A. Butler). 
Karachi, Feb. (A. O. IL).

 Ghizni, Sind (Dr. J£
Gould)* 

^a0' Persiai1

 Cf^> Aug.,
Sept. 
Zoulla, Annesley Bay,
Jan. 11.


 Walvisch Bav, Damaraland, 
Get. 15 (O. J. 
Andersson), 

 Toy. H.M.S. ' Chal


lenger.' 

 Gould Coll. 

 Seebokni Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 A. H. Everett, Esq. 
"C.";. 
Wallace Coll. 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 

 Capt. Chambers "ly.\ 
India Mu&eum. (Type 
of Toianin javanicus.) 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 31. E. Pierre T.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 T.Thwaites,Esq.[C.L 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 

 W. 
D. dimming. 
Esq. rP.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.l 
Seebohm Coll. 
52 . PbEUDOGLOTTIS. 
479 

52. PSEUDOGLOTTIS. 
Type. 
Pseudototanus, Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 488 (1878) P. guttifer. 
Paeudoglottis, Stejn. Zeitsch.ges. Orn. i. p. 223 (1884) .. P. guttifer. 
Range. North-eastern Asia, ranging south in winter to the 

Burmese provinces and the neighbourhood of Calcutta. 

1. Pseudoglottis guttifer. 
Totanus guttifer, Nordm. in Ermarfs Reis. um die Erde, p. 17 

^(1835). 
Xenus guttifer, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 91 (1854). 
Terekia guttifera, Bp. C. It. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 
Totanus haughtoni, Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 344 (China Ba-Keer, 

Dec.) ; Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 463 (1878); Starting, Ibis, 
1883, p. 133, pi. iv. 

Pseudototanus haughtoni, Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 488 (1878: Calcutta); 
id. Str. F. ix. p. 113 (1879); id. $ Marsh. Game Birds 
2nd. iii. p. 403, cum tab. (1880). 

Pseudototanus 
guttifer, Stejn. Zeitschr. ges Orn. i. p. 223, pi. x. 
(1884); id. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, 

p. 124 (1885 : Bering IbL, May ; Aratscha Elver, Kamtschatka). 
Totanus 
guttiferus, Seeb. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 354 (1888); 
Styan, Ibis, 1894, p. 337 (Hainan). 

Adult female in winter plumage (type of T. haugJitoni). General 
colour above ashy grey, the feathers with blackish shaft-lines and 
narrow whitish margins; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
pure white; wing-coverts a little darker than the back, especially the 
marginal series and the outer median and greater coverts ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and primaries dark brown, the secondaries 
ashy and fringed with white like the inner primaries, the inner 
secondaries whitish on the inner webs• centre tail-feathers light 
ashy grey, the remainder white, with a sub-terminal dusky line; 
crown of head and neck ashy grey, with dusky streaks; base of 
forehead and lores, as well as the sides of the face and under surface 
of body, pure white, the sides of the neck shaded with ashy and having 
minute dusky streaks* under wing-coverts and axillaries white : 
" basal half of bill horny yellow, deepening into dusky for the terminal 
half, which is tipped with black ; feet ochreous yellow, claws black ; 
Iris dark brown '"' (J. Armstrong). Total length 12 inches, culmen 
1*9, wing 6*9, tail 2*4, tarsus 1-6. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Does not differ from the female 
in any important particular: " basal half of both mandibles greenish 
plumbeous, somewhat yellowish near the gape; terminal half dusky 
black; feet greenish ochreous yellow, somewhat dusky over the 
phalangeal joints; claws black ; gape slaty pinkish white ; iris dark 
brown" (J. Armstrong), Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 2*3, 
wing 7, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*75. 

Young. Eesemble the winter plumage of the adults, but are 
easily distinguished by the sandy-buff spotting of the back and 

480 
CHA.RADRIID.E. 

wings, the feathers of the hack having twin spots of this colour, or 
"being edged or notched with it, this being particularly the case with 
the scapulars and inner secondaries; the crown darker and more 
uniform hrown, with a distinct eyebrow of white, lined with dusky 
streaks like the sides of the neck and upper hind-neck; the upper 
tail-coverts with a few wavy lines of dusky, which are also visible 
on the tail-feathers, the centre ones being tinged with sandy huff; 
under surface of body as in the adults, but with dusky streaks on 
the lower throat; the chest and sides of the body mottled v& ith 
dusky margins to the feathers, especially on the sides of the upper 
breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white. Total length 
11*5 inches, wing 6*2, tarsus 1*75. (Mtis. Henry Beebolim.) 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in being blacker above and being spotted below with black; the 
crown blackish, streaked with whitish edges to the feathers; the 
feathers of the back black, with spots of white on the edges of the 
feathers, more distinct on the scapulars and inner secondaries ; 
upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers with slight indications of 
black spots; sides of face and sides of neck white, with triangular 
spots of black, larger on the latter; the ear-coverts slightly ashy 
grey with obscure dusky streaks ; under surface of body pure white, 
with a few small spots or streaks of black, irregularly scattered 
over the throat and breast, larger and more thickly distributed over 
the sides of the upper breast, and scarcely visible on the flanks; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white. Total length 11 
inches, culmen 2*1, wing 6*7, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*6. (2Iu$. Henry 
Seebohn.) 

Hab. Karntsehatka (Stejneger\ the Sea of Okhotsk (Nordmmm), 
and the River Amoor (ftoerries), probably occurring along all the 
coasts of Eastern Asia in winter, but only known as yet from 
the coasts of Burma (Armstrong) and from the neighbourhood 
of Calcutta (Hume). The great resemblance which the bird bears 
to the common Greenshank has doubtless often caused it to be mistaken 
for that species, and, in consequence, to be overlooked by 
ornithologists. 

a. 5 ad.sk. China-Ba-Keer, Burma, Dec. 18 Hume Coll. 
(J. Armstrong). (Type of T. kaugkioni.) 
b. cf ad. sk. Beloo Gyoon, Burma, Dec. 10 Hume Coll. 
(J. A.). 
c,d. 
o* $ ad. sk. Amherst, Tenasserim, Dec. 307 Hume Coll. 
Jan. 3 (J. A.). 

53. GLOTTIS. 
Type. 
Glottis, Koch, SysL baier. Zool p. 305 (1816) ..... . G-. nebuiarius. 
Limicola, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc* Brit. Mm. 

p. 32 (1816) 
G. nebuiarius. 
JRange. Confined to the Old World, breeding in the north, and 
wandering in winter to Airica, India, and Australia. 

53. GLOTTIS. 481 
Foot of Glottis nebularius, to show the scaling of the tarsus. 

1. Glottis nebularius. 
The Green leg'd Horseman or Female Totano, Albirij Nat, Hist. B. 
ii. pi. 69 (1738). 
The Barker, Albin, torn. tit. p. 65, pi. 71. 
La Barge grise, Briss. Orn. v. p. 267, pi. xxiii. fig. 1 (1760); 
& Anient. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 876. 
Scolopax totanus, Linn. Srjst. Nat. i. p. 245 (1766; nee 1758) ; Orn. 

Syst. Nat. i. p. 665 (1788). 
Scolopax nebularius, Gunner. Leem. Lapp. Beschr. p. 251 (1767). 
La Barge aboyeuse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 501 (1780). 
Cinereous Godwit, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 145 (1785). 
Green-shank, Lath. torn. cit. p. 147; Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 549 (1843). 
Scolopax cineracea, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 292 (1787). 
Scolopax glottis, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 292 (1787). 
Scolopax canescens, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 668 (1788). 

VOL. xxiv. 21 

CHAEADRIID-S. 

Totamis glottis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 287 (1803); Meyer 8? 
Tfolf, Taschenb. deuisch. Togelk. ii. p. 372 (1810) ; Tenim. Man. 
dJ0r?i. p. 425 (1815); Vieill N. Diet. cFHist. Nat. yi. p. 410 (1816) ; 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 659 (1820); Eorsf. Tram. Linn. 
Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821); Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 560; Roux, Orn. 
Prov. pi. 298 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Grail pi. 25 (1827); 
Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 104 (1828); Less. Trade a"Orn. p. 551 
(1831); Jenyns, 31an. Brit Tertebr. p. 2C0 (1835); Aitdvb. Orn. 
Biogr. iii. p. 483, pi. 269 (1835j ; Nauru. Toy. DeuUehl \iii. 

p. 145, pi. 201 (1836); Strickl P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna): 
Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 312 (1837); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 433 
(1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. kxii, 210 (1840|; Nord?n. 
in JDemid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 245 (1840: Odessa. March) ; 
Selys-Lonych. Faun. Beige, p. 127 (1842); Audub. B. Amer. Svo, v. 
p. 321, pi. 346 (1842) ; Milhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 90 (1844 : Sept. to 
May) ; Schl. Pev. Crit. p. xcii (1844); Gray, Gtn. B. iii. p. 573 
(1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 265 (1840): Betchenb. 
Grail, tab. lxxv. figs. 574, 575 (1850) : Thomps, B. Irel ii. p. 217 
(1850: migrant); Earcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); 
Middend. Bets. Sibir.. Zool, Tog. p. 213 (1851: Stanovoi Mts., May 
to Aug.); Kj&rb. Damn. Fugle, pi. 36. fig. 3 (1852); Schl. Tog. 
NederLyl. 242 (1854); Ilartl. Orn. JY.-Afr. p. 235 (1857); Cass. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Pliilad. 1858, p. 196; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. 
pp. 11, 53 (1859 : Cape, BQC) ; Taylor* Ibis, 1859. p. 53 {Egypt); 
Eeugl t. c. p. 347 (Red Sea and Suniali Coast); Jauk et Barth.-
Lapomm. Pick. Orn. p. 456 (1859); Sekrenck, Beis. Amur I. p. 414 
(1859 : Ussuri) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xl. fig. 5 (1860); Linderm. 
Tog. Griechenl. p. 137 (1860); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1860, p. 218 (Xatal); 
Powys, t. c. p. 344 (Epirus and Corfu); Lrby, Ibis, 1H31, p. 238 
(Kumaon); Ilartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 271; Schl. Bier. Nedtrl 
Togels, pi. 25. figs. 5-7 (1861); Sirink. Ibis, lt62, p. 254 (Foochow), 
1863, p. 406 (Formosa) ; Gray, Cat. Brit B. p. 100 (lfcC3j; 
Badde, Beis. Sibir., Tog. p. 327 (1863: Tarei-nor, Aug., Sept.) ; 
Schl. Mus. Paijs-Bas* Scolopaces, p. 61 (1864: Gnld Coast, Oct.; 
Moluccas; Borneo; Jaya; Timor; B. Brazil (!); Chili (!) ); Jerd. 
B. Ind. iii. p. 700 (1864: Sept. to April); Wright, Ibis, IdJ4, 
p. 146 (Malta, spring and autumn); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 436 
(Scotland, breeding); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182(18*35); Dokrn, 
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 331 (Prince's Isl.); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 169; E. 
Newton, t c. p. 346 (Seychelles) ; Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 325 
(1867) ; Byb. $ Parvex, J.f. 0.1868, p. 337 (Darasun) : Borggr. 
Togelf. Norddeutschl p. 112 (1869); Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154 
(Marocco); Broste, Togelw. Borkum, p. 176 (1869); Wyatt, Ibis, 
1870, p. 17 (Sinai); Siainh. t c. pp. 83, 364 (Hainan); Blwes $ 
Buckley, t c. p. 332 (Turkey); Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 234 (1870); 
Godwin-Austen, J, A. 8. Beng. xxxix. p. 275 (1870: Kliasia 
Hills); Blanf. op. cit xl. p. 276 (1871: Wardha Valley); Suunders, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (Spain); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 4a5 
(China, winter); B. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 300 (1871: breeding) 
; Gray, Eand-l B. iii. p. 45, no. 10276 (1871); Earting, 
Eandb. Brit B. p. 46 (1872); Wald. Trans. Zool Soc. viii. p. 96 
(1872); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 301 (1872; Dec. to 
April); Beugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii Abth. i. p. 1169 (1873 : N.E. 
Africa, Aug. to April); Pahnen, Finl. Fogl p. 139 (1873); Severtz. 

Turkest. Jevofn. p. 69 (1873); Alston Sc Earvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 

p. 67 (Archangel); Brooke, t. c. p. 338 (Sardinia, winter); Tacz. 
J.f O. 1873, p. 102 ; Hume §*Henderson, Lahore to York. p. 290 
53 . GLOTTIS. 483 
(1873); Ball, Str. F. i. p. 85 (1873 : Andanians); Tacz. J. f. 0. 
1874, p. 336 (E. Siberia); Saxly, B. Shetl p. 196 (1874); Bali, Str. 

F.n. p. 431 (1874: Chota Nagpnr); Buckley, Ibis, 1873, p. 388 
(Limpopo Kiver); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 324 (1874); Cordeaux, Ibis, 
1875, p. 185 (Heligoland); Swinh. t. c. p. 453 (S. Yezo); Blyth \ 
Wald. B. Burm. p. 155 (1875); Wald. Tram. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 234 
(1875: Luzon); Rosenb. Reistocht Geelvinksb. p. 8 (1875: Ternate); 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 175 (1875) ; Seebohm Sf Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 
1876, p. 291 (Lower Petehora, breeding); Butler, Str.F. iv. p. 18 
(1876: N. Guzerat); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zml France, i. p. 250 
(1876), ii. p. 156 (1877: Poland, spring and autumn); David 8c 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 462 (1877; ^ Bartl Tog. Madag. p. 326 
(1877); Casteln. Sf Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 384 
(1877: Norman K.); Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 88 
(1878: Hoang-ho; Lake Hanka; Ussuri); Blahist. fy Pryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 220 (Yezo); Hume $ Damson, Str. F. vi. p. 463 
(1878: Tenasserim); Davidson fy Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 89 
(1878: Deccan) ; Ball, t. c. p. 229 (Ganges to Godavery); Cripps, 
t. c. p. 304 (Faridpur, winter); Hume, t c. p. 488 (Calcutta); 
Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 143 (Celebes); Bogd. B. Cam. p. 156 (1879); 
Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 109 (1879 : Sumatra), p. 278 (Celebes), 
p. 373 (Aru; Kei; Goram), p. 407 (Ternate); Butler, Cat. B. 
Sind etc. p. 64 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Scully, 
t. c. p. 358 (Nepal Valley): Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 666 
(1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p 840 (1880); Butler, Cat. B. S. 
Bomb. Pres. pt 78 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 86 (1880: S. Konkan); 
Collett, Norges Fuglef. p. 102 (1881) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 97 (Gilgit, Sept.); Scully, t. c. p. 589; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 71 
(1881: Lucknow) ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 321 (1882 : Khandeish); 
Blahist. fy Pryer, B Japan, p. 109 (1882: Yezo; Yokohama) 
; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, vii. p. 397 (1882 : Bering 
Isl.) ; Milne-Edzvards $* Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 630 
(1882); Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 122 (Kandahar); Seebohm, t. c. 
p. 223 (Astrakhan), p. 380 (Archangel); Davison, Str. F. x. 
p. 414 (1883: NHghiris); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Caucasus); 
Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliii. p. 113 (1883: Batavia); 
Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 74 (Pamir, breeding); Irby, t. c. p. 186 
(Santander); Corns, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 639 (1884: 
" Florida "); Blahist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 36 (1884: Nagasaki) 
; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 94 (1884); Radde, Orn. 
Cauc. pp. 45, 430 (1884 : rare in winter); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederl. hid. xliv. p. 202 (1884: Java); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. 
Sind, p. 255 (1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 233 (Potchefstroom) ; 
Seebohm, t c. p. 267 (Kiukiang, Dec, Jan.); C. II. T. Marshall, t. c, 

p. 424 (Chamba); C. Swinh. fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 134 (Mhow 
distr.); Tristr. t. c. p. 195 (Corea); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B.iii. 
p. 149, pi. 29 (1885); Hartert, J.f.O.1886, p. 608 (R. Niger, 
Jan.); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 227 (1886) ; Harvie-Brown 
8f Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithness, p. 223 (1887); Seeb. Geoqr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 355 (1888); Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 49 
(1888); Doerries, J. f. O. 1888, p. 91 (E. Siberia, Oct.); Eoenig, 
t. c. p. 279 (Tunis, Nov., Dec.); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 325 (1888 : 
Manipur); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 (Corea); Buttik. Notes 
Ley den Mus. xi. p. 137 (1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 342 (Salamis, 
April) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc, 1889, p. 208 
(S. Borneo; Tabanis ; Pontianak); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl 
Ind. xlix. p. 416 (1889: Sumatra); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp* 
484 CHAKADRIIDiEL 

p 321 (1890) ; Platen, J.f. 0. 1890, p. 145 (Mindanao); Koenig, 
t c. p. 458 (Madeira); Emin, J. f. 0. 1891, p. 845 (Albert 
Nyanza) ; Madardsz, Erldut. Ausst. Ungar. Yogelf. p. 109 (1891 ; 
Apaj, Prov. Pest); Reiser, Vogels. Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 123 
(1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 331, 507 (Lower Yangtze, winter;; 
Giitke, Voqelw. Helqol p. 508 (1891); Frivaldsky, Av. Hvngar. 

p. 141 (1891); Satiad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 202 (1891); 
Seek Bis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland, spring and autumn); Campbell, 
t. e. p 246 (Corea, sprirg and autumn); De La louche, t. <>. 
p. 500 (Fuochow and Swatow, winter); Styan, Ibl% 1S93, p. 437 
(Hainan); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. ScL St. Peter sb. {7) xxxix. 
p. 860 (1893); Sjostedt, K Scensk. Vet.-Akad. JEaadL Sto/kh. 
xxvii. p. 27 (1895 : Cameroons). 
Totanus fistulans, Bechst. Naiurg. Deutschl. iy. p. 241 (1809). 
Totanus griseus, Bechst, t. c. p. 249 (1809); DPOI. £ Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. ii.p. 215 (1867); Doderl Avif. Sieil. p. li 3 (1869). 

Totanus chloropus, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 371 (1810); id. Yog. 
Liv~ und Esthlands, p. 198 (1815); C<ntes, Key X. Amer. B. p. 259 
(1872). 

Limosa totanus, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 183 (1811). 
Glottis natans (nee Otto), Kochf Syst. baier. Zool. p. 305 (1618), 

Limicola glottis, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 32 

(1816: Carmarthenshire). 
Glottis chloropus, Xilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 57(1*21); Brehm, Vtlq. 
Deutschl p. 630(1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ JV. Amn; 

p. 51 (1838) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 319 (1*52). _ 
Limosa glottis, Stephens in Shaids Gen. Zool. xil p. SQ, pi. 13 
(1824)." 
Glottis grisea, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 631 (1831). 
Glottis fistulans, Breh?n, torn. cit. p. 631. 
Totanus glottoides, Vigors, P. Z.S. 1831, p. 173; Gould, Cent. B. 

Himal. Mis. pi. 76 (1832); Hodqs. Icon. iaed. in Brit. Mus., 
Grail, pis. 84a, 845, no. 549; id. in Grays Zool Misc. p. 86 
(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); Smnh. Ibis, I860, p. 66 
(Amoy), 1861, p. 343 (Takow to PeMn); Gray, Ibis, 1862, 

p. 236 (Norfolk Isl.). 
Limosa glottoides, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 163 (Deeean). 
Limosa horsfieldii, Sykes, torn. cit. p. 163. 
Glottis floridanus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <$• N. Amer. p. 51 (1838); 
Cass, in BairdJs B. N. Amer. p. 730 (1858). 
Glottis glottoides, Gould, B. Austr. yi. pi. 36 (1844); Beichenh. YBq. 
Keuholl. p. 337 (1850); Macgilliv. Karr. Toy. 4 JRattles/iake* ii. 

p. 358 (1852); Gould, Kandh. B. Austr. ii. p. 265 (1865); Bamsay, 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 338 (Queensland); id. Proc. Linn. Sac. 
N. S. W. ii. p. 198 (1878) ; id. op. cit. (2) ii. p. 172 (1888: Derby, 
N.W. Austr.). 
Glottis canescens, Gray, List Grall<& Brit. Mm. p. 99 (1844); 
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); id. $ ScL Cmir. Cm. 
1852, p. 159 (Daniara-land); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 596 (1856); 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 151 (Bangkok); Adams, t. c. p. 189 
(Cashmere); Loche, Expl. Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 316 (1867): 
Gould, B. Gt. Br. iy. pi. 53 (1869); Mitsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 38. 
figs. 13, 14 (1870); Heine §* Beichen. NomencL Mm. Hcin. p. 327 

(1890). 
Glottis yigorsii, Gray, List Gralke Brit. Mm. p. 99 (1844); id. Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 138 (1846). 
Glottis horsfieldii, Gray, torn. cit. p. 99 (1844). 

53 . GLOTTIS. 485 
Totanus nivigula, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus., Grail, pi. 85. 
figs. 1, 2, no. 766. 
Totanus horsfieldii, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 (1846); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 222 (Tabanis). 
Glottis niveignla, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 138 

(1846). 
Glottis glottis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 91 (1854). 
Glottis albicollis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 292; id. Vogelf. p. 311 

(1855). 
Totanus (Glottis) horsfieldi, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 364. 
Totanus canescens, Finsch fy Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 745 (1870); 

Sharpe § Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 173, pi. 570 (187J); Salvad. 
Faun. ItaL, Uec. p. 221 (1871); Sheltey, B. Egypt, p. 256 (1872); 
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 247 (1873: Punjab); Adam, t. e. p. 397 
(Sanibliur, May); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 299 (1874); Betoken. 

J. f. 0.1874, p. 377 (Gold Coast; Cameroon®); Irby, Orn. Straits 
Gibr. p. 165 (1875); Banf. 8f Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 420 
(Transylvania); Shelley, t. c. p. 86 (Durban); Hume, Str. F. iii. 
p. 183 (1875: Pegu), iv. p. 465 (1876: Cardammn IsL) j Scully, 
t. c. p. 189 (E. Turkestan); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Anmednuggur) ; 
Bruggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,^ v. p. 95 (1876 : Celebes); 
Barrait, Ibis, 1876, p. 213 (Modder River); Dresser, t. c. p. 411 
(Turkestan); Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 12 (Loango Coast); Anders. 
Rep. Zool. Exped. W. Yunnan, p. 677 (1878) ; Finsch, Verhandl. 
z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix. p. 250 (1879: Karakul; Ob River, July); 
Ay res, Ibis, 1880, p. 268 (Transvaal, Sept.) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, 
p. 464 (1881: Landana; Benguela; Mossamedes); Sharpe in 
Oates's Matabele-Land, App. B, p. 325 (1881: Inquinquesi River, 
Sept.); Scl. $ Hartl P. Z. S. 1881, p. 174 (Socotra); Shelley, 
t c. p. 600 (Usambara Hills); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. 
p. 325 (1882) • id. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 329 (1882); Booth, 
Bough Notes, ii. (1881-87); Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, p. 70 (Cocos 
IsL, Java, Feb.); Shelley, t. c. p. 365 (Mashoona, Sept.-Dec.); 
Butler, Feilden, 8? Beid, Zool, 1882, p. 425 (Newcastle, Oct.); 
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 613 (1882); B. O. 77. List Brit. B. 
p. 177 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit B. iii. p. 483 (1884); 
Tristr. Faun. 8f Flor. Palest, p. 134 (1883); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 687 (1884); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 221 
(1884: Shoa) ; Biittih. Notes Leyd. Mus. vii. p. 244 (1885: 
Liberia); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 43 (Corsica); Bohm, J.f.O. 
1885, p. m*, Deditius, t. c. p. 209; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 492 
(Eao); Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. viii. p. 266 (1886); Matschie, 
J.f. 0. 1887, p. 138 (Kareina) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 292 (Portugal); 
Chapm. Ibis, 1888, p. 445 (Spain, Sept.); Biittik. Notes Leyd. 
Mus. x. p. 102 (1888: Barguary River); St. John, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 177 (S. Afghanistan, winter) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 605 
(1889); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 114 (Fao, Sept.); id. Report 2nd 
Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 140 (1891: Leh; E. of Tanksi); Bendall, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Gambia, Sept.); Payton, t c. p. 471 (Mogador, 
May); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 205 (Canaries); Irby, Orn. 
Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p, 286 (1895). 
Totanus nebularius, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 37 (1882), vi. 

p. 71 (1883); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. 
p. 267 (1884) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 29, p. 128 (1885 : 
Bering IsL ; Kamchatka, May); Gigl. Avif ItaL p. 398 (1886) ; 
A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 115 (1886) ; Ridgw. Nomencl. 
N. Amer. B. p. 165 (1887) *, Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 
486 CHARADRIID^. 

(1888: Australia generally); Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Besoc. p. 605 

(1889), 2nd Resoc, p. 662 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 517 (1891); 

BeicJien. JB. Eamb. Wiss. Anst. x. p. 7 (1893: Quilimane). 

Totanus nebularius glottoides, Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mu$. no. 29, 

p. 128 (1885). 
Totanus sp., Bbhm, J.f.O.1885, p. 51 (Gondah). 
Totanus littoreus, Beickmi. J. f. O.1889, p. 266 (Quilimane: Zanzibar) 
; id. Sgst. Verz. Tog. Deiitsckl. p. 48 (1S89); Brvsina, 
Motr. etc. (Orn. Croatica). p. 90 (1890) ; Beichen. J.f O. 1890, 

p. 109 (Cameroons), 1892, p. 9 (Bukoba) ; Fleck, J.f O. Ife94, 
p. 383 (Walviscli Bay); Sjostedt, MT. deittsch. Schutz. viii. p. 13 
(1895 : Cameroons; Reiser, Or a. Balcanica, p. 167 (1894). 
Adult in winter plumage. General colour above ashy-brown, 
mottled with whitish edges to the feathers, which are freckled 
and sub-terminally lined with darker brown, the shaft being also 
well marked; scapulars clearer ashy-grey, with an interrupted subterminal 
line of blackish brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts pure wrhite ; exterior wing-coverts uniform blackish brown; 
median and greater coverts lighter brown, fringed with white ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the latter fringed 
with white at the end of the inner web; the secondaries ashy-brown, 
edged with white, the innermost long secondaries spotted with black 
on the margins; tail-feathers white, the centre ones crossed with 
regular but somewhat interrupted bars of brown, the other feathers 
with a few broken spots and bars of brown on the outer web : crown 
of head and hind-neck greyish brown, the feathers edged with white, 
imparting a streaked appearance, more marked on the head; forehead, 
lores, and sides of face pure white, the sides of the neck streaked 
narrowly with ashy-brown, as well as the upper margin of the 
ear-coverts ; entire under surface of body pure white; the sides 
of the upper breast irregularly freckled with brown ; under wing-
coverts white, with a sub-terminal bar of brown, or a central 
arrow-head line of the latter colour; axiHaries white, with a few 
remains of brown spots; lower primary-coverts ashy, with whitish 
edgings; quills below ashy, the lateral markings of the secondaries 
indicated below: " bill and feet light slate-colour; Iris dark 
brown " (T. Ayres). Total length 13 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 7*2, 
tail 2-85, tarsus 2*15. 

Adult male hi breeding-plumage. Of a more ruddy-brown than 
in the winter plumage and with black centres to the feathers of 
the upper surface; the head and neck also streaked with black; 
sides of face white, narrowly streaked with black; under surface 
of body white, the lower throat, fore-neck, and chest with 
numerous ovate spots of black; the flanks with a few irregular bars 
of black; under wing-coverts and axillaries white barred with 
black, the bars on the latter somewhat interrupted; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the lateral coverts barred with 
black; two centre tail-feathers ashy grey, slightly freckled with 
dusky, and notched with black on the margins ; remainder of the 
tail-feathers white barred with blackish, the bars becoming more 
irregular on the lateral feathers, which have distinct bars only on 

53 . GLOTTIS. 
487 
the outer webs: "bill blackish brown, lighter brownish grey 
towards the base, especially on the lower jaw; feet yellowish 
grey, the joints bluish" (L. Stejneger). Total length 12 inches, 
culmen 2-1, wing 7*5, tail 3, tarsus 2-2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: " bill blackish 
brown, the basal half lighter, on upper mandible with a bluish, on 
lower one with a reddish-grey tinge; feet dirty olive-grey, the 
joints darker and more bluish-grey" (L. Stejneger). 

Young after first moult. Similar to the winter plumage of the 
adults but much more tinged with rufous-brown and with the feathers 
spotted with whity-brown on both webs; centre tail-feathers white, 
distinctly barred across with black, and the chest also distinctly 
streaked with dusky; the sides of the breast spotted and mottled 
with dusky brown. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Sutherlandshire, June. Col. Irby and Capt. 
Savile Reid [P.J. 

c. Ad. sk. 
Caithness, June. Col. Irby and Capt. 
Savile Reid [P.J. 
d. Juv. sk. Carmarthenshire. Montagu Coll. 
S. Wales. 
Rev. A. Morgan 
e. Juv. st. 
[p.]. 
fi 9-<$ 2 Juv- sk. Lincolnshire, Sept. 4. J. H. Caton Haigh, 
Esq. [P.]. 

ht i. S 2 a(l-s t Breydon Harbour, Norfolk, Harting Coll. 

May (J. JB. H.). 

k. Juv. sk. Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Theodore Fisher,Esq. 
I $ ad.sk. Kingsbury, Middlesex, Aug. 27 Seebonm Coll. 

(J. E. Harting). 
in. ? ad. sk. Sitting-bourne, Kent, Aug. Gould Coll. 
n. 5juv.sk. Romney Marsh, Kent, Aug. 27. Col. Irby. 
o. 3 juv. sk. Pagham, Sussex, Aug. (J. E. Tweeddale CoU. 
Harting). 
p. Juv. sk. Pagbam, Sept. (It. JB. &).' Tweeddale Coll. 
q, r. 
Juv. st. Pagham, Sept. (JR. B. S.). Dr. R. B. Sliarpe 
[P.]. 

s. Juv. st. Torquay. 
C. Coningham, Esq. 
pp.]. 

J5. § ad. sk. Sweden, Aug. (W. Meves). Capt.OlarkeKennedy. 

u. Ad. sk. Sweden, Aug. (H. WheelTweeddale 
Coll. 
wright), 
v. Ad. sk. Archangel. Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
w. 
$ ad. sk. Fogaras, Hungary (E. CzynJc). Hungarian National 
Museum [P.]. 
x. Ad. sk. Veleneze, Hungary, Sept. 9. Hungarian National 
Museum [P.]. 

y. Ad. sk. Greece. 
Gould Coll. 
Shelley CoU. 

z. Ad. sk. Egypt, March 17 (G. E. S.). 
Tweeddale Coll. 

a'. Ad. sk. Egypt, Feb. 9 (G. JB. &)• 

Governor Rendall. 

b'. Ad. sk. Gambia. 

Old Coll. 

c'. Ad. sk. Gambia. 

Shelley Coll. 

a", e\ Ad. sk. Accra. 

488

/'. $ ad. sk.

g'. 6 ad. sk.

A', i'. Ad. sk.

k'. 2 ad. sk.

V. $ ad. sk.
m'. S imm. sk.

ri. Imm. sk.

o'. 2 ad. sk.

p'. Ad. sk.

q'. 2 ad. sk.

r'. 2 ad. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.

t'j u'. $ 2 a& &k.

v'. £ ad. sk.

w'-zr. Ad. sk.

«". Juv. sk.

b'f. <3 imm. sk.

e". 2 ad. sk.

d",e", S 2 ad.sk.
/", g". 2 ad. sk.

A", {'. J ad.; h".

2 ad. sk.
I". Ad. sk.
m", n". Imm. sk.
*"> p". 6 2 ad.

sk.
q'\ r". d 2 ad.

sk.
s". 2 ad. sk.
t"-v". Imm. sk.
w". Imm. sk.
x". 2 ad. sk.
g". Ad. sk.
z"-dz. Ad. sk.
e3,/3. 2 ad. sk.

g\ h\ <$ 2 ad. sk.
i\ <$ ad. sk.

k\f.A.d.;m"~-r\

Juv. sk, 

 CHAKADRIIB^. 

 Otjimbinque, Damara-land,
Jan. 11 (C. J. Andersson). 
Walvisch Bay, Dec. 23 (C. J,
Andersson). 

 Cape Colony. 
Orange River, Dec. 9 (Dr.
Bradshaio). 
Knysna, Jan. 6 (C. J. Anders-
son), 
Knysna, Jan, 6 (C. J. Anders-
son), 


 KmgvviHiamstown.

 Natal. 
Durban (Gordge). 
Modder River, Orange Free

State, Dec. 
Potchefstroom, Oct. 28. 
Invati, Matabele4and, Sept.


(F. Gates). 
Socotra, March.

 Socotra, March 11 (L B. Balfour). 


 Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept.

 Alai Plateau, Aug.

 Yarkand, Sept. (Dr. G. Henderson). 
Kandahar, Dec. 7 (Sir O. St.
John). 

 Kandahar, Jan. 
River Jhelum, Sind, Nov.,
April (.4. 0. H.). 
Rher Cheuab, Nov., Dee.

 (A. O. .HI). 
Ghizni, Oct. (Dr. H. Gould). 
Kutch (F. Stoliezka). 
Delhi, Feb., March (C. T. 
Bingham). 
Gurgaon Distr., Jan. ( W. N.

 Chill), 
Murdan, Feb. ( W. H. Unmin). 
Gilgit, August, September. 
Leh, Aug. 31 (Dr. Stoliezka). 
Umbala, Jan. (Dr. Scott). 
Gangaotri. 
Etawah, Sept., Dec. 
Allahabad, Feb., June(J.Coch


hum), 

 Futtehghur, April, Sept. 
Futtehghur district, April 16

(A. Anderson). 
Nepal.

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Tweeddaie Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sharpe Cull. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Mai or Trevelvan 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

 F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[C.\ 

 Gumey Coll. 

 W. E. & C. G. Gate*;, 
E^ra. ~1V. 
Prof. I. "B. Balfour 
"C". 
Seebohm Coll. 

 W.D. Camming, E-q. 
[iv. 
St.G.Littledale,Esq. 
y;.

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 


 Col. Swinhoe "P.". 
Hume Coil. 


 Hume Coll. 


 India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coil. 


 Hume Coll. 
Col. Biddulph X1.]. 
Forsvth Expwf. 
Tweeddaie Coll. 
Old Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


 Hodgson Coll. 

s3-w3. Ad. sk. 
v3, v$. Imm. sk. 
z3. Ad. sk. 
y*. Ad. sk. 
s3, #4. Ad. sk. 

b\ Ad. sk. 

c4. Juv. sk. 

d\ e\ Ad. sk. 
f\ Ad. sk. 

#4. Ad. sk. 
h\ Ad. sk. 

a4. $ ad. sk. 

&44

-m. Ad. sk. 
nl~r\ cS $ ad. sk. 
*S *4. c? $ ad. sk. 

w4. Ad. sk. 

•z>4, wK Ad. sk. 
A-4. Ad. sk. 
yK Ad. sk. 
z\ a\ Ad. sk. 
&J? c5. 2 ad. sk. 
'J5. Ad. sk. 

e5,f\ <$ ad.; g5. 

J ad. sk. 
A5. Ad. sk. 
i\ Ad. sk. 
k\ Ad. sk. 
Z5. cj1 ad. sk. 
m°. $ ad. sk. 
n\ Ad. sk. 
o5. Ad. sk. 

p\ S ad. sk. 

q\ r'\ $ J ad. bk. 
«5, £\ Ad. sk. 

Tonghoo, Feb. {R. G. W. R.). 
u\ <$ ad. sk. Elephant Point, Rangoon, 
Jan. 1 (J. Armstrong). 
2)''. tf ad. sk, Parrot Creek, Feb. 20 (J. Armstrong). 


ft;5, „r5. 61 $ ad. sk. Sittang River, Tenasserim, Feb. 

(W. Davison). 
y*. 
Ad. sk. Sittang River, April (B. W. 0.). 
Thatone, Nov., Dec. (W.Davi


s5, «°. c? $ ad. sk. 

66» c? ad. sk. 
c6. c? ad. sk. 

d\ 2 ad. sk. 

53 . GLOTTIS. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Nepal Valley, Sept., Dec. 
Sikhim. 
Darjeeling [Colonel Sharpe). 
Buxa Doars, Jan. 31 (£. Man


delli). 

Bkotan Doars, Dec. 
Mymensing. 
Noa-Dihing, Feb. 9. 
Dipur Bheel, Nov. (A. W. 


Chennett). 

Base of MM Hills. 
Assam, Nov. {A. W. Chennett). 
Manipur, March 19 (-4. O. 
K). 

Dacca. 
Calcutta, Dec, Jan., April. 
Calcutta, Jan., Feb, 


Bebar. 
Saugor {Hooper). 
Raipur. 
Gwalior. 
Khandeisli. 
Khandeish, Dec. (J. David


son). 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Abmednuggur, Dec. to March 

(8. B. Fairbank). 
Coromandel Coast. 
Mysore, Jan. (R. G. W. R.). 
Malabar Coast. 
Quilon, Travancore, Feb. 25. 
Laccadive Isl., Feb. (A.O.H.). 
Ceylon (JET. Nevill). 
Ceylon, Jan. ( W, C. Buch


anan). 

N.E. Ceylon, Jan. 
2 [W. V.
Legge). 
Pegu, Oct., April (E. W. 0.). 

son). 

Salween River. 
Pabyouk, Attaran R., March 
14 (W. Davison). 
Yeaboo, March 9 (W. Davison). 


India Museum. 

Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 


Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Biddulph 


[0.]. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

C. Maries, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

F. Bourdillon [0.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

Gates Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

490 

e6. 3 ad. sk. 

f\ Jad. sk. 
g*. Ad.sk. 

h\ 
J ad. sk. 

i\ Ad. sk. 
k\ Ad. sk. 

/6. dad.sk. 
?n6. 3 ad. sk. 

n*. Ad. sk. 

06. $ ad.sk. 
p&. Ad. sk. 
q\ Ad.&k. 
r6. d ad. sk. 

6 

s-x. Ad. sk. 
ys. Ad.sk. 
zG, a7, d $ ad. sk. 

b\ S ad. sk. 
c7. $ ad. sk. 

(P. S ad. sk. 
eT. Ad. sk. 
f, g\ Ad. sk. 
h\ Ad. sk. 
t7. Ad.sk. 
W. Ad. sk. 
i7. Ad. sk. 
m7, n7. Ad. sk. 

07. J ad. sk. 
f. Ad. sk. 
#7. Ad. sk. 
r7. Ad. sk. 
s7. $ ad. sk. 
£7-y7. Ad. et imm. 

sk. 
z7. Skeleton. 
aB. Sternum. 
b8. Bones of trunk. 

CHABADBIIDiB. 

Assoon, March S (W. Davi


son). 
Assoon, Feb. 2 ( W> Limborg). 
Amherst, Jan. 9 (IF*. Davi


son). 

Tenasserim Town, 2\ov. 28 

(W. Davison). 
Cochin China. 
Malacca, April (Dr. Main-

gay). 
Ja^a, spring (Diard). 
Labuan, Dec. 


Baram, Sarawak. 
Lagima de Bai, Lnzon, NOT. 12 

(A. mEverett). 
Celebes. 

E. Gilolo. 
Halmahera, Xov. 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerel!). 
Port Essington. 
K.W. Australia (T. II. Bowyer 
Boicer). 
West Australia. 
King George's Sound,Western 


Australia, March o (/. G.). 
South Australia. 
Tasmania. 
Shanghai, China. . 
Canton (Capt Tuek-ett)* 
Canton (& Bligh). 
Kiukiang, Feb. 2G. 

Hankow, April (JR. Swvnhoe). 
Amoy, Oct., Nov. (JR. Siuhihoe). 


Chiniulpo, Corea. 

Japan. 
Hakodadi, Japan, Feb. 20 

(JET. Whiiely). 
Hakodadi, Sept. 22. 
Nagasaki, Japan, Feb. 13. 
Yokohama, Oct., May (Snow 

<§• JH. Fryer). 
England. 
England-
Nepal. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

M. E. Pierre ~P."\ 
Tweeddale Coll.-
Seebohm Coll. 

A. 
H. Everett, Esq. 
rP.~. 
C. Hose, E-q. "T.\ 
Tweeddale Cofl. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Seebohm Cull. 
Salvin-Ctodman Coll. 
Capt. Chambers ~P.~. 
Capt. Btn\ \ er Bower 

?v:. " 

Hume"* Coll. 
Gould ColL 

Hume Coll. 

Antarctic Exped. 

J. Webb, Esq. P.". 
Tweeddale Coif. 
Seebohm Coll. 
F. W. Stvun, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 

C.W.Campbell, Esq. 

Goiilf Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. Punger Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm ColL 
Purchased. 
John Bay, Esq. [P.]. 
Hodgson" Coll. 

54. EHYACOPHILUS. 
Type. 
"Rhyacophilus, JKaztp, Katwrl. Syst. p. 140 (1829) E. glareola. 

Range. Confined to the Old World, breeding in the north of 
Europe and Asia, and wintering in Africa, India, and Australia. 

54 . RHyACOPHILUS. 
491 

1. Ehyacopirilus glareola. 
Tringa ochropus j8. glareola, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 250 (1766). 
Tringa glareola, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 677 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 


p. 730 (1790); Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 387 (1810); Meyer, 
Vog. Liv- «. Esthl p. 203 (1815). 
Wood Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1. p. 172 (1785); Tarrell, 
Brit B. ii. p. 534 (1843). 
Trynga littorea (nee Linn.), Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 195 
(1811). 
Tringa grallatoris, Mont. Orn. Diet. Swppl. App. S (1813). 
Totanus glareola, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 421 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet. 

d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 398 (1816); Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fyc.Brit 
Mus. p. 31 (1816: Devonshire); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 654 
(1820); Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 560; Werner, Atlas, Grail pi. 22 
(1827); Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 103 (1828); Less. Traite d'Orn. 

p. 552 (1831); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 198 (1835); Naum. 
Vog. Deutschl. viii. p. 78, pi. 198 (1836) ; Gould, B. Bur. iv. 
pi. 315.fig.1 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. p. 51 
(1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 429 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. 
Eur. pp. lxxii, 211 (1840) ; Nordm. in JDemid. Voy. Buss. MSrid. 
iii. p. 244 (1840: Odessa, April); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 127 
(1842); Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 100 (1844); Schl. Rev. 
Crit. p. xciii (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 100 (1844); 
Rilpp. Syst TJebns. p. 126 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 573 
(1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm. ete. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 139 (1846); 
Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxiv. figs. 587-88 (1850); Thomps. B. Irel. 
ii. p. 210 (1850); Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool p. 215 (1851: May); 
Kjaerb. JDanm. Fugle, pi. xxxvi. fig. 1 (1851); Strickl. # Sol. 
Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 (Damara-land) ; Sehl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 246 
(1854); Licht. No?nencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 92 (1854); Heugl 
Syst Uebers. p. 62 (1856); Eartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 234 (1857: 
Casamanse; Gaboon); Grill, Zool. AntecJcn. pp. 11, 53 (1859; 
Karroo, Dec. to Feb.); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 248 (Natal); Heugl. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 347 (Massawa); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xli.fig.2 
(1859); Jaab. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 460 (1859)^ 
Sch?*enek, Reis. Amurl p. 416 (1859); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl 
p. 139 (1860) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 66 (Amoy); Tristr. t. c. p. 80 
(Algeria): Poicys, t. c. p. 344 (Ionian Isl.); Schl. Bier. Nederl, 
Vogels, pi. 25. fig. 9 (1861); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 343 (Takow 
and Peking, Aug. to Dec); Hartl J. f. O. 1861, p. 271; 
Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 159 (1863); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 373 
(Shanghai), p. 407 (Formosa); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 329 
(1863: July) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 146 (Malta, March to July, 
Sept.); Swinh. t. c. p. 163 (Hakodadi, May); Kirk, t. c. p. 332 
(Shire* Kiver); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 71 (1864; 
Holland, breeding; Cape, June ; China; Philippines ; Java; 
Borneo; Celebes); Filippi, Viagg. Persia, p. 351 (1865) ; More, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 435 (Northumberland); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vogels, 
pp. 131, 162 (1865 : Borneo); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 223 
(1867); Whitely, Mis, 1867, p. 205 (Hakodadi); Layard, B. 
S. Afr. p. 326 (1867: Zoetendals Vley, Nov.); Pelz. Ibis, 1868, 
p. 321 (Lake Gyagar); Gould, B. Gi. Brit. iv. pi. 57 (1868); 
Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 113 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. 
p. 185 (1869); Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154 (Marocco); Droste, 
Vogelw. Borkum, p. 189 (1869); Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 226 
(1870); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 38. fig. 5 (1870); Swinh. Ibis, 
492 CHARADRIIDJ3. 

1870, p. 363 (Hainan); Finsch $ Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 750 
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 44, no. 10208 (1871) ; Sahad. 
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 219 (1871); B. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 294 
(1871); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria); Saunders, t c. 

p. 387 (Spain, April, May); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. 
p. 302 (1872); Shelley, B. *Egypt> p. 259 (1872) ; Barfing, Randb. 
Brit. B. p. 47 (1872); Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3249 (Faeroe Isl.); 
Palmen, Finl. Foyl. p. loo (1873); Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 69 
(3873: breeding); Alston $• Harvie-Broicn, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 
(Archangel, breeding); Brooke, t c. p. 338 (Sardinia, April]; 
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 421 (1873), p. 462 (Acheen, Sumatra) ; Heugl. 
Om.KO.-Afr.il Abth. i. p. 1163(1873); Sal cad. Ucc. Born. 
p. 327 (1874: Sarawak); Hume, Str. F. ii p. 208 (1874: Andamansj, 
iii. p. 183 (1875: Pegu); Salvad. Ann. Mus.. Genov. vii. 
p. 680 (1875); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 86 (Durban): Cordeavs, t.c. 
p. 186 (Heligoland); Danf. Sf Harvie-Broim, t. c. p. 421 (Transylvania) 
; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 167 (1675-. April, May); 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 174 (1875); Swinh. Ibis, 1575, p. 453 {Hakodadi); 
Seebohm §• Hartie-Brown, Ibis, 1&70, p. 291 (Lower Pete-
bora, May); Briiggem, Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen* v. p. 95 
(1870: Celebes); Dresser, Ibis, 1670, p. 412 ; Blanf. Fast Persia, 
ii. p. 285 (1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i p. 251 (1W»), 
ii. p. 156(1877: Poland, April to Oct.); Dresser, B. Eitr. viii. 
p. 143, pi. 565 (1877) ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 404 {1«77); 
Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 58 (Ob River, July); Ayres, t. c. p. 351 
(Transvaal); Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 12 (Loanflro Coast!; 
Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 504 (Sumatra); 'id. P. Z. S. LST, p. 703 
(Luzon), 1878, p. 711 (N. Bohol); Salvad. t. c. p. bO (Ternate); 
Anders. Hep. Zool. Fxped. West, Yunan, p. 678 (1^7fe); Hume 4* 
Davison, Str. F. vi. pp. 462, 521 (1878: Tenasserim I; Prjer. in 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 88 (1878: S.E. Mongolia); Ay res, Ibis, 
1878, p. 301 (Potcbefstroom); BlaMst $ Fryer, L c. p. 320 
(Yezo); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 157 (1879) ; Finsch, TerhandL z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, xxix. p. 250 (1879: Schtschutschja, July); Seebohm, Ibis, 
1879, p. 152 (Siberia to 69° X. lat.); Sharpe, t c. p. 271 (Lumbidan 
; Moara Isl.); Itosenb. Malay. Arehip. pp. 278, 373 (1878-79 : 
Goram); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 657 (1880) ; Salvad. Toy. ChalL, 
Zool. ii. Birds, p. 01 (1881: Ternate): Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. 467 (1881: Chinchonxo; Piio Coroca; Caconda) ; Sharpe in 
Gates's Matabele Land, App. B, p. 225 (1881: Inyati, Sept.); 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 96 (Gilgit, April); Sadly," t. c. p. 580 
(Gilgit, spring and autumn); Pelz. TerhandL z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
xxxi. p. 155 (1881; Lado, Feb.); Collett, Norges Fuglef. p. 103 
(1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 366 (Mashoona-laml, Jan., Feb.); 
Biddulph, t c. p. 228 (Gilgit, Aug.); Butler, Feiklen, $ Feid, 
Zool. 1882, p. 425 (Newcastle, Sept.: Pietermaritzburg, Bee.); 
Salvin, Cat. Striehl. Coll. p. 614 (1882); 'BlaMst. 4* Pryer, B. Japan, 
p. 110 (1882); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdsehr, Nederl. Iml xlii. p. 66 
(1882: Java); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genon. xviii. p. 321) (1882); 
Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 17 (Perak); Swinh. t. e. p. 121 (Afghanistan, 
March); SeehoJmi, t. c. j>, 223 (Astrakhan, spring & autumn: 
a few remaining to breed); id. t c. p. 381 (Archangel, common in 
summer); Salvad. Orn. Paptiasia etc, iii. p. 323(1882); Booth, 
Bough Motes, ii. (1881-87); Vorderm. Nat Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. 
xlii. p. 09 (1883: Java) ; B. O. TJ. List Brit. B. p. 175 (1883); 
Stejn. Proc, U.S. Nat Mus. vi. p. 71 (1883); Giglioli, Iconogr. 
Avif. Ital. no. 293 (1882-83); Severto. Ibis, 1883, p. 74 (AM and 
54 . RHYAC0PHILXJ8. 
493 

Pamir, breeding); Seebohm, t. c. p. 30 (Caucasus, autumn migrant); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 401 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. 
TarreWs Brit. B. ii. p. 463 (1884); Blakist. Amended List B. 
Japan, p. 11 (1884): Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 134 (1884); 
Bogd. Oonsp. Av. Imp. Boss, p. 97 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. 
pp. 45, 433 (1884: 7000 ft., breeding); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. 

S. Afr. p. 690 (1884); Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 116 (Usegua); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 43 (Corsica, April and May); Chapm. t. c. 
p. 164 (Lapland); Ayres, t. c. p. 348; Stejn. Bull. US. Nat Mus. 
no. 29, p. 130 (1885: Bering IsL, breeding); Zarudn. Bull Soc. 
Nat Mosc. 1885, p. 328; Seebohm, Hist Brit B. iii. p. 133 (1S85); 
Guilhm. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 665 (Waigiou); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, 
p. 167 (Muscat); Ayres, t. c. p. 293 (Potchefstroom) ; Gigl Avif. 
Ital p. 395 (1888); Sahad. Elenco Uec. Ital. p. 225 (1886); 
Pleshe, Kola-Halb. p. 360 (1886); Hartert, J.f.O. 1886, p. 608 
(River Niger); Palmen, Yega-Exped. tab. 3 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 
1887, p. 392 (Portugal, Nov.); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. x. 
p. 133 (1887); Koenig, J.f. 0.1888, p. 282 (Tunis); Buttik. Notes 
Leyd. Mus. x. p. 244 (1888 : Umbella River, Congo, Dec.); Irby, 
Key List Brit. B. p. 49 (1888); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 365 (1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 283 (Palawan); Beichen. 
J.f.O. 1889, p. 267 (Quilimane); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177 
(S. Afghanistan and Kelat); Lilford, t c. p. 341 (Cyprus, May); 
Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 208 (Borneo; 
Palawan); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 593 (1889); Beichen. Syst 
Verz. Yog. Deutschl p. 48 (1889) ; Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. 
Croatica), p. 90 (1890); Komiq, Jf O. 1890, p. 456 (Madeira); 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Fmp. p. 324 (1890); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, 

p. 59 (Palawan, July 30); Sharpe, t. c. pp. 144, 285 (Labuan, 
Aug.; Benkoka, Nov.); Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Besoc. p. 559 (1889), 
2nd Besoc. p. 662 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 517 (1891) ; Frivaldshy, 
Av. Hungar. p. 141 (1891); Beiser, Vogels. Landesm. Sarajevo, 
p. 125 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 331, 507 (Lower Yangtse); 
Gathe, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 510 (1891) ; Hartert, Kat. Yog. Mus. 
Sench. p. 222(1891: Wesel); Madardsz, Erldut. Ausst. Ungar. 
Yogelf. p. 109 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland, 
spring and autumn); Bendall, t. c. p. 229 (Gambia, Nov.) ; Be La 
Touche, t c. p. 500 (Foochow; Swatow); Hartert, t. c. p. 515 
(E. Prussia, migrant and breeding); Sharpe, t. c. p. 545 (Machako's) 
; Beichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 9 (Uganda); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 
1893, p. 205 (Canaries); Sti/an, t. c. p. 437 (Hainan"}; Tacz. M4m. 
Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pitersb. (7) xxxix. p. 874 (1893); Beichen. 
Yog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 41 (1894: Usegua; Ugalla); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1894, p. 27 (Lake Shirwa), p. 476 (Palombi River, Oct.) ; 
Munn, t c. p. 74 (Calcutta, cold season); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 
2nd ed. p. 285 (1895); Sjostedt, K. Sv. Yet Ahad. Fork. Stochh. 

xxvii. p. 28 (1895); id. MT. deutsch. Schutz. viii. p. 13 (1895 : 
Cameroons); Beiser, Orn. Balcanica, p. 167 (1895). 
Totanus affinis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 191 (1821: Java); 
Gray $ Hardio. III. Lid. Zool. ii. pi. 51. fig. 2 (1832); Scl. P. Z. S. 
18C3, p. 222 ; Wallace, t c. p. 487 (Timor); Sivinh. t. c. p. 311; 
id. Ibis, 1866, n. 294 (Formosa). 

Totanus grallatoris, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 148 (1824). 
Rhyacopliilus glareola, Kaup, Naturl. Syst p. 140 (1829); Ball, Str. 

F. ii. p. 431 (1874 : Chota Nagpur); Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. 
pp. 233, 252 (1875 : Philippines); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 44 (1877 : 
Cachar); Crijpps, op. cit vii. p. 303 (1878: Faridpur); Hume, t c. 
494 CBAEADEIIDJ3. 

(Calcutta); id. op. cit. viii. p. 70 (1879: Malicea; Pulo Seban ; 
Nealys), p. 118 ; Bvtler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 04 (1879) : id. Cat. 

B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 77 (1880); Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 86 (1*80: 
S. Konkan); Bingham, t. c. p. 179 (Thounarveen Taller); Beid, 
Str. F. x. p. 70 (1881: Lueknow) ; Davidson, t. c. p. 321 (18b2: 
Khandeish) j Davison, t. c. p. 414 (1883: Nilghiris): Stcinh. $ 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 134 (Mkow distr.); Sume, Str. F. xi. p. 324 
(1888: Manipur). 
Totanus bylvestris, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. G38 (1831). 

Totanus palustris, Brehm, t. c. p. 039. 

Totanus kuhlii, Brehm, t. c. p. 640; id. Togelf. p. 312, note. 

Totanus glareoloides, Kodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. MILS., Grail pi. 84. 

fig*. 2, no. 745; pi. 88, no. 748; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 

(1844). 

Actitis glareola, BIgth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p 207 (1=40 : Calcutta) 
; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 240 (Kumaon); Jerd. B. lad. iii. p. 097 
(1864) ; BIgth, Ibis, 1867, p. 169 ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 

xxxix. p. 273 (1870: Khasia Hills); Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 276 
(1871: Wardha Valley) ; Wald. Trans. Zool S»c. viii. p. 96 
(1872: Gorontalo); id. Ibis, 1873, p. 317 (Andaman): Ball, 
Str. F. i. p. 85 (1873: Andamans, Mav); Bh/th £ Wald. B. Burm. 
p. 155 (1875); Butler, Str. F. IT. p. 17 (1876 : Guz^iat I: Fairb. 
t. c. p. 263 (Ahmednuggur); Armstrong t. c. p. 344 (Elephant 
Point) ; Butler, op. cit. v. p. 233 (1877 : Dee«a, Auor. to Ma\) ; 
Davidson § Wenden, Str. F. vii p. 89 (1878 : Deccan); Ball, t. c. 
p. 228 (Ganges to Godaveri): Meyer, Ibis, 1*79, p. 143 (Menadn, 
March ; Limbotto, July); Marshall Ibis, 1884, p. 423 (Chamba) ; 
Murray, Tertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 253 (1884); McGregor, Str. F. 
x. p. 466 (1887: Mysore). 
Rhynckophilus glareola, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Loche, JExpL 
Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 325 (1867). 
Rhynchophilus affinis, Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 


Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above bronzy 
brown, with light ashy-bronze margins to the feathers, which are 
slightly spotted with white on both edges ; scapulars like the back, 
but with somewhat larger white spots; lower back and rump 
uniform brown, the feathers of the latter edged with white: upper 
tail-coverts pure white, the lateral ones with blackish shaft-streakb 
and irregular longitudinal markings ; lesser wing-coverts uniform 
brown ; the median and greater coverts spotted with white on both 
webs and resembling the scapulars ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish brown, fringed with white at the ends, the 
secondaries notched with white on both webs, with a barred appearance 
of blackish intermediary bands; centre tail-feathers ashy brown, 
barred with blackish brown, and deeply notched with white; the 
lateral feathers white, barred with blackish, these bars becoming 
irregular on the lateral feathers and reduced to a few freckles on the 
outermost ones; crown of head and hind-neck almost uniform ashy 
brown, slightly mottled with darker brown centres to the feathers; 
lores dusky, surmounted by a distinct white eyebrow ; sides of face 
white, slightly streaked with dark brown; the ear-coverts uniform 
dark brown along their upper edge; cheeks and throat white; sides of 
neck, lower throat, fore-neck, and chest ashy, varied with shaft-lines 

54 . KRTACOPHILTTS. 
495 

of brown ; remainder of under surface of body pure white; sides of 
upper breast ashy brown ; lateral under tail-coverts with blackish 
shaft-streaks and a few frecklings of black; under wing-coyerts white, 
mottled with blackish bases to the feathers; axillaries white, with 
a few irregular bars and freckles ; lower primary-coverts and quills 
below dusky brown, with whitish spots on the edges of the inner 
secondaries : " basal half of bill olive-brown, terminal half black; 
legs and feet pale greenish; claws dark horn-colour; iris brown " 

(E. W. Oates). Total length 8*5 inches, culraen 1*15, wing 4*6, 
tail 1*85, tarsus 1*4. 
Adult male. Similar to the male: "bill blackish, olive at the base 
of lower mandible; feet olive; iris very dark brown " (E. A. Butler). 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*9, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult male in summer plumage. More variegated than in winter, 
the back being uniform dark brown, with large notches of white on 
both webs, and having very distinct white edges to the scapulars 
and inner wing-coverts: the long upper tail-coverts barred with 
dusky blackish and resembling the centre tail-feathers; the head 
and neck streaked with white; the sides of the face, lower throat, 
and fore-neck very distinctly and broadly streaked with blackish-
brown centres to the feathers; the sides of the body and under 
tail-coverts mottled with cross-bars of blackish brown; the axillaries 
also narrowly barred with blackish brown: " bill blackish olive, 
below at base lighter brownish olive; feet light greyish olive ; iris 
dark brown " (L. Stejneyer). Total length 7 inches, culmen 1*3, 
wing 4-9, tail 1-85, tarsus 1*4. 

Young after first moult. Differs from the adults in being closely 
spotted on the upper surface, but the spots are more or less rufescent; 
the lower throat and chest are ashy as in the winter plumage 
of the adults, but the dusky-brown stripes are very distinct and 
are also visible on the sides of the body; the axillaries are pure 
white, or with the merest trace of frecklings of brown: " bill dusky 
brown, inclining to greenish olive towards the base ; feet greenish 
olive ; iris blackish brown " (E. A. Butler). 

In the breeding season the white spots on the upper surface 
become much worn and abraded, so that the general appearance of 
the back is very uniform ; the mottling on the fore-neck and chest 
becomes very distinct by reason of the abrasion of the white margins 
of the feathers, and the axillaries are completely barred across with 
brown. 

A specimen shot by Mr. Ayres at Potchefstroom, in the Transvaal, 
on the 28th of August is in worn breeding-plumage, from 
which it would appear that the Wood Sandpiper does not always 
moult before leaving for its winter quarters. 

Hal. Europe and Northern Asia, wintering in Africa, India, and 
the Malay countries, through the Molucca Islands to Australia. 

a h. Ad. et Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 
juv. St. 

c. Juv. st. Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Harting Coll, 
d. Juv. st. 
e, $ ad. sk. 
/. c? ad. sk. 


g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad, sk. 
i. Juv. st. 
k. <$ ad. sk. 
I, m. $ J ad. sk. 
%. tf ad. sk. 
o. (J ad. sk. 
p. Pull. sk. 
#. Ad. sk. 

r. $ ad- sk. 
5, t. Ad.; w, v. 
Pull, sk. 
«?. Pull. st. 
x-z. Ad. et fuv. 

sk. 
a'. S ad. sk. 
6'. $ ad. sk. 


<?'. Ad. sk. 

<f. Ad. sk. 
e'. c? ad.sk. 

/', /• <? S ad. 
sk. 
£'. c? ad. sk. 

«*', A'. $ juv. sk. 

/'. d ad. sk. 

m'. Ad. sk. 

»\ c? ad. sk. 
o\ Ad. sk. 
p\ q'. d $ ad. 

sk. 
r'. <^ ad. sk. 
s'. Ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 
ul. $ ad. sk. 

v\ Juv. sk. 
«/. Ad, sk. 

x\ Ad. sk. 

y'. d1 ad. sk. 

CHAIUBRIID.^. 

Aldeburgh, Aug. 

Kingsbury Reservoir, Middlesex. 
Kingsbury Reservoir, May" 

(J. E. Harting). 
Kent. 
Devonshire. 
Torquay, Devonshire. 


Dovrefjeld, Norway. 
Vadsd, June (3. S.). 
Gardjo, Sweden, June 19 


(E. Wheelwright). 
Sweden, May 26 ( W. Meves). 
"Wermland, Sweden, June 15 
(IK Meves). 
Lapland (2? D. <?.). 
Abbeville, France, Mav. 
Holland [J. Baker). 


Holland. 
Holland. 


Valkensward, May 18. 
Hungary, June 6. 


Archangel. 
Archangel, July 12(J.A. Harvie-
JSrottm). 

Ust Zylma, Petchora, May. 

Ust Zylma, May, June (S. S.). 

Vassilkova, Petchora, June 30 

(H. S.). 
Malaga, Spain, Aug. 4 (H. Saunders), 
Pujol, Valencia, Nov. ( 3 . Saunders). 


Corsica, April 12. 


Malta (a A Wright). 
Egypt. 
Egypt, Feb., April (<?. E. Shel


ley). 
Egypt, March IS (S. S. Allen). 
Marshes of Babylonia (Com


mander Jones). 

S.E. Persia, Nov. 11. 
Muscat. 
Alai Mountains. 


Tundra of Schtschutschja, July 


(Dr. 0. Fimch). 
Yenesei River, June 12 (H. 
Seebohm). 

Theodore Fisher .Esq. 

rP.l. 
Harting Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Dr. Leach [P.]. 
Montagu Coil. 


C. Coningham, Esq. 
Gould" Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Salvln-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

F. Bond, Esq. "P.". 
F. Bond, Esq. [F.[. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hungarian National 

Museum [P.[. 
Hume Coll." 
Seebohm Cull. 


J. A. Han le-Brown, 
Esq. [P.". 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale CoU. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

J. 
Whitehead, Esq. 
[PA 
Seebohm Coil. 
Shelley Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum. 

Old Coll. 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Colonel Miles [PA 
St.G.Littledale,Esq. 

m 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
Tweeddale CoU. 

5-i. RHYACOPHILUS. 

»', «". c? $ ad. 
sk. 
J". $ ad. sk. 

«"-/"• d1 ad.; 

g". $ ad. sk. 
h". J inim. sk. 
z". Ad. sk 
#'. Ad, sk. 

I". Ad. sk. 

W. $ ad. sk. 
n''. $ ad. sk. 
o", p". 2 ad. sk. 
q'.<$ ad.; r",$". 
£ ad. sk. 
£", w". $ ad. sk. 

v". tf ad. sk. 

w". cf ad.; A*", 
?/". $ ad. sk. 
s"-c3. c? ad.; 
rf3^3. $ ad.sk. 
/3. <J ad. sk. 

g*-k*. Ad. sk. 

/3. tf ad.; in?, 
n\ 2 ad. sk. 
« . tf ad.; 
w3. 2 a<3-s^"« 

•y3. Ad. sk. 
to*-¥. <2 $ ad. 
sk. 

cK 2 ad sli

»d\ 
Ad. sk. 
*1,/4. c? 2 ad. 

sk. 
#4. tf juv. sk. 

^4. Ad. sk. 
2l. Ad. sk. 
# . Ad. sk. 
/4, m4. Ad. sk. 

n4". d ad.sk. 
o\pK Ad. sk. 

24. Ad. sk. 
r*, $K Ad. sk. 
#. 2 ad. sk. 
u4: Ad. sk. 
v*. 2 ad. sk. 
«?*, x^. <5 ad.; 
i/4, «*.2 ad. sk. 
VOL. XXIV. 

Yeuesei River, June (H. S.)> 

Darasun, Dauuria, May 25 

(Dyboicsky). 
Candahar, April, May (Sir 0. 
St. John). 

Gungazai, May. 
Quetta, May 7. 
Nal, Kelat, March. 3 (0. T. 


Duke). 

Bhawulpur, Sind, Jan. 14. 
Karachi, Sept. (JE. A. Butler). 
Mount Aboo, May 6 (G. King). 
Mount Aboo, May (B. A. But


ler). 

Sambhur, May, June, Dec. 

(B. M. Adam). 
Parbutsur, near Sambhur Lake, 
Dec. 15 (A. 0. my 
Saharunpur, April 4 (G. F. L. 
Marshall). 
Delhi, March, May (C. T. 
Bingham). 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Jan., April, 
May, Oct. ( W. N. Chill). 
Gurgaon Distr., Jan. 2 (A. 

6. m). 
Sirsa Distr., April, May (A. 
O.IL). 
Gilgit, April, May, Sept. (J. 
Biddulph). 

Gilgit, April, May, Aug. 

Singrowlee, Mirzapur Distr., 
March (R. Thompson). 
Etawah, Sept., Oct., Jan. 

Oawnpore, Feb. 20,1876. 
Oudh, Dec. 
Futtehghur, Sept. (A. Ander


son). 
Futtehghur, Sept. 6 {A. Anderso?
i). 

Nepal. 
Darjiling Terai, Jan. 
Assam (McClelland). 
Dipur Bheel, Assam, Dec. 


(A. W. Chenmll). 
Dibrughur, May 7 (J. It. Cripps). 
Dacca (It. C. Tytler). 
Dacca. 
Calcutta, Jan., Feb. 
Calcutta, Jan. 
Raipur. 
Mhow, March 9. 
Khandeish, May, Oct., Dec. 
(J. Davidson). 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel SwinhoeFP.l. 
Colonel Swinhoe[P.j. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll, 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel Biddulph 
[0.]. 
Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Biddulph [C] 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Swinhoe [C.]. 
Hume Coll. 


498 

a\ Ad. sk. 
b5. <$ ad. sk. 


c\ J ad. sk. 

d\ 5 ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
<A 


$ ad. sk. 
h\ $ ad. sk. 


f% k\ Ad. sk. 
1% m\ $ ad, sk. 


n, o\ <3 a(i.; 
p'\ <j> ad. sk. 
q,5 r"\ 2 ad. sk. 

s5. $ ad. sk. 

*5-,?6-6 ad.; 
A6-^. $ ad. sk. 
t\ $ ad. sk. 

us. cJ ad. sk. 
z;6-irG. c? ad. sk. 


if. $ ad. sk. 
z*-b7. <$ ad.; 
c7-g7. 5 ad.sk. 
A7. Ad. sk. 

27. Ad. sk. 
7c7-?27. Ad. sk. 
07. S ad. sk. 
f. $ ad. sk. 
q\ Ad.sk. 

r7, s7. <? ad.; 
t\ $ ad. sk. 
u7, v7. S ad.; 

w7, x7.2 ad. sk. 
y7, z7. $ ad. sk. 

aB. Ad. sk 

5s 

. Ad. sk. 
c9-g*. Ad. sk. 

A8. Ad. sk 

i8. Ad. sk. 

k*. Ad. sk 

P-n». Ad. sk. 

08. Ad. sk 
l>8. $ ad. sk. 
y8, r8. <J ad. sk. 
CUAEADKIIDiE. 

Deccan (Sylces). 

N. of Ahmednnggur, Feb. 9 
(S.B. Fairbcmk). 
Bangalore, March 24 (R. G. 
W.R.). 
Malabar Coast (Capt. Bulge?'). 
Anjango, Travancore. 
Ceylon, Dec. 11 (S. Chapman), 
Ootta, Ceylon, Dec. 9. 
Cab wet, Upper Burma, Jan. 

Tonghoo. 
Tonghoo, Nov. 9 (R. G. W. JR.). 
Lower Pegu, Aug., Sept. (E. 


W. 0.). 
Karen-nee, Marcli 29 (R. G. 
W. JR.). 
Elephant Point, Dec. 15 (J. 
Armstrong). 
Thatone, Oct.-J an. 
( W. Davison). 


Nedong, Attaran River, Dec. 11 

(W. Davison). 
Yeaboo, Dec. 24 (W. Davison)* 
Tavoy, Jan., March ( W. Davison). 
Mergui, Jan. ( W. Davison). 
Salang, Island of Tonka, Feb., 

March (J. Darling). 
Penang (Dr. Canto?'). 
Malacca {Dr. Maingay). 
Malacca, July (W. Davison). 
Nealvs, Oct. 19 ( W. Davison). 
PubSeban, Nov. 9 (W. Davi


son). 

Saigon, Cochin China. 
South Andamans, Dec, Jan. 

(R. G. W. RJ). 
Port Blair, Sept. {R. J. Wim~ 
Acheen, Sumatra, Feb. 1 (W. 
Davison). 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. C. 
Buxton). 

Java. 
Java (JBJo?*sJieId), 

West Java (A. R. Wallace). 
Sarawak, Borneo, Sept 21 (A. 

M. Everett). 
Baram, Oct. 10. 


Labuan, Jan., April, Dee. 


Philippine Islands. 
Luzon, Feb. 7 {A. B. Meyer). 
Bohol, Nov. (A. H. Everett). 


India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Dr.RB.Sharpe[P.]. 
Dr. John Anderson 


[0.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale GoU. 
Oates Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale OolL 

Tweeddale CoU. 
India Museum. 

(Types of T.qffinis.) 
Seebohm Coll. 
Plume Coll. 

A. 
H. Everett, Esq. 
[CO. 
A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[O.J 
H. Cuming [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale OolL 
55. PAVONCELLA.. 
ss, t\ Ad. sk. 
us. Ad. sk. 
vs. $ ad. sk. 


20s, xH. Ad. sk. 
y\ Ad. sk. 

z\ 2 ad. sk. 

a\ b\ Ad. sk. 
e"-e\ Ad. sk. 


P, g\ Ad. sk. 
A9, i\ Ad. sk. 

kr) 

. $ ad. sk. 
r,mq.^2ad.sk. 
?z9. Ad. sk. 
o9. tf ad. sk. 

pn. Ad. sk. 
q%, r9. tf et juv. 
sk. 
s\ Ad. sk. 

Ad. sk. 
, t;9. Ad. sk. 
. Ad. sk. 
. Ad. sk. 
, 2 ad.sk. 

2 ad. sk. 

a"j' 6 2 ad. sk. 

a, «. Ad. sk. 
C rj-2 ad. sk. 


0. 
2 ad- sk. 
i. 
<5 ad. sk. 
K. Skeleton. 
X. Sternum. 
Celebes. 
Morotai. 
Ternate. 

East Timor. 
Bird Island, near Cape Greville, 
Australia (J. T. Cocker ell). 

N.W. Australia 
(T. H. Boioyer 
Bower). 
South Australia. 
Anioy, April, Sept., Oct. (B. 
Swinhoe). 

Canton, China. 
Canton (8. Bligh). 
Shanghai (Capt. Ince). 
Shanghai, May (B. Swinhoe). 
Yokohama (JE. Pryer). 
Hakodadi, Japan, May (Capt. J. 

Blakiston). 
Hakodadi, Nov. 4 (JET. Whitely). 
Hakodadi, May, Sept. (Capt. 

Blakiston). 

Nagasaki, April 16. 

African specimens. 

Bathuivt, River Gambia( Quinn). 
South Africa (E. L. Layard). 
Cape Colony (Butler). 
Bloemfontein, spring. 
Natal, Nov. (T. L. Ayres). 
Newcastle, Natal, Nov. 26 


^ (S. G. Beid). 
Newcastle, Sept., Oct., Dec. 


Transvaal [T. Ayres). 
Potchefstroom, Aug., Dec. 


(T. Ayres). 
Inyati, Matabele-land, Sept. 

(F. Oates). 
Otjimbinque, Damara-land, 
Dec. 15 (C. J. Andersson). 

S. Europe. 
/x. Bones of trunk. Nepal. 

55. PAYONCELUL
Pavoncella, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. <§* B. Brit.

(1816)
Machetes, Cuvier, Begne Anim. p. 490 (1817)
Philomachus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 89.

Tweeddale Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Voy.ofH.M.S.'Chal


lenger.' 

Wallace Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Bowyer Bower 

[P.]. 

Capt. Sturt [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

Capt. Saville Reid 
[CI 
Sharps Coll. 
Gurney Coll. 

W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Purchased. 

Hodgson Coll. 

 Type 

Mus. p. 29 

 P. pugnax. 
P. pugnax. 
P. pugnax. 
Range. Almost the whole of the Old World; accidental in 
America. 
2E 2 

500 
CHAEADEIIDJE. 

1. Pavoneella pugnax. 
The Ruff and Reeve, Albin, Nat. Hist, B. i. p. 69, pis. 72, 73 (1738). 
Mr. Oldham's Reve, Albin, op. cit. iii. p. 84, pi. 89 (1740). 
Le Chevalier, Briss. Orn. v. p. 188, pi. xvii HQ. 1 (1760); BAubent 


PI. JEnl. viii. pi. 844. 
Le Chevalier cendre, Briss. torn, cit p. 203, pi. xvii. fig. 2. 
Le Conibattant ou Paon de Mer, Briss. torn. cit. p. 240, pi. xxii. 

figs. 1, 2. 
Tringa pugnax. Linn. Syst 2*at. i. p. 247 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 669 (1788); Vieill N. Bid. WRist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 458, pi. R29. 
fig. 2 (1819;; Temm, Man. d'Om. ii. p. 631 (1820); Licht. Terz. 
Boubl p. 74 (1823); Bom-, Orn. Brov. pis. 290-292 (1825); 
Werner, Atlas, Grail, pi. 14 (1827) ; Filling, Brit. Anim. p. 110 
(1828); Menetr. Cat Bais. Caue. p. 51 (1832); Jenyns, Man. 
Brit. Vertebr. p. 207 (1835); ScM. Bev. Crit. p. xci {1844) : id 
Tog. Nederl. pi. 236 (1854): id. Bier. Nederl. Vogek, pi' 23. 
figs. 5-8, Ba (1861); id. Mas. Buys-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 51 (1864); 
Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii. p. 284 (1876); Begge, Ibis, 1878, p. 204 
(Kirinde, Ceylon: March) ; Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 451 
(1879: Guadeloupe) : Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 48 (18^8); Gatke, 
Yogeho. HelgoL p. 526 (1891). 
Tringa littorea, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 251 (1706); Gm. Syst Nat. i, 

p. 677 (1788). 
Paon de mer, B'Ai/bent PL Bnl viii. pis. 305, 306. 
Les Combflttans Paons de mer. Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. vii. p. 521, 
pis. xxix., xxx. (1780). 
Le Chevalier comniun, Buff. torn. cit. p. 530. 
Le Chevalier varie, BAube?it PL Enl. viii. pi 300; Buff. Hist. Nat 

Ois. vii. p. 517 (1780). 
Ruff, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 159 (1775): Yarrell, Brit B. ii. 

p. 573 (1843). 
Green Sandpiper, var. A. & B., Lath. t. c. p. 171. 
Greenwich Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 249 (1787). 
Tringa grenovicensis, Lath. torn. cit. p. 293 (Greenwich, Augr.); id. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 731 (1790). 
Tiinga equestris, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 730 (1790). 
Equestrian Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 311 (1802; 

Sandwich). 
Tringa rufescens (nee Vieill.), Bechst. Naiurg. DeutseH. iii. p. 332 

(1809), teste Dresser, B. Bur. viii. p. 87. 
Trynga pugnax, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat ii. p. 190 (1811). 
Pavonceila pugnax, Leach, Syst. Cat Mamm. §c. Brit 'Mus. p. 29 

(1816: Lincolnshire); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 38 (1882) id. 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, pp. 317, 337, 346 (1885); 

A. O. TJ. Cheek-l. N. Amer. B. p. 157 (1886); Stejn. Proc. U.S. 
Nat Mus. x. p. 133 (1887: Commander M.); Bmsina Motr 
etc. {Orn. Croat) p. 90 (1890); Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat Mm xiv 
p. 492 (1891), xv. p. 292 (1892: Japan); Palmer, Auk, xL p. 325 
(1894: Virginia). 
Totanus pugnax, 
Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 71 (1817); Seebohm. Mist 
Brit B. iii. p. 113 (1885); id. Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 373 
(1888); Bewhen. Syst. Verz. Vbg. Beutschl p. 47 (18b9); &ebohm 

B. Japan. Bmp. p. 327 (1890); Beichen. J. / O. 1892, p 9 
(Bukoba); id. Fog. deutsch-Ost-Afr.p. 42 (1895: Lindi; Kagehi • 
Bukoba). ^ ' 
Machetes 
pugnax, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 490 (1817); Less Traite 
d'Orn. p. 560 (1831) ; Naum. Tog. Beutschl. vii. p. 502, pis. 190


00. PAVONCELLA. 501 
193 (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 325 (1837); Bp. Comp. List 
B. Bur. # N. Amer. p. 50 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 419 
(1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. Ixxv, 213 (1840); Nordm. 
in Demid. Voy. Bass. Merid. iii. p. 241 (1840); Selys-Longch. 
Faun. Beige, p. 120 (1842); Strickl. Ann, $• Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. 
p. 421 (1843: Corfu) ; Mihhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 102 
(1844); Hodos. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Hewits. Bqgs 
Brit. B. ii. p. 301, pi. Ixxxiv. (1846) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 230 
(1850) ; StricJcl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); id. Ann. § 
Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 349 (1852); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, 
p. 146; Kjcerb. JDanm. Fugle, pi. xxxvi. fig. 2, Suppl. pi. xv. 
figs. 1-3 (1851) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 171 (1852); Strickl $ 
Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 (Damara-land); Licht. Nomencl. Av. 
Mus. Berol. p. 92 (1854); Eeugl. Sijst Uebers p. 63 (1856); Bp. 
C. R xlii. p. 596 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Zapomm. Rich. Orn. 
p. 463 (1859); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxxix. figs. 1-6 (1860); 
Zinderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 141 (1860); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 80 
(Tuggurt); Powys, t, c. p. 343 (Gulf of Arta, March) ; Radde, 
Beis. Sibir.,Vog. p. 331 (1863); Collett, (Efvers.Christ 1864, p. 193; 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 147 (.Malta); Nordm. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 374 
(Lapland) ; Antin. Cat descr. Ucc. p. 109 (1864); More, Ibis, 
1865, p. 437 (Northumberland, breeding); Dsgl. $r Gerbe, Orn. 
Fur. ii. p. 211 (1867); Zoche, Expl. Sci. AlySr., Ois. ii. p. 299 
(1867) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 116 (18139); Doderl. 
Avif. Sicil. p. 187 (1869); Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 261 (1870); 

Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai); Fritsch, Vog.Eur. tab. 38. tig. 1, 
tab. 43. figs. 4, 5 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (S. Spain) ; 
Salvad. Faun.Ital, Ucc. p. 215 (1871); B. Gray, B. West. Scotl. 

p. 307 (1871); Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xl. p. 276 (1871: Wardha 
Valley) ; Gould, B. Gt Brit iv. pis. 61, 62 (1871-72); Earting, 
Eandb. Brit. B. p. 48 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 246 (1872); 
Antin. & Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 146 (1873: Keren, Sept.); 
PalmSn, Finl Fogl. p. 169 (1873); Tacz. J.f O. 1873, p. 103; 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 339 (Sardinia); Severtz. Turkest Jevotm. 
p. 59 (1873: migrant); Eeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. 
p. 1180 (1873 : Egypt; Nubia ; Senar ; Takah and E. Kordofan ; 
Abyssinia, up to 10,000 feet); Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 399 (N. Frisian 
Isl.); Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 198 (1874); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 
p. 170 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 172 (1875) ; Cordeaux, Ibis, 
1875, p. 185 (Heligoland); Pelz. t c. p. 332 (Spanish Guiana); 
Danf fy Harvie-Brown, t. c. p. 422 (Transylvania); Tacz, Bull. 
Soc. Zool. Prance, i. p. 251 (1876); Seebohm fy Harvie-Broivn, Ibis, 
1876, p. 292 (Lower Petchora) ; Bresser, t c. p. 410; Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 157 (1877 : Poland); Bresser, B. Bur. viii. 
p. 87, pis. 557, 558 (1878); Blakist Sf Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 221 
(Japan); Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 460 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; 
Davidson fy Wenden, op. cit vii. p. 89 (1878: Deccan); Murray, 
t c. p. 113 (Sind) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 151 (Siberia) ; Bogd. B. 
Cauc. p. 160 (1879); Finsch, VerhandL z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. 
p. 250 (1879: Samarova; Ursa, 67° N. lat.; Omsk); Hume, Str. 
F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Scully, t. c. p. 357 (Nepal Valley); Butler, 
Cat B. Sind etc. p. 62 (1879: winter); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. 
p. 76 (1880: cold season); Zegge, B. Ceylon, p. 873 (1880); 
Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 85 (1880; & Konkan) ; Butler, t. c. p. 429 
(Belgaum) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 70 (1881: Lucknow) ; Biadulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 96 (Gilgit); Scully, t. c. p. 588; Bocage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 471 (1881: Benguela; Mos^amedes; Huilla; Quil
502 CHAEADKTIBJS. 

lengues); 8alvint Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 611 (1882); Swinh. Ibis, 
1882, p. 121 (Kandahar); Seebuhm, t. c. p. 223 (Astrakhan); 
Biddulph, t c p. 287; Seebohm, t. c. p. 881 (Archangel): Butler, 
Feilden, $ Reid, ZooL 1882, p. 425 (Natal) ; Oaten, Str. F. x. 
p. 240 (1882: Pegu); Davidson, t. c. p. 321 (West Khandeish); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 396 (1863); B. 0. U. list 
Brit B. p. 171 (1883); Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 86 fLabuan) ; 
Irby, t. c. p. 186 (Santander); Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pK 54-57 
(1881-87) ; Gigl Iconogr, Avif. Ital. no. 289; Saunders, ed. 
Yarrelfs Brit. B. iii. p. 426 (1884) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 18S4. p. 33 
(Hakodadi); Saunders, t. c. p. 390 (Pyrenees); Boyd. Consp. Av. 
Imp. Boss. i. p. 88 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 44. 246 {18^4 : 
6300 feet); Sharpe, ed. 'Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 685 (1SS4); 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 222 (1&84: Shoa, Nov. to 

May); Baircl, Brewer, 4' Ridgtc. Water-Birds N. Amer. L p. 292 
(1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 43 (Corsica): Sivinhoe 4* Barnes. 

t. c. p. 134 (Mkow distr.); Ayres, t. c. p. 348 (Potchefttroom ): 
Gigl Avif. Ital p. 391 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenro Ucc. Ital p. 222 
(1886) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 391 (Portugal); Earvie-Broicn fy 
Buckley, Tertebr. Faun. Caitlin. p. 221 (1887); lieiclmi. J.f 0. 
1887, p. 47 (Kaprehi, Jan.); Harvie-Broicn 4* Buckley, Vertebr. 
Faun. Outer Hebrides, p. 134 (1888) ; Hmne. Str. F. xi. p. 323 
(1888: Manipur); Koenig,J.f.O. 1888, p. 279 (Tunis!; Salrad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 312 (lSb^ : Lakf Ciaialaka, Feb.); 
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 585 (1889); Everett, Juarn. Straits 
Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 208 (Labuan); St John, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 177 (S. Afghanistan); Lilford, t c. p. 341 (C\pru^j; Feilden, 
t. c. p. 494 (Barbados) ; * Ogihie-Grant, Ibih. 1890, p. 442 
(Madeira); Gigl Avif. Ital, 1st Besot*, p. 593 <lfe*9), 2nd Resoe. 
p. 654 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 513 (1891); Buckley 4* Harvie-
Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 218 (1891); JSmin, J.f.O. 
1891, p. 345 (Albert Nyanza); Reiser, Vogeis Landesm. Sarajevo. 
p. 126 (1891); MaepL Vertebr. Faun. LakeL p. 389 (1*9:2); 
Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 205 (Canary IsL); Tacz. Mem. Acad. 
Imp. Sci. St. Betersb. (7) xxxix. p. 885 (1893J ; Shelley, Ibis 
1894, pp. 26, 476 (Nyasaland); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. 
p. 283 (1895). 
Machetes alticeps, Brehm, Vog. JDeutschl p. 670, pi. xxxiv. %. 4 

(1831). 

Machetes planiceps, Brehm, torn, cit p. 671. 

Totanus indica, Gray 4*Hardw. Illustr. Bid. ZooL ii. pi. 52. %. 1 

pi. 54. figs. 1, 2(1832). 
Limosa hardwicMi, Gray, torn. cit. pi. 52. fig. 2. 
Philomachus pugnax, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 89 (1841); id. List 

Grail Brit Mus. p. 102 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); 
Rupp* Syst Uehers. p. 126 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 140 (1846); Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 236 (1857: 
Gaboon); Cass, in Bairdts B. N. Amer. p. 737 (lfc?68); Hartl 

J.f 0.1861, p. 271 (Gasamanse); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 241 (Oudk); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 34 (Natal); Neioton in Baring-Gould*$ 
Iceland, p. 412 (1863: Sept. 1820); Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 164 
(1863); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 687 (1864); Layard, B. S. Afr. 
p. 329 (1867); JDroste, Vogelw. Borkmn, p. 205 (1869); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 48, no. 10299 (1871); Gurney in Anders*. B. 
Dam.-Ld. p. 304 (1872) ; Alston § Harvie-Broicn, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 69 (Archangel); Ayres, t c. p. 283 (Transvaal); Hume 4* 
Henders. Lahore to York. p. 287 (1873); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 239 
55. PAVONCELLA. 
(1873: Sind); Stoliczka, op. tit. ii. p. 465 (1874: Kashgar) j 
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 388 (Matabele Country); Blyth § Wald.B. 
Burm. p. 156 (1875: Arakan); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 17 (187(5: 
Deesa); Hume, t. c. p. 17 note; Butler, op. cit. v. p. 233 (1877 : 
Deesa, July to March); Hume, t. c. p. 224 (Mouth of Sittang 
River) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 350 (Transvaal); Sharjpe in Oatess 
Matabele Land, App. B. p. 325 (1881: Mopani Pan, near Rarnaqueban 
R., Nov.); Pelz. Verhandl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. pp. 606, 
617 (1881: Redjaf; Lado, Dec); Holub $ Pelz. Beitr. Orn. 
Siidafr. p. 292 (1882 : Matabele, July) ; Murray, Vertehr. Faun. 
Sind, p. 248 (1884); Seton, Auk, ii. p. 336 (1885: Toronto); 
Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 116 (Lindi, April) ; Palmin, Vega Biped. 

v. tab. iii. (1887) ; Frivaldsky, AD. Hung.^. 144 (1891: arriving at 
end of March, occasionally); Madardsz, Erldut. Ausst. Ungar. 
Vogelf. p. 110(1891). 
Machetes optatus, Hodgs. Icon, ined in Brit. Mus., Grail pi. 95. 
nos. 336, 412, pi. 95 a. no. 366, App. pi. 47; id. in Gray's Zool 
Misc. p. 86 (1844). 

Philomachus pugnax indicus, Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxii. figs. 596600 
(1850). 
Tringa (Machetes) pugnax, Middend. Meis. Sibir., Zool. p. 218 

(1851: Taimyr R.; Boganida). 
Machetes minor, Brelim, Vogelf. p. 320 (1855). 
Terekia cinerea (?iec Giild.), Butler, Sir. F, iv. p. 17 (1870) ; id. 

Str. F. v. p. 233 (Deesa, July-March). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above ashy brown, 
with, whitish fringes to the feathers, which have dusky-brown 
centres ; the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater 
coverts blackish, with, a slight greenish gloss, and broadly tipped 
with white• bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; quills 
brown, with, white shafts, the outer webs and tips of the feathers 
blackish, the secondaries white at the base of the inner webs, and 
fringed with white at the ends; the innermost secondaries browner 
like the scapulars; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts a little 
darker brown than the rest of the back, with darker brown centres 
to the feathers ; tail-feathers dark brown, with narrow whitish tips 
and shafts• crown of head and neck light brown, the former 
slightly mottled with darker centres to the feathers; lores and 
cheeks ashy white; ear-coverts and neck light brown, with dusky 
streaks; under surface of body white, the lower throat and chest 
mottled with ashy bases to the feathers, and the sides of the body 
marked in a similar manner; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
white, the lower primary-coverts and quill-lining ashy grey: " bill 
dark brown, paler at the gape; feet yellowish brown; iris dark 
brown " (E. W. Oates). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 
7-4, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-8. 

Adult female in winter plumage. Similar to the male, but much 
smaller. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 6*1, tail 2-15, 
tarsus 1*55. 

Adult male in summer plumage. This plumage varies to such an 
extent that it is impossible to describe it exactly, scarcely two Ruffs 
in full plumage being alike in colour. 

504 
CHAEADEIIDJS. 

In the series in the British Museum there seem to be the following 
recognizable types of plumage :— 

A. 
Occipital tufts and ruff uniform white; head white; back 
powdered with grey; breast-plumes black. 
B. 
Occipital tufts Hack ; ruff uniform white ; head greenish black 
like the ruff ; back purplish black; breast-plumes black. A. 
variation of this type exhibits faint frecklings of black on 
the ruff, with a little black on the throat. 
C. 
Eufous type. Ruff uniform white; CTOVTII of head and occipital 
tufts rufous, which is the general tone of the upper 
surface ; breast-feathers rufous, with rather broad black bars. 
D. Buff uniform, puiylish black ; breast-feathers also black. 
The tufts 
on the hinder crown vary, and generally assimilate 
in colour to the crown, which may be black, white, rufous, 
or sandy buff, the latter with an admixture of blue-black. 

E. 
Buff uniform, orange-buff, or chestnut In the former the 
occipital tufts and crown are blue-black or purplish black, 
like the back itself. 
In the more chestnut specimens, the occipital tufts and crown 
are greenish black, and the back purplish black. ()n some 
of the feathers of the throat are occasionally pondering? or 
spots of black. 

All the following types have the ruff cr neck-bldfld harnd':— 

P. 
Buff glossy greenish black, with narrow rufous lines; occipital 
tufts greenish black like the crown ; back purplish black. 
G. 
Buff rufous, scantily barred with blue-black; crown of head 
and occipital tufts rufous ; back rufous, barred with purplish 
black. 
H. 
Similar to the foregoing, but with the crown and occipital 
tufts barred with purplish black; breast-feathers rufous, 
with purplish-black bars. 
I. 
Similar to the foregoing, but with greenish-black crown and 
occipital tufts; breast-feathers purplish black. 
K. 
Buff barred with sandy buff and purplish black in about 
equal proportions, the bars being of about the same width. 
The head and occipital tufts of the same pattern as the ruff, 
or purplish black. In the latter ease the breast-feathers 
are black, but in the former type they are rufous, with 
bars or spots of purplish black. 
L. 
Buff buffy white, regularly barred with purplish black, the 
breast-feathers being similarly marked; occipital tufts buffy 
white, with black bars; the head streaked with black. 
M. 
Buff buffy white, sub-terminally spotted or barred with 
purplish black, before which is a tawny bar; the head and 
occipital tufts of the same character; breast-feathers tawny 
buff, with black semicircular bars near the ends. 
The head and occipital tufts in this light-coloured type are sometimes 
vermieulated like the back, or are pale cinnamon like 
the rest of the upper parts. 

55. PAV02TCELLA, 
K R,uff white, with narrow bars of black, somewhat vermiculated 
and broken up into spots ; head and occipital tufts purplish 
black; breast-feathers black. 

0. 
Ruff black, with white bars, generally narrower than the 
black ones ; head and occipital tufts of the same colour and 
markings; breast-feathers black, with white centres. 
The head is sometimes brown, vermiculated with sandy buff and 
strongly washed with purplish black. The coarseness of the 
hars on the ruff also varies considerably, and where the black 
predominates, the crown and occipital tufts are also purplish 
black, 

P. 
Ruff purplish black, streaked with white, with which the 
feathers are edged; the crown and occipital tufts black, with 
brown vermiculations and a gloss of purplish black. 
The first sign of change from the winter to the summer plumages 
is a decided darkening of the centres to the feathers of the upper 
surface, and in January the colour of the quills and tail-feathers 
begins to alter, the inner secondaries becoming rufous with bars or 
spots of purplish black on the outer web, while the tail-feathers 
also show a sub-terminal spot of black. As the rufous tint gains 
ground on the upper surface, the purplish-black feathers on the back 
begin to put in an appearance. Of these changes by a full moult 
I am not by any means convinced, for, although a spring moult undoubtedly 
takes place, I am of opinion that quite as much change is 
accomplished by an alteration in the pattern of the feather, no two 
feathers showing exactly the same pattern. The coloured plumage 
on the ruff is also developed gradually, and the tufts on the sides 
of the occiput are the last ornament to be assumed. 

The colour of the back as it passes into the full plumage varies 
greatly, according to the nature of the adult colouring. Thus 
rufous-backed birds have always more rufous on the feathers during 
the process of spring change, while black-backed birds early show 
a black coloration during the change. 

Two specimens obtained by Mr. Chill in the Delhi district on 
June 29th have almost dropped their summer plumage, and have 
half-moulted into their winter dress. Specimens from India and 
Africa tend to prove that, although much of the ornamental plumage 
is shed towards the end of the breeding-season, the complete change 
to the winter plumage takes place in the winter haunts of the bird, 
but the ornamental dress is put on during the return journey in 
spring, and even after it has arrived in its northern quarters. The 
Delhi specimens above referred to must have returned to their 
winter home at a very early date. 

Young male. Resembles the winter plumage of the adults, but is 
much more tawny, the feathers of the upper surface being blackish, 
with sandy-buff or whitish margins to the feathers ; the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky brown, mottled with darker 
brown centres to the feathers, and with sandy-buff edges; the 
lateral upper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts like the back; the 
primary-coverts with narrow sandy-buff edges and whitish tips; 

506 CILVKADKIIDJ^. 

bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, fringed with 
white at the ends and on the outer webs of the secondaries, the 
inner ones edged with sandy buff with sub-terminal black markings, 
before which are some rufous bars ; tail-feathers dark brown, with 
a few mottlings and bars of sandy buff near their ends; crown of 
head sandy rufous, with dark brown streaks; lores and an eyebrow 
pale buff, with very narrow dusky streaks; the hind-neck 
ashy, washed with sandy buff, and mottled with dusky-brown 
centres to the feathers; feathers in front of the eye and sides 
of face pale cinnamon-buff, like the lower throat and fore-neck, the 
chin whiter; chest and sides of body ashy grey, washed with 
cinnamon-buff; the centre of the breast, abdomen, under tail-
coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts white; quill-lining pale 
ashy. Wing 7-7*3 inches. 

Young female. Similar to the young male, but much smaller, and 
often more cinnamon-rufous in tint, the head and upper parts being 
also more rufous. These rich tints, however, soon fade, and then 
there is no difference between the young male and the young 
female, except that of size. Wing 5*9-6*2 inches. 

The summer plumage of the adult female is gained by a moult, 
which includes the quills and tail-feathers. jSome of the inner 
secondaries appear to me to undergo a change of pattern in the 
feathers, and some of the body-feathers appear to change also by 
becoming gradually darker, instead of moulting. This darkening of 
the feathers on the back results in the whole of the plumage of the 
upper parts becoming black, often with a strong gloss of purple, 
the feathers fringed with sandy buff, and the inner secondaries 
chequered with rufous and black, while the tail-feathers are also 
barred with rufous towards their ends ; the fore-neck and chest, as 
well as the sides of the body, are mottled with purplish-black centres 
to the feathers. Total length 8 inches, wing 5-8. 

Hab. Central Europe and Asia, not extending very far north, but 
wintering in Africa, India, and extending rarely to Japan and 
Borneo. Accidental in Eastern North America as far as Barbados 
and Dutch Guiana. 

a, b. (S ad. sk. Great Britain. Gen. Hardwicke [P.], 

c. c? ad. sestiv. Great Britain. Old Coll, 
sk. 
Aberdeen, N.B. (JR. G. W. 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 

e. $ juv. st. Sutherland, Sept. 8. O.E.Flower,Esq.[P.]. 
flff. 'dS ad. Lincolnshire. Montagu Coll. 
hiem. sk. 
h-n. S asstiv.; Lincolnshire. Old Coll. 

o. 2 festiv.sk. 
p. c? ad. hiem. Lincolnshire. Old Coll. 
sk. 
q~t. $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 
u, v. c? ad. sk. Wieken Fen, Cambridgeshire Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(0. 8. 8c F. D. 67.). 
toj x. c? $ ad. Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Aug. SO. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
hiem. sk. 

?/. Juv. St. 

z. § ad. sk. 
a'. $ juv. st. 
6'. 2 ad. sk 
c', ^'. Pull. st. 
e\f. (S ad.sk 
g', h\ $ ad. sk 

i'-p'. tfad.;^. 
$ ad. sk. 
?*'. J ad. Hem. 


sk. 

s'. d ad. sk. 

tf'-w'. c? ad. sk. 
v',y'. J ad. sk. 
z'-e". $ ad. sk 
f'-h". $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 
i". gad.sk 

k",l'\ <5 ad. 
hiem. sk. 

m', ?i". tf ad. 

sk. 
o". $ ad. sk. 

a<^-sk


p"> $

q". $ ad. sk. 

r". Ad. sk. 

«", *". tf 2 ad. 

sk. 
w", v". d $ ad. 
sk. 
to". $ ad.; #", 
y". $ ad.sk. 
a". $ ad. sk. 


a3. $ ad. sk. 

b\ 2 ad. sk. 

c3. ? ad. sk. 

<Z3. $ ad. sk. 

«3,/3. <J $ ad. 

sk. 

gz. $ ad. sk. 

A3. <5 juv. sk 

i\ hz. S $ ad. 

sk. 

P. 2 ad. sk. 
3 ao^ s^


m. 2
nz. <$ ad. sk. 

55, PAVOtfCELLA. 

Aldeburgh. 
Yarmouth, Oct. 22 (J", jfc H). 
Cookham, Berks. 
Paghani, Sussex, Aug. (J. U. 


Hurting), 

Europe. 
Holland. 
Holland. 


Holland. 


Holland. 


Holland; April. 


Baltic Provinces. 
Archangel (Craemers). 
Archangel. 
Petchora River, June, July. 


South Russia. 


Athens. 


Southern Spain, March. 


Valencia, April29 (H. Saunders). 
Tunchal, Madeira, April. 


Egypt. 
Egypt. 
Egypt, March (G. E. &). 


Palombi River, Shirwa Plain, 
Nyasaland, Aug. 13 (A. Whyte). 
Lake Sliirwa, Bee. (A, Whyte). 

Ramaqueban River, Matabeleland, 
Nov. 4 (F. Oates). 
Transvaal. 

Transvaal. 
Potchefstroom. 

Potchefstoom, Sept. (T. Ay res). 
Natal (T. Ay res). 

Newcastle, Natal (Savile Held). 
Durban (Gordge). 
Eangwilliainst own. 

Colesburg, S. Africa (K L. 
Layard). 

Walvisch Bay, Damara-land, Oct. 

(C. J. Andersson). 
Erzeroum {Keith Abbott). 
Dr. T. Fisher [P.]. 
Harting Coll. 
Mr. W. Briggs [P.], 
Seebohm Coll. 


Old Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Mrs. G. Cavendish 


Taylor [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dr. Gunther [P.]. 

W. E. De Winton, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Old Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Moscow Museum 
[P.]. 
Consul Merlin [P.]. 

Lord Lilford [P.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

W. R. Ogilvie Grant, 
.Esq. [P.]. 
Sir J. Bowing [P.]. 

J. Burton, Esq. 
Shelley Coll. 
H. TT. Johnston, Esq., 
C.B. [P.]. 
H. 11. Johnston, Esq., 
C.B. [P.]. 
W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
A. Eoresman, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P/]. 

F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gurney Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Shelley Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Major Trevelyan[P.]„ 


Salvin-Godman CoIL 


Seebohm Coll. 


Gould Coll. 


508

o3. c? ad. sk.

Pz 

. 9 ad. sk.

(f-t3. cJ ad.;
st3. § ad.sk.
v*~z\ <S ad. sk.

a\ $ ad. sk.
64 4 

, c. <$ J juv.

sk.
d^. $ juv. sk.
<?4~A4. <$ J ad.

sk. 
e4. J juv- skk\ 
2 juv. sk.

Z4 J a(*-s^



m^-o'K <$ $ juv. Deesa, Sept. (E. A. Butler).

sk. 
j?4. 3 ad. sk.

q4'. <S juv. sk.
r4-r4. ^ ad. etjuv. sk.
y4-#5. 3 ad.;
i5-p\ J ad.

q5~u\ <$ $ ad.
sk. 
v5. S ad. sk.

w5-a6. c?ad.; I6,

c\ ? ad. sk.

#-#. 6 ad. ;
mG-rG. 2 ad. 
sk. 

sG, ts. cJad. ; uG.

o acL sk. 
v% zv\ 
tf ad.;
x*-a\ $ ad. 
sk. 


h7 7 

, c. $ ad. sk.

d77

, e. cS ad.;

f7. g ad. sk.

f. S ad.sk.
h7-lr. $ ad. etjuv.; m7~r7. $
ad. etjuv. sk. 

s7. $ ad. sk.
f, u7. S 2 ad.
sk. 
v7, S ad.; w7,

x1. § ad. sk. 

y7, z7. rf ad.;
a8, 2 ad. sk. 

 CHARADRIIDJ5. 

 Samarkand. "

 Saiar Mountains.

 Omsk,May.

 Tobolsk, May.

 Valley of the Yen-e-sai (7H°N.),

May. 

 Yarkand, Aug., Sept. (G. Hen


derson). 
Afghanistan (Griffith).

 Candahar, Jan. to March.

 Ghisni, Sindh (Dr. Gould).

 Karachi, Sept. 9 (K A. Butler). 
Langraij, Guzerat, Dec. 22 (J?.

^L. Butler). 

 Lower Huzara, March 15 (W. H.

TJnwin). 

 Cashmere, Sept. 
Gilgit, Aug., Sept.

 Sambhur, March, Aug., Sept.

 (JR. M. Adam), 

 Delhi, Dec. (A. 0. H.).

 Gurgaon district, March 20 (A.

0. IL). 
Gurgaon district, Jan., Julv (W. 
N. Chill). 
Etawah, June to Nov.

 Otidh, Dec, Jan.

 Oudh.

 Lucknow, Jan., March. 
Futtehgurh, Sept., Oct. (A. Anderson). 
Mogul Serai, Nov. 2 (W. &
Brooks). 

 Nepal. 


 Puroeah. 
Calcutta, Dec, Feb.


 Calcutta.


 Dacca.


 Seebohm Coll. 

 St. George Little-
dale, Esq. [P.]. 
St. George Little


 dale, Esq. [P.]. 
St. George Little-
dale, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohni Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 
Colonel Swinhoe [P.]. 

 India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Colonel Biddulph 
[C.]. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Pinwill Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Hodgson Coll. 

 (Types of M. optatus.) 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Hume Coll 

56. BARTRAMIA. 
509 

b\ J ad. sk. Madras, Dec. 2 (JR. G. W. It.). Tweeddale Coll. 
cs. $ ad. sk. Assam (Griffith). India Museum. 
tl\ e\ Jad.sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. 8 (E. W. 0.). Gates Coll. 

p. Jad.sk . SittangRiver,Tenasserim,Feb.4 Hume Coll. 
[W. Davison). 
y^.cJad. (head). Graeme Hall Swamp, Barbados. Colonel Feilden TP.]. 
h?. 2 acL s^- Barbados. Sir R. Schomburgk. 
iH. Skeleton [ J ]. England. Purchased. 
ks-m\ Skeletons Holland. Dr. Giinther I P."). 

n\ o*. Sterna. J. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
p*. Sternum. J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
rf. Sternum. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 


56. BARTRAMIA. 
Type. 
Bartramia, Less. Traite oVOrn. p. 553 (1831) B. longicauda. 
Actidurus, Bp. Saggio Metocl An. Vert. p. 143 (1831) .. B. longicauda. 
Euliga, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 167 (1834) B. longicauda. 
Actiturus, Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. fy A. Amer. p. 52 

(1838) 
B. longicauda. 

Bawje. Xorth America, ranging into South America in winter; 
accidental in Europe, and has also been said to have occurred once 
in Australia. 


1. Bartramia longicauda. 
Tringa longicauda, Bechst. Kurze Vehers. Latham, p. 453, pi. 184 
(3811). 

Tringa bartramia, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 63, pi. 59. fig. 2 
(1813); Audub. B. Amer. v. p. 248, pi. 327 (1842); Putnam, 
Froc. Ess. Inst i. p. 216 (1856: Essex Co., Mass.J; Trippe, op. 
cit vi. p. 119 (1871: Minnesota). 

Totanus variegatus, VieilL N. Diet. $ Hist Nat. vi. p. 397 (1816: 

S. America and Antilles); id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 107, pi. 239 (1834). 
Totanus melanopygius, VieilL N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 401 
(1816: Louisiana). 
Totanus 
bartramius, Temm. Man. d*Orn. ii. p. 650 (1820); Bp. 
Obs. Wils. Amer. Orn. no. 209 (1826); Werner, Atlas, Grail. 
pi. 20 (1827); Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 391 (1831: 
Saskatchewan); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 313 (1837); Audub. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 24, pi. ccciii. (1838); Gurney, ZooL 1852, p. 3388 ; 
More, ZooL 1854, p. 4254 (Doncaster); Burm. Reise La Plata-
St. ii. p. 503 (1861); Bullmore, ZooL 1866, p. 37 (Falmouth); 

M. A. Mat/iew, ZooL 1877, p. 389 (River Parret, Somersetshire). 
Bartramia laticauda, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 553 (1831). 
Actidurus bartramius, Bp. Saggio Metocl. Anim. Vertebr. p. 143 

(1831). 
Bartram'a Tatler, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 168 (1834). 
Actitisbartrami, Nauyn. Vog. Deutsckl. viii. p. 43, pi. 196 (1836); 

SchL Mev. Crit p. xcii (1844). 
Actiturus bartramius, Bp. Cotvp. List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p. 51 
(1838): Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 102 (1844) : Meickenb. 

510 CHARADBIIDJ3. 

Grail tab. Ixxiv. fig. 590 (1850) ; Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 597 (1856) ; 
Cass, in Bairtfs B. N. Amer. p. 737 (1858); Henry, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico) ; Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 
1859, p. 230 (Duenas); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 253 (Orizaba); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 334 (1801: Panama); Boardm. 
Proc. Bod. Soc. Nat Hist. ix. p. 129 (1862: Blaise, summer); 
Verrill, Proc. Ess. Inst iii. p. 152 (1862: Oxford Co., Maine); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 9 (Saskatchewan, breeding), 1863, p. 134; 
March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica) ; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 242 (1865: near Sydney); Cones, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 158 (Fort Riley, Kansas); Dresser, t c. p. 314 
(Texas, Sept.), 1866, p. 38 (San Antonio); Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 567 (R. UcayaJi); Mclhor. Proc. Pss. Inst v. p. 93 
(1866: Hamilton, Canada West); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. 
p. 294 (1866: New York) ; Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 979 
(Pebas, Peru); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285; Scl § Salv. P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 169 (Caracas, Venezuela); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. 
p. 142 (1868: Costa Rica); Coues, Proc. Pss. Inst. v. p. 295 
(1868: New England); id. Proc. Post Soc. Nat Hi»t. xii. p. 123 
(1868: S. Carolina); Allen, Mem. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 501 
(1868: Iowa); Scl # Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 598 (Cosnipata, 
Peru); Pall fy Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 203 (1869); 
Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 247 (Malta); Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. 

p. 137 (1872); Gould, B. Gt. Brit iv. pi. 63 (1872); Allen, 
Bull. Mm. C. Z. iii p. 182 (1872: Kansas; Colorado); Trippe, 
Proc. Post Soc. Nat Hist xv. p. 241 (1872: Iowa, breeding); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 261 (1872) ; Snow, B. Kansas, 
p. 10 (1873) ; Scl fy Sab. No?nencl. Ai\ Neotrop. p. 146 (1873) ; 
%id. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Nauta; Chainicuros; Pebas); Bidaw. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 384 (1874: Illinois); Coues, B. 2s.-West, 
p. 502 (1874); Allen, Proc. Bosi. Soc. Nat. Hist xvii. p. 67 
(1874: Yellowstone); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 560 (CentralPeru); 
Hensh. Pep. Zool. Hxjol 100th Merid. p. 461 (1875: Sulphur 
Spring, Arizona); Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 22; Peid, Zool. 1877, 
p. 478 (Bermudas, Sept.); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 199 (Buenos 
Ayres, Dec. to April) ; Sennett, Bull U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 55 
(1878: Texas, April); Cones, t. c. p. 644 (Dakota, June, July); 
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. i. p.^ 161 (1878: Fort Brown, 
Texas, March and July on migration); Mayn. B. Hast. N. 
Amer. p. 388 (1879); Harting, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 543 (Lincolnshire) 
; id. Zool 1880,j . 508; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 184 (Italy, 
Oct.); Barroios, Auk, L p. 315 (1884: Lower Uruguay); Tacz. 
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 371 (1886: Chorillos); Wiihingto/i, Ibis, 
1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. fy Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. 
p. 189 (1889); Scl Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Argent. Rep.); Holland, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 212 (Estancia Espartilla); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 209 
(Uruguay). 
Totanus longicauda, HOrbig. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. 

Cuba, Ave8,y.m (1839). 
Tringa bartramian, Giraud, B. Long. Isl. p. 226 (1844). 
Bartram's Sandpiper, Yarrell, Brit B., Supply. 40 (1845); Cornish, 

Zool. 1883, p. 495 (Cornwall, Oct.). 

Tringoides bartramius, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 574 (1846); Brewer, 
Proc. Post. Soc. Nat Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Gray, Cat. 
Brit. B. p. 162 (1863: Cambridge and Newmarket); Hot Ois. 

Trinid. p. 463 (1866); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 46, no. 10281 
(1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 310 (1871). 

56. BAETRAMIA. 
511 

Actiturus bartrami, Licht. Nomenel Av. Mus. BeroL p. 92 (1854). 

Euligia bartrarnia, Cab. J.f. 0.1856, p. 418 (Cuba); GundlJ. f. 0. 

1862, p. 86. 

Bartramius longicaudus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1857, p. 59. 

Actiturus longfcaudus, Newt. List B. Bur. Blasius,^. 18 (18(52); 

Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 119, pi. 562 (1877); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, 

p. 184 (Malta) ; A.$JE. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) j 
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 612 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. 
p. 178 (1883); Bamsaij, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: Wide 
Bay distr.; N.S.W.; Interior); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Ruatan 
Isl.). 
Actitis bartramius, Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 78 (1864). 

Bartramia 
longicauda, Degl. t§* Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 231 (1867); 
Bidgio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880); Saunders, ed. 
YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 440 (1884); Baird, Brewer, fy Bidgw. 
Water-Birds N Amer. i. p. 296 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 641 (1884); Dretc, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); 
Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); Merriam, t c. p. 315 (Prov. 
Quebec, Canada); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 152 (1886: Western 
Manitoba) ; A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 156 (1886); Nelson, 
Bep>. Nat Hist. Coll. Alaska, y. 119 (1887 : Port Yukon) ; Bidgio. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 169 (1887) ; Towns. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: 
Northern Alaska); Lloyd, t. c. p. 186 (Western Texas,); Cory, 

t. c. p. 319 (West Indies); Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 
p. 628 (1887: Grenada) ; Beckham, t. c. pp. 637, 653 (1888: 
Bexar Co., Texas); Merrill, Auk,Y. p. 145 (1888 : Fort Klamath, 
Oregon); Chapm. t. c. p. 270 (Gainesville, Florida); Brewster, 
t. c. p. 389 (Winchendon, Mass.); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 589 
(18o9j; Scott, Auk, vi. p. 158 (1889: Key West, Florida); Hasbrouck, 
t. c. p. 237 (Eastland Co., Texas); Cory, B. West Indies, 
p. 240 (1889); Cherrie, Auk, vii. p. 332 (1890: Costa Rica); 
Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 503 (1890: Manitoba); 
Berl. fy Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 395 (Peru); Scott, Auk, ix.y.U 
(1892: Jamaica); Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana); Scott, t. c. 
p. 212 (Caloosahatchie Region); Attwater, t. c p. 232 (San 
Antonio, Texas); Mackay, t. c. p. 305 (Mackinac Isl.); Cherrie, 
t. c. p. 329 (San Jose, Costa Rica); Bichmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
3Ius. x\i. p. 526 (1893: Escondido R., Costa Rica); Hasbrouck, 
Auk, x. p. 92 (1894: Maryland); Brimley, t. c. p. 243 (N. 
Carolina). 
Actiturus longicaudatus, Gundl. J.f. 0.1881, p. 401 (Porto Rico). 
Totanus bartrami, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 110, pi. 32 (1885) ; 
id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 376 (1888). 

Adult male. General colour above mottled, the feathers being 
black with sandy-buff or whitish edges, the scapulars barred with 
black; lower back and rump uniform black; central upper tail-
coverts also blackish, the lateral ones sandy buff with more or less 
complete black bars, irregular on the inner web; lesser wing-
coverts blackish brown, with sandy margins; median and greater 
coverts sandy buff in appearance, the feathers ashy brown notched 
with sandy buff and barred with black; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and primaries uniform blackish brown; the secondaries 
dark brown, notched with white, minutely on the outer web and 
more deeply on the inner one; the long inner secondaries like the 

512 
CHAKAJJRIIBiE. 

scapulars, barred with black, and notched and tipped with, white; 
centre tail-feathers ashy brown, barred with black, the sub-terminal 
bar broader than the others; remainder of the feathers tawny buff, 
broadly tipped with whitish, before which is a broad sub-terminal 
bar of black, the feathers having also some narrower bands of 
black, not regnlar or co-terminons ; crown of head blackish, with a 
mesial streak of sandy buff, all the feathers also edged with 
sandy buff; hind-neck sandy buff, narrowly streaked with black; 
lores isabelline white; a broad eyebrow of sandy buff, streaked 
with black; sides of face and ear-coverts sandy buff, with narrow 
streaks and spots of black; cheeks and throat pure white ; lower 
throat, fore-neck, and chest tawny buff, the feathers centred with 
triangular spots of black, taking the shape of irregular bars on the 
latter; breast and abdomen creamy white; the sides of the body 
and flanks barred with blackish brown ; thighs and under tail-
coverts uniform isabelline buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, regularly barred across with black ; quills below ashy, with 
numerous bars and notches of white along the inner web: " bill 
yellowish-green, the tip dusky, the edges towards the base yellow ; 

legs and tarsi light yellowish grey, toes rather darker, claws 
brownish black ; iris dark hazel " (J. J. Audition U Total length 
11 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 6*5, tail 3*3, tarsus 1*75. 

There appears to be no appreciable difference between the winter 
and summer plumages of this Sandpiper. In the breeding time the 
feathers become abraded and the light edgings disappear, leaving 
the general appearauce of the bird blacker than in winter, when 
the sandy-buff margins are very conspicuous. By the wearing 
of the margins of the breast-feathers, the bars become much more 
visible and are of an irregular sagittate shape. In summer plumage, 
the wings show more of a bronzy gloss than in winter. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but the buff on the head, jugulum, 
wings, &c. much deeper; the streaks on the fore-neck and jugulum 
much less distinct, and the back plain black, the feathers bordered 
with buff (B., B., $ It). 


Doivny young. Above coarsely and irregularly mottled with 
black on a greyish-white ground, tinged with light rusty; lower 
parts buffy white, with about three blackish spots on the flanks— 
one beneath the eye, a smaller one on the lores, about halfway 
between the bill and the eye, and a large, nearly vertical one 
behind the ears. 


Eab. North America, to South America in winter to Uruguay. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. X. America, (C. J. Maynard: Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
Hensh. Coll.). 
c, d. <$ ad. et pull. Locust Grove, New York, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. July (C. S. Merriam*. 
Hensh. Coll.). 

e. $ ad. sk. Waukegan, 111., ]tfay (J£ W. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Kelson: Hensh. Coll.). 
/. 
? ad. sk. Riverdale, 111., July 8 (K Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W.Xelson: Sensk. Coll.). 

g. Ad. sk.
h, $ ad. ski,k. <$ $ ad. sk.
I, m. Ad. sk.
n, o. $ ad. sk. *
p, q. $ ad. sk.

r, s. Ad. sk.

t. c? ad. sk.
u, v, w. <$ ad. sk.

x, y. S ad.; z. §
ad. sk.
a'. c$ ad. sk.

V-d\ 
<$ ad.;
e\ 5 ad. sk.


f. cJ ad, sk.
g\ W. S $ ad. sk.
i'-pr. Ad. sk.
q\ Ad. sk.
r'. 2 ad. sk.

«r. S ad. sk.
t'} u'. S ad. sk. 
a<^s^*

v\ 2

w\ x\ Ad. sk.
y*. cf ad. sk.
%'. Ad. sk.

a", b". £ ad. sk.
c", d". 3 J ad. sk.

e". $ ad. sk.

/', g". Ad. sk.
A". Ad. sk.
i". tf ad. sk.

W. Ad. sk.
vox. xsxf. 

56. BABTKAMIA. 
Kansas, Sept.

 Big Blue River, Utah, June9 (C. 8. Macarthy). 
British Columbia. 
49th Parallel, June (G.
Dawson).

 Pembina, Dakota, June

(F. Coues: Hensh. Coll.). 
Tarpon Springs, Florida,
April, May (W. F. D. 
Scott). 

 San Antonio, Texas (H. F.
Dresser), 

 Rio Medina, Texas, April10 (Dr. Heerman). 
Brownsville, Texas, March

(F. B. Armstrong), 
Puebla, Mexico, March to 
May (Ferrari-Perez), 
Pinal, Puebla, April (F. D.

 Zacatecas, Aug., Sept. (W.

 B. Richardson), 
Chapala, Jalisco. Aug. 27

(W.B.R.). 

 Las Vigas, Jalapa, Sept.

(Ferrari-Perez). 
Island of Ruatan (G. F.
Gaumer). 

 Guatemala. 
Sakluk, Guatemala, April

(0. 8.). 
Duefias, April 12 (0. 8.). 
Isthmus of Panama (J*.
McLeannan). 

 Medellin, U.S. Colombia

(T. K. Salmon). 
Bogota. 
Venezuela, Oct. (A.
Goering). 

51& 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
N. A. Bound. Comm. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 


 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 River Amazon (BCensh.CoM.). Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Pebas, E. Peru, March,
April (J. Hauxwell). 
Chapada, Mattagrosso,
Brazil, Sept., Oct. (Mrs. 

D. W.Smith), 
Irisanga, Brazil, Dec. 7 (J.
fvccbf&rer i 

 Uruguay, Jan. 
San Martin, Buenos Ayres,
Eeb. 6. 
Lomas de Zomora, Eeb. 19(Withington). 
Chili (Leybold).

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 


 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Alan Peel, Esq. [C.]. 


 H. Durnford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Sclater Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 

2z 

CHAKADEHDiE. 

£14 

57. EBETOETES. 
Type. 
Ereunetes, Illiger, JProdr. p. 262 (1811) E. pusillus. 
Hemipalama, Bp. Journ. Pliilad. Acad. v. p. 87 (1825) E. pusillus. 
Heteropoda, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 135 (1834) E. pusillus. 

Range. N\E. Siberia and Arctic America, from the high north in 
summer to Brazil and Peru in winter. 

1. Ereimetes pusillus. 
La Petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. r. p. 2223 
pi. 25. &g. 2 (1760). 

Tringa pusillus, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 252 (1766); Gm. Si/si. Nat. 
I p. 681 (1788); Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 737 (1790); VieilL X. 
Diet d'Hist. Fat xxxiv. p. 452 (1819) ; ML Mus. Pays-Bos, 
Scolopaees, p. 55 (1864: Pennsylvania; Haiti; Caiman ; Surinam ; 
Brazil). 

Little Sandpiper, Pennant, Gen. B. p. 41, pi. xii. (1781); id. Arctic 
Zool. ii. p. 479 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. ill. p i 1, p. 1*4 (17S3), 
Ereimetes petrificatus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 202 (1S11); OIKS, in Lairds 


B. N. Amer. p. 724 (1858); Xantus, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Pkiiad. 
1859, p. 192 (FortTejom California); Set. $ Sain Ibts, 1-59, 
p. 229 (Dueiias, April); A. fy E. Newton, t. c. p. 257 {St. Croix) ; 
Blaldst. Ibis, 1863, p. 132 (Hudson's Bay : Mackenzie River) ; 
March, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Pkiiad. 1864, p. tjb (Jamaica) ; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 51, no. 10320 (1871); Trippe. Proc. Bast. 
Soc. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 241 (1872: Southern Iowa); Snuv\ B. 
Kansas, p. 10 (1873); Scl. <§* Sah. Nomencl. Av. Xrotr. p. 145 
(1873); Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. I p. 238 (1878: Antiprua), 
p. 242 (Barbuda), pp. 461, 488 (Guadeloupe): id. op. tit. iii. p~ 250 
(1880); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Paracas Bay); Tacz. Orn. 
Perou, iii. p. 362 (1886); Heine Sf Beicken. XomencL Mus. Hein. 
p. 328 (1890: Puerto Cabello). 
Tringa seniipalmata, Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 131, pi. Ixiii. fitz. 4 
(1813); Vieill. N. Diet. a^Hisi. Nat. xxxiv. p. 402 (1819); Stcaim. 
Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 381 (1831: Severn River); Avdub. 
Orn. Biogr. T. p. 110, pi. 405 (1839); id. B. Amer. fevo, v. p. 277, 
pi. 326 (1842); Giraud, B. Long. IsL p. 239 (1844); Pidnam, 
Proc. Essex Inst. i. p. 217 (1850: Essex Co., Maj-sapliu>etts); 
Bryant, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); 
Finsch, Abh. not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 65 (1872). 

Tringa brevirostris, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 76, pi. 93 (1825). 
Hemipalama seniipalmata, Bonap. Journ. Acad. Eat. Sci. Philad. 

v. p. 88 (1825); id. Obs. Wilson Amer. Orn. no. 212 (1826); 
Less. Traite cPOrn. p. 560 (1831); Lemheye, Av. Cuba, p. 96 
(1850); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860: 
Cuba). 
Pelidna brissoni, Less. Man. WOrn. ii. p. 277 (1828). 
Semipalmatecl Sandpiper, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 136 (1834). 
Heteropoda seniipalmata, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 49 


(1838); BeKay, Nat. Hist. N. Y, Zool. L p. 236, pi. 80. fijr. 195 
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 580, pi. 156. % . 1 (1845); BeickenK 
Grail, tab. lxxiv. figs. 594-95 (1850): Liot. Ois. Trinid. p. 477 
(1866). 1 

Heteropoda mauri, Bp. Comp. ListB. Eur.fyN. Amer. p. 49 (1838). 
Pelidna pusilla, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 348 (1847). 

57 . ERET7NETES. 
515 
Ereunetes seniipalmata, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 758 
(1848); Licht. Nomenel. Av. Mus. Berol p. 92 (1854); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 375, note (1856) ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 419 (Cuba); 
Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 312, 458 
(1871: Oajutuba). 

Heniipalama minor, Lemleye, Av. Cuba, p. 97 (1850); Brewer, Proc. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba). 
f Ereunetes cabanisi, Licht. Nomenel. Mus. Berol. p. 92 (1854). 
Ereunetes niaurii, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Gray, Hand-l B. 

iii. p. 51, no. 10321 (1871); Seine ty Beichen. Nomenel. Mus. 
Hein. p. 328 (1890: Guiana). 
Ereunetes pusillus, 
Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. PMlad. 1860, p. 196 
(Carthagena); Coues, op. cit. 1861, pp. 177, 233 (Labrador); 
Boardm. Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. Mist. ix. p. 129 (1862: Maine); 
Verrill, Proc. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862: Oxford Co., Maine); 
Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 100 (1864: Sombrero); Allen, 
Proc. Bss. Inst. iv. p. 87 (1864: Springfield, Mass.); Coues, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. PMlad. 1866, p. 97 (Arizona); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 
N Y. viii. p. 294 (1866: Long. Isl.); McBwr. Proc. Bss. List. v. 

p. 93 (1866: Hamilton, Canada West); Coues, t c. p. 294 (New 
England); Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist i. p. 501 (1868: 
Western Iowa); Sundev. (Efv. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, 
p. 587 (St. Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Rico); Ball $ Bann. 
Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 292 (1869: Sitka; Kadiak; Nulato, 
breeding); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Philad. 1871, p. 31 (Fort 
Macon, N. Carolina); Allen, Bull Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 355 (1871: 
Elorida); id. op. cit iii. p. 182 (1872 : Eastern Kansas); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 254 (1872) ; Midgw. Ami. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 384 
(1874: Illinois); Coues, B. N-West, p. 481 (1874) ; Hensh. Pep. 
Zool Bxplor. 100^ Merid. p. 454 (1875); Gundl J.f. 0.1875, 
p. 327 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cubana, p. 175 (1876); Beid, Zool. 1877, 
p. 476 (Bermudas, Aug.) ; Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 639 
(1878 : Dakota); Merrill, Proc U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 161 (1878 : 
Fort Brown, Texas); Belding, t. e. p. 395 (Central California); 
A. <$• JS. Neiot. Handb. Jamaica, p, 116 (1881); Coues, Check-list 
N Amer. B. p. 100 (1882); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 611 
(1882); Nelson, Cruise B. S. < Corivm,' p. 88 (1883: Entire 
Alaskan Coast and N.E. Asia); Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. 
p. 119 (1883: Labrador); Baird, Breioer* $r Bidqw. Water-B. N. 
Amer. i. p. 205 (1884) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 624 
(1884); Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 177 (1884: Sabanilla, 
New Granada); Drew, AuJc, ii. p. 16 (1885 : Colorado); Murdoch, 
t. c. pp. 63, 201 (Point Ba*rrow); Beckham, t c. p. 143 (Pueblo, 
Colorado) ; Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota) ; Turner, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 247 (1885 ; Koksoak B., Labrador); Murdoch, 
Bep. Exped. Point Barroio, p. 113 (1885 : not observed breeding); 
Seton, Auk, iii. p. 151 (1886: Red E-iver, Manitoba); Cory, t. c. 
p. 552 (Grand Cayman); A. O. U. Check4ist N Amer. B. p. 153 
(1886); Towns. Auk, iv. p. 10 (1887 : N. Alaska); Btoight, t c. 
p. 16 (Cape Breton Isl.) ; Wells, Proc. US. Nat Mus. ix. p. 628 
(1887: Grenada, W.I.); Bidgw. t. c. p. 578 (Swan Isl.); id. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 161 (1887) ; Palmin, Vega-Exped., 
Foglef. tab. 3 (1887); Scott, Auk, v. p. 185 (1888: Florida); 
Bverm. t. c. p. 349 (Carroll Co., Indiana); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distrib. Charadr. p. 402 (1888); Cooke, Bull. U.S. Agric. no. 2, 
p. 94 (1888: Mississippi Valley) ; Butcher, Auk, vi. p. 128 
(1889: Little Gull Island); Scott, t. c. p. 157 (Gulf Coast of 
516 CHAKADKHDiG. 

Florida); Cory, B. West Indies, p. 234 (1889); Clarke, Auk, viL 

p. 32 (1890: Hudson's Bay); Cory, t. c. p. 374 (Anegada, W.L) ? 
Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 501 (1890 : Moose River, 
Manitoba); Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 87 (1890); Cory, Auk, viL 
p. 48 (1891: Guadeloupe), p. 351 (Inagua): Macf. JProe. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 477 (1891: Franklin Bay, Arctic America); 
Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892: Jamaica), p. 212 (C&loosahatehie 
.Region, Florida); Cory, Cat. B. West tidies, p. 93 (1892: 
Bahamas; Greater & Lesser Antilles); Match, B. Minnesota? 
p. 128 (1892; ; Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 (1893); White, t. c. p. 223 
(Mackinac Isl.); Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 77 
(lb94: Moruga, Trinidad). 
Heteropoda longirostris, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 480 (1886). 
Ereunetes occidentals, Lawr. JProe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, 


p. 107 (Pacific Coast of Oregon & California); Gray, I£and-L B. 
iii. p. 51, no. 10322 (1871); Midgw. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mas. yii. 
p. 178 (1884: SabaniHa, Kew Granada); Henshaw, Auk, ii. p.384 
(1885: Boston Harbour); Beckh. t c. p. 110 (Virginia Beach); 
Murdoch, Hep. Exped. Point Barrmo, p. 148 (1885: May to Sept., 
breeding); Bverm. Auk, iii. p. 91 (1880: Ventura Co., California) ; 
Scott, t. c. p. 38fc> (Tuczon, Arizona); A. O. U. Check-list N. 
Amer.B.y. 153 (1886); Muigw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 1&2 (1887); 
Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 18(3 (lbb7: W. Texas); Ibicns. Broc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. x. p. 163 (1887: K California), p. 198 (Red Bluff); Nelson, 
Mep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 113 (lbb7: Bering Sea, breeding); 
Scott, Auk, v. p. 184 (1888: Florida); Cooke, Bull. U.S. Ay fie. 
no. 2, p. 94 (1888: Mississippi Valley) ; Brewster, Auk, vL p. 69 
(1889: Monomoy Isl., Mass.); Scott, t. c. p. 157 (Gulf Coast of 
Florida); Miller, Auk, viL p. 227 (1890: Cape Cod); Heine f 
Meichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 328 (1890: California); Later, 
Auk, ix. p. 43 (1892: Gray's Harbour, Washington) ; Scott, i. c. 
p. 212 (Oaloosahatchie Region, Florida); Treat, i. <?. p. 389 
(Connecticut); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) 
xxxix. p. 890 (1893: Tsehouktschi Peninsula); A Urn, Auk, x. 
p. 123 (1893); Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mm. Nat. Hist vi. p. 77 (1894: 
Trinidad); Palmer, Auk, xL p. 325 (1894: Washington, D.C.). 
Ereunetes pusiilus, var. occidentals, Later. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. 
No. 4, p. 47 (1876: Tehuantepec). 
Ereunetes pusiilus occidentalis, Midgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 
pp. 202, 22J2 (1880) • Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1882); 
Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 529 (1883: San Quentin Bay, 
Lower California), p. 545 (southern extremity of Lower Calif.1j 

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 625 (1884) ; Seebohm, Geagr. 
JDistr. Charadr. p. 403 (1888), 

Adult male in winter jplumage. General colour above ashy grey, 
with whitish fringes and dusky centres to the feathers; rump and 
central upper tail-coverts darker and more blackish; sides of rump 
and lateral npper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts dusky brown, 
darker in the centre and with ashy margins, the greater series 
broadly tipped with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish; the first primary with a conspicuous white shaft, 
the others with brown shafts, turning whitish before the ends and 
with some white near the outer base of the inner primaries, the 
secondaries ashy white on the inner webs, increasing in extent on 
the inner secondaries, the long innermost ones being brown like the 

57. BEEUKEIES. 
back; tail-feathers ashy, the centre ones with a blackish mark 
-towards the ends; crown of head ashy, streaked with small dusky 
-spots in the centre of the feathers; lores and a distinct eyebrow 

white, as well as the eyelid; sides of face and ear-coverts ashy, 
with narrow dusky lines ; cheeks and under surface of body pure 
white ; the sides of the neck, and especially the fore-neck and lower 
throat, streaked with small dusky spots, in rows; on the centre of 
the lower throat some faint indications of dusky lines; under wing^
overts white, the lower greater coverts ashy: " bill black, becoming 
greenish olive on the basal part of the mandible; feet greenish 
olive ; iris dark brown " (Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgioay). Total 
length 5*6 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-7, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in being much more mottled, the upper surface being deep cinnamon 
with black markings, taking the form of sub-terminal spots; 
the head also cinnamon, broadly streaked with black; the hind-neck 
and upper mantle ashy, tinged with rufous and broadly streaked 
with black; wings as in the whiter plumage, but the quills with 
more strongly developed white shafts and the secondaries with a 
.good deal of white on the inner webs; lores and eyebrow white, 
but the ear-coverts tinged with cinnamon; cheeks and under 
surface of body white, but the black streaks much broader everywhere 
and distributed over the lower throat, breast, and sides of 
body, taking the form of arrow-head spots in many places ; sides 
of upper breast tinged with cinnamon. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Much darker than in winter, 

•with the centres of the feathers black, and with ashy-whitish margins. 
There is scarcely any of the cinnamon-rufous colour on the back 
^which distinguishes the male, and the spots and markings on the 
chest and flanks are not so thickly distributed. Total length 5*5 
inches, wing 3*8, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-9. 
Young. Has a strong tinge of cinnamon-rufous on the upper 

•surface, which consequently much resembles the breeding-plumage 
of the adult male, but the young birds can always be recognized by 
the very distinct white edges to the scapulars and inner secondaries; 
•the hind-neck is ashy brown, in contrast to the head and back; the 
under surface is pure white, with a few dusky streaks on the sides 
of the chest and upper breast, and with a tinge of ochraceous buff 
across the fore-neck. This latter character is also a sure sign of 
immaturity. 
From the striking difference in the length of the bill exhibited by 
a series of this species, it is easy to understand that two races have 
generally been recognized by ornithologists. I find, however, every 

•possible gradation between the two extremes, and the measurements 
of the culmen given below show that no line of demarcation can be 
4rawn, and I have consequently united E, occidentals and E.pusillus. 
It will likewise be noticed that the long-billed and short-billed 
forms occur together, both in their northern breeding-places as well 
as in their winter homes. 
Hal. The same as that of the genus. 

518

a. <$ juv. sk.
[c. 0-65],
b, c,d. 
<$ 2 JUV'sk.[c.0*65-0*7].

e. Ad. sk. [c. 0*7].
f, ff* <3 2 ad. sk.
[c. 0-9-1-01;
h, i Juv. sk.
[c. 0-8]. 
h. $ ad. sk.
[c. 1*05].
I. 2 all. sk.
[c. 0-75].
m. 2 ad. sk.
[c. 0-8].
w,0.cjjuv.et$ad.
sk.[c.0-8-0-851

p. 
Juv. sk.[c.0*7J.
a, r, s. Ad. sk.

[c. 0-9-1*0]. 
t-w. Imm. sk.
[c. 0*85-0*95]. 
CFAKADBIID-2E. 

 Point Barrow, Alaska, July 29

 (J. Murdoch). 
Point 
Barrow, July 29 (J. 
Murdoch: Eenshaw Coll.). 

 Alaska. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, June

(E. W. Nelson: Eenshaw 
Coll). 
St. Michael's (L. M. Turner: 
Eenshaw ColL). 

 Isl. in Franklin Bay, Arctic 
America, July (R. McFarlane: 
Sm. DO. 43,862). 

 Fort George, June 30 (C. 
DrexUr: sm. no. 20,723). 
Fort Simpson.

 49th Parallel, Aug. 7 (G. 31.
Dawson), 

 Vancouver Isl.

 British Columbia.

#. $ ad. sk. • Republican Fork, May 25

[c. 0-8],
y, z. Juv. sk.
[c. 0*85-1*051
a\ b\ Juv. sk.

[c. 0*85-1*0].
c\ <$ ad. sk.

[c. 0*9]. 
^ort

a°L s^


d'. 2

[c. 0*91.
e'.Ad.sk.[c.0*9].

 a<i*

f. 2 sk[
c. 0*95].
g\ S juv. sk.

[c. 0*75].
h'. 6* ad. sk.
[c. 0*75].
H. Ad. sk. [c. 0-75].
h\ 2 j uv* s^*
[c. 0-8j.
r.Ad.sk.[c.0-7].
m'. Juv. sk.

[c. 0*8].
n'. 
Ad. sk.
[c.0-95]. 

 (Dr. E. Coms\. 

 Umatilla Junction, Oregon, 
Aug. (JET. W. E: Eenshaw 
ColL). 
Oakland, California, Aug.

 (W. E. Brewster: Eenshaw 
ColL). 
San Francisco, California, 
Oct. 23 (E. W. E.: Senshaw 
Coll.). 

 Isabel, California, Oct. 
12 (E. W. S.: Senshaw 
ColL). 

 San Pedro, California {&
Coues). 

 Santa Barbara, California, 
July 3 (E. W. E.: Hmskaw 
ColL). 

 Chicago, Illinois (JET. JST.

 Code), 

 "Waukegan, Illinois, May 23

 (E. W. Nelson: Eenshaw 
ColL). 
New York.

 ^ong Island, Sept. 24 (A. K 
Fisher: Senshaw ColL). 
New Jersey (A. L. Seer-

man), 
New Jersey (A. L. Seerman). 


 Calais, Maine.

 Seebohm. Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Capt. Colllnson [P.]„ 
Salvin-Godman Ooll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 B. 
E. Ross, Esq. 
[PA 
N. A. Bound. Comm. 
Dr. Lyall [P."\ 
J. K. Lord, Esq. 
[IV. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll, 

 Salvin-Godman Coll, 

 Seebohm ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll* 

 Dr.R. B.SharpefP.l 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Seebohm ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Hume CoiL 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume ColL 

sk.[c. 0-75-1-15]. 
r\ «'. 5 ad. sk. 

[c. 0-8-0-9]. 
f. Juv. sk. [c. 0-7], 
«'-#'. c? ad-[c.0-91-
1] ; y'-6". $ 
ad. sk. [c 0-951-
11. 

c", dr. tf ad. sk. 

[c. 0-65-0-71. 
e". Ad. sk. 
[c. 0-85]. 
f'-m". <J ad. 
[c. 0-85-1-15] ; 
»", o". $ ad.sk. 
[c. 1-05-1-15]. 
»". $ ad. sk. 
[c. 1-1]. 
£V"-c?$ ad.sk. 
[c. 0-9]. 
s"-a3. Ad. sk. 
[c. 0-7-1-15]. 
¥. <$ ad. sk. 
[c. 0-95]. 
c3. 5 ad. sk. 
[c. 0-75]. 
d*, e\ S ad. 
[c. 0-7] ; $ ad. 
sk. [c. 1-1]. 
/ 3.dad.[c.ri]; 


g, A3, P. 2 ad. 
sk.[c.0-8-l-15J. 
F.Ad.sk.[c.0-7j. 

P. Ad. sk. [c. 0-7]. 
mz-p3. Ad. sk. 
[c. 0-7-0-8]. 
q*-z3. Ad. sk. 
[c. 0-75-1-15]. 
a\ 2 ad. sk. 
[c. 0-85]. 
£4.Ad.sk.[c.0-8]. 
c* d\ Ad. sk. 

[c. 0-7-0-9]. 
e% fK Ad. sk. 
[c.0-7]. 
#*. $ ad. sk. 

[c.0 7]. 
A4.Ad.sk.[c.0-8]. 
z4~w4. Ad. sk. 

[c. 0-7-0-8]. 
0% p4. Ad. sk. 
[c. 0-75]. 
a4 r4. tf ad. sk. 
[c. 0-75-0-8]. 
57 . EEEUOTTES. 
Massachusetts, Aug. (Henshaw 
Coll.). 

Ipswich, Massachusetts, Aug. 

(C. J. Maynard). 
Pennsylvania (Krider). 
Tarpon Springs, Florida, Oct. 
tb Jan. (W. F.D.Scott). 

Florida, Oct., Aug. (W. 
Hoxie: Henshaw Coll.). 
Bermudas, July. 

Corpus Ohristi, Texas, Oct., 
Nov. (F. B. Armstrong). 

Hermosillo, State of Sonora, 
Nov. (F. Ferrari-Perez). 
Mazatlan, Nov. 24 (A. A. 


Forrer). 
Cozumellsl. (G.F. Gaumer). 

Carranza, Guatemala (O. S.). 

Duenas, April 12 (0. &). 

San Jos6, Guatemala, Jan. 

(0. &). 
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. 

(0. S.). 
Panama (J. McLeannan). 
Jamaica. 
St. Vincent, W.I., Sept., Oct. 


(D. W. Smith). 
Grenada, W.I., July, Aug., 
Sept. (D. W.Smith). 
Antigua, Feb. {H. W. Feilden). 

Barbados. 

Trinidad. 

Cayenne. 

Carthag6na. 

Island of Mexiana, Dec. 

{A. H. Wallace). 
Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). 
Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherei' 

Paracas__Bay,
,,racas Bay Peru,

Per Oct. 

(A. H. Marhham)
Mar" 

Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Savile Eeid 

to.]. 

Salvin-Godman CoH. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

West Indian Committee 
[P.], 
Sir R. Schomburgk 
[0.].

Old Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


520 
CHAKAEBHDiE. 

Subfamily IX. SCOLOPACIKEL 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Tarsus longer than the culmen. 
a'. Centre tail-feathers produced beyond 
the others .. . *.. 08. TBINGITES, p. 521. b'. 
Centre tail-feathers not produced 
beyond the others. 
a". Hind toe very small, not equal to [p. 524, 
half the length of the outer toe 59. JSCHITOBHYXCHUS, 
b'r. Hind toe long, more than half the 
length of the outer toe GO. PBOSGBOXIA, p. 525. 
h* Tarsus and culmen practically equal in length. 
c'. No hind toe 61. CALIDBIS, p. 526. 
d'. A hind toe present. [p. 535. 

c". Bill spatulate 62. EUBHYXOBHYXCHUS, 
d". Bill not spatulate. 
a'". Tarsus about equal to middle 
toe and claw 63. LiaroxrrEs, p. 537. 
b'". Tarsus longer than middle toe and [p. 561. 
claw 64. HETEBOPYGIA, 

c. Culmen longer than tarsus. 
e'. Eye not placed so far back in the head; 
the auricular orifice placed well behind 
the level of the hinder line of the eye. 


e". Tarsus not equal to middle toe ; tibia 
feathered to tibio-tarsal joint 65. ABQTTATELLA, p. 578. 
/". Tarsus exceeding middle toein length; 
tibia bare above tibio-tarsal joint, 

c"'. Bill slender and tapering, not compressed 
in the middle,with a sharp 
culminal ridge; the end of the bill 
decurved, and by no means broader [p. 585. 
than the middle .......... 66, A^TCYLOCHTLXTS, 

d'". Bill slender, with a culminal ridge, 
but widening at the end; the tip 
straight, not decurved. 


a*. Tail square, the middle feathers 
not prolonged; inner secondaries 
falling short of primaries hj 
more than length of tarsus ,. 67. TBINGA, p. 593. 

¥. Tail pointed, the middle feathers 
prolonged and acuminate; inner 
secondaries nearly as long as 
primaries, and falling short of 
the latter by less than length of 
tarsus 68. PELIDXA, p. 602. 

e"\ 
Bill with abroad and flat culmen^ 
tapering to an awl-shaped point; 
the tip slightly decurved 69. LIMICOLA, p. 612. 

f. 
Eye placed further back ; the auricular 
orifice just below the hinder line of 
the eye. 
g". 
Tarsus not so long as the middle toe 
and claw. 
/"'. With a hind toe. 
tf4. Outer primaries not attenuated, 
except the small bastard quill. 


58 . TRINGITES. 521 
a5. Long inner secondaries equal 
to the primaries in length; 
black markings on head and 
neck longitudinal. 


aB. With two notches in the 
posterior margin of the 
sternum 70. GALLINAG-O, p. 616. 

b6 

. With four notches in the 
posterior margin of the [p. 665. 
sternum 71. LIMNOCBYPTES, 

b5. Long inner secondaries falling 
perceptibly short of the primaries 
; black markings on 
head and neck transverse. 


c6. Tibia bare above the tarsal [p. 670. 
joint 72. NEOSCOLOPAX, 

dB. Tibia feathered to tarsal 

joint 73. SCOLOPAX, p. 671. 
d\ Three outer primaries attenuated 
in a remarkable degree .. 74. PHILOHELA, p. 679. 
g"\ With no hind toe 75. PHEGOBNIS, p. 681. 

h". Tarsus equal to the middle toe and 
claw; bill not perceptibly widened 
at the end nor pitted; the tip decurved 
: sexes remarkably dissimilar 
in plumage , 76. ROSTBATULA, p. 683. 

58. TIOTGKETES. T 
Tringites, Cab. J.f. 0.1856, p. 418 T. sub-rufiqollis. 
Mange. North America, nesting in the north and migrating in 
-winter as far as Amazonia", Brazil, and Paraguay. 

1. Tringites siifo-ruficollis. 
Chorlito garganta blanca acanelada, Azara, Apimt. iii. p. 320 (1805). 
Tringa subrufieollis, Vieill. N. Diet. oVMist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 465 (1819: 
Paraguay); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 580 (1845); Marti. Ind. Azara, 

p. 25 (1847). 
Tringa rufescens, Vieill. N. Diet. oVHist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 470 (1819) ; 
id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 105, pi. 238 (1834); TarreU, Trans. Linn. Soc. 

xvi. p. 110, pi. xi. (1833: Melbourne, Cambridgeshire); Audub. 
Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 451, pi. ccxlv. fig. 1 (1835); Jenyns, Man. Brit. 
Vertebr. p. 214 (1835); Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 326 (1837) • Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 50 (1838); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. iv. p. 408 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxvii, 215 
(1840); Gould in Danoin's Voy.' Beagle,' Birds, p. 130 (1841: 
Montevideo) ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 264, pi. 331 (1842); 
Bond, Zool 1843, p. 148 (Sussex Coast); Giraud, B. Long Isl 
p. 230 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845) ; Bodd, Zool 
1846, p. 1500 (Cornwall); Beickenb. Grail, tab. Ixvii.fig. 657, 
tab. 357. figs. 2803-5 (1850); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 99 (1850) ; 
Macgill Brit B. iv. p. 194 (1852); Putnam, Proc. Ess. Inst. i. 
p. 217 il856: Essex Co., Mass.); Bodd, Zool. 1860, p. 7236 (Land's 
End, Oct.); Brewer, Proc. Post. Soe. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308 (1860: 
Cuba); Saunders, Zool. 1866, p. 389 (Belfast) ; Stevens. B. Norf. 
ii. p. 358 (1870: Norfolk Coast); Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 117; 
Jt. • Gray, B. West Seoil. p. 319 (1871: Caithness) ; Seebohm, 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 446 (1888) ; GatJce, Vogelw. BLelgoh 
522 
CHAKADBIIDJE. 

p. 526 (1891); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xix, (1891); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland). 
Buff-breasted Sandpiper, NuUall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 113 (1834); 
Yarrell, Brit B. ii. p. 634 (1843); B lake-Knox, Zool. 1866, p. 330 
(Co. Dublin); Bodd, Zool. 1870, p. i>346 (Scilly Isl.). 

Actitis rufescens, Schl. Rev, Crit p.xcii (1844j; Blasius, Ibis, 1862, 

p.71 (Heligoland); Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 78 (1864). 
Limicola brevirostris, Zicht. NomencL Av. Mus. BeroL p. 92 (1854 : 
Brazil). 
Actidurus naevius, Heerman, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL Philad. 1854, 

p. 178 (San Antonio, Texas). 
Actiturus rufescens, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856) ; Xeicton, List B, 
Eur. Blasius, p. 18 (1862 : Heligoland); JDegl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. 

ii. p. 209 (1867: Abbeville). 
Tryngites rufescens, Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 418 (Cuba); Cass, in 
Baird's B. X. Amer. p. 739 (185bj ; Cooper 4" Suckley, X. H. 
Wash. Ten*, p. 244 (I860: Shoalwater Bay;; Blakht. Ibis, 1563, 

p. 134; Allen, Proc. Ess. Inst iv. p. 78 (1&U4: Sprinprfield, Mass.); 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit iv. pi. 64 (1865) ; Dresser, Ibis, lattG, p. 39 
(Matamoras, Aug., Sept.); Laicr. Ann. Lyc.X. Y. viii. p. 294 
(1866); ScL § Sab. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 11*9 (Uppnr Ucavali); iid. 
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 754 (Xeberos), p. 979 (Pebas); Laird, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 285; Cones, Proe. Ess. Inst v. p. 292 {180b: "Sew England) ; 
id. Proc. Bost Soc. Xat. Hist xii. p. 123 (1868: S. Carolina); 
Ball fy Barm. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 293 (18**9: Yukon K. ; 
Sitka; Anderson R., breeding); Hartmgy Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 138 
(1872); Coues, Key X. Amer. B. p. 261 (lfc72); Snow, B. 
Kansas, p. 10 (1873); ScL <§-Sah\ NomencL A v. Xcotrop. p. 146 
(1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Upper Ucavali; Xeberos; 
Chamicuros; Pebas); Bidgtv. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x*. p. 285 (1874: 
Illinois); Coues, B. X.-West, p. 506 (lb74); GundL J.f.O. 1875, 
p. 325 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cubana, p. 173 (1876); Dresser, B. Eur. 
viii. p. Ill , pi. 561 (1876); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat 31m, L 
p. 162 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas, spring and autumn); Maynard, 
B. East X. Amer. p. 390 (1879) ; Bidgw. Proc. U. S. Xat 
Mus. iii. p. 201 (lb80); Coues, Check-list X. Amer. B. p. 104 
(1882); Nelson, Cruise M.S.l Corimn,1 p. 90 (1883: Anderson R.y 
breeding; Cape Wankarem, Sibeiia); B. O. U. List Brit. B. 
p. 172 (1883){ Saunders, ed. Yarrelts Brit. B. iii. p. 435 (1883); 
Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Water-Birds X. Amer. i. p. 305 (1884); 
Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 642 (1884); Seebohm, Mist. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 222, pi. 31 (1885); Murdoch, Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885; 
Point Barrow); Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); Murdoch, 
Exped. 
Point Barrow, p. 114 (1885 : June to Aug., breeding); Tacz. 
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 370 (1886) ; Pahnen, Vega-Exped., Fogeif. p. 307, 
tab. 3 (1887); ScL $ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 190 (1889); Feitden, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 497 (Barbados, Oct., rare) ; Sakin, t. c. p. 379 
(Ruatan Isl.); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 587 (1889); Fatio 8? 
Studer, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 50 (1892); Tacz. Mem. Acad. 
Imp. Set. St Pitersb. (7) xxxix. p. 891 (1893). 

Tringoides rufescens, Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 161 (1863); id. Hand-L 

B. iii. p. 46, no. 10283 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 310 (1871: 
Ypanema; Matagrosso, Oct.; Marabitanas, March). 
Tringa stpalida, Xatt Cat; teste Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 310. 
Tryngites subruficollis, A. O. IT. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 158 

(1886); Turner, Contr. Xat Hist Alaska, p. 189 (1886); Nelson, 
Hep. Coll. Alaska, p. 119 (1887: St. Michael's, May) 5 Lloyd, Auk, 

iii. p. 186 (1887: W. Texas, Aug-.) • Cory, t c. p. 319 (Cuba, 
accidental); Bidgw. Man. N. Afner. B. p. 167 (1887) j Cooker 
58. TKI2STG-ITES. i>23Bull. 
U. S. Agric. no. 2, p. 97 (1888: Mississippi Valley); Cory, B. 
West Ind. p. 240 (1889); Butcher, Auk, vi. p. 136 (1889: Long isl.)f 
Cherrie, Auk, ix. p. 332 (1890: Costa Kica); id. Auk, ix. p. 329 
(1892); Mackay, t. c. p. 389 (Nantucket Isl.); Hatch, B. Min


nesota, p. 142 (1892); Cory, Cat. B. West Ind. p. 94 (1892: Greater 
Antilles, Cuba and Barbados); Allen, Auk, x. p. 125 (1893). 

Adult male. General colour above mottled, the feathers being 
black, with sandy-coloured edges , the scapulars like the back; the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like the rest of the back,, 
but the sandy margins deeper in colour and not so distinct, the 
lateral tail-coverts being whitish, with a sub-terminal line of brown; 
outer lesser wing-coverts black, fringed with white ; the remainder 
of the coverts brown, with blackish centres and pale edges, the greater 
series with some irregular sub-terminal lines of blackish; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and primaries brown, tipped with white, with 
a sub-terminal shade or bar of black; the inner webs marbled with 
black; the secondaries white, marbled with black near the ends 
and having a black sub-terminal bar; long inner secondaries blackish,. 
With broad sandy-buff edges; centre tail-feathers blackish brown ;. 
the remainder pale ashy brown, tipped with white, before which is 
a broad sub-terminal bar of black, the outer feathers with other interrupted 
narrow bars of black; crown of head like the back, but the 
black markings smaller than on the latter; base of forehead, lores, 
a narrow eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of body rufescent 
buff, the feathers slightly obscured by whitish margins; the chin 
whitish; the sides of the upper breast spotted with black, the 
centres of the feathers streaked and spotted with black; under 
wing-coverts white, the inner ones beautiful rufescent buff; axillaries 
white; the lower primary-coverts marbled with black; quills 
below white, marbled with black along the inner web : " bill dull 
olive-green, dusky towards the point; feet dull yellowish green, 
claws dusky; iris hazel" (J. J. Aududon). Total length 8 inches,culmen 
0*95, wing 5*1, tail 2*4, tarsus 1-2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but the black marblings 
on the inner web of the primaries not so distinct. Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 5, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*05. 

Young birds. Differ from the adults in having whitish edgings to 
the feathers of the upper surface; the lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts with dark sandy-buff margins; the black subterminal 
bar on the primary-coverts and bastard-wing not so distinct, 
and the secondaries nearly uniform ashy brown, with white 
towards the base of the inner web, but only a little black marbling 
near the ends; the black spots on the sides of the breast very 
minute, and the black marbling on the lower primary-coverts and 
inner webs of the quills much less distinct than in the adults. 

Hal. North America generally in summer, breeding in the high 
north, and migrating in winter to Amazonia, Brazil, and Paraguay. 
Accidental in Europe. 

a-e. c? ad. ;f,g. Point Barrow, Alaska, June Salvin-Godman ColL 
Jh, I 
ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
{J.Murdoch: Hensh. Coll.). 
St. Michael's, Alaska, May (E. Salvin-Godman ColL 
W. Nelson: Hensh. ColL). 

324: 
CHARADRHDJE. 
7c. Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 

<m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o,p. $ $ ad. sk. 
5. $ ad.sk. 
tfW,v. S jttv. sk. 
w. cJ juv. sk. 
#. $ ad.; y-cT. 5 
ad. sk. 
£. <$ ad. sk. 
f,g\ Ad.sk 
A', c? juv. sk. 
;',&'. Ad.sk. 

Z'. c? ad. sk. 
m'. $ ad. sk. 
nr. (S ad. sk. 
o'. 5 juv. sk. 

jp'. Ad. sk. 
qr, r/. J ad. sk. 
s'. Ad. sk. 

N. W. America. 
Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, 
June (i. Clarke). 
Fort Simpson. 
Repulse Bay. 
Repulse Bay, June. 
Clay Co., Dakota, May 22 

(JF. J". Jenchs : Sensk. 
Coll). 

Minneapolis, Minnesota, 
Aug. 1 (JS1 W. Kemlaw). 

Long Island, Massachusetts, 
Aug., Sept. (H. W. Senshaw). 


Ipswieb, Mass., Sept. 5 (C 

J. 
Maynard). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, May 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
Matamoras, Texas, Aug. 21 

(E. E. Dresser). 
Island 
of Ruatan {G, F* 
Gaumer), 

Remedios, U.S. Colombia 

(T. X. Salmon). 
Peru. 
Yquitos, Upper Amazons, 
Sept. 2 (H. Whitehf). 
Yquitos, Sept. 30 (.51 

WMtely). 

Pebas, E. Peru, Aug. 3 (X 

Hauxicell). 
Cosnipata, Peru (IL WJutely). 
Xeberos, E. Peru, Oct. (JS1 

Bartlett). 

Cbamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, 
Sept. (F. Bartlett). 
Mareno, Buenos Ayres, 

Feb. 20. 

Capt. Collinson [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


B.R.Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Rae [P.l. 
Dr. Rae [P. j. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebobm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebobm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Seebobm Coll. 

H. 
Durnford, Esq. 
[G.]. ^ 
59. JBCHMORHYHCHUS. 
Type. 

JEcbmorbyncbus, Coues, B. JVT.-West, p. 506 (1874). M. cancellatus. 

Mange. Confined to Oceania. 

1. iEclmorliyiiclais cancellatus. 
Barred Pbalarope, Lath. Gen* Syn. iii. pt. 17 p. 274 (1785 ; Cbristmas 
IsL, Pacific). 
Tringa cancellata, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 675 (1788). 
Phalaropus cancellatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 777 (1790). 
Tringa parvirostris, Peale, U.S. ExpL Exped., Birds, p. 235, pi. Ixvi. 

fig. 2 (1848: Paumotu IsL) ; JEartl. Wiegm. Archiv, 1852, 
pp. 120, 136; Cass. U.S. Expl Exped. p. 321, pi. 38. fig. 2 
(1858). 

Actiturus rufescens, var. #, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 597 (1856). 
Totanus (Tryngites ?) cancellatus, Gray, Cat B. Trop. Id. Facifie 
Ocean, p. 51 (1859: Cbristmas IsL). 

60 . PKOSOBOKIA. 525> 
Tringoides cancellata, Gray, JBJand-l. B. iii. p. 47, no. 10284 (1871). 
iEchmorhyncIius parvirostris, Cows, B. N.-West, p. 506 (1874). 
Phegornis cancellatus, Seebohm, Geoffr. Distr. Charadr. p. 451, pi. 17 

(1888)5 Wiglem. Abhandl. h. Mus. JDresd. 1890-91, no. 6, p. 6ft 
(1891). 

" Bill short, straight, and slender; wings long, first, second, and 
third quills very nearly equal; tertiaries but very little longer than 
the secondaries; tail rather long, wide, rounded; legs and toes-
long, the former robust; tibia feathered for more than half its length. 
A distinct stripe over and behind the eye ashy white. Entire 
upper parts umber-brown, unspotted on the top of the head, but on: 
other upper parts edged and tipped with ashy white and reddish 
fulvous. Tail-feathers umber-brown, with irregular and imperfect 
transverse narrow bands of ashy and pale reddish-white, and tipped 
with the same. Underparts white, with a tinge of ashy; throat and 
middle of the abdomen unspotted ; breast, sides, and under coverts 
of the tail spotted, and with irregular transverse bars of brown, the 
latter (bars) most apparent on the sides, flanks, and under coverts 
of the tail. Inferior coverts of wing ashy white, irregularly 
spotted with brown. Bill greenish, darker at the tip; legs dark 
green: ' iris dark brown' (Peale). 

" Sexes very nearly alike, female slightly paler." (Cassin.) 
Hob. Paumotou Islands; Christmas Island, Pacific. 


60. PROSOBONIA. m 
Prosobonia, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 562 (1850) ., P. leucoptera. 
Range. Only known from the Society Islands, where it is now 
probably extinct. 


1. Prosobonia leucoptera. 
Tringa pyrrhetraea, Forst. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. no. 120; Ellis, 
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. no. 65; Forst. Descr. Anim. p 174 (1844: 
Otaheiti). 

White-winged Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. JSyn. iii. pt. 1, p. 172, pi. lxxxii. 
(1785 : Otaheite and Eimeo); id. Gen. Hist B. ix. p. 296, pi. cliii. 
(1824). 

Tringa leucoptera, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 678 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 731 (1790); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); Reichenb. 
Grail, tab. lxxiii. fig. 610 (1850) ; Eartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, 
p. 136 (Society Isl.); Westerm. Bijdr. JDierh. i. p. 51, tab. 15 
(1854); Schl. Handl. JDierh. i. p. 435, tab. 7. -&g. 89 (1857). 
Totantis leucopterus, Vieill. N. Diet. flKist. Nat. vi. p. 396 (1817). 
Calidris leucopterus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 526 (1829). 
Prosobonia leucoptera, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 562 (1850), xliii. p. 598 

(1856); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 18 (1864: Otaheite); 
id. Dierent. p. 249, cum fig. (1872). 
Tringa (Prosobonia) leucoptera, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacific 

Ocean, p. 51 (1859: Society Isl.). 
Tringoides leucopterus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 46, no. 10282 (1871). 
Phegornis leucopterus, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 452, pi. 18 

(1888); Wiglem. Abhandl h. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. 6, p. 65* 
(1891). 

526 
CHABA.DBIiID.aB. 

Adult (type of species). General colour of upper surface blackish. 
brown; the lower back and rump ferruginous; centre tail-feathers 
blackish, the rest rufous banded with black, less distinctly on the 
two next the middle pair; wing-coverts blackish, with, a white 
spot near the carpal bend of the wing, formed by some of the lesser 
coverts; crown of head blackish, the hind-neck browner, mixed with 
black; sides of face brown, the lores and ear-coverts slightly more 
reddish, behind the eye a little white spot; cheeks and under surface 
of body ferruginous red, the throat bufly white : " bill black ; feet 
greenish; iris dusky blackish" (J. R. Forster). Total length 
6*7inches, culmen 0-9. wing 4-45, tail 2*15, tarsus 1-3. (Aim. LugtL) 

Hah. Tahiti. 

61. 
CALIDBIS. _ 
Type. 
Calidris, Cuvier, Legons Anat. Comp. tab. ii. (1800; 
descr. nulla) u Maubeche.1* 
Arenaria (nee Briss.), Bechst. Orn. Taschenh. p. 402 A 
(1803) /. C. arenaria. 
Calidris, Uliger, Prodr. Syst. Nat. p. 249 (1811) ..... . 0. arenaria. 
Range, l^earlpcosmopolitan. 

1. Cali&xis arenaria. 
The Sanderling, 
Albin, N. Bid. B. ii. p. 68 (nee pi. 74?) (17:53) ; 
Penn. Arctic ZooL ii. p. 486 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. Hi. pt. I, 

p. 197 (1785); Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 427 (1843); Graham, B. Imaf 
p. 239 (1890). 
La petite Maubeche grise, Briss. Orn. v. p. 236, pi. xx. fijr. (17601. 
Tri#ga arenaria, Linn. Syst. Sat. i. p. 251 (1780); Auduh. B. Amer. 
pi. cexxx.; id. Orn. Bioqr. iii. p. 231 (1835), v. p. 582 (18391; 
id. B. Amer. v. p. 287, pL 338 (1842); Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. 
pp. lxxv, 214 (1840); ScM. Rev. Crit. p. se (1844) ; id. Toy. 
Nederl pi. 235 (1854); id. Bier. XederL Yog. pi. 25.fijrs. 1, 1 a 
(1861); Gundl J. f. O. 1856, p. 422; Brewer, Proc. Bo*t. Sm. 

N. H. vii. p. 303 (1860: Cuba); March, Proc. Pkilad. Acad. 1S64, 
p. 67 (Jamaica); ScM. Mm. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. Q5 (18**4) ; 
Iritsch, Vog. Bur. Taf. 33.fig.7 (1870); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 253 
(1872); Seebohn, Geogr. Bistr. CJiaradr. p. 431 (18G8) ; id. B. 
Japan. JEmp. p. 336 (1890); Wiglesw. AhhandJ. h. Mm. Bresd. 
1890-91, no. 6, p. 94 (1891). 
Charadrius calidris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 255 (1766; ex Briss,); 
Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 688 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. yii. p. 63, 
pi. 59.fi<r.4 (1813^. 

La Sanderling, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 532 (1780). 
Ruddy Plover, Penn. Arctic Zool ii. p. 480 (1785): Lath. Gm. Syn. 
iii.pt.l, p. 195 (1785). 
Charadrius rubidus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I p. 688 (1788): Wilson, Amer. 

Om. vii. p. 129, pi. 58.fig.3 (1813). 
Arenaria vulgaris, Bechst. Orn. Taschenh. p. 464 A (1803). 
FOhorlito pies roxos, Azara, Apu?it. iii. p. 328 (1805), tmde Tringa 

nigellus, Vieill Bnc. With. p. 1103; =C . arenaria, te*te Lichi. 

Verz. Douhl. p. 72 (1823); cf. Marti. Lnd. Azara, p. 25 (1847). 
Arenaria grisea, Bechd. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 368 (1809). 
Arenaria calidris, Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenh. ii. p. 326, cam fig. 

61 . CALIDRIS. 527 
(1810); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 335 (1837); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 

p. 101 (1850). 
Oalidris arenaria, llliger, Prodr. p. 249 (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 
ii. p. 524 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 8 (1827); Swains. 
(§• Bichai-ds. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 366 (1831: breeds on 
Hudson's Bay as low as 55° N. lat.) ; Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. 
Orn. iii. p. 31 (1832); Menetr. Cat Bais. Cauc. p. 52 (1832: 
Baku) ; Naum. Vog. Beutschl. vii. Taf. 182 (1834); Crespon, Orn. 
Gard, p. 352 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. 
p. 238 (1840: Odessa; Crimea); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, 
p. 124 (1842) ; Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 107 (1844); id. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 581 (1845); Bilpp. Syst Uebers. p. 126(1845); 
Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 354 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. 
p. 758 (1848: R. Waini); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 121 (1849) ; 
Reichenb. Mandb. Grail tab. lxxii. iigs. 605-607 (1851); 
Marcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); Macgill Hist. Brit. B. 
iv. p. 237 (1852) ; Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1, Suppl. 
Taf. xv. figs. 4, 5 (1852) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 371 (1856: 
Coasts of Central Brazil); Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 238 (1857: 
Gambia; Gold Coast) ; Kittl. Benkw. i. p. 254 (1858): Scl P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 230 (Santa Comapam, S. Mexico, Jan.); Baird, Cassin, fy 
Later. B. N. Amer. p. 723 (1858); Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 369 
(Jalapa); Jaub. fy Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 470 (1859) ; Scl. 
fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 229 (Pacific Coast of Central America); 
A. $ E. Newt. t. c. p. 256 (S. Croix); Meugl t. c. p. 348 (Zeila; 
Berbera, Sept. to Nov.); Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. lxxvi. fig. 1 
(1860); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 141 (I860); Poioys, Ibis, 
1860, p. 343; Sioinh. t. c. p. 359 (Amoy), 1861, p. 342 ; Beinh. Ibis, 
1861, p. 11 (Greenland; Disco, breeding); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 694 
(1863: Nellore Coast); Boch fy E. Neioton, Ibis, 1863, p. 169 
(Madagascar); Swinh. t. c. p. 414 (Formosa); Blakist. t. c. p. 132 
(Mackenzie River): Gray, List Brit B. p. 171 (1863); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 315 (Amoy, Sept. to May); A.Neiot in BaringGould}
s < Iceland; p. 413 (1863: ? breeding) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, 
p. 377 (Grinisey Isl., Iceland, ? breeding); id. t. c. p. 452 (Palestine, 
rare in winter); Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 386 (Brit. Honduras); 
Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 95 (Benguela); Gurney, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 272 (Natal); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 (Chili); Layard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 332 (Cape Colony); Degl. # Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 188 
(1867) ; Locke, Expl Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 303 (1867); Scl $ Salv. 
B.Z. S. 1868, pp. 176,570 (Tambo Valley); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 327 
(Palestine); Smith, t. c. p. 455 (Portugal); Byboioski fy Parvex, 
J.f. 0.1868, p. 338 (Darasun); JDallfyBann. Tr. Chicago Acad. 
i. p. 292 (1869: May to October); Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutschL 
p. 116 (1869); Boderl.Avif. Sicil p. 192 (1869); Elwes 8? Buckley, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Kusteiidji); Sioinh. t. c. p. 363 (Hainan); Scl 
$ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Bindloe IsL, Galapagos); Finsch fy 
Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 767 (1870: Mozambique); Prfev. Putesch. 
Ussuri, no. 168 (1870); Gray, Mand-l. B. iii. p. 51, no. 10324 
(1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital, tfec. p. 211 (1871); B. Gray,B. West 
Scotl. p. 261 (1871); Meugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1196 (1871: 
April and May); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (S. Spain); Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 312, 458 (Ypanema, Cajutuba, Nov.); Marting, 
Mandb. Brit. B. p. 49 (1872); Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, 

iii. p. m (1872); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 311 (1872) ; 
Meugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 63 (Waigatz Isl., Sept.); Coues, Key N. Amer. 
B. p. 257 (1872) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); 
CHAEADEHD^I. 

Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia): Severts. Turhest. Jevofnr 

p. 69 (1873); Gould, B. Gt. Brit iv. pL 66 (1873); Hayes Lloydr 
Ibis, 1873, p. 417 (Gulf of Kutch); mane, Str. F. i. p. 244 
Gibr. p. 174 (187-5: winter to May) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 86 
(Salt River, Cape Town); JDanf. \ Harme-Brown, t c. p. 424 
(Transylvania) : Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 148 (ISToJ; Scully, Str. F 

v. p. 188 (1875: Yarkand, Oct.); Annstr. t c. p. 343 (Elephant 
Point); Hume, I e. p. 465 (Laccadives); id. t c. p. 49G (Kutch); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 411; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 249s 
(1876: Kultuk, Darasun); Seeb. fy Harvie-Broxcn, Ibis, 1876, 
p 308 (Petchora R.); Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 283 (1876: Mekran 
Coast); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 503 (1876 : Bindloe Island); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 156 (1877: R. ^ istula, Oct.); 
Butler, Str. F. v. pp. 215, 233, 236 (1877); David $ Oust Ois. 
Chine, p. 467 (1877: China Coast only); Feid, Zool. \hi 7, p. 477 
(Bermudas) ; Hartl. Yog. Madag. p. 333 (1877); Bremer, B. Fun 
•viii. p, 101, pis. 559, 560 (1877); Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 408 
(Grinnell Land, breeding); id. App. to No-res1 Toy. ii. p. 210, 
cum tab. color. (1878; Grinnell Land, egg); Blaknt. Sf Prytr, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 221 (S.B. Yezo); Bumf. t c. p. 404 (Tambo P« »int) ; 
GundL An. Soc. Fsj>. Hist Fat. vii. p. 376 (1878: Porto Rico); 
Merrill, Froc. U.S. Fat Mm. i. p. 161 (1878: Padre & Brazos 
IsL, S. Texas, July 10); Later, t c. p. 197 (S. Vincent), p. 450 
(Guadeloupe); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 159 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, 
p 1220 (1879: Negombo Lake); Hume, Sir. F vui. p. 113 
(1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc.j. 63 (1879); Firnch, Verh. 
z-b. Ges. Wien,xax. p.253 (1879: TundraX. of Schtschutschja); 
Cory,B. Bahamas, p. 1G0 (1880: Jan.); Finsch, Bis, I860, p. 331; 
Seeb. jftfc,1880,p. *94 (Yenesei R.); Fimch, t c. p. 331 (Marshall 
IsL, Oct.); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 85 (1880: S. Konkao); A. <§* F. 
Newt. Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 116; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, 
v. 473 (1881); Maynard, B. Fast N. Amer. p. 386 (1881); 
Fidgw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 10 (Talcahuano, Chili); Shelley, t. c. p. 600 (Lamo, E. 
Africa); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 223 (Sarepta), p. 381 (Archangel, 
autumn); Neale, F. Z. S. 1882, p. 654 (Franz Josef Land); 
Blakist §• Pryer, B. Japan, p. 112 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise' Corwin,' 
p. 88 (1883 : Alaska); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Coquimbo) ; 
Boucard, t e. p. 462 (Yucatan); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 187 (Santander, 
May); B. O. V. List Brit B. p. 172 (1883); Booth, 
Bough Notes, part 2 (1883); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Br. B. iii. 
p. 420 (1883); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 52 (Pamir); Oates, Handb. 
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 398 (1£83); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. AJr. 
p 684 (1884: Port Elizabeth; E. London); Baird, Brewer, $ 
Fidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 249 (1884); Coues, Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 633 (1884); Fverm. Auk, i. p. 91 (1884; 
Ventura Co., OaL, winter); Murray, Veriebr. Faun. Sind, p. 252 
(1884); Blakht Amend. List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884: Japan 
Generally), p. 37 (Kuriles); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 133 
?1884: coast in winter); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 99 (1884; 
range); Madde, Orn. Cauc. p. 428 (1884; Lenkoran, winter)-
Finsch, Vog. der Siidsee, p. 56 (1884: Jaluit, Oct.); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 223 (1884: Lake CiaMaka, Nov.); 
Seebohm, Hist Brit B. iii. p. 221, pi. xxvii fig. 8 (1885); Stejn. 
61. CALIDEIS. 529 
Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 122 (1885: Bering- IsL, Sept.); 
Turner, Proc. US. Nat. Mus. viii. p, 247 (1885: Koksoak R., 
Labrador); Terbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21 (Aden); Gigl. Avif Ital 

p. 390 (1886) ; Slater $ Carter, Ibis, 1886, p. 50 (N. Iceland); Salv. 
t. c. p. 179 (British Guiana); Pleske, Uebers. Saug. <§• Vog. Kola-
Halb. p. 356 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 353 (1886: Cliorillos); 
Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 189 (1886: Alaska); 
A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 153 (1886); Salvad. Bene. 
Ucc. Ital p. 217 (1887); Nelson, Pep. N. II. Coll. Alaska, p. 115 
(1887: N. Alaska; breedingE. ot'Pt. Barrow; Nulato; It. Yukon); 
Pidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 168 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 391 
(Portugal, Aug. to Nov.); Beekh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 652 
(1887: Corpus Ckristi, Texas, April); Scott, Auk, iv. pp. 219, 
276, 278 (1887: Florida to Mav 28); Green, t. c. p. 350 (L. 
Onondaga, N.Y.) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 82 (1887: 
Kauai), p. 130 (Commander IsL) ; Palmen, Vega-Exped., Pogelf 
p. 307, tab. 3 (1887); Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 23*6 (1888); Butcher, 
Auk, v. p. 179 (1888: Long IsL, Aug. & Nov.); Cooke, Bull U.S. 
Agric. no. 2, p. 94 (1888 : Mississippi Valley); Pidgw. Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xii. p. 120 (1889 : Bindloe IsL) ; Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 236 
(1889: Antilles, winter); Scl ty Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 186 
(1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1839, p. 341 (Cyprus, Oct.); Salvin, t. c. p. 379 
(Cozumel); Feilden, t c. p. 459 (Barbados, Aug. to Dec); 
Pelchen. Si/st. Verz. Vdg. Beutschl. p. 49 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. 
p. 157 (1889); Giglioli, Avif. Ital, 1st Pesoc. p. 592 (1889), 2nd 
Pesoc. p. 646 (1890), 3rd Pesoc. p. 509 (1891); Mackay, Auk, vii. 
p. 294 (1890: Mu^keget IsL, Mass., winter); Scott, t. c. p. 308 (Dry 
Tortugas, spring); Everett, Ibis, 1890, p. 465 (Baram Point); 
Eagle Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 13 (Jan May en); id. Auk, vii. p. 82 
(1890: Hudson's Bay) ; Cory, Auk, vii. p. 374 (Anegada IsL, 
winter); Heine 8f Peichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 328 (18901 
Harz Mts.; Mexico; Java; Guiana); Koenig, J. f 0.1890, p. 314 
(Tenerife); Palmer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 260 (1890: 
Newfoundland, Aug.) ; Thomps. t c. p. 501 (Manitoba); Brusina, 
Motr. etc. {Orn. Croat.) p. 90 (1890) ; McFarlane, Proc. US. Nat. 
Mus. xiv. p. 427 (1891: near Franklin Bay); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap 
Horn, Ois. p. 296 (1891); Sharpe, Sci. Pes. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, 
p. 139(1891); Wiglesw. Abhandl Mus.Dresden, no. 6,p. 64(1891); 
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiv. p. 492 (1891: Japan); Eager up, 
B.' Greenland, p. 55 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 33i, 506 
(Lower Yangtse); Miller, Auk, viii. p. 119 (1891: Cape Cod, 
Sept.); Madardsz, Erldut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 110 (1891: 
Hungary) ; Sclialow, J.f.O. 1891, p. 259; Peiser, Vog. Landesm. 
Sarajevo, p. 128 (1891: Bosnia, spring); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. 
p. 145 (1891) ; Buckley fy Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney 
IsL p. 219 (1891); Newt. Pec. Austr. Mus. ii. p. 22 (1892 : 
Australia); Scott Wilson fy Evans, Av. Hawaii, part iii. (1892) ; 
Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 469 (N. Borneo); A. Newt. Add. 'Ibis,1 1892, 
pp. 1, 2; Fatio §• Studer, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 50 (1892); 
Koenig, J.f. 0.1892, p. 91 (Tunis); Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. part 
xxi. (1892); Peichen. JB. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. x. p. 7 (1893: 
Zanzibar); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 171 (Aden); Meade-Waldo, t. c. 
p. 205 (Canary IsL); Styan, t. c. p. 437 (Hainan); Tacz. Mem. 
Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pitersb. (7) xxxix. p. 841 (1893); Chapm. 
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 77 (1894 : Trinidad) ; Peichen. 
Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 41 (1894: Bukoba) ; Peiser, Ornis 
Balcanka, p. 171 (1894); Sharpe, Ibis, 1894, p. 541 (Labuan; 
YOL. xxiv. 2 M" 

CHAEABE1ID-SI. 

Tampussak R.; Baram Point); Eagle Claricef Ibis, 1895, p. 208 
(Delta of the Rhone); &. J. $ C & Pearson, t. c. p. 248 
(Iceland). 

Trynga tridactyla, Fall, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 198 (1811: Lake 
Baikal). 
Calidris grisea, Meyer, Yog. Liv- v. Esthl p. 177 (1815); Brehm, 
Fog, Deutschl p. 674 (1831). 
Calidris rubidus, Vieill, N. Diet d'Hist. Nat, xxx. p. 127 (1819). 
Calidris tringoides, Vieill. Gal. Ois. iii. p. 95, pL 234 (1825), 
Calidris aniericana, JBrehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 675 (1831). 
Tringa (Calidris) arenaria, Middend. Eek. Sibir., Zool p. 219 (1851: 
Taimyr River; Boganida, June). 
CaJidris'muelleri, JBrehm, Vog elf. p. 318 (1855). 
? Tringa, sp.; Streets, Amer. Nat. 1877, p. 71 (Christmas and Palmyra 
Isls.). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above light ashy 
grey, with more or less distinct hoary white edgings to the feathers, 
and obsolete blackish shaft-stripes, somewhat more distinct on the 
lower back and ramp; scapulars like the back; sides of lower back 
and ramp white; upper tail-coverts blackish, edged and tipped 
with white, the lateral ones entirely white; lesser wing-coverts 
blackish; median ones ashy, broadly edged with white, and with a 
blackish shaft-line; greater coverts blackish, narrowly edged and 
broadly tipped with white, forming a broad white band across the 
wing ; bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts blackish, the outer 
narrowly, but the inner ones broadly, tipped with white; quills with 
white shafts, and a broad white base to the feathers; the secondaries 
edged with white at the tip; the primaries ashy white for the 

greater part of the inner web, the elongated inner secondaries 
white on both webs; centre tail-feathers ashy grey, blackish 
towards the tips, with white shafts and margins to the feathers; 
remainder of tail-feathers dusky brown, whitish on the Inner webs, 
margined externally with white and having white shafts; crown of 
head like the back, with tiny dusky centres ; abroad frontal band, 
lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of body pure white; 
sides of neck light ashy grey like the back; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pure white, the edge of the wing mottled with dusky 
centres to the feathers; quills below dusky whitish along the inner 
web ; " bill and feet olive-black; iris dark brown " (L. Stejneger). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4*75, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*9, 
middle toe and claw 0*7. 

Adult female in winter plumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*75, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*95, 
middle toe and claw 0*75. 

Adult male in summer 'plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in being mottled and not uniform, the upper surface being cinnamon-
rufous, mottled with black centres to the feathers, which 
have hoary whitish or ashy edges; the inner secondaries 
cinnamon-rufous like the scapulars and back; sides of lower back 
and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white; sides of face, throat, 
and sides of breast deep cinnamon-rufous, mottled with, black 

61 . CALIDEIS. 531 
centres to the feathers ; rest of under surface white. Total length 

6-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-9, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*9, middle toe 

and claw 0*75. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but has 

not quite so much bright rufous in the plumage, the fore-neck 

being barred with blackish. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*05, 

wing 4-9, tail 1*95, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 0*8. 

Young. Somewhat similar to the winter plumage of the adult, but 
not so uniform above; the entire under surface of body pure white, as 
also the forehead and sides of face, but the centre of the forehead is 
mottled with blackish to the base of the bill, and there is a dusky 
streak between the bill and the eye, as well as along the upper 
edge of the ear-coverts; on the sides of the breast and on the fore-
neck there is generally a tinge of vinous buff or* viuous ; sides of 
the upper breast and the sides of the neck distinctly spotted 
with black. The upper surface is for the most part black, mottled 
with spots of white or sandy whitish, these spots being mostly terminal 
on the back and scapulars; the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts are ashy with a sandy-buff tip and a sub-terminal spot 
of black, and fringed at the tips with a narrow blackish line, giving 
the rump the appearance of being lined transversely with black; 
the head is also blackish, varied with brown or whitish edges to 
the feathers, and forming a more or less distinct cap, which is 
separated from the mantle by the light colour of the hind-neck, 
which is ashy streaked with dusky brown; wings much as in the 
winter plumage of the adult, but the greater and median coverts, as 
well as the inner secondaries, mottled like the back. 

The plumage above described is the one in which the Sanderling 
is most frequently met with in Great Britain, as by far the greater 
number of birds which visit our shores are birds of the year. 

Old birds arriving in autumn from the North in very worn 
plumage certainly moult before leaving England for their winter 
home, and I have found traces of a moult in some few immature 
individuals, showing that in the first winter the young bird of the 
year also attains a complete winter plumage, like that of the old 
birds. More than one specimen obtained in the winter quarter of 
the species proves the correctness of this theory. 

I believe that the breeding-plumage is not gained by a moult 
only, for I have examined some specimens in partial breeding-
plumage, which show that the nuptial dress is donned by means 
of a change in the pattern, as well as by a complete change of 
feather. 

Hah. Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in the Arctic Regions, and 
visiting all the Southern continents in winter. 

a. Ad. sk. England. Theodore Eisher,Esq. 
h. Ad. aestiv. sk. England. Hume Coll. 
[c. 1-0]. 
c. Juv. St. Inverness, N.B. Purchased. 
2M 2 

532 
CHAEADRIIDiE. 

d. d imm. sk. 
[c. 1-0]. 
e, f. d 2juv.sk 
'[c. VO-1'05]. 
(/, h. Juv. sk. 

* [c. 1-0-1-05]. 
i} k. cfad. ot juv. 
sk. [c. 1-05]. 
I Ad. sk. 

Orkney Islands, Aug. 24 (R G. 
jr."n.). 
Thurso, N.B., Aug-. 30 (B. G. 

W. It). 
Isle of Grain, Sept. (JR. G. W. 
II). 
Island of Tiree, Aug. 22. 

Lancashire, May. 

<m-q. Ad. et juv. Tetney, Lincolnshire, Sept. 

sk. [c. 0:951-
05 J 

r. Ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
t~V. Ad.Jc.1'0VIJ 
etjuv.sk. 

[c. 0-9-1-05]. 
c'. Juv. St. 
d'. Ad. sk. 

e',/\ tf$ ad. 
se&tiv. sk. 

[c. 0-9-1-0]. 
#', h',i'. Juv.sk. 
[c. 0-9-1-05]. 
Jc'. d juv. sk. 
I'. Juv. sk. 
m'. Ad. sk. 
n\ o', p'. Juv. 

sk.[c. 1-0-1-05]. 
qf. Ad, sk. 
r', 5'. Juv. sk. 

tf'. Imm. st. 

?/. $ ad. sk. 
[c P05];t,'. 
Ad. sk. 

w\ #'. d S ad. 
sk. 
y'. d ad. sk. 

*', a". $ ad. sk. 

[c. 1-0-1*051. 
&"-/"• cJ ad. 
[c. 0-9-1-1" 
g". ? ad. si 
[c. 1-05]. 
h", i". d ad. 
[c. 0-95-1-0] j 
*". ? ad. sk. 
[c. 1-1] 
Wells, Norfolk. 

Southend. 
Romney Marsh, Kent, Aug., 
Sept." 

Romney Marsh. 

Brighton, Sussex. 

Lancing, Sussex, May 6. 

Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 5. 

Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 10 

(J. E. JECarting). 
Cornwall. 
Marocco (Olcese). 
Heligoland, Sept. 26-Oet. 5 

(JR. B. 8.). 
Heligoland, Jan. (L. Gcitke). 
Heligoland, Sept. 26-Oct. 2 

(II. &). 
Archangel. 

River Petchora, Northern Russia 

(J. A. Harvie-Browri). 
R. Petchora, July (H. 8. $ 
j. A. m B.). 
Missolonglii, Greece, May 27 
(J!. S.). 
Gwadar, Baluchistan, Dec, 
Jan. 
Karachi, Sind, Feb. 1872 (A. 

O. JET.). 
Karachi, August (E. A. Butler). 


Tweeddale Ooll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Colonel Irby [P.]. 

J. 
E. Hartina*. Esq. 
[0.]. 
J. Caton Haidi, Esq. 
[p.]. 
C. Coniughame, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Old Coll. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

Dr. Gordon HOSTS: 
[P.]. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 

Dr. Giinther [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. 
DP-]. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Col. Peilden [P.J. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

61. CALIDEIS. 533 
I", m". Ad. sk. Mandavu, Kutch, Jan. 7 (F. Hunie Coll. 

[c. l'0-l-Oo]. Stoliczka). 
n". Juv. sk. Balacheri, Kathiawar, Oct. 15. Col. Hayes Lloyd 
[c 0-95]. [P.], 
o". $ ad. sk. Malvan, South Konkan, Jan. 23 Hume Coll. 


[c. 1-0]. (G. Vidal). 
p", q"' 6 2 ad, Bitripar, Laccadives, Feb. 14 Hume Coll. 
sk.[c.0-85-l-0]. (A. 0. JEL.). 
r". tf ad. sk. Elephant Point, Burma, Dec. 1 Hume Coll. 


[c. 1'061 (J. Armstrong), 
s".Ad.sk.fc.0*95]. Tampussak River, N.W.Borneo. W. Pretyman, Etq. 
t". Juv. sk. Baram River, Sarawak, Oct. A. H. Everett, Esq. 

[c. 1-05]. [C.]. 
u". Juv. sk. Labuan, Oct. A. H. Eveivtt, Esq. 
[CO


v". 2 Juv* s^« S. Yezo, Japan, Sept. (Capt. Tweeddale Coll. 

[c. 1-05]. Blakiston). 
to", .r". Ad. sk. Yokohama, May (Snow). Seebohm Coll. 
y". Ad. sk. Amoy, China, April (M. Swin- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe), 
z", a3. Juv. sk. Amoy, Nov. (JR. &). Seebohm Coll. 

African specimens. 

63. Ad. hiem. sk. R. Gambia. Governor Rendall 
[c. 1-0]. [C.]. 
c3. Juv. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 
[c. P07]. 
d?. $ ad. hiem. Walvisch Bay, April 14 (C. J. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. [c. 0*95]. Andersson). 
6V3* 6ad-kiem. Walvisch Bay, Oct., Dec. (C. J. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. A.). 
g\ h3. d $ ad. sk. Walvisch Bay, Oct. (C.J. A.). Seebohm Coll. 
P,ks. Ad. hiem. Cape Colony (E. L. Layard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

8k.[c.0-95-l-0]. 

P. Ad. sk. Cape Colony (JS. L. layard). Seebohm Coll. 
m3. Ad. st Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
nz. Ad. sk. Durban, Natal, March 29 Seebohm Coll. 
(JS. S.). 
oz. Ad.sk.[e. 10]. Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [C.]. 
pz. Ad. sk. Lainu, E. Africa (Sir J. Kirk). Seebohm Coll. 

American specimens. 
q\ 2 ad. sk) Arctic Regions, lat. 82° 32', Colonel Feilden [0.]. 

[c. 1-051 June 4. 
r3,^. d2ad.sk. Kane's Folly, lat. 82° 33', Colonel Feilden [0.]. 
[c. 0-95-1-05]. July 12. 
tz. u3. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.]. 
[c 1-0-1-05]. 
v\ w3. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Collinson [P.]. 

[c. 1-0-1-05], 
xz. Juv. sk. Albany River, N, America. G. Branston, Esq. 
[c.1-0]. [P.]. 
w3. Juv. sk. Straits of San Juan de Fuca. Capt. Kellett and 

[c. 1-05]. Lieut. Wood [P.]. 
s3, a*. Ad. sk. Shoalwater Bay, Washington Seebohm Coll. 
Terr. (Dr. A. L. Heerman). 

5te 
CHASIDKIIBJE. 

54, c4. S ad. Santa Barbara, California, Salvin-Godman Call, 

[c. 1*05]; d\ Nov. 10 (Hensk Coll). 
£4. 2 ad. sk. 
re. 0-951. 
/ 4 . J ad. sk. San Cristobal Bay, Lower Cali- Salvin-Goduian Coll. 

[c. 1-0]. fornia, Nov. lo* (C. H. 
Townsend: Hensh. Coll.). 
gi. Juv. sk Bay of Fundv (H. E. Dresser). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[c. 1-05]. 
h*, i*. Ad. et juv. New Jersey (H. E. Dresser)* Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk.[c.l*0-l*0o]. 

7zK Ad. sir.
I1. 2 ad. [c. 1*1];
m\ n\ $ juv.
sk. [c. 1*15].
o4 . Ad. sk.
[c. 1-05].
p4 . Juv. sk. 
New Jersey (Dr. Heerman). 
Long Island, Massachusetts, 
Sept. 3 (# . W. H.: Jffi»ja£. 
(M.). 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
Nov. 11 (H W. H.: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
Ainsworth, Illinois, Auo% 29 
Seebolim CoH. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[c. 0-95]. (E. W. Nelson: HensLColL). 

q*. <$ ad. [c. 0*9]; Waukepran, Illinois, May 24 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

?A 

7 sK $ ad. sk. (E. W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll.), 

[c. 1-0-1-1], 
llIV*

t1!" S sk. Sheffield, Indiana, Sept. (IL K. Salvin-Godman Coil 

[c. 0*95]. Code i Hensh. Coll.). 
«4. S ad', sk. Melbourne, Florida, Sept 10 Salvin-Godman Coll 
[c. 1-05], ( W. Hade i Hensh. Coll). 
vK Ad. sk. Bermuda. Capt. Savile Ileid 
|C:. 
w\ xl7 yK S ad. Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[c. 1-0-1-1] ; Nov. (E B. Armstrong). 
z'-d5. g ad.sk. 
[e. l-05-l'l], 
e\ f5. 2 ad. sk. San Bias, Tepie, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
£c 1-1]. April -2o( W.B. Richardson). 
g\ $ ad. sk. Misantla, Vera Cruz, Nov, 14 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[c. 1*1]. (F. Ferrari-Perez). 
h% i\ S 2 ad. Santa Ana, Jalapa, Oct (F. Salvin-Godman Coll 
sk. [c. 1#1], Ferrari-Perez). 
F~~p\ Ad. sk. Co2umel Island (^.J1. GaumerX Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[c. 1-0-1-1]. 
g5. 2 ad. sk. Lighthouse Beef, British Hon- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[c. 1-0]. duras, May 20 (O. Salmn). 
r5. S ad. sk. Carranza, Guatemala, March 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[c. 1-0]. (O. &). 
s\ Ad.sk.[c.l*05]. Cfciapam, Guatemala (O. &)« Salvin-Godman Coll 
t\ Ad. sk. Guatemala (O. $,). Seebohm Coll. 
%K Ad.sk.[c.l-051. Jamaica. < Salvin-Godman CoIL 
if. Ad.sk.[c.0*95J. Bindloe Island, Galapagos,, Salvin-Godman Col. 
Nov. 15 (JDr. Hdbet}. 
w5. Juv. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 

[c. 1*1]. 
A y8. d ? ad. Cumana, Sept. 22 (H W. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. Harrison). 
zK 
2 ad. sk. Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct. 28 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[c 11]. (H Whitehf). 

62. EURHYNORKYN-CHTTS. 535 
a6. ? ad. sk. Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct. 31 Seebohm Coll. 

(S. W.). 
b«,e\ Ad. sk. Chili. Mr. T. Bridges [0.1 
ffi. Ad.sk.[c.l-0]. Chili (T. Bridges). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e\fe,ffQ. Ad. sk. Chili (j?. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[c. 0-95-1-1]. 
h\ Ad. sk. Chili (%. C. Reed). Seebohm CoU. 
*\ k*. $ $ ad. Coquirabo Bay, Chili, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk.[c.l-05-l'0]. (A. S. Markham). 
Is. Ad. sk. Talcahuano, Chili, Sept. (JDr. Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.' 

[e. 1*05]. Coppinger). 
m6, ne. Ad. sk. Tambo Point, Patagonia, Jan. 3. H. Durnford, Esq. 
[c.1-0]. [CJ. 
o\ Ad. sk. Isl. of Kauai, Hawaiian Archi- Prof. Collett [P.]. 
pelago (Dr. Knudsen). 
p6. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
q6. Sternum. England. T. Ingail, Esq;. [P.]. 

62. ETJEHYNORHYNCHUS. 
Type. 
Eurhynorhynchus, Niks. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 29 (1821) E. pygmseus. 
Range. North-eastern Asia and North-west America, to China 

and British Burma in winter. 

1. Eurhynorhynclms pygmaeus. 
Platalea pygmsea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 231 (1766); P. L. S. Mull 
St/st. Nat. ii. p. 363 (1773); Kerm. Tab. Affinat. Anim. p. 135 
(1783); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 615 (1788); Lath.Ind. Om.ii.p. 669 
(1790); Thunberg, K. Svensk. Vet-Akad. Handl. Holm. 1816, 
pp. 194-198, pi. vi.; Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 645 
(1819); Lilljeborg, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 299; JPelz. t. e. p. 460. 

Dwarf Spoon-bill, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 17 (1785) ,• id. Gen. 
Hist. B. ix. p. 7 (1824). 

Eurynorhynchus griseus, Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 29 (1821); Cuv. 
Regne Anim. i. p. 528 (1829); Less. Traite dOrn. p. 562 (1831); 
Pearson, J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 127 (1836); id. Asiat. Res. xix. 

p. 69, pL 9 (1836). 
Eurvnorhynchus 
pygmseus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 979; Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. 8f N Amer. p. 49 (1838) j Eartl Rev. Zool. 1841, 

p. 5; id. op. cit. 1842, pp. 36-38; Lafr. t. c. p. 402, pi. 2. fig. 1 ; 
Schl Rev. Crit. p. 97 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 580, pi. 156. 
&g. 6 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.jp. 270 (1849: 
Amherst, Tenasserim); Reichenb. Grail tab. Ixvii. figs. 653, 654 
(1850); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 201 
(Coast of N.E. Asia); Hartl. J.f O. 1859, pp. 325,328; Jerd. 
B. Ind. iii. p. 693 (1864); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 169; Swinh. t. c. 
p. 234 (Amoy) ; Rartinj, Ibis, 1869, p. 427, pi. xii.; id. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. Il l (Choris Peninsula); Swinh. t. c. p. 409 (Amoy) ; 
Gray, JBLandrl. B. iii. p. 51, no. 10323 (1871); Gould, B. Asia, 
vii. pi. 66 (1872); Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 425 (Shanghai); id. Ibis, 
1875, p. 455 (Hakodadi); Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 343 (1876: 
536 CHARADEirD-ae. 

Elephant Point); David # Oust Ois. Chine, p. 474 (1877); Hume, 
fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 462 (1878: AmherstJ ; Hume, Str. F. 
Tiii. p. 113 (1879) ; Oates, op. tit x. p. 240 (IbB'J ; Arakan 
Coast); id Bandb. B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 395 (1883); Xelson, Cruise 

B. S. 'Concin,9 p. 87, cum tab. (1883: Tapkan, June. July; 
Plover Bay, Bering Sea Coast); Blaldst Amended List B. Japan, 
p. 11 (1884: Yezo'and Japan generally) ; Bogd. Comp. Av. Imp. 
Boss. fasc. i. p. 100 (1884); A. O.' U. Check-list X Am. B. 
p. 152 (1886); Batmen, Yega-Exped., Fogtlf. p. 820, tab. 4 (1587); 
Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci St. Betersb. (Tj xxxix. p. 928 
(1898). 
Eurynorhynchus orientalK Blyth, Ann. fy Mag. Nat Hint xiii. 
p." 179 (1844) ; Sichih. Ibis, 1807, p. 284; A. Xticto/i, t e. pp. 235, 
236, note. 

Tringa pygmsea, Schl. Mm. Bags-Bos, Seolopaces, p. 27 (1564); 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 440 (lbsfcjj id. B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 338 (1890). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour aboye dark ashy 
grey, with dusky-brown centres to the feathers; lower back and 
ramp dusky blackish, as well as the central upper tail-eo\>rts and 
central tail-feathers; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts 
pure white ; tail-feathers light ashy, fringed with \^ bite and with 
a good deal of white on the inner webs, so that the abhy colour 
forms a dark sub-marginal shade, which becomes darker fruhterminally; 
wing-coverts dull ashy, with blaekibh centra and 
white margins, the marginal coyerts darker, and the greater 
eoyerts distinctly tipped with white, forming a wing-band ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts blackish, the inner ones of the latter 
series tipped with white; quills ashy brown with white shafts, 
blackish on the outer web and at the end of the inner weh ; the 
secondaries paler ashy, whitish on the inner web, and fringed with 
white at the ends; the innermost secondaries dark brown ; head 
dark ashy, with blackish centres to the feathers ; the hind-neck 
rather lighter ashy; forehead and eyebrow white; sides of face 
and entire nnder surface of body pure white, the ear-coverts 
narrowly streaked with brown ; the sides of the neck also mottled 
with brown spots, as also the sides of the upper breast; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pure white: " bill and feet Mack; 
iris dark brown; under surface of lower mandible thickly papillated 
; tongue, gape, and inside of mouth purplish black, lighter 
towards the base " (If". Davison). Total length &D inches, cnlmen 
0*9, wing 3-8, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*7. 

Adidt female in winter jplumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length 6*5 inches, wing 4*1. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in being rufous, the upper surface being black, with more or less 
distinct rufous margins to the feathers, broader on the scapulars 
and inner secondaries, the black markings being sub-terminal; the 
forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, throat, and fore-neck chestnut, 
mottled with black spots on the sides of the neck and on the fore-
neck, these black spots being also thickly distributed over the 

63 . 
LIMONITES. 537 
chest and'sides of the breast. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, 
sving 3-95, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. As with most of the Stints, the plumage of the young 
bird resembles the summer plumage of the adults in being black on 
the crown and back, with rufescent- edges to most of the feathers, 
and whitish margins to the scapulars and inner secondaries; the 
hind neck is pale ashy, streaked with dusky brown ; eyebrow, fore-
neck, sides of face, and under surface of body pure white, the ear-
coverts dusky; the fore-neck suffused with pale oehreous buff. 

Hah. Eastern Siberia, south in winter to the coasts of China 
and the Bay of Bengal. 

a. Ad. sestiv. sk. Barrakouta Bay, Siberia (Hen- Seebohm Coll. 
son). 
b. $ 
ad, aestiv. Mouth of the ximur River, Seebohm Coll. 
sk. Aug. 8 (Domes). 
e. 
<$; d, e. J Mouth of the Amur River, Seebohm Coll. 
hornot. sk. autumn (Domes). 
f,g. 
Juv.hornot. Yokohama, Japan. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 

h. 
Juv. hornot. Hakodadi, Oct. 8 (Henson). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
i. $ 
ad. sestiv. Shanghai, April (R, Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
h. Juv. hornot. Swatow. 
Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
/. (S ad. hiem.sk. Amherst, Tenasserim, Jan. 4 Hume Coll. 

(W. Daviso?i). 
m. 
2 ad. hiem. Elephant Point, Rangoon, Hume Coll. 
sk. Dec. 1 (J. Armstrong), 
n. 2 ad. hiem. Akyab,Nov. 5(Capt.Shopland). Oates Coll. 
o. J ad. hiem. Naaf River, Pe«ru, Jan. 17. Oates Coll. 
p. Skeleton. Vladivostock, E. Siberia. F. Hook, Esq. [P.]. 
63. LIILONITES. 
Type. 
Leimonites, Kaup, Natilrl Syst p. 37 (1829) L. temmincki. 
Actodromas, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 55 (1829) L. minuta. 

Eange. Breeding in the Northern portions of both Hemispheres, 
migrating south in winter. 

Key to the Sjpeeies. 

a. 
Outer tail-feathers pale smoky or ashy brown. 
a'. Feet blackish,* middle toe and claw not 
exceeding 075 inch. 
a". Size larger; centre of fore-neck and chest 
pure white like the abdomen (winter 
plumage). 


a". 
Tarsus slightly longer, 0-8 inch; sides 
of face and throat slightly rufescent in 
summer plumage; rufous colour pre


538 CHAHADKIID-ffi. 

dominating over the black on the upper 

surface minuta, p. 538. 

b"T. Tarsus shorter, 0*75 inch; entire throat 
and chest bright rufous in summer 
plumage, the rufous colour predominating 
over the black on the upper 
surface % ruficollis, p. 545. 

b", Size smaller; centre of the fore-neck and 
chest ashy with dark shaft-streaks, forming 
more or less of a pectoral band (winter 
plumage) • black predominating over the 
rufous In summer plumage minviilla, p. 548. 

b\ Feet olive-brown; middle toe and claw 0*9 
inch damacensis, p. 553. 

b. Outer tail-feathers pure white temmincki, p. 555. 
1. Limouites minuta. 
Tringa pusilla (nee Zirm.), Meyer u. Wolf, Taschmb. ii. p. 301 
(1810); Moux, Orn. Prov. pi. 589 (1825). 

Tringa minuta, Zeisl in Bechst. Xaturg. Deufscki. Xaehfcr. i. p. 74 
(1812): Temm. Man. d'Orn. 1815, p. 403, 1820, ii. p. 024 ; Bote, 
Isis, 1822, p. 561; Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 10 11^27 j ; Famn. 
Vog. Deutschl. vii. taf. 184 (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 332 
(1837); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 416 (Lb40j; Keys. u. Bias. 

Wirb. JEwr.pp. Ixxvii, 215 (1840): Fordm. in JDemid. Voy. HUBS. 
M4rid. iii. p. 238 (1840: Bessarabia, Crimea); Selyx Zow/ck. 
Faune Beige, p. 125 (1842); Milhle, Orn. Griecfmil f. 106 f 1844); 
Schl Bev. Crit. p. xc (1844); JSodgs. Icon. imd. in Brit. Mm., 
Grail pi. 94, nos. 751,752; id. in Gray's Zool Mme. p. 86 \ 1644): 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); fhomps. B. Irel ii. "p. 298 
(1850: autumn); Midd. Bete. Sibir., Zool. p. 221 11851: Taimyr 
River, 70°, June 17, breeding; Boganida Eiver, June 6); MaegtlL 
Mist. Brit. B. iv. p. 227 (1852); Kjterb. Orn, Ban. Suppl. pi. 16. 
fig. 5 (1852); Schl. Tog. Federl pi. 233 (1854); Eeugl St/st 
Uebers. p. 63 (1856); Eartl Orn. Wt$t-Afr.'p. 23b (1857: 

Gambia, GaboonN; Javb. 4" Barth.-Lapomm. Rick. Orn. p. 468 
(1859),* Schrenck, Beis. Amurl. p. 423 (1859: Amoor-iand) ; 
Powys, Ibis, 1800, p. 343 (Ionian Isl.); Zinderm. Tog. Griechenl 

p. 144 (1860); Schl. Bier. Federl pi 24. figs. 7,8,8 a (1301) ; 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 241 (Oudh); Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 169 
(1863); Schl Mm. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 43 (1864); Jerd. B. 
Ind. iii. p. 690 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1864,p. 148 (Malta,spring); 
Sperling, t c. p. 287 (Missoloiighi) ; Gurney, t. c. p. 272 ; Brake, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 429 (Tangier); (Jurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 469 (Transvaal) 
; Brake, t. e.p. 184 (Laraiche); E. Netcton, t c. pp. 342,359 
(Seychelles); Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 331 (1867); Borggr. Vogelf. 
Forddeutschl p. 118 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol $ Zool Abyss, p. 433 
(1870: Zoulla); Finsch $ Eartl Fog. Ostafr. p. 764 (1870) • 
Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai Peninsula); Elwes $ Buckley, t. c, 

p. 331 (Bosphorus); Gray, Eand-l B. iii. p. 50, no. 10311 (1871); 
B. Gray, B. W* ScotL p. 320 (1871); Sharpe % Dresser, B, Eur, 
viii. p. 29, pi. 549. fig. 1 (sestiv.), pi. 550. ^. 1 (pull.), 551. fig. 1 
(juv.), 552. fig. 1 (hierm.) $ Eartinq, Eandb. Brit. B. p. 49 
(1872); EeugL Ibis, 1872, p. 63 (Movaya Zemlya, breeding) ; 
Gw*ney in Anderss. B. Bam.-Zd. p. 310 "(1872: Oct. to AprS) ; 
539 

63. LIMONITES. 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 251 (1872); id. $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 293 
(Gold Coast); Hartl. § Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 89,106 (Pelew 
Is.) ; Holdsw. t. c. p. 474 (Ceylon); Alst. $* Harvie Broion, Ibis, 
1873, p. 69 (Archangel); Brooke, t. c. p. 239 (Sardinia, winter) ; 
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 242 (1873; Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 396 (Sambhur, 
May); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873, on passage); 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pi. i. p. 1189 (1873 : Bed Sea; Gulf of 
Aden; Nile to 12° N. lat.); Ball, St.r. F. ii. p. 431 (1874: Chota 
Nagpur); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 237 (Malta, May); Stoliczka, 
Str. F. iii. p. 220 (1875: Kashgar, winter); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 172 
(1875: on passage); Fallon, Ois. Beige, p. 170 (1875); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 86 (Cape, winter); Danf. $* Harvie-Brown, t. c. 

p. 422 (Transylvania); Seeb.fyMarDie-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 294, 
pi. vii. (Petchora R., breeding); Dresser, t c. p. 410; Butler, Str. 
F. iv. p. 17 (1876); Scully, t. e. p. 187 (1876: Kashgar, Oct.); 
Sharpe § Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 53 (1876: Chinconxo, 
March); Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii. p. 283 (1876: Gwadar : Shiraz) ; 
Butler, Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877: Deesa, Aug. to March), p. 236 
(Karachi); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 157 (1877: 
Poland) ; Hartl Tog. Madag. p. 330 (1877) ; Hume ty Davison, 
Str. F. vi. p. 461 (1878) ; Davidson fy Wenden, op. cit. vii. 
p. 89 (1878: Deccan); Hume, t c. p. 228 (Raipur), p 487 (Calcutta) 
; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 301 (Transvaal, Oct.-April); Bogd. 
B. Cam. p. 159 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Butler, 
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 63 (1879); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
xxix. p. 251 (1879: Tundra of Podorata R., Aug.; Ob R., Aug., 
Sept.) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 150 (Yen-e-sai, 7H° N. lat.: 
breeding); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 884 (1880); Butler", Cat B. S. 
Bomb. Pres. p. 77 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 85 (1880; Ratnagiri) ; 
Ayres, 3is, 1880, p. 268 (Orange Free State) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 
1881, pp. 96, 288; Scully, t. c. p. 588 (Gilgit); Beid, Str. F. x. 
p. 70 (1881); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 471 (1881); C. Swink 
Ibis, 1882, p. 121 (Candahar: Chaman); Seebohm, t. c. p. 224 
(Astrachan, on passage), p. 381 (Archangel, breeding); Davidson, 
Str. F. x. p. 321 (1882: Western Khandeish); Milne-Edwards $ 
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 626 (1882); B. O. U. List 
Brit. B. p. 169 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 30 (Caucasus, on 
passage); Severtz. t. c. p. 75 (Pamir, Aug.); Oates, Handb. B. 
Brit. Burm. ii. p. 389 (1883); Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pi. 25 
(1883); Saunders, ed. Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 386 (1883); Hume, 
Str. F. x. p. 414 (1883 : Wynaad); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, 
p. 251 (1884); Tristr. Faun. 8r Flor. Palest p. 133 (1884: Dead 
Sea, Feb.; Syrian Coast); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 93 
(1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 430 (1884: Caspian Sea, Lenkoran); 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 223 (1884: Shoa, Nov., May); 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 681 (1884: Orange R., East 
London); Seeb. Hist Brit 5. iii. p. 204, pi. 31. figs. 10-12 
(1885); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica, May); Swinhoe 8f 
Barnes, t. c. p. 134 (Mhow distr., winter); Zarudn. Ois. Transc. 
p. 70 (1885); Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 348 (Potchefstroom); Pleske, 
Uebers. Sdug. u. Vog. Kola-Halbins. p. 345 (1886); Hartert, J. f. 
O. 1886, p. 608 (Raro, R. Niger); Matschie, op. cit. 1887, p. 138 
(Karema); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 390 (Portugal); Tacz. P. Z. S 
1887, p. 610 (Corea), 1888, p. 468; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Jipi); 
Seeb. t c. p. 348 (Great Liakoff Isl., breeding); id. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 435 (1888); Pleske, M6m. Acad. Imp. St. PStersb. (7) 
xxxvi. p. 53 (1888: Iskander Kul, Aug.) ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. 
340 
CIIAIUDRIIDJB. 

Deittscld. p. 48 (1889); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177 (8. Afghanistan); 
Zi!ford, t. c. \). 340 (Cyprus) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 571 
(1889); Hrusina, Mot?. (Orn. Croatica) etc. p. 88 (181)0); Buck-
let/ ty llarric-Broivn, Vertehr. Faun, Orkney Isl. p. 210 (1891); 
llartert, Kat. Vogelsamml ISeneketib. Mus. p. 221 (1801: Pillan, 

E. Prussia); Madardsz, JErldut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 110 
(1801: Yeleneze Lake); Gatke, Vogelw. Relgol p. 521 (1801); 
Frimldshj,Ai\ Jinny, p. 146 (1801); Sharpe, Sci lies. 2nd Yark, 
Mm., Ave*, p. 143'(1891: Yarkand, Nov.); Lilford, Col Fig. 
Brit. B. pt. xix. (1801); Seebohm, Ibis, 1802, p. 25 (Heligoland); 
JIartert, t. c. p. 515 (East Prussia); Koenig, J.f.O. 1892, p. 91 
(Tunis); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 171, 181 (Aden); Meade-Waldo, 
t. c. p. 205 (Canary Isl.) ; Betser, Oniis Baleanica, p. 108 (1804); 
Reichen. To//. deuisch-Ost-Afr. p. 41 (1894: Tanganyika, winter); 
Pearson § Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 235 (N. Norway) j Shelley, t c. 
p. 475 (Nyasaland) ; Coues, Auk, xii. p. 389 (1895) ; A. Newton, 
Nature, vol. 52, p. 438 (J 895) ; Eagle-Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 207. 
Tringa tenimincki (nee Leisl), Koch, Si/st. Baier. Zool. i. p. 292 
(1810); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 59 (fate 0. F.). 
Pelidna minuta, Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. i. p. 105 (1824); 
Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 979. 
Calidris minuta, Cuvier, Begne Anim. i. p. 526 (1829). 
Actodromas minuta, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 55 (1829); Bp. C. JR. 

xliii. p. 596(1856); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 61 (Pisa); Loche, Bxpl. 
Sci AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 313 (1867); Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 317 
(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (S. Spain); Gould, B. Gt. 
Brit. iv. pi. 72 (1873); Salvad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital. p. 220 (1886); 
Gigl Avif. Ital p. 387 (1886); id. op. cit. 1st Besoc. i. p. 589 (1889), 
ii. p. 643 (1890), iii. p. 507 (1891); Koenig, J. f.O. 1890, p. 314 
(Tenerife); Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 329 (1890); 
Koenig, J.f. 0, 1890, p. 456 (Madeira); Fatio $ Studer, Cat. 
distr. %Ois. Suisse, p. 50 (1890). 
Pelidna 
minuta, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 665 (1831); Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 50 (1838) ; Strickl $ Sci. Contr. Orn. 
1852, p. 159 (Damara-land); Filippi, Viagg. Bers. p. 351 (1865); 
I)egl cf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 203 (1867); Boderl Avif. Sicil 

p. 190 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 39. figs. 1, 9 (1870). 
Pelidna pusilla (nee L.), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 666 (1831). 
The Little Stint, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p: 643 (1843). 
Schoenielus minuta, Gray, List Grail. Bnt. Mus. p. 106 (1844); id. 
Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal pres. Uodgs. p. 140 (1846). 
Tiinga damacensis (nee Rorsf.), rBacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. 

p. 253 (1876: Kultuk, Darasun). 
Tringa minuta orientalis, Tacz. M6m. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Betersb. 
(7) xxxix. p. 918 (1893). 
Adult in winter plumage. General colour above ashy brown, 
slightly darker along the shafts ; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts blackish brown ; sides of lower back and lateral upper 
tail-coverts pure white ; tail-feathers light smoky brown, the long 
central ones dark broun, with a very narrow whitish fringe; wing-
coverts rather darker brown than the back, with ashy fringes to 
the median series, the greater coverts tipped with white, forming a 
wing-band; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown, 
edged with white at the tips; quills dark brown, with white shafts, 
a few of the inner primaries/also edged with white near the 

,63 . LIM0NIT3ES. 

541 

base; the secondaries dark brown, fringed with white at the tip, 
and having the base of the inner webs white, forming a continuous 
band with the one on the greater coverts; the long inner 
secondaries light brown like the scapulars, with the shafts blackish 
brown ; crown of the head brown like the back, with darker brown 
centres to the feathers; forehead and supra-loral region pure white; 
lores dusky brown; ear-coverts and feathers below the eye light 
brown, with narrow streaks of dark brown; above the ear-coverts 
a streak of white, lined with brown, forming an indistinct eyebrow; 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure white or slightly 
ashy on the throat and fore-neck ; sides of neck and of upper breast 
brown, with slightly darker centres or shaft-streaks ; under wing


* coverts and axillaries white; the coverts round the edge of the 
wing dark brown, with white margins; lower primary-coverts dull 
ashy brown, forming an inconspicuous wing-patch: " bill, feet, 
and claws black; iris hazel" (H. Seebohm). Total length 5'2 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*8, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*8, middle toe and 
claw 0*7 
Adult male in summer plumage. Much more rufous than in 
winter, the whole of the feathers of the upper surface being sandy 
rufous, with black centres and white margins to many of the 
scapulars and feathers of the back; head rufous, with black centres 
to the feathers; the neck also rufous, streaked with dusky blackish, 
these streaks being smaller and less distinct on the sides of 
the face, which are also rufous; a slight indication of a whitish 
eyebrow ; under surface of body white, tinged with rufous on the 
throat, the chest pervaded with ashy, and both the throat, fore-neck, 
and sides of breast mottled with dusky spots in the centre of the 
feathers. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*8, tail 1*4, 
tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but somewhat 
less distinctly spotted on the breast. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 3*85, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Blackish above, with rufous edgings to the feathers, and 
thus somewhat resembling the summer plumage of the adults, but 
they may always be distinguished by the more numerous white 
edgings to the dorsal and scapular feathers, by the ashy colour of 
the hind-neck, by the absence of spots on the fore-neck and chest, 
both of which are tinged with isabelline buff. 

Nestling. Mottled with rufous and black down, the tips of which 
are silvery white or sandy buff; the hind-neck sandy buff, forming a 
collar; the crown of the head black, slightly mottled with rufous 
and dotted with silvery white, the black extending in a line on the 
forehead, which is buff, continued into a somewhat broad eyebrow; 
a black loral line and a black spot on each side of the hinder crown 
as well as on the ear-coverts; under surface of body whitish, with 
a tinge of sandy buff on the lower throat. 

Hob. Nesting in Northern Europe and Siberia, occurring to the 
eastward as far as Lake Baikal. Wintering in Africa, the Indian 
Peninsula and Ceylon. 

a. Ad. St. 
b. Juv. sk. 
c. <S ad.; d. $ 
juv. sk. 
e. cT ad. sk. 
/ . 
Juv. st. 

g. Juv. st. 
7i,i. 6 Sad.; A, 
L S 2 Juv- sk. 

m. cJ ad. sk. 
^. Ad. sk. 

o. 3 juv. sk. 
JP, 2> r. 6 juv.; 
8, t. 2 j llv* S^« 

u. $ juv. sk. 
z>. Ad. sk. 
to. <$ juv. sk. 
y-b1. Juv. sk. 
c'. $ juv. sk. 
df7 e'. Juv. sk. 


f. 
Juv. sk 
cf. Juv.sk. 
V. $ ad. sk. 
i-V. cJad.; *»'#'. 
$ ad.; r'. 
Pull. tk. 


s'-u'. 
Ad. et juv. 
sk. J 
v'. 6 ad- sk. 

to'. 2 iuv-s&* 

x'. 3 juv. sk. 

y'. tf ad. sk. 
»', a". Ad. sk. 

b". Ad. sk. 
c", d". Ad. sk. 
e". $ ad. sk. 

/V'.dS ad.sk. 
h". 2 ad. sk. 

*". Ad. sk. 

&". Ad. st 

T. Ad. sk. 
m"-o". Ad.sk. 
CHAEADEHD-Sl, 

Northumberland. 


Cambridgeshire. 
Great Yarmouth, June, Sept. 


Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Sept.
(Jl E. Harting). 
Epping, Essex. 

Kingsbury Reservoir, Oct. 

{J. E. JE). 
Kingsbury Reservoir, June, 
Sept. (XE. JET.). 
Romney, Kent, Sept. 5. 

Pagham Harbour, Sussex (J. 

E. H.). 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 4. 

Pagham Harbour, Sept. (J*. 

E. H.). 
Christchurch, Hants, Sept. 
Somersetshire. 
Holland. 
Heligoland, Sept., Oct. 


Heligoland, Oct. 2 (JR. B. &). 
Heligoland, Sept. 26 (S. &). 
Stockholm (C. J. Sundevail). 
Archangel. 
Archangel. 
Lower Petchora River, July 


(H. Seebohm and J. A. 
JHarwe-Brown). 
Hungary. 

Barcelona, Spain, May (&. E* 

Dresser). 
Malta, May 7 (A.ZeithAdams). 
Tula, Russia, Aug. 20 {Menz


bier). 

Dobritz, Dalmatia. 
Senegambia. 


Dakar, Senegal (X. Laglahe). 
Fantee. 
Walvisch Bay, Nov. 26 (C. J. 


Andersson). 
Walvisch Bay, Jan. 2 {CIA.). 
Otjimbinque, Damaraland, Bee. 

(C. X A.). 
Ondonga, Damaraland, Oct. (C. 
J. 
A.). 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Cape Town (Layard). 


J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[pj. 
Purchased. 
Seebohm Coll. 


 Seebohm Coll. 

H. Boubledav, Esq. 
Harting Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Harting Coll 

R. R Sharpe, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 

E. Hart, Esq. [P.]. 
Old Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. 
"P.]. 
Seebo&m Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm CoH. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hungarian National 
Museum [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Governor Randall 

[p.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Tvreeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Sir A. Smith. 
Sir A. Smith. 
Seebohm Col, 

63 . MirONITES. 
543 
p". Ad. sk. 

q",r". <?$ad. 
ak. 
s", c? ad. sk. 

t". $ ad. sk. 
w". 5 ad. sk. 
v". $ ad. sk. 
w". cJ ad. sk. 

«". $ ad. sk. 

#". c? ad. sk. 

*", a\ tfad.jR 
$ ad. sk. 
c3. (5* ad. sk. 

d\ Ad. sk. 

e\ dad.;/ 3, 

A3. Ad.sk. 

i3

- $ ad. sk. 
k*. $ juv. sk. 
P* $ juv. sk. 
m3. Juv. sk. 

n3. Ad. sk. 
o3. cJ ad.; jp8, 
2*. $ ad. sk. 
r3. Ad.; s*-vz. 
Juv. sk. 
w3. Ad. sk. 

^3. <? juv. sk. 

«/3. $ juv. sk. 

z3. Ad. sk. 
a4. Ad. sk. 

V. Ad. sk. 
c4: Juv. sk. 
<24. $ juv. sk. 
c4. cJ ad.sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 

A4, t\ d ad.; 
#. ? j^v. sk. 

Cape Town, Feb. 9 (G. F. 
Shelley), 

Rinoster River, Orange Free 
State, May 3 (T. Ayres). 
Newcastle, Natal, Oct. 12. 

Transvaal (T. Ayres}. 
Transvaal ((T. Ayres). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Potchefstroom, April (T. 

Ayres). 

Lake Shirwa, Nyasaland, May 
1 {A. Whyte). 
Palombi River, Nyasaland, 
April (A. Whyte). 
Lamu, E. Africa. 

Lado, Equatorial Africa, Feb. 
16 (Fmin Pasha). 
Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Abyssinia, 
Jan. 23. 
Egypt, Feb. 3, May 8 (G. F. 

Shelley). 
Fayoum, June 5 (X K. Gurney). 
Safieh, Palestine (H. B. T.). 
Ismid, Asia Minor, Sept. 17 

(T.Bobson). 
Ismid, Sept. (T. Rouson). 
Trebizond, Asia Minor, Aug. 3 

(Dickson § Ross). 

Persia. 
Valley of the Yen-e-sei; July 
22 (JET. ,S.) 
Lake Baikal, May, Sept. (Dybowski). 


Kultuk, Southern Lake Baikal, 
Sept. 6 (Dybowski). 
Tundra of the Podarata, Aug. 
2 (Dr. 0. Finsch). 
Tampimpram, River Ob, Sept. 

{Dr. 0. Finsch). 

Yarkand, Nov. 28. 
Kashgar (Dr. JBellew), 
Afghanistan (Griffith). ^ 
Candahar, Sept. 14 (Sir 0. St. 

John). 

Candahar, April 5. 

Chaman, April 7. 

Mekran Coast, Feb. 15 (A. 

O. M.). 
Karachi, Sind, Jan. 9 (W. T. 
Blanford). 
Karachi, Aug. 
to Oct. (F. A. 
Butler). 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gurney Coll. 

Captain Savile Reid 

[O.J. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Gurney Coll. 
Gurney Coll. 
Sir H. H. Johnston 
[p.]. 
Sir H. H. Johnston 
[p.]. 

F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gurney Coll. 1 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 


Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 


Br. F. Stoliczka[C.]. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Colonel Swinhoe 


pp.]. 

Colonel Swinhoe 
[p.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

544 

$ ad. sk. 

04_r4# ^ ac[# g]^ 

a*-£5. c? ad. et 

juv. ; e5-m5. 
5 ad. et juv. 
sk. 

n\ Ad. sk. 
o5,i?5. d ad.; qK 
$ ad. sk. 
r5. c? ad. sk. 

s3-c6. d^d.; £?6~ 

{6. J ad. sk. 
#. Ad. sk. 
Z6. tfad.jm6,^6. 
cJ $ juv. sk. 
o6, ^6. j juv. sk. 
qQ. d ad. sk. 
rs-yG. Ad. et 

juv. sk. 
z\ $ ad. sk. 
a7, b\ S ad.; c7


e7. 5 ad. sk. 
/*. j ad. sk. 

(p-vX. 6 ad.; o7. 
5 ad. sk. 

p7-u7. S&(L.; v7


z7. 2 ad. sk. 
<tf. Ad. sk. 
V-e\ Ad. sk. 


/^ . Ad.sk. 
h\ Ad. sk. 
i*8. Ad. sk. 

# , Z*. Ad. sk. 
m8, nH. Ad. sk. 
o8-s\ £ $ ad. 

sk. 
t*-w\ Ad.sk. 
#s,y*. dad.j ss


d9. Jad.sk. 

CHARADRIIDJ3. 

Karachi, Feb. (A. 0. JEC.). 

Kussniore, River Indus, Dec. 

(A. 0. J?.)-
Sarnbhur, Dec, Jan., May. June, 
Aug., Sept. {R. Jl". Adam). 

Ajrnere. Dec. 18. 
Delhi, May (C. T. Bingham). 


Gurgaon Distr., Feb. 22, 1SG9 


{A.O.H). 

Gursaon Distr., April, Mav, 

Sept. ( IF: X Chill). 
Sir?a Distr., May 16. 
Gilgir, Aug. to Oct. 


Gilgit, Sept., Oct. 
Gilgit, Oct. (Dr. J. Scully). 
Etawah, Sept. to Xov. ( W. E. 


Brooks % A. 0. H.). 
Cawnpore, Feb. 21 (W. E. B.), 
Allahabad, Dec. to Feb., May 

(J. Cockburn). 
Mogul Serai, Oudh, Feb. 10 

(W. E. Brooks). 
Futtehgurh Distr., March to 
June (A. Anderson). 
Futtegurh Di^tr., April, Ma}' 

(A. Anderson). 
Behar. 
Nepal. 
Darjiling. 
Assam. 
Upper Assam. 


Dacca. 
Calcutta, April 20. 
Calcutta. 


Raipur. 
Khandeish, Jan., March (J". 


Davidson). 

e\ Ad.sk. Matterhan, Xov. 
/ . Juv. sk. Madras. 
cp. Ad. sk. Madras. 
A9. $ ad. sk. S.E, Ceylon, March 19 (W. F*. 


Legge). 

i*. $ ad. sk. S.E. Ceylon, March 18. 

A9, Z9. 6 ? ad. N.E. Ceylon, Nov., Dec. 

sk. 
m9. Ad. sk. Ceylon (JBT. Nevill). 
n\ Skull. England. 
o9. Sternum. England. 
pd. Sternum. England. 

Hume CoH. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coil. 

Hume Cull. Colonel 
Biddulph 

rev. 

Dr. J. Scully "P.". 

Seebohm Cull. 

Hume Coll. 

Hum > Coll. 

Hume Cull. 

Hume Cull. 

Hume Cull 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Seebohm Cull. 
Guuld Coll. 

R. B. fcSharpe, Esq. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Colonel W. V. Legge 


Colonel W. V. Le«se 


[P.l 
Tweeddale Coll. 
John Ray, Esq. [PC-
John Ray, Esq. [P."" 
T. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
63. IIMONITES. 
545 
2. Limonites ruficoUis. 
Trynga ruficoUis, Tall. Reis. Russ. Reichs. iii. p. 700 (1776). 
Trynga salina, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 199 (1811). 
Totanus damacensis, pt., Jlorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821). 
Tringa albescens, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 41 (1828: " Oceania ") ; 


Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); Reichenb. Mandb., GralL 
tab. lxxiii. fig. 633 (1846); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858. p. 197 j id. Cat. 

B. New Guinea, pp. 52, 62 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 413 (Formosa); Rosenb. Xf.O.1864, p. 135; 
Sharpe # Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 33 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-L B. 
iii. p. 50, no. 10312 (1871); Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 317 (S.Andaman,, 
Jan.); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 455 (Hakodadi); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 52 (Matu, May); Blakist $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 221 (Yezo) ; 
Txoeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 712 (Philippine Is.); Hume, Str. F. 
"viii. p. 113 (1879), p. 157 (Tonka; Salangore); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. xviii. p. 327 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 315 (1882: 
Aru Isl.; Salawati); Meyer, Site. Abhandl. Ges.c Isis' Dresd. 
1884, Abth. i. p. 6b (Sangi); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 417 (Sandakan 
Bay); id. torn. cit. p. 576 (Weda Isl.) ; Blasius, Ornis, iv* 
p. 627 (1888; Great Sanghir); 8alvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. 
p. 201 (1891); Wiglesio. Abhandl K. Mus. Dresd. (1890-91), no. vi. 
p. 64 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 506 (Lower Yangtse). 
Oalidris albescens, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 526 (1829), 
Tringa australis, Less. Traite, p. 558 (1831, ex Cuv. M88. in Mus. 
Paris); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 50, no. 10314 (187]). 
Tringa pusilla (nee L.), 8. Mull. Verh. Land-en Volkenk. p. 23 
(1839-44: Oetanata). 

Schceniclus albescens, Goxdd, B. Austr. vi. pi. 31 (1843); Reichenb. 
JSandb., Grail, tab. ccclxxxvi. figs. 2658-60 (1851) ; Macgill. Voy.
1 Rattlesnake] ii. p. 358 (1852); 8cl. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 

p. 170 (1858). 
Tringa minuta 
(nee L.), Midd. Reis. 8ibir., Zool. p. 222 (1851, pt.); 
Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. ii. p. 423 (1859, pt.); Rosenb. N. T. Nederl. 
Ind. xxv. p. 255 (1863); Marti,fy Finsch, P. Z. S.1868, pp. 8,118, 
1872, p. 106 (Pelew Isl.) ; iid. Vog. Ostafr. p. 764 (1870, pt,),Walden, 
Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 97 (1872 : Celebes); Hume, Str, F. 

i. p. 315 (1873: Andamans); id. Str. F. ii. p. 289 (1874: Andamans; 
Nicobars, Dec. to June); id. Str. F. iii. p. 323 (1875: 
Mergui); Rosenb. Reis. naar Geelvinkb. p. 8 (1875); Armstr. Str. 
F. iv. p. 342 (1876: Elephant Point); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
JSf. 8. W. i. p. 375 (1876: Duke of York Isl.); Rosenb. Malay. 
Ab-ch. pp. 278, 373 (1878-79 : K6 Isl.), p. 563; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. xiv. p. 666 (1879); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 143 (Limbotto, 
July) ; Ramsay, Txoeedd. Orn. Works, p. 196 (1881) ; Finsch, Ibis, 
1881, p. 540 (New Britain); id. Vog. der Sudsee, pp. 5,23 (1884) ; 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 327 (1890 : Kuriles). 
Actodromas albescens, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856) ; Salvad. Ucc. 
Born. p. 323 (1874 : Sarawak); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 271 (Lumbidan) 
; Gig}. 8? Sahad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 586 (Olga Bay, Oorea). 
Hmie # Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 329 (1890: Australia); 

Actodromas australis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Gould, JEandb. 

B. Austr. ii. p. 257 (1865). 
Tringa temmincM (nee Leisl), Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 330 (N. Japan, 
Aug.). 

Tringa damacensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 413 (Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 409 (coasts of China). 
VOL. xxrv* 2 IT 

546 
CHABAJDEinXZB. 

Tringa salina, JDyh. $ Part. J.f. 0.1868, p. 337 (Darasun) ; Swinh. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 409; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 231 (off Cochin China, 
May), p. 426 (Shanghai, April) ; Blyih $ Wakl B. Burm. p. 156 
(1875) ; Brugg. Abhandl. nat. Ter. Bremen, v. p. 463 (1876) ; 
Tacz. Bidl Soc. Zool France, i. p. 253 (1876). 
Tringa ruficollis, 
Walden, Tr. Z. S. is. p. 234 (1875: Luzon, Feb.) ; 
David fy Oust Ois. Chine, p. 472 (1877) ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. 

p. 113 (1879); Kelham, Ibis, 1882. p. 17 (Singapore); Blakist. fy 
Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Japan, x. p. 112 (1882); Oates, Handb. B. 
. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 390 (1883); Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan, 

p. 37 (1884: Eurile Is.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, pp. 34, 208 (Kiu-
Mang, Sept.); Bogd. Consp. Av. Lap. Boss. p. 93 (1884) : Sliarpe, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 203 (Palawan); Falmen, Tega-Exped.,Fogelf. p. 324 
(1887) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 323 (1883: Manipuxj; Everett, 
Journ. Str. Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 207 (Labuan); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan, Sept.): Sharpe, t. c. p. 143 (Pub Tesra, 
April) ; Steere,List Birds $ Mamm. Exped. Philipp. p. 26 (1890 : 
Palawan); Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Corea) ; Be La louche, 
t. c. p. 499 (Foochow) ; Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 24; 
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437 (Hainan); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Set. 
St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 920 (IbOSj. 
Tringa (Schoeniclus) albescens, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 2V. S. W. 

ii. p. 198 (1877), iv. pp. 92,101 (1879) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. 
p. 20 (1888). 
Tringa minutilla (nee V.)9 Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. y. p. 164 
(1882: Ployer Bay) ; Stejn. Auk, v. p. 308 (1888). 
Tringa minuta ruficollis, Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 205 (1885); id. 
Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 437 (1888); Nikolski, lie de Sakhal p. 261. 
Acto&romas ruficollis, 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Sat. Mus. no. t>9, p. 118 
(1885: Senjayin Straits,* Bering Isl.) ,* id. Proc. U.S. Nat Mies, 

x. p. 130 (1887: Commander IsL). 
Adult in whiter plumage. Resembles the winter plumage of 

L. minuta, but is distinguished by the whiter fore-neck and chest, 
and by the slightly shorter tarsus. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 3-8, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*75, middle toe and claw 0-7. 
Adult male in summer plumage. Much more mottled on the 
upper surface than in winter, the centres of the feathers being 
blackish, and the whole of the upper parts overspread with a 
brighter chestnut colour/ with wbich the feathers are broadly 
margined; the crown is blackish, washed with rufous and mottled 
with grey margins; the forehead and eyebrow are shaded with 
bright rufous, and this colour occupies the whole of the sides of the 
face,sides of neck, throat and cbest, tbechin being whitish: " bill and 
feet black; iris nearly black " (Bybowski). Total length 5*3 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 3*85, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75, middle toe and claw 0*75. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Does not differ materially 
from the male, but is perhaps scarcely so rufous, and retains a little 
more of the hoary-grey of the winter plumage: "iris brownn 

(A. H Everett). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*9, tail 
1*7, tarsus 0*75, middle toe and claw 0*7. 
Young. Scarcely distinguishable from the young of L. minuta. 
Hab. Eastern Siberia to the Commander Islands, south through 

China and Japan to Burma and the Malayan Archipelago generally, 
to Australia. 

•«-«. c?ad. etjuv.;
k-n. § ad. etjuv. sk. 
<?. d ad.; p-s. $ $

juv.sk. 
t-y. Ad. sk.
z-c'. Ad. sk.
d'. § juv.; e\ $


ad. sk.
f'-h'. Ad. sk.
i\ $ ad. sk.
k'. 2 juv. sk.

l'-z'. Ad. etimm.

sk.
a", b". Ad. sk.
c"-e". Ad. sk.
/". $ ad. sk.

</''-i". $ ad.; k",
I". 2 ad. sk.
m"9ri'.tf 2 ad.sk.

o",p". S ad. sk.

<q"-s'\ Ad. sk.

t", u". S ad.; v"~
x". 2 ad. sk.
y"-a*. d ad. sk.

hz 

. Ad. sk.

c*. <? ad. sk.

d3 3 

, e. 2 ad. sk.

f3} #3. 6 $ ad. sk.

hz 

. tf ad. sk.

iK S ad.; jfc8, l\
2 ad. sk.
m3--y3. cJ ad.: «?3


c%. 2 ad. sk.
d\ Juv. sk.
<s4. g ad. sk.

f*. Ad. sk.

y4. Juv. sk.
h*-l< Ad. ; m4.
Juv. sk.
n^-pK Ad. sk.

q\ r\ d ? ad. sk.

63 . LIMOKttTES. 
Mouth of the Amur River, Seebohm Coll. 
May, Aug. (Dorries). 


 Kurile Islands (Snow). Seebohm Coll. 

 Yokohama, Japan (&. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
Yokohama (Snoto). Seebohm Coll. 
Hakodadi, May, Sept. (JEC. Tweeddale Coll. 


Whitely). 
Hakodadi, Sept. (H. Whitely). Seebohm Coll. 
South Yezo, Sept. (Blakiston). Tweeddale Coll. 
Corea. C. W. Campbell, 

Esq. [P.l. 
Amoy, April, Nov. (It. Swin- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe), 
Amoy, April 28 (M. Swinhoe). Hume Coll. 

 S.W. Formosa (R Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
Off Cochin China, May (22. Seebohm Coll. 
Sivinhoe). 

 Elephant Point, Burmah, Dec. Hume Coll. 

 (J. Armstrong). 
Diamond Island, Nov. 21 (/, Hume Coll. 

Armstrong). 
Lower Pegu, Oct. 14 (K W. Oates Coll. 
0.). 
South Andamans, Jan.-March Tweeddale Coll. 
(JR. G. TV. 22.). 
Port Blair, May 31, June 6 Tweeddale & Hume 
(JR. J. Wimberley). Colls. 
Aberdeen, Dec. 26 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
son). 

 Camorta, Nicobars, March 4 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison), 
Trinkut, Nicobars, Feb. 23( W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

 Mergui, Tenasserim, Nov. 6 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
Amherst, Dec, Jan. ( W.Davi- Hume Coll. 
son). 
Wippitan, Dec. 13 (W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
son). 
Island of Tonkah, Jan. 22 (J. Hume Coll. 
Darling). 
Selangore, Aug. to March (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
Singapore Island, Dec. 11 (W. Hume Coll. 

Davison), 
Java (Dr. Horsfield). India Museum.^ 

(Type of Totanus damacensis, pt.) 
Labuan (A. JEL. Everett). Seebohm Coll. 
Labuan, Sept., Oct. A, H. Everett, Esq. 

 [CJ. 
Pulo Tiga, April. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Matu Beach, May 8. A. H. Everett Esq. 

2x2 

548 
CHABADBUDJS. 

s4-w*. <$ ad.; v4. Baram, Sarawak, Aug., Sept. A. H. Everett, Esq, 
§ juv. sk. 

it^-a5. Ad. et juv. Baram, Oct. 
A. H. Everett, Esq. 

[0.1. 
55. 5 ad. sk. Taguso, Palawan, Sept. 17. J. Whitehead, Esq. 
[0.]. 
c5, £5. Ad. sk. Philippines. Hugh"* Cuming, Esq.. 

fa:. 

e3. c? ad. sk. Dumaguete, Xegros,3Iarch 12. 

E. L. Aloselev, Esq, 
/5-&5. tfad.; J», K Bohol, Oct., Nov. (A. H. [o-:Everett). 


Tweeddale Coll. 

n5. cf ad- sk. Menado, Celebes. 

5 
Wallace Coll. 

o. $ ad. sk. Halmahera, Xov. 27 (Dr.Bern-
Salvin-Godmaa CoIL 

stein). 
^5. § juv. sk. Halmahera, Xov. 24 {Dr.BernSeebohm 
Coll. 

stein) . 
q\ 2 ad. sk. Morotai (Dr. Bernstein). Seebohm Coll. 
r\ Ad. sk. Oeram. Wallace Coll. 
s5. 5 ad. sk. Amboina. Wallace Coll. 
t5, u\ Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
v5, to5. Ad. sk. Cape York. Seebohm Coll. 
ar\ Ad. sk. Cape York. Gould Coll. 

#56

-a. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. T. Cockereii). Sah in-G< jdman Coll, 
b\ Ad. sk. New Soutb Wales. Hume Coll. 
<?6, <26. Ad. sk. New Soutb Wales. Australian Museum. 
eQ. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Hume Coll. 
fQ~z\ Ad. sk. Soutb Australia. Sir G. Grej [P.]. 

&6 

, 26. Ad. sk. Gippsland Lakes, Victoria. Seebohm Coll. 

m*~p6. Ad. sk.' 

6 Melbourne. 
Seebohm Coll 

q. Ad. sk. West Australia. Government of West 
Australia **?.]. 
r6. Ad. sk. King George's Sound. Tweeddale Coll. 
s6. $ ad. sk. Trougbton Island, N.W. AusVoy.
Jl.M.S. 'Pen


tralia, Aug. 19 (B.B.Bassett gain/ 
Smith). 

3. Limonites mrautilla. 
Tringa 
pusilla (nee Linn.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. v. pi. 37. fig. 4 
(1812); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 320; Stcaim. 8f Rick. Faun. Bar." 
Amer., Birds, p. 386 (1831: Great Bear Lake, Mav}; Audtib* 
Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 180 (1838); id. B. Amer. v. p. 280, pi 337 
(1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 240 (1844); Sel. P. Z. S. 1850, 

p. 311 (Cordova); Brewer, JProe. Bost. Sac. Mat Hist. vii. p. 308 
(1860; Cuba); Sorting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 143 (1872); Adam, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 439 (Michalaski: breeding). 
Tringa minutilla, 
VieUl N. Diet. dRist Nat. xxxiv. p. 466 (1819); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); SchL Mm. Pags-Bas, Seolopaces, 

p. 48 (1864) ; Uot. Ois. Trinid. p. 476 (1866); Sel $ Sal®. P Z. 8. 
1867, p. 591 (Mexiana); iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable 
Isl.) j Gray, Hand-l B. m. p. 50, no. 10317 (1871); Sharpe % 
Dresser, B. Bur. viii. p. 51, pi. 552. figs. % 3 (1871); Fmsck, 
Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 65 (1872: Alaska) €ouesr 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 254 (1872); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 
(Para); Sel fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); ticL 
63. xmoHiTES. 
549 

P. Z. S. 1873, p. 456 ; Coues, B. JV.-West, p. 484 (1874); Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 561 (Chorillos, Peru); Salv. Trans. Zool. 
Soc. ix. p. 504 (1875); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 
p. 47 (1876: Tehuantepee, Oct.); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 330 
(Tumbez); Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 476 (Bermuda); Merrill, Proc. 
U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 161 (1878: Texas); Lawr. t. c. p. 197 
(St. Vincent); Belding, t. c. p. 441 (Stockton, Gal.) ; Maynard, 
B. Bast. N. Amer. p. 380 (1879); Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
v. p. 169 (1880 : Santa Lucia); Bodd, B. Cornwall, p. 108 (1880); 
A. # E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); B. O. U. List 
Brit. B. p. 170 (1883); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 396 
(1883); Salv. P. Z.S. 1883, p. 429 (Esquimalt); Merriam, Auk, 
i. p. 376 (1884 : Lake Huron, May) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. 
> 213 (1885); Merriam, Au\ ii. p. 376 (1885 : Straits of 
Mackinac) ; Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 358 (1886 : Santa Lucia, 
Peru); A. O. U. Chechl. N Amer. B. p. 151 (1886); Everm. 
Auk, iii. p. 91 (1886: Ventura Co.); Seton, t. c. p. 151 (Red River, 
W. Manitoba) ; Scott, t. e. p. 386 (Tucson, Arizona, on passage); 
Cory, t. c. p. 502 (Grand Cayman); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 
p. 189 (1886); PalmSn, Vega-Exped., Fogelf. tab. iv. (1887); 
Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 198, 235 (1887: N.California); 
id. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887: Kowak R., Alaska, June); Nelson, 
Rep. N. H. Coll Alaska, p. 110 (1887); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. 
B. p. 158 (1887); Dmight, Auk, iv. p. 16 (1887: Nova Scotia); 
Lloyd, t c. p. 186 (W. Texas, on passage); Scott, t. c. p. 218 
(S. Florida, to May 25); Cory, t. c. p. 313 (Bahamas) ; Cooke, Bull. 
U.S. Agric. No. 2, p. 93 (1888: Mississippi Valley); Warren, B. 
Pennsx/lv. p. 36 (1888); Everm. Auk, v. p. 349 (1888: Indiana) ,* 
Merrill, t. c. p. 366 (Oregon, July); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. 
p. 573 (1889); Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 120, 123, 
127 (1889: Indefatigable Id.); Bishop, Auk, vi. p. 146 (1889: 
Magdalen Isl., July) ; Scott, t. c. p. 157 (Gulf Coast of Florida to 
April 4); Jefferies, t. c, p. 223 (Santa Barbara, Cal.) ; Merriam, 
N. Amer. Fauna, no. 3, p. 88 (1890: Mts. of Arizona); Ralph fy 
Baqg, Auk, vii. p. 230 (1890: Oneida Lake, N. Y., Sept. 13); 
Scott, t. c. p. 308 (Dry Tortugas, April); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. xiii. p. 501 (1890: Manitoba, breeding?); Macf. Proc. U.S. 
$at. Mus. xiv. p. 427 (1891: Arctic America); Cory, Auk, viii. p. 48 
(1891: Guadeloupe Aug. to Oct.), p. 351 (Inagua Isl., Bahamas); 
Allen, t. c. p. 164 (Nova Scotia) ; Hagerup, B. Greenland, p. 55 
(1891: N. Greenland, occasional); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892: 
Jamaica); Cory, t. c. pp. 48, 49 (Maraguana & Inagua); Scott, t. c. 
p. 212 (Galoosanatchie Region); Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, 
Texas); Lawrence, t. c. p. 354 (Gray's Harbour, Washington); 
Anthony, t. c. p. 360 (S.E. New Mexico); Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mus. 
Nat. Hist. iv. p. 289 (1892: Casilda, Cuba); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 
p. 335 (Bonaire); Allen, Auk, x. p. 125 (1893); White, t. c. p. 223 
(Mackinac Isl.); Richm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 526 (1893: 
Rio Frio, Escondido, Costa Rica); Tacz. MSm. Acad. Imp. Sci. 
St. PStersh. (7) xxxix. p. 902 (1893); Field, Auk, xL p. 122 
(1894: Port Henderson, Jamaica); Richm. $* Knowl. t. c. p. 301 
(Fort Ellis, Montana); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. vi. p. 77 
(1894: Monega, Trinidad); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 89 (1895) ; Thome, Auk, xii. p. 213 (1895: Fort Keogh, Montana) 
; Dunn, t. c. p. 394 (N.E. Illinois). 
'Tringa wilsoni, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 121 (1834); Cass. in. B. N. Amer* 

550 CHASlDBUD-ffi. 

p. 721 (1858); Bryant, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat Mist. Tii. p. 121 
(1859 : Bahamas, April) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 196* 
(Cartagena); Scl. P. Z. S. I860, p. 196 (Cartagena); id. P. Z. S. 
1861, p. 80 (Jamaica); Bator. Ann. Lyc. N. F. 1861, p. 334 
(Panama); Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 178 (City of Mexico); Dresser, 
lbisf 1866, p. 37 (Texas); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver) : 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 311 (1871: Cuyaba, April). 
Pelidna pusilla (nee. Linn.), Bp. Co?np. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer.ip. 50 
(1838) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 348 (1847). 
Tringa temmincMi {nee LeisL), L'Ch-b. in Ramon de la Sagra, Mist 
Nat Cuba, p; 240 (1839). 
Pelidna minutilla, Gould in Dancin's Voy.£ Beagle,1 p. 131 (18411 
Galapagos). 
Tringa nana, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 92 (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. vL 

p. 375 (1856). 
Tringa georgica, Zicht. t. c. p. 92 (1854). 
Pelidna nana, Bp. C. JR. xliii, p. 596 (1856). 
Actodromas wilsoni, Bp> t. c. p. 596 (1856); A. <§* H. Newt IMs, 
1859, p. 258 (S. Croix). 

Actodromas minutilla, Cones, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1861, pp. 191,230; 
March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica; all the year); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 294 (1866: New Jer&ev); id. IMs, 
1866, p. 269 (Arizona); A. Newt P. Z. S. 1867, p. 165, pi. 15. 
%. 3 (egg) ; Ball $ Bami Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p, 292 (1869; 
Alaska, breeding); Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 501 (1868: 

W. Iowa, Aug.); id. Bull. Mus. C Z. ii. p. MS (1871; Florida), 
iii. p. 182 (1872); Hensh. Pep. Zool BxpL 1(XM Mend. p. 455 
(1875 : Utah Lake, July; Apache, Arizona, Aug.); Gundl. Ann. 
Soc. JEJsp. Hist. Nat. vL p. 376 (1878: Porto Rico); Midgw. Proc. 
TIM. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 158 (1880); 
Corns, ChecM. N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1882); Bean, JProe. US. Nat 
Mus. -v. p. 164 (1882: Alaska); Nelson, Cruise M. S. ' Corwn/ 
p. 88 (1883: Norton Sound); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. v. 
pp. 528, 534 (1883: Lower California); Stearns, Proc. US. Nat, 
Mus. vi p. 119 (1883: Labrador); Baird, Brewer, §-Ridgw, Hist 
Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 236 (1884) ; Cones, Key N Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 625 (1884); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885; Colorado); 
Loomis, t c. p. 192 (S. Carolina); Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. 
vii. p. 247 (1885 : Labrador, breeding). 
Tringa minuta minutilla, Seek Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 205 (1885). 
Tringa subminuta minutilla, Seed. Geogr. Dutr. Charadr. p. 349 
(1888). 
Limonites minutillus, Heine $* Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. p. 329 
(1890). 

Adult in winter plumage. Similar to that of L. minuta, but the 
size smaller; further distinguished by the distinct ashy-brown of* 
the fore-neck and chest, which is mottled with dark shaft-streaks 
and spots. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*55, tail 1*6». 
tarsus 0*75, middle toe and claw 0-75. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Similar to L. minuta, but much 
smaller, and blacker on the upper surface, where the ruforis is never 
so strongly characterized as in L. minuta; sides of face dusky 
brown with scarcely any tinge of rufous; lower throat and chest 
ashy, with strongly marked streaks and spots of blackish brownr 

63 . IIMOETITES. 
551 
with scarcely any tinge of rufous: " bill black; feet dark olive-
brown 5 iris dark brown " (E. E. Dresser). Total length 5-2 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*4, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*75, middle toe and claw 0-8. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male: " bill 
blackish brown; feet light clay-brown; iris dark brown " (E. E. 
Dresser). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3'35, tail 1'4, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Resembles the summer plumage of the adult, being black 
with rufous margins to the feathers, but is distinguished by the 
white margins to the feathers of the upper surface, and by the-
absence of spots on the lower throat and fore-neck, which are 
tinged with buff. 

Eab. North America, south to South America. Accidental in 
Europe. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Old Collection. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Fort Simpson, May 24. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.], 
c. (S ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.]. 
d-g. 
Juv. sk. Toronto, Canada (F. Seebohm Coll. 
Whitely). 

h. <$ ad. sk. Hamilton, Canada (K. C. Seebohm Coll. 
MacIIwraith). 
%. <$ 
ad. sk. Moose Fort, May 29 (C. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Drexler). 


k. 
Ad. sk. Labrador, July 30 (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I Ad. sk. Penguin Island, July 24 Salvin-Godman Coll, 
{Eensh. Coll). 

m. c? ad. sk. Cambridge, Mass., Aug. Salvin-Godman ColL 
(Eensh. Coll). 
n, o. Ad. sk. New Jersey. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 


[p.]. 

p} 
q. Ad. sk. New Jersey. 

Seebohm Coll. 

r. Ad. sk. New Jersey. 
Hume Coll. 

s. Juv. sk. New York. 
Seebohm Coll. 

t 
? ad. sk. Pennsylvania (Krider). 

Seebohm Coll. 

u, v. Juv. sk. Virginia Beach. 

Seebohm Coll. 

w. Ad. sk. Lake Borgue, Louisiana, 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

April (Eensh. Coll.). 

x. 
$ ad. sk. Taylor's Co., Florida, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
9 ( W. Eoxie: Eensh. 
Coll). 
y~a\ 
$ ad.; r'*-c". Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Oct., Jan., May (W.E. 

D. Scott). 
d", e". Ad. sk. Bermuda, Oct., Dec. Capt.SavileReidrC.]. 
f". Ad.; g", h". % San Antonio, Texas, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 29 (E. E. Dresser). 
t". $ ad. sk. Apache, Arizona, Aug. 28 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Eensh. Coll.). 
h". Ad. sk. 49th Parallel (G. M. DamN. 
A. Bound. Comm. 
son). 
?', m". Ad. sk. British' Columbia. J. K Lord, Esq. [0.]. 
Straits of Juan de Fuca. Oapt.Kellett& Lieut. 

n", o". Ad. sk. 

Wood. 

U52

p". Juv. sk.
q". S ad. sk.
r". <$ ad.; slt~yn. $

ad. sk.
z". 2 ad. sk.
a3, b3. 8 2 ad. sk.

•c3. J ad. sk.
d3 

. Ad. sk.
<?3,/3. Ad. sk.
g3* c? ad. sk.

hz 

. Ad. sk.
z3} W) I3. <$ ad. sk.
m3-uB. cJ 5 ad. sk.
v3. P ad. sk.
wz. 2 ad. skx3> 
<$ ad. sk.
y3. 2 ad. sk.

%3 

t a*. Ad. sk.
b4

-. $ ad. sk.
c9-. <£ ad.; d% e4: $
ad. sk.
/4. Ad. sk.
g*. Ad. sk.
hl 

. Ad. sk.
i\ Ad. sk.
As*. Ad. sk.

l\ $ ad. sk.

m\ Ad. sk.
n*. Ad. sk.
o*,p\ <$ 2 &&-s&


41, r\ Ad. sk.
s*, £4. Ad. sk.

 CHABADBIID2E. 
Esquimalt, Vancouver Isl. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. H. Markham). 
Oakland, California, Aug.
31 (HensJi. Coll.). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Santa Barbara, CaL, Sept., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. (Hensh. Coll.). 
Hermosillo,Sonora,Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll 
Nov. 16 (Ferrari-Perez). 
Rio Urique, Chihuahua, Salvin-Godman ColL 
Nov. ( W. Lloyd). 

 Axotla, Tacubaya, Valley of Salvin-Ctodman Coll. 
Mexico, March 4 (Ferrari-
Perez). 

 Coajimalpa, Tacubaya, Mar. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
11 (Ferrari-Perez). 
Ixtapalapa, Tlalpam, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
24 (Ferrari-Perez}. 
Atotonilco, Huejotzin<ro, Salvin-Godman ColL 
April lo(Ferrari-Perez). 
Valley of Mexico (Le Seebohni ColL 

Strange). 
Matanioras, July (JET. JE. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Dresser). 


 Tampico, Feb., March ( IF. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. Piehardson). 
Zapotlan, Jalisco, Nov. 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. B. P.). 
Santana, near Guadalajara, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March 13 { W. Lloyd). 
Huatusco. State of Vera Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Cruz (Ferrari-Perez). 
Soehiapa, Vera Cruz, Jan. Salvin-Godman ColL 

(M. Trujillo). 
Patzcuaro, 
Jan. (F. D. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Godman). 

 Hacienda de los Atliscos, Salvin-Godman CoE. 
March (F. D. G.). 
Progreso, Northern Yuca- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 tan, Oct. {G. F.Gaumer), 
Duenas, Guatemala (O. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin). 

 Chiapam, Coast of Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll 

mala (0. 8.). 
Costa Bica (Endres). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Panama. Tweeddale Coll. 
St. Vincent, West Indies, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Aug. 20 (B. W. Smith). 
Grenada, March 31 (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Smith). 

 Jamaica. 
Purchased. 

 Jamaica. Seehohm ColL 
Agualta Vale, Metcalfe Salvin-Godman ColL 
Parish, Jamaica, Jan. 4 

(W. Osborn). 
Trinidad. Gould ColL 
Cayenne. Seehohm ColL 

63 . 1IM02JTITES. 
a*4 . Ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Coll. 
v*. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. B. Wallace). 
w\
aA . 
Ad.sk. 
Ad. sk. 
T?evnamhuco[W,A.Forbes). 
Bahia. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y\ Ad. sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador (IISalvin-
Godman Coll. 
z\ a5 , $ ad. sk.
UnqwortK). 
Indefatigable Island, GalaSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
pagos, Sept. (Dr. Habel). 

4. Limonites damacensis. 
Totanus damacensis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821). 
Tringa minuta (nee Leisl), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 270 
(1849: Calcutta); Zegge, Ibis, 1874, p. 29 (Ceylon). 

Tringa subminuta, Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool. p. 222 (1851: 
Stanovoi Mts., west slope, May 19; Uda River, June 30); Schrenck, 
Beis. Amurl. p. 424 (1859: S. Amur, July); Badde, Beis. Sibir., 

Tog. p. 333 (1863 : Tarei-Nor, May); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 97; Jerd. 

B. Ind. iii. p. 691 (1864); Dybowski fy Parvex, J.f. 0. 1868, p. 337 
(Darasun); Tacz. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 103; id. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 
i. 
p. 253 (1876: S.E. Siberia) ; Prjev. in Bowlet/s Orn. Misc. iii. 
p. 90 (1878: S.E. Mongolia); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 889 (1880); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 391 (1883) ; Blakist. Amended 
List B. Japan, pp. 21, 37 (1884: Kuriles) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. 
B. iii. p. 204 (1885); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 92 (1884) ; 
Nikolski, He Sahhal p. 261 (1886); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 
(Oorea); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 438 (1888); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1890, pp. 143, 287 (Abai, N. Borneo); Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. 
p. 338(1890: Hakodadi; Yokohama; Kurile Is.); Sty an, Ibis, 
1891, pp. 330, 506 (Lower Yangtse; migrant); Hariert, Kat. 
Vogelsamml. Senckenb. Mus. p. 221 (1891: Java); Tacz. Mem. 
Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 194 (1893); Styan, Ibis, 
1894, p. 335 (Shanghai). 
Actodromas subminuta, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 596 (1856) ; Stejn. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 71 (1883 : Commander Isl.). 
Tringa 
salina (nee Pall), Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 50, no. 10313 
(1871); Sharpe fy Dresser, B. Fur. viii. p. 33 (s. T. minuta) 
(1871); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 (Ceylon); Legge, Str. F. i. 

p. 491 (1873) ; Blyth $ Wold. B. Burm. p. 156 (1875 : Rangoon; 
Tonghoo). 
Tringa 
damacensis (nee Horsf.), Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 103 (E. 
Siberia) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 243 (1873); id. op. cit. ii, p. 482 
(1874: Yea); id. op. cit. iii. p. 182 (1875: Pegu); Swinh. Ibis, 
1875, p. 455 (Rakodadi); Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 221 
(Yezo) ; Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 116 (1885: Bering 
Isl.) ; id. Proc. US. Nat. Mus. x. p. 130 (1887: Bering Island, 
? breeding): Bidgw. Auk, iii. p. 275 (1886: Otter Isl, Alaska) ; 
id. Man. N. Am. B. p. 158 (1887); Chapm. Auk, v. p. 394 (1888); 

A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1895). 
Actodromas salina (nee Pall), Salvad. Uec. Born. p. 324 (1874). 
Tringa ruficollis (nee Pall), Wold, Tr. Zf S. ix. p. 234 (1875: Luzon, 
Feb,); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 472 (1877, pt.); Hume fy 
Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 461 (1878 : Tbatone; Yea); Ball, Str. F. 

554 
CHAEABEUD^. 

vii. p. 228 (1878: Ganges and Godaveri); Hume, Sir. F. vii.p. 
487 (1878: Calcutta); Seebohm, Ibis, 187% p. 226; JBume, 
Sir. F. viii. pp. 113 (1879), 161 (1879: Tonka) ; Blahist. % Fryer, 
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, viii. p. 195 (1880). 
Actodromas 
damacensis, Stejn. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus, vi. p. 71 
(1883); id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 116 (1&85: Bering 
IsL), p. 316 (Kamtchatka). 

Adult male in winter plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of 

L. minuia and L. ruficollis, but darker than, either of them, with 
the head and back much more thickly spotted with black, and the 
lower throat and fore-neek very distinctly streaked or mottled with 
brown. The species can of course be distinguished from both of 
the above species by its long toes. 
Adult male in summer jphtmage. Almost exactly similar to 

L. minuta, but easily distinguished by the length of the middle toe 
and the colour of the legs. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0#7y 
wing 3*4, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*8, middle toe and claw 0*9. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage: "bill blackish, 
olive-brown at base of lower jaw; feet greyish yellow, with the 
joints darker olive ; iris dark brown " (L. Strjneger). 

Eab. E. Siberia and the Kurile Islands, Kamtchatka, Bering 
Island and the islands off Alaska, ranging south in winter by Japan 
and China to Eastern Bengal, the Burmese countries, Malacca, and 
the Indo-Malayan Islands to Australia. 

a. J juv. sk. E. Siberia (Dybowski). Tweeddale Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Lake Baikal {Dybotaski). Tweeddale Cull 
c. J ad. sk. Amur-land {Dr. Maack). Seebohiu Coll. 
d. Juv. sk. Yokohama (H. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
e. 
S ad.; /, g, Hakodadi, Japan, Aug., Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
h. § juv* sk* (Hensori). 
i. (S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Aug. (BiaMston). Tweeddale Coil 
k. 
5 juv. sk. South Yezo, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
I. Juv. sk. Nagasaki, Nov, 1. F. Kinger, Esq. [P.], 
m, n. Ad. sk. Shanghai. Tweeddale Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Shanghai. 
J. Webb, Esq_. [P.]. 
p-v. 
Ad.; w. Juv. Amoy, April, May, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. (F. Swinkoe). 

w. Ad. sk. Canton (Bligh). Seebohm Coll. 
y. 
cf ad. sk. Tonghoo, Burmah, Nov. 12 Tweeddale Coll. 
(F. Q W. JR.). 
z, a'. (S ad. sk. Kangoon, Sept. (F. G. W. Tweeddale Coll. 
JR.). 
b\ 
<S ad.; c\ dr, Pegu, Aug., Sept. (F. W« O.). Oates Coll. 
e\ $ ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. India. Seebohm ColL 
g\ h', i!. Ad. sk. Calcutta. Seebohm Coll. 
#-y. S ad.; Calcutta, Dec. to Apiil(-4.0J2".). Hume Coll. 
z'-v". 2 ad. 

sk. 
w". J ad. sk. Calcutta. Godwin-Austen ColL 
ic"j y". Ad. sk. Madras. Hume ColL 
*". <$ ad. sk. N.E. Coast, Ceylon, Dec. 12 Seebohm ColL 

(W. V.Legge). 
63 . LIM02STITES. 555 
a\ tf ad. sk.
b3. (S ad. sk. 
Wackwelle Oorale, Ceylon.
Jan. 26. 
Trinconialee, Ceylon. Dec. 
Ool. W. V. Les^e[
P.1 
Col. W. V. Legge 
e3 . cJ ad. sk. Kaukaryit, Tenasserim, Aug. 24(J". Darling). 
Hume Coll. 

<P~$3. c? ad. sk. Thatone, Aug., Nov. (W. Davi- Hume Coll. 

son). 
W, t*. $ ad. sk. Yea, March (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
h\ l\ 6 2 ad. sk. Tavoy, Jan., April (W. Davi- Hume Coll. 

son). 
m3> n3. $ ad. sk. Salang, Island of Tonka, Feb., Hume Coll. 

March (J. Darling). 
o3. Ad. sk. Malacca, Aug. {Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 
p\ Ad. sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. 

(Type of Totanus da?naeensis.) 
q\ 2 ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll. 
r3. 2 ad. sk. Makassar, Celebes. "Wallace Coll. 
s3. Ad. sk. Trusan, Sarawak, Aug. (A. H. Seebohm Coll, 

Everett). 
t3. Ad. sk. Baram Point, N.W. Borneo, A. H. Everett, Esq. 
Oct. 10. [C.]. 
u3, v3. S juv. sk. Baram Point, Aug. 33. A. H. Everett, Esq. 

to3. <$ imm.; x3, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Sept. E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
y3. 2 imm.sk. [0.]. 

23. Ad. sk. Luzon {Maitland Heriot). Tweeddale Coll. 
a\ 
Ad. sk. N.W. Australia (T. M. Bowyer Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Bower). [P.]. 

5. Limonites temmincM. 
Tringa pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 737 (1801, pi). 
Trynga cinclus (nee L.), Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 201 (1811). 
Tringa temminckii, Leisler in Bechst, Naturg. Deutschl. Nachtr. ii. 


p. 78 (1812) ; Temm. Man. $ Orn. ii. p. 622 (1820); id. PI. Col. 
v. pi. 41. fig. 1 (1823) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi 288 (1825); Werner, 
Atlas, Gralles, pi. 15 (1827); Naum. Fog. Deutschl. vii, Taf. 189 
(1834); Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 333 (1837); Crespon, Orn. Gard, 
p. 414 (1840); Muhle, Orn. Grieehenl p. 105 (1840) 5 Keys. u. 
Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. lxxvii, 215 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. 
Buss. Merid. iii. p. 241 (1840 : Crimea, ? breeding) ; Selgs-Longch. 
Faun. Beige, p. 125 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xc (1844); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 270 
(1849 : Calcutta); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 302 (1850); Midd. Reis, 
Sibir., Zool. p. 221 (1851: Taimyr R.; Boganida R.; Stanovoi 
Mts. j ^Etae Isl.); Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 230 (1852); 
Kj&rb. Orn. Dan., Suppl. pi. xvi. fig. 4 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederh 
pi. 234 (1854); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 63 (1856); Sundev. Svmsfo 
Fogl. pi. 43. ^g. 5 (1856); Sartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 238 (1857 : 
Senegambia); B. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 53; Jaub. fy Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 459 (1859); Finsch, J.f.O. 1859, p. 387 
(Bulgaria) ,• Schrenck, Reis. Amurl, Vog. p. 442 (1859: Amur-
land, May); Linderm. Vog. Grieehenl. p. 143 (1860); Tristr. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 80 (Algeria, winter) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 66 (Amoy) j 
Schl. Dier. Nederl Vog. pi. 24. fig. 9 (1861); F. $ P. Godman, 
556 CHABA.DKIID-3E. 

Ibis, 1861, p. 90 (Bodo, May) ; Irby, i. c. p. 241 (Oudh); Blasius, 
Ibis, 1862, p. 71 (Heligoland); Stoinh. t. c. p. 255 (Foocliow); 
id. Ibis, 1863, p. 412 (Formosa); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 169 
(1863); Badde, Beis. S>'bir., Vdg. p. 332 (1863: Tarei-Xor; 
Lake Baikal, June); ScM. Mus. Pays-Bos, Scolopaees, p. 47 
(1864); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 691 (1864) : A. L. Adams, Ibis, 
1864, p. 33 (Egypt); Wright, t e. p. 148 (Malta, Sept.): DyL $ 
Parv. J.f.O. 18(38, p. 337 (Darasun); Coilett Xorges Fugle, p. 53 
(1868); Borggr. Vogelf. KorddeuUcM. p. 117 (18601: Doderl. 
Acif. Sicil p. 191 (1869); Wright. Ibis, 1870, p. 492 (Malta, 
May); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 273 (1870) ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 50, no. 10315 (1871): Stcinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 401); R. Gray, B. West. Scotl p. 321 (1871: Caithness) ; 
Sharpe fy Dresser, B.Eur, viii. p. 45, pis. 549. %. 1, ODD. %. 2 
(1871); Hnrting, Handb. Brit B. p. 49 (1872); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 252 (lb72); Hcvgl. Orn. S.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1192 
(1873: Red Sea; White Nile; Kordofanj"? Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, 

p. 103 (E. Siberia); Severtz. Turkest Jeiotn. p. 60 (1873: breeding); 
Al&L <§* Harvie Broicn, Ibis, 1873, p. tS9 (Archangel: 
breeding); Swinhoe, t. c. p. 426 (Shanghai, April]: Hume $• 
Henderson, Lahore to York, p. 2^9 (1873: Yarkand); Hume, 
Str. F. i. p. 244 (1873); Legge, i. e. p. 491 (Trincumake, Nov.); 
Hume, Str, Fii.]). 482 (1874: Tena^erim), iii. p. 1*3 (1875): 
Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 412; Blyth $ Wald. B. Dunn. p. 150 (1875); 
Irby, Dm. Straits Gibr. p. 173 (1875: winter); Danf. 4* Hariie-
Broicn, Ibis, 1875, p. 422 (Transylvania |; Fallon, Ois. Belg. 
p. 170 (1875); Butler # Xume, Str. F. iv. p. 17 (1876: Deesa; 
Ahmedabad) ; Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Ahmednuirgur); Seek 4* 
Harme-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 308 (Lower Petchora, May, June); 
Dresser, i. c. p. 411; Tacz. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, L p. 254 
(1876); id. op. cit. ii. p. 157 (3877: Poland); Butler, Str. F 
v. p. 233 (1877: Deesa, Aug. to May) : David § Oust Ois. 
Chine, p. 473 (1877); Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 401 (1878) ; 
Ball, Str. F. vil. p. 228 (1878: Ganges to Godavery); Hume, 
t. c. p. 487 (Calcutta); Prjev. in Bowleg s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 90 
(1878 :Hoane*bo Valley, July; Gobi Desert, Aug.); Anders. Zool 
Bes.Evped. West. Yumum.?. 680 (1878: Bhamo, Feb.) ; Bogd. B. 
Cam. p. 159 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879) ; Scully, t c. 
p. 357 (Nepal, Sept. to April); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. 
p. 252 (1879 : Ala-Rul; Tfachschutsefaa); Butler, Cat. B. Sindetc. 
p. 63 (1879); Seeb. Ibis, 1879,p. 149 (Yene-ei, Julv,breeding), 1880, 
p. 194; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 892 (1880); Hume, Str. K ix. p. 258 
(1880: Cachar); Butt Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 77 (1880); Metd, 
Str. F. x. p. 70 (1881: Lucknow); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 96 
(Gilgit, May): Scully, t. c. p. 589 (Gilgit, Sept., Oct); Davidson, 
Str.F.x. p."321 (1882: WestKhandeish); Seek Ibis, 1882, p. 224 
(Astrakhan, on migration); id. t. c. p. 382 (Archangel, breeding) ; 
Biddulph, t c. p. 288 (Gilgit, July, Aug.); Seebohm, IMs, 1883, 
p. 30 (Caucasus, on migration) ; Severtz. t. c. p. 75 (Aki Pamir, 
breeding); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 169 (1883); Booth, Mmtgh 
Notes, ii. pis. 26, 27 (1883); Saunders, ed. Yarn Brit. B« iii. 
p. 398 (1883); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Bwm. ii. p. 392 (1883) ; 
Bogd. Comp. Av. Imp. Moss. p. 94 (1884); Badde7 Orn. Caucl 
p. 430 (1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Srnd, p. 251 (1884); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 268 (Kiukiang, Oct.); id. Hist. Brit. Bl 
iii. p. 217, pi. 31. figs. 7, 8 (1885); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
x. p. 475 (1885: Ussuri country); Zarudn. Ois. Tramc* p. 70 
63. LIMONITES. 
557 

(1685); Whiteh. Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica, May); Pleske, Uebers, 
Saug. u. Vog. Kola-Halbinsel, p. 346 (1886) ; PalmSn, Vega-Fxped., 
Fogelf. p. 319 (1887); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 323 (1888: Sylhet; 
Cachar); Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Char adv. p. 434 (1888); Saunders, 
Man. Brit. B. p. 575 (1889) ; Peichen. Si/st. Verz. Vog. 
Dmtschl p. 48 (1889); Collett, Ibis, 1890, p. 407 (Roros, July 
breeding); Steere, List Birds fy Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 (1890: 
Negros); Bmsina, Motr. (Orn. Croatica),j>. 88 (1890); Madardsz, 
Frlaut Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 110 (1891) ; Schalow,J.f 0. 1891, 

p. 259 (Sitcha Isl., Kuriles): Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Senckenb. Mus. 
p. 202 (BisscLofsclieini; Mainz); Frivaldsky, Aves Hung. p. 147 
(1891) ; Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 522 (1891); Sharpe, Pep. Sci. Pes, 
2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 143 (1891: Yarkand, breeding; Leh; 
Lukung); Fatio # Studer, Cat. distr, Ois. Suisse, p. 50 (1892); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland); Be La louche, t. c. p. 49£ 
(Foocbow and Swatow) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 515 (E. Prussia) ; Styan7 
Ibis, 1893, p. 437 (Hainan); Stejn. Auk, x. p, 346 (1893: ToHo, 
Japan) ; Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 916 
(1893) ; Pearson $ Bidioell, Ibis, 1894, p. 235 (N. Norway); Stejn. 
Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. xv. p. 371 (1895 : Japan) ; Lilford, Col. Pig. 
Brit B. part xxxi. (1895). 
Pelidna temmincki, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt, i. p. 103 
(1824); Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 666 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B, 
Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 50 (1838) ; JDegl. <§* Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 205 
(1867); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 88.fig. 12 (1870;: Koenig, J J. O, 
1892, p. 91 (Tunis). 

Oalidris temminckii, Cuvier, Pegne Anim. i. p. 526 (1829). 
Leimonites temminckii, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 37 (1829); Gould, 

B. Gt.J3rit.iY. pi. 73(1873). 
Temminck's Stint, Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 647 (1843). 
Tringa pusilla vel temminckii, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus.y
Grail®, pi. 92, no. 629 ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. n. 86 (1844). 
Scboeniclus temminckii, Gray, List Grallce in Brit. Mus. p. 106 

(1844) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 140 (1846). 
Pelidna gracilis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 318 (1855). 
Actodromas temminckii, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Loche, 

Fxpl. Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 314 (1867); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. 

p. 317 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (S. Spain, winter) ; 
Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 324 (1874: Pagattan); Cripps. Str. F. vii. 
p. 303 (1878: Dibrugbur); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 71 
(1883); id. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 29, p. 119 (1885: Bering 
Isl.); id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 130 (1887: Commander Isl.); 
Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 388 (1886); Salvad. Flenco Ucc. Ital. p. 220 
(1886); Gigl. Avif. Hal. 1st Pesoc. i. p. 590 (1889), ii. p. 643 
(1890), iii. p. 507£891). 
Limonites temminckii, Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 61 (Pisa); Heine $* Peichen. 
Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 329 (1890: Pomerania). ^ 

Tringa damacensis, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii. p. 396 (1882) ; 
Dyb. fy Tacz. op. cit. ix. p. 146 (1884: Kamtchatka; Bering Isl. $ 
Copper Isl.). 

Tryngassp. innom. (!), Olphe-Gall.Contr. Faun. Fur. Occid. fasc.xiv 

p. 86 (1891). 
Adult in winter plumage. General colour above asby grey, 
slightly varied with dusky shaft-streaks; scapulars bronzy brown 
like tbe inner secondaries; lower back and rump brown, with a 
sub-terminal shade of darker brown; upper tail-coverts also dark 

55S CHABADBHILE. 

brown, with longitudinal shaft-streaks of darker brown; wing-

coverts brown, with a slight bronzy gloss, the shaft-lines darker, 

and slight indications of paler edges; the greater coverts tipped with 

white, forming a cross-band on the wing; bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills blackish brown, the shafts of the primaries pale 

whity-brown, that of the first outer primary white; the bastard 

primary white, with a brown centre; all the primaries white at the 

extreme base; secondaries brown, white at base of the inner web, 

and fringed with white at the ends ; the long inner secondaries 

bronzy brown with dusky centres; centre tail-feathers dusky brown, 

the remainder ashy brown, with white in the centre, increasing in 

.extent towards the outer feathers, the two external ones entirely 

white; crown of head ashy brown like the back ; lores dull brown, 

surmounted by a streak of white, hardly joined to a second streak 

above the ear-coverts, which forms an indistinct eyebrow; eyelid 

white; sides of face and ear-coverts ashy brown, streaked with 

dusky brown; the cheeks and throat white, with a few dusky 

streaks on the cheeks and lower throat; fore-neck and upper breast 

light ashy brown ; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, and flanks 

pure white; thighs brown, white internally; under tail-coverts 

white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; the coverts round 

the bend of the wing dusky brown with whitish edges, the lower 

primary-coverts brown, forming a patch; quills below ashy brown, 

somewhat lighter along the inner edge. Total length 5-5 inches, 

culmen 0*6, wing 3*8, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7, mid toe and claw 0*7. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Only differs from the winter 
plumage in being more mottled above, the feathers having black 
centres, and being tinged with rufous, especially on the edges of 
the feathers; the lower throat and chest have also some distinct 
shaft-lines : " bill olive-black, lighter olive-brownish at base, 
especially on the lower mandible; feet olive-yellow, the joints more 
dusky; iris dark brown " (L. Stejneger). Total length 5*3 inches, 
culmen 0-75, wing 3*7, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*65, middle foe and. 
claw 0*7. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male and apparently 
quite as much mottled. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 3*9, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*05, middle toe and claw 0*7. 

Young birds. These can always be distinguished from the adults 
in summer or winter plumage by the narrow sandy-buff margins to 
the feathers of the upper surface, and by the ashy-fulvous tinge 
on the fore-neck, which is devoid of the dusky streaks seen in the 
adults. 

Nestling, Covered with golden-buff down, spotted with black, 
and spangled with silvery tips to the down; the black forms a line 
down the centre of the back; under surface dull white, tinged with 
buff on the fore-neck. 

Hub. Breeding in northern portions of the Old World, migrating 
south in winter to E". Africa, the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, the 
Burmese countries and China. 

63 . UMONITES. 
559 

>a. Ad. sk. 
b, a Ad. sk. 

d. 5 juv. sk 
e. Ad. sk. 
/, g. Ad. sk. 
h. <J ad. sk. 
i-m. $ J juv. sk.
n. Ad. sk. 
o. Juv. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q-t. S ad. sk. 
u, v. $ ad.; w, 

x, y. J ad. sk. 
z, a'. <S ad. skb'. 
$ ad. sk. 

cr, d'. $ ad. sk. 

.<?'. Ad. sk. 

f,gr.S ad.sk. 
h'. S ad. sk. 
i', k'. (S ad.; l\ 

Pull, sk. 

m'-s'. <$ ad. j t\ 
u\ v'. ? ad.; 
w'. Pull. sk. 
x'. Ad. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
z1, a". $ ad. sk. 
b". Ad. sk. 

c"-g". 6 ad.; 
A"-m".?ad.; 
n". Pull. sk. 

o". S ad. sk. 

p". $ ad. sk. 

4% r", s". rf $ 

ad. sk. 
t", u". Ad. sk. 
*/'. Ad. sk. 
w". Ad. sk. 
x". <5 ad. sk. 


y . Ad. sk. 
z". Ad. sk. 
Ribbleton Moor, Lancashire, 
Sept. 

Aldeburgh, Suffolk, August. 

Thorpe Mere, Aldeburgh,Sept.ll 

(J. JS. Harting). 
Barking. 
Kingsbury, Middlesex, Sept. 
Kingsbury, Aug. 29 (J. E. 


Harting). 

 Pagbam Harbour, Sussex, Sept. 

(J. E. Harting). 
Pagham Harbour. 
Pagbam Harbour, Aug. 20 (G. 


E. Shelley). 
Devonshire. 
Bodo, Norway, May (F. B. 
Godma?i). 
Tromso, Norway, June (H.S.). 

Vadso, Norway, June (H. JS.). 
Repwaag, Norway, June 18 

(H. S.). 
Kistrand, Norway, June 20 

(H. &). 
Quickiock, Lapland, July 31 

{T.JE. Buckley). 
Lapland, May 26. 
Goletz,June22 (H.S.). 
Tshaitsha, River Dwina, June 

(J. A. Harvie-Brown and 
E. B. Alston). 
River Petchora, June-July 

(J. A. Harvie-Brown and 
H. Seebohm). 
Heligoland. 
France. 
Egypt, Feb., March (G. E. 


Shelley). 

Cape Verde, Senegal, Oct. 
Valley of the Yen-e-sei, June-
July (H. S.). 

Ala Kul, Turkestan, May 19 

(Dr. O. Finsch). 

Western Turkestan, April 

(Prjevalsky). 
Zaidam, April, Aug. (Prjevalsky). 


Yarkand, May 22. 
Leh, Sept. 9. 
Lukung, Sept. 20. 


Harting Coll. 

Theodore Fisher,Esq. 
[p.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Harting Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe [P.], 
Seebohm Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

L. Laglaize [0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. F. Stoliczka [0/ 


Dr. F. Stoliczka [C.1 

Dr. F. Stoliczka [C; 

Banks of the Hubb, BaluchisHume 
Coll. 

tan, Oct. 24( W. T. Blanford). 
Rohun, Sindh, Jan. 4. Hume Coll. 
Kotri, Sindh, Nov. 27 {E. A. Hume Coll. 

Butler). 

CHASADEIIB.3I. 

a3, b\ <$ ad. sk. 

cs. $ ad. sk. 

<p. Ad. sk. 
e3. J ad. sk. 
/M3. cJ ad. et 
juv. sk. 

F . d ad.; Z3, w3. 
2 ad. sk. 
w3, o3. 6 ad. j 
^ 2 ad. sk. 
^ r3. Ad. sk. 


s3. c? ad. sk. 

t*-x\ 6 ad.;
y3-dK ? ad. 
et imm. sk. 


fi*, f\ 6 ? ad. 

sk. 
gj, hK 2 ad. sk. 
tf-m1. Ad. sk. 


n*. 2 ad. s^o4, 
j?1. 2 ad. sk. 
a", r4, **. d ad.; 

*S w1, *>l. 2 

ad. sk. 
«>4-&5. cJad.;c5


f. 2 ad. sk. 
/, 7i\ 6 ad.; z*, 
k5 

. 2 ad. sk. 
Z5. Ad. sk. 
m5. Imm. sk. 
n\ $ ad. sk. 
o5-r3. Ad. sk. 
sn, P. Ad. sk. 
u5. Ad. sk. 
^\ Ad. sk. 


w5. S ad. sk. 
%r5y t/5. Ad. sk. 
s5, a6, d ad. sk. 


b6 

. Ad. sk. 
c6. 2 acl. sk. 


d?. $ ad. sk. 
es. c? ad. sk. 


/«, g*. Ad. sk. 
A»,tV6- Ad. sk. 

I6. (J ad. sk. 
m6. $ ad. sk. 

River Jlielum, PInd Dadan 

Khan, Nov. 23 (^L O. J5T.). 
Deesa, Feb. 2 {E. A. Butler). 
Mount Aboo (E. A. Butler). 
Mount Aboo, Oct. 11 (G. King). 
Sambhur, Oct. to April (JR. M. 

Adam). 
Delhi, Feb. to May (C. T. 
Bingham). 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Oct. (TiT. 

X. Chill). 
Lahore, 
Dec. (C. B. T. Marshall). 


Cashmere, Sept. 

 Gilgit, May, Aug. 

Gilgit, May 15 (J. Sadly).

Umbala, Nov. (JR. C. Beavan). 
Eta-wali, Sept. (-4. 0. if. and 

"Utehulda, Eta^ah, Jan. 20. 
Cawnpore, Feb. { W. E. Brooks). 
Allahabad, Dec. to Feb. 

Futtehgurh, April, May (A. 
Anderson % W. E. Brooks). 
Futtehgurh, April to June (A. 


Anderson 4* W. E. Brooks). 
Oudh. 
Oudh. 
N epal Valley, Oct. 2 (J. Scully). 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. Jff. Hodgson). 
Darjeeling. 
Upper Assam. 

Noa Dibing, Feb. 3. 
Miri Hills,~Assam. 
Dibrughur, Feb., May (J. JR. 


Cripps). 

Mymensing. 
KaUeejung, Bhramapootra River, 


Dec. 4 (W. Davison). 
Maniptir. 
Barak River, Cachar, Jan 10 

(TV. Davison). 
Dacca (22. C. Tyikr). 
Calcutta, Jan., April, May 

(A. O. H.). 
Calcutta, Jan. 
Assensole, NOT. 8 (W. B. 
Brooks). 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Col. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel Biddulph 

.A"


Colonel Biddulph 

XV. 
Seebohm. Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Hume ColL 

Hume ColL 

Hume Coil. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

PinwiU ColL 

Home Coll. 

Seebuhni ColL 
Hodgeon Coll. 
India Museum. 
Seebohm Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esqr 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll, 
Hume Coll. 

Godwin-Austen Coll, 
Hume Coll. 

Godwin-Austen Coll, 
Hume Coll, 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Godwin-Austen ColL 
Hume Coll. 

64 . 
HETEROPrGIA. 
561 

§ ad. sk. Maunbhooni, Jan. (R. C. Tweeddale Coll. 

Beavan).
o\ $ ad. sk. Raipur. Hume Coll. 
p*. $ ad. sk. Nerbudda, Dec. 10. Hume Coll. 
(/, r,J. d ad. sk. Shada, Khandeish, Dec. (J. Hume Coll. 

Davidson), 
sG, f. Ad. sk. Deccan (Si/kes). India Museum. 
u°. 2 ad. sk. N.E. of Ahmednuggar, Feb. 9 Tweeddale Coll. 

(S. B. Fairbcmk). 
v\ $ ad. sk. Pegu, March 17. Oates Coll. 
wQ. d ad. sk. Toiighoo, Nov. 12 (22. G. TV. R.). Tweeddale Coll. 
•t*. d ad. sk. JBhamo, Upper Burmah, Feb. 7. Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
//. d ad. sk. Kedai-keglai, Tenasserim, Dec. Hume Coll, 
15 (W. Davison).
s°. c? ad.; a7, Tkinzeik, Dec, Jan. ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
b\ 2 ad. sk. son). 
c7-h7. d ad. ; Thatone, Oct. to Jan. (W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
?, V, Z7. ? 
ad. sk. 

m7. tf ad. sk. Houngthraw River, Feb. 14 Tweeddale Coll. 

( W. Limborg). 
n7. d ad.; o7, Tavoy, March, April ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
p7. J ad. sk. son). 
<77, >*7. $ ad. sk. Ye, Tenasserim, March 21 ( W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
s7. $ ad. sk. Yeaboo, Attaran River, March 31 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
t7 
77 

, u7 v. d ad. Mouth of Amur River, August Seebohm Coll. 
etjuv.; w7,x7j (Doerries). 
y\ 2juv.sk. 


27. d ad. sk. Shanghai, May (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
aH-gB. Ad. sk. Amoy, Jan., Oct. (R. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
A8, i* Ad. sk. Canton, China. Tweeddale Coll. 
#*, 28. Sternum Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
and bones of 
trunk. 


64. HETEROPYGIA. 
Type. 
Heteropygia, Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 191. H. fuscicollis, 
Delopygia (nom. altem.), Coues, t.c. p. 190, note ... . H. fuscicollis. 
Limnocinclus, Gould, Kandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 254 

(1865) 
, H. acuminata. 

Range. North and South America. Accidental in Europe. 

E. Siberia to China and Australia. 
Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. 
Central upper tail-coverts dark like the rump and 
centre tail-feathers. 
a'. Wing exceeding 5 inches in length; pectoral 
band very distinct. 
a". Pectoral band strongly denned, streaked 
with black, very thickly distributed j flanks 
scarcely streaked maculata, p. 562. 

b". Pectoral band thickly spotted with black, 
but not strongly defined; flanks plentifully 
streaked acuminata, p. 560. 

T»QL. xxiv. 
2 o 

562 
CHARADRTTDJI. 

b'. Wing less than 5 inches; pectoral band not 
sharply defined, and only slightly streaked 
and spotted; legs black ; flanks not streaked.. bairdi, p. 57|T 


b. Central upper tail-coverts white like the lateral 
ones forming a band between the rump and the 
tail fuscicollis, p. 574. 
1. Heteropygia maculata. 
L'Alouette-de-mer de S. Dominmie, Briss. Orn. v. p. 219, pi. xxiv. 
fig. 1 (1760). 

Tringa 
maculata, Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. xxxh. p. 465 (1819: 
Antilles); Scl. fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 229 (Duefia*); A. § E. 
Newton, t. c. p. 258 (St. Croix); A. Newton, Blasius List B. 
Europe, p. 18 (1802); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 106 (le63) : Blakiston, 
Ibis, 1803 p. 132 (Mackenzie Hirer) ; tick!. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Scolopaces, p. 39 (1804); Leot. Ois. Trinicl p. 474 (IbOO); Scl & 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 199 (Upper Ueayali): Dresser, Ibis, 1800, 

p. 36 (Southern Texas); Scl 4' Salv. P. Z. S. 1^07, p. 754 
(Xeberos) ; Bnjani, Proc. Bost. Sac. Nat. Mist. xi. p. t>0 (1&67: 
Bahamas); Scl. § Salv. P Z. 8. I860, p. 598 (Cusnipata); Sundev. 
(Efv. Vet-Akad. Fork. Sfockk. 1HJ9, p. .>7 (St. Bartholomew); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii p. 49, no. 10303 {1^71}; Pet. Orn. Bras. 
p. 311 (1871: Ypanema; Caicara; Enjrenho do Gaina, Sept.; 
Mattagrosso, Aug.); Trippe, Proc. Bo<tt. Sue. Nat. I£i>f. xv. p. 241 
(1872 : Southern Iowa); Hurting, Handb. Brit B. p. 140 (1^72); 
Cones, Key N Amer. B. p. 2>>5 (1872); Scl.fy Salt. Nmnmcl. A v. 
Neotr.]).Ur>(lb73); iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 455; (*oue,% B. N-
West, p. 480 (1874); Ridgtc. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 3b4 (1874: 
Illinois); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 560 (Chorillos; Junin); Scl # 
Salv, t. e. p. 678 (Pancatambo) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 43 (Chupat 
Valley, Patagonia); JRtid, Zool. Ib77, p. 477 (Bermudas); Moore, 
Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist xix. p. 241 (1877: Fortune Isl, 
Bahamas); Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. GS (Buenos Ayre*, Oct. to 
April); Blahston § Prytr, t. c. p. 221 (Yezo) ; Sermett, Bull 
US. Geo!. Surv. iy. p. 55 (lte78 : Eio Grande, Texa&); Cones, 

t. c. p. 6*40 (Dakota and Montana); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 11, 
pi. 546 (1878); Merrill Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas, I. p. 101 (1878: 
Port Brown, Texas) ; Belding, t. c. p. 395 (California;; Later, i. c. 
pp. 451, 461, 488 (Guadeloupe); Set £ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 041 
(Tilotilo, Bolivia); Maynard. B. East. N. Amer. p, 3&1 (1879); 
Laicr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 258 (1880: Dominical; A. $ 
E.Neioton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 110 (1881); Saunders, ed. Yarrelfs 
Brit B. iii. p. 308 (18*3); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 108 (lb83); Barrow*) 
Auk, l. p. 314 (1884: Concepcion, Lower "L ruguay); Seebohm, 
Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 201 (1885) ; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 150 (1885: 
Nearer Islands); A. O. U. Checkl N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1886); 
Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 147 (18^0: St. Michael's, 
Alaska); Scl P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Tarapaed); Tacz. Orn. Perou, 
iii. p. 356 (1886: Lima ; Junin) ; Murdoch, Auk, iii. p. 12% (1880; 
Point Barrow, Alaska) ; Seton, t. c. p. 151 (W. Manitoba); Cory, 
t c. p. 502 (Grand Cayman); Nelson, Pep. Nat. Hist. Coll 
Alaska, p. 108, pi. viii. (1887); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 96 (1887: 
Martiniqtxe); Lloyd, t. c. p. 186 (W. Texas) ; Cory, t. c. p. 314; 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 156 (1887); id. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. x. p. 578 (1887: Swan Isl.); Beckham, t. c. pp. 687, 052 
(S.W. Texas) ; Evermann, Auk, v. p. 349 (1888: Indiana) ; Irby, 
64. HETEKOPYGIA. 
Key List Brit B. p. 46 (1888); Cooke, Bull U.S. Agric. No. 2, 

p. 92 (1888); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 285 (1889); Feilden, Ibis, 
1889, p. 493 (Barbados, July to Oct.); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 157 
(1889: Punta Rasaa, Florida); Pindar, t. c. p. 312 (Kentucky) ; 
Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 56o (1889); Macpherson, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 138 (Penrith); Scl. 8f Huds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 183 (1869) ; 
Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xiv. (1890); Cherrie, Auk, vii. 
p. 332 (1890: Costa Rica) ; Warren, B. Pennsylv. p, 84 (1890); 
Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 500 (1890: Manitoba); 
Oust Miss. Sci Cap Horn, Ois. p. B295 (1891) ; Cory, Auk, viii. 
p. 48 (1891: Guadeloupe); Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 20 (Argentine 
Republic, April) ; Butler, t c. p. 149 (Breydon Water, Sept.) ; 
MacFarlane, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiv. p. 426 (1891); James, 
New List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892); Batch, B. Minnesota, p. 125 
(1892); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892: Jamaica) ; Cory, t c. p. 48 
(Maraguana, Bahamas); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Caloosahatchie region); 
Attwater, t c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texas); Cherrie, t c. p. 329 
(San Jos6, Costa Rica); Anthony, t c. p. 360 (S.W. New Mexico); 
Cory, Cat. B. West Indies, p. 93 (1892: Greater and Lesser 
Antilles; Bahamas) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Lower 
Pilcamayo); Holland, t c. p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla); Tacz. 
Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 911 (1893); 
Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit B. pt. xxiv. (1893); Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 
(1893) ; Brimley, t c. p. 243 (N. Carolina); A. O. U. Check-list 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 88 (1895). 
Pelidna pectoralis, Say in Long's Exped. Pocky Mts. i. p. 171 (1823) ; 
Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 50 (1838); Cab. J.f O. 
1856, p. 421 (Cuba); Gundl. J.f.O. 1862, p. 87 (Cuba). 

Tringa pectoralis, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 818 (1826); id. Amer. 
Om. iv. p. 43, pi. 23. fig. 2 (1833); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 601, 
pi. eexciv. (1835); Jenyns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 210 (1835); 
Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 327 (1837); Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 584 
(1839); Temm. Man. oVOrn. iv. p. 397 (1840); Werner, Atlas, 
Taf. 470; Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. lxxvii, 215 (1840); 
Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 69 (1842); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. 

p. 259, pi. cecxxix. (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 233 (1844) ; 
Dekay, Nat Hist N. Y., Zool. i. p. 242, pi. 85. fig. 193 (1844); 
Schl Rev. Crit p. lxxxix (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); 
Lejnbm/e, Av. Cuba, p. 98 (1850); Macgill. Brit B. iv. p. 190 
(1852)^; Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst. i. p. 216 (1856: Essex Co., 
Mass.); Scl P. Z. S. 1856, p. 310 (Cordova); id. P. Z. S. 1858, 
p. 56Q (Riobamba, Ecuador); Brewer, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. 
Hist vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 11 (Greenland) 
; Sundev. (Efv. Vet-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1869, p. 602 (Porto 
Rico); Stevens. B. Norf ii. p. 367 (1870); R. Gray, B. West 
Scotl. p. 321 (1871: Aberdeenshire). 
The Pectoral Sandpiper, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. Il l (1834); 
Yarrell, Brit. B. iii. p. 654 (1843). 
Schceniclus pectoralis, Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 104 (1844: 
Scilly Isl.; N.W. America). 
Tringa fuscicoliis {nee VieilL), Tschudi Sf Cab. Faun. Peruan. p. 299 
(1*45-46 : Coast of Peru up to 12,000 feet). 

Tringa dominicensis, Degl. Orn. Ftir. ii. p. 232 (1849). 

? Pelidna campestris (nee V.), Licht Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 92 

(1854 : Brazil; Chili). 
Pelidna maculata, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856). 
Tringa (Actodromas) maculata, Cassin inBaird's B. N. Amer. p. 7-0 

564 CHABABR1IDJS. 

Actodromas (Actodromas) maculata, Corns, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. 
Philad. 1861, p. 197. 

Actodromas maculata, Uerrill, Proc. Etsex Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862: 
Oxford Co., Maine) ; Boardm. Proc. Post. Sue. Xat. Hist. is. p. 128 
(1862: Calais, Maine); Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. iv. p. 77 (1864: 
Sprinafield, Mass.); Mcllwr.'op. cit. v. p. 93 (1866: Hamilton, 
Canada West); Laur. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. sin. p. 294 (Ifc66); 
Cones, Proc. Essex Inst. v. p. 294 (1&G8: Xew England) : Allen, 
Menu Post. Soc. X. H. i. p. 501 (1868: Western Iowa;• Cones, Proc. 
Post. Soc. Xat Hist. rrii. p. 122 (1868: S. Carolina); ball 4* 
Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 292 (1869) ; Gvndl J.f.O. 1875, 

p. 328 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cubana, p. 176 (lb76): laur. Bid!. U.S. 
Xat. Mus. no. iv. p. 47 (1876: Teliuantepec Citv, Oct.); Pidgw. 
Proc. US. Xat. Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880); Coues, Check-l. X Amer. 
B. p. 101 (1882); Bean, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mm. \. p. 164 (1882 : 
Point Belcher, Alaska); Steams, Proc. US. Xat. Mm. li. p. 119 
(1883: Labrador); Baird, Brewer, 4" Bidgicay, Water-Birds X. 
Amer. i. p. 232 (1884) ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd etL p. 626 
(1884); Kelson, Auk, i. p. 218 (1*84: Alaska); Murdoch, Ejped. 
Point Barrow, Alaska, p. Il l (1885); Drew, Auk. ii. p. 18 (18^5: 
Colorado); Murdoch, t. c. p. 63 {Point Barrow); AgtrsL t. e. 
p. 286 (S.E. Dakota): Turner. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. viii. p. 246 
(1885: Labrador); Wells, op. cit. ix. p. 828 (1887; Grenada |. 
Linmocinckiis pectoralis, Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. Ii. p. 254 (1&65); 
id. B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 67 (1870). 
Tringa maculosa, Moore, Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Mist. xix. p. 241 (1877: 
Fortune IsL, Bahamas). 
Tringa acuminata pectoralis, Seebohm, Geogr. Di&ir. Charadr. p. 443 
(1888). 
Limnocinclus maculatus, Heine <$• Peichen. Xomencl. Mus. Hem. 

p. 329 (1890: Carlisle, U.S.A.; Mexico). 
Tringa bairdi {nee Coues), Aplin, Ibis, 1894. p. 269 (Uruguay). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to H. acuminata (infra, 

p. 568), but never so rufous, with a more blackish head contrasting 
with the ashy brown of the hind-neck. It may always be distinguished 
from H* acuminata by the greater extent of the ashyfulvous 
colour, which reaches from the upper throat to the chest 
and is thickly and regularly streaked with dusky blackish, instead 
of being rufous with black spots: " bill greenish black, olive-green 
at base ; legs clay-yellow; iris dark brown" (H. E. Dresser). 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5'5o, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*1. 
Adult female. Similar to male. Total length 8 inches, colmen 1*1, 
wing 4*9, tail 1*9, tarsus 1. 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs very little from the summer 
plumage, but is browner and with less rufous on the upper surface, 
the head and neck being of the same colour as the back; the 
character of the throat and fore-neck is exactly the same as that of 
the summer plumage. 

Young. Much more rufous than either the breeding or winter 
plumage, and distinguished by the whitish margins to the scapulars 
and inner secondaries. The young birds appear to have almost as 
much striping on the throat and breast as the old ones: in this 
respect it differs from the young of H. acuminata, where the stripes 
are confined to the lower throat and sides of neck. 

565 

64 . HETEJROPYGIA. 
The old birds of H. acuminata and H. maculata appear to me to 
be perfectly distinct, and even the young birds can, as a rule, be 
distinguished. There are, however, some specimens from British 
Columbia which are intermediate, and appear to justify Mr. Seebohm's 
belief that the two species intergrade. 

Hah. Forth America, breeding in the Arctic Regions and 
migrating south in winter as far as Patagonia and Chili. Ac


cidental in Europe. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b, c. d ad; d. $ 
ad. sk. 

e. 
d juv.; f-l $ 
ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
/, m. Ad. sk. 
n, o,p. Ad. sk. 
q. Juv. sk. 
r. 
Ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
t Ad. sk. 
u-a'. Ad. etjuv.sk. 
b', <$ juv. sk. 
e'. S ad. sk. 

d'. § ad. sk. 

e'. Ad. sk. 

/ . Juv.sk. 

g\ h'. (S ad. sk. 

%'. <$ ad. sk. 

Jc', I'. Ad. sk. 

tri. <$; n', o'. $ ad. 
sk. 

l 
t l

p9q9rt.^'98,
ftflu. 

$ ad. sk. 
v'. Ad. sk. 


w\ S ad. sk. 

x'. 
Ad. sk. 

y'. $ ad. sk. 

*'. $ ad. sk. 

a"~en. S 2 ad-slr-

Point Belcher, Alaska, Aug. 

[T. H.Bean). 
Point Barrow, Alaska, June 
28 (J. Murdoch). 
St. Michael's, May, June, 
Sept. (F. W. Nelson). 
Arctic America. 

N.W. America. 
Repulse Bay. 
Albany River. 
Fort Simpson. 


Labrador. 
Canada. 
British Columbia. 
Lake Superior, Sept. 24 (A. 


J. Day an : Hensh. ColL). 
Long Island, N. Y. 

Michigan, Sept. 24 (A. J. 
Dayan: Hensh. Coll.). 
Illinois, May 12 (F. W. 
Nelson-. Hensh. Coll.). 
Washington, D. C. (C. 


Drexler). 

Lake Borgue, Louisiana, 
March, April (JET. W. 
Henshaio). 

Florida, Aug. 21 ( W. Hoxie : 
Hensh. Coll.). 

Bermudas, Oct. 

Brownsville, Texas, April, 
May (F. B. Armstrong). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov. 


(F. B. A.). 
San 
Antonio, Texas (II F. 
Dresser). 

Rio Medina, Texas, May 
(JET. E. Dresser). 
San Pedro, Texas {H. F. 
Dresser). 

Matamoras, Mexico, Aug. 4 
(JET. F. Dresser). 
Altamira, Tamaulipas, May 

(W. B. Richardson). 
Zacatecas, 
Aug. (W. B. 
Richardson). 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sir G. Back [P.]. 
Capt. Collinson [P.]-
Dr. J. Rae [P.]. 

G. Branston, Esq. 
B. R. Ross, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Savile Reid 

[0.1. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

/ 

I)00f\ $ ad. nk.
(/". c? ad sk.
Ji", i". J ad. slv.
k". 9 ad. .sk.
I". 2 m** ^'
m", 7i". 9 ad. sk.
o". Ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.
q", r". Ad. sk.
s"-y". $ ad. sk.
s"-e\ <$ 2 &&' skf3. 
$ ad. sk.
g3. Ad. sk.

h3. Ad. sk.
&, 7c3, P. tf $ ad. sk.

m3. cS ad. &k.
n\ 2 ad. bk.
o\ 2 ad.sk.

p3. Ad. sk.
q\ r*3, s\ (S ad. sk.
t\ Ad. sk.
u3. 2 ad. sk.

vK 2 ad. sk.
w\ x*. 2 ad. skz/\ 
Ad. sk.
s\ 2 ad. sk.
a4. 2 ad. sk.
b\ Ad. st.

? Brown-eared

 CttMtADIUlDJC. 

 S. Baltazar, State of Puobla,
May, Aug. {Ferrari-Per e~). 
Allison, Puobla, May 22

(Ferrari-Perez). 

 llarionda do Los Atliacos,
March (F. U. (/.). 
Pinal, Puebla, April (1*1

I). G.). 

1)uefias? Guatemala, Sept. 2

(0. ST/OW). 
Duefias, Sept. (O. S.). 
Baibadob. 
Guadeloupe, W. L, Se])t. 2

(C. 8. Wipwh : Co)y Coll.). 
St. Vincent, W. I., Oct. (I).
W. Smith). 
Grenada, W. I., Aug. to Oct

(D. W.Smith). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seobohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Sir 11. Schoinburiik 

rp.]. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Momotombo, Nicaragua,May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

( W. B. Richardson). 
Pelotas, Hio Grande do Sul
(Joyner). 

 Santa Catarina, Brazil(Rogers). 
Peru.

 Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, 
Aug*. (E. Bartlett). 
Cosnipata Valley, Peru,

Oct. 19 {II. Whitely). 
Chorillos, Peru, Feb. 18. 
Yqnitos, E.Peru, Sept. (H.

Whitely). 
Tilotilo,Bolivia (C.Buckley). 
Tarapaca, Feb. to April. 
Chili (Reed). 
Pampas Argentinas (Ley


bold). 
Colonia^ Nov. 21 (II W.
Harrison). 

 Barra Grande, Cumana

(II. W. Harrison). 
Buenos Ay res, Sept.

 Santa Elena, Uruguay,
April 4. 
Port Desire, Patagonia,
March. 
Scilly Isl.

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Seebobm Coll. 

 Seebobm Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Seebobm Coll. 

 Seebobm Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Seebobm Coll. 

 Seebobm Coll. 

 H. 
Durnford, Esq. 
[0.]. 
0. V. Aplin, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Seebobm Coll. 


 D. W. 
Mitchell, Esq. 
[P.]. 
2. Heteropygia acuminata. 
Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 314(1801 : 

New South Wales). 
? Tringa aurita, Lath. Ind. Orn. SuppL p. lxvi (1801). 
Totanus acuminatus, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821: Java). 
Tringa australis (nee Gm.)} Jard. ty Selby, III. Orn ii. pi. 91 (1836); 

64. HETEKOPrGIA. 
507 

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845): Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxiii. 
fig. 613 (1848). 

Schoeniclus australis (nee Gm.), Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 105 
(1844: S. Australia ; Rottness Isl., W. Australia; Port Essington) ; 
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 30 (1847); Sturt, Fxp. Centr. Austr. ii. 
App. p. 50 (1849) ; Reichenb, Vog.Neuholl. p, 22 (1850) j id. Grail 
tab. cexe. figs. 2378-79 (1851); Macgill Narr. Voy. 'Rattlesnake] 

ii. p. 358 (1852); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. iv. p. 101 
(1880 : South Cape and Louisiades). 
Tringa subarquata (nee Giildenst.), 8. Mull Verh. Land-en Volkenk. 

p. 110 (1839-44: Amboina). 
Tringa rufescens (nee Vieill), Middend. Sibir. Reis., Voy. p. 221 
(1851: S. Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, June) 
PPelidna australis (nee Gm.), Lieht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 92 
(1854: Australia). 
Actiturus australis (nee Gm.), Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 597 (1856); Rklgw. 
Proc. U.8. Nat Mas. v. p. 331 (1882). 
Tringa sp., Swinh. Ibis, 1800, p. 359 (Amoj); id. Ibis, 1861, p. 312 
(between Takow and Peking). 
Tringa acuminata, 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 316 j id. Ibis, 1863, p. 412 
(Formosa) j Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Seoiopaces, p. 38 (1864: Java; 
Ternate ; Amboina; Port Essington ; Australia); Whitely, Ibis, 
1867, p. 205 (Hakodadi); Uartl §• Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 8,18 
(Pelew Is.); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 409 (China, migrant) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 49, no. 10304 (1871) ; Hartl. Sf Finsch, P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 106 (Pelew Is.); Meyer, J.f.O. 1873, p. 405 (Celebes); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 424 (Shanghai market, April); Tacz. J.f.O. 
1874, pp. 332, 336 (E. Siberia); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. viii. 

p. 35 (1875); Rosenb. Reist. Geelvinksb. p. 8 (1875) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 
1875, p. 455 (Hakodadi); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, 1. p. 252 
(1876: Kultuk); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 189 (1877); 
David c§* Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 470 (1877); Blahist $ Pryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 221 (Yezo) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. pp. 278, 324, 373, 
407, 563 (1878-79 : Ceram; Aru Isl.) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 143 
(Limbotto); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 327 (1882); Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1882, pp. 286,287 (Gilgit, Aug., going south); Salvad. 
Om. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 313 (1882); Blahist. § Pryer, B. Japan, 
p. 112 (1882); Finsch, Voy. der SMsee, p. 22 (1884: New 
Britain, rare visitor); Blahist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 11 
(1884 : Yezo and Japan generally) j Dyb. fy Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool 
France, ix. p. 146 (1884); Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. fasc. i. 
p. 91 (1884); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 (Momos, Waigiou, 
Oct. 26); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 610 (1882); A. O. U. 
' 
ChecH. N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1886); Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll 
Alaska, p. 106, pi. viL (1887: St. Michael's, Sept., not observed 
breeding); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 457 (Chemulpo, Corea); Butter, 

B. Neio Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 37 (1888: S. Coast of South Island); 
Seebohm. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 441 (1888); id. B. Japan. 
Fmp. p. 339 (1890); Cox # Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
(2) iv. p. 419 (1890: Mudgee distr.) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Miis. 
xiv. p. 491 (1891: Japan); Salvad. Aqg. Orn. Papuasia, etc. iii. 
p. 201 (1891); Sty an, Ibis, 1891, p. 330 (Lower Yangtee), p. 506 
(Shanghai); Wiglesw. Abhandl X. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. 6, 
p. 64 (1891); Ground, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 581 (Breydon, Norfolk, 
Aug. 30); Southwell, Zool 1892, pp. 356, 405; Leyge, Proc. Austr. 
Assoc. 1892, p. 15 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1893, pp. 181-185, pi.v. (Norfolk); 
Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 908 (1893); 
Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 (1893). 

5G3 CH IIUDBIIDJE. 

Trin^i perturalis {nee Say), Swinhoe, Ibis, 18G3, p. 97 (Noitliern 
China). 

Limnocinclus acuminatum, Gould, Ilandk B. Anstr. ii. p. 254 (J807>); 
Bam say, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. IV. i. p. 375 (1877: New Ireland); 
id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 338 (Queensland) ; Tweedd. t. c. p. 884 (IJutuan, 
May); Heine ty lleicken. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 329 (1800: 
Australia). 

Tringa crassirobtris (nee Temm.fySchl), Tacz. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 103. 
Pelidna acuminata, Salrad. Uco. Borneo, p. 328 (1874). 
Tringa (Limnocinclus) acuminata, Casfeln. § Bamsay, Proc. Linn. 

Soc. N S. TV. h p. 384 (1877: Norman ltiver, (itilf of Carpentaria); 
Ramsay, op. cit. ii. p. 198 (1878) j id. Tab. List Amir. B. p. 20 
(1888). 

Actodroina* acuminatum, Pidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 
(1880); Bean, op. cit v. pi 164 (1882: Port Clarence, Alaska) ; 
Nelson, Cruise II. S. 4 Corwin] p. 86 (1883); Baird, Brewer, $ 
Pidgio. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 235 (1884); Cones, Key 

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. Q2S (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 29, p. 115 (1885: Bering- Isl.) ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. 
p. 130 (1887: Commander Isl.). 
Tringa (Actodronias) acuminata, Pahnen, Vega-Bxped., Foyl p. 223, 
tab. 4 (1887). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above sandy 
rufous, streaked with, black down the centre of the feathers, these 
black centres being very much, more distinct on the scapulars and 
inner secondaries, where the rufous margins are very bright; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky black, the lateral ones 
sandy rufous barred with black; lesser wing-coverts dull brown, 
the median coverts brown, with blackish centres and ashy-fulvous 
margins; greater coverts uniform dusky brown with white tips ; the 
bastard-wing uniform brown, the primary-coverts blackish, the 
inner ones tipped with white; quills brown, dusky blackish at the 
tips and along the outer webs, the shafts for the most part white, 
brown towards the bases ; the secondaries brown, with a little 
white at the base of the inner webs, and narrowly fringed with 
white near the tips, the inner ones a little more broadly; tail-
feathers ashy brown fringed with white round the ends, the centre 
ones blackish and extended a little beyond the ends of the others ; 
orown of head bright sandy rufous minutely streaked with black; 
lores and a distinct eyebrow white, with narrow streaks of blackish; 
sides of face also white with dusky streaks, the ear-coverts tinged 
with rufous; under surface of body white, the chin unspotted, the 
throat, fore-neck, and chest tinged with sandy rufous, and minutely 
spotted with dusky black, which sometimes takes the form of 
longitudinal streaks or arrow-head bars, the latter form of markings 
being especially distinct on the sides of the body; breast and 
abdomen white, the latter with a few linear streaks of black; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, those round the bend of the wing 
mottled with blackish bases; lower primary-coverts dusky with 
whitish tips ; quills dusky below: '• bill blackish brown, browner 
or reddish brown at the angle of the mouth, clear grey at the base 
of the lower mandible; feet yellowish ochre, tinged with olive, 
darker on the joints; iris dark brown " (Dybowslci). Total length 
7 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5*4, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*2. 

64 . HETEROPYGIA. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7 inches, 

wing 5-4. 

Adult in winter 'plumage. Much browner than the summer 

plumage and without 
any rufous except, perhaps, a slight tinge on 

the head; the under 
surface of the body white, the lower throat 

and chest ashy fulvous with a few narrow streaks and lines of 

blackish, the flanks slightly washed with brown ; on the under tail-

coverts a few narrow mesial shaft-streaks of blackish. 

Young birds. Much more rufous on the upper surface even than 
in the breeding plumage ; the back much blacker than in any other 
age of the bird, intermixed with a great deal of rufous, and distinguished 
by the conspicuous whitish edgings to the dorsal feathers, 
scapulars, and inner secondaries: the wing-coverts with broad 
margins of sandy rufous, but the quills the same as in the adults; 
crown of head distinctly rufous, with longitudinal black centres to 
the feathers; chin white, as also the breast and abdomen, which 
sometimes have a slight tinge of buff; the lower throat, fore-neck, 
and sides of breast sandy rufous, the fore-neck and chest more ashy 
and uniform, so that the black shaft-streaks are confined to the 
lower throat; those on the sides of neck and sides of breast being 
a litte broader. 

Hah. Eastern Siberia, Kamtchatka, the Commander Islands and 
Alaska, breeding in the latter localities, and passing on migration 
by Japan and China to the Malayan Archipelago, Australia, and 
New Zealand. 

a,b. <$ J ad. sk. Argun, Dauria, June 15 Seebohm Coll. 
(Dyboioski). 

c. $; d, e. § ad. sk. Mouth of the Amur River, Seebohm Coll. 
April, Aug. (Boerries). 
/ . 
tf juv. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Sept. (H. Gould Coll. 
Whitely). 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Sept. (T. Blah-Tweeddale Coll. 
iston). 
h-s. 
3 ? ad. et Yokohama (II. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. 

t. Ad. sk. Pekin, Aug. (JR. Sivinhoe). Hume Coll. 
u. Ad. sk. Twainfoo, May (H. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
v. Ad. sk. Shanghai. J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
w, x. $ ad. sk. Shanghai, May (E. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
y-V. Ad. sk. Amoy, April, May (i2. Seebohm Coll. 
Swinhoe). 
c\ Juv. sk. Amoy, Sept. (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
a". S ad. sk. Butuan, Philippine Is., May Tweeddale Coll. 


(A. H. Everett). 
e'. 2 a<*. sk. Amboina. Wallace Coll. 
/ . $ ad. sk. New Britain, Dec. 12 (0. Seebohm Coll. 
Finsch). 
g\ Juv. Sk. New Ireland (G. Brown). Tweeddale Coll. 
h'. Ad. hiem. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 

i!. Juv. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
k'. $ juv. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 

/'. Juv. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m'. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
n'. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.]. 

570 CILVRAimilD-E. 

o'. Ad. hiem. sic. Queensland (*/. 7T. CockereW). Tweoddale Coll. 
p'. Ad. hiem. sk. Queensland (J. T. CockerelI). Seebohm Coll. 
q'~~s'. Ad.etjuv.sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t'. (S ad. sk.' River Darling. Seebohm Coll. 
u'j v'. Juv. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
w'. 2 imm. sk. Sydney. Seebohra Coll. 
a*'. Ad. hiem. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

t/, s'. Ad. hk. South Australia. Capt Sturt [P.]". 
V , //'. Ad. et imm. Cippsland Lakes, Victoria. Seebohm Coll. 

sk. 
c". All. si. Rotness Isl., West Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C."]. 
^". Juv. sk. Lake near Perth, West Gould Coll. 


Australia. 
e". Ad. sk. West Australia. Government of West 

Australia [P.l. 
/". Juv. sk. N.W. Australia. J.P.Elsey,E"sq.[P.]. 
g",h". 6 $ ad. sk. Derby, N.W. Australia (T. II. Capt. Bowyer Bower 

Bowyer Bower). 
i", k". <$ 2 ad. sk. Lake Ellesmere, Canterbury, fro. 
New Zealand, Dec. 

Seebohm Coll. 

I". Imm. sk. Nomuka, Tonga Islands, Oct. 

(J. J. Lister). 
Seebohm Coll. 

American specimens. 

St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. et juv. sk. Sept. (E. W. Nelson: 
Hensh. Coll.). 

3. Heteropygia bairdi. 
? Chorlito lonio negro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 317 (1805). 
? Tringa melanota, Vieill. N. Diet. cTIIist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 462 (1819) 
(ex Azara) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845) ; IlartL Incl Azara, 

p. 25 (1847). 
Schoeniclus scliinzii (nee Brehm), Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 105, 
pt. (1844: Chili). /« ^ % , f i* 
? Pelidna dorsalis, Lidlt. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 92 (1854: 
Tropical America). 
Tringa schinzii (nee Brehm), Woodh. in Sitgr eaves, Exped. Zuni <§• 
ColJRivers, p^ 100 (1854). 
Pelidna pectoralis (nee Say), Cass, in Giliss1 Exped., Birds, p. 195 
(1855). 
Tringa dorsalis, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 374 (1856); id. Beise La 
Plata-Stamen, ii. p. 503 (1861: Mendoza). 
Tringa bonapartii, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 722, pt. (1858) ,* Hayd. 
Trans. Am. Phil Soc. xii. p. 174 (1862). 
Actodromas bonapartii (nee Schl), Henry, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico). 
Actodromas bairdi, (hues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, 

p. 194; Sci P. Z. S. 1862, p. 369 (Mexico); Coues, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci Philad. 1866, p. 97 (Arizona) ; Ball $ Bann. Trans. 
Chic. Acad. i. p. 292 (1869: Sitka; Kadiak; Yukon; Amak Isl.); 
Stevens, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 966 (Wyoming); Neioton, 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 57 j Allen, Bidl Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 182 
(1872: western edge of the plains, Aug.); Breivst. Amer. Nat. 
64 . HETEROPYGIA. 
571 

vi. p. 306 (1872: Boston Harbour, Aug.); Merriam, U.S. Geol. 
Surv. Terr. 1872, p. 700 (Wyoming) j Hensh. Rep. Zool. B.ipl, 
IQQlh Merid. p. 455 (1875 : Arizona j Colorado); Ridgw. Proc. 
US. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 (1880); Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 100 (1882); Nelson, Cruise R. S. l Corioin; p. 88 (1883 : Point 
Barrow & Siberian Coast); Baird, Brewer, q Rldgioay, Water-
Birds N. Amer. i. p. 230 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 625 (1884); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Murdoch, 
t. c. p. 63 (Point Barrow); Lawr. t. c. p. 273 (Long Isl.); Henshaio, 
t. c. p. 384 (Locust Grove, N. Y.); Murdoch, Evped. Point 
Barrow, p. 112 (1885: breeding). 
Tringa maculata (nee V.), Schl. Mus. Pays~Bas, Scolopaces, p. 39, pt. 
(1864). 
Tringi bairdi,£cZ. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 332 (Santiago, Chili) ; id. fySalv. 

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Concliitas, Buenos Ayres); Harting, Ibis, 
1870, pp. 151,152 (Walvisch Bay) ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 49, 
no. 10308 (1871); Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Bam.Ld. p. 308 (1872); 
. Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 255 (1872) ; Scl.fy Salv. Nomencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 145 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 455; Coues, B. N.-
WestK p. 484 (1874); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 384 (1874: 
Illinois); Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 640 (1878: Dakota 
& Montana); Merrill, &-oc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 161 (1878: 
Fort Brown, Texas) ; Belding, t. c. p. 395 (California); Maynard, 
B. Bast. N. Amer. p. 380 (1879); Scl. % Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 547 (Medellin, U.S. Colombia); Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 
(Tarapaca); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 151 (1886: Western Manitoba); 
A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 151 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, 
iii. p. 359 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 157 (1887); 
Palmen, Vega-Exped., Fogelf. tab. iv. (1887); Nelson, Rep. 
Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 109 (1887: St. Michael's, Aug.); 
Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186 (1887: West. Texas); Seebohm, Geogr. 
Distr. Charad. p. 444 (1888) ; Cooke, Bull U.S. Agric. ii. p. 93 
(1888 : Mississippi Valley); Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x.p. 652 
(1888: S. W. Texas); Scl. $ Suds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 184 (1889); 
Green, Auk, vi. p. 68 (1889: Onondaga Lake, N. Y.); Averill, 
t. c. p. 189 (Long Isl.); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 500 
(1890: Manitoba); Woodruff, Auk, Vii. p. 89(1890); Todd, t.c. 
p. 240 (Pennsylvania); McFarlane, op. cit. xiv. p. 426 (1891: 
Arctic America); James, Neto List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892); 
Attwater, Auk, ix. p. 345 (1892: San Antonio, Texas); McCormick, 
t. c. p. 397 (Northern Ohio); Hatch, B. Minnesota, p. 126 
(1892); Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 (1893); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. 
Sci. St PStersb. (7) xxxix. p. 922 (1893); Richmond # Knoiolton, 
Auk, xi. p. 301 (1894: Montana); Mathews, t. c. p. 325 (Montana) 
; Cheme, Auk, xii. p. 87 (1895: Costa Eica); Taylor, t. c. 
p. 179 (Long Isl.); Thome, t. c. p. 213 (Montana); A. O. U. Checklist 
N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 88 (1895). 
Heteropygia 
bairdi, Heine q Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. p. 329 
(1890). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above dusky 
brown mottled with darker centres to the feathers, with somewhat 
of a sandy-isabelline tint pervading the upper surface; lower back, 
rump, and central upper tail-coverts uniform dusky brown, the 
latter rather darker and tipped with white, the lateral upper tail-
coverts white, with either transverse bars or horseshoe-shaped 

572 CHiJtADBIID-E. 

marks of dusky brown; tail uniform dusky brown, the two centre 

feathers rather darker brown than the remainder, all of which have 

whitish shafts; wing-coverts brown with sandy isabelline edgings, 

the greater series darker and margined with white ; bastard-wing 

and primary-coverts blackish; quills light brown, the primaries 

darker at the tips of the inner webs and along the outer webs; the 

secondaries slightly fringed with white, the inner ones more 

distinctly towards" the outer webs, the shafts of the quills 

whitish, those of some of the primaries being browner; the inner


most secondaries brown, with light edgings like the back; crown of 

head brown, mottled with dark centres to the feathers ; the hind-

neck more isabelline ashy and the spots duller; base of forehead 

and eyebrow white ; a dusky loral streak ; ear-coverts ashy-whitish 

minutely spotted with brown ; cheeks and under surface of body 

pure white; the fore-neck and chest sandy isabelline, minutely 

spotted with dusky centres to the feathers, in the form of streaks or 

spots ; the sides of the body white and uniform, the thighs slightly 

tinged with sandy buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, 

those near the edge of the wing ^ ith dusky base*: " bill black ; 

legs and feet slate-black; iris dark brown '* (IL Bidg» ay). Total 

length 6-5 inches, culmen 1*95, wing 4*7, tail 1*7, tar&ub 0*b. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Very much more sandy than in 

the winter plumage, and varied with black bases to the feather-, 

which give a distinctly mottled appearance ; the rump and upper 

tail-coverts distinctly blackish with sandy-coloured margins ; the 

tail and wings as in the winter plumage, except that the innermost 

secondaries have sandy-buff edgings; head like the back, sandy 

isabelline with dusky centres to the feathers; remainder of the 

plumage as in winter, but with considerably more sandy colour on 

the neck-band, where the small streaks and lines are very distinct. 

Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5, tail 2, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 6*5 inches, 

whig 5m2. 

Young. Similar to the summer plumage of the adults, but not 
quite so sandy-coloured, the feathers being mostly fringed with 
whitish ; the lower throat and fore-neck sandy-coloured, with very 
few of the narrow streaks which characterize the plumage of the 
adults. 

Hah. Interior of ISTorth America, from Alaska southwards 
through Canada and the Central United States to Mexico, thence 
south through "Western South America from Colombia to Chili. 
Accidental in Damara Land, S.W. Africa. 

a. cJ ad. sk North America. Seebohm Coll. 
k Ad. sk. N.W. America. Cant. Collinaon [P.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Alaska (E. W. Kelson: Hen- Safvin-Godman Coll. 
shaw CoU.). 
d. $ ad. sk Point Barrow, Alaska, June 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Mwdoch: Mensham Coll.). 
e. Ad. sk. Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 8 (i. Clarke). 
/« 9-6 S juv. sk Fort Simpson, July. B. E. Ro*s, Esq.[p.]. 

h. Imm. sk. 
z, k. Imm. sk. 
/. (S imm. sk. 

m. $ imm. sk. 
n-p, cT imm. sk. 
q. Imm. sk. 
r. Imm. sk. 
s-w. Ad. et imm. 
sk.^ 

v. S imm. sk. 
w. 2 imm. sk. 
.r,y. Imm. sk. 
2,0'. Ad. sk. 
h'. ? ad. sk 

<?'. Ad. sk. 

<T. Ad. sk. 
eW. c? 2 ad. et 
imm. sk. 
&',£. d $ ad.sk. 
m'. $ imm. sk. 
«'. <$ ad. sk. 
o'. Ad. sk. 

p. Ad. sk. 
#'. Ad. sk. 
r'. Ad. sk. 
s'. $ ad. sk. 

£'. g ad. sk. 

u'. J ad.sk. 

v'-x\ d S ad. sk. 

y'. 5 ad. sk. 

zr. Ad. sk. 

a". J ad. sk. 
V\ c". <$ ad.; 
d". ? ad. sk. 
e". (S ad. sk. 
/". 5 ad. sk. 

64 . HETEEOPYOIA. 
49th Parallel, Aug. 7 (G. A. 
Daioson). 

British Columbia. 

Chief Mountain, Dakota, 
Aug. 13 (E. Cones: Henshaw 
Coll.). 

Locust Grove, New York, 
Aug. 18 (Henshaw Coll.). 
Ipswich, Massachusetts, Aug., 


Sept (C.J. Maynard). 
Boston Harbour. Massachusetts, 
Aug. 27 (Henshaw Coll.). 
Chicago, Illinois (E. W. 
Nelson: Henshaw Coll.). 

California. 

Lake Piedre, Colorado, Sept. 13 

(Henshaw Coll.). 

Apache, Arizona, Aug. 29 

(Henshaio Coll.). 
Mexico (W. B. Richardson). 
Mexico. 
Tres Marias IsL, W. Mexico, 

May (A. Forrer). 
Near the City of Mexico. 
Aguas Calientes, Aug. (W. 

B. Richardson). 
Zacatecas, Aug. 16 (W. B. 
Richardson). 
Puebla, 
May 19 (Ferrari-
Berez). 

Las Vigas, Canton de Jalapa, 
Sept. (Ferrari-Berez). 
Medellin, U.S. Colombia (T.K. 
Salmon). 

Ecuador. 
Colta, Ecuador (C. Buckley). 
Matagan, Ecuador (C. Buck


ley). 
Xeberos, E. Peru, Oct. (E. 
Bartlett). 

Tambo Valley, S.W. Peru, 

Oct. 26 (El Whitely). 
Tarapaca, Feb. (A. A. Lane). 
Cancosa, Tarapaca, Jan. 28 

(A. A. Lane). 
Sacaya, Tarapaca, Feb., March 

(A. A. Lane). 
Huasco, Tarapaca, Feb. (A. A. 
Lane). 

Chili. 
Santiago, Chili (Leyhold). 
Santiago, Chili (Reed). 


Pampas Argentinas, Chili 

(Leyhold). 

Talcahuano, Chili, Sept. 

N. A. Bound. Comm. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebobm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm ColL 

Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

Berkeley James Coll. 
Berkeley James ColL 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Berkeley James ColL 

T. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 

574 
CHAEADRIIDJ3. 

4. Heteropygia fuscicollis *. 
Chorlito pestorejo pardo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 322 (1805). 
Tringa fuscicollis, Tieill. N. Diet. cVllist Nat xxxiv. p. 461 (1819, 
ex Azara); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 580 (1845); llartl. hid. Azara, 

p. 25 (1847); Gray, HancU. B. iii. p. 50, no. 10318 (1871): 
Dresser, B. Eur. vi'ii. p. 15, pi. 547 (1873) ; ScL § Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 487 (1874): ScL 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 14 (Santa Lucia, W. I.); ScL f Salv. P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 438 (Falkland Is.); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. 
p. 161 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas); Maynard, B. East. N. 
Amer. j . 382 (1879); Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 169 
(1880 : Santa Lucia); Rodd, B. Cornwall, p. 105 (1880 : Penzance, 
Oct.); ScL $ Salo. Rep. Voy. CJtalL, Zool. ii. Birds, p. 109 (1880: 
Falkland Is.); SJiarpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Peckett Harbour, 
Jan. 4) ; A. $ E. Neiot Handb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); B. O. U. 
List Brit B. p. 168 (1883); Saunders, ed. TarreWs Brit B. iii. 
p. 373 (1883); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (Buenos Ayres) ; 
Barrows, Auk, i. p. 314 (1884: Lower Uruguay); A. "O. ZL 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 151 (1886) ; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 151 
(1886: Western Manitoba); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 36 (Paraguay) 
; Nelson, Pep. Nat Hist Coll. Alaska, p. 109 (1887: St. 
Michael's, May); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 314 (1887 : Antilles); Riclgw. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 157 (1887); Cooke, Bull. U.S. Agric. ii. p. 93 
(1888 : Mississippi Valley); Saunders, Man.Brit. i?.p. 567 (1889) ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel Isl.); Feilden, t. c. p. 494 
(Barbados, July to Nov.); Cory, B. West Indies, p. 235 (1889); 
ScL $ Huds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 185 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 157 
(1889 : Tarpon Springs); Cantivell, t. c. p. 340 (Minnesota) ; Pddgto. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 137 (1889 : Gregory Bay) ; Warren, 
B. Pennsylv. 2nd ed. p. 85 (1890); Palmer, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. 
xiii. p. 260 (1890: Mingan Isl., Canada); Thomps. t c. p. 500 
(Manitoba); McFarlane, op. cit xiv. p. 426 (1891: Arctic 
* HETEROPYGIA. coo PERI. 
Tringa cooperi, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 716, pi. <c0. fig. 1 (1858: Long 

Island); 'Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 49, no. 10309 (1871): Coues, B. N.-

Wesf, p. 491 (1874); Eidgio. Man N. Amer. B. p. 157 (1887). 

Actodromas (Heteropygia) cooperi, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL JPhilad. 

1861, p. 202. 

Tringa (Actodromas) cooperi, Coues, Key N. Amer. B, p. 255 (1872); 

A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer B. p. 352 (1886). 
Actodromas 
cooperi, Couea, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 101 (18S2); id. 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 627 (1884); Baird, Brewer, § Padgway, Water-
Birds N. Amer. I p. 227 (1884). 

The single specimen on which this species was founded was shot on Long 
Island in May 1833, and still remains unique. It was at first compared with 
the Knot, and Mr. Seebohm considered it to be synonymous with Tringa canutus. 
In his ' Manual,' however, Mr. Ridgway compares it with T. fuscicollis, from 
which it is said to differ by the length of its wing, which exceeds 5*5 inches in 
length. " Similar to the corresponding stages of T. fuscicollis, but the groundcolour 
of the upper parts brownish grey, with only the least trace of ochraceous 
on some of the longer scapulars; the upper tail-coverts conspicuously varied 
with broad Y-shaped marks of greyish dusky. Total length about 9*50, wing 
5*80, culmen 1'25, tarsus P20 " (Bidgway). 

64. HLTEROPYGIA. 575 
America); ? Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, Ois. p. B 127 (1891); 
Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Pilcomayo); Holland, t. c. 
p. 211 (E&tancia Espartilla); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 18 (1892: 
Jamaica); id. t. c. p. 212 (Florida); Con/, Cat B. West Indies, 

p. 98 (1892 : Bahamas; Greater and Lesser Antilles) ; Allen, Bull. 
Amer. Mm. v. p. 150 (1893: Mattogrosso) ; id. Auk, x. p. 123 
(1893); Bagg, Auk, xi. p. 163 (1894: Oneida Lake); Brown, t. c 
p. 259 (Virginia). 
f Tringa campestris, LicM. Verz. Donbl. p. 74 (1823: Brazil; Montevideo) 
; Burin. Th. Bras, iii.p. 374 (1856). 
Pelidna cinclus, var.; Say, in Long's Exped. Rooky Mount, i. p. 172 

Tringa schinzii (nee Brehm), Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 317 (1826); 
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 384 (1831: Saskatchewan, 
June); Bp. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 69, pi. 24. fig. 2 (1833); Audub. 
Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 529, pi. eclxxviii. (1835); Gould, B. Bur. iv. 
pi. 330 (1837): Temm. Man. a" Orn. iv. p 401 (1840); Audub. 

B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 275, pi. 335 (1842); Maegill. Man. Brit. B. 
ii. p. 72 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 241 (1844) ; Dekay, Zool. 
Neio York, p. 241, pi. 84. fig. 191 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 579 (1845) ; Rodd, Zool. 1846, p. 1554 (Penzance); Lembeye, 
Av. Cuba, p. 98 (1850); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 297 (1850); 
Maegill Brit. B. iv. p. 222 (1852); Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst. i. 
p. 217 (1856: Essex Co., Mass.); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. Til p. 308(1860: Cuba); Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. 
p. 451 (1878: Guadeloupe). 
Schinz's Sandpiper, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 109 (1834). 
Pelidna schinzi {nee Brehm), Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. §• N. Amer. p. 50 
(1838); Gundl. J.f.O. 1856, p. 421 (Cuba) ; Beinh. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 10. 
Schoenicliis schinzi (nee Brehm), Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus.j). 105 
(1844 : West Indies; Port S. Julian, Patagonia). 
Tringa bonapartii, Schl. Bev. Crit. p. lxxxix (1844); Yarrell, Brit. 

B. 2nd ed. ii. p. 74 (1845: Shropshire); Thomps. Ann. 8? Mag. 
Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 311 (1846: Ireland); Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 722 (1858); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland Is.); Scl. 
P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 70, 80 (Jamaica); Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, p. 132 
(Saskatchewan; Mackenzie River); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 167 
(1863 : Shropshire & Ireland); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, 
p. 42 (1864); Scl. $• Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Oonchitas); Gray, 
Hand4. B. iii. p. 49, no. 10307 (1871); Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 331, 
457 (1871: Ypanema, May to Sept.; Cuyaba, Sept.; Caicara, 
Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Matagrosso, Aug., Oct.; Marabitanas, 
May) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 255 (1872); Harting, 
Handb. Bfit. B. p. 142 (1872) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, 
pp. 186, 455 (Oosnipata, Peru); Tacz. op. cit, 1874, p. 560 
(Central Peru); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 384 (1874: Illinois) 
; Moore, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 241 (1877: 
Fortune Isl, Bahamas, Aug.); Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 477 (Bermudas) 
; Stebohm, Hist. B?'it. B. iii, p. 189 (1885); id. Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 445 (1888). 

Pelidna americana, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 292. 
Pelidna melanotos (nee Vieill), Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Degl. 
$ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 201 (1867). 
Actodromas fuscicollis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Ridgw. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 (1880); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. 
Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 227 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
576 
0HAHADBI1DJ3. 

2nd ed. p. 627 (1884) ; Murdoch, Auk, 11. p. 6$ (1885: Point 

Barrow) ; Step. Bull. U.S. Wat. 3Ius. no. 29, p. 121 (1885) ; 

Turner, Proc. U.S. Wat. Mus. vii. p. 248 (1835: Koksoak River, 

Labrador); Agersb. t. c. p. 286 (S.E. Dakota); Murdoch, Exped. 

Point Barrow, Birds, p. 112 (18S5 : straggler). 

Actodromas (Heteropvs*ia) bonapartii, Coues, Proc. Acad, Wat. Sri. 

Philad. 1861, pp. 199? 232. 

Actodromas bonapartii, Boardm. Proc. Post Soc. Wat. Hist. ix. 

p. 128 (1862: Calais, Maine); Verrill, t. c. p. 139 (Anticostl, 
snmmer); id. Proc. Essex Inst. iii. p. 158 (1804; Oxford Co., 
Mainej ; Allen, op. cit iv. p. 87 (1S64: Ma*>at*HU<ettsj ; Coues, 
Ibis, I860, p. 158 (Arizona)• Gundl. Repert Eisieo-Wat, Cuba, i. 
p. 356 (1866) ; Later. Ann. Lyc. W. Y. viii. p. 294 < 1806); Coues, 
Proc. Ess. Inst v. p. 249 (1867: Xew England] ; id. Proc. Post. 
Soc. Wat. Hist. xii. p. 122 (1868: S. Carolina); Allen, Ball Mas. 
C. Z. ii. p. 356 (1871: Florida); Coues, Proc. Acad. Wat Sri. 
Philad. 1871, p. 30 (X. Carolina); id. Amer. Wat. v. p. 197 
(1871: Republican Fork, May); Gundl. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 328 
(Cuba); id. Orn. Cubana, p. 176 (1876); Crntes* Cheek-list W. 
Amer. B. p. 101 (1882): Stearns, Proc. U.S. Wat. Mm. \l p. 119 
(1883: Labrador). 
Tringa 
melanotus (nee VieUL), Weiut. List B. Eur. Bla$iu% p. 19 
(1862: England); Leaf. Ok. Triaid.y. 472 (1&M). 
IPelidna bonapartii, Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 71 {l&7%}. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Similar to II. hairtli, and having 
the same black feet and toes, but distinguished by its slightly smaller 
size and its more uniform ashy-grey colour; there is also decidedly 
more white on the rump and upper tail-coverts* the white generally 
forming a band between the lower back and the tail; this is not, 
however, always a distinguishing feature, as the central upper tail-
coverts are blackish like the tail-feathers, although generally hidden 
by the other white upper tail-coverts; the sides of the body are 
not pure white, but are marked or mottled with brown : *• bill and 
feet dusky ; iris brown " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 6*5 Inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*7, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Much more rufous than In 
winter, the feathers being black, broadly bordered with rufous; 
the upper tail-coverts white, with a few dusk}' marks on the central 
and lateral ones ; the head rufous, with streaks of black ; base of 
forehead, eyebrows, and sides of face white, narrowly lined with 
blackish; the upper edge of the ear-coverts rufous; chin white, as 
also the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; the throat, fore-neck, and 
chest being very faintly tinged with sandy buff and minutely 
streaked or spotted with black, the spots more distinct on the sides 
of the breast, which are more strongly washed with sandy buff, the 
spots continued down the sides of the body arid flanks, where they 
are somewhat broken up and take the form of streaks, arrow-head 
spots, or even bars. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*85, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*7, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*9. 

Young, Similar to the summer plumage of the adults, being 

64. HETEKOPYGIA.
. rufous above with black centres to the feathers, and distinguished 
by the very broad white edges to the scapulars and feathers of the-
back; throat and chest shaded with light brown and obscurely 
streaked with dusky ; the sides of the body also mottled and washed 
with light brown. 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding in the high 
north and passing south by the Eastern coast of Central America 
and the West India Islands to South America as far as Patagonia 

and the Ealkland Islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 
c-f. Ad. et imm. 
sk 

g. (S ad. sk. 
h. <J ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
I. d1 ad.sk. 
m. 2 ad. sk. 
n. (S ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. 
d ad.; #, r.$ 
ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
*. $ ad. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v. $ ad. sk. 
w. J ad. sk. 
%9 y. J ad. sk. 
z. 2 imm. sk. 
a'. § ad. sk. 
b',c'. Ad.sk. 

d'. $ ad.sk. 

2 a(l* gk


e\

/' . Imm. sk. 
g! Imm. sk. 

VOL. XXIV. 

N.W. America. 
N. America. 
Republican Fork, Dakota, 
May 25 (E. Coues). 
Groswater Bay, July 31 (E. 
Coues). 
Groswater Bay, July 30 (E. 
Coues). 

Mingan Isl., S. Labrador, 
Aug. 11 (Henshaw Coll.). 
White Isl., Canada Bay, Aug. 2 


(Henshaw Coll.). 

Musquash, New Brunswick, 
Oct. 28 (H. E. Dresser). 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
Oct. 20 (Henshaw Coll.). 
Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oct. 


30 (Henshaw Coll?). 

Ipswich, Massachusetts, Aug. 
to Oct. (C. J. Maynard). 
Massachusetts, spring (Hen


shaw Coll). 

Waukegan, Illinois, June 9 

(E. W. Nelson: Henshaw 
Coll). 
Mt. Oarmel, Illinois, May 
(H 
Skinner). 

Tarpon Springs, Florida, 
June 12 (W. S. Dickinson). 
Corpus Christi Pass, Texas, 

May 9 (F. B. Armstrong). 
Brownsville, Texas, May (F. 

B, Armstrong). 
Mexico (Boucard). 
Tizimin, Northern Yucatan, 

April 15 (G. F. Gaumer). 
Cozumel Island (G. F. G.). 
Momotombo, Nicaragua, May 

(W. B. Bichardson). 
Lion Hill, Panama (J*. 

McLeannan). 

Santa Lucia, West Indies 

(Semper). 

St. Vincent, W. I., Aug. 

(D. W. Smith). 
Capt. Collinson [P.]


Purchased. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll.. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

2? 

£78 
M,i\ <J 5ad.sk 
h\ $ ad. sk. 

lr 

. Ad. sk. 
m'. <$ ad. sk. 
n'. <$ imm. sk. 
o'. $ ad. sk. 
p', q1. Ad. sk. 
r', $ ad. sk. 
V, jf. Ad. sk. 
u*. Ad. sk. 
«', «/. Ad. sk. 
z\ Ad. sk. 
y\ $ ad. sk. 
a/, a". c?$ ad.sk. 

$", e". Ad. sk 
J". <? ad. sk. 
e\ Ad. sk 

CHAEADEIIDJE. 

Cosnipata, Peru, May 10 
(JI. Whitely). 
Cosnipata, May 10 (H 7T.). 

Eio Tocantins, Brazil, Sept. 
(^. R. Wallace). 
Ypanema, Brazil, JSor. 12 

(J. Natte7-er). 
Cbapada, Mattogrosso, Oct. 6 
(H H &W#A). 
Santa Catarina, Brazil, Aug. 

(Capt. Harrison). 

Colonia, Eio de la Plata, June 

(Capt. Harrison). 

Conchitas, Buenos Ayres (Sm. 
no. 46811) ( W. H Hudson). 
Buenos Ayres, Oct., April. 

Rio Parana, Sept. 15 (M. 
Campbell). 

Chupat, Patagonia, Nov. 

Port San Julian, Patagonia. 

Peckett Harbour, Straits of 

Magellan, Jan. 
Falkland Islands (Leconte). 
Falkland Islands (Leconte). 
Falkland Islands. 

Falkland Islands. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salyin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohni Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salyin-Godman CoU. 

H. Durnford, Esq. 
Seeboiini Coll. 
H. Durnford. Esq. 
Sir" AV. Burnett & 
Capt. Fitzroy [P.]. 
Br. Cuppinger ^C.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Gndman Coll. 

Toy. II.M.S. 4 Challenger 
.* 
Antarctic Exped. 

Bo. AEaiJATELLA. 

Type. 
Arqnatella, Baird, B. North America, p. 717 (1858") .. A. maritima. 
Actia, Heine, in Heinefy Reiehen. Nomencl MILS. Hem. 

p. 329 (1890; A. maritima. 
Range. Resident in the Arctic Eegions of both hemispheres, 
migrating in "winter to the temperate countries of both continents, 
but never journeying very far south. 

1. Arquatella maritima. 
Selninger Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. ill. pt. 1, p. 173 (1785). 
Black Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL i. p. 251 (1787 ; Lincolnshire). 
Tringa maritima, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p; 678 (1788) ; Markwick, Tram. 
Linn. Soc. iv. p. 22 (1795: Bexhiil, Sussex) ; E. Sabine, op. at 

xii. p. 532 (1819: Hare IsL, June; Possession Bay, Sept.); VieilL 
N. Diet dVHist Nat xxxiv. p. 471 (1819); Temm. Man. d*Ornii. 
p. 619 (1820); H. Sabine in Parry's 1st Fw/., App. p. cci (1824: 
Davis' Straits and Baffin's Bay, breeding); Richardson in Parry's 
2nd Voy. p. 354 (1824: Winter Isl, June) ; J". C. Ross in Party's 
Zrd Voy. p. 101 (1826: Port Bowen, June); Werner, Atlas, Grail 
pi. ii. (1827); J. C. Ross in Parry's Narrative, p. 194 (1823: 
Shores of Hecla Cove); Rom, Orn. JV<w. pi. 284 (1830); Brehm, 
65, AKQJTATELLA. 

579 

Vog. Deutschl p. 651 (1831); Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 

p. 382 (1831: Hudson's Bay); Less. Traite d10m. p. 558 (1831) ; 
Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vii. p. 467, tab. 188 (1834); Jenyns, Man. 
Brit. Vertebr. p. 211 (1835); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 558, 
pi. 284. fig. 1 (1835); J. C. Boss in Boss' 2nd Voy., Nat. Hist. 
p. xxii (1835: Fury Point; Melville Isl.) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. 
pi. 334 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. <$• N. Amer. p. 49 (1838); 
Crespon,^ Orn. Gard, p. 413 (1840); Kegs, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. 
pp. lxxvi, 214 (1840); Nordm. in D&mid. Vog. Buss. Mirid. iii. 
p. 241 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 126 (1842); Audub. 
B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 261, pi. 330 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl 
p. 236 (1844); Schl. Bev. Crit. p. lxxxviii (1844); Muhle, Beitr. 
Orn. Griechenl. p. 104 (1844); Grog, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 104 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); Holholl, Faun. Gronl. p. 39 
(1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 269 (1849) ; Reichenb. Grail. 
tab. 73.figs. 621-623 (1850); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 303 (1850) ; 
Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 197 (1852) ; Kjcerb. Banm. Fugle, tab. 34, 
JSuppl pi. xv. fig. 3 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 229 (1854); 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 92 (1854); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 596 (1856); 
Butnam, Broc. Ess. Inst. i. p. 216 (1856: Essex Co., Massachusetts, 
winter); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 366, pi. ciii. (1856); Sundev. 
Sv. Fogl. tab. xlii. fig. 5 (1859); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. 
Orn. p. 466 (1859); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 142 (I860); 
Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vog els, pi. 24. figs. 3, 4 (1861); Beinh. Ibis, 
1861, p. 11 (Greenland); F 8f B. Godman, t. c. p. 90 (Bodo, 
Norway); Newton in Baring-Gotdtfs Iceland, p. 413 (1863: breeding 
in June); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 166 (1863); Malmgren, Ibis, 
1863, p. 101,1864, p. 384; Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 30 
(1864); Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 505 (Spitsbergen); Godman, Ibis, 
1866, pp. 101, 107 (Azores); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 286 (Greenland) 
; Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 192 (1867); Borggr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutschl. p. 117 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sieil. p. 188 (1869) ; 
Droste, Voqelw. Borkum, p. 214 (1869); Godman, Azores, p. 35 
(1870); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 (Novaya Zemlya); Gray, Hand-l. 

B. iii. p. 49, no. 10302 (1871); Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 116 
(Arctic America); B. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 325 (1871); 
Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 48 (1872); Feilden, Zool. 1872, 
p. 3250 (F^roe Isl, breeding); Heugl Ibis, 1872, p. 62 (Novaya 
ilemlya); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 256 (1872); Brooke, Ibis, 
1873, p. 339 (Sardinia); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 488 (1874); 
Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 211 (1874) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 170 (1875); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 252 (1876); Seebohm, Ibis, 
1882, p. 381 (Arcbangel); Booth, Bough Notes, ii. (1881-1887); 
Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 99 (Spain, Sept.); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. 
Boss. p. 90 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 192, pi. 31 
(1885); Bleske, Uebers. Saug. fy Vog. Kola Halbins. p. 350 (1886); 
Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 153 (1887); Butcher, Auk, v. p. 178 
(1888: Long Isl.); Scott, t. c. p. 184 (Florida); Seebohm, Geogr. 
JDistr. Charadr. p. 428 (1888) ; Cooke, Bxdl. TJ. S. Agric. ii. p. 92 
(1888: Mississippi Valley); Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. 
p. 49 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 156 (1889: Key West, Florida); 
Chamberlain, t c. p. 217 (S. Greenland); Brusina, Motr. etc. 
{Orn. Croat.), p. 88 (1890); Warren, B. Bennsyh. p. 84 (1890); 
Collett, Ibis, 1890, p. 467 (Trondhjem, July, breeding on tbe Mts.); 
Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 518 (1891); Hagerup, B. Greenl. p. 54 
(1891: resident, breeding) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 146 (1891); 
Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 110 (1891); Seebohm, 
2v2 

CHAEADKimffi. 

Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland); Hartert, t. c. p. 515 (East Prussia) 
Scott Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892: Florida); Fatio $ Studer, Cat 
distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 48 (1892); Allen, Auk, s. p. 123 (1893) 
Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 66, cum tab. (1895;: Schalow 

J.f. 0. 1895, p. 470 (West Greenland). 
Tringa lincolniensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 734 (1790: Lincolnshire); 
Vieill. N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 469 (1819). 
Tringa nigricans, Montagu, Trans. Linn, Soc. iv. p. 40, pi. 2. fig. 2 
(1796); Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. #c. Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1816); 
Brehn, Vog. Deutschl. p. 652 (1831); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 

p. 171 (1875;. 
Quebec Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 313 (1S01: Quebec). 
Tringa canadensis,' Lath. Ind. Orn. SuppL p. Ixv (1801). 
Trynga arquatella, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 190, pt. (1811). 
Totanus maritimus, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 146 (1824). 
Tringa striata (nee Linn.), Fleming, Brif. Anim. p. 110 (1828); 
Dresses*, B. Eur. viii. p. 69, pi. 554 (1877); Salvin, Cat. StrickL 
Coll p. 610 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 171 (1883); 
Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. ill. p. 408 (1883); Slater fy 
Carter, Ibis, 1886, p. 50 (Northern Iceland, June and Julv, breeding); 
Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 390 (Portugal, Nov., Dec];" liar vie-
B?'02un $ Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithn. p. 220 (1887 : winter); 
id. Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 132 (1888); Saunders, Man. 
Brit B. p. 579 (1889) ; Buckley § Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. 
Orkney Isl p. 217 (1891); iid. Vertebr. Faun. Argyll § Inner 
Hebr. p. 178 (1892); Macph. Vertebr. Faun. Lakel p. :iS6 (1892); 
Li/ford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxiv. (1893); Pearson §' Bid well, 
Ibis, 1894, p. 235 (N. Norway); Pearson, Ibis, 1KJ5, p. 248 
(Iceland); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 252 (lfc95). 

CaHdris maritima, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p, 525 (1829;. 
Tringa littoralis, Brehn, Vog. Deutschl. p. 652 (1&31). 


* 
The Purple Sandpiper, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 115 (1834); Yarrell, 
Brit. B. ii. p. 665 (1843). 
Tringa 
(Arquatella) maritima, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 717 (1858) ; 
Palmen, Finl Fogl p. 193 (1873); Bidgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.x. 

p. 384(1874: Illinois). 
Arquatella maritima, Corns, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philad. 1861, 
p. 183 ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 74 (1869); Midgut. Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 99 (1880); id. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 162 
(1880: North-eastern N. America); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. 
B. p. 101 (1882) ; Baird, Brewer, §• Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. 
I p. 217 (1884); Coues, Fey iV. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 629 (1884); 
Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 246 (1885: Labrador); 
Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Hal. p. 218 (1886); A. O. U. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 149 (1886). 
Pelidna maritima, Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 353, tab. 33. %. 12 (1870): 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (Spain, winter); Salvad. Faun. Itah, 
Ucc. p. 212 (1871); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 209 (Tuscany and Genoa, 
rare); id. Iconogr. Avif. Ital. no. 283; id. Atif. Hal. p. 383 
(1886); id. ibid. IstBesoc.y. 585 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 657 (1890). 

The Purple or Rock Sandpiper, Graham, B. lona & Mull, p. 234 

(1890). F 
Actia maritima, HeinefyBeichen. Nomencl Mm. Hein.~$. 329 (1890: 
Iceland and Greenland). 

AdnM in winter plumage. General colour above sooty-black with 
a purplish gloss, the feathers having pale margins of dull ashy greyr 

65 . AEQTTAIELLA. 
581 

less distinct on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the 
longest of .which have white tips; sides of rump and lateral upper 
tail-coverts white, with narrow blackish shaft-lines; wing-coverts 
like the back and having the same pale fringes; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black with white tips; quiils dusky brown, black 
&long the outer web and at the tip of the inner one, the secondaries 
tipped with white and having a considerable amount of white 
•on the inner web, increasing in extent on the inner secondaries, 
which are entirely white or have only a small mark of black on the 
outer web ; the innermost secondaries black; centre tail-feathers 
blackish, the remainder ashy grey, fringed with white and having 
-whitish shafts; head and neck uniform sooty black, with a faint 
streak of dull white on the lores and behind the eye; eyelid 
whitish; sides of face, throat, and fore-neck sooty brown, the chin 
whiter; breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, 
white, the breast and sides of the body mottled with dusky-brown 
centres to the feathers, the flanks streaked with the same colour; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pare white; quill-lining ashy 

grey. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 4*9, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Is distinguished from the adult in winter by the white 
edges to the feathers of the back, these being grey in the winter 
plumage of the adults. The white edges on the wing-coverts are 
also more pronounced in young birds. As the light edges wear off 
during the first winter, young birds are sometimes found with a 
perfectly black upper surface. 

Adults in summer plumage. Differ from the winter plumage in being 
browner below and not so ashy, the fore-neck being either uniform 
brown or mottled with spots of black, the upper breast and sides of 
the body being also thickly spotted with black ; the upper surface 
is black, with rufous margins to the feathers instead of ashy or 
whitish ones : bill dark brown, paler at the base ; feet dull yellow, 
claws black; iris hazel. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*5, 
wing 5*2, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*95. 

Nestling. Eufous above, with a black pattern on the head and 

•centre of back extending on to the wings and flanks, the upper 
surface being spangled with tiny spots of golden yellow at the tips 
of the down ; hind-neck ashy fulvous; forehead and eyebrow buff, 
with a mesial streak on the former; a line of black above and 
below the gape; under surface of body ashy white. 

Hal. Breeding in Arctic Europe and North-eastern America, 
ranging south in winter on the coasts of Temperate Europe and 
America. 

<a,h. <$ juv. et$ Stromness, Orkneys (J. Dunn). Seebohm Coll. 

.c, d, e. tf ad. sk.
f, g. Ad. sk.
A Ad. sk. 
Island of Tiree, Feb. & May. 
N. Berwick, Nov. (J. H. Yule). 
JDunstanburgh, NorthumberColonel 
Irby [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
J. E. Harting, Esq. 
£. $ ad. sk.
land, May. 
Eiley Bay, Yorkshire, autumn. 
[0.1 
Seebohm CoU, 

h. S ad. sk. 
Ij m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. Ad, sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
2. Ad. sk. 
u, v. Ad. sk. 

w. Ad. sk. 
a:. Juv. sk. 
y. 
$ ad. sk. 
z. 2 a(L sk. 
a', b'. § ad. sk. 
c'. $ ad. sk. 

c?'-^. <$ ad. et 
juv.;*'. §juv. 
sk. 

h'. J juv. sk. 

/'. $ ad. sk. 

m'7 ri. 6* $ ad.; 

o'. PuU. sk. 
p'. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
r'. J ad. sk. 

sr. Ad. sk. 
*'. Ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 
v'. Ad. sk. 
«?'. Ad. sk. 
#'• d1 j^v. sk, 

y\ J ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 

a". Ad. sk. 
b", c". 2 ad. sk. 

d". Ad. sk. 
«". Skeleton. 

f. Sternum. 
CHAEADEIIDiE. 

Fame Islands, winter. 
Fame Islands. 


Breydon Harbour, Yarmouth. 

Yarmouth (J. F. Earting). 
Winchelsea, Sussex, June 2. 


Christchurch, Hants (A. von 
Hiigel). 

Somersetshire. 
Torquay. 

Cornwall. 

St. Bride's, S. Wales, Nov., 

April. 
Jersey. 
Jersey. 
Donegal Bay, Ireland, Jan. 
Iceland, July 5. 
Bodo, Norway, May (F. God-

man). 

Yadso, Norway, June 28 

(E. &). 
Heligoland, 
Oct. to Dec. (L. 
Gatke). 

Heligoland, Oct. 2 (JK. B. &). 

Mores, Azores, May 19 (F„ 
Godman). 
Greenland (Holbott). 

Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, 


Oct. 23. 
Labrador. 
Hudson's Bay. 
Hudson's Bay. 
Repulse Bay. 
New Brunswick (J.Boardman). 
Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, 

Dec. 31 {M. E. Dresser). 
Grand Menan (JF. Brewster: 
Henshaw Coll). 
Grand Menan, Feb. {E. derrick: 
Henshaw Coll.), 

Noya Scotia. 
Cambridge, Mass., Oct. {E. W, 
Eemhaw). 
Delaware Bay {J. Krider). 

England. 

Seebohm Coll. 

E. 
W. Chase, Esq. 
TP.l 
J.TS/Harting, Esq, 
[C.]-
Seebobm Coll. 

Dr. R. B. Sharpe. 

Seebohm ColL 

Montagu Coll. 

C. Coningham, Esq, 
PP.]


D.W. Mitchell, Esq, 
[P.]. 
Hon. W. Edwardes-

J. Snow, Esq. [P.J 
J. Snow, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. Nicholson. Esq, 
rr>-i x 

Salvin-Godman Coll, 

Salvin-Godman ColL 


Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe-


Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coil. 
Arctic Expedition. 
Dr. Rae [P.l. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll* 


Salvin-Godman ColL 


Salvin-Godman CoH-


OH ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 


Seebohm ColL 
Old ColL 


J. Ingall, Esq. [P.J, 
65. AEQUATELLA. 
583 

Subsp. a. Arquatella couesi. 

Trpga arquatella, Pall. Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 190 (1811, pt.). 

Tringa maritima (nee Gm.), Middend. Peis. Sibir., Zool. p. 220 (1851: 

Lat. 75° N., Aug.); Ball $ JBann. Trans. Chic, Acad. i. p. 291 

(1869); Baird, t. c. p. 717; Earting, P. Z. S. 1871; p. 116 

(N.W. America); Finsch, Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. $& 
(1872: Alexandrovsk, Alaska); Ball, Proc. Cal. Acad. v. p. 275 
(1874: Aleutian and Pribjlov Is.); Byb. § Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. 
France, ix. p. 146 (1884: Kanitschatka); Seebohm, Hist Brit B* 
iii. p. 192, pt. (1885); id. B. Japan. Fmp. p. 335 (1890: Kurile 
Isl). 
Tringa (Pelidna) maritima, Ball, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. v. p. 2& 
(1873: Unalashka to the Shumagins). 
Arquatella couesi, Pidgw. Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, v. p. 160 (1880: 
Aleutian Is.); id. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. pp. 199, 221 (1880); 
Bean, op. cit. v. pp. 164,173 (1882: Unalashka Isl.); Coues, Chechlist 
N Amer. B. p. 100 (1882); Nelson, Cruise P. S. ' Conoin,' 

p. 85 (1883) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Pidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. L 
p. 221 (1884); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 629 (1884) ; 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 29, p. 112 (1885: Bering and 
Copper Is., breeding); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 150 
(1886); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 129 (1887: Commander 
Is.). 
Arquatella, sp., Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 69 (1883: Commander 
Is.). 

Tringa 
couesi, Turner, Contr. Nat Mist Alaska, p. 147 (1886: 
St. Michael's, May and June); Nelson, Pep. Nat. Sist. Coll. 
Alaska, p. 103, pi. vi. (1887); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 154 
(1887); Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 (1893); A. O. U. Check-list 

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 87 (1895). 
Tringa maritima, var. couesi, Palmin, Vega-Exped,, Fogelf. p. 314 
(1887). 
Tringa 
maritima couesi, Seebohm, Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 430 
(1888); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 905 
(1893); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 69, cum tab. (1895). 

Adult in vnnter plumage. Apparently not to be distinguished 
from that of A. maritima. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Similar to A. maritima, but 
much more of a bright chestnut above, and with the white edging 
to the base of the inner primaries rather more marked; the band 
on the fore-neck and chest much more broken up than in A. maritima 
and is of a sandy colour when present, but it is sometimes 
entirely absent, the fore-neck and chest being white with patches 
of dusky black and narrow streaks of the same colour, there being a 
black patch of greater or less extent on the sides of the upper 
breast, in which respect the species much resembles A. ptilocnemis: 
" base of bill dark greenish yellow, the outer two-thirds of the bill 
black or very dark horn-colour ; feet dark greenish yellow to light 
olive; iris hazel" (E. W. Nelson). Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 1*1, wing 5, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length 7*5 inches, wing 4*9. 
Young. Dusky blackish above, with rufous edgings to the feathers, 

£84 
CKA."RA3B1TBM. 

many of which are also margined with sandy huff or whitish; there 
is also a distinct tinge of sandy buff on the fore-neck and chest. 
Although it seems impossible to tell the winter plumage of 


A. couesi from that of A. maritima, yet the summer plumage of the 
two races appears to me to be quite distinguishable. The brighter 
rufous colour, the greater amount of white on the inner primaries, 
and the rufous colour of the young are certainly characters of some 
importance in A, couesi. 
"The downy young, from Kyska Island, June 30,1873, is bright 
rusty fulvous, irregularly marked with black ; the ornamental 
yelvety flecks coarser, and not so white as in A. maritima; head 
light fulvous, marked as in A. maritima; sides of lower parts 
fulvous. 

" The downy young both of this species and of A. j>tilocne/ais are 
strikingly different from the young of A. mariii?na. The difference 
lies in the rich, light buffy, or fulvous tints which so richly colour 
the two first, in contrast with the dark, dingy buffs and greys 
forming the main colours on young A. maritima at the same stage." 

(E. W. Kelson.) 
Hah. Eeplaces A. maritima in Western Xorth America, where it 
inhabits Alaska, as well as the Commander Islands* and the 
Kuriles. ? Eastern Siberia. 


a-q. <$ 5 ad. e"k St, Michael's, Alaska, Aug., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Sept. (E. W. Nelson : Senshaw 
Coll). 

r. Juv. sk. St. Michael's, Oct. 15 (L. M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Turner: HensJimo Coll.). 
*s. Juv. sk. Alaska {E. W. Nelson). Seebohm Coll. 
i} u7 v. $ ad. sk. Port Etolin, Alaska, April 10 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. L. McKay: Henshaw 
Coll) f. 
w. J ad.sk. Port Etolin, April 30 (C. L. Seebohm Col. 
McKay). 
JC. Jad.sk. Unalashka,Oct.l8(Tr.J3r.^<?^). Seebohm Coll. 


y. 
Ad. sk. Unalashka, Oct. (L. M. Turner: Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Senshaw Coll.). 
a. Ad. sk. Atkha Isl., Alaska (L. M. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Turner: HensJiaw Coll.). 
d. Ad. sk. Atkha Isl. (L. M. Turner). Seebohm Coll. 
b', d. Ad. sk. Kurile Islands {Snow). Seebohm Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Kurile Islands (Vosnesensky). Seebohm Coll. 
Subsp. j3. Arquatella ptilocnemis. 

Tringa ptilocnemis, Coues in Elliott's Rep. Fur-Seal Island, Alaska, 
not paged, note (1873); id. B. N.~ West, p. 491 (1874); id. 
Amer. Nat. viii. p. 500 (1874); Elliott, Monogr. Seal Isl. Alaska, 

*Dr. Stejneger records a large series of specimens obtained by himself on 
Bering Island. The only skin that I have seen from this locality is one in the 
Seebohm collection, and it seems to me to belong to A. ptilocnemis. 


t These specimens are rather larger, and may be A. jptilocnemis in winter 

plumage. 

66. ANCTLOCHILUS. 
585 

p. 129 (1883: May to Sept., breeding); Hartl X f. 0. 1883, 
p. 279 (Portage Bay); Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 193 (1885); 
Nelson, Rep. Nat Hist Coll Alaska, Birds, p. 105 (1887); 
Ridqw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 154 (1887) ; A. 0. U. Check-list 
N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 87 (1895). 
Tringa crassirostris (nee T. $* S.), Ball, Proo. Cal. Acad. Sci. v. p. 28 
(1873 : Pribylov Is.); id. Amer. Nat. vii. p. 635 (1873: Aleutian 
Is.); Coues in Elliotts Hep. Fur-Seal Isl Alaska, no. 426 "bis 
(1873), 

Tringa gracilis, Hurting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 243, pi. xl. (St. Paul's Isl, 
Alaska). 

Arquatella 
ptilocnemis, Ridgw. Proc. US. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 191, 
221 (1880); id. Bull. Null Orn. Club, v. p. 163 (1880: Pribylov 
Is.) ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1882); Nelson, Cruise 

U.S. ' Corwinl p. 86 (1883: Fur Seal Isl.; St. Mathew's and 
St. Lawrence Isl.) ; Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgw. Water-Birds 
N. Amer. i. p. 222 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 630 (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 112 (1885). 
Tringa maritima ptilocnemis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 431 
(1888) ; JEUiot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 72, cum tab. (1895). 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to A. maritima, or 
rather to A. couesi, but larger, more plentifully mottled with, pale 
chestnut on the upper surface, and distinguished by the broader 
white margins to the base of the inner primaries; the fore-neck 
is sandy buff, with a good many black spots and mottlings on 
the chest, the black forming a large patch on each side of the 
upper breast. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5*4, 
tail 2-55, tarsus 1. 

Younger birds. Paler than the adult, with ample white margins 
to the feathers of the upper surface. 

The generally larger size and light tawny tone of colour in this 
race distinguish it from the allied forms. The hind-neck is 
emphatically tawny rufous with very perceptible streaks of black. 

Hah. Pribylov Islands, Alaska. Wintering on the coasts of N.W. 
America and perhaps in Bering Island. 

a-e. Ad. sk. St. George's Isl., Alaska, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(H. W. Elliott). 
d. $ ad. sk. St. Paul's Isl., Alaska, July 29 Seebohm Coll. (Type 
(H. W. Elliott). of T. gracilis, Harting.) 
e. 
$ ad. sk. St. Paul's Isl, June 24 (H. W. Seebohm Coll. 
Elliott). 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Bering Island, May 29 (L. Stej- Seebohm Coll. 
neger). 
66. AE"CYL0CHILIJS. „ 
Type. 
Ancylocheilus, Kaup, Naturl Syst p. 50 (1829) A. subarquatus. 
Falcinellus, Cuv. (nee V.), Regne Anim. i. p. 527 

(1829) 
> A. subarquatus. 

Range. Almost confined to the Old "World, and only occurring 
accidentally in America. Nesting in the high north, but the exact 
breeding-place undiscovered. Wintering in Africa, India, and Australia. 


586 OHAEADBUDJE. 

1. AncylocMlns subarqTLatus. 
Scolopax subarquata, Guldenst. Nov. Co?n?n. Petrop. xix. p. 471 

(1774); Gm. S. N. i. p. 568 (1788). 
Cape Curlew, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 126 (1785). 
Pygmy Curlew, Lath. t. c. p. 127 (1785). 
Scolopax africana, Gm. S. N. i. p. (555 (1788). 
Scolopax pygmsea, Gm. S. N. i. p. 655 (1788). 
Numenius alricanus, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 712 (1790). 
Nuruenius pygmseus, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 713 (1790). 
Scolopax detkardingii, Siemss. Handb. Mecklenb. Land- u, Wasser


vbgel, p. 169 (1794). 
Tringa islandica (nee Linn.), Retz. Fatin. Sitec. p. 192 (1800). 
Numenius subarquata, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 276 (1&03). 
Numenius pusillus, Bechst. Gemein. Naturg. Vog. Beutschl. iii. p. 152 

(1809). 
Numenius ferrugineus, Meyer, Ann. Wett. Ges, i. p. 53 (1809) ; 
id. Sr Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 356 (1810). 
-Tringa ferruginea, Briinn.; Meyer, Ann. Wett. Ges. i. p. 53 (1809) ; 

A. O. U. ChechL N. Amer. B. p. 152 (1886); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 315 
(1887: Grenada); Palmin, Vega-Evped., Fuglef. p. 308 (1887); 
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 491 (1891: Japan); Hagemp, 
B. Greenl. p. do (1891; N. Greenland, breeding at Cnristian>haaby69° N.); Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 112 (1887; 
Point Barrow, June); A. O. U. Check-list N Amer. B. p. 90 
(1885). # 
Tringa falcinella, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 188 (1811). 
Tringa pygnisea, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. p. 30 (1816). 
Erolia variegata, Vieill. Analyse, p. 55 (1816). 
Falcinellus pvgmseus, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 486 (1817). 
Tringa subarquata, Temm. Man. dfOm. p. 393 (1815), 2nded. p. 60^ 


(1820); Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 560; Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 285, ^S^ 
(1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pL 9 (1827); Naimi. Vog. 
Deutschl. 7ii. p. 408, tab. 185 (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 328 
(1837) j Audub. B. Amer. pi. 263 j id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 444 
(1839); Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 104 (1840: Sept., May); 
Crespon, Orn. Qard, p. 409 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. WirL Eur. 
pp. lxxvi, 214 (1840): Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Russ. Mirid. iii. 

p. 239 (1840: on passage); Selys-Longeh. Faun. Beige, p. 124 
(1842); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 269, pi. 333 (1842); Giraud, 
B. Long Isl. p. 237 (1844); Schl Rev. Crit. p. Ixxxviii (1844); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 284 
(1850); Midd. Reis. Sibir.} Zool. p. 220 (1851: Tundra of Taimyr 
R, 74° N. lat, breeding: E. Boganida, May 27); Kjcerb. Orn. 
Ban. Suppl pi. xvi. iig. 1 (1852); Macr/M. Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 215(
1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 230 (1854); HeugL Syst Uebtrs. 
p. 63(1856); Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 237 (1857: Casamance; 
Gold Coast; Gaboon); Cass, in Baird, Cassin, <§• Lawr. B. N~ 
Amer. p. 718 (1858); Jaub. $ Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 464 
(1859); Schrenek, Reis. Amurl. p. 421 (1859: Amur; Usstiri); 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 365 (Moluccas); Sundev. Sv. Fogl tab. xlIL 
figs. 1, 3 (1860); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 142 (1860); Powys, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 343 (Corfa); Swinh. t. c. p. 342 (Takow—Peking) ; 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 240 (Oudh, cold weather) ; Schl Bier. Nederl 
Vo'gels, pi. 24.fig. 3 (1861); Gray,Cat. Br. B. p. 169 (1863); Radde, 
Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 333 (1863); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 689 (1864) | 
Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 31 (1864); Newton, Ibisr 

66. ANCYLocHiLtrs. 
587 

1864, p. 152 (Iceland); Wright, t. c. p. 148 (Malta, on migration) -T 
Sperling, t. c. p. 287 (Corfu, May); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 330 (18(37) ; 
Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 286 (Greenland); Tristr. t. c. p. 327 (Palestine) ; 
Smith, t. c. p. 455 (Portugal); Dyb. J.f. 0.1868, p. 337 (Darasun) ; 
Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 292 (Mozambique; Zanzibar); Schl. $ Poll. 
Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 133 (1868: N.E. Madagascar) ; Turnb. B. 

E. Pennsylv. p. 44 (1869); Borggr. Vogelf. JSorddeutschl. p. 117 
(1869); Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 76 (S. Africa, Oct.); Finsch $ 
Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 761 (1870) ; Dimes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 331; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (S. Spain, May); Gray, B. 
West Scotl. p. 316 (1871: Elgin, breeding) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 388 (S. Spain); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 409 (Amoy; Formosa; 
Tientsin) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 50, no. 10319 (1871); 
Coues,Key N. Amer. B. p. 286 (1872) ; Harting, Handb.Brit.B. 
p. 48 (1872); Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 (Ceylon); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 254 (1872); Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 306 
(1872); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1193 (1873); Hume 
fy Senders. Lahore to Yark. p. 288 (1873) ; Hume, Str. F. i. 
p. 242 (1873: Sind; Mekran Coast); Adam, t. c. p. 396 (Sambhur); 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 339 (Sardinia, winter) ; Severtz. 
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: on migration); Alst. §* Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 69 (Archangel, June 18); Swinh. t. c. p. 424 
(Shanghai, April); Salvad. TJcc. Born. p. 322 (1874); Bumf. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N. Frisian IsL, May 30); Coues, B. N.-West, 
p. 491, note (1874) ; Hmne, Str. F. ii. p. 297 (1874: Andamans, 
Oct. to April); Adam, t. c. p. 339 (Sambhur, Aug.); Wald. Ibis, 
1874, p. 147 (S. Andamans); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 172 (1875: Tangier, 
April, Sept.; Gibraltar, April); Danf. $ Harvie-Brown, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 422 (Transylvania, May, June); Blyth, B. Burm. 
p. 156 (1875); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 323 (1875 : Mergui); Fallon, 
Ois. Belg. p. 168 (1875); Sharpe fy Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. 
France, i. p. 313 (1876: Banane); Seeb. fy Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 
1876, p. 293 (Lower Petchora) ; Dresser, t. c. p. 411; Blanf.East. 
Persia, ii. p. 284 (1876: Mekran Coast) ; Scully, Str. F. iv.p. 187 
(1876: Yarkand, Oct.); Armstrong, Str. F. iv.p. 342 (1876: Elephant 
Point); Cockburn, t. c. p. 516 (Allahabad, May); Tacz. 
Bull. Soc, Zool. France, i. p. 252 (1876) ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 157 
(1877: Poland) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 330 (1877); David 8f 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 472 (1877); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 59, 
pi. 553 (1878); Prjev. in Pauley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 90 (1878: 
Hoangho Valley, breeding?; Ussuri; Lake Hanka) ; Ayres, Ibis, 
1878, p. 411 (Potchefstroom, Nov.) ; Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. vi. 
p. 450 (1878: Tenasserim); Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 487 (1878: 
Calcutta); Davidson fy Wenden, t. c. p. 89 (Deccan); Pamsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 198 (1878); Brewer, Ibis, 1879, 
p. 375 ( North Greenland); Feilden, t. c. pp. 486, 487 ; Hume, 
Str.F. viii. p. 70 (1879: Singapore), p. 113 (List); Butler, 
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 63 (1879) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 150 (Siberia, 
June); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 679 (Anjouan); Finsch, Verh. 
z.-b.ges. Wien, xxix. p. 251 (1879: Tundra of the Ob, not breeding) 
; Bogd. B. Cam. p. 159 (1879); Legge. B. Ceylon, p. 879 
(1880); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 77 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. 
ix. p. 85 (1880 : Ratnagiri); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 472 (1881); 
Reid, Str. F. x. p. 70 (1881: Lucknow, Oct. to April) ; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 96 (Gilgit, Sept.); id. Ibis, 1882, p. 288; Seeb. 
Ibis, 1882, p. 224 (Astrachan, migrant), p. 381 (Archangel); 
Milne-Ed%o. | Grand. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 624 (1882); 
£88 CHAEABKIID-E. 

Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. rii. p. 244 (1882); Salmd. Orn. 
Papuasia etc. iii. p. 317 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 170 
(1883); Booth, Bough Notes, ii. pi. 23 (1883); Seek Ibis, 1883, 

p. 30 (Caucasus on passage); Severtz. t c. p. 75 (Pamir, July); 
Irby, t. c. p. 187 (Santander, 31ar); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. 
iii. p. 403 (1883); Oate*, Handb. B. Brit Bunn. ii. p. 394 (1883); 
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 250 (1884) : Butcher, Auk, i. 
p. 52 (1884: Lorn Id.); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 133 
(1884); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 90 (1884); Badde, Orn. 
Cauc. p. 429 (1884); Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 102 (1885 : 
Liberia); Murdoch, Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885: P t Barrow): Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 43 (Corsica, May) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 180 (1885); Zarudn. Ois. Transcasp. p. 70 (1*85) ; Saunders, 
P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego Garcia); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 390 
(Portugal); Matschie, J. f. O. 1887, p. 138 (Karema, March) ; 
Beid, Ibis, 1888, p. 78 (Teneriife); Seeb. t c p. 349 (Great Liak M 
IsL, June); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Lake Jipi, Sept.); id. 
Ibis, 1890, p. 170 (Aruwhimi Hirer): Sharpe, App. Jameson's 
< Bear-Column,1 p. 414 (1890); /Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 403 
(1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 341 (Cvpra«0 : Beiehm. Syst. 
Vera. Vog. Beutschl. p. 48 (1889); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1690, 

p. 429 (Teneriffe, May); Brnsina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat), p. 88 
(1890); Styan, Ibis, 1891, f^). 330, 501$ (LOWPP Yangrto>) ; Gfitke, 
Voqeho. Helgol. p. 519 (1891); Sharpe, Sei. IZr$. 2nd Yark. Miss. 
p. 141 (1891: Upper Karakasli R) ; Frimkhhy, Ai\ Hung. p. 147 
(spring and autumn migrant); Madard<z, Eriuui. Ausst Ungar. 
Vogelf. p. Il l (1891); Heiser, Vogels. Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 128 
(1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 25; Sibree, t c. p. 114 (Madagascar): 
Bendall, t. c. p. 2:29 (Gambia); Hartert, t. e. p. 515 (E. Prussia J; 
Styan, t c. p. 437 (Hainan): Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1*93, p. 20*5 
(Canary Islands); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, pp. 2?>, 470 (Lake SMrwa, 
Nyasaland); Coues, Auk, xii. p. 339 (1895); Whitaker, Mis, 1895, 
p. 106 (Tunis); Eagle Clarke, t. c. p. 207 (Delta of the Rhone). 
Pelidna subarquata, Steph. in Share's Gen. ZooL xii. p. 96 (1824); 
Cuv. Begne Jnim. p. 527 (1829); Brehn, Vog. BeuischL p. 657 
(1831) ; Bp. Comp. Lto B. Bur. &N. Amer. p. 50 (1833); Degl $ 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 195 (1867: X. Prance, on migration); JDoderl. 
Arif. Sicil. p. 189 (1809); Friisch, Vog. Eur. tab. xxxriii. fi>. 10, 

xxxix. % 4 (1870); Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 212 (1671); 
Baird, Breiver, $ Bidgio. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 246 (1854) ; 
Butcher, Auk, i. p. 3*2 (1884: Long- IsL, May 24); Merriam,Aukf 
ii. p. 63 (1885: Point Barrow, June 8); Everett, Journ. Straits 
Branch Asiaf. Soc. 1889, p. 208 (Sarawak; Pontianak); Tacz. 
Mint. Acad. Imp. Sei. St Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 925 (1893). 
iErolia varia, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. 231 (1825). 
Ancylocheilus subarquatus, Kaup, Natiirl Syst. p. 50 (1829); Bp. C 


B. xliii. p. 596 (1856); Gould, Handb. B. Amfr. ii. p. 258(1865); 
Loche, Expl. Sei. AlgSn, Ois. ii. p. 308 (1867); Gould, B. Gt. 
Brit iv. pi. 68 (1872); Cones, Cheek-l N. Amer. B. p. 102 (1882). 
Falcinellus cursorius, Temm. PL Col r. pi. 510 (1830). 
Pelidna macrorhynchus, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl p. 658 (1831). 
Tringa (Pelidna) chinensis, Gray, ZooL Misc. p. 2 (1831). 
Schoeniclus hubarquatus, Gould, B. Austr. ri. pi. 32 (1837); Gray, 


List Gratia Brit Mus. p. 105 (1844); Bilpp. Syst Uehers. p. 126 
(1845). 
Falcinellus cuvieri, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 4" N. Amer. p. 50 (1838), 

66. i-JNCYLOCKILTTS. 
589 

The Curlew Sandpiper, Tarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 47 (1843). 

Sehosmclus chinensis, Gray, List Gralke B. M. p. 104 (1844). 

Pelidna arqnata, Brehn, Vogelf. p. 316(1855). 

Tringa (Schoeniclus) subarquata, Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 

(1888). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above deep bay 
or dark cinnamon rufous, varied with whitish edges to the feathers,, 
which are mottled with black centres, taking the form of stripes-
on the head and back and of cross-bars on the scapulars• lower 
back dull ashy-brown, with whitish edges; sides of lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the latter tinged with rufous, 
and showing a few black bars; wing-coverts brown, with whitish 
edgings, the greater series tipped with white, forming a wing-
bar ; some of the coverts rufous like the back, and some of the 
inner secondaries also rufous on their edges; primary-coverts 
and quills darker brown, the latter with white tips; primaries 
dark brown writh white shafts; the secondaries fringed with white, 
more broadly on the shorter ones, which are white at the base of 
the inner web; tail-feathers ashy brown, with white fringes and 
white shafts ; head like the back, but showing less distinct blackish 
centres to the feathers; the hind neck distinctly hoary, owing to 
the grey edgings to the feathers• sides of face and under surface of 
body rich vinous chestnut, with more or less distinct remains of 
hoary margins to the feathers• vent and under tail-coverts white, 
the latter tinged with rufous, and having a few black bars ; sides-
of body and flanks pure white, the latter with a few black bars; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white: lower primary-
coverts and under surface of quills light ashy : bill and feet black; 
iris hazel. Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 5*3, tail l*9y 
tarsus 1*15, middle toe and claw 1. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Like the male, but not so-
richly coloured, the tint of the under surface being duller chestnut, 
and not so vinous. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 4-9y 
tail 1*8, tarsus 1-15, middle toe and claw 1. 

Adult in winter plumage. Ashy brown above, slightly mottled with 
darker centres to the feathers; the wing-coverts like the back; 
quills as in the summer plumage; rump and upper tail-coverts pure 
white • tail-feathers ashy "brown, fringed with white, with white 
shafts, and a sub-terminal bar of dusky blackish, the inner webs 
having a good deal of white at the base; lores dusky, with a supraloral 
streak of white; the under surface of the body pure white,, 
with tiny lines of dusky brown on the sides of the face, sides of 
neck, lower throat and fore-neck. 

Young in first autumn plumage. Similar in general colour to the 
winter plumage of the adult, and distinguished by the absence of 
rufous colour in the plumage of the upper surface; on the under 
surface the streaks on the fore-neck are almost obsolete, and a 
fulvescent shade overspreads the fore-neck and chest, in some specimens 
even extending to the breast itself. On the upper surface it


.590 CHAKADBIIDJS. 

is very similar to the winter plumage of the adult, but has always 
more distinct pale edgings to tbe feathers, tbese being generally 
fulvescent, while the mantle is decidedly darker, being blackish, 
with pale margins to the feathers. 

Eab. testing in the Arctic Eegions (exact locality still unknown), 
.and wintering in Africa, India, and Australia. Of accidental occurrence 
in Eastern North America and Alaska: also in tbe TTest 

Indies. 

a. Ad. hiem. st.
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. st.
d. Ad. st.
e,f. S ? juv.sk.
g. Ad. st.
Ji. (S juv. sk.

i. Ad. st.
Jc, I Juv. sk. 

m, n. Juv. st. 

o, cf juv, sk. 

p, q, r. <? 2 ad* 
et juv. sk. 


s. Ad. sk. 
t. Juv. st. 
w, v. <$ juv.; w. 
5 ad. hiem. sk. 
a-$'.c?$ad.;c'e'. 
S $ juv. sk. 
/' . Juv. sk. 
g\ Juv. sk. 

k'. tf juv. sk. 

i!. Jad.sk. 

k'. Ad. sk. 

1\ Ad. sk. 

m\ Ad. sk. 

n', (S ad. sk. 

o\ (S ad. sk. 

p'-rr. <$ ad.; s'. 
$ ad. sk. 
t'. <5 ad. sk. 

u'. J ad. sk. 

v'-yl. Ad. sk. 

«', a". 9 ad. sk. 

b". Ad. sk. 
c". <$ juv. sk. 

 Great Britain. 
Orkney. 
Lytham, Lancashire. 
Yarmouth. 
Yarmouth, Sept. 
Breydon Harbour, Yar


mouth. 
Brevdon Harbour, Sept. 11 

(X E. Earting). 

 Aldebuigh, Suffolk, Aug. 

Aldeburprh, Aug. 27. 
Epping, Essex. 


Kingsbury, Middlesex, Aug. 

27 (J. E. Harting). 

Romney Mar-h, Kent, Sept. 

Brighton, Sussex, May. 
Pagham Harbour, Sussex. 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 9. 


Pagham Harhour, Mav, July, 

Aug., Sept. (j; E. JET.). 
Bognor, Sussex. 
Christclmreh, Hants, Sept. 


Barnstaple, Devon, Sept. 24 

(J. E. jff.). 
Dvomik, Petchora, July 14. 
Archangel Market, June 18 
(E. R Alston). 
South Spain, May 14. 
Malaga,May 9 (IE* Saunders). 
Valencia, May 8 (H. Saun


ders). 
Barcelona, May 10 (J5T. E. 
JDresser), 

Near Gibraltar, April 24. 

Gibraltar, April 28 (L. E. 

Irhj). 
Girgenti, Sicily (E. C.Taykr). 
Tuscany. 
Pisa, May. 
Austria. 
Hungary, Oct. 8. 

Montagu Coll. 

Br. Edmonton [P.]. 

C. Hubbard, Esq.T.]. 
Hume Coll. 
J. E. Hartlng, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Theodore Fisher, 
Esq. rP.]. 
Col< iiel Irbv [P.". 


II. Duubledav, feq. 
[p.:. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Dr.R.B.SharpaT.]. 

Hartinjr Coll. 
Dr.R.B.SharperP.l 

Dr.R.B.Shar1>e;P.1. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll 
Baron A. Von Hugel 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Colonel Irby [P.} 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm ColL 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hungarian National 

Museum [P.]. 

J". Ad. sk. 
e'\f\ Ad. sk. 
g". 6 ad. sk. 

,h". 6 ad. sk. 
i"-l". Ad. sk. 

m". $ ad. sk. 
n". Ad. sk. 


o". Ad. sk. 
p". Ad. sk. 
#". Ad. sk. 


r". Ad. sk. 

*". Ad. sk. 

t",u". tfad.;*?", 
w". $ ad. sk. 
-s",y". $ ad.sk. 

z". Ad. sk. 
#3. c? ad. sk. 


b\ $ ad. sk. 

cz. Ad. sk. 

^3-#3. Ad. sk. 

A3. Juv. sk. 

*3. $ ad. sk. 
jb3, Z3. cJ ad. sk. 

wi3. Ad. sk. 
nz. <$ ad. sk. 
03, ^>3. c? ad. et 

juv. sk. 

#3 3 

, r. $ juv. sk. 

s3, £3. $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

w3~.r3. <? ad. et 
imm.; y3. $ 
ad. sk. 

23 4 

, a. 2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

tf-dK 2 ad.; e\ 
ft 6 2juv.sk. 
^4, A4. <£ ad. sk. 

£*. <? ad. sk. 

fr, l\ Ad. sk. 

66 . ANCYLOCHILTTS. 
Corfu (S. JSI Saunders). 
Athens. 
Athens, May. 
Crimea. 
Mesopotamia (Commander 


Jones). 
Egypt (G. E. Shelley). 
Egypt, April (S. Stafford 

Allen), 

Aden. 
Aden (Col. Yerlury). 
Angolala, Shoa (Sir W. 

Harris). 

Gambia. 


Gold Coast. 
Walvisch Bay, Sept. to April 


(C. J. Ande?-sson). 
"Walvisch Bay, Oct., Nov. 
(C. J. A.). 
Cape Colony (E. X. Layard). 
Durban, Natal, Dec. 
Isepingo Flats, 12 miles from 
Durban, Natal, Oct. 18 

(Gordge). 

Potchefstroom, Transvaal, 
Nov. 24 (T. Ayres). 
Lake Shirwa, Nyasaland, 
Dec., Jan., June, Aug. (A. 
Whyte). 

Lamu, E. Africa. 

N.E. Madagascar. 
Rodriguez. 
Anjouan Island (Sir J. Kirk). 
Yen-e-sei Valley, June 15. 
Lake Baikal, May. 

Yarkand, Aug., Sept. (Dr. G. 
Henderson). 

Gilgit, Aug., Sept. 

Karachi, Sept. (A. 0. H. 
$ E. A. Butler). 

Balacherry, Kathiawar, Oct. 

19. 
Sambhur, July to Sept., May 
(JR. M. Adam). 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon Distr., 
May, July (W. N. Chill). 
Allahabad, May 17 (J. Cock-


burn). 
Sholapur, May 2 (/. Wen-
den). 

Seebohm Coll. 

Consul Merlin [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. Bond, Esq. 
TweeddaleCoU. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

Governor Rendall 

[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Savile Reid 
[p.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Gurney Coll. 

Sir H. H. Johnston 
[p.]. 

F. 
J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
F. Pollen [C.]. 
Rev. H. H. Slate 
[0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel Biddulph 
[0.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel Hayes Lloyd 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

592 

m4. 5 ad. sk. 
n*-f. <$ $ ad. sk. 
s4, «5. Ad. sk. 
¥. Ad. sk. 
c5,d5. tf $ ad.sk. 
e5. Ad. sk. 
/5. Ad. sk. 
g'% ¥. 8 $ ad. 

sk. 

i3 

. 2 ad. sk. 

h\ 6 ad. sk. 

l\ ^ ad.; ?;i3,w5. 

Jad.sk. 

o% f. 6 $ ad. 
sk. 

f. $ad. sk. 
r5. 8 $ ad. sk. 

s5}f. c?$ad.; w5. 
5 imm. sk. 
r5. <? ad. sk. 


wVr5. cJad.; ?/5. 

$ ad. sk. 
z5. <$ ad. sk. 
a6-e6. c?ad.;^0


/. $ ad. sk. 
¥. Ad. sk. 
^&6. dSad.sk. 


f. Ad. sk. 
w°. <5 ad. sk. 
w6, o6. Ad. sk. 
pGr qB. Ad. sk. 
r6. Ad. sk 
$6-^6. Ad. sk. 
vG. Ad. sk. 
w6. Ad. sk. 
a;6. Ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
i6-^. Ad. sk. 
c7. Ad.sk. 
<F. Ad. sk. 
e7. Ad, sk. 
f. Ad. sk. 
«77. Imm. sk. 
k7 

. Skeleton. 
i7. Sternum. 

CHAEADEIIDJS. 

Calcutta (R Blyth). 
Calcutta, Dec. to April. 
Calcutta. 
Calcutta, January. 
Madras, Dec. (JR. G. W. R.). 
Madras. 
Ceylon (H. Kevill). 
Ceylon, Oct., Jan. (IF. F 


Legge). 

Ceylon, Dec. 28 (IF F 

Legge), 
South Andamans, March (R. 

G. TV.R). 
Port Blair, S. Andamans, 
May, June, July (TV. J. 
Wimberley). 

Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Dec. 

(W. Davison). 
Dungleaf Creek, Andamans, 
Jan. 3 (IF Davison). 
Elephant Point, Burma, Dec. 
l l (J". Armstrong). 
Lower Pegu, Aug., Oct 

Moulmein, Dec. 2 ( W. Davison). 
Amherst, Dec.? Jan. (IF D.). 


Mergui, Nov. G ( W. D.). 
Jarazn, Selangore, Dec., 

March, Aug. ( W. D.). 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Amurland (JR. Maak). 
China. 

(Type 
Shanghai, May (R. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, May lS (R. Swinhoe). 
Tarwanfoo, May (R.Sioinhoe). 
Taiwan! oo,May (R.Sicinhoe). 
Java (Dr. Morsfidd). 
Java. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Queensland (J. T. CockerelT). 
Victoria. 
Sydney, 
Tasmania. 

E. Patagonia. 
N. America. [? Hudson's 
Bay.] 
England. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Hume CoH. 
India Museum. 
Godwin-Austen Coll,. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Godwin-Austen ColL 


Tweeddale ColL 
Sharpe Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 

Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Cull. 

Hume ColL 

Oates ColL 

Hume Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 


India Museum. 
Seebohm ColL 


J. R. Reeves, Esq.. 
?•]-. 

of P. ckinensis, Gray.) 
Seebohm CoH. 
Seebohm Coil. 
Seebohm CoH. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Gould ColL 
Gould ColL 
Seebohm ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Gould ColL 
Seebohm ColL 
Antarctic Exped. 
Sir W.Burnett & Ad


miral Fitzroy [PX 
The Admiralty [R J. 
Purchased. 
John Ray, Esc[.pP.]. 

67. TRINGA. 
593 
67. TEINGA. 
Type. 

Tringa, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 247 (1766) T. canutus. 

Canutus, Brehm, Vog, Deutschl. p. 653 (1831) T. canutus. 

Bangs. The Arctic portions of the Old and "New Worlds, visiting 
Australia, Africa, and South America on migration. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Breast and underparts rufous canutus aestiv., p. 593. 
b. Underparts white, with dusky streaks or 
spots on the fore-neck and chest. 
a', tipper tail-coverts white, barred across [p. 593. 
with black: culmen 1*3 inch canutus hiem. et juv., 
b'. Upper tail-coverts white: bill longer, 
culmen 1*6 inch. 
a". With rufous and black markings on 
the upper surface6 crassirostris sestiv., p. 600, 
b". Upper surface grey crassirostris hiem., p. 600. 

1. Tringa caautus. 
TheKnot, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. ii. p. 137, pi. 276 (1760: 
Lincolnshire); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 187 (1785: Lincolnshire) 
; Tarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 630 (1843). 

La Maubeche, Briss. Orn. v. p. 226, pi. xx. fig. 1 (1760). 
La Maubeche tachete*e, Briss. Orn. v. p. 229, pi. xxi. &%. 1 (1760); 
Bnf. Hist Nat. Ois. vii. p. 531 (1780). 
La Maubeche grise, Briss. Orn. v. p. 233, pi. xxi. fig. 2 (1760); Buff. 
Hist. Nat Ois. vii. p. 531 (1780). 
La Canut, Briss. Orn. v. p. 258 (1760); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. 

p. 142 (1781). 
Tringa 
cinerea (nee Linn.), Brtinn. Orn. Bor. p. 53, no. 179 (1764); 
Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 673 (1788); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 404 
(1815); Barry's 1st Toy. p. cci (1819) ; JEJ. Sabine, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. xii. p. 533 (1819 : Hare Isl., June) ; Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. 

p. 36, pi. lvii. fig. 2 (1813); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 627 (1820) ; 
Lieht Verz. JDoubl. p. 74 (1823) ; Richardson in Parry's %xd Voy. 
p. 355 (1824: Duke of York's Bay; Melville Peninsula); Werner, 
Atlas, Grail tab. 14 (1827); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 283 (1828); 
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 387 (1831: Melville Peninsula) 
; Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 735 (1833); Crespon, 
Orn. Gard, p. 417 (1840); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 
(Madeira); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 171 (1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 382 (Archangel, summer). 
Tringa canutus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 251 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat i. 
p. 679 (1788); Leach, Syst Cat Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 29 
(1816); Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 109 (1828); Jard. ed. Wilson's 
Amer. Orn. ii. p. 335, pi. 57. fig. 5 (1832); Jenyns, Man. Brit 
Vertebr. p. 213 (1835); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 49 
(1838); Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxvi, 214 (1840); Selys-
Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 126 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit p. lxxxviii 
(1844); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 103 (1844); Gray, List 
Grail. Brit Mus. p. 103 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (1845); 
Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Gnian. iii. p. 758 (1848); Blyth, Cat B. 
Mus. A. S. B. p. 268 (1849: Calcutta) ; Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxxiiL 
VOL. xxiv. 
2 Q 

594 CHAEADBIIDJS. 

figs. 611, 612 (1850); Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 306 (1850); Middmd. 
Beis. Sibir., Zool p. 219 (1851: Taimyr R., Aug.; Boganida, 
May); Macgill Brit. B. iv. p. 185 (1852) ; Vierth. Naitmannia, 
1852, pp. 29, 51 (Blue Nile) ; Schl Yog. Nederl pis. 227, 228 
(1854); Baldamus, Naumannia, 1857, p. 113 (Blue Nile); Bp. C. 

B. xliii. p. 578 (1856); Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 237 (1857 : 
Gambia); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Amer. p. 715 (1858); Jaub. ei 
Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Cm. p. 465 (1859); Schrenck, Beis. AmurL 
p. 420 (1859: Mouth of Amur, Aug.); Simdev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 42. 
fig. 1 (1860); Liyiderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 142 (1860); Bernhardt, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 11 (Greenland); Irby, t c. p. 240 (Cawnpore) ; Schl. 
Bier. Nederl Fogels, pi. 24. fig. 1 (1861): Coues, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Bhilad. 1861, pp. 179, 229; Boardm. Broe. Bost. Soc. 
Nat Mist ix. p. 128 (1862: Maine); Terr ill, Proc. Bssex Inst 
iii. p. 158 (1862: Maine, autumn); Blahist Ibis, 1863, p. 132 
(Hudson's Bay); Neioton in Baring-Gotdd's Iceland, p. 412 
(1863); Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 165 (1863): Schl Mm. Pays-Bats, 
Scolopaces, p. 29 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 148 (Malta, Jan. 
and Feb.); DaiosonBowleg, t c. p. 223 (Brighton, Sept.); Allen, 
Pi'oc. Bssex Inst. iv. p. 86 (1864: Springfield, Mass.): Govld, 
Eandb. B. Ausir. ii. p. 259 (1865); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viiL 
p. 294 (1866); LSot Ois. Trinid. p. 468 (1866); layard, B. S. Afr. 
p. 330 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 280 (Greenland); Degl et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 190 (1807); Locke, Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. 
ii. p. 306 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 18C8, p. 200 (^VValvisch Bav); 
Mcllwr. Proc. Ess. Inst v. p. 92 (1868: Hamilton, Canada We«t); 
Coues, t. c. p. 293 (New England); id. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Mist 
xii.p.122 (1868 : S. Carolina); Dallfy Bamu Trans. Chicago Acad. 
i. p. 291 (1869: Sitka); Borggr. Toqelf. Norddeutschl p. 116 
(1869); Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 188 (1869); Droste, Yogekc. 
Borhim, p. 211 (1869); Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 
(Coast near Kustendji); Momeyer, J.f.O. 1870, p. 425; Fritsch, 
Vog. Eur. tab 38. fig. 9, tab. 39. Hz. 2 (1870); Gray. Hand-l B. 
iii. p. 48, no. 10300 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Uec. p. 214 
(1871); Fritsch, J.f.O. 1871, p. 388 (Bohemia); Swinhoe, P. Z. S, 
1871, p. 408 (Shanghai); R. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 318 (1871) ; 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 288 (8. Spain, spring and autumn); 
Sorting, Mandb. Brit B. p. 48 (1872); Finsch, Trans. N. Z. Inst 
v. p. 209 (1872 : New Zealand); Gumey in Anderss. B. Earn. Ld. 
p. 209 (1872: Walvisch Bay); Feilden, Zool. 1872, p. 3250 
(Fseroes, spring and autumn): Sci. <$• Salv. Nomencl Ai\ Neot?mop. 
p. 145 (1873); Butter, B. New Zeal p. 194 (1873); Palmen, 
Finl. Fogl. p. 190 (1873); Gould, B. Gt Brit. iv. pi. 65 (1873); 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 330 (Sardinia, winter) ; Swinhoe, t c. p. 368 
(Shanghai, April); Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 103 (Kultnk, April); 
Meugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1183 (1873: Egyptian 
Coast; Blue Nile); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 319 (Brazil); Coues, B. 
N-West, p. 490 (1874); Bidgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 384 (1874: 
Shores of Lake Michigan); Saxby, B. Shetl p. 207 (1874); Finseh, 
J.f. 0. 1874, p. 197 (New Zealand); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 
p. 171 (1875); Banf. # Earvie-Browri, Ibis, 1875, p. 422 (Transylvania) 
; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 252 (1876); id. op, 
cit ii. p. 157 (1877: Poland); Feilden, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 31 (Lat 
81° 44' N.); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 407 (Shores of Smith's Sound; 
Grinnell Land, breeding); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 748 (Santa 
Lucia, W. Peru) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 77, pis. 555, 556 
(1877); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 469 (1877); Belding, Proc. 
67. TRItfGA. 
595 
U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 451 (1878: California); Feilden in Wares' 
Voy. ii. App. p. 211 (1878 : Smith's Sound); Maynard, B. East, 
N. Amer. p. 385 (1879); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. 
p. 251 (1879: River Irtisch, April); Ridgw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
iii. p. 199 (1880); Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 87 (1881) ; GigL Ibis, 
1881, p. 209 (Genoa Riviera) ; Blakiston 8? Fryer, B. Japan, p. Ill 
(1882: Yokohama); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 381 (Mouth of 
Dwina) ; Cones, Check-list N Amer. B. p. 102 (1882); Salvin, Cat 
Strickl Coll. p. 610 (1882); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 186 (Santander, 
May); Steams, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 119 (1883 : Labrador); 
B. 0. U. List Brit B. p. 171 (1883); Booth, Bough Notes, ii. cum 
tab. (1882-87); GigL Iconogr. Avif. Ital no. 28S (1883); Saunders, 
ed. YarrelVs Brit B. iii. p. 413 (1883); Blahist Amended List 
B. Japan, p. 36 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 683 
(1884); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 89 (1884); Merriam, 
Auk, i. p. 295 (1884: Godbout, Canada); Chapman, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 99 (Spain, migrant); Baird, Brewer\ fy Ridgw. Water-Birds 
N. Amer. i. p. 211 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 635 
(1884) ,• Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 174 (1885) ,• Murdoch, Rep. 
Fxped. Point Barrmo, Alaska, p. 110 (1885) ; Turner, Froc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 246 (1885: Labrador); Murdoch, Auk, ii. p. 63 
(1885: Point Barrow); Hart Merriam, t. c. pp. 312, 313 (Fort 
Conger, 81° 44' N.; egg);Gigl.Avif. Ital p. 389 (1886); Salvad. 
Flenco Ucc. Ital p. 221 (1886); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 197 (British 
Guiana); A. O. U. Check-list N Ame?\ B. p. 149 (1886); Seton, 
Auk, iii. pp. 151, 329 (1886: Red River, Manitoba); Fleske, 
Uebers. Saw}, fy Vdg. Kola-Halb. p. 352 (1886); Turner, Contr. 
Nat. Hist Alaska, p. 146 (1886) ; Tacz. Orn. Ferou, iii. p. 354 
(1886: Tumbez); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 315 (1887 : Jamaica); Nelson, 
Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll Alaska, p. 102 (1887); Towns. Froc. U.S. 
Nat Mus. x. p. 163 (1887: Northern California), pp. 198, 235 
(Humboldt Bay); Ridgw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 153 (1887); Tait, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 390 (Portugal, winter); FahnSn, Vega-Fxped., 
Fogelf. tab. 4 (1887) ; Fuller, B. New Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 35 
(1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: New South 
Wales; Victoria and South Australia); Sennett, Auk, v. p. 110 
(1888: Texas); Cooke, Bull U.S. Agric. No. 2, p. 92 (1888: 
Mississippi Valley); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 422 (1888); 
Chapman, Ibis, 1888, p. 445 (Spain, Sept.); Irby, Key List Brit. 
B. p. 46 (1888): Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 348 (Great Liakoft IsL, 
July); Harvie-Brown $• Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. 
p. 133 (1888); Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vdg. Feutschl p. 49 (1889); 
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 156 (1889: Tarpon Springs, Florida); Saunders, 
Man. Brit. B. p. 581 (1889); Cory, B. West Indies, p. 236 (1889); 
Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Resoc. p. 591 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 662 
(1890); Warren, B. Fennsylv. p. 83 (1890) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. 
Fmp. p. 333 (1890); MacKay, Auk, vii. p. 294 (1890: Muskeget 
IsL, Massachusetts); Heine ty Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 
p. 330 (1890); Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. part xii. (1890); Falmer, 
Froc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 260 (1890: Mengan IsL); Thomps. 
t. c. p. 500 (Manitoba); Buckley $• Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. 
Orkney Isl -p. 218 (1891); Hagerup, B. Greenl. p. 54 (1891); 
Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 145 (1891: occasional visitor); Styan, 
Ibis, 1891, pp. 330,505 (Lower Yangtse ; Shanghai); Stejn. Froc. 
U.S. Nat Mus. xiv. p. 490 (1891: Tokio, Japan); Cory, Cat B. 
West Indies, p. 93 (1892: Greater and Lesser Antilles); Hatch, 
B. 
Minnesota, p. 124 (1892); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 13 (1892: 
2Q2 
590 CHAKADEirD^E. 

Jamaica); id. p. 212 (Caloosaliatcliie Kegion, Florida): Mackayf. 
t. c. p. 306 (Tuckermuck Isl.); MeCormick, t. c. p. 397 (Northern 
Ohio) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland); De La louche, 
t o. p. 498 (Foochow) ; Eartert, t. c. p. 515 (E. Prussia); Stejn* 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. p. 292 (1892: Yezo, Japan); Macphersmi, 
Yertebr. Faun. Label p. 387 (1892); Earvie-Brown 8r Buckley, 
Vertebr. Faun. Argyll and Inner Eebrides, p. 179 (1892); LeggeT 
Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 17; Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci, 
St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 895 (1893); Phoads, Auk, x. p. 17 
(1893 : Washington); Mackay, t. c. p. 25 (Massachusetts); Allen, 

t. c. p. 123; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436 (Hainan): Chapman, Bull 
Amer. Mus. vi. p. 78 (1894: Trinidad); Dubois, Faun. III. 
Yertibr. Belg. ii. p. 154, pi. 194 (1894); Bagg, Auk, si. p. 163 
(1894: Oneida Lake); Brown, t. c. p. 259 (Virginia); Irby, Orn. 
Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 281 (1895) ; Eagle-Clarke, Ibis, 1895, 
p. 208 (Delta of the Ehone); Pearson, t. c. p. 248 (Iceland); 
Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 65 (1895); A. O. U. Check-l 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 86 (1895). 
Tringa calidris, Linn. Syst. 2s at. i. p. 252 (1766), ex Briss. p. 226. 
Tringa islandica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, Addenda (1767); P. L. S. 
Mull S. N., Anhang, p. 113 (1776); Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. -682 
(1788); Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit. Mus. p. 29 (1816; 
Essex); id. ty Sabine in Boss's Voy. App. p. lix (1819: Hare Isl.; 
Jacob's Bight) ; Naum. Fog. Deutschl vii. p. 372, tab. 183 (lb34); 
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 130, pi. 315 (1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo. 

vi. p. 254, pi. 328 (1842); EolboeU, Faun. Groenl p. 38 (1846); 
Kjctrb. Banm. Fugle, pi. xxxv. fig. 3, Stippl. pi. 16.fig.3 (1852); 
Gatke, Yogelw. Eelgol. pi. 516 (1891). 
Maubeche tachete"e, DAubent. PI Enl viii. pi. 365. 
Mauheche grise, D'Aubent PI Enl viii. pi. 306. 
La Maubeche commune, Buff. Eist. Nat Ois. vii. p. 529, pL xxxi 


(1780). 
? Charadrius utopienbis, P. L. 8. MillL Syst Nat., Anhang, p. 117 
(1776). 
Freckled Sandpiper, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 174 (1785: France; 

N. Eussia; Liberia). 
Grisled Sandpiper, Lath. t. c. p. 175 (Europe). 
Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Lath. t. c. p. 177 (Flintshire). 
Bed Sandpiper, Lath, t c. p. 186. 
Southern Sandpiper, Lath, t c. p. 187 (Cayenne). 
Tringa australis, Gm. Syst. Nat L p. 679 (1788). 
Tringa nsevia, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 681 (1788). 
Tringa grisea, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 681 (1788). 
Tringa ferruginea {nee Leisl), Meyer §* Wolf, Tasehenk deutseh. 
Ybgelk. p. 395 (1810) ; Nilss. Orn. Smc. ii. p. 84 (1817); YieilL 

N. Diet d'Eist Nat xxxiv. p. 466 (1819); Mus, Orn. Prov* 
pis. 282, 283 (1830). 
Trynga nsevia, Pallas,Zoogr. Bosso-Asiatil p. 192 (1811; N. Eussia 
and Siberia). 
Trynga canutus, Pallas, t. c. p. 197 (Lake Baikal). 
Trynga calidris, Pallas, t. c. p. 202. 
Tringa rufa, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 43, p i lvii. % . 5 (1813). 
Calidris islandica, Boss, Yoy. of Discovery, 2nd ed. ii. App. iv. p. 167 

(1819: Hare Isl.; Jacob's Bight); Less. Traits tfbrm. p. 558 

(1831). 
Canutus islandicus, Brekm, Yog. DeutscM. p. 654 (1831). 
Canutus cinereus, Brehm, t. c. p. 655. 


67. TEiNe.1. 597 
Knot or Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Nuttdll. Man, Orn. ii. p. 125 
(1834). 

•Calidris canutus, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 324 (1837). 
Trynga islandiea, Nordni. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 238 
(1840: Black Sea; Odessa; Crimea, autumn). 
? Tringa lomatina, Lieht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol. p. 92 (1854). 
Canutus rufescens, Brehm, Naumania, 1855, p. 292. 
Tringa (Actodromas) canutus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 255 (1872). 
Tringa canuti, Bmsina, Motr. etc {Orn. Croat), p. 88 (1890). 

Adult male in tuinter plumage* General colour above ashy grey, 
perfectly uniform except on the rump, where there are a few dusky 
bars; upper tail-coverts white, barred across with black; wingeoverfcs 
ashy like the back, except the marginal coverts which are 

4usky brown, the median series also with dusky centres, the greater 
series tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, 
the inner ones broadly tipped with white ; quills dull ashy brown, 
blackish on the outer web and at the tip of the inner web, the 
shafts white, the inner primaries plainly edged with white near the 
base of the outer web ; the inner secondaries ashy brown like the 
back ; tail ashy grey, with whitish shafts to the feathers; crown of 
head ashy grey, slightly mottled with dusky centres to the feathers ; 
lores dusky grey, surmounted by a broad streak of white continued 
into a narrow white eyebrow, slightly streaked with dusky lines ; 
sides of face white, with narrow dusky streaks, the upper margin of 
the ear-coverts ashy grey; under surface of body white, the chin 
unspotted, but the throat streaked, and the fore-neck and chest 
mottled with spots or bars, the sides of the neck and of the chest 
dull ashy brown; the flanks white, with irregular bars or arrowhead 
marks of dusky brown; under wing-coverts white, the 

axillaries with a few dusky bars ; lower primary-coverts and quill-
lining ashy grey. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 6*1, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 1-2. 

Young birds. Yery similar to the winter plumage of the adults, 
being grey above and white below. They may. however, be easily 
distinguished by the marbled appearance of the upper surface, the 
feathers being fringed with white, before which is a narrow submarginal 
line of black; there is also a tinge of buff over the throat, 
breast, and sides of the body, these parts being thickly spotted with 
dusky brown, especially on the flanks. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Differs from the winter plumage 
in having the under surface of the body chestnut, as well as the 
-eyebrow and sides of the face; the whole of the upper surface also 
suffused with chestnut, the feathers being black in the centre 
with chestnut margins, while on the scapulars and long inner 
secondaries the chestnut colour is distributed in the form of twin 
spots, often forming nearly complete bars; the white on the rump 
-and upper tail-coverts is strongly tinged with chestnut, and the 
black bars are very distinct: bill and feet black; iris dark hazel. 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 6*5, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but not 

598 
CHAMABBU3M. 

so strongly suffused with chestnut above, and rather paler chestnut 
below, with more white on the abdomen than in the male, and 
having still considerable remains of black bars on the flanks ; the-
axillaries regularly barred with black, instead of being white or only 
slightly freckled as in the male. Total length 10 inches, wing 6*6. 

Bab. Breeds in the Arctic Regions, in Greenland, in Grinnell 
Land, on Melville Island and Melville Peninsula, and probably on 
the "New Siberian Islands. In winter it visits Africa, India^ 
Australia, and South America. 

a* Ad. sk. 

b. Ad. hiem. sk. 
c. (S ad. sestiv. sk. 
d. (S juv. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Juv. sk. 
g* ? j^v. sk. 
h. Ad. Mem. sk. 
i} k. Ad. hiem. st. 
I <$ juv. sk. 
m. <$ ad. sk. 
n, 5 ad. sestiv. sk. 
o. (j1 ad. hiem. sk. 
p, q. Ad. hiem. sk. 
r. 
S ad.; s, I $ ad. 
sk. 
u. <$ ad. sk. 
v. J juv. sk. 
w. Juv. sk. 
x-f- c? $ juv. sk. 
g'9 h'. <S ? juv. sk. 
i'. Juv. sk. 
Jc', I'. <$ ad. aastiv. 

sk. 
m'fri. Ad. hiem. st. 
o', $ ad. sk. 
p'-t. 6 2 juv. sk. 
u\ v', to'. (S ad. etjuv. sk.

Great Britain. Montagu Coll. 
Great Britain. Gould Coll. 

Great Britain. 

Grangemouth, Stirlingshire, 
Sept. 14 (J. A. ITarvie-
Brown). 

Firth of Forth, Nov. (JR. G. 

W. J2.). 
Firth of Forth, Sept. 8 {& B. 
Alston), 

Newbiggin, Northumberland, 
Aug.' :2'2. 
Lancashire (F. Nicholson). 

Lincolnshire. 

Lincolnshire, Sept. 5. 

"Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, 
Feb. 16. 
Norfolk. 

Norfolk, Nov. (F. Godman). 
Lynn, Norfolk. 
1 armouth, Norfolk, May. 


Breydon Harbour, Norfolk, 
May 23. 
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Aug. 27 

(H. Greenwood), 
Romney Marsh, Kent. 

Ronmey Marsh, Aug. and 
Sept. 

Eomney Marsh, Aug. 29. 

New Romney, Aug. 19 (P. 
Shelley). 
"Winchelsea, Sussex, Aug. 28. 

Eastbourne, Sussex. 

Pagham Harbour, Sussex, 
May. 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 

 Pagham Harbour, May, Sept. 

(Jm F. Karting). 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm CoH. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

DP. I t B. Sharpe 

Theodore Walker. 
Esq. [P.]. 

G. II. (Jliton Haighr 
Esq. [P.]. 
Mrs. liorbara [IV). 


Rev. W. Whitear 

:P-> 

Salvin-Godman ColL 
C, Coningham, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Br. Gordon Hogg 

•[P
Br. Itt B. Sharpe 

n?.j. 

Colonel Irby [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. B. B. Sharpe 

J. E. Harfing, Esq. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
Dr. E. B. Sharpe[
P.]. 
Seebohm ColL 

z'> 2 imm. sk. 

y\ Juv. sk 

z\ Imm. sk. 
a", Imm. st. 
b". Ad. hiem. sk. 

c'\ Ad. hiem. sk. 
d"- 6 juv. sk. 

e". $ ad. Mem;/'. 

Juv. sk. 
/' . $ ad. aastiv. sk. 
A". Ad. Mem. sk. 
i". $ juv. sk. 

y. Ad. hiem. sk. 
I". Juv. sk. 

W. Juv. sk. 
n", o". § ad. hiem. 
sk. 

p'\ 2 a&- sestiv. sk. 

?"-V'. tf J juv. sk. 

w". Juv. sk. 
x", y". Ad. sestiv. 
sk. 
s", «3. c? $ ad. 
sestiv. sk. 
b*. Ad. hiem. sk. 
c\d\ Ad.sk. 
e3,/3. <? $ ad. sk. 

#3. $ ad. sk. 

A3. Ad. hiem. sk. 

i3 

. Ad. sk. 
J3. Ad. sk. 
&3, Z3. tf J ad.; m3, 

w3, o3. Pull. St. 
#*, f. Pull. sk. 
r3. Pull. sk. 
s'K <$ juv. sk. 

tz3

, u. c? $ ad. sk. 
v3-y3. Ad. et juv. 

s3. Ad. sk. 
<z*. Juv. sk. 

b\ Ad. sk. 
c*,^4. Ad.aestiv.sk. 
e*. Ad. hiem. sk. 

67. TRItfGl. 
Christchurch, Hants, Nov. 1. 

Poole, Dorsetshire, Nov. 

(A. von Hugel). 
Axmouth, Devonshire, Dec. 10. 
Cornwall. 
Swansea, S. Wales, April 

{F. D. Godman). 
Carmarthenshire. 
Heligoland, Oct. (JR. B. 8.). 


Heligoland, Sept., Jan. 


Sweden, Aug. 9 ( W. Meves). 
Holland. 
Spain (JET. E. Dresser). 
Gambia. 


Ashanti. 
Ashanti. 
Walvisch Bay, Oct. 26 (C.J. 


Andersson). 

Mouth of the Amoor River, 
May 18 (Dorries). 
Mouth of the Amoor River, 

Aug., Sept. (Domes). 
Yokohama, Japan (H. Fryer). 
China (Tuckett). 

Shanghai, April, May (JR. 
Swinhoe). 

Australia. 
Queensland, 
Moreton Bay, Sept. (F. 


Strange). 

Lord Howe Island, Sept. 10 

(J. MacgilMvray). 
Bay of Islands, New Zealand. 

Northern Land Expedition. 

N.W. America. 
82° 44' N. lat. 
82° 44' N. lat. 
81° 44' N. lat. 
Distant Cape, Aug. 26. 
Floeberg Beach, July 8. 
Discovery Bay, July & Aug. 


Greenland. 


St. Michael's, Alaska, 
Aug. 14 (JSL W. Nelson: 
JEenshaw Coll.). 

Hudson's Bay. 
Repulse Bay. 
Henley Harbour, Aug. 23. 


Baron A. von Hiigel 

PP.]-

Seebohm Coll. 

Dr.R.B.SharpejT.]. 
Dr. Giinther [P.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Montagu CoH. 

F. Nicholson, Esq,. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

Seebohm Coll. 
Governor Kendall 

[C.]. 

J. Gould, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Old CoU. 

The Admiralty HP.]. 
Capt. Collinson [_P.1. 
Colonel Feilden [PA 

Colonel Feilden 
Colonel Feilden 
Colonel Feilden 
Colonel Feilden 
H.C.Hart, Esq. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Dr. Rae [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

CHARADBIIDJB. 

600 

f* Juv. St. Nova Scotia. Old Coll. 
a4-. Ad. sestiv. sk. Long Island, New York. Salvin-Godman Coll.
h\ Juv. sk. Chicago, Illinois, Aug. (K Salvin-Godman Coll. 


W. Nelson: Henshaw 
Coll). 
i4. Juv. sk. Ainsworth, Illinois, Aug. 22 Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
(R W. N.: Henshaw toll). 
h\ IK <$ 9. ad. sk. Near Charleston, S. Carolina, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (W. Brewster : Henshaw 
Coll). 

m^-rK S $ ad. Corpus Christi, Texas, Sept., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mem. sk. Cct. (F. B. Armstrong), 
sl. Juv. sk. Barbados. Sir R. Schomburgk 

[O.]. 
t\ Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
u4. Sternum. England. John Ray, Esq. 
v\ Skull. Seebohm* Coll. 

2. Triaga crassirostris. 
Tringa crassirostris, Temm. 8r Schl Faun. Jap. p. 107, pi. 64 (1847); 
Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 219 (1832: S. coast of Sea of 
Ochotsk); Schrench, Reis. Amurl p. 420 (1859: Lower Amur R., 
Aug.); Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 330 (Japan); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Scolopaces, p. 28 (1864) ; Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 468 (Sind) ; 
Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1873, pp. 368, 370, 424 (Shanghai, April); Hume, 
Str. F. i. p. 240 (1873 : Karachi, Feb.) ; id. op. tit ii. pp. 490,500 
(1874: Andaman Is.) ; Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 147 (S. Andaman*); 
Harting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 243, pi. xi. figs. 7, 8, 9 ; Salvad. Ucc. 
Born. p. 325 (1874); Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 341 (1876 : China-
Bakeer, Rangoon); Hume, t. c. p. 464 (Laccadives); Dyb. J.f.O. 
1876, p. 201 (S. Ussuri-Land); Tacz. Bull Soe. Zool France, i. 

p. 252 (1876); David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 468 (1877); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. p. 197 (1878), iii. p. 297 (1879: 
Boiara): Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 26 (Japan); Hume, Str. F. viii. 
p. 113 (1879), p. 157 (Salangore); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 63 
(1879) ; id. Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 109 (1880: Laccadives) ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. iv. p. 101 (1880: Port Moresby; 
S. Cape and Louisiades); Blahist. fy Pryer, B. Japan, p. Ill 
(1882); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gm. xviii. p. 327(1882); id. Orn. 
Papuasia etc. iii. p. 312 (1882); Oates, Handb. B. Brit Burm. ii. 
p. 393 (1883); Meyer, Sitzb. u. Abh. Gesellsch. Isis, 1884, Abh. i. 
p. 55 (Bouru); Blahist Amended List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884); 
Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp Ross. p. 88 (1884); Murray, Vertebr. 
Faun. Sind, p. 249 (1884); Gigl $ Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 586 
(Olga Bay, Oorea); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 421 (1888); 
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: Port Darwin; Port 
Essington; Gulf of Carpentaria; Cape York ; Rockingham Bay; 
Wide Bay distr.; 1ST. S. W.; W. and S.W. Australia) ; Everett, 
Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 207 (Labuan; Pontianak); 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Fmp. p. 332 (1889); Heine fy Reichen* 
Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 330 (1890: Japan); Styan, Ibis, 1891, 
p. 330 (Lower Yangtse), p. 505 (Shanghai); Salvad. Agg. Orn. 
Papuasia etc. iii. p. 201 (1891); De La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 498 
(Foochow); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436 (Hainan); Tacz. Mem. 
Acad. St. Pitersb. (7) xxxix. p. 194 (1893); Bourns $ Worcester, 
Occ. Papers Minn. Acad. Nat Scl i. p. 31 (1894; Negros). 
Schoeniclus magnus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 39 (Australia); id. 

,67. TRINGA. 
601 

B. Amir. vi. pi. 33 (1848); Temm. $ Schl Faun. Jap. p. 107, 
note. 
Tringa 
magna, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 596 (1856) ; Cass. Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Set. Phihd. 1858, p. 196 (Hakodadi) j Smnh. Ibis, 1863, 

p. 444 (Japan). 
Tringa 
tenuirostris (nee Horsf.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 315 
(Shanghai): Gould, JEandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 260 (1865); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 49, no. 10301 (1871); Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. 

N. S. W. i. p. 60 (1877: Sue IsL; Cocoanut Isl.); Bamsay, t c. 
p. 189; Casteln. ty Bamsay, t. c. p. 384 (Norman R., Ghilf of 
Carpentaria); Bamsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 338 (N.E. Queensland); 
Blakiston § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 221 (Hakodadi); Nicholson, Jbisf 
1883, p. 8(1 (Labuan). 
Tringa canutus (nee Linn.), Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 688 (1864). 

Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of 

T. canutus, being ashy grey above and white below, but easily 
•distinguished by the longer bill and pure white upper tail-coverts; 
the dusky spots on the chest and sides of the body smaller and much 
more distinct. 
Young birds. Similar to the winter plumage of the adults, but 
blacker, with conspicuous white margins to the feathers of the 
upper surface; the ramp and upper tail-coverts being also spotted 
with black, but not barred with dusky as in T. canutus. The head 
is like the back, black with white edges to the feathers, but there 
is scarcely any trace of a white eyebrow, the lores and sides of 
face being thickly spotted with black; throat white, unspotted; 
lower throat and fore-neck light brown, mottled with black spots, 
the upper breast and sides of the body also plentifully spotted with 
black, the spots on the sides of the body being large and often 
arrow-shaped ; axillaries white, with marblings of pale ashy grey. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Does not differ from the winter 
plumage to the same extent as in T. canutus, the upper surface 
being only slightly suffused with rufous, the scapulars and the 
inner secondaries more or less bright chestnut with black subterminal 
bars : the under surface of the body is white, the throat 
thickly streaked and the fore-neck so closely barred as to become 
almost black, these black bars extending on to the breast and along 
the sides of the body ; the under tail-coverts are also spotted with 
black: "bill brown; feet grey; iris dark brown" (L. TaczanoivsM). 
Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6*9, tail 2*5, 

-tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but with 
less rufous. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 7*5, tail 
2-65, tarsus 1*3. 

Eab. Eastern Siberia, migrating south by Japan and China to 
the Malayan Archipelago and Australia. It also wanders to the 
coasts of Western India, as it has been met with- at Karachi and on 

the Laccadives. 
.a-d. <ff imm.;
e. $ imm. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
Mouth 
Aug. 
Japan. 
of 
(D 
theomes). 
Amur River, Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 

602 CHAKADEIIDJB. 

g-~n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad.sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r, s. Ad. sk. 
t-z. 3 2 a<^ et 
imm. sk. 
a'. J ad. sk. 
5', c'. Ad. sk. 
d'. <S ad, sk. 
eT . <J ad. sk. 
/W . <?$ ad. 
Yokohama, Japan (M. Fryer). 
Yezo, Japan. 
Gulf of Abrok, June 18. 
Kurile Islands, May (Snotc). 
Shanghai, April. 
Shanghai, March, April, Sept. 
(JS. Swinhoe). 
Amoj, NOT. 19 (22. Swinhoe). 
Canton (Copt. Tuckeii). 
Shappore IsL, Xaaf Paver, 
Pegu, Jan. 20. 
China Ba-keer, Rangoon, 
Dec. 17 (J. Armstrong). 
Karachi, Sind, Feb. (A. O.K.). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tyeeddale Coll. 
Warsaw Museum^ 
Seebohm Coll. 
Shanghai Museum. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gates ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
sk. 
w; , n'. Ad. sk. S. Andamans, March (B. G. Tweeddale ColL 
</, y . c? ad. sk. 
W. 22.). 
Jaram, Salangore Coasts Malay 
Peninsula, March (W. I)ad-
Hume Coll. 
2', r', *'. Ad. sk. 
£'. Ad. sk 
son). 
Klang lighthouse, Salangore, 
Jan. 15 ( W. Davison). 
Borneo. 
Hume Coll. 
A. II. Everett Esq. 
u'. <$ ad. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Philippine E. L. Moselev, Esq. 
Is., Feb. 6. 
v'. $ ad. sk. 
^?'. Ad. sk. 
x\ Ad. sk. 
y'y z. Ad. sk. 
a". Ad. sk. 
Amboyna, Nov. 13. 
Australia. 
North Australia (/. Gould). 
Queensland. 
Moreton Bay. 
Seebohm ColL 
Earl of Derby [P.], 
Seebuhin Cofh 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Gould ColL 

68. PEilDjffA. 
Type. 

Pelidna, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 490 (1817) P. aipina. 
Schoeniclus, Gray, List Gratta Brit Mus. p. 104 (1S44).. P. aipina. 

Mange, Korihem portions of Old and I^ew Worlds, ranging 
south to temperate and tropical portions of both Hemispheres m 
winter. 

1. FeHdna aipina. 
LAlouette de Mer, Briss. Orn. v. p. 211, pi. xix. fig. 1 (1760). 

L'Alouette de Mer a collier, Briss. Orn. v. p. 210, pi. xix. fig. 2 
(1760); B'Aubent PI Bnl. viii. pi. 851: Buff. Mist. Nat Ok, 
TO. p. 548 (1780). 

La Beecasine d'Angleterre, Briss. Orn. v. p. 309 (1760). 
Tringa aipina, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 249 (1760); Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 676 (1788); Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. B. M. p. 30 (1816); 
Bou} Isis, 1822, p. 561; Naum. Yog. Deutsckl vii. p. 426ytab. 186 (1834); Nordm. in Demicl Voy. Buss. MSrid. iiL 
p. 238 (1840); Kjcerl. Danm. Fugle, Suppl. pi. xvi. fig. 2 
(1852) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 80; Powys, t c. p. 343 (Epirus); 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. xfiii. figs. 1, 2 (1860); Newton in 
Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 413 (1863); Gray, Oat Brit. B. p. 167 
68. PELIDtfA. 60S 
(1863) j More, Ibis, 1865, p. 438 (breeding range in England) ; 

Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429 (Tangier, Jan. and Feb.); Smith, Ibis, 

1868, p. 455 (Portugal); Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 

(Black Sea); Harting, P. Z. S.1871, p. 115; id. Handb. Brit. B. 

p. 49 (1872); Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N. Frisian Isl, breeding): 
Harting, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 243; Danf. $ Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 
1875, p. 422 (Transylvania); Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 187 (1876: 
Eastern Turkestan, breeding); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 411; id. 
B. Bur. viii. p. 21, pi. 548 (1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
ii. p. 157 (1877 : Poland); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 151 (Yen-e-sai, 
69°-J70|°N.lat.,breeding); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. 
p. 251 (1879: Tundra of Podarata Biver, breeding); Elwes, Ibis. 
1880, p. 392 (Denmark, ?breeding); Seebohm, Ibis,'1882, p. 224 
(Astrachan), p. 381 (Archangel, summer) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. 
p. 169 (1883); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 337 (1883) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 30 (Caucasus, on migration); Severtz. t c. 
p. 75 (Pamir, Sept.); Irby, t c. p. 187 (Santander, May); Tristr. 
Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 132 (ltf84); Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 428 
(1884: Caspian Sea in winter); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 389 
(S. Jean de Luz, March); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica, 
May); Dixon, t. c. p. 86 (St. Kilda); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 184 (1885); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 21 (Aden, winter); Sharpe, 
t c. p. 167 (Muscat): Pleske, Uebers. Sdug. fy Vog. Kola-Halb. 
p. 344 (1886); Tait,'Ibis, 1887, p, 390 (Portugal); Chapman, 
Ibis, 1888, p. 445 (Spain, Sept.); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 569 
(1889; ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutsahl. p. 48 (1889); Brusina, 
Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat.),?. 88 (1890); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1890, 
p. 442 (Madeira); Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 520 (1891); Bart, 
Faun, fy Flor. Sinai, p. 226 (1891: Graza and Ayum Musa) ; 
Meiser, Vogels Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 127 (1891); Madardsz, 
Frldut. Ausst. TJngar. Vogelf. p. 110 (1891); Frivaldsky, Av. Sung. 
p. 146 (1891: autumn visitor); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland) 
; Rartert, t. c. p. 515 (E. Prussia); Fatio fy Studer, Cat 
distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 48 (1892); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xxiv. 
(1893) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 171, 181 (Aden); Meade-Waldo, 
t. c. p. 204 (Canary Is.); Blagg, t. c. p. 356 (Shetland Is.): 
Beichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 41 (1894); Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, 
p. 169 (1894); Pearson 8? Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 234 (N. Norway) 
; Chapman, t c. p. 343 (West Jutland); Whitaker, Ibis, 
1895, p. 106 (Tunis); Eagle-Clarke, t. c. p. 207 (Delta of the 
Rhone); Coues, Auk, xii. p. 339 (1895 : Heligoland). 
Le Cincle, DAubent, PL Enl. viii. pi. 852; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

vii. p. 553 (1780). 
La Brunette, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. vii. p. 493 (1780). 
The Purre, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 182 (1785). 
The Dunlin, Lath. torn, city. 185; Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 658(1843). 
PScolonax pusilla, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 663 (1788). 
Numenius variabilis, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 141 (1809). 
Tringa variabilis, Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 397 (1810); Temm. 
Man. WOrn. p. 395 (1815); id. 2nd ed. ii. p. 612 (1820); 
Werner, Atlas, Grail pi. 11 (1827); Hewits. Eggs Brit B. ii. 

p. 313, pi. lxxxviii. figs. 1, 2 (1846);. Webb £ Berth. Orn. Canar. 
p. 38 (1841); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus., Grail pi. 93, 
no. 740 ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844); Thomps. B. Irel 
ii. p. 288 (1850); Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 176 (Canary Is.); 
F. | P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 90 (Bodo); Severtz. Turk&st, 
Jevoin. p. 69 (1873: on passage); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 168* 
(1875); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 340 (Cyprus, April, May). 
404 CHA.BADBIID.aS. 

Seolopax alpina, Tall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 175, ft. (1811). 

Trinsra cinclus, leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit Mm. p. 30 
(1816); ROUT, Orn. Prov. pi. 287 (1825) ; Key*. $ Bias. Wirb. 
Bur. pp. Ixxvi, 215 (1840): Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 125 
(1842); Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 105 (1844): SchL Ben, 
Crit. p. Ixxxix (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 579 (184-5) ; Macgill. 
Brit. B. iv. p. 203 (1852): SchL Vog. KederL pL 231 {1854); 
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 63 (1856: Egypt, Red Sea to end of May); 
Janb. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 407 (1859) : Binder m. Vog 
Griechenl p. 143 (1860;; SchL Bier. XederL Vogel*. pi. 24. fisrs. 10, 
11 (1861); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 148 (Malta, on passage); Borggr. 
Norddeidsehl p. 117 Q809); Blanf. Geol. $ ZooL Abyss, p. 433 
(1870: Zoulla, Jan.); Finseh § HariL Tag. 0>tafr. p. 758 
(1870); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 408; Gray, HamU. B. iii. 

p. 49, no. 10310 (1871); Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 62 (Waicrats IsL) ; 
Godm. t. c. p. 221 (Canaries) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 253 (1872); 
Heugl. Orn. K.O.~Afr. ii. Abth. L p. 1183 (1873: Red Sea ; Gulf 
•of Aden; Senaar; Kordofan; Tana Lake I: Brwke, Ibis. 1873, 
p. 339 (Sardinia); Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 417 (Kathiawar); Hume, 
Sir. F. i. p. 243 (1873: Karachi); Adam, t. c. p. 396 (£ambhur, 
winter); Irby, Orn, Straits Gihr. p. 173 (lb75); Blanf. Emt. Persiaf 
ii. p. 283 (1876: Gwadar; Shiraz, Dec); Seefahm 4" Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1870, p. 293 (Lower Petckora, ljre^din<j); Hartl. 
Fog. Madag. p. 331 (1877); Butler, Sir. F. v. pp. 233, 231) f 1KT7: 
Karachi); Hume, op. cit. vii. p. 228 (1S7K : ItaipurJ, p. 487 
(Calcutta), -viii. p. 113(1879); Bor/d. B. Cane. p. 1^ (l^7(J\; 
Butler, Cat. B. Shid etc. p. 63 (Ib79); End, Mr. F. x. p. 70 
(1881); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind% p. 251 I lh^4l. 

Pelidna yariabilis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Z**A. xil p. fH, pi. 88 
(1824); Brehm, Vog. DeutschL p. 662 (1831); Olphe-Gall Conin 
Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. XIY. p. 91 (1891). 

Pelidna alpina, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 6131 (1831); Salmd. Faun, 
Ital, Ucc. p. 212 (1871); Koenig, J.f. 0.1890, p. 456 (Madeira), 
1892, p. 90 (Tunis). 

Pelidna schinzii, Brehm, Vog. DeutschL p. 663(1831); Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. <§'•X. Amer. p. 50, pt. (1838); Locke, Expl. Set 
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 312 (1867). 

Pelidna calidris, Brehm, Vog. DeufschL p. 663 (1831). 

Tringa schinzii, Xaum. Vog. DeutschL YII p. 453, Taf. 187 (1834); 
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 238 (1840: Odessa); 
Selys-Longch. Faun. Belqe, p. 125 (1842); Jaub. ei Barth.-Lapomm. 
Bich. Orn. p. 467 (1859); Linderm. Vfy. Griechenl. p. 143 (I860); 
Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 292 (E. Africa)*; Fallon, Ok. Belg. p. 169 
(1875); Beichen. SysL Vers. Vog. DeutscM. p. 49 (1889); Giitke, 

Vogelw. Helgol. p. 521 (1891); Beiser, Voqeh Landesm. Sarajew* 

p. 127 (1801: Oct., March); FrivaldAy, Ao. Hung. p. 148 
(1891); Fatio % Studer, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 48 (1892). 
Pelidna cinclus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. %• W. Amer, p. 50 11838); 
Filippi, Viaqg. Persia, p. 351 (1865); Gould, B. GL Brit iv. 
pis. 69, 70 (1867); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 197 (1887); 
Loche, Expl. Sci Algir., Ok. ii. p. 310 (1867); DoderL Ainf. Sicil 

p. 189 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 38. fig. 4, t. 39. fig. 11 (1870); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 388 (Spain, winter). 
Tringa cinclus minor, SchL Bev. Crit p. Ixxxix (1844); id. Vog. 
Nederl. pi. 232 (1854). 
Sckoeniclua cinclus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs* 

p. 140 (1846); Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl Mm. Hem. p. 329 
(1890: Pomerania). 
68. PELIDJSTA. 60S* 
Tringa torquata, Begl Orn. Bar. ii. p. 230 (1849: ex Briss.). 

Pelidna torquata, Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 190 (1869). 

Schceniclus schinzii, Seine ty Beichen. ISomend. Mus. Hein. p. 329 

(1890: Pomerania). 

Pelidna schinzii, Sharpe, JSandk Brit. B. iii. p. 330 (1896). 

Adult in winter plumage. General colour above ashy brown, with 
slightly indicated dusky centres to a few of the feathers, especially 
distinct on the wing-coverts, the greater series tipped with white, 
so as to form a wing-band; primary-coverts and quills dark brown,narrowly 
fringed with whitish and having white shafts; secondaries 
for the most part white, with a longitudinal dusky mark towards 
the end of the outer web ; rump and upper tail-coverts brown like 
the back, the sides of the rump and the lateral tail-coverts pure 
white; centre tail-feathers also dark brown, the remainder light 
ashy brown, fringed with white at the ends and with white shafts ; 
head like the back, with tiny dark centres to the feathers; lores 
dusky brown, surmounted by an indistinct whitish eyebrow; sides 
of face and ear-coverts light brown, with darker shaft-streaks; 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pure white, the lower 
throat and chest light ashy, with darker centres to the feathers, 
more distinct on the sides of the chest. 

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above bright 
sandy rufous, mottled with black centres to the feathers; the 
markings longitudinal on the head and neck, broader on the latter; 
on many of the feathers of the back and scapulars are remains of 
whitish edgings; rump dusky brown, with black centres to the 
feathers; upper tail-coverts black, with sandy-rufous edgings, the 
lateral ones white; wing-coverts brown, with darker brown centres 
to the feathers; the greater coverts edged with white at the tips ; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark brown, the latter with 
white tips; quills dusky brown, with whitish shafts; the secondaries 
white at base of the inner web, and also fringed with white at the 
ends; tail-feathers light brown, with white shafts and narrow 
white fringes; lores and a faint eyebrow dull whitish, with tiny 
streaks of black; remainder of sides of face sandy rufous, also lined 
with small streaks of blackish; the cheeks and throat whiter, but 
similarly lined; the lower throat tinged with sandy buff; fore-neck 
and chest white, with mesial streaks of black to all the feathers ; 
remainder of under surface pure white, with a large horseshoe mark 
of black on the breast; the lower flanks and under tail-coverts 
lined with blackish; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, 
the primary-coverts light ashy, like the lower surface of the quills : 
bill, legs, and feet black; iris hazel. Total length 6*8 inches, 

culmen 1*1, wing 4*2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-9, middle toe and claw 0*9. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male, but having 

the black horseshoe on the breast less strongly developed. In old 

birds, however, this is as strongly marked as in the male. Total 

length 5*8 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*4, tail 1*8, tarsus 1, middle 

toe and claw 1. 

606 
CHARADEIIJD.35. 

Young in first plumage. Above brown, with sandy-rufous edges 
to the feathers; under surface white, with scattered spots of dusky 
brown on the breast; throat whitish ; fore-neck tinged with sandy 
buff. 

The small form of the Dunlin, Pelidna sc7iinzi of Brehm, is considered 
to be distinct by many authorities on Palsearctie ornithology. 

 consider it to be a race of the Dunlin, but neither its smaller 
size nor its supposed brighter coloration can be upheld as specific 
characters, as they are approached in both cases in a series of true 

P. cdpina from other localities. 
Hab. Breeding in the northern portions of Europe and Asia, 
somewhat further to the south in the latter continent, migrating 
in winter to the Mediterranean Sea and even to the Gulf of Aden, 
the shores of the Indian Ocean and the northern portions of the 
Indian Peninsula as far east as Calcutta. 

a-d. Juv. st. Orkneys. Purchased. 
e,f. Pull. sk. Orkneys. Gould Coll. 


g. Pull. sk. Orkneys. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
\ 
i, k $ ad. sk. Stromness, Orkney, Oct., Nov., Seebohm Coll. 
April {Dunn). 


1. <$ ad. sk. Stromness, May 16. Edward Hargitt, Esq. 
m. Pull. sk. Shetland Islands. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n-q. Ad. sk. Sutherlandshire. Colonel Irbv & Capt. 
Savile Reid [P.]. 
?•. <$ ad. sk. Island of Tiree, June 1. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
s-w. Ad. sk. Firth of Forth (R. G. W. JR.). TweeddaleOoll." 
>v, y. d $ ad. sk. Near Carlisle, Cumberland, May. Rev. H. A. Mac


pherson [P.]. 
z~h\ <S $ ad. sk. Warkworth, Northumberland, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June, Nov. (P. Godman). 
/'. $ ad.; m% n\ Newbiggin, Aug. (WE.Brooks). Hume Coll. 

o'. Juv. sk. 
p'. 2 ad. sk. Kirkwall. W. Cowan, Esq. [P.]. 
q\ r'. Ad. sk. Lincolnshire. Theodore Walker, 

Esq. PP.]. 
*'-x>. Ad. sk. Tetney, Lincolnsnire, Sept. G. H. Caton Haigh, 
Esq.fP.]. 
y'. Ad. sk. Whittlesea, Cambridgeshire (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Godman). 
a'. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 
a"~d".<S 5ad.sk. Wells, Norfolk, Sept., Oct. Colonel Feilden [P.]. 
e". $ ad. sk. Great Yarmouth, Sept. 12 (<9. Seebohm Coll. 

jS?Jiith). 
f",gi"* 6 ad. sk. Great Yarmouth (G. Smith). Hume Coll. 
h". § ad. sk. Walberswick (G. S?nith). Hume Coll. 
*". Ad. sk. Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Theodore Fisher,Esq. 

[p.]. 

k", I". Ad. sk. Suffolk, Nov. Rev. S. O. Ridley 
[PA 
m". Ad. sk. Tottenham. Mr. "W. S. Spooner. 
n". $ ad. sk. Kingsbury Reservoir, Sept. 7. Harting Coll. 
o",/'. ? ad. et Kingsbury Reservoir, Mav, Seebohm Coll. 
juv.; q", r". Aug. to Oct. (/. E. H,). 
5 juv. sk. 

68. PELIDNA. 607 
*", *". Ad. sk. 

u"-z". <$ ad. et 
juv.; a3-h3.2 
ad. et juv. sk. 

i3. tf ad. sk. 

m3. Ad. sk. 
nz. Ad. sk. 
03, y. Ad. sk. 
qz. Imm. sk. 
r3. $ ad. sk. 

s3. S ad. sk. 

233 z

-y. (J ad.; zg4*. 
$ ad. sk. 
A4. Juv. sk. 

i*. Ad. sk. 

A4. $ ad. sk. 

I1 

. <3 ad. sk. 

m4. Ad. sk. 
w*. Ad. sk. 


04. Juv. St. 
p% q\ <$ ad.; 
r*, s\ t\ $ ad. 
sk. 
uK S ad. sk. 
2?4. $ pull. sk. 
w*. Ad. sk. 
X*. $ ad. sk. 
y\ $ ad. sk. 

s4. Juv. sk. 
a5-/5. Ad. sk. 
g3~k5. Imm. sk. 

Z5 5 55 

. tf; m, n,o. 
5 imm. sk. 
ps, q5. 6 $ ad. 

sk. 
r5. J ad. sk. 
s5,t5.c$2 ad.sk. 

us,v5,w5. Ad.sk. 
a;5. $ ad. sk. 

*/5, s5. S ?- ad. 

«6. Ad. sk. 
b\ J ad. sk. 

Margate, April (B. B. Sharpe). 
Romney Marsh, Kent, May, 
Aug.? Sept. 

Eastbourne. 


Brighton, Sussex. 
Brighton, May. 
Brighton, May 1. 
Bognor, Sussex. 
Pagham Harbour, May 9 (J. 


E. JS.). 
Pagham Harbour, Sussex, May 9. 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 

Pagham Harbour, Aug. (B. B. 
S.). 

Hayling Island, Hants. 

Instow, North Devon, Sept. 23 

(J. E. JET.). 
Northam Burrows, Devon, 
Sept. 21 (J. E. H.). 
Devonshire. 
Cannarthenshire. 
Galway Bay. 

Vadso, Norway, Jime28 (U.S.). 


Sweden, May 26. 
Oland, Sweden (W. Meves). 
Island of Sylt, Denmark. 
Hiddensee, May 21. 


N. Germany, April 25. 
N. Germany, June. 
Heligoland, Sept., Oct., May. 
Heligoland, Sept., Oct. 
Hungary, Sept. 

Havre, France, March, April 

(E. Hargitt). 
Sattenelles, Prance, Nov. 29. 
Valencia, Spain, March, Nov. 

(H. Saunders). 
Gibraltar, April. 
?iers, March 25 (G. E. 
Shelley). 

Madeira, April, May. 

Tripoli, Dec. 24 (Dickson $ 
Boss). 
Alexandria, Feb. 11 (6?. E. 
Shelley). 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Dr. R.B. Sharpe [P.]. 

Capt. Clark Ken


nedy [0.1. 
Gould Coll. 
Harting Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. Gunther [P.], 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

J. W. Tyndall, Esq. 
Seebonm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 

C. Coningham, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Ernst Hartert, Esq. 


p.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Frank Nicholson, 

Esq. [P.]. 
Hungarian National 
Museum [P.], 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Colonel Irby [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

"W. R. Ogilvie Grant, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

608 

c6. d ad, sk. 

d?. $ ad, sk. 

e6. Ad. sk. 

/ 6 Ad. sk. 
ge. Ad. sk. 
A6. $ ad. sk. 
i6, &B. S ad.; 

P. $ ad. sk. 
mb, nG. 3 ? ad.; 
Ob,^,0°.Pull. 
sk. 

r6, s6, t?. c?$ 
ad. sk. 
w6. c? ad. sk. 

2?6-c7. S ? ad. et 
juv. sk, 

d7 

. $ ad. sk. 
e7-h7. Ad. sk. 
i7. c? ad. sk. 

h7 

, P. d ad. sk. 

m7. Ad. sk. 

77 7

n, o, p . 6s ad.; 

7q7~t7. $ ad.sk. (A. 0. K). 
u, #T. <$ ad.; w7,Karachi, Feb. (A. O. H.). 
-r7, y7.2 ai. sk. 
z7, aH. tf ad.; 63, Karachi, March, Oct. (F. A. 

c8. J ad. sk. 
^s. Ad. sk. 

e8J\f- o*ad.; 

A8, i6. § ad. sk. 
£8. Ad. sk. 
?, m*. $ ad. sk. 

n3. J ad. sk, 

oM8. Ad. sk. 
w8. Ad. sk. 
A8. <? ad. sk. 
20s. Ad. sk. 
.T8. Skeleton. 
t/B. Sternum. 

CHAB4JD&IIMJ. 

Lower Egypt, Feb. 17 (Stafford 
Allen). 

Port Said, April 8 (JE. C. 

Taylor). 

Zulla, Abyssinia, Jan. 23. 


Aden, May 6 (Major Yerbury). 
Berbera, Somali-land. 
Biver Kishon, Palestine. 
Bournabat Scala, Smyrna, 


Dec. 1 (C. G.Danford). 
Petcliora Eiver, June, July. 

Petehora River, June (J. A. 

S. B.). 
Tundra of the Podarata Paver, 
Aug. 2 (Dr. Finsch). 
Yen-i-sei Biver, June, July. 

Shiraz, Persia, Dec. 
Muscat, Arabia. 
Soumiani, Baluchistan, Feb. 20 


(W. T. Blanford). 
Gwadar, Baluchistan, Dec, Jan. 

(W.T. Blanford). 
Thirk, Sind, *Dec. (W. T. 
Blanford). 
Biver Chenab, Sind, Dec. 9 

Butler). 

Balacherry, Kattiawar, Oct. 19. 

Sambbur, Feb., March (F. M. 
Adam). 

Lahore, March. 
Gursraon distr., Dec. 31 (A. 0. 


A). 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Jan. 26 

(W.N. Chill). 
Etawah, winter. 
Nepal. 
Baipar. 
Deccan (Burgess). 
England. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm OolL 


W. T. Blanford, Esq, 
flume OolL 
Dr. Crowfoot [P/J. 
Canon TrLtram [D.], 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

J. A. Harvie-Brownr 
Esq. T.]. 
Geogr. Sue. Bremen. 

Seebohm CoU. 

Sir 0. Si John [C.]. 
Col. Mile? [G,]. 
Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel Hayes Lloyd 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Col. 

Hume OolL 

Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Purchased. 

John Bay, Esq. [P.], 

England. 

2. Pelidna americana. 
Scolopax alpina (nee £.), Fall Zoogr. Foss.-Asiat ii. p. 176, pL 
(1811). 
Tringa variabilis [nee Meyer u. Wolf), Sabine, Suppl. Barry's 1st "Fey* 

p. cc (1819); id. in Franhl Jour. p. 686 (1823); Fichard&on in 
Barry's 2nd Yoy. p. 353 (1824); Temm. $ Schl Faun, Jap. p. 108 
(1847) ; Dyb. J.f. 0.1868, p, 337 (Darasun). 
68. PELIDNA. 
609 
Tringa cinclus [nee 'Linn.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 39, pi. 57. 
% 3 (1813); Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool p. 22 (1851: Taimyr 
Eiver; Boganida River, breeding) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 421 
(1859 : Amoor, May); Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 66 (Amoy); id. Bis, 
1875, p. 455 (Hakodadi); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 253 
(1876: Kultnk); Blakist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 1879, p. 221 (Yezo; 
ToMo): Dybozvski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix. p. 146 (1884: 
Kamtsehatka); Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884: 
Yezo and Japan generally, winter); Tacz. F. Z. S.1887, p. 610, 
1888, p. 468 (Corea) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 506 (Lower 
Yangtse, April, May, Oct., Nov.); Be La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 498 
(Foochow); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437 (Hainan). 

Tringa alpina [nee L.), Ord ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. vii. p. 25, 
pi. 57. fig. 3 (1824); Audub. B. Amer. pi. cexc.; Swains, fy Rich. 
Fami. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 383 (1831: Arctic shores, breeding); 
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 580 (1835); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 266, 
pi. 332 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl.y. 228 (1844); Blakist Ibis, 
1862, p. 330 (Japan, Oct.); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 411,1866, p. 136 
(Formosa, Sept.); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 205 (Hakodadi, Nov., 
Jan.) j Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 368 (Shanghai, April); Adams, Ibis, 
1878, p. 438 (Michalaski, breeding); Merrill, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mas. 

i. p. 161 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas); Maynard, B. Fast. N. Amer. 
p. 384 (1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 268 (Kiukiang); Smith, 
Auk, iii. p. 140 (1886: Washington, D.C.); Ridgw. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 159 (1887) ; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186 (1887 : Kickapoo 
Creek, Oct.); Seebohm, B. Japan. Fmp. p. 334 (1890) ; Hagerup, 
B. Greenland, p. 55 (1891); Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Oorea). 
Pelidna cinclus (nee L.), Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. ty N. Amer. p. 50 
(1838). 
Tringa 
alpina, var. americana, Cass. B. N. Amer. p. 719 (1858); 
Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.); Coues, Key N. Amer. 

B. p. 256 (1872) j Snow, B. Kansas, p. 10 (1873) ; Ridgw. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. x. p. 384 (1874: Illinois); Coues, B. N-West, p. 490 
(1874); Merrill, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. j . 161 (1878: Texas, 
May); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 241 
(1884). 
Pelidna americana, Coues, Froc. Acad. Nat. So. Fhilad. 1861, p. 1880; 
Laiur. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 294 (1866: New Jersey); Allen, 
Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 355 (1871: Florida). 

Pelidna pacinca, Coues, Fr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. 1861, p. 189. 

Pelidna 
alpina (nee Linn.), Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 11 (Greenland); 
Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 323 (1874: Java; S. Borneo); Ridgway, 
Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 222 (1880); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. 

B. p. 101 (1882); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgway, Water-B. N. Amer. 
i. p. 241 (1884); Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, 
p. 207 (S. Borneo). 
Pelidna alpina, var. americana, DallfyBann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 291 
(1869: Alaska, breeding); Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. iii. p. 182 (1872: 
Great Salt Lake Valley). 

Pelidna 
alpina americana, Ridgw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 200 
(1880); Coues, Check-list N. Am. B. p. 102 (1882); Bean, Froc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp.165, 173 (1882: Cape Lisburn, Alaska; 
Icy Cape, Aug.; Pt. Belcher, Aug.; Plover Bay, E. Siberia); 
Nelson, Cruise R.S.l Corwin; p. 88 (1883: Alaska and Siberia, 
summer); Belding, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vL p. 351 (1883: Lower 
California); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 631 (1884); 
Brew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Murdoch, t. c. p. 63 
yoi. xxrv. 
2 K 

610 
CHAKADBHDJ3. 

(Pt. Barrow, May, Sept.)* id, Exped. Point Barrozv, Alaska, p. 113 

(1885: breeds). 
Tringa cinelus, var. cMnensis, JDyb. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 408. 
Pelidna alpina pacifica, Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. '29, p. 120 

(1885: Bering Isl., May, Oct.). 

Tringa alpina pacifica, A. 0. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 152 
(1886); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 147 (1886: June to 
Oct.); Scott, Auk. iii. p. 386 (1886: Tucson, Ariz.); Bxdgic. Man. 

N. Amer. B. p. 160 (1887) ; Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 198, 
235 (1887: N. Calif., winter); Nelson, Nat. ffist. Coll. Alaska, 
p. 110 (1887); Palmen, Vega-Eiped., Fogelf. p. 30% pt. (1887); 
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 130 (1887 : Bering Island) ; id. 
Au\ v. p. 307 (1888J ; Cooke, Bull US. Agric. no. 2, p. 93 (1888: 
Mississippi Valley)• Scott, Auk, vi. p. 157 (1869: Tarpon Springs, 
winter; St. John's Pass, June); Eagle-Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 321 
(1890; Fort Churchill, Hudson's Bay) ; Thompson, Proc. U.S. Nat, 
Mus. xiii. p. 501 (1890: Manitoba, migrant); Later. Auk, ix. 
p. 43 (1892: Gray's Harbour, "Washington); Scott, i. c. p. 212 
(Morida); Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 (1893) ; Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. 
Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 897 (1893). 
Tringa 
pacifica, Tovms. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 163 (1887: 
Northern California). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to P. aljnna, but larger, 
with, a longer bill, and further distinguished by the pure white 
chin and upper throat, and by a crescent of pure white across the 
fore-neck, above the black horseshoe; the black streaks on the 
lower throat and fore-neck much finer and less pronounced: a bill 
and feet olive-black; iris dark brown" (L. Stejmger). Total 
length 7*7 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 4*85, tail 2*2, tarsus 1-1, 
middle toe and claw 0*85. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 4*7, tail 2*2, tarsus 1*1, middle 
toe and claw 1*05. 

Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the winter plumage of Pm 
alpina, but larger, and somewhat more ashy on the throat and 
chest than in that species. 

Hob. JK. America generally. Eastern Siberia south to China. 

a* S a& sk* Alaska, May 8. Seebohm Coll. 
b, e. $ ad.; d, J Pt. Barrow, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Aug. (/. Murdoch: HensL 
Coll). 
e,f* 6 B&.',g,h,i. St. Michael's, Alaska, May to Salvin-Godman CoU. 
$ $ juv. sk Sept. (E. W. Nelson: Hensh.

an.).

h. (S juv. sk. Cape Lisburne, Alaska, Aug.21 Seebohm Coll. 
(T. M. Bean). 
I 
Juv. sk. Sitka. Capt. Kellett and 
Lieut. Wood [PA 

m. Ad. sk. Sitka, Oct. (F. Bisehoff). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n, o. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K Lord, Esq. [CA 
p. Ad. sk, British Columbia. J. K Lord, Esq. I 0.1 
q. Ad. sk. California. 
Salvin-Godman Cofl, 
PELIDNA. 611 

r9 s. 3 ad. sk.

t, u, v. 5 ad. sk.

w-z. Juv. sk.

a', V. Ad. sk. 
c'. Ad. sk. 
d'. Ad. sk. 
e'. $ ad. sk. 

f-i'. tf 2 ad. sk. 
h\l'. d$ juv.sk. 

m'. Ad. sk. 
n'. Ad. sk. 
o', »'. <J ad.; ?', 

r7, s'. $ ad.sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
v!. Ad. sk. 

2/, w\ 6 ad. sk. 

y,y. tf ad.; z-e*. 
2 ad.sk. 

f-q\ tfad.;r2/
3. $ ad. sk. 
cf,hz. $ $ ad.sk. 

iz 

. $ ad. sk. 

Jo3. 3 ad. sk. 

a& et 

P~vz. d 2
imtn. sk. 
?^-a4. Ad.; b\ 
JUT. sk. 
c4. Ad. sk 


#-#. Ad.; ^4. 

Juv. sk. 
jfe* Z4. Ad. sk. 
m\ d ad. sk. 
n4-* <$ ad. sk. 
o4-^4. Ad.sk. 


v*. Ad. sk. 
w4-s4. Ad. sk. 
a5. Ad. sk. 
IK $ ad. sk. 
e5, dP. Ad. sk. 


e5. Ad. sk. 

f5, / , Ad. sk. 

ad sk*

h5. 2


 San Diego, California, Dec. 9 

(H W. Henshaw). 
San Francisco, Dec. 19 (H. W. 
Hensliaw)* 
Arctic America (Sir G. Back). 

Eepulse Bay. 
Canada. 
Canada (Sir C. Shelley). 
Long Island, N. Y., Sept. 24 


(A.K.Fisher: Hensh. Coll.). 
Ipswich, Mass.(C J. Maynard). 
Cambridge, Mass., Sept. Oct. 

(H. W. Henshaw). 
Boston, Mass. 
Philadelphia (Krider). 
Waukegan, 111., May (E. W. 

Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 
Ainsworth, 111., Oct. (JB. W. 
Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 
Riverdale, 111., May 31 {E. W. 
Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 

Brownsville, Texas, May 14 

(E. B. Armstrong). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, May, 
Oct., Nov. (.F. B. Armstrong). 
Tarpon Springs, Florida, Oct. to 
April (W. E. D. Scott). 
Cedar Keys, Florida, Nov. (H. 

W. H). 
Momotombo, Nicaragua, May 
28 (JT. B.Richardson). 
Bering Island, May 28 (L. 

Stejneger). 

Mouth of the Amur River, 
May, Sept. (Dorries). 
Kurile Islands (Snow). 

Corea. 

Yokohama, Japan (H. Fryer). 

Nagasaki, Jan., Nov. 

S. Yeso, Japan (BlaMston). 
Hakodadi, Jan.26(-ET. Whitely). 
Amoy, China, Oct. to Feb. (B. 
Swinhoe). 
Amoy, Nov. (B. S.). 
Amoy, Oct. (JR. S.). 
Canton (Tuchett). 
Shanghai, Sept. (B. S.). 
Kiukiang, Dec, Jan. 

Chusan. 

S.W. Formosa (B. S.). 
Zaidam, Nov. (Frjevalski). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Northern Land Ex


pedition. 
Dr. Rae [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

C.W. Campbell, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 


F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


2E2 

612 CHABADEHD^l. 

69. LIMICOLA. _ 
Type. 
Limicola, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool p. 316 (1816) L. platyrhyneha*-
Bcmge. Northern Europe and Siberia, migrating south in winter 

to the countries of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the Indian 
Peninsula and Ceylon, China, to the Philippines, and the Malay 
Archipelago to the Moluccas. 

1. Limicola platyrhyncha. 
Numenius pygmasus (nee Lath.)7 Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 277. Taf. 21 
(1802). 
Numenius pusillus {nee Linn.), Bechst. Gemein. Xaturg. DeutschL 

iv. p. 152 (1809). 
Tringa platyrhyncha, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 398 (1815); id. 2nd ed. 
ii. p. 616 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Grail pi. 10 (1827); Gould, B. 
Eur. iv. pi. 331 (1837); Sehl Bev. Crit. p. xc (1844); Gray, Gen. 
B. iii. p. 579 (1845); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 269 (1849 : 
Calcutta); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 282 (1850: Belfast Bay, Oct.); 
Kjcerb. Banm. Bugle, pi. 35. fi>. 5 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. iv. 
p. 224 (1852); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 359, pi. C (1856) ; 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 43 fig. 3 (1859): Swinkoe, Ibis, 1862, p. 255 
(Foochow), 1863, p. 412 (Formosa. Sept.); id. P. Z. & 18t>3, 
p. 316; Jerd. B. bid. iii. p. 692 (1864); Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Scolopaces, p. 49 (1864: Red Sea; Formosa; Java); id. 4" Pollen, 
Faune Madag., Ois. p. 160 (1868); Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 253 
(not observed in Malta); Ehces 4* Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 
(Bosphoras); Siohikoe, t. c. p. 363 (Hainan); id. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 408 (China and Formosa, winter); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 4B 
no. 10305 (1871); Meves, (Efers. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 
1871, p. 777 (N.W. Russia); Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 141 
(1872); Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 (Ceylon); Stoinhoe, Ibis, 
1873, p. 424 (Shanghai); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Ahth. i. 
p. 1185 (1873); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 244 (1873: Karachi); id. ibid. 
ii p. 298 (1874: Andamans); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 169 (1875) -
Blyth $ Wold. B. Bum. p. 156 (1875: Arakan); Blanf. East. 
Persia, ii. p. 284 (1876) ; Armstrong, Str. F iv. p. 343 (1876: 
China-ba-keer); David $-Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 470 (1877); 
Tirautj Bull. Agric. Cochinehine, (3) i. p. 159 (1879); Blahist. <$• 
Pryer, B. Japan, p. 112 (1882: Yokohama; Hakodadi); Severtz. 
Ibis, 1883, p. 75 (Karakul, Aug.); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. 
B. iii. p. 362 (1883); Seebohm, Bis, 1884, p. 33 (Hakodadi); 
Blahist. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 11, 37 (1884); Seebohm7 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 197 (1885); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 433 
(1888); id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 337 (1890); Sharpe, Ms, 1891, 
p. 114 (Fao, Aug., Sept.); Styan, t. c. pp. 330, 506 (Lower 
Yangtse); Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 525 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 
1892, p. 25 (Heligoland); Be La Touche, t. c. p. 499 (Foochow 
and Swatow); Fatio ty 8tuder, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 50 
(1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437 (Hainan). 
Limicola pygmsea (nee Lath.), Koch, Syst. baier. Zool p. 318 (1816); 
Naumann, Vog. Deutschl viii. p. 270, pi. 207 (1836); Nordm. in 
Dtmid. Voy. Buss. MSrid. iii. p. 250 (1840: Odessa, spring); 
Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxrvii, 216 (1840); Fritseh, J.f.O. 
1854, p. 280 (Bohemia); Jackal, t. c. p. 362; Bp. C. B. adiii. 

p. 596 (1856); Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 384; Linderm. Vog. Grie~ 
chenl p. 144 (1860); Heugl. J. f. 0.1861, p. 197 (Gulf of Suez) ; 
Zoche, Expl Sci Alger., Ois. ii p. 304 (1867) j Borggr. Vogelf. 
69. LnricoLA. 613 
Norddeutschl. p. 118 (1869); JDoderl Avif. Sicil. p. 191 (1869); 
Droste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 232 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. pi. 38. 
tig. 11 (1870); Gould, B. Gt. Brit iv. pi. 75 (1870); Salvad. 
Faun, Italy TJcc. p. 211 (1871); Colktt, Norges Fugle, p. 87 
(1881) ; Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital. no. 282 ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. 
Boss. p. 101 (1884); Frivaldsky, Av. Bung. p. 148 (1891). 

Tringa eloroides, Vieill N. Diet d'Hist Nat xxxiv. p. 463 (1819). 

Tringa pygmaea {nee Lath.), Savi, Orn. Tosc. ii. p. 291 (1829); 
Jaab. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 469 (1859); Gray, Cat 
Brit. B. p. 170 (1863: Norfolk); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 168 
(Calcutta); Palmen, Finl. Fogl p. 217 (1873). 

Pelidna platyrhincha, Brehm, Vog. DeutscM. p. 659 (1831); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 50 (1838); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Fur. ii. p. 206 (1867). 

'The Broad-billed Sandpiper, Yarrell, Brit B. ii. p. 638 (1843). 
Ximicola platyrhvncha, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 107 (1844: 
India); Earth J.f.O. 1854, p. 160 (Ceylon); JDyb. J.f O. 1873, 

p. 103 (Kultuk, Aug.) ; Salvad. Uec. Born. p. 322 (1874); Dresser, 
B. Fur. viri. p. 3, pi. 545 (1876); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. 
p. 254 (1876), ii. p. 157 (1877: Poland); Hume $ Davison, Str. 
F. vi. p. 461 (1878 : Amherst); Hume, op. cit vii. p. 487 (1878: 
Calcutta) ; id. viii. p. 113 (1879); Butler, Cat B. Bindfyc. p. 63 
(1879); Leqge, B. Ceylon, p. 896 (1880); Sato. Cat Strichl. Coll 
p. 609 (1882: Pomerania); Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 87 (1881); 
B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 167 (1883); Oates, Handb. B. Brit 
Burm. ii. p. 387 (1883); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 252 
(1884); Gigl Avif. Ital. p. 382 (1886); Salvad. Flenco Ucc. Ital 
p. 217 (1886); PlesJce, Uebers. Saug. u. Vog. Kola-Kalb. p. 342 
(1886); Gigl. % Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 586; Blasius, Ornis, 
1888, p. 319 (Palawan); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 563 (1889) ; 
Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. DeutscM. p. 49 (1889); Fverett, Journ* 
Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 207 (Palawan); Gigl Avif Italy 
1st Resoc. p. 585 (1889) ; id. 2nd Resoc. p. 654 (1890); id. 3rd 
Resoc. p. 513 (1891); Seine §* Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Jffein. 
p. 329 (1890: Pomerania); Steere, List Birds ty Mamm. Fxped. 
Philipp, p. 26 (1890: Negros); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit B. 
pt. xxiv. (1893); Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, p. 170 (1894). 
Ximnicola pygmaea (nee Lath.), Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxx.figs. 608, 
609 (1850). 
Tringa (Limicola) pygmaea (nee Lath.), Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool 

p. 223 (1851: S. coast of the Sea of Ochotsk). 
Limicola platyryncha, Licht Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 92 (1854: 
Bengal). 
Limicola hartlaubi, Verreaux, in Vinson's Voy. Madag., Ann. B, 

p. 5 (1865) $ Bartl. Vog. Madag. p. 332 (1877). 
Tringa hartlaubi, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 49, no. 10306 (1871). 
Limicola sibirica, Dresser, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 674 (Siberia and China); 
Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 101 (1884); Tacz. Mem. Acad. 
Imp. ScL St. PStersb. (7) xxxix. p. 924 (1893). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above light ashy 
igrey, somewhat paler on the edges of the feathers, which have 
dusky-brown centres ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
blackish, with slight remains of sandy-buff fringes; sides of rump 
and lateral upper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts rather darker 
than the back, the marginal ones dark brown, the median series 
"blackish in the centre with hoary white margins; the greater series 

.dusky blackish edged with hoary grey, inclining to white at the 

614 CHARADKIID^. 

ends, and forming a narrow band across the wing; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts black tipped with, white, the latter broadly; 
quills black, paler brown on the inner webs of the primaries, excepting 
at the tips, which are black; secondaries merely fringed 
with white near the ends, and with a little white towards the base 
of the inner web, the inner secondaries ashy like the back, the 
shafts of all the quills white or whity brown; centre tail-feathers 
blackish like the upper tail-coverts, the rest ashy brown with white 
shafts and white fringes; crown of head like the back; the lores 
dusky, surmounted by a broad white streak, which is continued into 
a narrow eyebrow; sides of face white, with a few tiny streaks of 
dusky brown• ear-coverts uniform dusky brown; under surface of 
body white, with a few streaks of dusky brown on the lower throat 
and sides of breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the 
marginal coverts mottled with dusky bases, the lower primary-coverts 
ashy: bill dusky black; legs and feet slaty black; iris dark brown. 
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 4"1, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage* General colour above black, 
slightly varied with rufous edgings to the feathers, some of those of 
the mantle, scapulars, inner greater coverts, and inner secondaries 
having sandy-buff margins, the black forming large sub-terminal 
spots; crown of head black, with a sandy-buff lateral stripe; lores 
black* sides of face rufescent, thickly spotted with dusky black like 
the sides of the neck ; the ear-coverts rufous, and surmounted by a 
pale buif eyebrow, which becomes lighter above the lores; chin and 
under surface of body white, the throat, fore-neck, and chest thickly 
spotted with dusky blackish, the spots on the fore-neck and chest 
somewhat arrow-shaped, as they are also along the sides of the 
body, all these parts slightly tinged with rufous; lateral upper 
tail-coverts barred with black; tail-feathers as in the winter 
plumage, but with a more extensive area on the inner webs. Total 
length 6-0 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 4*15, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female in breedlng^plumage. Similar to the male, but not 
quite so plentifully spotted underneath. Total length 6*5 inches, 
wing 4*3. 

Young birds. Very similar to the summer plumage of the adults,, 
being rufous above, mottled with black centres to the feathers, and 
having very broad whitish margins; centre of the crown black, the 
outer tail-feathers having a great deal of white on the inner websr 
confining the ashy-grey colour to a broad marginal line ; the fore-
neck slightly tinged with buff, as also the sides of the upper breast, 
these parts being very scantily streaked with brown. During the 
first winter the pale edges become worn off, so that the general 
aspect of the upper surface is black. 

The summer plumage is gained by a darkening of the centre of 
the feathers of the upper surface, which become gradually blacker; 
the head becomes blackish, and the streaks on the breast much 
more emphasized. 

Mr. Dresser has separated an Eastern form of the Broad-
billed Sandpiper under the name of L. sibiricci—a species which* 

69. I1MIC0LA. 615 
Mr. Seebohm does not recognize. The more rufous colour of the 
Chinese birds is, however, very apparent; but I have not had a 
sufficient number of specimens of the Siberian bird, in breeding-
plumage, to compare with those of Northern Europe, and it seems 
to me probable that the rufous colour of the Chinese birds is due 
to the fact that they are on their way north to breed, and that 
the rufous margins have not become abraded. I have failed to find 
any difference in measurements or plumage in specimens procured 

during winter. 
Hab. The same as that of the genus. 


a,b. $ ad. etjuv. 

sk. 
c, d, $ ad. sk. 
f,9-6 ? ad. sk. 

7i. 2 ad. sk. 

£ 2 Juv- sk. 

k. Ad. sk. 
lr-q. Ad.etjuv.sk. 
r. cS ad. sk. 
$. 5 ad. sk. 

t-w. $ ad.; x-a\ 

$ ad. sk. 

b\ Ad. sk. 

e'. Juv. sk. 

d', e'. Ad. sk. 
f-k'. Ad. sk. 
I'. <$ ad. sk. 

m'. Ad. sk. 

n'. $ ad. sk. 

o'-r'. Ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 

t'-%o\ 6 ? ad. sk. 

ccr. S ad. sk. 

y\ $ ad. sk. 

z\ a", V. Ad. sk. 

c",tf',e". ? ad.sk 

/", g'\ 6 ad. et 

imm. sk. 

h". <J juv.;t",#', 

I". JJuv.sk. 
m". 5 juv. sk. 
n". Juv. sk. 
o",p". $ $ ad.sk 
q". Ad. sk. 
r". $ ad. sk. 
a". $ ad. sk. 
t",u". (5$ ad.sk 
v", $ ad. sk. 
w". S ad. sk. 

Quickj ok, Lapland, June, Sept. 

(JH. Wheelwright). 
Finmark, June (W. Meves). 
Gottenburg, Sweden, June, 

July (J2. Duff). 
Oland, May 24 ( W. Meves). 
Venice, Aug. 23. 
Egypt. 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug., Sept. 
Pusnee, Mekran Coast, Feb. 

14 (A. O. H.). 
Karachi, Sind, Jan. 9 (W. T. 
Blanford). 
Karachi, Feb. (A. 0. JEC.). 

Ceylon (JET. Nevill). 
Madras (M. G. W. R). 
Madras, April. 
Calcutta, 
Calcutta, Dec. 
Calcutta. 
Calcutta. 
Elephant Point, Rangoon, 


Dec. (J. Armstrong). 
Pegu, Oct. 4 (H. W. 0.). 
Amherst, Tenasserim, Jan. 2 

(W.Davison). 
Wippitan, Dec. 12 (J. Darling). 
Mergui, Jan. (W. Davison). 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Dec. 

26 (W. Davison). 
Salangore, Malayan Peninsula, 
Jan., Feb. (W. D.). 
Singapore, Sept., Oct. (W. 
Davison). 

Mouth of the Amur River, 

Aug. (Dorries). 
Hakodadi, Japan. 
Yokohama. 
Amoy, Nov. 
Shanghai, April. 
Shanghai. 
Shanghai. 

N. Bohol, Philippine Is., Oct. 
Negros, Feb. 6 (J. B. &). 
Amboina. 
Seebohm Coll, 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

W. D. CummingjEsq. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll 


Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll, 
Seebohm Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 

Steere Coll. 

Wallace ColL 

616 
CHAEADEHB^. 

70. GALEnTAGO. T 
Gallinago, Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. 
p. 30 (1816) G. major. 
Telmatias, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 979 .. . G. stenura. 
Pelorynchus, Kaup, Natiirl Syst. p. 119 (1829) G. gallinago. 
Nemoricola, Hodgs. J. A. S. Being, vi. p. 491 (1837). G. nenioricola. 
Homoptilura, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 70 ..... . G. iindulata. 
Xylocota, Bp. C. B. xh. p. 660 (1855) G. jamesoni. 
Coenocoryplia, Gray, List Gen. B. 1855, p. 19 G. aueklandica, 
Spilura, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856) G. solitaria. 
Range. Nearly cosmopolitan. 

The Snipes vary considerably in style of plumage and in the 
amount of feathering on the tibio-tarsal joint, the latter "being a 
character frequently made use of in their classification, but one 
which varies so much in degree that I have not been able to avail 
myself of it. The markings of black on the head and neck of the 
"Woodcocks seem to afford a character of generic importance to 
separate them from the Snipes,* and thus I consider Staseolopasc 
of Salvador! to be a recognizable genus of Mountain Woodcocks. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With red in the tail, forming a broad subterminal 
band, conspicuous at first sight; 
crown with a longitudinal pale mesial stripe. 
a\ Lower breast and abdomen white, not 
transversely barred. 


a". "With no bars or transverse markings 
on the outer primaries: only the first 
primary white along the outer web. 


a'". Outer tail-feathers stiffened and very 
narrow, less than 0*3 inch broad. 
(Wire-tailed Snipes.) 


a*. Tail-feathers 26 in number, of which 
8 on each side are less than 
02 inch stenura, p. 619. 

¥. Tail-feathers 20 in number, of which 
6 on each side are less than 0*3 inch, 
the outer ones being still narrower, 
but not so attenuated as in the 
preceding megakc, p. 624. 

b"\ 
Outer tail-feathers not perceptibly 
stiffened, and not exceptionally narrow, 
more than 0*3 inch broad. (Fantailed 
Snipes.) 


c4. Three outer tail-feathers pure white, 
or with a few obsolete dusky spots 
at wide intervals; wing-coverts 
with teiminal bars or spots of pure 
white, not sandy buff or rufous; 
tail-feathers 16 in number. 


a\ Three outer tail-feathers pure 
white, without any spots or bars; 
general aspect above sandy bufi> 


70 . GALLI3STAGO. 617 
mottled or streaked with black; 
inner secondaries with rufous-buff 
bars on the outer web major, p. 626. 

b5 

. Three outer tail-feathers pure 
white, but with obsolete dusky-
spots or bars, always wide apart 
when present; general aspect 
above black, streaked with sandy 
buff, broadly on the scapulars; 
inner secondaries like the others, 


•uniform blackish with white tips, nigripennis, p. 631. 
'K Three outer tail-feathers whitish or 
dusky, but with some tinge of 
rufous, and marked with dusky 
spots and bars. 

c5. Tail-feathers normally 14 in number 
; axillaries often pure white.. gallinago, p. 633, 
db. Tail-feathers normally 16 in number; 
axillaries regularly barred. 


«e. Outer or first secondaries longer 
than the primary-cdverts. 
a7. Bill less than 3 inches in 
length; axillaries barred, the 
white bars bei'ffg broader 
than the black ones. 


a8. Extension of outer secondaries 
beyond tips of primary-
coverts very slightly 
marked; outer tail-feather 


0*3 inch in breadth delicata, p. 642, 

b8 

. Extension of outer secondaries 
beyond the tips of 
primary-coverts strongly 
marked; outer tail-feather 
less than 0*2 inch in 
breadth „ frenata, p. 646. 

c8. Similar to the foregoing, 
but smaller; wing 4*5-4*6-"" 
inches * andma, p. 648. 

b7. Bill exceeding 3 inches in 
length. 


d?, Axillaries having the white 
bars broader than the bl&ck 
ones * nobilis, p. 648. 

e8. Axillaries having the black 
bars broader than the white 
ones macrodactyla, p. 649. 

i>6. Outer or first secondaries not 
exceeding the primary-coverts, 
their tips being in a line with 
each other. 


c7. Axillaries with the white 
bars broader than the black 
ones paraguaicB) p. 650. 

d7 

. Axillaries with the black 
and white bars about equal 
in length australis, p. 652. 

618 
CHABADEIID-E. 

V\ Outer primary mottled along its outer 
web, the three outer primaries with 
light margin ; eyebrow, side of face, and 
upper throat white, instead of buff; 
lower throat and fore-neck nearly 
uniform brown

b'. Abdomen and breast distinctly barred all 
over

b. With no conspicuous rufous sub-terminal band 
on the tail, which is blackish or dusky in 
appearance, with blackish and rufous or buff 
bars near the ends, the black bars being the 
broadest,* down the centre of the crown a 
pale longitudinal stripe. 
c'. Back with pale margins to the scapulars and 
secondaries, imparting a more or less 
broadly streaked appearance to the upper 
surface ; under wing-coverts not uniform 
blackish, 

f/

c. Primaries and secondaries barred on both 
webs. Size very large: wing exceeding 
6-5-7*0 inches; "culmen 3*05-5*2. 
c"'. Larger: wing 6*8-7*0 inches, culmen 
4*5-5*2 ..,.,.,....
d"\ Smaller: wing 6*0-6*43 inches, culmen 
3*95-4*15d". Primaries uniform. Size smaller: wing 
not exceeding 6*3 inches. 

e"\ Larger: wing over 6*0 inches. Black 
markings on upper surface arranged in 
bars, especially on the inner secondaries 
; wing-coverts thickly barred. 

eK Centre of breast and abdomen uniform 
sandy buff, without cross-bars; 
feneral tone of under surface sandy 

uff, the bars on the under wing-
coverts and axillaries sandy buff in 
tone ., ,

/ 4. Centre of breast and abdomen barred 
with dusky brown ; general tone of 
under surface dull white, the bars 
on the imder wing-coverts and 
axillaries being dull white

fn\ Smaller: wingless than 4*5 inches. Black 
markings on upper surface arranged as 
lara*e sub-terminal spots : lower back 
and rump uniform brown; wing-
coverts almost uniform, mottled but 
not transversely barred with dusky 
brown

d\ 
Back not longitudinally streaked with palemargins to the scapulars; entire upper 
surface barred with dark rufous and black, 
including the wing-coverts; throat and 
breast rufous, mottled with black; breast 
and abdomen white, barred with black ..

 solitaria, p. 654. 

nemoricola, p. 657^ 

gigantea9 p. 658* 

undulata, p. 858* 

striekiandiy p. &¥}« 

jamesoni, p. 661. 

aucMundwa and its 
allies, pp. 661-663^ 

imperialis, p. 664. 

619 

70 . GALLESTAGO. 
1. Grallinago stenura. 
Scolopax gallinago (nee Linn.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 191 

(1821: Java) ; Baffles, t. c. p. 327 (1822 : Sumatra). 
Telmatias stenoptera, Kuhl, teste Boie, Isis, 1826; p. 979. 
Scolopax stenura, Kuhl, teste Bp. Ami. Stor. Nat. Bologna, iv. 

fasc. xiv. p. 335 (1830: Sunda Islands); Dyb. J. f. 0. 1868, 

p. 338 (Darasun); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 104 
(1884); Seebohm, Geogr. JDistr. Charadr. p. 477 (1888); id. B. 
Japan. Emp. p. 345 (1890). 
Scolopax horsfieldii, J. E. Gray, Zool Misc. p. 2 (1831; India; 
China)*; id. fy Hardiv. Illustr. 2nd. Zool. ii. pi, 54. fig. 3 
(1832) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 267. 

? Scolopax sthenura, Kuhl; Boie, Isis, 1833, p. 1077. 
Gallinago heterura, Hodgs. P. Z. S.1836, p. 8 (Nepal). 
Gallinago biclavus, Hodgs. J. A, 8. Beng. vi. p. 491 (1837j. 
Scolopax heterura, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 107 (Malay Peninsula). 
Gallinago horsfieldii, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 110 (1844); id. 


Hand-l. B. iii. p. 53, no. 10344 (1871) ; Swinh P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 407 (China; Hainan; Formosa); id. Ibis, 1873, p. 426, 1874, 
p. 425, 1875, p. 131 (Chefoo) ; Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 105; 
Hume, 8tr. F. iii. p. 182 (1875: Pegu) ; Tacz. J. f. O. 1876, 
p. 201 (Ussuri-land); id. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 256 (1876). 

Gallinago lieterura vel biclavata, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
Grail, pi. 102, nos. 544, 545; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 80 
(1844). 

Gallinago strenua, 
Gray, Cat Mamm. Sfo. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 141 
(1846). 
Gallinago stenura, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 272 (1849: Calcutta) ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped, 

p. 313 (1858); Sivinh. Ibis, 1860, p. m (Amoy), 1861, p. 56 
(Canton), p. 343 (N. China, Aug., Sept.), 1862, p. 259 (Foochow), 
1863, p. 415 (Formosa, breeding) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 314 
(Canton to Pekin); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 674 (1864) ; Schl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 12 (1864); Szoinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 232 
(Formosa, Nov.); Beavan, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 492 (Lower Bengal); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 234 (Amoy); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 392 
(Barrackpore) ; Stvinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 362 (Hainan) ; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 273 (1870 : Khasia Hills, April); 
Blanf. op. cit. xL p. 270 (1871: "Wardha Valley, not observed) ; 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 473 (Ceylon); Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 318 
(Andamans); G. F. L. Marshall, Str. F. i. p. 428 (1873); Hume,, 
t. c. p. 423, note; Salvad. TJcc. Born. p. 334 (1874); Hume, Str. 
F. ii. p. 294 (1874 : Andamans); Parker, t. c. p. 335 ; Ball, t. c. 
p. 431 (Calcutta) ; Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. 156 (1875); 
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 340 (1876 : Rangoon); Sharpe, Ibisr 
1877, p. 24 (Sibu, Feb.) ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877 : Cachar); 
Butler, t. c. p. 212 (Mt. Aboo); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 550 
(Zamboanga) j David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 478 (1877); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 155 (Siberia, June) ; Tiraut, Bull. Agric. Cochin-
chine, (3) i. p. 158 (1879) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 351 (Labuan); 
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 816 (1880) ; Ttoeedd. Bep. Voy.c Challenger; 
Zool. ii. Birds, p. 24 (1880 : Zamboanga); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, 
* The type of this species does not appear to have passed to the British 
Museum. 
620 CHABADBILD-25. 

etc. iii. p. 338 (1882); Felham, Ibis, 1882, p. 11 (Malay Peninsula) 
; Oates, Handb. B. Brit Barm, ii. p. 383 (1883) : Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x. p. 475 (1885); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, 

p. 417 (Silam) j Swinh. «$• Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 133 (Mhow 
distr.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886. p. 132: Tacz. P. Z. S. 18S7, p. 811 
(Corea), 1888, p. 468; Everett, Jour. Straits Branch As. Soc. 
1889, p. 206 j Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 504 (Lower YangtseJ; 
Sharpe, Sci. Pes. hid York. Miss., Aves, p. 144 (1891 : E. of 
Taaksi, Sept.; Leh, Aug.); Be La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 498 
(Foocliow and Swatow); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 
(7) xxxix. p. 959 (1893); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 480 (Hainan) ; 
Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta distr.). 
Scolopax pectinicauda, Peale, U.S. ExpL JB.rped. p. 227 (1848: 
Singapore). 
Oallinago indica (nee Hodgs.), Lickt. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 93 
(1854": East India). 
Spilura horsfieldi, Bp. C. It. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Tacz. Bull Soc, 
Zool. France, iv. p. 139 (1879). 
Gallinago stenura, Gray, Cat Manwi. ^*c. Nepal 8f Thibet, p. 75 
(1863). 
Oallinago sthenura, Le Messurier, Sfr. F. iii. p. 380 (1875: Sind) ; 
Hume <§* Davison, Str. F. T1. p. 459 (1878: Tenasserim); Hume, 
op. cit vii. p. 39 (1878: Southern Travancore); Davidson §* 
Wenden, i. c. p. 88 (Deccan); Bali, t c. p. 225 (Maunbhum, 
Godavery Valley); Cripps, i. c. p. 301 (Faridpur); Hume, Sir. F. 
Till. p. 69 (Malay Peninsula), p. 112 (1879); Bingham, t c. 

p. 196 (Tenasserim); Scidly, t c. p. 354 (Xepal Valley); Bvtler, 
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 61 (1879: winter); id. Cat B". S. Bomb. 
Pres. p. 75 (1880): Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 83 (1880: 8. Konkan); 
Bingham, t e. p. 196 (Thovmgyeen Valley); Beid, op. eii. x. p. 68 
(1881 : Lucknow) ; Davidson, t c. p. 320 (W. Kbandeisb); 
Davison, t. c. p. 413 (Wvnaad); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, 
p. 239 (1884); Hume, Sir". F. xL p. 319 (1888: Manipur). 
Gallinago heterocerea (nee Cab.), Prjev. in Rowleys Orn. Misc. iii. 
p. 91 (1878 : Ussurij breeding). 
Spilura stenura, Heinefy Beichen. Nomencl. Mt($. Hein. p. 331 (1890: 
Java). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above blackish, 
-striped and mottled with sandy isabelline, the streaks on the sides 
of the back and scapulars being very broad; the tipper surface also 
interspersed with rufous spots, but the general colour of the light 
markings sandy buff, especially on the hind-neck ; wing-coverts 
dark brown, the marginal series almost uniform, the rest barred 
with rufous or sandy buff, with paler tips, the rufous and black 
bars very distinct on the greater coverts, where they are regularly 
indicated; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, with narrow 
white tips ; quills blackish, the first primary browner on the outer 
web, which is narrowly fringed with white; the secondaries (the 
outermost of which do not exceed the primary-coverts in length) 
narrowly fringed with white at the tip, the inner ones barred with 
rufous and blackish, mostly on the outer web, the innermost long 
secondaries barred across, especially near the ends of the feathers; 
iail-feathers blackish brown, the ten central ones with a broad band 

70 . GALLIC AGO. 621 
of pale chestnut, followed by a sub-terminal bar of blackish browny 
before a pale rufescent tip; a second rufous band, considerably 
broken up, a little beyond the middle of the feather; the eight 
outer feathers on each side becoming narrower and narrower, till 
the outermost has scarcely any web at all; these wire-like feathers 
with white tips, with an indication of a blackish sub-terminal bar; 
crown of head black, mottled with rufous spots and having a mesial 
streak of sandy isabelline ; a loral line of black, surmounted by a 
supra-loral patch of sandy isabelline continued into a narrow eyebrow 
; sides of face and ear-coverts isabelline, rufous just behind 
the eye, all the sides of the face having more or less distinct 
small streaks of blackish, and traversed by a broad blackish line 
across the ear-coverts ; fore part of cheeks and chin sandy isabelline; 
throat and chest sandy buff, slightly mottled with streaks and 
narrow horseshoe-shaped bars of blackish; breast and abdomen 
white, the sides of the body slightly tinged with sandy buff, and 
being distinctly barred with black; under tail-coverts pale sandy 
buff, with blackish centres to the feathers, the longer ones narrowly 
barred with black near their ends; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
distinctly barred with black and white, the white bars on the 
latter slightly wider than the black ones; lower primary-coverts 
ashy; quills ashy below, the secondaries fringed with white at the 

ends: "basal half of upper bill horny, the distal half blackish 
brown ; basal half of lower bill greenish, remainder blackish brown; 
feet greenish ; iris brown " (J*. i2. Crijyjps). Total length 8*8 inches, 
culmen 2*3, wing 4*9, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Does not perceptibly differ from the male in colour 
and markings. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 2*45, wing 5*1, 
tail 1*75, tarsus 1*2. 

It is very difficult to distinguish young birds from old ones, and 
I believe that the only characters of any value are the uniform 
black stripes along the sides of the crown. In old birds, not only 
are these black stripes mottled with rufous, but there are also 
numerous small spots of rufous buff interspersed among the black 
feathers of the back; the black sub-terminal marks on the scapulars 
are also smaller in the young birds than in the old. A further sign 
of immaturity is, I believe, to be seen in the nearly uniform fulvousbrown 
on the throat and fore-neck, these portions being more 
mottled with lines and arrow-head spots of black in the old birds. 

From G. gallinago the present species is distinguished by the 
wire-like feathers in the tail and by the entire surface of the under 
wing-coverts being regularly barred with black and white, and the 
outer web of the first primary being whity brown instead of pure 
white. Occasionally young birds of G. stenura have the whole of 
the breast and abdomen regularly barred with dusky. 

Bab. Breeds in Eastern Siberia as far west as the valley of the 
Yenesei. On its winter migration it passes by China and Formosa 
to the Philippines, and also visits the Indian Peninsula and the 
Malayan Peninsula to Java and Sumatra. 

$22

a-d r? ad.; e, f. 2ad sk.

q P ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.
/& 
Z 6 ad sk.
' ' '


m. Ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. gko'. 
Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t 9 ad. sk.
* *
u 2 ad. sk.


v. $ ad. sk.
w, a\ Imm. sk.
v % $ ad.; a' br.
? ad.sk.
o'. tf ad. sk.


dr, e\ <jf 2 a<^ s^f'l 
g'> 6 ad. s&*


h\ S ad. sk.

i\ k'. c? 2 a<^ s^*

L cTad.sk.

m!. $ ad. sk.

ri. S ad. s^.

</, 2 ad. sk.

y . Ad. sk.
q'-v'. <$ ad, sk.

c". 2 ad. sk.
d'\ e". S ad. sk.
f\ Ad. st.
g"-l". (S 2 ad. sk.

m". Ad. sk,
n". 2 ad. sk.
o". Ad. sk.

p". Ad. sk.

 CHAEADKIID^:. 

 Valley of the Yen-e-sei, 
Lat. 66J<>, June (Jff. 

Seebohm). 
Leh, Ladak, Aug. 31 (F

Stoliczka). 
Kulu (JUT^or Say). 
Mouth of the Amur Hirer,

 April 28 (Domes), 
Chefoo, China, Sept. (JS. 3£.
Harrison), 
Amoy, Sept (E. Swinhoe). 
Canton (S. Bligh). 
Canton (Capt. Tuckett).

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Second Yarkand 

 Mission. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


 Canton, April, May (JS. Seebohm Coll. 

Sieinhoe). 

 X. Formosa, March (E. 8.). Seebohm ColL 
Takow, Formosa, Jan. (it?. Seebohm Coll. 
S.). 

 Lak-ku-li, Formosa, Nov. 21 Seebohm Coll. 

(P. A. Eolst). 
Hainan, March (JR. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
Burma. Tweeddale ColL 
Ton^rhoo, Jan., Feb., Aug. Tweeddale ColL 
(E.G.W.E.). 
Parrot Creek. Jan. 20 (J.
Armstrong), 

 Lower Pegu, Feb., Sept. 
Houngthraw River, Tenasserim, 
Feb. 14 (Bimborg). 
Kaukaryit, Sept. 12 (J.
Barling). 
"Wimpong, Dec, Jan. (W.
Davison). 

 Hume Coll. 
Gates Cull. 
Tweeddale Coll* 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 S. of Yea, April 14 (TT. Hume ColL 
Davison), 
Mergui, Nov. 19 (W. Bamson), 
Pakehan, Nov. 22 ( W. Bamson). 
Bankasoon, Pec. 17 (W.
Davison). 
Malewoon, April 14 (W.
Davison), 

 Salang, Island of Tonka,
March (/. Darling), 

w'-a". <$ ad.; b", Manipur, Feb. to April (A.

 0. H.). 
Manipur. 
India. 
Assam, Feb. (A.
ChenneU). 

 N.E. Frontier, Assam. 
Tezpur, Assam, Nov. 27. 
Sadhya, April 15 (J. Cock-
bum), 

 Sibsagar, Assam.

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll, 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 God win-Austen ColL 
India Museum [P.]. 

W. Tweeddale ColL 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Hume ColL 

 Godwin-Austen Coll. 

£"-M". J ? ad. ak.
v"-y". 6 ? ad. sk.
s". Ad. sk.

a3. Ad. sk.

h\ $ ad.sk.

c3. Ad. var. sk.

cZ3, e3. Ad. sk.

y 3. Ad. sk.
gz. Ad. sk.

h\ $ ad. sk. 1

iz 

. Ad. sk.
Jb3. Ad. sk.


P-pz. Ad. sk.

#3-s3. Ad. sk.

t\ S ad.sk.

u\ $ ad. sk.

v\ Ad. sk.

w2, xz. Ad. sk.

yz~-a\ Ad. sk.

bA. $ ad. sk.

e\ Ad. sk.

d*. Ad. sk.

e*-y4. Ad. sk.

liK 2 ad. sk.

iK $ ad. sk.

W. Ad. sk. "
Z4, m4. $ ad. sk.
n4*. Ad. sk.
•o4. Ad. sk.
p\ $ ad. sk.


<f. $ ad. sk.
r4. $ ad. sk.

s\ Ad. sk.

i4. Ad. sk.

u\ Ad. sk.

70. GAILESTAGO. 
623 

 Dibrughur, April (/. 22. Hume Coll. 
Cripps). 

 DoUah, April, May (J. Cock- Hume Coll. 

Burn). 

 Eastern Naga Hills. 
Cachar. 
Faridpur, March 26 (J. 22.


Cripps). 

 Calcutta, Nov. 
Barrackpur, Feb., Sept. (22. C


Beavan). 
Maimbhoom, Feb. (22. C.
Beavan) ^ 

 Bholajung.

 Godwin-Austen CoU, 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 


 Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


 Tweeddale Coll. 


 Godwin-Austen Coll 


 Assensole, Oct. 9 (W. JE. Hume Coll. 

Brooks). 
Behar. Hodgson Coll. 
Buxa Doars, Jan. (L. Man- Hume Coll. 

 Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of G. heterura, Hodgs.) 

vl, w*<, <J $ ad. sk. Ceylon, April.

jr4, y\ S $ ad. sk. Ragam Corale, Ceylon, Dec.
(Hart). 

 Nepal (Hodgson). 
Nepal Valley, Nov. 20 (J.
Scully). 

 Manoura, Nepal Valley,
April 14. 
Mogul Serai, Oudh, Feb. 27

(W.K Brooks). 
Oudh, Dec, Jan. 
Oudh. 
Oudh, June 19 (A. Anoler


son). 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Saugor. 
Raipur, Jan. 
Deesa, Sept. 24 (B. A.

Butler). 
Khandeish, Jan. 21 (J.

Davidson). 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Belgaum, Feb. (B. A.

Butler). 

 Coorg. 
Coonoor. 
Ootacamund, March (W*

Davison). 

 Goodalore, Mysore, March 25

(W. Davison). 
Madras. 
Malabar Coast. 
Mynall, Travancore (F.
"Bourdillon). 

 Ceylon.

 India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

 Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 

 Hume CoU. 

 Hume CoU. 
PinwiU Coll. 
Seebohm CoU. 

 India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume CoU. 

 Hume CoU. 

 Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale CoU. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
Colonel W. V. Legge 

 Hume Coll. 

624 CKAEADEIID-E. 

s*-e5. <? $ ad. sk. 
f-F. <$ $ ad. sk. 
m5. $ ad. sk. 
n5. Ad. sk. 

o5. $ ad. sk. 

South Andamans, Dec. to 
March (B. G. W. It.). 
South Andamans, July, Sept. 
(JR. J. Wimberky). 
Port Mouat, S. Aiidamans, 

Feb. 6 (JR. G. W. B.). 
Port Blair, S. Andamans. 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, 

March 23 ( W. Davison). 

P5, q5> <$ $ ad. sk. Mount Augusta, S. Anda


r5. Ad. sk. 

s5. $ a<*. sk. 

t55

~x. Ad. sk. 
y5-«6. $ ad. sk. 

¥-e6. Ad. sk. 
fK Ad. sk. 

#6~-zG. Ad. sk. 

k\ Ad. sk. 

V, wG. Ad. sk. 

w6. c? $ ad. sk. 

<?6. Ad. sk. 
j?6. c? ad. sk. 
qQ~sQ. Ad. sk. 
f, u\ Ad. sk. 
#5. Ad. sk. 
wQ, xQ. Ad. sk. 

y6. Ad. sk. 

s6, a7. Ad. sk. 

67. $ ad. sk. 
mans, Jan. 8 ( W. Davison). 

Welleslev ProTince, Malay 
Peninsula, Xov. 24 (W. 
Davison). 

Penang, Dec. 8 (W. Davi


son). 
Penang (Cantor). 
Klang, Salangore, March 9 

(W. Davison). 
Malacca (B. G. W. JR.). 
Malacca. 
Malacca, July ( W. Davison). 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Singapore Island, Oct. 30 
(W. Davison). 
Sumatra (A. B. Wallace). 
Sumatra. 
Java. 
Java. 
Java (Korsjield). 
Labuan, Bee. 
Brunei Elver, X.W. Borneo. 

Batang Lupar^ X. W. Borneo. 

Zamboanga, Mindanao. 

2. (Mliaago megala. 
Tweeddale Colic 

Hume ColL 

Tweeddale Coll, 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll, 
Wallace Coll. 
Hume ColL 

PinwIH CoH. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Wallace ColL 
Tweeddale Col. 
Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum. 

A. H. Everett, Esq;. 
[C.I. 
Br! Basset* Smith 
[P.j. 
A. H. Everett, Esq. 
Voy.TB.KS. e Challenger/ 


Gallinago solitaria (nee JECodffs.), Swinkoe, IMsf I860, pp. 66, 182 
(Amoy), 1864, p. 370 (Formosa), 1865, p. 355 (Formosa), 1866, 
pp. 134, 294 (Formosa, Aug., Oct.), 1867, p. 233 (Amoy, Sept. 30). 

Scolopax uniclavatus (nee IIodys.% Gray, P. Z. S. i860, p. 365 
(Batchian). 
Gallinago megala, Swinhoef Ibis, 1861, p. 343 (marshes on the road 
to Pekin), 1862, p. 255 (Foochow), 1863, p. 415 (Formosa); id. 

P. Z. S.1863, p. 313 (China Coasts, spring and autumn); SckL 
Mus. Pays-Basy Scolopaces, p. 12 (1864); Swinkoe, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 232 (Formosa); Gray, BandrL B. m. p. 52, no. 10345 (1871); 
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871, p. 407 (China and Formosa); Wold. Trans, 
Zool. Soe. vii. p. 98 (1872: Celebes); Mnsch, Verkandl. %rb. Ges. 
Wien, xxii. p. 267 (1872); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1873, pp. 364, 426 
(Shanghai), 1874, p. 163 (Hakodadi), p. 424 (Chefoo); Satoad. 
70. GAL LIN AGO, 
625 

TJcc. Born. p. 334 (1874) • Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 131 (Chefoo), 

p. 454 (Hakodadi)• Wold. Trans. Zool Soc. ix. p. 235 (1875: 
Luzon); Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 8 (1875); Tweedd. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 768 (Cebu)• David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 479 
(1877); Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 92 (1878: Hoang-ho 
Valley, breeding); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 345 (S. Leyte, Sept.), 
p. 953 (Zamboanga); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 143 (Menado, March); 
Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 817 (1880); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. 
xvni. p. 331 (1882); id. Orn. Fapuasia etc. iii. p. 337 (1882); 
Gigl. § Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 588 (Oorea); Everett, Journ. 
Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 206 (Labuan) j id. P. Z. S. 1889, 
p. 225 (Palawan); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 60 (Palawan) ;*Steere, 
List Birds fy Mamm. Philip. Erped. p. 2d (1890: Mindanao; Basilan); 
Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papaasia, etc. iii. p. 205 (1891) ; StyanT 
Ibis, 1891, pp. 330,505 (Lower Yangtse); De La louche, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 498 (Foochow); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) 
xxxix. p. 956 (1893); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1894, p. 522 (N. Luzon). 
Scolopax (Spilura) stenura (nee Kuhl), Radde, Reis. Sibir. ii. p. 334, 
plxiii. (1863). 
Scolopax burka (nee Lath.), Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865: 
Batchian). 
Scolopax australis (nee Lath), Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182, pt. (1865: 
Celebes). 
Scolopax (Gallinago) beterura (nee Hodgs.), Cab. J.f. 0.1866, p. 28 
(Luzon). 
Gallinago heterocerca, Cab. J. f. O. 1870, p. 235 (Luzon); Tacz. 

J.f.O. 1873, p. 104 (E. Siberia); id. J.f.O. 1874, p. 336, 1876, 
p. 201 (Ussuri-land) ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 256 (1876: 
Amur-land); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. fasc. i. p. 104 (1884). 
Gallinago scolopacina (nee Bp.), Gray, FLand-l. B. iii. p. 52, no. 10329, 
pt. (1871: Batchian). 
Gallinago heteroeaca, Cab. J. f. O. 1872, p. 317 (Luzon)• Finsch, 
Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft viii. p. 36 (1875: Pelew Is.). 
Gallinago stenura (nee Kuhl), Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 83(
Araboina); id. Rep, Voy. 'Challenger,1 Zool. ii. Birds, p. 64 (1881: 
Amboina). 

Scolopax megala, 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 479 (1888)* 
id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 343 (1890); Sharpe. Ibis, 1890, pp. 145, 
285, 287 (N. Borneo)• Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 250 (Tsu-sima). 

Adult male. Similar to G. stenura, and with wire-like outer tail-
feathers, but these not so narrow and showing at least two distinct 
"bars towards the ends; the tail-feathers 20 in number, of which the 
seven outer ones are attenuated, and only the six central ones show 
the characteristic broad sub-terminal band of rufous: " bill light 
yellowish brown for the basal two-thirds, yellower on the base of 
the under mandible, blackish brown on the apical third* feet light 
yellowish grey, with blackish-brown claws; iris dark umber-
brown" (R. Swinhoe). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 2-3, 
wing 5*4, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*35. 

Adult female. Does not differ from the male : " legs and feet pale 
bluish grey, nails black " (A. H. Everett). Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 2-6, wing 5*6, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*3. 

Young birds. As with G. stenura so with the present species, the 
young birds appear to be distinguishable by their more uniform dark 
VOL. xziv. 2 s 

OEABADKIID^. 

m 

brown throat and chest; the stripes on the sides of the crown are 
also black and not mottled with rufous spots. 
Hal. Eastern Siberia, passing south in winter by Japan and 
China to the PhiLippine Islands and Borneo to the Moluccas. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Eastern Siberia. Seebohm Coll. 
b, c. <$ ad. sk. Lake Baikal. Seebohm Coll. 
d, <$ ad. sk. Mouth of the Amur River. Tweeddale Coil. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Japan. Seebohm Cull. 
g, h. Ad.; L Imm. Yokohama (JET. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 

h. $ ad. sk. Tsu-sima, Aug. 11 (P. A. Seebohm Coll. 
Hoist). 
/, m. $ ad. sk. Shanghai, April (F. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 


n. § ad. sk. Ohusan, Aug. (Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll. 
o} p. (S ad. et imm. Amov, April, Oct. (F. Seebohm Coil. 
sk. Swinhoe). (Trpe^ of species.) 

q. Ad. sk. Amoj (F. Swinhoe). Gould Cull. 
r-u. 2 ad. sk. Canton (S. Bligh). Seebohm Cull. 
v, Imm. bk. S.W. Formosa, Sept. (F. Seebohm Cull. 
Swinhoe). 

w. Ad. sk. Manila {Maitland-Herioi). Tweeddale Coll. 
x. 
2 ad. sk. Laguna de Bai? Luzon, Tweeddale Coll. 
]NTov. 12 (A. H. Everett). 
y. 2 a<3-s&. Cebu, April {A. H. Everett)* Tweeddale Coll. 
z-a'. $ ad. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 10. E. L. MOSHIHY, Esq. 
TV. 
b\ 2 ^ sk. South Leyte, Sept. {A. H. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett). 
c\ 2 a<l« 8^* Zainboanga, March [A. H. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett). 
d>, e>. Ad.; f. 2 Labuan, I)ec, March. A. H. Everett. Esq. 
ad. sk. [C.]. 
g'. Ad. sk. Baram, Sarawak. A. 3EL Everett, Esq. 

h'. Ad. sk. East Timor. "\taHace Coll. 

H. Ad. sk. East Timor (A. F. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
k'. Ad. sk. East Timor (A. F. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
I'. Ad. sk, Celebes. Seebohm Coll. 
M'. <$ ad. sk. Bourn, ISOY. Seebohm Cull. 
n'. Ad. sk. Myaol. Wallace ColL 
</. $ ad. sk. Amboina. Toy. H.M.il * Challenger.* 


3. Gallinago major. 
Scolopax media, Friseh, Torsi. Vog. DeutseM. pi. 228 (1783; teste 
Dresser) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl, L p. 202 (1787); Meyer 4* Wolf, 
Taschenb. ii. p. 862 (1810); Schinz, Vog. Schweiz, p. 206 (1815); 
VieilL N. Diet cVHzst. Nat. iii. p. 358 (1816) j Foux, Orn. Fro®. 
pi. 300 (1880); Naum. Yog. DeutseM. viii. pi. 208 (1&30). 

Gallinago media, Gerini, Orn. Meth. Dig. iv. p. 59, pL cdxh i. (1773: 
teste Seebohm); Licht. NomencL Av. Mm. Berol. p. 93 (18*34: 
Germany; S. Africa) ; Irbyf Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 175 (1875); 
Fmech, Ibis, 1877, pp. 58, 61 (River Ob); Dubois. Faun. ML 
VertShr. Belg.f Ois. ii. p. 223, pi. 209 (1894). 

Great Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 133 (1785) ; YarrelL Brit. 

B. iii. p. 597 (1843). 
Scolopax major, Gm. Syst Nat, i p. 661 (1788) j Temm. Man. ofOrn* 
627 

70. GA.~LLmA.GO. 
p. 438 (1815), 2nd ed. ii. p. 675 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Grail. 
pi. 29 (1827); Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 105 (1828); Ouv. Regne 
Anim. i. p. 522 (1829) ; Less. Traited'Om. p. 556 (1831); Menitr. 
Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 51 (1832: Caucasus, migrant) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 
1834, p. 133 (Trehizond); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertehr. p. 205 
(1835) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl viii. p. 291 (1836); Gould, B.Eur. 
iv. pi. 320 (1837); Dickson % Moss, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 134 
(Erzeroom); Crespon, Orn. GaroZ, p. 441 (1840); Nordm. in 
JDemid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 251 (1840); Schl Rev. Crit 
p. lxxxvi (1844); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 305, pi. lxxxvi. 
tig. 1 (1846); Thomps. P. Irel. ii. p. 257 (1850); Barcourt, 
P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); Kjcerb. Orn. Ban., pi. 37. 
% 2 (1851) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 364 (1852); Schl. Vog. 
Nederl pi. 221 (1854); Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 44.fig.3 (1860); 
Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 342 (Corfu & Epirus); F.8?P. Godman,Ibis. 
1861, p. 87 (Bodo^ ; Schl. Bier. Nederl, Vogels, pi. 22. %. 5 (1861); 
Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 333 (1863: Irkutsk, Sept.); Wright, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 147 (Malta); Stevenson, P. Norf. ii. p. 299 (1870) ; 
R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 310 (1871); Palmin, Finl. Fogl. p. 231 
(1873); Saxby, B. Shetland, p. 200 (1874); Ban/. <$• Harvie-
Broion, Ibis, 1875, p. 423 (Transylvania); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 179 
(1875); Seebohm \ Harme-Broion, Ibis, 1876, p. 310 (Lower 
Petekora); Boqd. B. Cauc. p. 162 (1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 224 (Astrakhan), p. 382 (Archangel); id. Ibis, 1883, p. 31 
(Caucasus) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. fasc. i. p. 103 (1884); 
Seebohm, Hist Brit P. iii. p. 237 (1885); id. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 482 (1888); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 340 (Cyprus) ; 
Giitke, Vogelw. Helgoland, p. * 504 (1891) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 23 (Heligoland). 
Scolopax paludosa, Retzius, Faun. Suee. p. 173 (1800). 
JScolopax palustris, Ball. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 173 (1811: 
Northern Russia & Siberia). 

Gallinago 
major, Koch, Syst baier. Zool p. 313 (1816); Leach, Syst. 
Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mus. p. 31 (1816); Stephens in Shaw's 
Gen. Zool xii. p. 51, pi. 8 (1824); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. # iV. 
Amen p. 52 (1838); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 129 (1842); 
Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1844); Rupp. Syst. Uebers* 

p. 126 (1845: Egypt); Gray, Gen. P. iii. p. 583 (1846); Bp. 
C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapom?n. Rich. Orn. 
p. 480 (1859); Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 134 (Natal); Gould, B. Gt 
Brit. iv. pi. 78 (1863); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 172 (1863); Schl 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 7 (1864); Gurney, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 360 (Natal); Gigl Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (Pisa, April): Degl et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 181 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. 
ii. p. 294 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 261 (Natal, Sept. to Feb.) ; 
Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 194 (1869); Brake, Ibis, 1869, p. 153 
(Tangier, March); EhuesSf Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Bulgaria); 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 37. fig. 7 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. 
p. 227 (1871); Meves, (Efvers. X. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1871, 
p. 777 (N.W. Eussia) ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 52, no. 10328 
(1870); Harting, Handb. Brit B. p. 51 (1872) ; Gurney in 
Anderss. P. Dam.-Ld. p. 312 (1872; Ondonga, Feb.); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 248 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1199 
(1873); Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 283 (Potchefstroom); Brooke, t. c. 
p. 340 (Sardinia); Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 23 (Malta); Cordeaux 
t. c. p. 185 (Heligoland); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 631, pi. 541 
(1876); Blanf. East Persia, ii. p. 282 (1876); Tacz. Bull Soe 
Zool France, i. p. 256 (1876); id. op. cit ii. p. 158 (1877: 
2s2 

CHIRADBIIDJE. 

Poland); Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 351 (Transvaal, ZkTarch, April); 

id. Ibis, 1878, p. 411 (Transvaal, Jan.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 157 (Yen-e-sei, June & Aug.) ; Finsch, Verhandl z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, xxix. p. 254 (1879; Barnaul, June ; Tundra of R. Podarata, 
Aug.) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 268 (Potchefstrooni); Gigl Ibis, 1881, 
p. 210 (Italy); JBocage, Orn. Angola, p. 474 (1881) ; Tristr. Ibis, 
1882, p. 408 (Bevrout); Salvin, Cat. Stiickl Coll p. 606 (1882) j 
B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 165 (1883); Gigl Ieonogr. Avif. Ital 
no. 305 (1883); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 336 (1883) • 
id. Ibis, 1884, p. 389 (Pyrenees); Sharps, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr, 
p. 678 (1884); Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 132 (1884: Tyre, 
winter); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885. p. 42 (Corsica); Ayres, i. c. 
p. 384 (Transvaal, Nov., Dec, March) ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, 
p. 116 (Zanzibar; Usegua); Gigl. Avtf. Ital p. 403 (1886); 
Salvad. Fleneo Uec. Ital p. 232 (1886) ; Sharpe, Ibis, I860, p. 492 
(Fao); Fleske, TJebers. Siiug. u. Yog. Kola-Halb. p. 337 (I860) j 
Tait, 3is, 1887, p. 389 (Portugal); Harvie-Broica if BvcMey, 
Vertebr. Faun. Caithn. etc. p. 217 (lfe87: Freswick) ; iid. Vertebr. 
Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 131 (1888); Tacz. Omis, iv. p. 498 (1888: 
Poland, breeding); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 555 (1889); Gigl 
Avif. Ital Jst Mesoe. p. 614 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 652 (1890), 
3rd Resoc. p. 512 (1891); Heine fy Reichen. Nwnencl Mus. Hein. 
p. 331 (1890); W. Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 80 (incubation!; Dresser, 
t. c. p. 369 (Erzeroom): Buckley $ Sarvie-Broivn, Vertebr. Faun. 
Orkney Isl p. 212 (1891); Madardsz, Frlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. 
p. Il l (1891); Frivaldsky, Av. Sung. p. 148 (lfe9i); JSarvi* 
Brown fy Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll 4' Inner Hebr. p. 175 
(1892); Macphers. Vertebr. Faun. Lakel p. 376 (1892); EarteH, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 514 (E. Prussia, breeding); Fatio 4' Stmler, Cat 
distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 46 (1892); Reichen. JB. Ami. Hamb. x. p. 7 
(1883: Quilimane, Feb., Mareli); Reiser, Omis Balcanica. p. 163 
(1894); Chapm. Ibis, 1894, p. 343 (W. Jutland); Reichen. Yog. 
Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 43 (lb94: Usegiiha; Kakoina; Igonda)f 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 277 (1895); WMtaker, Ibis, 
1895, p. 106 (Tunis). 
Scolopax leucurus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 501 (1831; 
Hudson's Bay). 

Telmatias major, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 615 (1831) ; Reichenb, 
Grail, tab. lxviii. fig. 555 (1850); Coltett, Norges Fugle, p. 50 
(1868) ; Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 239 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 389 (Southern Spain); Alston %• Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 
1873, p. 70 (Archangel); Radde, Orn. Cam. pp. 41, 387 (1884: 
7000 ft., breeding). 

Telmatias nisoria, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl p. 616 (1831). 
Gallinago montagui, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. & N. Amer. p. 52 
(1838: Suffolk). 
Ascalopax major, Keys,fy Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. Ixxviii, 216 (1840); 
Milhle. Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl. p. 108 (1844); Heugl Syst. TJebers. 

p. 64 (1856: Lower Egypt); Linderm. Yog. Griechenl p. 145 
(I860;; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 119 (1869). 
Scolopax solitaria (nee Jffodgs.), Macgill Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 102 
(1842). 
Telmatias brachyptera, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 305 (1855). 
Telmatias uliginosa, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 305. 


Adult male. General colour above black, mottled with sandy buff, 
-with which the feathers are fringed and barred in an irregular and 

70. GALLIN"JLGO. 
wavy manner, so as to leave large patches of black; the scapulars 
with broader and whiter edges, so as to form a double line down 
the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts sandy buff, 
barred with dusky brown, the end of the tail-coverts white; wing-
coverts blackish brown, the marginal series with ashy fringes, the 
remainder with conspicuous white tips, before which is a black 
sub-terminal bar, the inner greater coverts also barred with sandy 
rufous; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, tipped with 
white; quills dark brown, the secondaries tipped with white, the 
innermost being barred with sandy rufous and resembling the back; 
tail-feathers bright rufous, with black bases and black bars on the 
terminal half of the feather, scarcely visible near the tips, the white 
tips to the feathers gradually increasing in extent until the four 
outer ones on each side are entirely white except for a little black 
near the base ; centre of crown whitish, bordered on each side by a 
broad band of black, slightly freckled with rufous, and followed by 
a broad superciliary streak, ashy whitish in front and fnlvescent 
behind; a dusky streak from the base of the bill to the eye ; sides 
of face whitish, with numerous tiny blackish spots and a dark patch 
below the ear-coverts ; the hind-neck and sides of neck sandy buff, 
streaked with black; chin, breast, and abdomen white; the lower 
throat, fore-neck, and chest pale sandy buff, with central spots of 
black on the feathers ; the sides of the breast and flanks regularly 
barred with black; the under tailleoverts sandy buff, tinged with 
rufous, and having more or less complete bars of black; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, barred with black, the latter very 
distinctly banded ; lower primary-coverts and quills below uniform 
ashy brown : u bill brown; feet light slate-colour ; iris very dark " 

(T. Ayns). Total length 11 inches, culmen 2*45, wing 5'55, 
tail 2, tarsus 1*35. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 2'5, wing 5*3, tail 2, tarsus 1*5. 
Winter plumage. More sandy buff than in summer, the buff 
edges to the feathers of the upper surface broader and more conspicuous; 
the blackish markings on the fore-neck larger and 
coarser, and either circular or horseshoe-shaped. 

Young. Much more rufous than the adults, and having the black 
of the upper parts more uniform, the lateral edges to the scapular 
feathers not so distinct; the inner greater coverts and inner secondaries 
regularly barred with black and rufous, the bars being of about 
equal width; the white tips to the wing-coverts not so distinct and 
slightly tinged with buff; the sides of the face and hind-neck much 
more rufous than in the adults, and the white upper breast also 
showing dusky circular bars; the white outer tail-feathers also 
barred with dusky brown. 

Nestling. Covered with down of an ashy fulvous, inclining to 
rufous here and there on the crown and centre of the back, as well 
as on the wings; a very broad eyebrow of isabelline white, like the 
sides of the face; a line of black in the centre of the forehead, 

extending on to the crown; lores crossed by a line of black, with 

680 CHABADBimZB. 

several lines of black on the side of the face ; the sides of the back 
black, and a black patch on each side of the flanks ; under surface 
of body orange-buff, with a black patch on the lower throat; the 
centre of the breast and abdomen isabelline whitish. 

Hob. Europe, extending as far as the valley of the Yenesei in 
summer, and wintering in the Mediterranean countries and in 

Africa. 

a. 2 ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. e. Ad. sk. 
f,g. $ ad.sk. 

h, i. Ad. et pull. 
sk. 

k. Ad. sk. 
I, m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. 5 ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. Juv. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v* 2 ad. sk. 
w. Juv. sk. 
x-d'. S $ ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 

/'. d ad. sk." 
g'. Ad. sk. 
h', ?. Ad. sk. 

hr 

, V. Ad. sk. 

England. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Leadenhall Market (j. jar. Hume Coll. 

Gurnet/). 

Cumberland. Harting CoH. 
Suiiblk. Montagu Coll. 
(Types of G. moniagui.) 
Bodo, Norway, June 29 (F. "Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Godman). 
Bodo, June 24 (F. Godman). Gould Cull. 

m'. c? ad. sk. Demirkeuy, Asia Minor, 
May 9 (T. Mobson). 
ri, o'. Ad. sk. Erzeroum, Sept. 21 (Dickson 

8f JRoss). 
jp'. Ad. sk. Shores of the Mediterranean. 
q\ r\ tf ad. sk. Lamu, E. Africa, Aug. 

s'. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 

t'. Ad. sk. Transvaal. 

Denmark. 
Holland. 
Holland, May 19. 
Lapland ( Wheelwright). 
Quickiock, Lapland, Sept. 


(T. E. Buckley). 
Archangel. 

Archangel (F. JR. Alston). 
Archangel, June 15. 
Lower Petchora. 


River Don, May 29. 
Barnaul, MVt Siberia, June 24 
(O.Finsch). 

Tundra of the Podarata 
Kiver, Aug. 3 (0. Finsch). 
Vallev of the Yen-e-sei, June 

(s:&). 

Valley of the Yen-e-sei, 

June 23 (II. Seebohm). 
Astrakhan (MoscMer). 
Lenkoran, autumn. 
Pao, Persian Gulf. 

Mesopotamia (Co?mnander 
Jones). 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Purchased. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Dr. E. B. Sharps 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Col. H. "W. FeHdes 

& J. A. flarvie-

Brown, E*q. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

W. D. .Gumming^ 
Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 

Dr. E. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

F. J. Jackson, Esq, 
Livingstone Expedition. 
Seebohm Coll. 

70 . GALLISTAGO. 
631 
u'-y*. <$ ad. sk. 

z\ S ad. sk. 

a"-c". Ad. sk. 

d". $ ad. sk. 

e". Ad. sk. 
f,g". Ad.sk. 

h". Ad. sk. 

i". Ad. sk. 

&". Skeleton. 

/". Sternum. 

Potehefstroom, Transvaal, 
Dec, Jan., March L, Sept. 

[T. Ay res). 
Ondonga, Ovampo-•land, 

Feb. 6 (C.J. Andersson). 
Natal. 
Natal, Nov. 
Natal. 
Ejngwilliamst o wn. 
Cape Colony. 
[Hudson's Bay.] 

G-urney Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohni Coll. 
Dr.KB. Sharpe [P.]. 
MajorTrevelyan [P.]. 

Dr. Krauss [C.]. 
Hudson's Bay 

Company [I\]. 

(Type o f G. leucurus, Swains.) 
Purchased. 
John Kay, Esq. [P.] 

4. GralHnagQ nigripemds. 
Gallinago nigripennis, Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital., TJcc. text to pi. 43, p. 4 
(188&); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (Zambesi); Gurney, t. c. p. 355 
(Natal); id. Ibis, 1868, p. 51 (Potehefstroom, July, Aug., 
breeding); Finsch fy Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 769 (1870); JBocage, 
Orn. Angola, p, 475 (1881: Huilla; Caconda); Holub ty Belz. 
Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 293 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 366 
(Mashoona-land); Sharpe, ed. Bayards B. S. Afr. p. 676 (1884); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 347 (Transvaal) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 545 
(Miazini, Masai-land, Aug.); Beichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Africa, 

p. 43 (1894). 
Gallinago sequatorialis, Bupp. Syst Uebers. pp. 123, 126 (1845: 
Abyssinia) ; Schl Mus. Bays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 10 (1864); 
Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 333 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 261 
(Natal); Bocage, B. Z. S. 1869, p. 437; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 302 
(Potehefstroom, breeding); Bayard, t. c. p. 377 (River Zonder-end); 
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 388 (Pietermaritzburg, May) ; Barratt, Ibis, 
1876, p. 212 (Potehefstroom, May, June, July, breeding); Ayres, 

Ibis, 1878, p. 301 (Transvaal, July), p. 411 (Potchefstroom, Dec.); 
Butler, Feilden, 8? Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 425 (Natal, Dec. to March, 
breeding); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 224 (1884: Fin-
Finni, Skoa, June); id. op. eit. vi. p. 64 (1888); Shelley, Ibis* 
1894, p. 26 (Nyasa-land). 

Telmatias gallinago, var., ReicJienb. Grail, tab. ccclv. figs. 2782-83 
(1850). 
Gallinago longirostris (nee Cuv,), BicM. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. 

p. 93 (1854: Kafrraria). 
Ascalopax sequatorialis, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 64 (1856: Abyssinia, 
winter), 
Gallinago atripennis, Bp., teste Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 239 (1857 : 

S. Africa). 
Gallinago agqiunoctialis (lapsu), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 170, note.^ 
Gallinago angolensis, Bocage, Jorn. Bisb. ii. p. 49 (1868; Huilla); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 52, no. 10333 (1871). 
Telmatias sequatorialis, Heugl. in Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, 

p. 417. 
Gallinago 
macrodactyla (nee Bp.), Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 52, 
no. 10330 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. JDam.-Bd. p. 312, note 
(1872); Heugl. Orn. N.6.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1005 (1873: Abyssinia, 
7000 to 11,000 ft.); Heine 8? Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 

p. 331 (1890). 
632 
CHABADKIH^. 

Scolopax sequatorialis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 136 (S. Africa); id. 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 500 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to G. major, but with a longer bill, and with 
the white tips or terminal bars to the wing-coverts narrower and 
not so prominent, though they are pure white ; these tips are almost 
obsolete on the primary-coverts, whereas they are very distinct in 

G. major. The upper surface is black, with sandy-rufous streaks, 
not very broad or distinct except on the scapulars; the blackish 
spots and mottlings on the chest and throat are very distinct. The 
whole of the secondaries, excepting the innermost or elongated ones, 
are blackish with white tips, but without any rufous bars on the 
outer web: " bill black; legs brownish green; iris dark hazel" 
(T. E. Buckley). Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 2*75, wing 5*1, 
tail 2*2, tarsus 1*3. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 2*9, wing 5*1, tail 1*8, tarsus 1*45. 
The axillaries vary in markings, being sometimes regularly barred 
with black and white throughout, while some individuals have the 
axillaries white with only a few irregular markings or spots. 


Hah. Confined to Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum. 
b-f. 6 ? ad. sk. 
Angollala, Shoa, May (Sir India Museum. 

W. Harris). 
g. Ad. sk. East Africa. Seebohm Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Fort Johnston, River Shire", Sir H. H. Johnston. 
Feb. (A. A. Whyte). KC.B.rp.]. 
i9 7c, Ad. et pull. Transvaal. Dr. R. B. Sharps 
sk. [P.]. 
I, m, ?*. Ad. sk. Transvaal. Seebohm Coll. 


o. Ad. sk. Transvaal. 
Gurney Coll. 
p. 
Ad. sk. Potchefstroom, F. A. Ban-art, Esq. 
[P.]. 
q. J ad. sk. Potchefstroom, July. Gurney Coll. 
r. 
Ad. sk. Damara-land (C J. Anders-Seebohm Coll. 
son). 
s. <3 ad. sk. Isepecgo Flats, Zulu-land Tweeddale Coll. 
(Gordge). 
t-x. Ad. sk. Natal. Seebohm Coll. 
y, z. (S $ ad. sk. Natal (21 Ay res). Tweeddale Coll. 
a', V. $ ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, April, June Seebohm Coll. 

(E. A. Butler). 
c'} d'. 2 ad. sk. Newcastle, May, Sept. Capt. Savile Reid 
to-]. 

e',f. 6 $ ad. sk. Pietermaritzburg, Natal, 

Shelley CoU. 

May(T. K Buckley). 

y. cJ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Mai or Trevelyan 
h'. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
**. Ad. sk. South Africa. Dr. Krauss [C.1 

h\ Ad. sk. South Africa. Gould Coll. 

V. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Tweeddale ColL 
ml* Ad. sk. South Africa. Jardine ColL 

70. GALLItfAGO. 
633 
5. Grallinago gallinago. 
La B&scasine, 
Briss. Orn. v. p. 298, pi. xxvi. fig. 1 (1760); D'Aubent 
PI. Enl. viii. pi. 883; Buff. Hist Nat Ois. vii. p. 483 (1780). 
Scolopax gallinago, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 244 (1766); Scop. Ann. i. 

p. 97 (1769); 0. F. Miill Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 23 (1776); Gm. Syst 
Nat i. p. 662 (1788); Pall. Zoogr. Posso-Asiat ii. p. 174 (1811); 
Temm. Man. oVOrn. p. 439 (1815); id. ibid. 2nd ed. ii. p. 676 
(1820); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 75 (1823: Egypt; Senegambia); 
Werner, Atlas, Grail, pi. 30 (1827); Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 106 
(1828); Poux, Orn. Prov. pi. 301 (1830); Less. TraiU oVOrn. 
p. 556 (1831); Jenyns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 205 (1835) ; Naum. 
Vog. Deutschl. viii. p. 310, pi. 209(1836); Gould, B. Fur. iv. 
pi. 321. fig. 2 (1837); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 442 (1840); Nordm. 
in Demid. Voy. Puss. Merid. iii. p. 251 (1840); Schl Pev. CriL 

p. lxxxvi (1844); Remits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 307, pi. lxxxvi. 
fig. 2 (1846) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 262 (1850) ; Middend. Peis. 
Sibir., Zool. p. 224 (1851: Boganida, breeding; Stanovoi Mts.) ; 
Kj&rb. Danm. Fugle, Taf. xxxvii. fig. 3 (1851); Macgill. Brit B. 
iv. p. 368 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 222 (1854); Taxjlor, Ibis, 
1859, p. 53 (Egypt); Salvin, t c. p. 36 (Eastern Atlas); Powys, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 342 (Ionian Isl.); Schl. Bier. Nederl, Vogels, pi. 22. 
figs. Q,Qa (1861); Padde, Peis. Sibir., Vog. p. 337 (1863: Tareinor, 
May); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 147 (Malta); Sperling, t c. 
p. 288 (Mediterranean, Nov.); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 455 (Portugal); 
JDyb. J.f. 0.1808, p. 338 (Darasun); Stevenson, B. Norf. ii.p. 305 
(1870); Blanf. Geol. $ Zool Abyss, p. 432 (1870: Lake Ashangi, 
winter); P. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 312 (1871); Palmen, Finl. 
Fogl. p. 236 (1873); Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: breeding) 
; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 180 (1875); Danf. fy Harvie-Broion, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 423 (Transylvania); Seebohm <§* Harvie-Brotoyi, Ibis, 
1876, p. 309 (Lower Petchora) ; Dresser, t. c. p. 330 (Turkestan) ; 
Anderson, Pep. Zool. Exped. West. Yunan, p. 681 (1878: Kabwet, 
Jan.; Bbamo, Feb.); Banf. Ibis, 1878, p. 33 (Asia Minor); 
Bogd. B. Cam. p. 162 (1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 224 (Astrakhan), 
p. 382 (Archangel): Booth, Poxigh Notes, ii. pi. 60 (188187); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caucasus); Severtz. t c. p. 72 
(Pamir Range); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 267 (Kiukiang); Bogd. 
Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 105 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. iii. 
p. 241 (1884); Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 86 (St. Kilda); Zarudn. Ois. 
Transcasp. p. 70 (1885); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 140; id. Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 484 (1888) ; Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 46 
(1888) ; Lilford, Ms, 1889, p. 340 (Cyprus) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 34(5 (1890); Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 144, 285 (Borneo); 
Gdtke, Vogehv. Helgol. p. 505 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 
(Heligoland); Campbell, t. c. p. 246 (Oorea). 
Scolopax gallinaria, O. F. Mutter, Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 23 (1776) ; 
Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 662 (1788); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 440 
(1815); id. 2nd ed. ii. p. 677 (1820). 

Common Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 134 (1785); Yarrell, 
Brit B. ii. p. 603 (1843). 

Einniark Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 136 £1785). ^ 
Scolopax coelestis, Frenzel, Beschr. Vog. u. Eier. Wittenb. p. 58 
(1801: teste Dresser). 

Oallinago 
media (nee Frisch), Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. 8$c. Brit. 
Mus. p. 30 (1816); Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool xii. p. 54 
(1824) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832; p. 163 (Deccan) ; Gray, Cat Mamm. 

CHABADRIID^. 

Sfc. Nepal pres. Sodgs. p. 141 (1846); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 
(1846); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79 (Sahara) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 11 
(Greenland); Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 413 (1868: 
April to Oct.); Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 173 (1863); More, Ibis, 
1865, p. 438 (breeding range in Great Britain); God?nanf Ibis, 1866, 

p. 101 (Azores;; id. Azores, pp. 35, 41 (1870); Slices § Buckley, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 331 (Turkey); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 51 
(1872); Feilden, Zool 1872, p. 3249 (Faerce Is., breeding); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 249 (1872); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia) 
; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 175 (1875;; By grave Wharton, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 27 (Corsica). 
Scolopax sakhalina, Vieill N. Diet. d'Sist. Nat. iii. p. 359 (1816). 
Scolopax brehmi, Kaup, Isis, 1823, p. 1147; Less. Traite cTOrn. 

p. 556 (1831); Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 134, pi. 40 (Jardine 
Hall). 
Scolopax sabinii, 
Vigors, Trans. Linn. Soc. xlv. p. 557, cum tab,(
1825: Queen's Co., Ireland, Aug. 21); Jard. $ Setby, HI. Orn. 
pi. 27 (1827) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 105 (1828); Jenyns, Man. 
Brit. Vertebr. p. 204 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 321. fig. 1 
(1837); Temm.Man. ePOrn. iv. p. 435 (1840); SehL Mei\ Grit 

p. ixxxvi (1844); Macgill Brit. B. iv. p. 377 (1852); Salvin, 
Zool 1857, p. 5593 (Norfolk); Zilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. 
part xxvii. (1893;. 
Telmatias gallinago, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 979; Brehm, Tog. DeutschL 

p. 620 (1831); Reichenb. Grail, tab. Ixix. figs. 558-9 (1850); 
Broste, Voqelvo. Borkum, p. 236 (1869); Bey, Syn. eur. Brutvogel, 
p. 109 (1872); Badde, Orn. Cam. pp. 41, 385 (1884: 7000 ft., 
breeding). 

Pelorychus brehmi, Kaup, Natilrl SysL p. 119 (1829). 

Enalius sabinii, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 121 (1829). 

Telmatias faeroeensis, Brehm, Yog. Beutschl p. 017 (1831). 

Telmatias brehmii, Brehm, t. c. p. 618; Reichenb. GralL tab. IxviiL 
fig. 556 (1850). 
Telmatias stagnatilis, Brehm, t. c. p. 618. 
Telmatias septentrionalis, Brehm, t c. p. 619, 
Telmatias peregrina, Brehm, t. c. p. 621. 
Gallinago brehmii, Bp. Faun. Hal. Ucc, Intr. p. 14, fasc. xxv. pi. 43 

(1832); id. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 50 (183b); Gray, 
Gen.'B. iii. p. 583 (1846; ; Licht. Nomencl. Ad. Mies. BeroL p. 93 
(1854) j Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Gray, Cat. Brit B. p. 174 

Scolopax delamottii, Baillon, Mem. Soc. ffEm. WAbbev. 18343 p. 71; 
Matthews, Zool. 1853, p. 3729 (Hastings). 
Scolopax pygmsea, Baillon, t c. p. 71. 
Gallinago uniclavus, Sodgs. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 492 (1837). 
Gallinago sabinii, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 52 (3838); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Bp. G R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); 
Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 173 (1863); Sartinq, Handb. Brit B. 

p. 52 (1872); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 166 (1883). 
Gallinago scolopacina, 
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ K Amer. p. 52 
(1838); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 129 (1842); Rilpp. Syst. 
TJebers. p. 126 (1845: Lower Egypt); Blyth, Cat B. Mm. As. 
Soc. p. 272 (1849: Calcutta): Bp. 0. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); 
Sartt. Orn. West-Afr. p. 239 (1857); Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 189 (Cashmere); Jaub. et Bartk-Lapbmm. Rich. Orn. p. 481 
(1859); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 241 (Oudh); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 415 
(Formosa); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 314; Gould, B. Gt Brit, iv
7Q . GALLESTAGO. 

pi. 79 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 4 (1864) -7 
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 674 (1864); FUippi, Viagg. Persia, p. 345 
(1865); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70 (Egypt) ; Beavan, t. c. 

p. 333 (Andamans); Drake, t. c. p. 428 (Tangiers); Degl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 183 (1867); Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. 
ii. p. 296 (1867): Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 195 (1869) ; Fritsch, 
Fog. Fur. Taf. 37. fig. 8 (1870); Sioinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 362 
(Hainan); Finsch § Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 771 (1870); Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 273(1870: Khasia Hills); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 52, no. 10329 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. 
p. 227 (1871); Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 407 (China; Formosa; 
Hainan); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria); McMaster, J. A. 
8. Beng. xl. p. 215 (1871: Nagpur); Blanf. t c. p. 276 (Wardha 
Valley); Meves, (Efv. Vet.-Akad. Fork Stockh. 1871, p. 777 (1871: 
N.W. Russia); Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli. p. 252 (1872: Kutch); 
Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 473 (Ceylon) ; Hume, Nests fy Eggs 
Ind. B. p. 586 (1873: Cashmere); id. 8tr. F. i. p. 235 (1873: 
Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 395 (Sambhur); Mayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 417 (Kathiawar); Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 106 (E. Siberia) ; id. 
J.f.O. 1874, p. 336; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1201 
(1873: Abyssinia, winter); 8axhj, B. 8hetl. p. 201 (1874); 
8winh. Ibis, 1874, p. 163 (Hakodadi); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 295 
(1874: Port Blair); Parker, t. c. p. 335; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 182 
(1875; Pegu); Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 156 (1875); Wald. 
Trans. Zool. 8oc. ix. p. 235 (1875 : Luzon) ; Blanf. East. Persia, 
ii. p. 282 (1876); Butler # Hume, 8tr. F. iv. p. 15 (1876: Mount 
Aboo); 8cully, t. c. p. 186 (Yarkand); Fairbank, t. c. p. 263 
(Khandala); Tacz. Bidl. 8oc. Zool. France, i. p. 257 (1876) ; 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 478 (1877) ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 214 
(1877 : Mount Aboo); id. t. c. p. 232 (Deesa) ; Fairbank, t. c. 
p. 409 (Palani Hills); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 703 (Monte 
Alban); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 345 (S. Leyte, Sept.), p. 712 
(N. Bobol, Nov.); Blakiston $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 222; Prjev. 
in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 90 (1878: Koko-nor, March; Lake 
Hanka, April; Hoang-ho Valley; Kansu, Sept,) ; Hume ty Davison, 
Str. F. vi. p. 459 (1878: Tenasserini); Davidson $• Wenden, 
Str. F. vii. p. 88 (1878); Ball, t. c. p. 228 (Ganges to Godavery); 
Tiraut, Bull. Agric. Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 159 (1879); Finsch, 
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 254 (1879: K. Ob); Seebohm, IbisT 
1879, p. 27 (Japan), p. 156 (Yen-e-sei); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 821 
(1880); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 95 (Gilgit); Scully, t. c. p. 588 j 
Blakiston fy Pryer, B. Japan, p. 114 (1882); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, 

p. 16 (Malay Peninsula); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 187 (Santander); 
Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 424 (Chamba); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. 
Sind, p. 240 (1884); Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 12 (1884) -T 
Coues, Fey 2V. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 623 (1884); Dyb. $ Tacz. Bull 
Soc. Zool. France, ix. p. 147 (1884); Tacz. op. tit. x. p. 475 (1885: 
Sidemi, S.E. Ussuri); id. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 610 (Corea), 1888, 
p. 468; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 208 
(Labuan); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2), Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 89 
(1889); id. Sci. Pes. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 144 (1891: Lehr 
Aug.); id. Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao); Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst, 
Ungar. Vogelf. p. Il l (1891); Frivaldsky, AD. Hung. p. 149 (1891); 
Fatio fy Studer, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 46 (1892); De La louche, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 498 (Foocbow and Swatow) : Tacz. Mem. Acad. 
Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 960 (1893); Martin $ Pollin, 
Vert. Sauv. VIndre, p. 200 (1894). 
636 
CHAKAJDKIIDiB. 

Scolopax peregrina, Temm. Man. WOrn. iv. p. 435 (1840). 
Ascalopax sabinii, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxvii, 216 (1840) ; 
Bovggr. Vogelf. NorddeutseM. p. 118 (1869). 

Ascalopax gallinago, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxvi, 216 
(1840); Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 108 (1844); JEeugl. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 63 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 145 (1860) ; 
Borggr. Vogelf. Korddetitschl. p. 118 (1869). 

Gallinago media vel unielavata, Hodgs.icon, ined.in Brit. Mus., Grail. 

pis. 99,100,101, nos. 542,543; id. in Gray'sZool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Gallinago sakbalina, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846). 
Gallinago burka, Bp.; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Bp. C. R, 

xliii. p. 579 (1856); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 314 (China). 
Scolopax (Gallinago) gallinago, Temm. 8f Schl. Faun. Japonica, 
Aves, p. 112(1847). 
Telmatias sabinii, Reichenb. Grail, tab. ixviii. fig. 557 (1850). 
Gallinago gallinago, Licht. Komencl. Av. Mzis. Berol. p. 93 (1854); 

Scl. $ Eartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 174 (Socotra) ; Stejn. Bull. US. 
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 110 (1885: Bering Isl.); A. O. U. Check-l 


N. Amer. B. p. 147 (1886); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Wat. Mus. x. p. 128 
(1887) ; Ridgw. Man. K. Amer. B. p. 150 (1887); FEariert, Ibis, 
1892, p. 514 (E. Prussia); Reiser, Ornis Baleaniea, p. 163 (1894); 
Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1894, p. 522 (X. Luzon); Cones, Auk, xii. 
p. 326 (1895); A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd ed. p. 85 (1895); Elliot, 
N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 45 (1895); Shaype JECandb. Brit. B. iii., 
p. 211 (1896). 
Gallinago migratoria, G. braebypus, G. peregrina, G. robusta, 
G. pe^nyi, G. septentrionaKs, G. faeroeensis, G. lacustris, Brehm, 
Naumannia, 1855, p. 291. 
Telmatias robusta, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 306 (1855). 
Telmatias salicaria, Brehm, t. c. p. 306. 
Telmatias pe"tenyi, Brehm, t. c. p. 306. 
Telmatias lacustris, Brehm, t. c. p. 307. 
Telmatias bracbypus, Brehm, t. c. p. 307. 
Gallinago latipennis, Eartl. Orn. WestnAfr. p. 239 (1857: Gambia). 
Gallinago vulgaris, Dubois, PL Col. Ois. Belg. pi. 182 (1858). 
Gallinago uniclava, Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 66 (Anaoy), 1861, p. 56 

(Canton), p. 343 (Takow and Peking); Tacz. J.f 0.1874, p. 325 
(Darasun); id. J. f 0. 1875, p. 255; id. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. 

p. 257 (1876); id. op. cit. viii. p. 340 (1883; Kamtchatka). 
Gallinago russata, Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. text to pi. 79 (1863). 
Gallinago wilsoni (nee Temm.), Stoinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 454 (Hakodadi); 
Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 27 ; Blakist. Amend. ListB. Japan, p. 38 (1884). 
Gallinago gallinaria, Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 302 (1878: Faridpux); 
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 70 (Malacca), p. 112 (1879): Bingham, 

t. e. p. 196 (Tboungyeen Valley); Scully, t c. p. 355 (Nepal 
Valley); Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 61 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. 
Bomb. Pres. p. 76 (1880); Vidalx Str. F. ix. p. 84 (1880: S. Konkan); 
Bingham, t. c. p. 196 (Tboungyeen Valley); Raid, Str. F. 
x. p. 68 (1881: Lucknow); Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 85 (1881); 
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 121 (Afghanistan); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. vi. p. 69 (1883); Swinh. $ Barnes, 'ibis, 1885, p. 13S 
(Mhow distr.) ; Koenig,J.f 0.1888, p. 277 (Tunis); id. J.f.O. 
1890, p. 456 (Madeira); id. J.f. 0.1892, p. 89 (Tunis). 
Gallinago 
coelestis, Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 641, pis. 542, 543 
(1880); Hume fy Marshall, Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 359, cum 
tab. (1880); Barnes, Str. F. ix. p. 459 (1881: Cbaman) j Davidson, 
op. cit. x. p. 320 (1882: Khandeish); Salvin, Cat StrickL 
Coll. p. 606 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 166 (1883); Oates, 

70 . GALLINAGO. 
637 

Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 381 (1883); Saunders, ed. TarreWs 

Brit B. iii. p. 342 (1883); Hume, Str. F. x. p. 413 (1883: 

Mysore); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 132 (1884); Chapman, 

Ibis, 1884, p. 98 (Spain); Saunders, t. c. p. 389 (Pyrenees); 

Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 192 (1884) ; 

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Oenov. (2) i. p. 223 (1884: Shoa); Whitehead, 

Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica) ; Reid, t c. p. 258 (Marocco) ; Bleske, 

TJebers. Sdug. u. Vbg. Kola-Halb. p. 337 (1886); Giql. Avif. Ital 

p. 404 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital p. 232 (1886) ; Harvie-
Brovm § Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithn. etc. p. 217 (1887); 
Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 72 (East Pyrenees); Tait, t. c. p. 389 
(Portugal); Terry, Str. F. x. p. 480 (1887: Palani Hills) ; Harvie-
Brown fy Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 131 (1888); 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 320 (1888 : Manipur); Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vogv 
JDeutschl. p. 46 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 557 (1889); 
St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (Kandahar) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st 
Besoe. p. 616 (1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 652 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 512 
(1891); Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 331 (1890); 
Buckley fy Harvie-Brozon, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 212 
(1891); Dresser, Ibis, 1891, p. 369 (Erzeroum); Styan, t. c. 
pp. 330, 505 (Lower Yangtse); Harvie-Brownfy Buckley, Vertebr. 
Faun. Argyll fy Inner Hebr. p. 175 (1892) ; Macpherson, Vertebr. 
Faun. Lakel p. 376 (1892); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 171 (Aden); 
Meade-Waldo, t. c. p. 204 (Canary Is.); Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 72 
(Calcutta); Wliitaker, t. c. p. 100 (Tunis): Pearson fy Bidivett, 
t. c. p. 234 (N. Norway); Dubois, Faun. Ill Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. 
p. 226, pi. 211 (1894) ; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 278 
(1895); Poynt. Bggs Brit. B. part ii. (1895). 
Gallinago scolopacina, var. brehrai, Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 149 
(1891). 
Gallinago nilsoni (lapsu), Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 33 (Hakodadi). 
Gallinago coelestis, var. sabinei, Barrett-Hamilton, Irish Nat. iv. 

p. 12 (1895). 
Adult male. General colour above black, with a broad line of 
sandy buff along each side of the back, formed by the broad edges 
of the scapulars, which are blotched with black; the lower back 
dusky blackish; rump and upper tail-coverts tawny rufous, barred 
across with dusky blackish, the long tail-coverts white at the ends; 
wing-coverts blackish brown, the marginal ones uniform, the 
median and greater series spotted with ashy white at the tips; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, with small white tips; 
quflls blackish, the first primary whitish along the outer web; the 
secondaries conspicuously tipped with white; the inner secondaries 
barred with black and resembling the scapulars; tail-feathers 
tawny rufous, black at the base, and tipped with white, before 
which is a wavy sub-terminal bar of dusky blackish, the outer 
feather regularly barred with blackish; crown of head sandy 
isabelline along the centre, with a broad black band on each side, 
followed by an eyebrow of sandy colour, white above the lores, 
across which, to the eye, is a broad black streak; sides of face 
white, with a blackish streak across the ear-coverts, which are 
narrowly streaked with dusky; cheeks and chin white; the throat 
and chest sandy brown, mottled with blackish spots and bars; 
breast and abdomen pure white; sides of body conspicuously barred 

638 CHABADBIIDJE. 

•with dusky blackish ; under tail-coverts more rufescent and barred 
with blackish ; tinder wing-coverts white, barred with dusky 
blackish ; axillaries regularly barred with black and white; lower 
primary-coverts and quill-lining ashy grey: " bill dark brown, paler 
at the base and darker at the tip : legs, feet, and claws brown; 
iris hazel" (H. JSeebohm). Total length 10 inches, culmen 2*8, 
wing 5-2, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*2. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10-5 inches, 

culmen 2'8, wing 5-3, tail 2'45, tarsus 1-3. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more rufous, especially 
on the throat and neck. The black markings of the back are more 
broken up and mottled with rufous bars, and the pale outer bands 
along the scapulars are not so wide. Mr. Seebohm states that 
young Snipes may be recognized by not having a dark shaft-line on 
the light tips of the upper wing-coverts, but I have found indications 
of the latter in quite young birds. Many ornithologists have 
supposed that there is. a second, and more rufous species of Snipe 
found in England; but I believe that the differences are merely 
individual, and in the majority of specimens the rufous colour is due 
to immaturity. 

The curious "Sabine's Snipe" is apparently only a melanistic 
form. This dark race has been found chiefly in Ireland, and 
Mr. Barrett-Hamilton has written a very interesting paper on the 
subject in the < Irish Naturalist' for January 1895. Eroni this it 
appears that out of about fifty-five examples of *4 Sabine's Snipe " in 
collections, no less than thirty-one have been obtained in Ireland, 
fcwenty-two in England, one in Scotland, while the form has only 
once been found on the continent of Europe. 

The way in which the axillaries of the Snipe vary in markings is 
noteworthy. In many specimens they are pure white, and this is 
especially the case with Eastern birds, for the barring of the axillaries 
in birds from India, China, or Japan is seldom strongly pronounced, 
whereas in "Western birds the bars on the axillaries are often very 
regular and distinct, though they vary very much in breadth. Every 
stage of barring is represented in the series in the British Museum, 
which shows the axillaries heavily barred, the blackish bars wider 
than the white ones; in others the white bars are broader than the 
dark ones, and they then appear to become whiter and whiter, the 
bars gradually becoming evanescent and reduced to frecHings, until, 
in some individuals, these plumes are entirely white. I am inclined 
to think that the bars decrease in number with the age of the bird, 
and that the individuals with pure white axillaries are the older 
birds. Against this idea must be reckoned the fact that the whiter-
plumed birds are more frequently found in Eastern localities, as 
mentioned above, and there may be two races—an Eastern and a 
Western one, in which case the variation in the marking of the 
axillaries may be due to an admixture of the strain of the Asiatic 
Snipe with that of the Western form. 

Nestling. Covered with down of a chestnut colour, interspersed 
with black along the back, and prettily variegated with silvery 

70. GAIXIffAGO.
tips to the feathers; below the eye is a whitish streak, bordered 
with lines of black; under surface of body bright chestnut, with 
a black spot on the throat and a black line across the fore-
neck. 

Hah. Europe generally and Northern Asia, up to about lat. 70°, 
migrating south in winter to Senegambia, N.E. Africa, India, and 
the Malayan countries, as far as Batchian. It occurs in Greenland, 
but only occasionally in North America, and is accidental in 
Bermuda. 

a-h. <$ $ ad. sk. Island of Tiree, Aug., Dec. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
I Ad. sk. Scotland {E. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
k, I Ad. et pull. England. Gould OoU. 

sk. 
m, n. Ad.; o,p. Derbyshire (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Pull. sk. 
q~u. S 2 ad. ; Derbyshire, April, May. Gould Coll. 
v-x. Pull, sk. 
y, %. S ad. sk. Lincolnshire, Sept. 9. G. EL Caton-Haigh, 
Esq. [P.]. 
a\ $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, March (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Godman). 
b', c'. Juv. et Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 
pull. st. 
d'. cf ad. sk. Yarmouth, Oct. 29 (J. R Seebohm CoU. 
Ifar ting). 
e'i f'. Ad. sk. Norfolk. A.Thoinson,Esq.[P.]. 

a(^-J

g', h\ <$ 2 Norfolk, June. Lord Wal&ingham 

i'-m\ Pull. st. [P.]. 
n\ Imm. sk. Romney Marsh, Kent, Sept. 24. Dr. R. B. Sharpe[P.]. 
o'j p'. <$ 2 ad. Sussex, Feb., March (J. JEJ. Seebohm Coll. 

sk. Harting). 
q'. 2 ad. sk. Balcombe, Sussex, March (F. Gould Coll. 


Bond). 
/, s'. $ ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, Nov., Feb. Dr. R.B. Sharpe[P.]. 
tf. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
u'. <$ ad. sk. Cornwall. D. W. Mitchell, 

Esq. [P.]. 
i/, to'. Ad. sk. Cornwall (Bodd). Gould Coll. 
a,'. 2 ad. sk. St. Bride's, S. Wales, April 10. Hon. W. Edwardes 

[P.]. 
y\ Pale variety Ireland (Earl of Antrim). Harting Coll. 


st. 
z\ a". Ad. sk. Ireland. Seebohm Coll. 
b". Juv. sk. Belfast. Gould Coll. 
c". Juv. sk. Castle Caldwell, July 29 (A. B. Seebohm Coll. 


Brooke), 
d". $ ad. sk. Co. Mayo, Dec. 8. F. J. Simpson, Esq. 

e". d ad. sk. Bog of Crihelp, Kildare, Feb. 9. Seebohm Coll. 
/" . Ad. sk. Barna, Co. Galway, Nov. {Lieut. Seebohm Coll. 
Beadwell). 
g", h". S 2 ad. Milford, Co. Donegal, Feb. 6. E.LortPhillips, Esq. 

sk. [P.]. 
i". Pull. st. Europe. Purchased. 
k", I". 6 ad. sk Heligoland? Nov., Dec. (L. Seebohm Coll. 


Gatke). m 

640 

m". Ad. sk. 
n". S ad. sk. 
o",p". Ad.sk. 

q". $ ad. sk. 
r". Ad. sk. 
s". Ad. sk. 
t". Ad. sk. 
u". Ad. sk. 

v"-y". <$ ad. sk. Moscow, Sept., Oct. 
z". Ad. sk. Cyprus, April 16. 
#3. J ad. sk. Plain of Gennesaret. 

b\ c3. <$ $ ad. sk. Mesopotamia( CommanderJones).India Museum. 

d3 

. Juv. sk. 

e3. Ad. sk, 
/3. Ad. sk. 

3~i3.6 2 ad sk

g-


&3. Ad. sk. 
l\ Ad. sk. 
m3. Ad. sk. 
n3. (J ad. sk. 


o. $ ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
5 ad. sk. 

5s 

. $ ad. sk. 

t3 

. J ad. sk. 
u3. $ ad. sk. 
*?3, w3. $ ad. sk. 
a8, y3. d $ ad. 

sk. 
z3. <$ ad. sk. 

;4, £*. <J ad. sk. 
ca4. Ad. sk. 
# , e4. Ad. sk. 

f\ 2 ad. sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
h\ i\ Ad. sk. 
&4, l\ Ad. sk. 
m4. $ ad. sk. 
w4. Ad. sk. 
o4. Ad. sk. 

 Ad, sk. 

P\

CHAKADEIIDJS. 

Wesel, Germany, Oct, 16. 

Hungary, Nov. 12. 

Near Malaga, Spain, Jan. 
Gibraltar, Jan. 12. 
Gambia. 

Ernst Hartert, Esq.[
E.]. _ 
Hungarian National 

Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
Colonel Irby [P.]. 
Governor Kendall. 

(Type of G. latipenms, Hartl.) 

Sousa, Tunis, March 2 (0."Salvin). 
Ghizeh, Egypt, March 14 (S. S.
Allen). 

Archangel. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll* 

 Seebohm Coll. 

Dr.RB.Sharpe[P.], 
Seebohm Coll. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 
Canon Tristram [P.]« 


Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct. W. D. Cummins*. 

Esq. [PA 
Socotra. Prof. Balfour [C.]. 
Aden, Nov. 17. Capt. C. G. Nurse 

fc.]. 

Valley of the Yen-e-sai, June 

Seebohm CoU.

(H. 8.). 
Yarkand, Nov. 11 (F. StoliczJca). Yarkand Mission. 
Pan] a, April (F. Btoliczha). 
Kulu {Major Hay). 
Tchinas, Turkestan, Sept. 

(Bussow). 

Gulran, Northern Afghanistan, 

March (/. B. Aitchison). 
Pushut (Griffith). 
Candahar, Sept.(j$£r 0. St. John). 
Dost Ali, Upper Sind, Jan. 8 

(A. O. JET.)Karachi, 
Nov. 15 (F.A.Butler), 
Deesa, Sept. 19 (F. A. Butler). 
Delhi, Eeb. 6 (C. T. Bingham). 
Gurgaon Distr., Jan. (A. O.H.). 
Gurgaon Distr., Dec, Jan. 
(W.N. Chill). 
Eohtuk, Punjab, Feb. 16 (A. 0. 
Sirsa,*Dec. (A. 0. H.), 
Dhoon. 
Etawah, Jan. 
Rahun, Etawah, Dec. 29 (A. 


Anderson). 
AUygurh, Oct. 27. 
Oudh. 
Oudh, Jan. 
Chumparun, March 27 (JS, M. 

Adam). 

Kurnal, Feb. 
Mirzapur, Oudh, March 7 (E. 
Thompson). 

Behar. 

Yarkand Mission. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Afghan Delimitation 

Commission. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll, 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume CoH 
Pinwill CoH, 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

70 . GALLINAGO. 
£44

-w. Ad. sk. 

v^-y1. Ad. sk. 
z^-W. tf$ ad. 

sk. 
c5-fi Ad. sk. 
#*. Ad. sk. 
# . Var. albino 

sk. 

i5 

. Ad. sk. 
Jcs, I5. $ ad. sk. 

m5j n5. Ad. sk. 
o*' Ad. sk. 
jp5. (J ad. sk. 
q5, r5. tf $ ad. sk. 
s5, £5. Ad. sk. 
u5. S ad. sk. 
v5, io\ $ ad. sk. 

Xs 

. Ad. sk. 

#5. <$ ad. sk. 
s5. $ ad. sk. 

a$. Ad. sk. 
¥. c? ad. sk. 


c8. 5 ad. sk, 

d\ Ad. sk. 
eB,f6. Ad. sk. 


$M*. tf$ ad.sk. 

&66 6

-rc. Ad.; o, 
2?6. Albino var. 
sk. 

#8, r6. Ad. sk. 
s6, £8. Ad. sk. 


uB. Ad. sk. 
i?6. Ad. sk. 
w6. Ad. sk. 
x6-a7. Ad. sk. 


57, c7. $ ad. sk. 

d7, £7. c? ad. sk. 

/7, /. c? ad. sk. 

A?. 5 ad. sk. 
t7. Ad. sk. 
# . Ad. sk. 


r . Skeleton. 
m7. Sternum. 
n7. SkuU. 
VOL. XXIV. 

Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of G. uniclavata, Hodgs.) 


Nepal (B. J3J. Hodgson). 
Nepal Valley, Nov., April 

(J. Scully). 
DarjUing (Col. Shaiye). 
Assam (A, TV. Chennell). 
Calcutta (E. Blyth). 
Calcutta, Feb. 11. 
Western Kkandeish, Dec, Jan. 


(J. Davidson). 
Deccan (Syhes). 
Coorg. 
S.W. Sylhet, Jan. 20 (A.O. J3JJ). 
Manipur, Jan., Feb. {A. 0. BJ.). 
Tonghoo (Colonel Lloyd). 
Kabwet, Upper Burma, Jan. 9. 
Pegu, Feb., March (E. W. 0.). 
Pabyouk, Attaran Distr. (W. 
Davison). 
Assoon, March 3 (W.Davison). 
Salang, Island of Tonka, Feb. 18 

(J. Darling). 
Malacca, July ( W. Davison). 
Mouth of Amur River, Aug. 22 
(Dorries). 

Seoul, Corea, March 31. 

Yeddo, Japan (C. M'Vean). 
Hakodadi, Sept., Nov. (JBJ. 
Whitely). 
Hakodadi, May, Sept (Blakiston). 
Yokohama (JET. Fryer fy 0. 
Snow). 

China (J. JR. JReeves). 
Kiukiang, Oct., April. 


Amoy (JR. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, Oct. (JR. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, Sept. (JR. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, Oct., Nov., Feb., March 


(JR. Swinhoe). 

Takow, Formosa, Oct., Jan. 

(JR. Swinhoe). 

Lagima de Bai, Luzon, Feb. 
(A B. Meyer). 
Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb. 

(A. JS. Everett). 
Batchian. 
Canada (Sir Charles Shelley)* 
Bermudas (Wedderburn). 
England. 
England. 


S. &ermany. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll, 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


C. W. Campbell. 
Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Tweeddale CoU. 


Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gould CoU. 

F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm CoU. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale CoU. 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale CoU. 

Jardine CoU. 

Purchased. 

J. Ingall, Esq. 
Dr. Giinther [0.]. 
2i 


642 CHAKADKIIDJS. 

Sabine's Snipe. 

o7. Ad. sk. Ireland (Williams). Harting Coll. 
(Cf. Zool. 1877, p. 24.) 
p7. Ad. sk. Ballycoimell, Co. Cavan, Ireland, Harting Coll. 
Nov. 17,1845. (Cf. Thompson, B. Irel. ii. p. 275.) 
q7. Ad. sk. Queen's Co., Ireland (Vigors Zoological Society. 
Coll.). (Type of Scolopax sabinei.) 
r7. Ad. sk. Island of Tiree, Jan. Capt. Willoughby 
Vemer [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Romsey, Hants, Oct. (J.Baker). Harting Coll. 

f. <$ ad. sk. Near Paris, Feb. 1854. Purchased. 
6. G-allinago delicata. 
Scolopax gallinago (nee Linn), Wilson, Amer. Orn. vi. p. 18, pi. 147. 
fig. 1 (1812); dOrbign. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 
p. 231 (1839); Lawr.Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 451 (1878 : Guade


loupe). 
Scolopax delicata, Ord, ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ix. p. 218 (1825). 
Scolopax wilsoni, Temm. PI. Col v. livr. 68 (1826); Bp. Ami. Lye. 

N. Y. ii. p. 330 (1826) ; Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 401 
(1831: Hudson's Bay); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 322, pL 243 
(1835), v. p. 583 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 339, pi. ceel. 
(1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 261 (1844); Sundev. CEfv. K. 
Vet-Akad. Fork Stockh. 1869, p. 587 (St. Bartholomew), p. 601 
(Porto Rico); Trippe, JProc. Essex Inst. YL p. 119 (1871: 
Minnesota, April to Oct.); Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 458 (1871: Rio 
de Janeiro). 
Scolopax "brehmi (necKaup), Bp. Observ. Wilson's Amer. Orn. no. 204 
(1826). 
Scolopax drummondi, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 400 
(1831: Rocky Mountains); Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 319 (1839). 
Scolopax douglasii, Swains. Faun. B or.~ Amer., Birds, p. 400 (1831: 

Columbia River). 
Wilson's Snipe, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 185 (1834). 
Drurnmond's Snipe, Nuttall, t. c. p. 190. 
Douglas's Snipe, Nuttall) t. c. p. 191. 
Gallinago drummondi, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. fy N. Amer. p. 52 

(1838); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 
(1856). 

Callinago wilsoni, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. fy N. Amer. p. 52 (1838); 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. Il l (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 
(1846); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 353 (1847) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. 
Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); GundL 

J.f. 0.1856, p. 350 (Cuba); Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 310 (Mexico) ; 
Cass, in Baircts B. N. Amer. p. 710 (1858) ; Henry, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. PMlad. 1859, p. 108 (New Mexico); Xantus, t. c. p. 192 
(Fort Tejon, California); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 64 (Omoa); 
Scl. t. c. p. 369 (Jalapa); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. 
p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); Scl. 8f Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 228; A. $ F. 
. Newt, t. c. p. 258 (St. Croix); G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 314 
(Comayagua, Honduras) ,* Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. yii. 

p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 80 (Jamaica); Gimdl 
J.f.O. 1862, p. 85 (Cuba); Boardm. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 
ix, p. 128 (1862: Calais, Maine); Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, p. 131; 
70 . GALLDJTAGO. 
643 

March, Proc. Acad. Nat Scl Philad. 1864, p. 67 (Jamaica) ; Scl 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 178 (Mexico); Schl Mm. Pays-Bas, Seolopaces, 
p. 6 (1864); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 36 (San Antonio, Texas); 
Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 280 (Mosquitia Coast); Allen, Mem. 
Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 501 (1868: Western Iowa); Later, Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 141 (1868: Costa Rica) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 425 (Vancouver Island); Dall fy Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. 
p. 291 (1869: Sitka; Kadiak); Stevenson, Geol Surv. Terr. 1870, 
p. 466 (Fort Sanders, Wyoming); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 
(Veragua) ; Allen, Bull Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 355 (1871: Florida) ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 52, no. 10335 (1871); Trippe, Proc. Post. 
Soc. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 240 (1872: Iowa, spring and autumn); 
Allen, Bull Mus. C Z. iii. p. 181 (1872 : Ogden, Utah) ; Merriam, 
Geol Surv. Terr. 1872, p. 700 (Fort Ellis, Montana); Coues, Key 
N Amer. B. p. 252 (1872); Scl fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. 
p. 144 (1873); Cones, B. 2?.-West, p. 475 (1874); Laior. Mem. 
Bost Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 308 (1874: Mazatlan; Colima); 
Hensh. Pep. Zool Expl 100th Merid. p. 452 (1875 : Utah ; 
Arizona); Gundl J. f. O. 1875, p. 321 (Cuba); id. Anal Soc. 
E<>p. Hist Nat. viii. p. 368 (1878: Porto Rico); Cows, Bull 
U.S. Geol Surv. iv. p. 638 (1878 : Mouse River, Dakota, Sept.); 
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 161 (1878: Fort Brown); 
Later, t. c. p. 197 (St. Vincent), pp. 238, 242 (Antigua and 
Barbuda); Belding, t c. pp. 392, 448 (California); Scl # Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 547 (Medellin, Antioquia); Maynard, B. Past. 
N. Amer, p. 375 (1879); A.% E. Newt Handb. Jamaica, p. 116 
(1881); Coues, Chech-list N. A mer. B. p. 100 (1882); Belding, Proc. 
U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 534 (1883 : San Jos6, California); Stearns, 
op. cit vi. p. 119 (1883 : Labrador); Belding, t. c. p. 351 (La Paz, 
Lower California); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgway, Water-B. N. 
Amer. i. p. 188 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 621 
(1884) ; Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 286 (1885 : S.E. Dakota) • Seton, t. c. 
p. 336 (Toronto); Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. p. 246 
(1885: Labrador); A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 148 (1886); 
Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 492 (Barbados); Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl 
Mus. Hem. p. 331 (1890: Mexico). 
Gallinago douglasii, Gray, Gen. iii. p. 583 (1846); Bp. C. R. xliii. 

p. 579 (1856). 
Telmatias (Scolopax) wilsoni, Reiehenb. Grail Taf. ccclvi.figs. 279092 
(1850). 
Gallinago gaHinaria, var. wilsonii, Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 383 
(1874). 
Gallinago media wilsoni, Ridgw. Nomencl N. Amer. 2?. p. 44(1881); 
Nelson, Cruise R.S.i Corwin/ p. 85 (1883 : Coasts of Bering Sea, 
breeding); Brew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Wells, List B. 
Grenada, p. 8 (1886). 

Gallinago delicata, 
Turner, Contr. Nat Hist Alaska, p. 146 (1886: 
St. Michael's, June); Evermann, Auk, iii. p. 91 (1886: Ventura 
Co., California) ; Seton, t c. p, 151 (Manitoba); Anthony, t. c. 

p. 164 (Oregon); Evermann, t. c. p. 179 (N. Carolina); Fox, t c. 
p. 320 (Tennessee); Scott, t c. p. 386 (Arizona) ; Ferran-Perez, 
Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. ix. p. 178 (1886: Valley of Mexico); Wells, 
t c. p. 628 (Grenada); Toiuns. op. cit x. pp. 198, 233 (1887: 
Humboldt Bay); Beckham, t. c. pp. 640, 652 (Texas): Nelson, 
Nat Hist. Coll Alaska, p. 100 (1887: St. Michael's and Lower 
Yukon); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 96 (1887: Martinique); Beckham, t c. 
p. 121 (Colorado); Lloyd, t c. p. 185 {W. Texas); Cory, t c. 
CHABADKIIDiB. 

p. 311 (Bahamas) ; Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1887); 
Merrill, Auk, v. p. 144 (1888: Oregon); Chapm. t. c. p. 270 
(Gaiusville, Florida); Evermann, t. c. p. 348 (Indiana) ; Cory, 
B. West Indies, p. 232 (1889); Bishop, Auk, vi. p. 146 (1889: 
Magdalen Isl.); Scott, t. c. p. 156 (Tarpon Springs, Florida) $ 
Pindar, t. c. p. 312 (Kentucky); Warren, B. Pennsylvania, p. 80? 
pi. ix. (1890); Balmer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 200 (1890 : 
St. John's) ; Thompson, t. c. p. 498 (Manitoba); Eagle-Clarke, 
Suwanee River); Allen, t. e. p. 165 (Bras d'Or Region); MacfarL 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 426 (1891 : Anderson l£ivei> 
breeding); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 12 (1892: Jamaica); Laicr. t. c, 

p. 42 (Gray's Harbour, Washington); Mackay, t. c. p. 199 (W. 
Jbarnstable) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Coloosahatehie Region, Florida); 
Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texas); Cory, Cat. B. West 
Indies, p. 92 (1892: Lesser and Greater Antilles; Bahamas); 
Batch, B. Minnesota, p. 120 (1892); Cherrie, Auk, ix. p. 329 
(1892: San Jos6, Costa Rica); Anthony, t c. p. 360 (S.E. New 
Mexico); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. \. p. 33 (1893: Mexico); 
Bwight, Auk, x. p. 8 (1893: Prince Edward Island): Allen, t. c. 
p. 125; White, t. c. p. 223 (Mackinac Island); Richm. Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 526 (1893: San Carlos, Nicaragua); Jouy, t. c. 
p. 791 (Central Mexico); Richm. fy Enoiclton, 'Auk, xi. p. 301 
(1894: Fort Ellis, Montana) ; Thome, Auk, xii. p. 213 (1895 : 
Fort Keogh, Montana); McKay, t. c. p. 310 (Massachusetts); 
Wayne, t. c. p. 364 (Florida). 
Scolopax gallinago wikoni, 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 480 
(1888). 

Adult male. Similar to G. gallinago, and with the head striped 
down the centre of the crown, but having sixteen tail-feathers; 
axillaries transversely barred with black and white : breast barred 
with dusky blackish: " bill brownish (greenish grey in life), paler 
at the base and darker towards the end; iris dark brown, light 
greenish grey in life" (B. Bidgway). Total length 10*7 inches, 
culmen 2*4, wing 5, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10*3 inches, 
culmen 2-5, wing 5-2, tail 2% tarsus 1-2. 

On the differences between Wilson's Snipe and the Common 
Snipe it will be well to quote the remarks of the late Mr. Seebohm. 
After enumerating the characters of the species as given 
above, he writes:—" So far as I know, the American birds are 
always constant to their characters, but unfortunately for the 
validity of the two species there is not one of these characters 
(except perhaps the very short bill, which is not always characteristic 
of the American form) which does not frequently occur in 
examples from the Old World. Hume says that in India Eantailed 
Snipes with sixteen tail-feathers are common enough. Snipes 
with barred axillaries are, perhaps, the rule, rather than the 
exception, even in England, Snipes with transversely barred 
breasts are occasionally found in the Old World, and the number of 

70 . GALLIKAGO. 
l>ars across the outer tail-feathers of British-killed examples varies 

from three to five. Nevertheless I have never seen an Old-World 

example of a Snipe possessing all the characters of the American 

Hah. North America, breeding from the northern United States 
northward; in winter visiting Bermuda, the "West Indies, and 

extending sparingly to Colombia and Brazil. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. J ad. sk. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
d. S ^d. sk. 
e,f. Ad. sk. 
g} h, i. Ad. sk. 
k, I. Ad. sk. 
m9 n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q, r. Ad. sk. 
$. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
v. Ad. sk. 
w. <$ ad. sk. 
£*, y. $ ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
u\ 5 ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
c', ol. <J § ad. 

e'. Ad. sk. 

/' , </'. 6 ad. sk. 

h'. J ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 
Jc'. d1 ad.; l'-p'. 
$ ad. sk. 
tq\ r'. Ad. sk. 
.£'. <3 ad. sk. 

St. Michael's, Alaska, June 1 

(JE. W. Nelson: Henshaw 
Coll). 
Pumiktalik River, Alaska (E. 

W. Nelson: Henshaw Coll.). 
Fort Reliance, Alaska, May 2 
(K W. Nelson: Henshaw 
Coll.). 

Fort Simpson. 
Vancouver Island. 
British Columbia. 
49th Parallel (G. M. Dawson). 
Hudson's Bay. 


Repulse Bay. 
Canada (Sir Charles Shelley). 
Canada. 
Lake Ontario, Canada West. 


Toronto. 
Niagara Falls. 
New Brunswick. 


Cape May, New Jersey, April. 
New Haven, Connecticut, Oct. 


(A. J. JDayan: Henshaw 
Coll.). 
Waukegan, Illinois, May 4 (E. 

W. Nelson: Henshato Coll.). 
Tuldik, Washington Territory, 
Jan. 1 {Henshaw Coll.). 
Nicasio, Marine Co., California, 
Feb. 6 (Henshaw Coll.). 
Carson, Nevada, Nov. 21 (Henshaw 
Coll.). 

Pennsylvania. 
Washington, D.C., March, 
April, Sept. (Henshaw Coll.). 
Rigolets, Louisiana, April 4 

(Henshaio Coll.). 

Bermuda. 

Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., 

Nov. (F. B. Armstrong). 
Mexico. 
Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz, Dec. 

(M. Trujillo). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B.R.Ross, Esq. [P.]. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
N. A. Bound. Comm. 
Hudson's Bav Comp. 
[P.]. 
Dr. Rae [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

C. J. Phelips, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. Savile Reid 

[O.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Savile Reid 
[C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

t'. $ ad. sk. 

v!. Ad. sk. 
v\ $ ad. ; w', 
xf. $ ad. sk. 
y', J ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 

a". Ad. sk. 

V\ <$ ad. sk. 

c". Ad. sk. 

d". $ ad. sk. 

e". $ ad. sk. 

f'-h". 6 2 ad. 

I", m". 6 2 ad. 
sk. 
ri'-f". 6 ad.sk. 

q". Ad. sk. 

r". tf ad. sk. 

$". 6 ad. sk. 

t". Ad. sk. 

»". Ad. sk. 

w". $ ad. sk. 

x". Ad. sk. 
y". Ad. sk. 
z", a\ Ad. sk. 

b\ $ ad. sk. 

c3. Ad. sk. 

CHlBADBIIDiB. 

Vera Cruz, March (Ferrari" 

Perez). 
Jalapa (de Oca). 
Teapa, Feb. (D. W. Smith). 


Cayo, British Honduras, 

Nov. 15 (F, Blancaneaux). 
Guatemala. 
Guatemala. 
San Geronimo, Vera Paz, 


Oct. 29 (O. Salvin). 
Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. (0. Sal


vin), 
Choctum, Vera Paz (0. Salvin). 
Tactic, Vera Paz, Jan. (O. 

Salvin). 
Dueiias, Oct. (0. Salvin). 

Dueiias, Oct. (0. Salvin). 

Atitlan, Guatemala (5000 ft.), 

Dec. (W. B. Richardson). 
Costa Rica (A. R. Endres). 
Bibala, Chiriqrti, Veragua (E. 

Arci). 
Medeffin, U.S. Colombia (T. 

K. Salmon). 
Caracas, Venezuela. 
Maroni River, Surinam 

(Xappler). 

St. Vincent, West Indies, Feb. 

(D. W. Smith). 
Grenada, W.I, Oct. 20 (D. 
W. 
Smith). 

St. Nevis, W.I. 
Rio Negro, Amazonia. 
Bahia, Brazil [Dr. Wucherer). 
Rio de Janeiro. 


Rio de Janeiro. 


7. Gallinago frenata. 
Salvin-Godman Coll.. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Gould Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 

Seebobm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll* 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

Seebohra Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll* 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
W.Cottle,Esq. [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Alexander Fry, Esq. 

Purchased. 

Becasina seconda, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 275, no. 388 (1805). 

Scolopax frenata, Illiger; Licht. Verz. Doubly. 75 (1823); Neuicied, 
Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 712 (1833); Marti. Ind. Azara, p. 24 
(1847); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 758 (1848); Burnt. 
Th. Bras. in. p. 377 (1856: Lagoa Santa); id. Reise La Plata-
St. li. p. 503 (1861); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 312, 458 (1871: 
Sapitiba, March, May; San Paulo, Jan.; Ypanema, Feb., April, 
Aug.; Villa de Castro, Dec.; Irisanga, Feb.; Caicara, March) ; 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 494 (1888). 

Scolopax brasiliensis, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am&i\, Birds, p. 400, note(
1831: Brazil). 

Gallinago paraguaise, pt, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846). 

Telmatias (Scolopax) frenata, Reichenb. Gh-all tab. ccclvi. figs. 278889(
1850). 

70 . GALLOTAGO. 
647 
Gallinago frenata, LicM. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854; 

S. America); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Schl Mus. Fays-Basf 
Scolopaces, p. 9 (1864: Surinam and Brazil); Sol.fy Salv. Exotic 
Orn. p. 196 (1869); iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 788 (Venezuela); Gray, 
Mand-l. B. iii. p. 53, no. 10338 (1871); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Ernst, Estud. Flor. y Faun. Venezuela, p. 312 
(1877: Merida); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 359 (Pernambuco, 
breeding) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 607 (1882); id. Ibis, 1886, 
p. 179 (British Guiana); Biker 8? Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 163 (1891: 
Santarem, Brazil;; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. v. p. 150 (1893 .• 
Matto Grosso, Nov.). 
Gallinago wilsoni {nee Temm.), ZSot. Ois. Trinid. p. 484 (1866). 
Seolopax frenata brasiliensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138. 
? Gallinago delicata (nee Ord), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. vi. p. 78 


(1894: Trinidad). 

Adult male. Of the same form as G. delicata, with a pale stripe 
down the crown, and having 16 tail-feathers; but distinguished by 
the first or outer secondaries being conspicuously longer than the 
primary-coverts; the outer tail-feathers decidedly narrower than in 

G. delicata. Total length 10 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 4*9, tail 2, 
tarsus 1*2. 
Adult female. Does not differ from the male. Total length 
10 inches, culmen 2*9, wing 4*7, tail 2, tarsus 1*3. 
Hah. South America, from Venezuela and Guiana to Southern 
Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and the province of Tarapaca in 
Chili. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela (Goering). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
b. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Seebohm Coll. 
c-d. <$ J ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana, Jan., Seebohm Coll. 
June (H. WHtely). 
Merum6 
Mountains, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guiana, July (JET. Whitely). 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman ColL 
Feb. 18 (EC. Whitely). 
ft. $ 
ad. sk. Aunai, British Guiana, May 17 Salvin-Godman ColL 
(EC. Whitely). 

i. Ad. sk. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Quelch & F. 
V. C. McConnell, 
Esqs. [P.]. 
k, I 6 ad.; Cayenne. Seebohm Coll. 

m. $ ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
Seebohm Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Para. 
R. Graham, Esq. 
[P.]. 

jp. Ad. sk. River Amazons. Purchased. 

a. Ad. sk. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. 
Ad. sk. Santa Fe*, Minas Geraes Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Rodgers). 

s. S ad. sk. Pelotas, Bio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joyner). 

t. S ad. sk. Ypanema, April (J. Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u. Ad. sk. Bahia. Sudbury Museum. 
v, w. Ad. sk. Bahia. Seebohm Coll. 
648 
CHABADEITDJE. 

x. 
r? ad. sk. Eio de Janeiro. Alexander Pry, Esq, 
[P.]. 
y. Ad. sk. Uruguay. 
Alan Peel, Esq. [C.]. 
z. Ad. sk. Mendoza, Nov. (Burmeister). Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
a'. 
<$ imm. sk. Sacaya, Tarapaca, April {A. A. Berkeley James Coll, 
Lane). 

Subsp. a. Grallinago andina. 

Scolopax frenata {nee Licht.), Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. pp. 52, 299 
(1845-46). 
GaHinago frenata {nee LieU.), Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 156 
(Tungasuca, Peru, 11,000 to 14,000 ffc.). 
Scolopax andina, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 561 (Junin, Pern) ; Scl. $ 
Salv. P. Z. S.1876, pp. 17,19 (Tinta, Peru); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, 

p. 213 (Cutervo, Peru, 9000 ft., Dec, Jan.); id. Orn. Perou, iii. 
p. 375 (1886). 
Scolopax frenata 
andina, Seehohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138; id. Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 497 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to G. frenata, and having the first or outer 
secondaries decidedly longer than the primary-coverts, but the size 
much smaller and the axillaries whiter, the blackish cross-bars 
being very narrow: "bill dull yellow for the basal half, and 
blackish brown at the tip; feet (in skin) of a dull flesh-colour; iris 
dark brown" (JelsM). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 2*1, 
wing 4*6, tail 1*8, tarsus 1. 

* 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8*3 inches, 
culmen 1*95, wing 4*5, tail 1*7, tarsus 1. 
Hah. Peru. 

a, b. $ 2 ad. sk. Lake Junin, Central Peru Seebohm Coll. 
{Stolzmann). 
c* $ ad. sk. Tungasuca, Peru, May 28 Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(J5T, Whitely). 

8. Gallinago nobiHs. 
Gallinago nobilis, Scl P. Z. S. 1856, p. 31 (Bogota); Bp. 0. JR. 
xliiL p. 579; Schl Mus. Pays-Bos, Scolopaces, p. 9 (1864: 
Bogota); Scl. 8f Salv. Exotic Orn. p. 196, pL xcviii. (1869); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 53, no. 10337 (1871); Scl $ Salv. Nomenel. Av. 
Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Pel*. Ibis, 1875, p. 332; ScL 8? Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 547 (Retiro, U.S. Colombia); Berlepseh % Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 313 (Western Ecuador); Heine $ Peichm. 
Womencl Mus. Hein. p. 331 (1890: Bogota). 
Gallinago granadensis, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856). 
Scolopax nobilis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 133; id. Geogr. Distr. 

Charadr. p. 498 (1888). 

Adult male. Of the same group as G. delicata, but differing in its 
enormous bill, which is more than 3 inches in length; the fore-
neck and chest are likewise much more thickly mottled with black; 
the feet and toes are much larger and heavier than in G. delicata 

649 

70 . GALLINAGO. 
and its allies. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 4*1, wing 6, 
tail 2*4, tarsus 1*7. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 11*5 inches, 
.oilmen 3'75, wing 5*7, tail 2, tarsus 1-4. 

Nestling. Patterned with velvety black and vinous rufous, the 
feathers slightly tipped with silvery white; the wings chestnut, 
with a little black at the base; forehead and sides of face chestnut, 
with scattered spots of velvety black, one on the forehead, another 
on the vertex, separated by chestnut mottling from the black on the 
nape ; a narrow line of black across the lores, joining a streak of 
hlack which traverses the fore part of the face and cheeks; under 
surface of body chestnut, with a black spot on the chin, another on 
each side of the lower throat, and another spot on each side of the 
breast, the abdomen inclining to isabelline, with a black mark on 
the flanks. 

Hab. Colombia and Ecuador. 

a,b. <3 $ ad. sk. Retiro (7000 ft.), Antioquia, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Colombia (T. K. Sabnon). 
JC, d. Ad. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq. 


£. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
J, g, h. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i-n. Ad. sk. Bogota. Seebohin Coll. 

4. Pull. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
j?. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
,#. Ad. sk. Maraviua, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 

9. G-alliiiago macrodactyla. 
Gallinago macrodactvla, Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital, Ucc. fasc. xxv. 
(P)"; id. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 52, / $ "M 
no. 10330, pt. (1871); Harting, P. Z. & 1882, p. 355 (Madagascar) 
; Ridgw. JProc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 331 (1882). 

Gallinago elegans, Desjardin, Quatr. Rapp. Ann. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. 
Maurice (1834: teste Milne-Fdwards fy Grandidier); Gray, Gen. 

B. iii. p. 583(1846). 
-Gallinago mauritiana, Desjardin, Quatr. Rapp. Ann. Soc. d'Hist. 
Nat. Maurice (1834 : teste Milne-Edwards $ Grandidier). 
Scolopax elegans, Desjardin, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 204 (Mauritius). 
Scolopax mauritiana, Desjardin, t. c. p. 204 (Mauritius). 
Gallinula bernieri, Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 279; Hartl. Faun. 

Madag. p. 78 (1861); Roch <$• Newt. Ibis, 1864, p. 172 (Foule 
Point, Nov.) 5 Pollen, Nederl Tijdschr. Dierk. i. p. 322 (1863); 


A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837 (Madagascar); Grandid. Rev. et 
Mag. de Zool 1868, p. 4; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 399 (Madagascar) 
; Gray. Hand4. B. iii. p. 52, no. 10334 (1871) ; Hartl. 
Vdg. Madag. p. 333 (1877) ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 772 
(S.E. Betsileo); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar). 
Gallinago 
nigripennis (pt.), Finsch §* Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 769 
(1870). 


•Gallinago nigripennis, var. bernieri, Milne-Fdwards § Grandid. Hist. 
Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 637, pi. 260 (1882). 
650 
CHAKADRIIDJE. 

Scolopax nobilis macrodactyla, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138; %d, 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 499 (1888). 

Adult Of the same group of Snipes as G. gallinago, G, delicaia^ &e.T 
but with the hill more than 3 inches in length. In this character 
it approaches G. nobilis, hut it is not so heavy a bird, and can be 
distinguished by the slightly longer toes, and by having the white-
bars on the axiHaries broader than the black ones : " bill blackish ; 
feet dark grey; iris black" (A. Grandidier). Total length 
13 inches, culmen 3*7, wing 5'5, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*6. 

Hah. Madagascar and Mauritius. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. 
Old Coll. 
b, c. Ad.; d. Pull. Madagascar. Seebohin Coll. 
sk. 

e. $ ad. sk. Nossi Vola, Madagascar, Nov. 12 Seebohm Coll. 
(Crossley). 
f. 
Ad. sk. Fantoferona, West of Antananarivo, Seebohm ColL 
Madagascar, July (W. Deans 
Cowan). 
10. G-allinago paragnayaB. 
Becasina prima, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 271, no. 387 (1805). 

Scolopax paraguaise, 
Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 3*56 (1816) *r 
id. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1160 (1823); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 
(Chili); Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847); Tamil, P. Z. S. 1847y 

p. 54 (Chili), 
Scolopax magellanicus, King, Zool Journ. iv. p. 93 (1833). 
Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaise, Gould in Dancings Toy. c Beagle,7 
Birds, p. 131 (1841: Valparaiso; Maldonado; Rio Plata). 
Scolopax (Telmatias) magellanicus, Gould in Darwin's Voy.i Beagle? 
Birds, p. 131 (1841: Maldonado; E. Falkland*). 

Gallinago magellanicus, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mm. p. Ill (1844) ; 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Gay, Faun. CML, Zool. i. p. 427 
(1847); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Sol P. Z. S. 1860, p. 387 
(Falkland Is.) • Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland Is.). 

Gallinago 
paraguaige, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. Ill (1844) ; 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856); SchL 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 11 (1864: Chili & Falkland Is.); 
8cl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 339 (Chili); id. $ Salvin, P. Z. S.1868, 

p. 144 (Conchitas); iid. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point, Straits of 
Magellan) ; iid. Bxotic Orn. p. 196 (1869) ; Gray, Handr-l. B. iii. 
p. 53, no. 10336 (1871); 8cl. $ 8alv. Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 
(1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 198 (Buenos Avres); 8cl $> Salv, 
P. Z. S.1878, p. 438 (Puerto Bueno; Falkland Is.); iid. Bep. Voy. 
< Challenger; Zool. ii. Birds, p. 109 (1880); 8harpe, P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 15 (Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan) ; Barrows, Auk, i. p. 314 
(1884: Lower Uruguay); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 (Paysandu, 
Uruguay); Withington, Bis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora); 
8cl. $ Huds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 181 (1889); Heine 8? Beichen, 
NomencL Mus. Hein. p. 331 (1890: Chili); Lucas, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 130 (1890: Laredo Bay, Straits of Magellan); 
8cl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137, pt. (Tarapaea); Oust. Miss. 8ci. Cap 
Horn, Ois. p. 124 (1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 (Argentine 
Republic); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150 (Lower Pilcomayo) j , 
70 . GALLDSTAGO. 
651 

Holland, t. e. p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla); James, New List 

Chilian B. p. 11 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, pp. 207, 215 (Uru


guay). 

Gallinago longirostris, Cuvier, in Mus. Paris; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579* 

(1856). 

Gallinago frenata (part.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 53, no. 10338


Gallinago frenata (nee Idcht), Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos-

Ayres, Oct. 15; ? breeding). 

Gallinago paraguayse, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 607 (1882). 

Scolopax frenata magellanica, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138; id. Geogr.-

Distr. Charadr. p. 496 (1888). 

Scolopax frenata chilensis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 496 

(1888). 

Adult male. Similar to G. delicata, but with the outer tail-

feathers narrower and haying five distinct bars ; the outer or first 

secondaries not exceeding the longest primary-coverts in length; 

the greater coverts 
very broadly barred -with rufous and dusky 

brown; " feet and toes pale yellow; iris almost black" (T. With


ingtori). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 2'6, wing 5, tail 2r 

tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10*5 inches,, 

culmen 2-8, wing 5-25, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*3. 

The general aspect of this species is more sandy-coloured and 
paler than in most of the American Snipes, and it can be easily 
recognized by the proportions of its secondary-quills in comparison 
with the length of the primary-coverts. I have been unable to-
find any characters for the separation of Gallinago chilensis of 
Seebohm. Although the Chilian birds appear somewhat larger and 
heavier, it will be seen from the measurements of the wing, given 
in the list of specimens, that there is no great difference in the 
length of the wing in eastern and western birds. 

Hah. Amazonia, from Para south throughout Brazil to Patagonia, 
and the Falkland Islands. Bolivia and Chili, from Tarapaca to-
the Straits of Magellan. 

a. Ad. sk. fw. 4*81 Para. R. Graham, Esq. 
[P.], 
b. Ad. sk. [w. 4-81 Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.. 
c. <5 ad. sk. rw.4-8], Rio de Janeiro. Alexander Fry, Esq.. 
[P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. [w. 5*3]. Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Sclater Coll. 
Ayres, May 3 (T. Withington). 
e. Ad. sk. [w. 5*11. Monte Video, Aug. H. Duraford, Esq.. 
[C.]. , 
/. 
d ad. sk. [w. 5*1]. Bahia Blanca, March (Capt. Seebohm Coll. 
Harrison), 

g. 
Ad. st. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy 
[P.]* 
h. 
Ad. sk.[w.4*9]. Falkland Islands (O. Bar- Gould Coll. 
toin). 
652 CHABADBIIB^, 

L Ad. sk. [w. 4*7]. Falkland Islands (C. Darwin). 
K $ ad. sk. [w. 5*4]. Falkland Islands, July 24 

(J. Macgillivray). 
7, m. c? ? ad. sk. [w. Falkland Inlands. 

5-1-5-2]. 
#, 0. c? ? ad. sk. [w. 

5-0-5-2]. 
jt?. Imm. sk. [w. 5*1]. 
#, r. Ad. sk. [w. 

9-5]. 
^. J ad.sk.[w. 5-3]. 

i, w. Ad. sk. [w. 
5-1-5-2]. 
?;. Ad. sk. [w. 5'!]. 


%o. $ ad« sk. (V. 
5-2-5-S1 

x. $ ad. sk. [w.5*4], 
y. Ad. sk. 
z-c'. Ad. sk. [w. 
d'. Ad. sk.[w. 5-351 
e'. $ad.sk.[w.5-3j. 

f'~h'. Ad. sk. [w. 
5-2-5-3]. 
i\ k'. cJ ad. sk. [w, 
5-3-5-5]. 
A Ad. sk. 


m'» Ad. sk. [w. 5'2].
n'. Ad. sk. [w. ^2].
.or. 5 ad. sk. [w. 5-3J.

p'-ur. $ ad. [w. 5*25-
3]; v'. $ ad.
pw. 5'B]; w\ x'. 
Juv. sk. 

y . Ad. sk. [w. 5-3],
Falkland Islands (R. Mac-
Cormick), 


Port Louis, Falkland Islands. 
Berkley Sound, East Falkland 
Islands. 
Stanley, Falkland Islands, 
Jan. 
Straits of Magellan. 

Straits of Megellan. 

Porto Bueno, Straits of Magellan, 
January 9. 
Cockle Cove, Straits of 

Magellan, Feb. 7. 
ChiliT 
Chili. 

Chili. 
Coquimbo, Chili (Dr. Cop-
pinger). 

Province of Santiago. 

Province of Santiago, July. 

Valparaiso. 

 Cordillera. 
Maldonado (C. Darwin). 
Maldonado, July 16 (Copt 
Hairison). 

 Tarapaca, April, July to Oct. 

(A.A.Lane). 

 Bolivia. 

11. Grallinago australis. 
Saivin-Godman Coll, 

Voy.H.M.S/Eattlesnake.' 
Toy. BL\LS. < Challenger.' 
AntarcticExpedition. 

AntarcticExpedition. 
AntarcticExpedition. 

Seebohm CoH. 

The Admiralty. 

Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy 

PP.]


Toy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 
Br. Coppinger [0.]. 

Purchased. 
Seebohm Coll. 

T. Bridges, Esq. [P.]. 
Toy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 
Saivin-Godman Coll, 

Seebohm ColL 

Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy 

Old ColL 
Toy. H.M.S/Beagle.' 
Seebohm Coll. 


Berkelev James Coll. 


Salvin-Godmaii Coll. 


New Holland Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL ii. p. 310 (1801). 
Scolopax australis, Lath. Ind. Orn. SuppL p. Ixv (1801); Gould, R* 
Austr. vi. pi. 40 (1848); Sturt, JSxp. Centr. Austr. ii. App. p. 50 
(1849: Valley of the Mypunga); Reiehenb. Yog. Neuholl p. 193, 
no. 523 (1850); Diggles, Orn. Austr, ii. pi. 100. fig. 1 (1877) j 
Ramsay, Rroc. Linn. Soc. JV. & W* i. p. 219 (1877); Seebohm, 
Geogr. Distr. Charad. p. 473 (1888): id. B. Japan. JSmp. p. 342 
(1890). r * 

Scolopax hardwickii, X JE. Gray, Zool Misc. p. 16 (1831; Tasmania)* 

70 . G-ALLINAGO. 
65$ 
Gallinago australis, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. Ill (1844 r 
Tasmania* Upper Hunter River); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846) j 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: Australia) ; Bp* 

C. B. xllii. p. 579 (1856); Blahist. Ibis, 1863, p. 100 (Hakodadi) ; 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Seolopaces, p. 10 (1864 : Australia); Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 271 (1865); Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 334 
(Port Denison); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 226 (Hakodadi); Gray, 
JSand-l B. iii. p. 52, no. 10331 (1871) ; Siuinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 163 
(Hakodadi, May) ; Ramsay, Proa. Linn. Soe. N. 8. W. i. p. 190' 
(1877); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 339 (N.E. Queensland); id. Proc. 
Linn. 8oc. MS. W. ii. p. 198 (1878); Blahist. SfPryer, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 222 (Japan); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 26 (Hakodadi)* Ridgic. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 331 (1882); Blahist. $ Pnjer, B. Japan, 
• 
p. 114 (1882: Fuji, June, July, breeding); 8ahin, Cat. StriekL 
Coll. p. 607 (1882: K S. W.) ; Jouy, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. vi. 
p. 316 (1883 : Japan) ; Blahist. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 12, 
37 (1884) j Seebahm, Ibis, 1886, p. 133 (Japan); Ramsay, ProCr 
Linn. Soe. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 172 (1888: Derby, N."W. Australia) • 
id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: Australia generally & Tasmania) 
: Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); North* Proc. Linn. 
Soe. N. S. W. (2) iii. p. 1778 (1889: Cumberland, N. S. W.); 
CoxfyHamilton, op. cit. iv. p. 420 (1890: Mudgee Distr., Sept. to 
Feb.); Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 7. 
Telmatias (Scolopax) australis, Reichenb. Grail, tab. ccclv. figs. 2786-87 
(1850). 

Adult male. Similar to G. gallinago, but a larger and stouter 
bird, the general tone of the stripes and markings o£ the upper 
surface being of a dark sandy isabelline, rather than rufous ; this is 
especially the case with the feathers of the hinder neck, and the 
paler colour on the scapulars causes the black to stand out conspicuously, 
and imparts a strongly mottled appearance to the upper 
surface. The tail-feathers are 18 in number, the two outer ones 
attenuated, but not less than 0*3 inch in width. The flanks are 
not so closely barred as in G. gallinago^ and the under tail-coverts 
are pale rufescent, not so rufous as in the last-named species: 
" basal half of bill yellowish olive, the remainder dark brown; 
legs yellowish tinged with olive; iris dark brown" (J. Gould). 
Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 2-7, wing 6'5, tail 2-6, tarsus 
1-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 11*5 inches, 
culmen 2*7, wing 6, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*4. 
Hob. Breeding in Japan, and passing in winter by Formosa to 
Australia and Tasmania. 

a-c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e,f, g, h. Ad. sk. 
Hakodadi, Japan, April, Aug.,
Sept. 
Hakodadi, May (21 Blahiston). 
Yokohama (Pryer $• Snow). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
l,m. S ? acL- sk. 
Yokohama, April (Snoiv). 
Formosa (R. Swinhoe). 
Australia. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. Australia. Tweeddale Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 

>654 CHAEABRIIDJE. 

p. q. Ad. sk. Australia. J. B. Jukes, Esq. 
[p.j. 
r, s. Ad. sk. Cape York (Cockerell fy Seebohm Coll. 
Thorpe), 
t, u. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v, w. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Seebolim Coll. 

x. 2 &d. sk. Moreton Bay (F. Strange). Jardlne Coll. 
y, s. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum 
[R]. 
a\ Ad. sk. Upper Hunter Eiver, N. S.W. J. Gould, Esq. [C.l 

V. Ad. sk. Sydney, N. S. W. Seebohm Coll. 
*'? d'. <$ 5 ad. sk. Dandenong Range, Victoria, Seebohm Coll. 
Nov., Dec. {A. vonHugel). 
e'. Ad. sk. Gipps' Land Lakes, Victoria Seebohm Coll. 
{Marshall). 
/'. Ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Coll. 
g'. Ad. sk. Tasmania. J. Gould, Esq, [C.]. 
h'. Ad.sk. Tasmania. General Hardwicke 

(?•]• 

(Type of Scolopax hardwickii, J. E. Gray. 
£'. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Hume Coll. 
h\ J ad. sk. Tasmania, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 

12. (Mlinago solitaria. 
Gallinago solitaria, Eodgs. Gleanings in Science, iii. p. 238 (1831: 
Nepal); id. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 8; id. J A. & Beng. TL p. 491 
(1837) ; id. Icon, ined in Brit Mus.^ Grail, pi. 104, App. pi. 48, 
nos. 547, 548; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Gray, List 
Grail Brit. Mies. p. 110 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846) ; 
id. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepalp-es. Hodgs. p. 141 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 272 (1849: Darjilnig),* Licht Nommicl. Av. 
Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: Nepal); Adams, P Z. S. 1859, p. 189 
(Cashmere); Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 6(S (Amov) ; Blakist. Mis, 1862, 
p. 331 (Japan); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 313 (Amoy); Jerd. B. 
Ind. iii, p. 673 (1864); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Seolopaces, p. 15 
(1864); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 392 (Sikhim, Oct) ; Stuinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 407 (Pekin); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 53, no. 10343 
(1871); Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 73 (1872: Sikhim); Hume 
fy Henders. Lahore to York. p. 286 (1873: Chagra stream near 
Pangong Lake, 15,000 ft.); Bavid $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 476, 
pi. 122 (1877) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 146 (Yokohama); Blakist <$• 
Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 222 (Japan); Prjev. in Holders Orn. Misc. 
iii. p. 91 (1878: S.E. Mongolia; Northern Tibet, 12,000 ft.; 
Kansu; Kokonor, Feb.) ,* Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879); Scully, 
t c. p. 353 (Nepal Valley); Hume fy Marshall, Game B. Ind. iii. 
p. 333, cum tab. (1880); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 95 (Gilgit); 
Scully, t c. p. 588; Salvin, Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 608 (1882); 
Blakist § Fryer, List B. Japan, p. 114 (1882); Bidqw. Froc. U.S. 
Nat Mus. iv. p. 331 (1882); Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 121 (Khelat); 
Jouy, Froc. U.S. Nat Mus, yi. p. 317 (1883: Japan, Nov., Dec.); 
C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 424 (Chamba) ; Blakist. Amended 
List B. Japan, p. 12 (1884) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 129 • Scully, 
J. A. S. Beny. Ivi. p. 87 (1887 : Afghanistan) ; Hume, Str. F. xl 
p. 319 (1888: Manipur); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 (Afghanistan) 
; Sharpe, Bep, 2nd York. Miss. p. 144 (1891: Tanksi, Sept.; 
70 . GALLTNAG0. 
655 

Sanju, Nov.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1891, p. 378 (Western Szechuen); 
Styan, t c. pp. 330, 504 (Lower Yantgse). 

Scolopax hyemalis, Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Mosc. xviii. pt. 1, p. 257 
(1845 : Altai Mountains) ; Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873 : 
breeding); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 330 (Turkestan). 

Scolopax (Gallinago) solitaria, Temm.fy Schl Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 112, 
tab. Ixviii. (1847). 

Scolopax solitaria, Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 223 (1851: Stanovoi 
Mts.); Itadde, Rets. Sibir., Vbg. p. 334 (1863: Bureja Mts.) ; 
Byb. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 338 (Darasun); Tacz. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 104; 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 475 (1888); id. B. Japan. 
Emp.^. 342(1890). 

Spilura solitaria, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Seine §• Reichen. 

Nommcl. Mus. Hem. p. 331 (1890: Nepal). 
Spilura japonica, Bp. C. It. xliii. p. 579 (1856). 
Gallinago hyemalis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. 

Zool. France, i. p. 256 (1876); id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. 

p. 340 (1883: Kamtchatka) ; Byb. fy Tacz. op. cit. ix. p. 147 
(1884); Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 102 (1884); Stejn. Bull 
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 316 (1885: Kamtchatka) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 459 (Corea); id. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pitersb. (7) 
xxxix. p. 953 (1893). 
Gallinago japonica, Gray, FLand-l. B. iii. p. 53, no. 10346 (1871); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 364 (Shanghai, Feb.). 
Scolopax solitaria japonica, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 129 ; Stejn. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 129 (1887: Ussuri); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 476 (1888); id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 343 (1890). 
Adult male in "breeding-plumage. General colour above rufous 
brown and black, the markings arranged principally as irregular 
bars not always complete, the scapulars broadly margined.wjih 
white, for^inj^ngi^ surface; lower 
SacF and rump barred witht dull rufous and black, tne lateral 
feathers white, barred with black; the upper tail-coverts dull earthy 
brown with whitish tips, but with scarcely any remains of dusky 
bars; wing-coverts brown, more or less distinctly tipped with white 
and crossed with irregular bars of rufous and black, especially on 
the inner median and greater coverts, the remainder of the greater 
series dark ashy brown with, very little remains of white tips or 
rufous bars ; primary-coverts blackish, narrowly edged with white 
at the tips; quills dusky brown, with white fringes at the ends of 
the feathers, the primaries margined with white, the first primary 
with the outer edge white with faint remains of brown mottlings, 
the inner secondaries barred with dull rufous and black; the 
central tail-feathers black, with a broad sub-terminal bar of rufous, 
followed by a narrow line of black before a whitish tip ; the outer 
feathers very narrow, not more than 0*1 inch broad, white crossed 
by four black bars, which are sometimes connected on the outermost 
feathers ; crown of head dusky blackish, spotted with rufous, 
and having a median line of white down, the crown; eyebrow 
white, reaching to the nape, where it becomes narrower and indistinct 
; a broad loral spot of brown continued in a line to the eye; 
sides of face and ear-coverts whitish, broadly streaked with dusky 

656 CHAEADEIIDJS. 

brown; the hinder ear-coverts crossed by a line of dark brown? 
and tipped with chestnut; hind-neck rather more rufescent and 
scarcely mottled at all with dusky; cheeks and upper throat white -T 
lower throat, fore-neck, and chest earthy brown, the feathers 
edged with white; the chest somewhat barred with dusky brown ^ 
remainder of under surface white, barred with dusky brown on 
the sides of the body and breast; the abdomen uniform and the 
under tail-coverts with only a few broken bars ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, barred with dusky brown, the white bars of 
the axillaries being broader than the dark ones: " bill plumbeous, 
black at tip, base of lower mandible yellowish brown ; feet dull 
olive or pale yellowish green, the soles yellowish; claws horny 
black; iris dark brown" (J. Scully), Total length 11 inches* 
culmen 2-9, wing 6*3, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 2*8, wing 6, tail 2*5, tarsus 1*3. 

The slight differences which Mr. Seebohm puts forward for the 
separation of the Japanese bird from that of the Himalayas appear 
to me to be no more than might be expected from the variation due 
to age or season; and I cannot see any valid reason for separating 
two forms of the Solitary Snipe. The amount of freckling on the outer 
web of the first primary seems to be certainly a question of ager 
the younger birds having this feather more mottled than old 
ones. 

Hah. Breeding in Japan and North-eastern Siberia, westwards to 
the Altai Mountains, the Himalayas, in fact throughout the greater 
part of its range. Migrating to the lower valleys in the hills in 
winter, at which season it is also found in China. 

a. Ad. sk. Alai Plateau. St. George Littledaler 
b. $ ad. sk,
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Ferghana, Turkestan, Jan. 17. 
Kashgar, Jan. 22, 1874 (F.
Stoliczka). 
Sanju Pass, Nov. 1, 1873 (F.
Stoliczka).
Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Second Yarkand 
Mission. 
Second Yarkand 
Mission. 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . <$ ad. sk. 
Ladak (Copt Strachey). 
Ladak, Sept. 18. 
India Museum. 
Colonel Biddulpk 
[C.]. 
ff. $ ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
Ladak, Sept. 18 (J. Biddulph). 
Leh. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
l} m, n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. $ ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
8,h Ad.sk.
u, v. Ad. sk.
w-af . Ad. sk.
b\ Ad. sk. 
Shagra, Oct. 8 (G. Henderson). 
Kulu [Major Hay). 
Cashmere, Aug., Oct. (W. F.
Brooks). 
Chumbla, Kotegurh, March 15. 
Syree, Feb. 2 (F. Thompson). 
Simla. 
Near Simla (A. Anderson), 
Afghanistan (Griffith), 
Masuri, Oct. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. H.Hodgson). 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum, 

70 . aALLIKAGO. 
657 
c\ S ad.; dl,e'. Nepal Valley, Nov., Dec. Hume Coll. 

$ 
ad. sk. (J. Scully). 

f'-o\ Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Nov. to Feb., Hume Coll. 

April (L. Mandelli). 

p'-rr. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Oct. (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 

s'. Ad. sk. Darjiling, Dec. 23. Seebohm Coll. 

t'. Ad. sk. Darjiling. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

ul. Ad. sk. Darjiling. 
Hume Coll. 

v'. $ ad. sk. Shillong, Assam, Oct. 20 Hume Coll. 

(J. Cockburn). 
to'. Ad. sk. India. General Hardwicke* 
[p.]. 
<,«/, s'-d ad.sk. Nardju-gol, N. Thibet, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 


(Prjevalshy). 

a". $ ad. sk. Mouth of Amur River, Nov. 6 Seebohm Coll. 

(Dorries). 

b", c". <$ ad. sk. Shanghai, Feb. 26 (It. Swin-Seebohm Coll. 

hoe). 
d". Ad. sk. Japan. Mr. H. Whitely rC.l 
e". § ad. sk. Japan. Professor Milne [C.J. 

/" . Ad. sk. Yeddo (C. McVean). Tweeddale Coll. 

g". Ad. sk. Hakodadi (H. Whitely). Seebohm Coll. 

h". £ ad. sk. Sapporo, Jan. 27 (T. Blakis-Seebohm Col]. 

ton), 
i". Ad. sk. Kobe, Nov. 16. C. Maries, Esq. [C.]* 
fo"-o". Ad. sk. Yokohama, Jan. (T. Blakis-Seebohm Coll. 

ton §• H. Fryer). 

13. Gallinago nemoricola. 
Scolopax gallinago (nee Linn,), Hodgs. Gleanings in Science, iiL 
p. 240 (1831: Nepal). 
Gallinago nemoricola, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 8; id. J. A. S. B. vL 
p. 490 (1837); id. Icon.ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail pis. 96 b, 97, 98, 
nos. 540, 541; id. in Grayh Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Gray, List 
Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 110 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); id. 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 141 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 272 (1849 : Simla; Darjiling) ; Licht. Nomencl 
Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: Nepal); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 506 
(Cashmere); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 241 (Kumaon) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 
p. 672 (1864); Schl Mus.Pays-Bas, Scolapaces, p. 16(1864: Nepal); 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 53, no. 10341 (1871); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872? 
p. 473; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 459 (1878: Malewoon); 
Hume, JStr. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Scully, t. c. p. 353 (Nepal 
Valley); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 814 (1880); Hume # Marshal^ 
Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 325, cum tab. (1880); Butler, Str. F. ix. 
p. 428 (1881: S. Mahratta Country); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 68 
(1881: Lucknow); Salvin, Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 608 (1882); 
Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 385, note (1883); Davison, 
Str. F. x. p. 413 (1883; Nilghiris); C H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 
1884, p. 424 (Chamba); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 318 (1888: Manipur); 
Oates ed. Harness Nests fy Fggs Ind. B. iii. p. 350 (1890). 
Nemoricola 
nepalensis, Bp. C. It. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Heine fy 
Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 331 (1890: Himalayas). 
Scolopax nemoricola, Jerd. Ill Ind. Orn. pi. ix. (1847); Nevill, J. 

A. S. Beng. (Ceylon Branch) 1867-70, p. 138 (Ceylon); Seebohm^ 
Geogr. Distr. Charadr.%. 474 (1888). 
VOL. xxiv. 2 u 


658 
CKATLA3BJIDM. 

Adult, Size large. Colour very dark; the black on the head and 
back very intense and pronounced, and the mesial streak along the 
centre of the crown almost obsolete; the sandy markings and streaks 
on the upper surface very broad and dull in tint; the lower back 
and rump dusky blackish, with narrow bars of dull white or dusky 
brown; the upper tail-coverts earthy brown, with a few dusky spots 
or dusky bars on the lateral ones; the black spots on the side of the 
face and neck rather large and coarse ; the buff colour of the throat 
and neck of a dull sandy brown, with dusky-blackish streaks on the 
throat and bars on the chest, these being continued over the breast, 
abdomen, and sides of the body; the under tail-eoverts very broadly 
barred; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, with 
narrow bars of dull white: " terminal third of bill brown to blackish 
brown, the basal two-thirds much paler, and with a tinge sometimes 
reddish fleshy, sometimes yellowish fleshy, sometimes livid, 
sometimes drab; front of legs and toes grey, sometimes (perhaps 
commonly) bluish, sometimes more plumbeous or slaty, and sometimes 
with a drabby shade, or again greenish; the back of the legs 
and soles fleshy, sometimes bluish or dusky; iris hazel or deep 
brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 2*65, 
wing 5*7, tail 2*1, tarsus 1-5. 

Eab. Himalayas and hills of the Indian Peninsula, Assam and 

Burma. 
Uj b. Ad. sk. India. India Museum. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
India. 
India. 
Dr. Wallich [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. India. General Hardwicke 
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Dhurmsala, Oct. 
Kalsi, Dehra Dhoon, Feb. 2 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
h. Ad. sk.
(G. King), 
40 miles N.W. of Lakhipur, 
Jan. 4. 
Hume Coll. 
t. Ad. sk.
Jc-n. Ad. sk.
o,p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. $ ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (£> &. Hodgson). 
Darjiling (JEccles). 
Khasia Hills {Griffith). 
Shillong, Assam, Oct. 24 (J. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of the species.) 
India Museum. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
t Ad. sk.
u, v. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
Cockburn). 
Khasia Hills (5000 ft.), Sept. 
Maymyo, 30 miles E. of Mandalay, 
3000 ft., Jan., March 
(A. R English), 
Madras, Nov. 5. 
Hume Coll. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
a. Ad. sk. Shevaroy Hills, Dec. 28 (J2I Hume Coll. 
JR. P. Carter). 

14. Gallinago gigantea. 
Scolopax gigantea, 
Temm. TL Col v. pi. 403 (1826: ex batterer 
MSS.); JBurm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 376 (1856: Lagoa Santa); Feb. 

70. GCAJJLINJLGCO. 
659 

Orn. Bras. pp. 812, 458 (1871: Ytarare*, Jan., Feb., April; Delgada, 
Aug.; Jaguaraiba, Sept.; Murumgaba, April; Ypanema, 
Sept.; Puritis, Oct.). 

Gallinago gigantea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Schl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 8 (1864); Scl § Sah. Exotic Orn. p. 196 
(1869); Gray, Sand-l B. iii. p. 53, no. 10340 (1871) ; Scl $ 
Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); AIkn, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

v. p. 149 (1893 : Matto Grosso). 
Telmatias gigantea, Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxix. fig. 504 (1850). 
Gallinago lacunosa, Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol p. 93 (1854: 
Montevideo; Paraguay). 
Xylocota gigantea, Bp. C. M. xliii. p. 579 (1856). 
Scolopax undulata gigantea, Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 131; id. Geogr, 

Distr. Charadr. p. 493 (1888). 

Adult. The largest of the Snipes. The lower back and rump, as 

•well as the greater coverts, very distinctly barred with black; the 
quills narrowly barred with bufTy white or sandy buff, irregular 
in pattern towards the ends; tail-feathers rufous, narrowly barred 
with black. Total length 19 inches, culmen 5*15, wing 6'6, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 2-2. 
Hab. Brazil and Paraguay. 

a. 
<5 ad. sk. Puritis, Brazil, Oct. 8 (J. Nat- Salvin-Godman Coll, 
terer). 
b. Ad. sk. Villa Itica, Paraguay, June 1ST. L. Holden, Esq. 
1892. ° [P.]. ' * 
ef d. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, April 1886. Seebohru Coll. 

15. G-aUinago undulata. 
Beccasse des Savanes de Cayenne, JJAubent. PI. JSnl. viii. pi. 895. 
La Be'casse des Savanes, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 481 (1780). 
Scolopax undulata, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 54 (1783); Seebohm, Ibis, 


1886, p. 131; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 492 (1888). 
Savanna Woodcock, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 132 (1785: 
Cayenne). 
Scolopax paludosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 661 (1788); Cab. in Schomb. 

Beis. Guian. iii. p. 758 (1848). 
Homoptilura undulata, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 70 (1840). 
Gallinago undulata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846) ,* Scl §* Sah. 

Exotic Orn. p. 196 (1869); Gray, Eand4. B. iii. p. 53, no. 10339 
(1871); Scl % Sah. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p.-145 (1873) ; Salvin, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 179 (British Guiana). 

Telmatias paludosa, Reichenb. Grail tab. lxix. fig. 562 (1850). 

Gallinago paludosa, Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: 
Guiana j Cayenne) j Schl Mus. Pays-Bos, Scolopaces, p. 8 (1864: 
Cayenne). 

Xylocota undulata, Bp. C B. xliii. p. 579 (1856). 

Adult female. Distinguished by its large size. Of the same group 

•as G. gallinago and G. delicata, with a light streak down the centre 
of the crown, but very much larger. The lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts, as well as the coverts and secondaries, very 
distinctly barred with black. All the quills with more or less 
2v2 

660 CHi.EADEHD^3. 

perfect narrow bars of sandy buff, very distinct on the secondaries* 
Total length 14 inches, culmen 4*1, wing 6'5, tail 2, tarsus 1*7. 
Hal. Apparently confined to Guiana. 

a. <$ ad.; b, c. $ Merum6 Mts., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman ColL 
ad. sk.
d. 9 ad. sk. 
July (JSl Whitely). 
Koraima, British Guiana, Jan. 3(H. Whitely). 
Seebohm ColL 
16. Grallinago stricklandi. 

Gallinago stricklandi, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 112 (1844: 
Hermit Isl.); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); Schl Mus. Pays-Basf 
Scolopaces, p. 15 (1864); ScL 8f Sah. Exotic Orn. p. 196 (1869) ; 
Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 54, no. 10349 (1871J ; ScL $ Salv. 
Mmencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15 
(Swallow Bay); Pidyw. Proe. US. Mat. Mus. iv. p. 202 (1881) j 
Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 293 (1891); James. New List 
Chilian B. p. 12 (1892). 

Scolopax stricklandi, Gray, Voy. c ISrebus? #•' Terror,1 Birds, pi. 23 
(1846); Sharpe, t. c. App. p. 37 (1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886r 

p. 130; id. Geogr. Dirir. Charadr. p. 448 (1888). 
Scolopax meridionalis, Peak, U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 229 (1848: Orange 
Bay); Cass. t. c. 2nded. p. 310, pi. 35.fig.1 (1858). 

Telmatias stricklandi, Reichenb. GralL tab. lxx. fig. 998 (1850). 

Scolopax spectabilis, Harll. Naumannia, 1853, p. 216 (Vaidivia). 

Xylocota stricklandi, Bp. C.B. xliii. p. 579 (1856). 

Gallinago paludosa (nee Gm.\ ScL P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 339 

(Chili). 
Gallinago nobilis (nee ScL), Oust. Miss. Set. Cap Morn, vi. Ois. 

p. B126 (1891: Orange Bay). 
Adult male. Of large size and pale tawny colour, with the usual 
black markings of an ordinary Snipe; the pale streaks along the 
scapulars and sides of the back not very strongly indicated; a pale 
tawny-buff streak down the centre of the crown; primary-coverts 
and primaries plain brown, with slight indications of sandy-buff 
spots or fringes at the tips, the first primary brown externally, with 
regular chequered indentations of pale buff; the secondaries broadly 
barred with rufous and black, the black bars being the narrower, 
the inner greater coverts also broadly barred externally with rufous; 
tail regularly barred with black and dull rufous, the black bars 
being the broadest, the centre feathers for the most part black; 
ander surface of body sandy buff, whiter on the chin ; the abdomen 
uniform buff, the throat spotted, the chest mottled and imperfectly 
barred, and the flanks regularly banded with black, the under tail-
coverts also barred with blackish; the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries barred with dusky brown and sandy buff, the brown bars 
being slightly the broadest. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 3-35, 
wing 6, tail 2*3, tarsus 3/4. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, bu^lightly smaller: " feet-
greyish yellow; iris, dark" (Dr. Copping). Total length 11*5 
inches, culmen 3*3, wing 6*1, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*3. 
Hab. The Straits of Magellan to Chili. 

70 . GALLIKAGO. 
661 

«. Ad. sk. Tierra del Fuego. Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzrov 
cp.]. 


b. (S ad. sk. S. Martin's Cove, Hermit IsL, 
Antarctic Expedi


(Dr. MeCormick). 

tion. 

£. $ ad. sk. Swallow Bay, Straits of Ma


Salvin-Godman Coll. 

gellan, Marcli 14 (Dr. Cop-
pinger). 

•d. 
Ad. sk. Puerto Bueno, Straits of Seebohm Ooll. 
Magellen. 
£. 
Ad.sk. Isthmus Bay, Straits of J. E. Harting, Esq. 
Magellan. [P.]. 


17. Gallinago jamesoni. 
Xylocota jamesoni, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 660 (1855), xliii. p. 579 

(1856). 
Gallinago, sp., Scl P. Z. S. 1860, p. 82 (Ecuador). 
Oallinago jamesoni, JScl. <§- Salv. Exotic Orn. p. 196 (1869); Gray, 

Hand-l. B. iii. p. 54, no. 10350 (1871) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 145 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 641 (Bolivia) ; Tacz. 
$ Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 112 (Chimborazo, April) ; Tacz. Orn. 
JPerou, iii. p. 376 (1886); Tristr. Cat. B. p. 11 (1889: Quito). 

Scolopax jamesoni, 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 136; id. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 489 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to G. stricMandi, but whiter underneath, and 
with the bars continued over the abdomen and lower breast; the 
under tail-coverts sometimes uniform sandy buff, or white with 
dusky bars. The general colour of the upper surface is greyer than, 
in G. slricklandi, and from the latter species it can always be told 
by the colour of the outer tail-feathers, which are dusky brown with 


*& few broad greyish-brown bars on the inner webs, whereas in 

G. stricMandi the outer tail-feathers have both webs barred with 
tawny rufous and black: "iris brown" (F. A. Simons). Total 
length 12 inches, culmen 3*4, wing 6*3, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*5. 
Hob. From Colombia to Ecuador and Bolivia. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Sierra Nevada, U.S. Colombia, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 18 (P. A. Simons). 
& Ad. sk, Andes of Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq. 

a. Ad. sk. Andes of Quito, Ecuador Seebohm Coll. 
(Jameson: Jar dine ColL). (Type of species.) 
d. $ ad. sk. Panza, Chimborazo, Ecuador, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. (L. Fraser). 
£. Ad. sk. Ulutincara, Bolivia, 12,000 ft. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. Buckley). 
18. Grallmago aucklandica. 
Gallinula aucklandica, 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 112 (1844); 
id. Toy. Ereb. <$r Terr. p. 13, pi. 13 (1846); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 
(1846); id. SancU B. iii. p. 54, no. 10347 (1871); Sharpe, App. 
Voy. Erebus $ Terror, Birds, p. 30, pi. 13 (1875); Bnller, B. 
New Zeal. ii. p; 32 (1888); Rothschild, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. 
no. siii. p. xii (1893). 

662 CHARADKIH^. 

Scolopax hotoie&ii, JPeale, US. JSxpl. JSxped. p. 229 (1848: Auckland'Is.). 


Caenoeorypha aucklandica, Gray, Cat. Gen. fy Subgen. B. p. 119 
(1855); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856). 

Scolopax aucklandica; Cass. U.S. JSxpl JExped. p. 311 (1858) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130, pt.; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 4727 
pt. (1888). 

Gallinago tristrami, BothscMId, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, ill. no. xiii. 

p. xii*(1893: Antipodes Island); Bvller, Trans. K. Z. Inst. xxviL 
p. 113 (1895). 
Adult (type of species). General colour above sand}' brown, 
mottled with dark brown streaks on the hind-neck, and with subterminal 
heart-shaped black spots on the mantle and scapulars, 
the latter having pale sandy-buff margins, which form indistinct 
lines down each side of the back; wing-coverts nearly uniform 
reddish brown, with dull sandy margins, and slight indications of 
sub-terminal blackish or dark brown spots, more distinct on the 
inner greater coverts and innermost secondaries; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills uniform dusky brown, with narrow 
whitish fringes at the tips, the first primary not paler along the 
outer web, the inner secondaries reddish brown towards the ends 
and freckled with dusky; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
sandy rufous, with scarcely any dusky mottling ; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, with slight indications of narrow rufous bars near 
the ends of the centre ones; the outer feathers very narrow, dusky 
brown, slightly rufescent along the outer web and whitish along the 
inner one, which shows slight traces of dusky barring; crown of 
head nearly uniform dark brown, the lateral bands on the crown 
very broad and slightly tinged with rufous, and the pale central 
streak very ill-denned; lores and sides of face and throat dull 
isabelline, the sides of the face spotted with dark brown ; from the 
base of the bill to the eye a narrow streak of reddish brown, and 
another passing diagonally across the cheeks and ear-coverts; 
remainder of under surface of body isabelline buff, the lower throat 
and fore-neck streaked with rufous, which takes the form of horseshoe 
markings on the chest and sides of tbe body ; under wing-
coverts greyish white with dusky bases, the lower primary-coverts 
and quill-lining uniform dusky brown; axillaries barred witbt 
greyish white and dull brown. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 
2-35, wing 4*2, tail 1*4, tarsus 1*1. 
Young. Appears to differ from the adults only in having the 
upper breast and the sides of the body more minutely spotted with 
dusky brown, instead of having horseshoe-shaped markings. The 
wing-coverts are also much more distinctly spotted with blackish. 
Mr. Walter Rothschild has kindly allowed me to examine his-
large series of the Auckland Island Snipes and their allies. I find 
that the type of his G. tristrami, from Antipodes Island, is a 
rufous specimen of the true Auckland Island form, though at first-
sight it looks very distinct. Since he first described the speeiesy 
however, Mr. Rothschild has received several more specimens from 
Antipodes Island, and he now agrees with me that G. tristrami 
cannot be separated specifically from G. aucklandica. 

70 . GALLIHAGO. 668 
Hal. Auckland Islands ; Antipodes Island; Snares Islands. 
a,b,c. Ad.sk.[w.4*l4*
2, c. 2-0-2*4]. 
Auckland Islands. Antarctic Exped. [0.]. 
(Types of species.) 
d, e. Ad. sk. [w. 4*14-
25, c. 2-0-2-2].
/ . Juv. sk. [w. 4*0,
C. 1-8]. L 
Auckland Islands. 
Auckland Islands. 
Sir George Grey ["P."]. 
° J L J 
Sir George Grey [P.l 
o J L J 
g. Ad. sk. [w. 4*1,
c.2-3]. 
h. Ad. sk. [w. 4'0,
m c.2-15]. 
*. $ ad. sk. [w. 4*1,
c. 2-35]. 
7c. Ad. sk. 
Auckland Islands. 
Auckland Islands. 
Auckland Islands. 
Enderby Island, Auckland 
group, Dec. 3 
(It. McCormick). 
Colonel Bolton fT.l 
Seebohm Coll. 
SalYin-Godinan Coll. 
McCormick Bequest, 

Subsp. a. G-allinago huegeli. 

Gallinago aucklandica (nee Gray), Hihgel, Ibis, 1875, p. 391 (Snares 
Isl.). 
Scolopax aucklandica (pt.), Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130; id. Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 472 (1888). 

Gallinago huegeli, Tristram, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, i. no. ix. p. xlvii 
(1893: Snares Isl.); id. Ibis, 1893, p. 447; Butter, Trans. New 
Zeal Inst, xxvii. p. 112 (1895), 

Adult male. Similar to G. aucklandica, but altogether darker and 
having the under surface regularly barred with blackish, not only on 
the flanks but also on the breast and abdomen. The upper surface 
is also remarkable for the narrow sandy-buff fringes to the feathers, 
which have the black sub-terminal spots very small. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 2*25, wing 4*3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*9. 

This is a well-marked race, a kind of " Sabine's Snipe " form, as 
Mr. Rothschild aptly calls it, of G. aucklandica. It is the prevalent 
form on the Snares, but in the Rothschild collection there are also 
three specimens from the Auckland Islands and one from Antipodes 
Island. 

Hob. Snares Island. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Snares Island, Jan. Hon. Walter Rothschild [P.]. 
Subsp. /3. Gallinago pusilla *. 

Gallinago pusilla, Buller, Ibis, 1869, p. 41 (Chatham Isl.); Button, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 247 (Maagare, Chatham Isl.); Travers, Trans. 

* GALLINAGO CHATHAMICA. 
Gallinago chathamica, Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 545 (Chatham Isl.). 
The skulls on which Dr. Forbes founded the present species seem to belong 
to a distinct form of Snipe from any of those inhabiting the Chatham or 
Auckland Islands at the present day. It was apparently a larger bird than any 
of them. 
or*. Skulls. Chatham Island. Forbes' Coll. 
(Types of the species.) 

664 
CKA&ADBU'DM. 

N. Zeal Inst v, p. 217 (1873: Mangare); Sharpe, App. Voy. 
ErehustyTerror, Birds, p. 30 (1875); Butler, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. 
ii. p. 33, pi. xxviii. % 1 (1888); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 529, pi. xiv. 
figs. 1, 2 (eggs), pi. xv. fig. 1 (pull.) (Chatham Isl.); BuUer, Trans, 
New Zeal. Inst xxvii. p. 112 (1895). 
Gallinago 
aucklandica (nee Gray), Butter, B. Neio Zeal p. 196 
(1873). 
Scolopax aucklandica (pt.), Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130; id. Geogr. 
Distr. Charadr. p. 472 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to G. aucklandica, but smaller, darker, with 

coarser markings, especially as regards the spotting on the throat 

and chest. The chief distinction seems to be in the whiter breast 

and abdomen: " feet pale yellow; iris pale yellow?? ( W. Haiukim). 

Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 3-9, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length. 7*5 inches, 

culmen 1*7, wing 3*8, tail 1-3, tarsus 0*85. 

Young. As in G. aucklandica^ the young birds can be distin


guished from the adults by the less distinct black mottling on the 

upper surface and on the throat, and by the smaller size of the 

dusky spots on the chest and sides of the body: " feet bluish greyJ5 

(W. Hawkins). 
Nestling. Nearly uniform rufous brown, with a little dusky 

mottling, and a dusky line along the centre of the crown; the 

throat rufous brown; the rest of the under surface of the body 

somewhat paler; the sides of the face and region of the eye dull 

silvery grey. 

This is the smallest of the Antipodean Snipes, and is distinguished 

by its smaller bill and whiter belly. It apparently does not occur 

anywhere but in the Chatham Islands. 

Hah. Chatham Islands. 

a, b, c. $ ad. sk. S.E. Island, Chatham IsL, Forbes* CoH. 

[w. 3-85-3-95, May (W. HaioMns). 
c. 1-65-1-75]. 
d. $ juv. j e, ff g. S.E. Island, Chatham IsL, Forbes' Coll. 
Pull. sk. May (W. Hawkins), 
h, i (S $ ad. sk. S.E. Island, Chatham Isl., Seebohm Coll. 


[w. 3-8, c. 1-7-1-75]. May (W. Hawkins), 
k. Ad. sk [w. 4*1, Chatham Islands {H.Trovers). Seebohm Coll. 
c. 1-8]. 
19. G-aUinago imperialis. 
Gallinago imperialis, Scl. $ Sato. P. Z. & 1869, p. 419 (Bogota) $ 
iid. Exotic Orn. p. 193, pi. xcvii. (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. 

p. 54, no. 10351 (1871); Scl. $ Sab. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 145 
(1873); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iv. p. 202 (1881). 
Scolopax imperialis, 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130; id, Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 491 (1888). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark chestnut, 
streaked on the neck and banded on the back and wing-coverts 
with black; no light edgings to the scapulars, so that there are no 
longitudinal streaks down the sides of the back; the bands some


665 

71 . LIMNOCKYPTES. 
•what wavy and very broad; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
.quills uniform blackish brown, the inner secondaries banded with 
rufous and black like the inner greater coverts : tail-feathers 
blackish brown, barred with rufous on the centre ones, the outer 
ones narrowed and perfectly uniform blackish; sides of the crown 
blackish brown, with a rufous streak along the centre ; sides of face, 
throat, and chest chestnut, with black spots on the sides of the face 
and a black band below the eye, the throat broadly streaked and the 
breast barred with black; the lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, 
.and under tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black; under 
wing-coverts and quill-lining uniform blackish brown, the axillaries 
blackish with a few narrow white bars. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 3-5, wing 6, tail 1*95, tarsus 1*3. 

Hah. U.S. Colombia. 

M. Ad. sk. Bogota, U.S. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
71. LIMNOCRYPTES, 
Type. 
Limnocryptes, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 118 (1829) L. gallinula. 
Philolimnos, Brehm, Vog. Deutsclil. p. 623 (1831) ... . L, gallinula. 
Ascalopax, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. lxxvii (1840) . L. gallinula. 
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Limnocryptes gallinula. 
The Jack-Snipe or Jud-cock, Albin, Nat Hist. B. hi. p. 81, pi. 86 
(1840). 

La Petite Beceassine, Briss. Orn. v. p. 303, pi. xxvi. fig. 2 (1760) 
D'Aubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 884; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 490 
(1780). 

.Scolopax gallinula, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 244 (1766); Gm. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 662 (1788); Bechst. Orn. Taschenl. p. 281, cum tab. 
(1803); Meyer $ Wolf, Orn. Taschenb. p. 364 (1810); Ball. 
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 175 (1811); Vieill N. Bid. dJHist. Nat. 

iii. p. 359 (1816); Temm. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 678 (1820); Werner, 
Atlas, Grail, pi. 31 (1827); Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 106 (1828); 
Roux, Orn. Brov. pi. 302 (1825); Less. TraiU oVOrn. p. 556 
(1831); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 206 (1835); Strickl. 
P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. viii. p. 344, 
pi. 210 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 322 (1837) ; Crespon, Orn. 
Gard, p. 444 (1840); Nordm. in JDemid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. 
p. 251 (1840: Odessa); SchL Rev. Grit. p. lxxxvi (1844); Hewits. 
Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 309, pi. lxxxvi.fig. 3 (1846); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. 
p. 278(1850); Middend. ReiseSibir., Zool. p. 224 (1851: Boganida 
River, 70° N. lat., June, breeding); Macgill Brit. B. iv. p. 380 
(1852); Kgcerb. Danm. Fugle, Taf. 37. fig. 4 (1852); Schl. Vog. 
Nederl. pi. 223 (1854); Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. 44. iig. 4 (1859); 
Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 53 (Egypt); Bowys, Ibis, 1860, p. 343 
(Ionian Islands); F. $* P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 90 (Bodo) ; 
Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 338 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 147 (Malta); Sperling, t. c. p. 288; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 455 
(Portugal); Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 334 (1870); R. Gray,B. West 
Scotl. p. 313 (1871); Severtz. TurJcest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); 
Ralmen, Finl. Fogl. p. 241 (1873); Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 205 (1874) j 
CHARADRIIIL2E. 

Danf. ty Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 423 (Transylvania); Fattonr 
Ois. Belg. p. 180 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 330 (Turkestan) ~T 
Danf or d, Ibis, 1878, p. 33 (Asia Minor) ; Bogd. B. Came p. 163(
1879); Seebohm, Ibis,1882, p. 224 (Astrakhan), p, 382 (Archangel) ; 
id. Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caucasus); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss, 

p. 105 (1884) ; Booth, Bough Notes, ii. (1881-87); Seebohm, Hist. 
Brit B. iii. p. 247 (1885); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 480* 
(1888); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 340 (Cyprus); Seebohm, B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 344 (1890); Gatke, Vogeho. Helgol. p. 506 (1891) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 24 (Heligoland) j Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. 
B. part xxx. (1895). 
Jack Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 136 (1785) ; Yairell, Brit. 
B. ii. p. 611 (1843); Smith, Zool 1872, p. 2924 (Guernsey, Nov.); 
Graham, B. Iona $ Mull, p. 232 (1890). 

Scolopax stagnatilis, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 623 (1801). 

Scolopax minor, Bechst. torn. cit. p. 624. 

Gallinago minima, Leach, Syst. Cat Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mus. p. 31 
(1816: Wiltshire); Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool xii. p. 57 
(1824); Sykes, P Z. S. 1832, p. 163 (Deccan). 

Limnocryptes gallinula> Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 118 (1829); Reichenb. 
Grail, tab. lxix. figs. 560-561 (1850); Bp. C. B. xliii p. 579 
(1856); Gould, B. Gt. Brit, iv, pi. 80 (1865); Loche, Expl Sci. 
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 298 (1867); Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 407 
(Formosa); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 1C7 (1883); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica); Beid, t. c. p. 253 (Maroeco); Salvad. 
Elenco Uce.^ Ital. p. 233 (1886) ;St John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 

(S. Afghanistan) ; Heine 8f Beiclien. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. 
p. 331 (1890); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Fetersb. (7) xxxix. 
p. 964 (1893). 
Philolimnos pfallinula, Brehm, Vb'g. Deutschl. p. 623 (1831). 
Philolimnos stagnatilis, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 623. 
Philolimnos minor, Brehm, torn, cit p. 624. 
Gallinago gallinula, Bp. Cmnp. List B. Fur. $* iVT. Amer. p. 52 
(1838); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 130 (1842); Hodgs. Icon, 
ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 105, no. 608; id. in Gray7s Zool. 
Misc. p. 86 (1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 112 (1844) ; 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846); id. Cat. Mamm. §*c. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 141 (1846); Blyth, Cat B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 272 (1849) -f 
Licht. Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol p. 93 (1854); Adams, P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 506, 1859, p. 189 (Cashmere) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. 
Rich. Orn. p. 482 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 79 (Algerian 
Sahara); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 241 (Oudh); Gray, Cat. Brit B. 

p. 174 (1863); Swinh. F.Z. S. 1862, p. 314; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 
p. 
676 (1864); Schl Mm. Fays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 14 (1864); 
Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 206 (Hakodadi); Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Fkr. 
i i p. 185 (1867); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 393 (Barrackpur); 
fioderl Avif. Sicil. p. 196 (1869); Flwes §* Buckley, IMs, 1870, 
#33 1 (Turkey); Fritsch, Yog. Fur. Taf. 37. ^g. 9 (1870); Gray, 


•Hiand-l. B. iii. p. 53, no. 10342 (1871) ,* Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. 
p. 228 (1871); Meves, (Efv. K Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stochh. 1871, 
p. 778 (N.W. Russia); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria) j 
Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 52 (1872); Holdsw. P. Z. & 1872, 
p. 473 (Ceylon); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 249 (1872); Hume, Str. F. 
I p. 235 (1873: Sind); Adam, t c. p. 395 (Sambhur) ; Heugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1206 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873r 
p. 340 (Sardinia); Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N. Frisian Is.) j . 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 174 (1875); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 15* 
71 . LIMNOCRYPTES. 
m 

(1876: Mount Aboo distr.); Fairb. t c. p. 283 (Khandala) ; 
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 283 (1876); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 27 
(Corsica) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 653, pi. 544 (1877); Butlerf 
Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877: Deesa); Fairb. t. c. p. 410 (Palani 
Hills) ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 479 (1877) ; Hume $ 
Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 459 (1878: Tenasserim); Blakiston $• 
Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 222 (Japan); Davidson §• Wenden, Str. Jl


vii. p. 88 (1878: Deccan); Ball, t. e. p. 228 (Ganges to Godaveri); 
Cripps, t. c. p. 302 (Faridpur); Butler, Cat. B. Bind etc. p. 61 
(1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Scully, t. c. p. 356 
(Nepal Valley, Sept. to April); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
xxix. p. 254 (1879: Sernipalatinsk); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. 
Fres. p. 76 (1880) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 828, 1219 (1880); 
Collett, Nor ges Fugle, p. 86 (1881); Blakist. § Fryer, B. Japan, 
p. 115 (1882); Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 121 (Afghanistan); Salvin, 
Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 608 (1882) ; Gigl. Iconogr. Avif Ital. no. 308 
(1882); Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. iii. p. 351 (1883); Irby, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 187 (Santander) ; Oates, FLandb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 384 (1883); Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 12 (1884); 
Trustor. Faun. $ Flor. Falest. p. 132 (1884); Murray, Vertebr, 
Faun. Sind, p. 241 (1884) ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 98 (Spain); 
Saunders, t. c. p. 389 (Pyrenees); Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 133 (Mhow distr.); Fleske, Tlebers. Silug. u. Vdg. Kola-Halb. 
p. 340 (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 406 (1886) ; Harvie-Broivn ty 
Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithn. etc. p. 217 (1887: autumn 
visitor); Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 74 (East Pyrenees); Tait, t. c. 
p. 389 (Portugal) ; Harvie-Broivn \ Buckley, Vertebr. Faun* 
Outer Hebrides, p. 131 (1888: winter); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 321 
(1888 : Manipur) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 559 (1889); 
Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Fesoc. p. 619 (1889), 2nd Fesoc.y. 652 (1890), 
3rd Fesoc. p. 512 (1891); Buckley fy Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. 
Faun. Orkney Isl p. 214 (1891: winter) ; Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst, 
Ungar. Vogelf. p. Il l (1891); Frivaldsky, Av. Rung. p. 149 (1891); 
Koenig, J.f. 0.1892, p. 90 (Tunis); Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 514 
(East Prussia) ; Harvie-Brown ty Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll 
$• Inner Hebrides, p. 176 (1892); Macpherson, Vertebr. Faun. 
Lakel p. 377 (1892); Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 73 (Calcutta) ; WMAaker, 
t. c. p. 100 (Tunis); Dubois, Faun. Ill Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. 
p. 231, pi. 210 (1894) ; Martin $ Rollin, Vertebres Sauv. PIndre, 
p. 202 (1894); Feiser, Ornis Balcanica, p. 164 (1894); Irby, Orn. 
Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 279 (1895); JPoynt. Eggs Brit. B. part iii. 
(1896). 
Ascalopax 
gallinula, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxvii, 216 
(1840); Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 107 (1844); lAnderm. 
Vdg. Griechenl. p. 144 (1860); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl 

p. 118 (1869); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. p. 257 (1876) ; id. 
op. cit. ii. p. 158 (1877 : Poland). 
Telmatiasgallinula, Droste, Vogelw. Borkum,^. 234 (1869); Saundersr 
Ibis, 1871, p. 389. 

Adult male. General colour above Hack, with reflections of glossy 
green and purple, and a few rufous markings on the back, mostly 
in the form of streaks; the sides of the back ornamented with a 
longitudinal band of ochreous-bufT from the sides of the mantle 
along the scapulars; a sandy-buff band, not so distinct, along the 
parapteral feathers and inner secondaries, being broken up by the


mb CHAB1DKIIDJB. 

black and rufous markings of the feathers; lower back and 
rump uniform black; upper tail-coverts blackish, slightly freckled 
with rufous, with broad margins of ochreous buff; wing-coverts 
blackish, with pale rufescent margins, less distinct on the marginal 
series, which are almost uniform ; the greater coverts uniform, 
dusky brown, with pale fringes; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, with slight white tips to the primary-
coverts, the secondaries paler and more ashy at the tips, the long 
inner ones mottled like the scapulars; tail-feathers pointed, uniform 
dusky brown, with pale sandy-bufT margins; crown of head and 
nape black, sparsely spotted with rufous and bordered by a broad 
superciliary band of sandy buff, the lores and feathers round the 
eye being blackish; cheeks and ear-coverts dull white, spotted with 
black, and having a black line along the upper cheeks; chin and 
upper throat white; sides of neck and hind-neck earthy brown, 
slightly mottled with blackish, and separating the head from the 
back; lower throat and fore-neck pale rufous-brown, spotted and 
streaked with black, the sides of the throat and flanks being 
similarly marked ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-co verts pure 
white, the latter with a few dusky streaks ; under wing-coverts ashy 
whitish, with dusky bars ; axillaries pure white; lower primary-
coverts and quill-lining dull ashy: " bill black at the tip, paler 
towards the end, more slaty horn-colour at the base of the lower 
mandible; feet pale olive-green; iris dark brownn (E. A. Butler). 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 4-35, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 1*6, wing 4*1, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Winter plumage. Scarcely to be distinguished from the summer 
plumage, except by the greater amount of blackish mottling on the 
hinder neck and the generally more rufescent colour. The pale 
bands on the back are lighter, but soon fade with exposure, and wear 
the paler tints of the spring and summer dress. 

Hal. Breeds apparently from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from 
the Dovrefjeld eastwards on the tundra. In winter it visits the 
Mediterranean, and in the east extends to the Indian Peninsula, 


•China, and Formosa. 
,a} b. Ad. sk. Great Britain. Gould Coll. 

c. <? ad. sk. Island of Tiree, Jan. 16. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
d} e. Ad. sk. Whitehill, Midlothian, Dec. Tweeddale Coll. 
(R. G. W. JR.). 
f. Ad. sk. Stirlingshire, Nov. 9 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. R.). 
g. <S ad. • h, I $ Lincolnshire, Sept. 5. G. H. Caton Haigh, 
ad. sk. Esq. [P.], 
Jc, I, m. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Salvin-Godman ColL 

n. $ ad. sk. Norwich, Sept. 20 (J. & Seebohm Coll. 
Harting). 
o,p. Ad. sk. Epping, Essex. H. Doubleday, Esq, 


[P.l 
#, r, s. <$ ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, Oct., Nov. Tweeddale Coll. 
(R. R iSharjpe). 
71 . LDOrOCErPTES. 
t. 
Ad. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
#. § ad. sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
tc. 2 ad. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
%. Ad. sk. 
a!. 6 ad. sk. 
£', c', d'. <$ ad. sk. 
er,f. Ad. sk. 
/, A'. <J $ ad. sk. 
$'. <$ ad. sk. 
#. Ad. sk. 


V. Ad. sk. 
#&'. J ad. sk. 
n'. $ ad. sk. 
o'. c? ad. sk. 
2?'. Ad. sk. 
#'. (S ad. sk. 

/. $ ad. sk, 

s', t'. Ad. sk. 

uT. $ ad. sk. 

vf. & ad. sk. 

#/. Ad. sk. 

xr. 5 ad. sk. 
y'-b". 6 $ ad. sk. 
c". Ad. sk. 
<T'. Ad. sk. 

e"-h". Ad. sk. 

t", As". $ ad. sk. 

Z". Ad. sk. 

m",rc", 0". Ad.sk. 
j?". $ ad. sk. 

q,f, r". Ad. sk. 

5". $ ad. sk. 

tf\ Ad. sk. 

Surrey {F. Godman). 
Pagham, Sussex. 

Sussex, April 15 (J. E. 
Earting). 

Wiltshire. 

(Type 
Pembrokeshire, Dec. 
Whitelens, Kildare, Ireland, 

Feb. (J. E. EC.). 
Archangel (JSenke). 

Sweden, July (JET. Wheelwright). 


Heligoland, Sept., Oct, 
Heligoland, Sept.. Oct. (R. 

B. S). 
Hungary, March. 

Silla, Valencia, Dec. 1 (H. 
Saunders). 

Tangiers. 
Italy (E. W. Oates). 
Near Constantinople. 
Egypt (G. E.Shelley). 
Ispahan, Persia, April. 
Saiar Mountains,Central Asia 


(8000 feet), Aug. 

G-ulran, Northern Afghanistan, 
March (J*. E. Aitehison). 


Candahar, Feb. 24 (Sir 0. 
St. John). 
Pushut, Afghanistan {Griffith). 
Upper Sind, Dec. 3 (A.

0. E.). 
Deesa, Sept. 
25 (E. A. Butler). 


Kurnaul, Feb. 
Sirza, Punjab, Dec. 6 (A. 

0. E:.). 
Etawah, Nov., Jan. 
Allyghur, Oct. 27. 
Oudh, Nov. 
Nepal. 
Nepal Valley, Nov. (/. 


Scully). 
Darjiling (Colonel Sharpe). 
Khandeish, Dec, Feb. (J. 

Davidson). 

W. of Chanda (W. T. Blanford). 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Belgaum, Nov. 7 (E. A. 

Butler). 

Dacca. 

Salvin-Godman ColL 
Dr. P. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 

of G. minima, Leach.) 
R-ev. A. Morgan [P.]-
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. R. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. 
Nicholson, Esq. 
[*.]• 
Hungarian National 
Museum. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 
St. George Littledale, 


Esq.. [P.]. 
Afghan Delimitation-
Commission. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson ColL 
Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

India Museum^ 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

'670 
CHAEiJDEIIDJE. 

V . Ad. sk. Taiwan, Formosa, Dec. (P. Seebohm ColL 
v"~V. Ad. sk. 
Sioinhoe). 
Yokohama, Nov., Eeb. (K. Seebohm Coll. 
c\ $ ad. sk. 
Fryer Sf 0. Snow). 
Hakodadi, Oct. 3 (H. Tweeddale Coll. 
Whitely). 

72. 
NE0SCOLOPAX. ^ 
Type. 
Neoscolopax, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 331 
(1882) K rochussenL 

Range. Confined to the Moluccas. 

1. Feoscolopax roclmsseni. 
Scolopax 
rochusseni, JSchl. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 254 
(1866); Gray, Band-l, B. iii. p. 54, no. 10354 (1871) ; Zegge, 

B. Ceylon, p. 808 (1880); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886? p. 128; id. Geogr. 
JDistr. Charadr. p. 505, pi. xx. (1888) j Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia 
etc. iii. p. 205(1891). 
Neoscolopax rochusseni, 
Salvad. Ami. litis. Genov. xym. p. 331 
(1882); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 336 (1882). 

Adult. General colour above black, with large markings of rufous 
ochre, distributed as broad terminal spots or bars; the upper 
mantle entirely black in the centre ; the lesser wing-coverts black, 
with a few small spots of rufous ochre, the median and greater 
series tipped and barred with rufous ochre; the bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, chequered with notches of rufous 
ochre on the outer web; the inner secondaries barred on the outer 
web and spotted on the inner web with the same colour; lower 
back and rump black, with small ochreous spots; the upper tail-
coverts rufous ochre, broadly barred with black; tail-feathers black, 
notched with sandy rufous, principally near the end of the outer 
web, the tips of the feathers rufous ochre, smudged with ashy and 
silvery white below; forehead sandy buff, slightly freckled with 
blackish, and followed by a broad black band from eye to eye, 
another on the occiput, another on the nape, and another on the 
hind-neck, these broad bands separated by a narrow bar of sandy 
buff; a large loral space of ochraceous buff, with a broad band of 

hlack from the gape to the eye ; sides of face and under surface of 
body ochreous buff, with a few black spots and bars on the former 
and a line of black across the ear-coverts ; the sides of the body 
with black bars, more or less distinct; under wing-coverts rufous 
ochre, barred with black; lower primary-coverts and quill-lining 
black, notched with rufous ochre on the margin of both webs. 
Total length 15 inches, culmen 3*6, wing 7*6, tail 2*8, tarsus 1-8. 

Hah. Obi Islands. Ternate ? 

a. Ad. sk. [Ternate.] 
Seebohm ColL 

73 . SCOLOPAX. 
671 
73. SCOLOPAX. _ 
Type. 
Scolopax, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 242 (1766) S. rusticula. 
Kusticola, Vieill N. Diet tfHist. Nat. iii. p. 348 (1816). S. rusticula. 

Mange, Europe generally and Siberia, up to 60° or 65° N". lat, 
nesting also in the Himalayas, and in the Azores, Canaries, and 
"Madeira. Wintering in the Mediterranean countries, the Indian 
Peninsula, Burma, and China. Occasionally straggling to North 
America. Mountains of Java and N.W. ISTew Guinea. 

Key to the Species. 

4Z. Abdomen buff like the breast, and similarly barred 
with blackish; forehead ashy grey; primaries 
dusky blackish, with rufous notches rusticula, p. 671. 

b. Abdomen white, with dusky bars; forehead rufous, 
barred with black; primaries black, almost uniform 
except for a few rufous dots on the outer 
webs; colour everywhere darker than in S. rusticula 
saturata, p. 678. 
1. Scolopax rusticula. 
The Woodcock, Albin, Nat Hist i. p. 67, pi. 70 (1738); Lath. Gen. 
Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 129 (1785) ; Tamil Brit. B. ii. p. 583 (1843) ; 
Graham, B. Iona 8f Mull, p. 231 (1890). 

La Beccasse, Briss. Orn. v. p. 292 (1760) ; & Anient. PI. Enl viii. 
pi. 885. 

Scolopax rusticola, 
Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 243 (1766); Gm. Syst 
Nat i. p. 660 (1788); Bechst Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 279 (1803) ; 
Meyer $ Wolf, Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 361 (1810); Pall. Zoogr. 
Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 171 (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 436 (1815); 
Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 311 (1816); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. 

p. 673 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Grail, pi. 28 (1827); Fleming, 
Brit. Anim. p. 105 (1828); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 299 (1830); 
Hodgs. Glean. Sci. iii. p. 233 (1831); M&nttr. Cat Pais. Cauc. 
p. 51 (1832: Lenkoran); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 204 
(1835); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 110 (Smyrna); Gould, B. Bur. 
iv. pi. 319 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 53 
(1838); Cresjpon, Orn. Gard, p. 439 (1840) ; Webb fy Berth. Orn. 
Canar. p. 39 (1841); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 130 (1842); 
Sehl. Pei). Crit. p. lxxxv (1844); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
Grail pis. 106, 107, no. 546; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 
(1844); Gray, List Grail Brit Mus. p. 109 (1844); id. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 584 (1846); id. Cat. Mamm. fye. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 141 
(1846); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 303, pi. lxxxv. (1846); Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 271 (1849: Calcutta; Nilghiris); 
Thomps. B. Lrel. ii. p. 235 (1850); Middend. Peis. Sibir., Zool. 
p. 223 (1851: Stanovoi Mountains); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, 
p. 142 (Madeira, breeding); Kjarb. Danm. Fugle, Taf. 37. fig. 1 
(1851); Schl. Yog, Nederl pi. 220 (1854) ; Licht. Nomencl Av. 
Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854); Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 313 (Spain); 
Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. 44. fig. 1 
(1859); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 478 (1859); 
Swifih Ibis, 1860, p. 66 (Amoy) ; Powys, t. c. p. 340 (Ionian Is.); 
CHAKA-DBIIBiB. 

Linderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 146 (1860) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. m 
(Hongkong): F. 8f P. Godman, t. c. p. 87 (Bodo); I?-by, t. c* 

p. 241 (Oudh); Scl. Ibis, 1862, p. 284 (St. John's, New Brunswick, 
Jan. 9); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 415 (Foochow) j Gray, Cat. 
Brit. B. p. 175 (1863); Badde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 333 (1863 r 
Bureia Mountains, Aug.); Nordm. J.f 0. 1864, p. 375 (Finland 
and Lapland); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 147 (Malta); Jerd. B. Ind. 
iii, p. 670 (1864); Gould, B. Gt. Brit iv. pi. 77 (1866); Baird, 
Amer. Journ. Arts fy Sci. xli. p. 25 (1866: Newfoundland) j 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viiL p. 292 (1866: Rhode IsL, New 
Jersey); Whitehj, Ibis, 1867, p. 206 (Hakodadi); Baird, t. c. 
p. 282 (Newfoundland); Brake, t. c. p. 428 (Tangier); Lochef 
Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 299 (1867); Collett, gorges Fugle, 
p. 51 (1868); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 327 (Palestine); Beavan, t. c. 
p. 391 (Thatone; Sikhim); Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 173; Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 192 (1869) j 
JDroste, Vogeho. Borkum, p. 240 (1869); Elwes § Buckley, Ibis, 
1870, p. 331 (Turkey); Godman, Azores, pp. 35, 41 (1870); 
Stevens. B. Norf. ii. p. 272 (1870); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 37. 
fig. 10 (1870); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 54, no. 10352 (1871) y 
Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria); Saunders, i. c. p. 3S9 
(S. Spain); R. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 308 (1871); Salmd. Faun, 
Ital, Ucc. p. 226 (1871); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 220 (Madeira) j 
Taylor, t. c. p. 232 ; Hariing, Handb. Brit. B. p. 50 (1872) j 
Feilden, Zool 1872, p. 3249 (Faroes); Cones, Kei/ V. Amer. B, 
p. 252 (1872); Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 86 (1872: Cashmere); 
Meves, (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stoekh. 1871, p. 777 (Archangel); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 247 (1872); Tacz. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 104; 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia); Severiz. Turkest. Jemtn. 
p. 69 (1873); Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 199 (1874); Tacz. J.f.O. 1874, 
p. 336; Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 253 (1874: Cashmere); 
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 157 (1875); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 177 
(1875); Anderson, Str. F. iii. p. 356 (1875 : Kenio, near Namick, 
10,000 ft., breeding); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 27 (Corsica); 
Dresser, t c. p. 330 (Turkestan) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii p. 28^ 
(1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 256 (1876); Dresser, 
B. Eur. vii. p. 615, pi. 540 (1877); Swinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 145 
(Hakodadi); Butler, Str. F. v. pp. 140, 504 (1877 : Sind); Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 158 (1877: Poland); Fairb. Str. F, 
y. p. 409 (1877: Palani Hills); Prfev. in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. iii, 
p. 93 (1878: Muni-ul Mountains, April; Ussuri, breeding) j 
Blakist. §* Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 221 (Japan); Hume fy Davison, 
Str. F. vi. p. 458 (1878: Tenasserim); Ball, op. cii. yii p. 228 
(1878: Jaipur); Laird, t. c. p. 470 (Belgaum); Hume, t. c. p. 483 
(Calcutta) ; Inve?-arity, t. c. p. 525 (Tanna); Hume, op. cii. yiii. 
p. 112 (1879) ; Bingham, t. c. p. 196 (Thoungyeen Valley) j 
Scully, t. c. p. 353 (Nepal Valley); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 160 (1879); 
Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 253 (1879); Butler, Cat. 
B. Sind etc. p. 61 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 75 (1880) -r 
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 806 (1880) ; Hume # Marshall, Game B. Ind* 
iii. p. 309, cum tab. (1880); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. iy. 
p. 331 (1881); Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital no. 304 (1883); Bogd. 
Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 102 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. 
pp. 41, 388 (1884 : 4000 ft,, breeding); Murray, Vertebr. Faun, 
Sind, p. 238 (1884); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 147 
(1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 149 (1887); Harvie-Brozm 
4r Buckley, Vertebr. Faun. Caithn. etc. p. 216 (1887) ; Lilford, 
73. SCOLOPAX. 
673 
Col. Fig. Brit. B. part vii. (1888); Seeboh?n, Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 502 (1888); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 318(1888: Manipur); 
Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 46 (1888); Harvie-Brown fy Buckley, 
Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 130 (1888); St. John, Ibis, 1889, 

p. 176 (Afghanistan); LUford, t> c. p. 339 (Cyprus); Seebohm, 
B. Japan. F?np. p. 347 (1890); Heine § Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. 
Hein. p. 330 (1890) ; LUford, Col. Fig. Brit B. part xiv. (1890) ; 
Madardsz,Erlaut. Ausst. Unr/ar. Vogelfy. Ill (1891); Frivaldsky, 
Av. Hung. p. 150 (1891); Gatke, Vogeho. Helgol. p. 496 (1891) ; 
Buckley fy Harvie-Brovm, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 211 
(1891); Fatio $ Studer, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, p. 46 (1892); 
Koenig, J.f. 0. 1892, p. 89 (Tunis); Harme-Brown § Buckley, 
Vertebr. Faun. Argyll ty Inner Hebr. p. 171 (1892); Tacz. MSm. 
Acad. I?np. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 949 (1893); Dubois, 
Faun. III. Vert. Bek/., Ois. ii. p. 234, pi. 212 (1894); Beiser, Ornis 
Balcanica, p. 163 (1894). 

La Becasse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 462, pi. 25 (1780). 

Scolopax 
rusticula, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 53 (1783); Naum. Vdg. 
Bentschl viii. p. 361, pi. 211 (1837); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Fur. 
pp. lxxviii, 217 (1840) ; Nor dm. in Demid. Voy. Bliss. Merid. iii. 

p. 252 (1840) ; Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 108 (1844); 
Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxviii. figs. 552, 553 (1850); Hartl. J.f. 0. 
1854, p. 159 (Ceylon); Bolle, J.f.O. 1855, p. 176 (Canary Is.); 
Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 22. figs, 4, 4 a (1861); id. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 2 (1864); Degl. 8c Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. 
p. 177 (1867); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 120 (1869); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 407 (China, winter) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 472 (Ceylon); Palmen, Finl. Fogl. p. 226 (1873); Heugl 
Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1208(1873); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 178 
(1875); David 8r Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 475 (1877); Danf. Ibis, 
1878, p. 33 (Asia Minor); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 26 (Hakodadi); 
Wharton, t c. p. 454; Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 199 
(1880); Collett, Norges Fuglef. p. 86 (1881); Butler, Str. F. ix. 
p. 428 (1881: S. Mahratta country); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 95 
(Gilgit) ; Scully, t. c. p. 588 ; Blakist. fy Pryer, B. Japan, p. 113 
(1882); Stoinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 120 (Candahar); Seebohm, t. c. 
p. 224 (Astrakhan), p. 382 (Archangel); Salvin, Cat. StrickL 
Coll. p. 606 (1882); B.'O. U. List Brit. B. p. 165 (1883); Jouy, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 316 (1883: Japan); Seebohm, Ibis, 
1883, p. 30 (Caucasus); lrby, t c. p. 187 (Santander) ; Booth, 
Bough Notes, ii. pis. 5S, 59 (1881-87); Saunders, ed. YarreWs 
Brit. B. iii. p. 320(1883); Davison, Str. F. x. p. 413 (1883: 
Nilghiris); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 380 (1883); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 267 (Central China); Saunders, t. c. 
p. 389 (Pyrenees); C. H. T. Marshall, t. c. p. 424 (Chamha); 
Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884); Tristr. Faun. § 
Flor. Palest, p. 132 (1884); Baird, Breiver, fy Bidgw. Water-
Birds N. Amer. i. p. 180 (1884) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 620 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 231 (1885); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 42 (Corsica); Dixon, t. c. p. 86 (St. Kilda); 
Salvad. Flenco Ucc. Ital. p. 231 (1886); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 402 
(1886); Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lyi. p. 87 (1887); Backhouse, Ibis, 
1887, p. 72 (East. Pyrenees); Tait, t. c. p. 388 (Portugal); Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 459 (Corea); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 553 
(1889); Gigl. Avif. Ital, 1st Besoc. p. 609 (1889), 2nd Besoc. 
p. 660 (1890), Srd Besoc. p. 516 (1891); Koenig, J.f.O. 1890, 
p. 465 (Madeira); Sharpe, Bep. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 143 
VOL. xxiv. 2 x 
674 CHAEADKIIDJ]:. 

(1891); Sti/an, Ibis, 1891, pp. 330, 504 (Lower Yangtse): Seebohm, 

t. c. p. 378 (Western Szechuen); Maepherson, Vertebr. Faun 
Lahel p. 369 (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 23 (Heligoland); 
De La Touche, t. c. p. 497 (Foochow and Swatow) ; Hartert, t. c 
p. 514 (E. Prussia) ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 204 (Canary 
Is.) ; Sty an, t c. p. 436 (Hainan) ; Martin fy Hollin, Vertebres 
Sauv. Hndre, p. 198 (1894); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. 
p. 276 (1895); Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part i, (1895); Sharpe, 
Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 295j pi. lxxxv. (1896). 
Eusticola vulgaris, Vieill N. Diet, d? Hist. Nat. iii. p. 673 (1816). 
Scolopax major {nee Gm.), Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mus 

pp. 31, 32(1816: Devonshire; Farringdon). 
Scolopax pinetorum, Brehm, Vbg. Deutsehl. p. 613 (1831). 
Scolopax sylvestris, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 014. 
Eusticola europaea. Less. Traite dOrn. p. o5o (1831). 
Scolopax indicus, Hodgs. J A. S. Bene/, vi. p. 490 (1837). 
Scolopax communis, Selby, Cat. Gen. § Subgen. Aves, p. 43 (1840). 
Eusticola sylvestris, Maegill. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 105 (1842). 
Scolopax torquata, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 304 (1855). 
Scolopax orieutalis, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 304. 
Scolopax scoparia; Bp. Orn. Bom. 1820; id. C. R. xliii. p. 579 

(1856). 
Scolopax platyura, Brehm; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856). 


E. wm 
A. First long primary of adult Wood< 
E. First long primary of youug birc 
73 . SCOLOPAX. 675 
Adult male. General colour above rufous, black, and grey, the 
whole aspect of the upper surface being mottled; the ground-colour 
rufous, the feathers freckled with coarse black cross-lines and 
with large terminal or sub-terminal spots of black; many of the 
feathers tipped with grey, which is distributed over the whole of 
the upper surface in spots and patches ; the scapulars with dusky-
greyish cross-bars, each bar with a blackish marking; wing-coverts 
more rufous than the back, the lesser coverts barred with black 
spots, the median and greater series with dusky-grey cross-markings 
composed of bars and twin spots, which have a narrow black line 
above and below, the inner coverts spotted with white or greyish 
white at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, chequered with rufous notches on the outer web; the inner 
web, for the most part, uniform, except for some slight notches on 
the extreme inner margin* the notches on the outer webs of the 
first two primaries much paler and inclining to whitish, or, in old 
birds, almost disappearing-, so that it becomes nearly uniform ; the 
inner secondaries resembling the greater coverts and being barred 
across or having twin-spots of blackish or ashy brown, all the 
inner secondaries having an ashy-white spot at the end, and being 
largely marked with black in continuation of the pattern of the 
scapulars; lower back, rump, and upper tail-eoverts rufous, with 
obsolete cross-markings of ashy brown; tail-feathers blackish brown, 
notched on the outer webs with rufous, and having a grey band at 
the tip, which is silvery white underneath; forehead, eyebrow, *,nd 
sides of face ashy, with a few bars of dusky black, of which ther3 is 
a spot at the base of the mandible as well as a blackish line from 
the base of the latter to the eye; the hinder crown principally 
black, mottled with rufous, and barred across with ashy or greyish-
white bands; the hind-neck and sides of neck ashy grey, mottled 
with bars of dusky blackish; ear-coverts ashy, with a black bar 
across* the cheeks somewhat whiter and minutely spotted with 
black; chin white ; remainder of under surface ashy white and 
barred with pale brown; the fore-neck, breast, and sides of body 
buff, the latter having light brown bars, edged above and below 
with blackish lines ; under tail-coverts sandy buff, inclining to 
silvery white at the tips, the feathers barred with dusky black and 
having a sub-terminal arrow-shaped black spot; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries tawny buff, barred with blackish; lower primary-
coverts and quill-lining ashy grey, notched with buff on the inner 
webs: bill dusky brown, livid at base of lower mandible; feet 
greyish; iris dark brown. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2*85, 
wing 7*5, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 14 inches, 
culmen 3*2, wing 7*3, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*4. 

Young birds. Differ from the adults in being darker and having 
creamy-whitish, instead of ashy, spots at the end of the dorsal and 
scapular feathers; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are 
plainly barred across with dusky brown, and the tail-feathers are 
not largely notched with sandy buff on their margins, but have a 

2x2 

CHAKADBIIDJE. 

narrow sub-terminal line oi sandy buff between the ashy tip and the 

black of the rest of the feathers. The outer web 
of the primaries 

has a distinct series of fulvous notches. 

Nestling. Covered with velvety down of a rufous 
colour, with a 

broad band of chestnut down the centre of the crown, and another 

down the centre of the back, with three broad transverse bands 

down the sides of the body; on each side of the crown and dorsal 

stripe a broad streak of isabelline ; a black loral line and a central 

streak on the forehead also black; under surface of body pale 

rufous, inclining to isabelline on the abdomen, 
and with some 

chestnut patches on the throat and fore-neck. 

Eab. Europe and Northern Asia, breeding in the north, but also 

in the Azores, Canaries, and Madeira, and again in the Himalayas at 

10,000feet; wintering in India, China, andS. Europe. Accidental 

in North America. 

a. Pull. st. Orkney Islands. Purchased. 
Stirlingshire, Nov. (R, G. Tweeddale Coll. 

b. Ad. sk. 
W. &). 
c. Ad. sk. Craigmuir, Scotland. Godwin-Austen Coll. 
d. 
cS ad. sk. Stockbrig^s, Lanarkshire, Seebohm Coll. 
Dec. 27~(J". Robertson), 
e. f. Ad. et juv. England. Zoological Society. 
*st. 
g. Juv. st. Cumberland. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
h. Pull. sk. Clumber, Nottinghamshire. Gould Coll. 
i $ ad. sk. Northrepps, Norwich, Dec. 30 Seebohm Coll. 
(J. S. Gurnet/). 
k. 
§ ad. sk. Near Norwich, March (T. Seebohm Coll. 
Gunn). 
/. 
5 ad. sk. Eaton, Norfolk, Oct. 22 (J. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Starting). 

m. 
Ad. st. Norfolk. W.W. Barclay, Esq. 
[P.]. " * 
n. Ad. sk. Harting, Sussex, Nov. 
J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[O.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Hailsham, Sussex, Oct. 
J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[0.]. 
p, q. Ad.; r. Var. Devonshire. 

Montagu Coll. 

sk. 

s. Ad. sk. Devonshire. 
Gould Coll. 
t. 
Ad. st. Trebertha, Cornwall. Francis Rodd, Esq. 
[P.]. 
u. 
§ ad. sk. Scaripp, Co. Clare, Ireland, LordLilford[P.]. 
Feb. 28,1895(J2. T. Hibbert). 
v, w. (5 ad.; .r. $ Heligoland, April, Nov. (L. Seebohm Coll. 
ad. sk. Gdtke). 

y. 
$ ad. sk. Holland. Seebohm Coll. 
z. <$ ad. sk. Hungary, March (Czynk). Hungaiian National 
Museum [P.]. 
a'. S ad. sk. Near Moscow, May 2. Seebohm Coll. 

V. $ ad. sk. Cyprus, Nov. 21. Lord Lilford [P.]. 
<L Ad. sk. Archangel. Dr. K. B. Sharpef P.]. 
d'~f. Ad. sk. Mount Lebanon. S. Barody [C.]. 
(/'. S ad. sk. Madeira, June 29. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h'. $ ad. sk. Madeira, March 8. C.J.Cossart,Esq.pP.]. 
i'. Ad. sk. 

&'. $ ad.; V9 m\ 

6 5 pull. sk. 
ri. Ad. sk. 
o',p'. 6 2 ad. j

q'. Pull. sk. 
r\ Ad. sk. 

^'. cJ ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 

u\ 6 ad. sk. 

v'. Ad. sk. 

w\ Ad. sk. 

x'. Ad. sk. 

z/'. Ad. sk. 

s'. $ ad. sk. 

a", b". Ad. sk. 

c", d'\ Ad. sk. 

<?"-/'• Ad - sk. 

A". $ ad. sk. 

i"-m". Ad. sk 

w". Ad. sk. 

o", p". d ? ad. 

sk. 

$" V. Ad. sk. 

t>". Ad. sk. 

«>' -d3. Ad. sk. 

«V3- Ad.sk. 

g\ Ad. sk. 

A3, <£ ad. sk. 

[w. 7-6]. 
i\ $ ad. sk. 
[w. 7-3]. 
k3. Ad. sk. ["w. 
7-71. 
l\ Al. st. 


wi3. Ad. sk. 

[w. 7-7]. 
rc3. 9 ad. sk. 
IV. 7-8]. 
o3.Ad.sk.[w.7-7]. 
p3r q3. Ad. sk. 
[w. 7-6-7-7]. 
r3, s3. Ad. sk. 
t3 

. ? ad, sk. 

[w. 7-2]. 
w\ Skull and 
feet. 
v3, w3. Sterna. 
Xs* Bones of 


trunk. 
y3. Skull. 


73 . SCOLOPAX. 
St. Anna, Madeira, Nov. 4. 

Fanal, Madeira (3500ft.), May 12 

( W. JR. Ogilvie Grant). 
Orotava, Tenerifie. 
St. Michael's, Azores, March, 
April (F. Cfodman). 
India. 

Ootacamund, Nilghiris, May 2 

(W. Davison), 
Alyghur distr. 
Karachi, Sind, Nov. 4 (JE. A. 
Butler). 

Koomarsain, Punjab, Dec. 
Dhurmsala, Sept. 
Simla {A. Anderson). 
Simla. 
Simla, Nov. 3 (A. 0. H). 
Kotegurh, Nov., April. 
Kulu (Major Hay). 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Kumaon, J une 5 (A. Anderson), 
Masuri. 
Nepal Valley, Feb. (J. 8.). 
Nepal Valley, Nov. (J. Scully). 


Nepal. 
Nepal (B. H Hodgson). 
(Types 
Native Sikhim, Jan., Feb., 

April (L. Mandelli). 
Darjilicg. 
Naga Hills, winter. 
Calcutta, Oct. 31. 


Bay of Bengal, Nov. 18 (J. Aj-mstrong). 
Ta-tsien-lu {A. Pratt). 

China. 

Shanghai. 

Shanghai, Feb. 20 (JR. Swin


hoe). 
Formosa, Oct. (JR. Swinhoe). 
Amur Bay, E. Siberia, March 

(Dorries). 

Nagasaki, Japan. 
Hakodadi, Oct. 6 (H. Whitely). 


Near Rangoon, Feb. (JET. B. 
JDavidson). 

Nepal. 
Nepal. 


677 

C. J. Cos3art, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Baring & Grant Exp. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Gouman Coll. 

General Hardwicke 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
India Museum. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. I 
India Museum. ( 
of 8. indicus, Hodgs.) 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

J. B. Reeves, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 


Dr. Giinther [C.]. 

678 
CHARADKIID.3E. 

2. Scolopax saturata. 
Scolopax 
saturata, JSorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 191 (1821 : 
Mount Prahu, Java, 7000 ft.); id. Zool. Research. Java, pi. 63 
(1824); Less. Compl. Buff. Ois. iii. p. 420 (1837); Reichenb. 
Grail, tab. cccliv.fig. 2780 (1851) ; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856) ; 
Schl. Eandl. Dierk. i. p. 432, pi. vi. fig. 71 (1857) : id. Dierent. 

p. 248 (1864); id. Mits. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 3 (1864: Java); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p 36, note ; Sol. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1809, p. 419 ; 
Gray, Eand-l. B. iii. p. 54, no. 10353 (1871) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, 
p. 808 (1880); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlv. p. 107 
(1885: Mount Salak, Java) : Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 127 (Java), 
1887, pp 283-285; id. Geogr. Bistr. Charadr. p. 506, pi. xxi. 
(1888); Salrad. Ibis, 1889, pp. 108-112. 
Eusticola javanica, less. TraiU dHOrn. p. 555 (1831: Java). 
Gallinago saturata, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 59 (1824) ; 

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 583 (1846). 
Scolopax russata (nee Gould), Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 36, note. 
Scolopax rosenbergi, Schl. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iv. p. 54 (1871: 

New Guinea); Bosenb. Beist. naar Geehinhb. p. 144 (1875); id. 
Malay. Archip. pp. 563, 595 (1879); Salrad. Ann. Mus. Genov. 

xviii. p. 331 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 335 (1882); 
Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 665 (Aifak); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 128; 
Salvad. Ibis, 1889, pp. 108-112; id. Agg. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. 
p. 205 (1891). 
Adult. General colour above rufous, thickly mottled with black, 
which takes the form of bars, and here and there of blotches, 
principally on the mantle, scapulars, and inner secondaries; crown 
of head also rufous, barred with black, and having one broad band 
of black between the eyes, another on the nape, and another, very 
narrow one, just below it on the hind-neck; the wing-coverts like 
the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform blackish, 
with a few small chequered rufous spots on the outer primaries, 
larger on the secondaries, the innermost of which are barred; tail-
feathers black, the tips of the feathers ashy above and silvery-white 
beneath; beyond a sub-terminal narrow bar of rufous, nothing but 
a few spots of this colour on the tail; a huffy-white patch on each 
side of the forehead, followed by a line of black from the bill to the 
eye; chin and fore part of cheeks white; the throat, chest, and 
sides of body rufous, distinctly and somewhat broadly barred with 
blackish, especially on the flanks; the under fail-coverts rufous, less 
broadly barred with blackish; centre of the breast and abdomen 
whn>, regularly barred across with blackish; the under wing-
coverts dusky blackish, with indistinct rufous bars; lower primary-
coverts and quill-lining blackish, with a few rufous spots on the 
outer edge of the primaries; axillaries dusky blackish, with faint 
narrow bars of rufous. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 3*25, 

wing 5*75, tail 1/9, tarsus 1*5. 
I have only seen two skins from Java; in the one presented to the 
Museum by Dr. Vorderman the colour is rather browner than that 
of the Few Guinea specimens, and the bars on the breast are not so 
black, while the vermiculations on the wing-coverts are finer and not 
so coarse. The specimen, however, appears to be immature; and T 

74. PHILOHELA. 
679 

cannot see any specific difference between the Woodcocks from the 
two localities mentioned. Thus in this instance I agree with the 
late Mr. Seebohm and differ from Count Salvadori's conclusions. 

Hah. Mountains of Java and of North-western Hew Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. Java {Horsfield). India Museum. 
b. Imm. sk.
c. <5 ad. sk. 
Salak, Java. 
Arfak Mountains, N.W. NewGuinea. 
(Type of the species.) 
Br. Vorderman [P.]. 
Mr. Bruijn [0.]. 
d. S ad. sk. Hatam, Arfak Mountains. Seebohm Coll. 

74. 
PHILOHELA. 
Type. 
Microptera, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 192 (1834, nee 
Micropterus, Lesson, 1831) P. minor. 
Philonela, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 90 P. miuor. 
Range. North America. 

1. Philonela minor. 
Little Woodcock, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 463, pi. xix. fig. 2 (1785); 
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 131 (1785: New York). 
Scolopax minor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 661 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 714 (1790) ; Wilson, Amer. Orn. vi. p. 40, pi. 48.fig. 2 (1812); 
Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 331 (1826); Audah. Orn. Biogr. iii. 
p. 474, pi. eclxviii, fig. 1 (1835); Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, 
p. 3 (1864); A. $ E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 116 (1881); 
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 504 (1888). 
Busticola minor, 
Vieill. N. Diet. d'JSist. Nat. iii. p. 351 (1816) ; id. 
Gal. Ois. ii. p. 112, pi. 242 (1825); Less. Traite dOrn. p. 555 
(1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 52 (1838) ; Gosse, 

B. Jamaica, p. 354 (1847); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); March, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Philad. 1864, p. 68 (Jamaica), 
Microptera minor, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 194 (1834). 
Lesser Woodcock, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 194. 
Microptera americana, Audub. Syn. p. 250 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, 

vi. p. 15, pi. 352 (1839); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 266 (1844). 
Philonela 
minor, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 90 (1841); id. List Grail. . 
Brit. Mus. p. 112 (1844: Bockpori); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 584, 
pi. 157. fig. 2 (1846); Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxviii. fig. 554 (1850); 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854); Cass, in Bairds 

B. N. Amer. p. 709 (1858 : Pennsylvania; Nebraska); Boardm, 
Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 128 (1862 : Bay of Fundy, 
breeding); Mcllwraith, Proc. Essex Lnst. v. p. 92 (1866: Hamilton, 
Canada West); Coues, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 122 
(1868; South Carolina); Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. p. 541 (1868: 
Western Iowa); Gray, Hand~l. B. iii. p. 54,no. 10355 (1871); 
Maynard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 383 (1871: Lake 
Umbagog, breeding); Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 355 (1871: 
Florida); Scott, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 227 (1872 : West 
Virginia); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 252 (1872); id. B. N.-West, 
p. 472 (1874) ; Ridgxo. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 383 (1874: Illinois); 
id. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 324 (1874: Lower Wabash 
Valley); Meid. Zool. 1877, p. 476 (Bermudas); Maynard, B. East 
680 cffARADRima;. 

N. Amer, p. 373 (1879); Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll p. 606 (1882); 
Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 99 (1882); id. in Steams1 New 
Engl Bird-Life,il-p. 191 (1883); Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgiv. Water-
Birds N. Amer. i. p. 183 (1884); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 619 (1884): Agersh. Auk, ii. p. 286 (1885: S.E. Dakota); Turner, 
JProc. U.S.Nat. Hits. viii. p. 246 (1885: Labrador); Brewster, 
Auk, iii. p. 102 (1886: N. Carolina); Seton, t. c. p. 151 (Lake 
Winnipeg); Smith, t. c. p. 285 (Denver) ; Fox, t c. p. 302 (Tennessee) 
; A. 0. XT. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 147 (1886); Bidgw. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1887); Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 185 (1887: 
Western Texas); Sennett, t. c. p. 241 (N. Carolina): Cory, t. c. 
p. 311 (Jamaica) ; Biehm. Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: Columbia); 
Chapm. t. c. p. 270 (Gainsville, Florida); Evermann, t. c. p. 348 
(Indiana) ; Brewster, t. c. p. 389 (Massachusetts); Cory, B. West 
Indies, p. 232 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 156 (1889: Florida) ; 
Pindar} t. c. p. 312 (Kentucky); Warren, B. Pennsyh. 2nd ed. 
p. 78 (1890); Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl. Mm. Rein. p. 330 
(1890); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 498 (1890: Manitoba) 
; Batch, B. Minnesota, p. 117 (1892); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 12 
(1892: Jamaica), p. 212 (Florida); Cory, Cat. B. West Ind. 
p. 92 (1892) ; Bwight, Auk, x. p. 8 (1893: Prince Edward Island) ; 
Allen, t c. p. 123 ; Wayne, t. c. p. 204 (S. Carolina); White, t. c. 
p. 223 (Mackinac Isl.); Maekay, Auk, xi. p. 85 (1894: JMassachnsetts); 
Stone, t. c. p. 136 (New York); Alien, Auk, xii. p. 90 
(1895: Cape Breton); Jones, t. c. p. 236 (Iowa); Wayne, t. c. 
p. 364 (Florida). 
Adult male. General colour above sandy rufous, barred with 
black, and with large sub-terminal blotches of black on many of the 
scapulars and iuner secondaries ; many of the feathers of the upper 
surface spotted or tipped with pale lavender-grey, which forms a 
conspicuous feature of the upper surface; wing-coverts sandy rufous, 
barred with dusky, and with black on the lesser series; bastard-
wing, primar}T-coverts, and quills uniform sepia-brown, the outer 
secondaries chequered and the inner ones freckled arid barred with 
sandy rufous; centre of the lower back and rump dusky brown, 
barred with blackish and centred with black near the tip, the 
sides of ihe rump and the lateral upper tail-coverts cinnamon-
rufous ; tail-feathers black with ashy grey tips, before which is a 
thread-like line of sandy buff, the outer feathers with a few notches 
of the same colour on the outer web; forehead ashy grey, this 
colour extending over the crown to the line of the eyes, followed 
by a narrow band of sandy rufous, and then by a broad black band 
from eye to eye, another on the occiput, and another on the 
hind-neck, the bands separated by a narrow line of sandy rufous; 
lores and sides of face pale rufous buff, washed with ashy, especially 
on the ear-coverts and cheeks; a black line from the base of the 
bill to the eye, and another along the upper line of the cheeks ; chin 
white ; remainder of under surface cinnamon-rufous, clouded with 
ashy grey on the throat and sides of the upper breast, where there 
are a few small black bars; centre of breast and abdomen isabelline; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries cinnamon; lower primary-coverts 
and quill-lining dull ashy: " bill light brown, paler and yellowish 

75 . PHEGOBtflS. 
at base; feet pale reddish ; iris brown. Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 2-5, wing 4*9, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*15. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but rather larger. 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 3, wing 5*45, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-25. 

Nestling. Covered with down of a pale grey or isabeUine colour, 
relieved with reddish patches on the sides of the body and the wing-
coverts ; a line of black down the crown from the base of the bill, 
widening out behind the line of the eyes, where it joins a browner 
band which extends down the hinder neck along; the middle of 
the lower back a black band with a pale isabeUine line on each 
side; on the ear-coverts a few brown markings, and between the 
bill and the eye a black streak, and another below the eye. 

Hob. North America. 

a. Ad. sk. 
North America. Purchased. 
b. Nestling sk. 
North America. Seebohm Coll. 
c. 2 ad. sk. 
Canada. Seebohm Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Canada (Sir Charles Shelley). Tweeddale Coll. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Lake Ontario, Canada. C. J. Phelips. Esq. 
[P.J. 
g. 
Ad. sk. New Brunswick (G. A. Board-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
man). 
h. Ad. sk. 
Niagara Falls. Gould Coll. 
i. 
Ad. sk. Bockport, Ohio. Professor Kirtland 
[pj. 
h. J ad. sk. Locust Grove, New York, June 
(C. L. Bigg: Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I. ? ad. sk. Elizabeth, New York, March 30 
(C. H. Men-tarn : Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Coll.). 
m, n. $ ad. sk. "Wellesley, Massachusetts, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H W. Henshaw). 

o. 2 a(** s^. 
New Haven, Connecticut, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. H. Merriam: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
p. Ad. sk. Ainsworth, Illinois, Sept. 19 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. W. Nelson: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
q. $ ad. sk. 
Peoria, Illinois, July (Bishop). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. d ad. sk. Pennsylvania (J. Krider). Seebohm Coll. 
s-a'. S 2 a<^« e t Washington, D.C., March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imin. sk. 
April, June (H. W. Henshaw). 


V. Ad. sk. Florida. Seebohm Coll. 
c'. Ad. sk. California. Seebohm Coll. 
75. PHEGOROTS. 
Type. 
Leptopus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 175 (nee Eafin. 1815). P. mitchelli. 
Leptodactylus, JF>fl»*r, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 157 (neoFitz. 1826). P. mitchelli. 
Leptoscelis, Des Murs, Icongr. Orn, pi. 41 (1846) (nee 

Halliday, 1833) P. mitchelli. 
Phegornis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 546 (1847) P. mitchelli. 

Range. S.W. of South America, from Peru to Chili. 

CHABADEIID.^. 

1. Phegornis mitchelli. 
Leptopus 
mitchelli, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 157 (Chili); id, Zool. 
Typ. pi. 63 (1849). 
Leptodactylus mitchelli, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 157. 
Leptoscelis mitclielli, Des Mtirs, Icongr. Orn. pi. xli. (1846); Gay, 
Faun, Chil, Zool. i. p. 404 (1847). 
Phegornis mitchelli, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 545, pi. 145. fig. 1 (1847); 
Reichenb. Grail tab. ccc. figs. 2437-38 (1850); Bp. C. R. xliii. 

p. 597 (1856); Gray, JETand-l. B. iii. p. 17, no. 10025 (1871); Scl. $ 
Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, 
p. 561 j id, Orn. Perou, iii. p. 372 (188(5: Junin); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1886, p. 403 (Sitana, Tarapaea); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. 
p. 450, pi. xvi. (1888J;' James, Neio List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892). 
Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform chocolate-
brown, lighter and more ashy brown on the wings; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, the inner webs more ashy 
brown; the secondaries lighter and more ashy, the outer ones 
fringed with white near the ends, and the inner ones notched 
externally with white ; the long innermost secondaries brown like the 
back; upper tail-coverts brown, as also the tail-feathers, which are 
blackish sub-terminally, with a white end, slightly freckled with 
black, the outer feather also barred across with white; forehead 
and fore-part of crown as far as the eyes sooty black, as well as the 
throat; sides of face and cheeks and sides of neck sooty black; 
crown of the head to the nape brown, separated by a band of white, 
which runs from the nape above the ear-coverts forwards over the 
eye and across the crown between the line of the eyes ; nape and 
hind-neck chestnut, extending down on each side on the sides of 
the neck; lower throat white; fore-neck, chest, and breast ashy 
whitish, finely lined across with wavy bars; lower breast and 
abdomen white, with a few dusky bars on the flanks, more broadly 
indicated on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, the lower primary-coverts and quills being dull ashy : 
" bill black* feet yellowish flesh-colour; iris dark brown " (JeUH). 
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 4*6, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

Young. Browner than the adults, and with rufous bars all over 
the upper surface, less distinct on the head, the forehead greyer; 
the hind-neck ashy whitish, as well as the streak on the sides of 
the head; throat and breast ashy, with coarser bars than in the 
adult, and scarcely any indications of dusky bars on the flanks and 
under tail-coverts. 
Nestling. Blackish above, with ochreous spots ; beneath white. 
Hah. Western South America, from Chili to Peru. 

a, b. Ad. et juv.; Ohm. Antarctic Exped. [O.]. 
c. Pull. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. Chili. Zoological Society, 
(Type of sp3cies.) 
e. Ad. sk. Central Chili (F. C. Berkeley James Coll, 
Reed). 
/. <$ ad. sk. Junrr, Peru (Jekhi). Seebohm Coll. 

683 

76 . EOSTRATULA. 

76. 
ROSTRATULA. 
Type. 
Rostratula, Vieill Analyse, p. 56 (1816) R. capensis. 
Rhyncha3a, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 487 (1817) R. capensis 
Range. The Ethiopian, Indian, and Australian Regions, ranging 
into China and Japan. Southern portion of the Neotropical Region. ^ 

Key to the Species. 

a. Wing-coverts uniform, lined across with 
black, or with white, hut never golden 

a'. Throat chestnut, as also the collar round 
the hind-neck capensis $, p. 683. 
b'. Throat and chest sooty "black; a chestnut 
patch on the hind-neck australis §, p. 690. 
, Wing-coverts uniform blackish, except for 
some large ovate spots of white; throat 
and sides of face sooty black semicollaris $ J , p. 690. 
Wing-coverts with ovate spots of golden 
buff; upper throat white; fore-neck light , ^ ^ 

br0wn

 \ australis J, V.6U0. 

1. Rostratula capensis. 

The Bengal Water Rail, Albin, Nat. Mist B. iii. p. 85, pi. 90 (1740). 
Le Chevalier de Bengaie, Briss. Orn. v. p. 209 (1760). 
La Beccassine de Madrast, Briss. torn. cit. p. 308. 
La Beccassine du Cap de Bonne Esp&rance, Briss. op. cit. vi., Suppl. 


p. 141, pi. vi. 
Scolopax capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 246 (1766); Bodd. Tabl. Fl. 
EnL p. 1(5 (1783); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 666 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 716 (1790) ; Maffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 327 (1822). 
Rallus benghalensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 263 (17C6). 
Be'cassine du Cap de Bonne Esperance, D'Aubent. PI Enl. viii. 
pi. 270. 
Beccassine de la Chine, IPAubent. torn. cit. pi. 881. 
Beccassine de Madagascar, DAtibent. torn. cit. pi. 922. 
La Be'cassine du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. 

p. 494 (1780). 
La Beeassine de la Chine, Buff. torn. cit. p. 495. 
La Beeassine de Madagascar, Buff. torn. cit. p. 495. 
Le Chevalier vert, Buff. torn. cit. p. 520. 
? La Beccassine blanche des Indes, Sonn. Voy. Lnd. Orient, ii. p. 218 
(1782). 
Scolopax chinensis, Bodd. Tabl PL Enl p. 53 (1783). 
Scolopax madagascariensis, Bodd. torn. cit. p. 55. 
Cape Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 138 (1785). 
Cape Snipe, var. A, Lath. torn. cit. p. 138, pi. lxxxi. 
Cape Snipe, var. B, Lath. torn. cit. p. 139. 
Cape Snipe, var. C, Lath. torn. cit. p. 139. 
Cape Snipe, var. D, Lath. torn. cit. p. 140, 
Madras Snipe, Lath. torn. cit. p. 141. 
? White Indian Snipe, Lath. torn. cit. p. 141. 
? Scolopax indica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 667 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 718 (1790). 

CH1EADRTIDJE. 

Scolopax maderaspatana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 667 (1788); Lath, Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 717 (1790). 
Scolopax sinensis, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 717 (1790); Shaw fy Nodd. 
Nat Misc. pi. 729. 
Bostratula capensis, Vieill. N. Lid. tfHist. Nat vii. p. 1 (1816); 
Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist, iv., Birds, p. Ill, cum %. (1885). 

Ro3tratula sinensis, Vieill. torn, pit p. 2. 

Rostratula indica, Vieill. torn, cit p. 2. 

Rostratula viridis, Vieill. torn, cit p. 2. 

Rhynchaea capensis, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 488 (1817); Vieill. 
Em. Meth. iii. p. 1163 (1823); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zooi. xii. 

p. 65, pi. x. (1824); Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 557 (1831): Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 585 (1846); Reichenb. Grail tab. IxxL ftgs. 54S-49 
(1850); Strickl. § Set. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 (Damara-land); 
Licht. Nommcl Av. Mm. Berol. p. 93 (1854 : Arabia; Sumatra); 
Bp. C, R. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 239 
(1857); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 153 (Ibadan, "W. Africa); Earth 
Faun. Madag. p. 78 (1861) ; Roch fy Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 172 
(Madagascar); Gurney, t. e. p. 330 (Natal); Newton, t. c. p. 457 
(Madagascar) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 (Madagascar); Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 334 (1867); Grand. Rev. et May. de Zool 1808, p. 4 ; 
Finsch § Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 774 (1870); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 399 (Madagascar); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 54, no. 10356 
(1871); Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 313 (1872); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 250, pi. xi. (1872); Heugl Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. Abtfa. 
i. p. 1211 (1873); Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. Logos, p. 146 (L*>73: 
Menza, March); Walden, Trans. Zool, Soc. ix. p. 235 (1875) ; 
Bartlett, P Z. S. 1875, p. 68 (Madagascar); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 212 (Transvaal); Reichen.J.f.O. 1877, p. 11; Ayres, Ibis, 
1877, p. 351 (Transvaal); Hartl. Ois. Madag. p. 335 (1877); 
Lavid % Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 480 (1877); Tioeedd. P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 551 (Zamboanga). p. 703 (Luzon, Feb.), p. 834 (Butuan, 
May); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 345 (S. Lejte, Sept.) ; Wood-Mason, 
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 745, pi. xlvii. (Wachea); Wardlaio Ramsay, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 71 (Afghanistan); id. P. Z. S.1880, p. 15 (Sumatra) ; 
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 428 (1880); Tweedd. Rep. ChaU., Birds, 
p. 24 (1880); Leqge, B. Ceylon, p. 800 (1880); Bocage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 476 (1881) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 600; id. Ibis, 
1882, p. 366 (Mashona-land); Milne-Edicards $ Grandid. Mist. 
Nat Ois. p. 688, pi. 261 (1882); Holub 8? Feh. Beitr. Cm. 
Sildafr. p. 294 (1882); Butler, Feilden, 8f Reid, Zool 1882, p. 425 
(Natal); Salvm, Cat Strickl Coll p. 608 (1882); Oatesf Handb. 
B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 386 (1883); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. 
p. 387 (1884; Ronga R., March); Sharpened. Layard's B. S. Afr. 
p. 679 (1884); Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 116 (Pangani R.); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 312 (1888: Shoa); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, 
p. 306 (Jipi, breeding); Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 322 (1888: Manipur); 
Seebohm, Geogr. Listr. Charadr. p. 456 (1888); Reichen. J.f O. 
1889, p. 267 (Zanzibar) ; Everett, Jour. Straits Branch As. Soc. 
1889, p. 206 (Borneo); Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl Musi Hein. 
n. 330 (1890: Senaar); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests $ Eggs. Ind. B. 
iii. p. 350 (1890); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 340 (1890); Styan, 
Ibisf 1891, pp. 330, 505 (Lower Yangtze); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 
(Madagascar); Be La Touche, t c. p. 498 (Foochow); Styan, Ibis, 
1893, p. 436 (Hainan); Munn, Ibis, 1894,p. 73 (Calcutta); Shelley, 
t c. p. 475 (Nyasa-land); Reichen. Vog. Leutseh-Ost-Afr. p. 43 
(1894: Pangani; Kakoma; Ugalla; Ronga River). 
76. KOSTBATTJLA. 
685 
Rhynchsea orientals, Uorsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 193(1821). 
Rhynchaea alba, VieUl. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1164 (1823). 

Hhynchaea sinensis, Vieill Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1164 (1823); Stephens 
in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 6Q (1824); Less. Man. tfOrn. ii.p.270 
(1828) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 458 (Corea). 

Rhynchaea mada^ascarien&is, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 67 
(1824); Less.^Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 270 (1828); Reichenb. Grail. 
tab. lxxi. fig. 547 (1850). 

Rnynchaea madaraspatana, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 68 
(1824) ; Temm. $ Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 113 (1847). 
Rhynchsea africana, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 270 (1828). 
Bhynchasa bengalensis, Less. Man. dVOrn. ii. p. 270 (1828); Gray, 
List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 108 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 126 
(1845) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. tyc. Nepal p?*es. Hodgs. p. 140 (1846); 
Myth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 273 (1849: Calcutta) ; id. Contr. 
Orn. 1852, p. 52, pi. 89. figs. 1-3 ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856) ; 
Adams, F. Z. S. 1858, p. 507; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 53 (Egypt); 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 242 (Oudh); Swinh. B.Z. S. 1863, p/314; 
Jerd. B. 2nd. iii. p. 677 (1864); Allen, Ibis, 1864, p. 241 
(Damietta); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 108 (1864); Taylor, Ibis, 
1867, p. 70 (Egypt); Siuinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 362 (Hainan); Blanf. 
Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 432 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 55, 
no. 10357 (1871); kzcinh. P. Z. S, 1871, p. 408; Holdsw. P. Z. St 
1872, p. 473 (Ceylon); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 417 (Kathiawar); 
Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 5fe6 (1873); id. Sir. F. 

i. p. 235 (1873: Sindh) ; Adam, t. c. p. 396 (Sambhur) ; Ball, Str. 
F. ii. p. 431 (1874: Chota Nagpur); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 336 
(1874); Bh/th § Wald. B. Burm. p. 157 (1875) ; Butler, Str. F. 
iv. p. 15 (1876: Mount Aboo, &c.); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Khandala); 
Hume, Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877: N.E. Cachar); Butler, t. c. p. 223; 
Sioirih. Ibis, 1877, p. 146; Wardlaw Ramsay, t. c. p. 469 (Burma); 
Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exped. West. Yunnan, p. 683 (1878: 
Moraien, June); Blahist. $• Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 225 (Japan); 
Hume $* Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 459 (1878: Tenasserim); Davidson 
$• Wenden, op. cit. vii. p. 89 (1878: Deccan); Ball, t. c. p. 228 
("Ganges to Godayery); Cripps, t. c. p. 302 (Faiidpur); Butler, 
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 61 (1879); Hume, Str. P, viii. pp. 112, 157 
(1879); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 76 (1880); Hume fy 
Marshall, Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 381, cum tab. (1880); Vidal, 
Str. F. ix. p. 84 (1889: S. Konkan); Bingham, t c. p. 197 
(Tboungyeen valley); Kelham,Ibit>, 1882, p. 15 (Malay Peninsula); 
Blahist. # Fryer, List B. Jap. p. 122 (1882); Davison, Str. F. x. 

p. 414 (Nilghiris) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. pp. 12, 42 
(1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 242 (1884) ; Seebohn, 
Bis, 1884, p. 178 (Japan); Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 183 
(Mhow distr.); Heine § Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 330 
(1890 : Manila: Java); Barnes, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. yi. p. 730, 
cuin tab. fig. 873 (1891); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 266 
(Catanduanes). 
Bnynchasa picta, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 18 (1831); SyJces, 

F. Z. S. 1832, p. 164 (Deccan); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. 
p. 108 (1844). 
Rhynchsea yariegata, 
Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 109, pi. 240 (1834); Schl 
Mus. Fays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 16 (1864) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. 

p. 63 (1856: Upper Egypt, breeding in May and April); Schl. $ 
Foil. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 131 (1868). 
Bhynchgea variabilis, Temm. Tabl Meth. p. 97 (1836). 


686 CHABADEIID^. 

Ehyncli^a capensis vel indica, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus 
Grail, pis. 96, 90 a, nos. 588-9 ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 8(31 
(1844). 
Scolopax cafira, Licht. ed. Forster, JDescr. Anim. p. 49 (1846: Cape 
of Uood Hope). 
Bliynchcea chinensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 585, pi. 157. £s\ 5 (1846). 
Kottratula bengalensis, Stejn. Stand, Nat. Hist. iv. Birds, p. Ill 
(1885). 

Adult female. General colour above ashy brown, strongly glossed 
with olive-green, the upper surface freckled all over with transverse 
lines of dusky blackish, with here and there broader bars of greenish 
black; some of the scapular feathers edged, with bright ochre, 
forming a streak down each side of the back; parapteral plumes 
pure white, forming another streak, which is, however, generally 
concealed by the scapulars ; wing-coverts distinctly glossed with 
olive-green and finely barred with dusky; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills pearly grey, freckled with irregular wavy lines of 
black, and ocellated with ovate spots of rich ochre on the outer web, 
and with bars of the same colour on the inner web, all the quills 
marked with black at the base of the outer web, more distinctly 

seen in the primaries than the secondaries; lower back, rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and tail pearly grey, with black cross-lines, the 
rump with a few white spots, the upper tail-coverts spotted with 
rich ochre, with which the tail-feathers are barred ; crown of head 
dusky, slightly glossed with olive-green, with a band of ochre down 
the centre of the crown, bordered on each side by a shade of black ; 
round the eye a cincture of isabelline whitish, reaching to a point 
above the ear-coverts, and surrounded by a blackish shade above 
and below, more broadly in front; lores and sides of face, as 
well as the throat, deep chestnut, extending backwards round the 
hind-neck ; across the fore-neck a broad collar of greenish black; 
remainder of under surface of body white, extending upwards on 
either side of the black prse-peetoral band; on each side of the 
upper part of the breast a black patch with a slight greenish 
gloss, succeeded by some brown feathers waved with dusky lines ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the outer ones ashy, 

freckled with dusky cross-lines and small spots of white or buff: 
" bill greenish, yellowish fleshy at the tip of both mandibles ; feet 
pale green; iris dark brown " (E. A. Butler). Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 1-85, wing 5'5, tail 1*65, tarsus 1*7. 

Adult male. Different from the female and rather smaller. 
Easily distinguished from the female by the absence of chestnut on 
the throat and neck, and by the different colour of the wing-coverts. 
The latter, instead of being olive-green barred with blackish cross-
lines, are bronzy olive, with numerous bar-like spots of yellow-ochre, 
these spots having a black line above and below ; the inner secondaries 
similarly marked and coloured. Although there is a line of 
sandy buff on each side of the back, there are apparently no white 
parapteral plumes. Instead of the chestnut on the throat, the 
latter is white with dusky spots on the upper part, the lower throat 

76 . EOSTRATULA. 
687 

light "brown, mottled with dusky bars and whitish margins to the 
feathers, the lower border of this dusky patch edged with a band of 
black: "bill purplish brown ; feet dull slaty-blue ; iris dark brown " 

(S. Stafford Allen). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*95, wing 5, 
tail 1*6, tarsus 1-7Young 
male. E-esembles the old male almost exactly, but has the 
throat entirely white, the lower throat; and fore-neck washed with 
brown, with some dusky streaks. These streaks on the full-grown 
male are sometimes black, and the feathers of the back and scapulars 
have spots or margins of white. 

Young female. Is at first like the young male and has the same 
yellow-spotted wing-coverts. The hind-neck is grey, vermiculated 
with dusky like the male, and the markings on the throat are similar 
to those of the latter sex. "When the chestnut colour is first assumed, 
it is of a dull tint, and is obscured by dusky margins to the feathers ; 
the chin is white, and the throat and fore-neck uniform brown, with 
which the chestnut feathers are often mingled. 

Bab. Africa below the Sahara, extending to Egypt. Indian 
Peninsula and Ceylon, to the Burmese provinces, China and Japan, 
south to the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and the Philippines. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Gambia. Governor Kendall 
[C.]. 


c. Imm. sk. Gambia. Sir A. Moloney [P.l 
d, e, f. S ? imm. Accra, Gold Coast, May (J. Shelley Coll. 
&k. Smith). 
g,h. S J ad. sk. Otiimbinque, Damara-land, Seebolim Coll. 
Nov. (C. J. Andersson). 
L Imm. sk. Swakop River, Dec. 9 (C. J. Tweeddale Coll. 
Andersson). 


k. $ 
ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Seebohm Coll. 
Dec. 22 (C. J. A.). 
l} m. <$ ad. et imm. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
sk. 


n. 
2 imm. sk. Natal. Gurney Coll. 
o. 5 imm. sk. Durban, Natal (Gordge). Seebolim Coll. 
p. 
S ad.; q, r. $ Newcastle, Natal, Sept. Capt. Savile Eeid 
ad. sk. 
s. 
<$ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, m 
Jan. (T. Ay res). 
Gurney Coll. 

t, u. $ $ ad. sk. Marico, Transvaal. 

P. 
A. Barratt, Esq. 
[P.]. 
v. 5 imm. sk. Madagascar (JBewsher). 
Seebohm Coll. 

w. S ad. sk. Madagascar. 
Mr. A. Crossley [C.]. 

x. 
$ ad. sk. Central Madagascar. 
Seebohm Coll. 

y, z. <S ad. sk. Palombi E,., Shirwa Plains, 

Sir H. H. Johnston 

Nyasa-land (A. Whyte). 

.DP-]. 

a'. $ ad. sk. Fort Johnston, Upper Shire* Sir H. H. Johnston 
(Dr. Watson). [p.i. 
b'9 c'. <3% imm. Lamu (Sir J. Kirk). 

Seebohm Coll. 

sk. 
d't e'. c? ad. et Lamu, Sept. E. J. Jackson, Esq. 
juv.; /'. 2 ad. [p.]. 

sk. 

688

y. cJad.sk
h' i' 7c'. Ad. st.

I, m'. $ ad. et juv.

sk. 
ri. j ad. sk.
o'. d1 ad.; jp', q'.

J ad. sk. 
r'. d ad. sk.


s' rT ad. sk.

t' u\ Ad. sk.


v', w'. Ad. sk.
x'. 3 ad. sk.
y\ $ ad. sk.


z'-a". $ ad. sk.
5". Ad. sk.


c", d", e". $ ad.
sk.
/". 5 ad. sk.

a". 2 ad. sk.

h". Ad.sk.

i". 3 ad. sk.

k"-n". 3 $ ad. sk.
ou. J ad. sk.
V"12"-6 S a(3- sk


r". S ad.; s", t'\
5 ad. sk. 
w", v". S $ imm.
sk.
w". (5 ad. sk.

#",y". S ad.; 2",
a?. S $ juv. sk. 
o3-,?3. <J $ ad. sk.

h3 3 

, a. <$ J ad. sk.

hz 

. 
3 ad. sk.

P. Ad. sk.
m3, nz. <$ $ ad. sk.
oz. J ad. sk.

pz. Ad. sk.
q3, rK § ad.; $3-#4.
c? ad. sk.

b4

-. Ad. sk.
c4, d^, e*. Juv. sk.

 CHAKADKIlDiE. 

 Ain, Lepka R., Samhar,
July 6. 
Egypt.

 Damietta, Egypt, Feb.

 Damietta (G. K SX 
Damietta, Feb. (#. JS1 S.).


 Damietta, May 9 (& A

Allen),

 Cairo.

 Jellalabad, Afghanistan

 {Griffith), 
Sind (Dr. H. Gould). 
Eastern Narra, Sind ($. Doig). 
Deesa, Sept. 21 (JS. A.

Butler), 
Kutch, Jan. 3 (F. Stoliczka). 
Nusserabad.


 Sambhur, July (JR. M. 
Adam). 
Delhi, May 18 (C. T. Bingham), 


 Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Aug.

(W.N. Chill), 
Simla (4000 ft), Sept. 16

(J. Thompson), 
Debra 
Dhoon, Feb. 2 (&.
King). 

 Etawah, July. 
Jhansie. 
Allahabad, May (J*. Cock-
hum), 

 Oudh, Nov., Dec.

 Futtehgurh, May (^t. Andersow), 
Chumparun district, Oudh,
March 27. 
Oudh.

 Nepal.

 Nepal (B. H. Hodgson)* 
Darjiling. 
Darjiling (Colonel Sharps).

 Kamroop, Assam, Jan. (A.

W. Chennell). 
Manipur Valley, Feb. (A. 0.
R.). 

 Dacca. 
Calcutta, Oct., Dec. to March

 (A. 0. E.). 
Calcutta, April. 
Calcutta.


 W. T^ Blanford, Esq. 
[P.1 
J. W. H. Ctminghame, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 


 Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


 Seebohm Coll. 

 Surgeon-Capt. Pen-
ton [P.]. 
India Museum. 

 India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 H. F. Bellamy. Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coil. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume CoH. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume CoH. 

 PinwiU CoH. 

 Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Godwin-Austen Coll. 
India Museum, 

76 . EOSTRATTJXA. 
f4

-. 5 ad. sk. 
g\ 2 imm. sk. 

hl 

, i\ 2 ad. sk. 
Jc*. Imm. sk. 

I41 

. $ imm. sk. 

m4*, n\ $ 2 ad. sk. Madras. 
o4, JO*. Ad. sk. Malabar Coast. 
fj r\ <5 $ ad. sk. Anjango, Travaneore, Dec. 

(F. Bourdillon), 
s4*) t4. J ad. et imm. Ragam Corale, Ceylon, 
Raipur, Jan. 
Saugor. 
Kandeish. 
Deccan (Sykes). 

N.E. of Ahmednuggur, NOT. 3 
($. B. Fairbank). 

sk. 
u\ 2 ad. sk. 
&, w4*. d 2 ad. s^


x4*. <5 imm. sk. 

45 ad et 

y~e. S 2


imm. sk. 
f5, F-<S 2 ad. sk. 
h\ 2 ad. sk* 
is, k\ <$ ad. sk. 

I5 

. Ad. sk. 

m5, n5. $ 2 ad-s^' 
o'\ 2 ad. sk. 
p3, j5. c? ad. sk. 

r5. $ ad. sk. 
s\ t\ d 2 ad. sk. 
v£-v5. tf 2 ad. sk. 

y\ zK <S 2 ad. sk. 

a*, hB. S 2 ad. sk. 
c6"/6-6 2 ad. sk. 
gQ-l\ J 2 ad. sk. 
m6. c? ad. sk. 
nQ, o6. $ ad.; p\ 

S ad. sk. 
g'6. S ad. sk. 
r6. c? ad. sk. 

se. c? ad. sk. 

ts 

. 
3 ad. sk. 

w6. c? ad. sk. 

2?6. Ad. sk. 

w6, x6. (S 2 ad. sk. 

#6. c? ad. sk. 

VOL. xxrv. 

Dec. lo. 
Tonghoo, Burma. 
Lower Pesru, March, April 

(E. W. 0.). 
Moulmein, Tenasserim, Nov. 
10 (C T. Bingham). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 

Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 

Singapore (Hamilton). 
Sumatra (Carl Bock). 

China. 

China ($. Bligh). 

Canton. 
Shanghai, Sept., Feb. (JR. 

Siomhoe). 
Cheldan<r, Oct. (R.Swinhoe). 
Atnoy, Feb. (R. Swinhoe). 
Formosa, Jan. (JR. Swinhoe $ 

P. A. Moist). 
N. Formosa. 
Japan. 
Yezo (T. Blahiston). 
Yokohama (H. Pryer). 
Hakodadi, May 22 (JSenso?i). 
Nagasaki, Nov., May. 

Nagasaki, Nov. 
Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb. 

(A. H. Everett). 
S. Leyte, Sept. (A. K. 
Everett). 
Butuan, Mindanao, May (A. 

H. Everett). 
Zamboanga, 
May (A. JBL. 
Everett). 

Zamboanga. 

Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. (J. 

B. Steere). 
Marinduque (J. B. S.). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

J. 
R. Reeves, Esq. 
[P.]. (Type of It. 
picta, J. E. Gray.) 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

H. E. Hobson, Esq. 
GouldColl. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Voy. H.M.S. l Challenger.' 
Steere Coll. 

Steere Coll. 

2T 

CHAEADRITDJE. 

2. Eostratula australis. 
Rhvnchsea australis, Govld, P. Z. S. 1837, p. loo; id. B. Atistr. vi. 
pi. 41 (1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mas. p. 108 (1844): id. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 58o (1846) ; Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr. ii. App. 

p. 50 (1849); Reichenb. Grail, tab. lxx. h>. 999, 1000 (1850) ; 
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 579 (1856) ; Gould, Scmdb. B. Austr. ii. p. 274 
(1865); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 54, no. 10358 (1873); Ramsay, 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 339 (N.E. Queensland); Biggies, B. Austr. ii. 
p. 100, cum "fig. (1877); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 
p. 190 (1877); Masters, op. cit (2) i. p. 882 (1887: eo-srs) ; 
Ramsay, t. c. pp. 1060-61; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888: 
Rockingham Bay; Wide Bay Di^tr. ; Richmond & Clarence R. 
Distr.; N. S. W."; Interior: Victoria & S.Australia ; W. & S.W. 
Australia); North, Nests & Eggs Austr. B. p. 311, pi. xvi. fig. 3 
(1889) ; Cox $ Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. TV. (2) iv. p. 420 
(1890: Mudgee Distr.) j Eegge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 6 ,* 
Campbell, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1893, p. 442. 
Gallinago (Scolopax) australis, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

vii. p. 57, pi. iii. fig. 15 (1882: egg). 
Eostratula 
australis, Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. Birds, p. 110 
(1885). 

Adult female. Similar to the female of R. capensis, but with only 
a little chestnut on the hind-neck ; the sides of the face and throat 
sooty black: " bill pale green at the base, passing into brownish 
horn-colour at the tip; legs pale green • iris rather dark hazel" 

(J. Gould). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 5*9, tail 1*8, 
tarsus 1*7. 
Adult male. Similar to the male of R. capemis, but larger. 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 
1*75, wing 5*5, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*55. 
Hah. Australia. 

a, b. 2 ad. et imm. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
sk. 


c. c? ad. sk. Australia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
d. c? ad. sk. Australia. Sir E. Home [P.]. 
e <$ ad. sk. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.I 
/. J imm. j g. <$ Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
ad. sk. 
h-l. cf £ ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. J ad. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. 
n,o. $ § ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
p. J ad. sk. Sydney, New South Wales. Seebohm Coll. 
q. 
<S ad. sk. Bass River, South Australia Seebohm Coll. 
(Marshall). 
3. Eostratula semicollaris. 
Chorlito golas obscura y blanca, Azara, ApunL iii. p. 323 (1805). 
Chorlito cabeza y cuello obscuros, Azara, torn. cit. p. 325. 
Totanus semicollaris, Vieill N. Diet. dVHist. Nat. vi. p. 402 (1816, 

ex Azara); id. Em, MUh. iii. p. 11C0 (1823). 

76 . BOSTRATTJXA. 
691 

Tringa atricapilla, Vieill, N. Diet. cCHist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 474 (1819, 
ex Azara); id. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1090 (1823). 

Rhynchaea lularea, Valenc.; Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 524 (1829); 
Less. TraiU d'Orn. p. 557, pi. 102. fig. 1 (1831); id. Ill Zool 
pi. 18 (1831); Tschudi $ Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 52, 300 
(1845-46); Reichenb. Grail tab. lxxi. figs. 550-51 (1850) ; Licht. 
Nomencl Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: Montevideo). 

Rhynchaea occiderttalis, King, Zool. Jour. iv. p. 94 (1829). 
Rhynchaaa semicollaris, Gould in Darwin's Voy. i Beagle] Birds, 

p. 131 (1841: Rio Plata); Fraser, P.Z.S. 18*43, p. 118 (Chili); 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 585 
(1846); Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 25 (1847); Gay, Faun. Chili, 
Zool i. p. 429 (1847); Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 579 (1856); Schl Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 18 (1864) ; Scl P. Z. S. 18(57, p. 339 
(Chili); id. f Salv. P. Z. S. 18(58, p. 144 (ConcMtas) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 55, no. 10359 (1871); Scl. § Salv. Nomencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 145 (1873) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Patagonia), 
p. 199 (Buenos Avres), 1878, p. 403 (Central Patagonia); Sharpe, 
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 1*6 (Coquimbo) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll p. 608 
(1882: Valparaiso) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Chili) ; Barroivs, 
Auk, i. p. 314 (1884: Lower Uruguay); Withington, Ibis, 1888, 
p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 378 (1886); 
Berl. J.f.O. 1887, p. 126 (Paraguay); Seeboh?n. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 459, pi. xix. (1888); Scl # Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. 
p. 182 (1889); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 293 (1891); 
Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16,20,1892, p. 211 (Argentine Republic) ; 
James, Keza List Chilian B. p. 12 (1892). 
Rhynchaea hilaerea, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 378 (1856). 
Rhynchaea hilarii, Burm. Beise La Plata-St. ii. p. 504 (1861: Rio 
Parana). 
Rhynchaea curvirostris, Licht. teste Tacz. Orn. Pei'ou. iii. p. 378 
(1886). 

Adult male, General colour above sooty brown, uniform on the 
hind-neck, hut freckled with grey on the upper back and scapulars, 
the latter having sub-terminal blotches of black with whitish fringes 
to the innermost secondaries, which have a bronzy rufous bar before 
the end of the feather, the scapulars similarly marked, some of them 
externally orange-buff along the outer web, forming a broad streak 
on each side of the back ; lower back and rump earthy brown, with 
obscure dusky cross-lines, more distinct on the upper tail-coverts, 
which are more ochreous or sandy buff; wing-coverts blackish 
brown, with sandy-buff margins; the median and greater series 
with large ovate white spots; parapteral feathers short, black, 
tipped and barred with white, forming a shoulder-patch; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with rounded spots of 
white on the outer web and bars of white on the inner one, all the 
quills margined with white at the ends; innermost secondaries like 
the scapulars, the outer ones ashy barred with dusky brown; tail-
feathers pale buff, with narrow cross-bars of dusky; on each side of 
the crown a broad black band, with a broad stripe of ochreous buff 
along the centre, and a narrow whitish eyebrow, scarcely continuous 
above the eye; sides of face, throat, neck, and chest sooty brown, 

2Y2 

692 
CHAKADKIIMJ. 

inclining to black on the chest, on the sides of which is a large spot 
of white ; breast and abdomen white, the sides of the body sandy 
buff with a few dusky frecklings; under tail-coverts also sandy 
buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with a few black 
spots or bars on the latter ; quills dusky below, barred with white. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1'5, wing 4, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Not to be distinguished from the male. Total 
length 7*7 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 4-1, tail 1*8, tarsus 1-4. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being paler brown, in having 
the feathers of the throat edged with whitish, and in haying 
yellowish spots instead of white ones on the wing-coverts. 

Eab. Prom Peru to Chili, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. 

a. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, Sept. 10. H. Durciford. Esq. 
[0.]. 
b, $ ad. sk. Lomas de Zamora, July 9 Sclater Coll. 

(F. Withington). 
c} d. S juv.; e. $ Colonia, Eiver Plate, June, Seebohm CoU. 
ad. sk. 

Nov. (Capt. Harriso?i). 
/. Ad. sk. Manket, Montevideo, April 22. H. Durnford, Esq. 

roj. 

g,h. c? ? ad' sk' Cordova, Argentine Kepublic. 

Seebohm Coll. 

i. Ad. sk. Uruguay. 
k 2 ad. sk. Mendoza (Weisshaupt). Alan Peel, Esq. [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

I. Ad. sk. Chili. 
T. Bridges, Esq. 
m. $ ad. sk. Chili {Admiral Ma7*kham). Salvin-Godman Coil. 
n,o,p. 
Ad.;#. <$ Chili (JB. C. Meed). Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. 

r. Ad. sk. Chili (Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. <$ ad. sk. Santiago, Chili, July (Philippi). Seebohm Coll. 
t. <$ ad. sk. Santiago (Leyhold), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u. (S ad. sk. Coquimbo, Chili (Admiral Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mark/mm). 
v. § ad. sk. Coquimbo, June (Dr. Cop-Voy. IOI.S. < Alert.' 
pinger), 
w-z. 6 $ ad. sk. Arauco, Tarapaca, Aug. (A. A. Berkeley James Coll. 
Lane). 
a'. Ad. sk. Peru. Seebohm Coll. 

77. 
CBTMOPHiurs.
Subfamily X. PHALAROPINiE. 

Foot and lateral view of tarsus of Crymophilus fulicarius, to show the 
pectination (drawn from fresh specimen). 

Key to the Genera, 

a. 
Tarsus short, equal to the middle toe and 
claw ; bill short, flattened, and somewhat 
widened at the end; culmeu equal to 
tarsus in length 77. CRYMOPHILUS, p. 693. 
b. 
Tarsus longer than the middle toe and 
claw. 
a'. 
Tarsus short, not equal to the culmen in 
length 78. "PHALAROPUS, p. 698. 

V. 
Tarsus long, equal to the culmen in 
length 79. STEGANOPUS, p. 705. 
77. CRYMOPHILUS. 
Type. 
Phalaropus, pi, Briss. Orn. vi p. 12 (1760). 
Phalaropus, pt., Illiger, Prodr. p. 267 (1811). 
Crymophilus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 62 (1816) C. fulicarius. 
Amblyrhynchus, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 247 {nee Gray, 

1840) C. fulicarius. 
Range. The same as that of the single species. 

1. Crymophilus fulicarius. 
The Bed Coot-footed Tvinga, Edw. Nat Hist. B. iii. p. 142, 
(1750: Hudson's Bay). 
The Grey Coot-footed Tringa, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 206, pi. 308 
(1760: Yorkshire). 

CHAEADRIID2E. 

Le Phalarope, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 12 (1760). 

Le Phalarope roussatre, Briss. t c. p. 20 (1760). 

Tringa fulicaria, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 240 (1766). 

Phalaropus lobatus {nee Linn.), Tumt. Orn. Brit p. 3 (1771) ; Lath. 
Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. 776 (1790) ; Hetvits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. pi. xcii. 
fig. 1 (1846); Thomps.B.IreL ii. p. 336 (1849: occasional); MacgiU. 
Mist Brit B. iv. p. 284 (1852) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1859, p. 464 (Calcutta) 
; Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 47 (1859); R. Gray, B. West 
Scot!, p. m (1871) ; Treat, Auk, iv. p. 78 (1877: Connecticut). 

Le Phalarope rouge, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 225 (1781). 

Le Phalarope a festons denteles, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 226 
(1781). 
Red Phalarope, female. Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 271 (1785). 
Grey Phalarope, Lath, t c. p. 272 (1785); Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 43 
(1843). 

Plain Phalarope, Lath, t c. p. 273 (1785). 

Tringa glacialis, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 674 (1788). 

Phalaropus hyperboreus {nee L.) §, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 775 
(1790); Wilson, Amer. Orn. ix. p. 75, pi. lxxiii. fig. 4 (1814). 
Phalaropus glacialis, Lath. t. c. p. 776 (1790). 
Phalaropus rufus, Bechst. Naturg. DeutschL 2nd ed. iv. p. 381 

(1809) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 205 (1811) ; Brehm, 
Vog. DeutschL p. 678 (1831); Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. tab. Ii. A. fig. 2, 
Suppl. pi. xxxiii. figs. 3, 4 (1852); Schalow, J.f.O. 1891, p. 261 
(Kurile Is.). 

Phalaropus platyrhynchus, Temm. Man. p. 459 (1815); id. op. cit. 
1820, ii. p. 712 ; Werner, Atlas, Pinnatipedes, pi. 4 (1827) ; 
Brehm, Vog. DeutschL p. 679 (1831); Naam. Vog. DeutschL 

viii. Taf. 206 (1886) ; Gould, B. Eur iv. pi. 337 (1837) ; Fallon, 
Ois. Belg. p. 189 (1875); Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 528 (1891). 
Phalaropus griseus, Leach, Syst. Cat. 3Iamm. tyc. Brit. Mus. p. 34 
(1816: Yorkshire). 
Crymophilus rufus, VieUl. N. Diet a" Hist Nat viii. p. 521 (1817); 
id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 176, pi. 270 (1826). 
Phalaropus fulicarius, Swains, fy Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 

p. 407 (1831: Columbia B.; breeding on the N. Georgian Islands 
and Melville Peninsula); Jard. ed. Wilsorfs Artier. Orn. iii, 
p. 195, pi. 73. fig. 4 (1832) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 255: id. Orn. 
Biogr. iii. p. 404 (1835); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer 
p. 54 (1838) ; Audub. Syn. p. 239 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. y. p. 291, 
pi. 339 (1842); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 123 (1842); Giraud, 
B. Long Id. p. 245 (1844); Gray, List Gralla Brit. Mm. p. 107 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 586 (1848); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. 
Soc. p. 271 (1849: Calcutta); Baird, Cassin, § Lator. B. N. Amer. 
p. 707 (1858) ; Jaub. 8? Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 499 (1859); 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. Suppl. pi. xii. tigs. 4, 4c b (1860); Reinh. Ibis, 
1861, p. 11 (Greenland); SchL Dier. NederL pi. 23. figs. 9, 10, 
10 a (1861); A. Newt, in Baring-Gould's l Iceland; p. 411 (1863 : 
breeding): Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 176 (1863); Blakist Ibis, 1863, 
p. 131 (Hudson's Bay); SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 58 
(1864); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 695 (1864); A. Newt. Ibis, 1865, 
pp. 499, 505 (Spitsbergen); Gurney, Grey Phalarope (1866); 
Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 287 (Greenland); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 
ii. p. 236 (1867); Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429 (Tangiers, Jan.) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 166; DoderL Avif. Sicil. p. 352 (1869); Doll 
fy Bonn. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 291 (1869: Yukon River; 
Plover Bay); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 55, no. 10360 (1871) : 
77. CKYMOPHILTJS. 695 
Salvad. Faun, Italy Ucc. p. 210 (1871); Cones, Key N. Amer. 
B. p. 248 (1872): Elliott, Rep. Prybilov Isl no. 411 (1873); 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pis. 81, 82 (1873); Irby, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 97 (Cadiz-Tarifa, Nov.); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 471 (1874); 
Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 606, pis. 538, 539. fig. 1 (1874); Sundev. 
(Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1874, p. 20 (Spitsbergen); Cordeaux, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 185 (Heligoland;; Danf. fy Harvie-Broivn, 
t. c. p. 420 (Transylvania); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 165 (1875); 
Blanf. Zool. East. Persia, ii. p. 284 (1876); Feilden, Ibis, 1877, 
p. 406 (82° N. lat., June 30; 82° 30' N. lat., July); David $ 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 481 (1877: China in winter); E. Adams, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 438 (Michalaski, June, breeding); Rnme, Str. F. 
vii. p. 487 (1878); id. Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. 
Sind etc. p. 64 (1879); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 372 
(1879); Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 345 (Tangier, Dec.); GigL Ibis, 
1881, p. 209 (Italy, Aug. to Feb.); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. 
p. 99 (1882) ; Elliott, Rep. Fur-Seal Isl. Alaska, p. 129 (1882: 
not breeding) ; B. 0. U. List Brit B. p. 164 (1883); Haast, 
Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xvi. p. 279 (1883: Waimate Lagoon, N. Z., 
June); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 310 (1883); Salvin, 
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Coquimbo); Nelson, Crw'se M.S. ' Corioin,1 
p. 91 (1883: Alaska and Siberian coasts, breeding); Severtz. 
Ibis, 1883, p. 76 (Karakul); Capen, Ool. B. New Engl. p. 86 
pi. xix. fig. 1 (1883 : Maine, breeding); Steams, New Engl. Bird-
life, ii. p. 189 (1883); Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. 137 
(1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 614 (1884); Baird, 
Breioer, fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 326 (1884); Saunders, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 389 (S. Jean de Luz, Dec.) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 33 
(Kuriles); id. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 85, pi. xxvii. figs. 7-9 (1885); 
Murdoch, Rep. Exped. Pt. Barrow, p. 115 (1885: breeding); GigL 
Avif. Hal. p. 381 (188G); id. op. cit. 1st Resoc. i. p. 584 (1889), 
ii. p. 659 (1890;; Pleske, Uebers. Sdug. u. Vog. Kola-Halbinsel, 
p. 336 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 385 (Portugal, Sept. to Nov.); 
Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 216 (1887); Seeb. Geogr. Distr. 
Charadr. p. 338 (1888); id. Ibis, 1888, p. 349 (Great Liakoff IsL, 
breeding) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 52 
(1888: Tschinas); Butter, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 30 (1888); 
Rekhen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl p. 50 (1889); Saunders, Man. 
Brit. B. p. 549 (1889); Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 318 (1890: 
Kuriles); Brusina, Orn. Croatica, p. 88 (1890) ; CampbeU-Ord, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 294 (Outer Hebrides); Buckley fy Harvie-Broum, 

Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 210 (1891: rare visitor) ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland); Scl. Bull. B. O. Club, i. no. x. 

p. Iv; id. Ibis, 1893, p. 569 (Chili); Blaauio, Notes Leyden Mus. 
xv. p. 227 (1893); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 275 (1895); 
J5f. J. Sf C. E. Pearson, Ibis, 1895, pp. 245, 248 (Iceland); Poynt. 
Eggs Brit. B. part iii. (1896). 
Ked Phalarope, Nuttall, Man. p. 236 (1834). 
Phalaropus rufescens, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxiii, 212 
(1840); Sehl. Rev. Crit. p. xciv (1844) ; Midd. Reis. Sibir., Zool 

p. 216 (1851: Taimyr Eiver, breeding; Boganida H.; not seen in 
S.E. Siberia); Schleg. Vog. Nederl pi. 239 (1854) ; Borggr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutschl p. 115 (18(59) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. 
p. 251 (1876), ii. p. 157 (1877: Poland); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. 
Ross. V. 81 (1884). . . . 
Phalaropus platyrostris, Nor dm. in Dimid. Voy. Russ. MSrid. iii. 

p. 250 (1840: accidental). 
696 CHABADEnDJBl. 

Phalaropus lobatus, Blyth, Ibis, 1859, p. 464 (Calcutta, May). 
Phalaropus cinereus, Fritsch, Fog. Eur. tab. 3 g. fig. 3 (1871). 
Lobipes wilsoni (nee Sabine), Blakist. # Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Japan, 

viii. p. 196 (1880). 
CrymopMlus fulicarius, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 140 
(1885: Bering Island); id. Auk, ii. p. 183 (1885); A. 0. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 145 (1886); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. 
Alaska, p. 145 (1886: breeding); Nelson, Hep. Nat. Hist Coll. 
Alaska, p. 145 (1887); Bidyw.'Man. N. Amer. B. p. 144 (1887): 
Warren, B. Bennsylv. p. 235 (1888); Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mns. 
Nat. Hist. iii. p. 132 (1891: British Columbia) ; Mac/. Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 425 (1891: Franklin Bay, July; breeding); 
Stejn. t. c. p. 492 (Japan); Mackay, Auk, viii. p. 120 (1891: Mass., 
October); White, t. e. p. 233 (Gulf of St. Lawrence, May); 
Mackay, Auk, ix. p. 294 (1892 : Mass., Mav); Miller, t.c. p. 298; 
Allen, Auk, x. p. 123 (1893); Morris, Auk, xl p. 181 (1894: 
Mass., Sept.); Mackay, t c. p. 225; Canfleld, Auk, xii. p. 77 
(1895: Bridgeport, Conn.); Cones, i. c. p. 339; Elliot, N. Amer. 
Shore-birds, p. 21, fig. 2 (1895); A. O. U. Check-L N. Amer. B. 

2nd ed. p. 82 (1895); Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 193, 
pi. lxxxiv. (1896). 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. General colour above sandy 
buff, streaked with black centres to the feathers; scapulars like the 
back; lower back dark slate-colour; rump and upper tail-coverts 
chestnut, with black centres to many of the feathers, some of the 
tail-coverts slaty grey with sandy margins; lesser wing-coverts 
slaty blue, with whitish edgings; the median seiies and greater 
coverts broadly ripped with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish with white shafts, the inner primary-coverts 
tipped with white, most of the primaries white at the base of the 
outer web; the secondaries for the most part white, blackish towards 
the ends of the outer webs; innermost secondaries dark slate-colour 
or blackish with sandy-rufous edges, like the back; centre tail-
feathers blackish with sandy margins, the lateral ones dark grey 
fringed with white, the outermost more broadly edged and having 
a white shaft; crown of head sooty black; nape and hind-neck also 
blackish; forehead, lores, anterior part of face, chin, and upper 
throat dark slate-colour; feathers below the eye, a small streak 
above the latter, and ear-coverts white* sides of neck and entire 
under surface of body vinous chestnut; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white; quills ashy below, whitish along the inner webs. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 5*4, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*85, 

middle toe and claw 0*9. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to the female, but not so 
brightly coloured, the head being sandy brown streaked with hlaekish 
like the back, and not sooty black as in the female bird; sides of 
face vinous chestnut, the base of the cheeks and chin tinged with 
slaty grey, with a good deal of white on the throat and under 
surface of body, which never seems to get uniformly vinous chestnut 
as in the adult female. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 5*05, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*9, middle toe and claw 0*9. 

77. CETMOPHILUS.
Adult male in ivinter plumage. Bluish grey, with a black patch 
on the nape; wings more dusky than in summer, but with the 
white markings similar, the innermost secondaries bluish grey like 
the back and scapulars; forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, and entire 
under surface of body pure white; the top of the crown white, 
slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers ; feathers in front 
of the eye and a streak along the upper edge of the ear-coverts 
black. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by the sandy-buff margins 
to the feathers of the upper surface and by the vinous tinge of the 
throat and fore-neck ; the fore-part of the crown buffy white, with 
a broad horseshoe mark of black on the hinder crown, 

Hob. Breeding in Arctic Regions of both Old and New Worlds, 

ranging south in winter. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. 

c. Juv. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. Juv. sk. 
/ . 2 juv. sk. 

g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
t. Juv. sk. 
&. $ ad.; /. tf juv. 
sk. 

m. Juv. sk. 
n. <$ juv. sk. 
o. Juv. sk. 
p. Ad. hiem. sk. 
q. Ad. hiem. st. 
r. Ad. hiem. sk. 
s. Juv. sk. 
t. 5 juv. sk. 
u-g. $ juv. sk. 
z. Ad. sk. 
af. <$ juv. sk. 

b'. <$ ad. sk. 

e'. 2 ad. sk. 

a&st

d',e'. 6 2/ 
. Ad. sk. 

g\ 5 ad. sk. 

h'. Ad. sk. 

*\ Ad. sk. 

Great Britain. 
Great Britain. 
Orkney Islands. 
Yarmouth, Nov. 22 (Hub


bard). 

Gomshall, Surrey, Nov. 12. 
Brighton. 
Brighton, Sept. 
Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 11. 
Pagham, Sept., Oct. (J. U. 


Harting). 

Pagham, Sept. 

Pagham Harbour, Sept. 23 

(J. JE. Harting). 
Christchurch, Hants, Oct. 

[A. von Hugel). 
"Wiltshire. 
Salisbury, Dec. 

Devonshire. 

Plymouth (J". Gatcombe)* 

Plymouth,Oct. (J. Gatcombe). 
Kingsbridge, Devon, Oct. 16. 

Upernavik, Iceland (A. 

Netvton). 
Heligoland, Oct. (L. Gdtke). 
Archangel (Henke). 
East Siberia (Middmdorf). 
Kamtschatka ( Vosnessenshy). 
Kurile Is., Aug. (Snow). 

Lat. 82° 27'., June 30 {Col 
Feilden). 

Greenland-
Arctic America {Lieut. Pirn). 


Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 


Lady Bowman [P.]. 
Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. 
Harting Coll. 
Miss I. Barker [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Dr. B. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 
Dr. Theodore Fisher 
[P.]. 

A. D. Bartlett, Esq. 
J. 
H. Gurney, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. E. P. Mcholls 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coil. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Voy.H.M.S.' Alert.' 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

698

k', l', m'. S ad.; 

ri, o', p'. $ ad.; 

q'-t'. Juv. sk. 
u'. (Jad.; fl',z0'. $ 
ad. sk. 
%',y',z. 6 2ad.sk. 

a". <S ad. sk. 

b", c". Ad. sk. 

d"-h". Ad. et juv. 

sk. 
i". Ad. sk. 
k"} I", m". Ad. et 

juv. sk. 
n"7 o". Ad. sk. 
p". $ ad. sk. 
q",r". Ad. sk. 
*". Ad. sk. 

t", u". 6 ad.; v"


y". g ad. sk. 
z". Juv. sk. 
a?. Ad. sk. 

63. Ad. sk. 
c3. Ad. sk. 
d3. Ad. sk. 

e3. c? ad. sk. 

f\g\ Ad.sk. 
A3. Skeleton. 
i3. Steroum. 

 CHAEADEIIDJE. 

St. Michael's, Alaska, May, 
June, Oct. (J?. TF. Kelson: 
22T«MA. CO//.). 

Point Barrow, Alaska, June 
(/. Murdoch: Eensh.ColL). 

28 miles south of Kotlik, 
Alaska, May 28 (E. W. 
Kelson: Eensk. Coll). 

St. Paul's Island, Alaska, 
July 26 (E. W. Elliott: 
Eensh. Coll.). 

N.W. America. 
N.W. America. 
Hudson's Bay, June 17. 
.Repulse Bay. 


Labrador. 
Labrador. 
Labrador. 
New Jersey, April (Seer


man). 

San Francisco Bay, Cali.
fornia, 
Oct. (Emsh. Coll.) 

U.S. Colombia. 
Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. (A, 
E Markham). 
Chili {A. E. Markham), 
Chili, Dec. 5. 

Chili (J. G. Fanshawe). 
Off Juan Fernandez (Fairmaire). 


Argentine Republic. 

78. PHALAEOPTTS. 
Phalaropus, Brm. Orn. vi. p. 12 (1760)

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Oollinson [P.]. 
Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 

Wood rPA 
Gould Coll. J 
Dr. Rae [P.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dr. R. A. Philippi 


[p.i. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Purchased. 

Type. 

 P. hyperboreus. 
Phalaropus, HHger, Frodr. p. 267 (1811) ..... . P. hyperboreus. 
Lobipes, Cuvier, Fegne Anim. p. 495 (1817).... P. hyperboreus. 


Flange. The same as that of the single species of the species. 

1. Phalaropus hyperboreus *. 
The Coot-footed Tringa, Edwards, Nat. Eist. JB. i. p 46, pi. 46 (at 
sea, off coast of Maryland). 

* The American ornithologists have adopted the name of lobatus, Linn., for 
the present species. This is taken from the tenth (1758) edition of the ' Systema 
Naturae/ and it is also the Trwga lobata of the twelfth edition. Here, 
however, is given the name of Tringa, hyperborea, which, in my opinion, it is 
wise to adopt, as the name of lobatus has been applied to the Grey Phalaropes 
so often, that even at the present day its adoption seems certain to create 
confusion. 
78. PHALAEOPTTS.
The Cock Coot-footed Tringa, Edwards, t. c. p. 143, pi. 143 (1750). 
Le Phalarope cendre, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 15 (1760) ; Buff, Hist. Nat. 

Ozs.vii. p. 224(1781). 
Le Phalarope bmn, Briss. t. c. p. 18 (1760). 
Tringa lobata, Linn. Stjst. Nat. i. p. 149 (1766 : winter plumage) ; 

Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. (574 (1788). 
Tringa hyperborea, Linn. t. c. p. 249 (1766: summer plumage); 
Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 657 (1788). 
Phalaropus hyperboreus, Tunst. Orn. Brit. p. 3 (1771) ; Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 775, cum var.jS. p. 776 (1790); Temm. Man. 1818, 

p. 47, 1820, p. 709 ; Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit Mm. p. 34 
(1816: Orkneys*); Werner, Atlas, Pinuatipedes, pi. iii. (1827); 
Swains. Sf Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 406 (1836: Great 
Slave Lake, June) ; Audxib. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 118, pi. 215 (1835); 
Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 336 (1837); Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 595 
(1839); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 460 (1840); Nor dm. in Demid. 
Voy. Russ. MSrid. iii. p. 249 (1840: Odessa, March); Heioits. 
Eggs Brit. B. ii. pi. xcii. fig. 2 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 586 
(1848) ; Baird, Cassin, $Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 706 (1858); Gray, 
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 188 (Aru Isl.) ; id. Cat. Mamm. # B. Netv Guinea, 
p. 52 (1809); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xli. figs. 4, 5 (I860); Scl. $ 
Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 277 (Duenas, Guatemala, Aug.); Reinh. Ibis, 
1861, p. 11 (Greenland); Newt, in Baring-Goultfs * Iceland,1 
p. 412 (186:3: breeding); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 176 (18(53); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 130 (Hudson's Bay. autumn; Mackenzie 
River); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 696 (1864: Madras); Schl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 58 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 439 ; 
Finsch, Neu~Guinea, p. 182 (1865); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 287; 
Dyb. J.f.O. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 424 
(Vancouver Isl.); Elwes ty Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Bosphorus) ; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 55, no. 10361 (1871); R. Gray, B. West. 
Scotl. p. 329 (1871: Outer Hebrides, breeding) ; Marting, Handb. 
Brit. B.'y- 50 (1872) ; Dyb. J.f O. 1873, p. 102 (Dara&un); Scl, 
fy Salo, Nojnencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. 
p. 597, pi. 537, pi. 539. rig. 2 (1874); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 188 
(1875); Dyb. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 256 (Ussuri); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 185 (Heligoland); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 411 (Turkestan) ; 
Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 284 (1876: Teheran, March); Seeb. fy 
Harme-Brown, Ibis, 1876. p. 290 (Petchora R., breeding); Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 251 (1876), ii. p. 157 (1877: Poland); 
id. F.Z.S. 1877, p. 330 (Chorillos, Peru); Scl. F. Z. S. 1878, 
p. 579 (at sea, off Humboldt Bay, Feb.); Maynard, B. East. N. 
Amer. p. 371 (1879); Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 155 (R. Koorayika, 
June) ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 764 (Atreck Ri\er); Finsch, Verh. 
z.-b. Ges. Wien, sxix. p. 255 (1879: Schtschutschja, June); 
Scl. Rep. Voy. 'Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 116 (1881); Gigl. Ibis, 
1881, p. 209 (Genoa); Blakist. $ Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Japan, 
1882, p. 113; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 223 (Astrachan, on passage; 
Kirghis Steppes, June, July), p. 381 (Archangel), p. 425 (Samarkand, 
winter); id. Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caspian Sea); B. O. U. List 
Brit. B. p. 164 (1883) ; Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pi. 29 (1883); 
Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 75 (Pamir, Sept.); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. 
B. ii. p. 315 (1883); Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 21 (Japan 
generally); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 267 (Kiukiang, Aug.); id. Hist. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 89 (1885); Csatd, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. pp. 18, 22 
(1884: Siebenburgen); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Bind, p. 253 (1884); 
Finsch, Yog. der Siidsee, pp. 5, 22 (1884 : New Britain); Chapm. 
CHA^ADBIIDJE. 

Ibis, 1885, p. 171 (R Pulrnakelf, Lapland, June, breeding); Gigl 
Avif. ItaL p. 382 (1886); id. op. cit. 1st Resoc. i. p. 584 (1889), 
ii. p. 6-19 (1890); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 381 (1886: Tunibez) ; 
Pleske, Uebers. Sdug. u. Fog. Xola-Halbinsel, p. 333 (18S6); id. 
Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 50 (1888: Tschinas, 
Sept.); Seeb. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 340 (1888); Saunders, 
Man. Brit. B. p. 551 (1889); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soe. (2) Zoo!. 
v. pt. 3, p. 89 (1839: N. Afghanistan); St. John, Ibis, 1SSU, 
p. 177 (Chaman, Oct.); Reichen. Syst. Verz. Tog. DeutschL p. 50 
(188U); Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 318 (1890: Japan, winter; 
Kuriles); id. Ibis, 1890, p. 403 (Iceland); Brusina, Motr. etc. 
(Orn. Croatica), p. 88 (1890); Buckley f Harvie-Broicn, Vertebr. 
Faun. Orkney IsL p. 207 (1891: breeding); Merriam, X. Amer. 
Faun. no. 5, p. 91 (M)l: Idaho); Madardsz, Ertdut. Aimt Ungar. 
Vogelf. p. 112 (1891: Vel^neze Lake: Transylvania); Frivaldskg, 
Av. 'Hung. p. 151 (1891); Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland); 
Blagg, Ibis, 1893, p. 356 (Shetland Llands, breeding) : Rlaamc, 
Notes Ley den Mus. xv. p- 227 (1893): Pearson fy Bidwell\ I6i*, 
1894, p. 234 (X. Norway, breeding) ; Whitaker, Ibis, l&Oo, 
p. 106 (Tunis): JET. J # G E. Pearson, Ibis, 1895, pp. 245, 248 
(Iceland, June,' breeding); H. J. Pearson, Bull. B. O. Club, iv. 

p. xxviii (1895); id. Ibis, 1895, p. 379; ScL Ibis, 1896, p. 150; 
Pearson, t. c. p. 212 (Russian Lapland), p. 218 (Koljruev); 
Blanf. t c. p. 288 (Indian Seas); Sliarpe, Handb. Brit "B. iii. 
p. 197 (1896); Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. pv t iii. (1896). 
Phalarope de Sibirie, Daubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 766. 
Red Phalarope, male, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 270 (1785). 
Red Phalarope, var. A, Lath. t. c. p. 272 (1785). 
Brown Phalarope, Lath. t. c. p. 274 (1785). 
Tringa fusca, Gm. Syst. Xat. i. p. 675 (1788). 
Phalaropus fuscu**, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 770 (1790). 
Phalaropus vulgaris, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 317 (1803). 
Phalaropus williamsii, Simmonds, Trans, Linn. Soc. Till. p. 204 
(1807). 
Phalaropus cinereu% Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 417 (1810); ROILT, Orn. 
Provenc. pi. 337 (1825); Sell. Rev. Grit p. xciv (1844); Middend. 
Beis Sibir., Zool. p. 215 (1851: S.E. Siberia, breeding; Taimyr 
River, 73fcN. lat, June; Boganida R., 70° X. lat., June); Kjarb. 
Orn. Dan. pi. Ii. A. tig. 1, Sitppl. pi. xxxiii. figs. 1, 2 (1854); 
Jaub. 8r Barth.-Lapomm. Rich Orn. p 499 (1859); Sehrencl\ Reu. 
Amurl. p. 418 (1859: Komar River, Sept.); Borggr. Vogelf. 
Xorddeutschl. p. 115 (1869); IleugL Ibis, 1872, p. 63 (Waigatz 
Island); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. lilen, xxii. pp. 253, 272 (1872: 
off Oorea); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 58 (River Ob); E. Adams, Ibis, 
1878, p. 438 (Norton Sound, June); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 187 
(Santander, Dec.); Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 80 (1884); 
Radde, Orn. Cane. p. 425 (1884: Lenkoran; Tiflis; breeding?). 
Phalaropus ruficollis, Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 203 (1811: 
Caspian Sea). 
Phalaropus cinerascens, Pall, t e. p. 204 (1811). 
Lobipes hyperboreus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 169 
(1824); Brehm, Yog. DeutschL p. 676 (1831); MenStr. Cat. mis. 
Cauc. p. 52 (1832 : Caspian Sea; Lenkoran, June); Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 54 (1838); Audub. Syn. p. 240 (1839); 
id. B. Amer. v. p. 295, pi. 340 (1842); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, 
p. 124 (1842); Gray, List Gralke Brit. Mus. p. 108 (1844); 
Giraud, B. Long IsL p. 248 (1844); Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iv. 

78. PHALA.ROPTTS. 
701 
p. 291 (1852); Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 664 (1854: Nicaragua); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1859, p. 464 (Madias); Sidnh. Ibis, 1861, p. 412 
(Amoy), 1863, p. 415 (Formosa, Nov., March); Blyth, Ibis, 1367, 
p. 169; Loche, Eipl Sri. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 289 (1867) ; Ball 8r 
Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. ^90 (1869: Alaska, breeding]; Sicinh. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 863 (Hainan ; Luichow Peninsula, April); id. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 408; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 97 (1872: Celebes); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 248 (1873); Elliott, Bep. Prybilov 
Group, no. 410 H873: Yukon and Anderson Rivers, bleeding); 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 83 (1873); Adam, Str. F. ii, p. 338 
(1874; Saznbhur); Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 321 (1874); Ball, Notes 
Avif. Aleut. Isl. p. 5 (1874: Kyska, June 30); Coues, B. N-
West, p. 4t»9 (1874;; Swinh. Ibis, 1875. p. 455 (Hakodate); Lawr. 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 46 (1876: Tebuantepec, Oct.); David 
8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 482 (1877: Takow, Nov.); Butler, Str. F. 

v. p. 290 (1877: Mekran Coast); Coues, Bull U.S. Geol Surv. ii. 
p. 637 (1878: Lat. 49°, Aug.); Hume, Str. F. \ii. p. 487 (1878), 
viii. p. 113 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 64 (1879) ; id. 
Cat B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 109 (1880); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. 
iii. p. 311 (1882); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 99 (1882); 
Elliott, Bep. Fur-Seal Isl. Alaska, p. 129 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise 
B. S. l Coriuin,1 p. 91 (1883: Coasts of Alaska; Aleutian Islands, 
breeding); Steams, New Engl. Bird-life, ii. p. 187 (1883); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 613 (1884); Murdoch, Bep. Erped. 
Ft. Barrow, p. 115 (1885) ; Salvad. Etenck Ucc. ltd. p. 216 (1887) ; 
Schalow, J. f. O. 1891, p. 261 (K miles) ,* Salvad. Agg. Orn. 
Fapuasia, iii. p. 201 (1891). 
Pbalaropus angustirostris, 
Naum. Vog. Beutschl. viii. p. 240, pi. 205 
(1836); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873); Finsch, Ibis, 1881, 

p. 540 (New Britain); Gdtke, Vogehv. Helgol p. 829 (1891). 
Pbalaropus lobipes, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxiii, 212 (1840). 
The Red-necked Pbalarope, Yarrell, Brit. B. iii. p. 48 (1843). 
Pbalaropus australis, Temm. Mus. Luyd.; Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 421 
(1856). 

Pbalaropus raoluccensis, Temm. Mus. Lugd. teste Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Scolopaees, p. 69 (1864). 

Pbalaropus fulicarius {nee X.), Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 39. fig. 5 
(1871). 

Pbalaropus 
lobatus, Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 210 (1871) ; Briiggem, 
Abhandl nat Ver. Bremen, v. p. 96 (1876: Celebes); Stejn. 
Bull U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 139 (1885 : Bering Island, 
breeds); A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 145 (1886); Turner, 
Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 146 (1886: breeding); Nelson, Bep. N. EC. 
Coll. Alaska, p. 99 (1887: breeding); Bidgio. Man. N. Amer. B. 

p. 145 (1887) ; Warren, B. Pennsulv. p. 235 (1888); Merriam, 
N. Amer. Faun no. 3, p. 88 (1890); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. xiii. p. 479 (1891: Manitoba); Macfarl. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. xiv. p. 425 (1891); Stejn. t. c. p. 492 (Japan); Todd, 
Auk, viii. p. 240 (1891: Pennsylvania, Sept.); Eastm. t. c. 
p. 310 (Massacbusetts, Sept.); Shufeldt, t. c. p. 367 (Oregon, 
fossil) ; Mackay, Auk, ix. p. 296 (1892: Massacbusetts); Miller, 
t. c. p. 299; Hartertjbis, 1892, p. 516 (E. Prussia); Allen, Auk, 
x. p. 123 (1893); Bichm. fy Knmvt. Auk, xl p. 303 (1894: Montana, 
Sept.) ; Coues, Auk, xii. p. 339 (1895: Heligoland) ; Elliot, 
N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 25, fig. 3 (1895) ; A. O. U Check-l. N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 82 (1895). 
Phalaropus fulicarius (L.), Hume} Ibis, 1872, p. 469 (Sind); id. Str. 

702 CHATtADRIID^. 

F. i. pp. 144, 245 (1878 : between Gwadar & Muscat); id. Str. F. 
vii. p. 487 (1878). 
Plialaropus asiaticus, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 246 (1873: "between 
Gwadar & Muscat). 
Lobipes tropicus, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 247 (1873: Karachi). 
Lobipes lobatus, Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgw. Water-B. S. Amer, i. 

p. 330 (1884). 
Adidt female in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark 

slaty grey, with a band of sandy buff down each side of the mantle; 

lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts slaty blackish, with white 

margins, some of the lattral tail-coverts for the most part white 

with blackish spots; wing-coverts slaty black, the greater series 

tipped with white, forming a band; bastard-wing and inner primary-

coverts tipped with white like the greater coverts; primary-coverts 

and quills blackish, the primaries with white shafts ; the secondaries 

edged with, white, the median ones, for the most part white on the 

inner web also ; scapulars lengthened like the Inner secondaries, 

and most of them externally spotted with sandy buff, forming a 

parallel band to the band -which skirts the mantle; tail slaty 

blackish, the feathers narrowly fringed with white ; crown of head, 

nape, and hind-Deck dark slaty grey, as also the lores, feathers 

below the eye, and ear-coverts; cheeks and throat pure white; 

entire lower throat bright ferruginous, this colour extending over 

the sides of the neck to behind the ear-coverts; the fore-neck 

mottled with slaty grey, which colour extends over the upper breast, 

where it is slightly tinged with rufous ; remainder of under surface 

of body from the fore-neck downwards pure white, the entire sides 

of body being streaked with ashy centres to the feathers ; under tail-

coverts white, the longer ones mottled with ashy-grey spots near 

the tips ; under wring-coverts white, the feathers round the bend of 

the wing dusky, with white tips; quills dusky below, ashy along 

the inner web. Total length 7 -inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*35, tail 

1*85, tarsus 0*75, middle toe and claw 0*8. 

The summer plumage of the male appears to me to be wholly 

gained by a change in the pattern of the feather, which darkens in 

the centre, the white edge gradually becoming obsolete. So far I 

have not been able to discover any sign of a spring moult, but many 

nesting birds still retain traces of white margins to the feathers, 

especially on the inner secondaries. 

Advlt male in breeding-plumage. Similar to the female, but not 
quite so brightly coloured, the rufous of the neck not being so 
strongly developed and not extending across the lower throat, this 
part, as well as the fore-neck and the sides of the breast, being dark 
slaty grey, mostly with whitish edgings to the feathers: "bill 
black: feet greyish blue, the outer aspect of tarsus, outer toe and 
the joints darker: soles and outer web blackish ; iris dark brown *' 

(L. Stejneger). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*2, tail 
1*7, tarsus 0*75, middle toe and claw 0*75. 
Young. General colour above blackish, streaked with dark 
ochreous, the feathers of the back being of this colour with black 
centres; lower back and rump slaty blackish; the upper tail


78 . PHALAEOPTTS. 
coverts with ochreous margins; wing-coverts entirely slaty blackish, 
with whitish margins to the median series, the greater series being 
broadly tipped with white; quills as in the adult; the innermost 
secondaries and scapulars broadly edged with ochreous buff; tail as 
in the adult, the centre feathers edged with ochreous, the outer 
ones with white; crown of head and hind-neck dull slaty blackish, 
a little clearer on the latter; forehead, sides of face, and a broad 
eyebrow white ; feathers in front of the eye and ear-coverts slaty 
blackish; cheeks aud under surface of body white, dusted with 
ashy brown on the fore-neck, chest, and sides of body : " bill 
blackish; feet flesh-colour, outer aspect and joints dark greyish : 
iris hazel" (L. Btejneger). 

The young birds seem occasionally to commence their moult 
before leaving their northern quarters, but, as a rule, the moult 
takes place in their winter home. 

The winter plumage of adults and young birds is alike. The 
upper surface is pearly grey or light ashy, with a white edging to 
every one of the feathers, especially distinct on the scapulars and 
inner secondaries. The entire under surface and nearly the whole 
of the head is pure white, mottled with a few ash3* tips to the 
feathers of the hinder crown; the nape somewhat blackish ; lores 
white, as well as the eyebrow ; feathers in front of the eye and 
round the latter, as well as the ear-coverts, black, forming a conspicuous 
patch: " bill blackish ; feet lavender-blue ; iris brownish 
black » (E. A. Butler). 

Hah. Arctic regions of both hemispheres, but nesting more to the 

southward than the Grey Phalarope, breeding in the Shetlands, the 

Orkneys, and the Outer Hebrides, Iceland, the Eseroes, and Southern 

Greenland. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Faeroe Islands. Capt. Savile Reid 
r>o. 

b. Ad. sk. 
Shetland Islands. Harting Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. 
Orkneys. Old Coll. 
d. e. Juv. j / , g, h. Orkneys. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Ad. sk. 
1. § ad. sk. Outer Hebrides, June 13. Col. Irby [P.], 
Jc. c? a(i' sk« Benbeeula, June [H, J. Seebohm Coll, 
Elwes). 
2 
ad.sk. North Uist, June 1 [T. Seebohm Coll. 
Walker). 


m. Juv. sk. 
Isle of Grain, Sept. 26 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. IL). 
n, o. Ad. 5 p. Juv. London Market. Purchased. 
St. 
q, r, s. <$ ad. sk. Vadso, Norway, June 28. Seebohm Coll. 
t, u. d 2 ad.; v, Nijborg, Varangerfjord, Nor- Prof. Collett [P.]. 


w. Pull. sk. 
way, July 27. 
x. & ad. sk. 
Sweden (S. Wheelwright). Seebohm Coll. 
y. 
Ad. sk. Kautokeino, Lapland (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Godman). 
z. Ad. sk. 
Lapland. Seebohm Coll. 
a'. 
<$ ad. sk. Quickiock, Lapland, June 16 Gould Coll. 
(JET. Wheehoright). 


CHAEADKIID-ffi. 

704 

b\ Ad. sk. 
Quickioek, Lapland, July 8. 
Lower Petchora River, N. 

c'} d'. <$ ad. ; e\ 

Russia, June (H. S. fy J. 

f. 2 ad.; g,h'.
6 $juv.;z".PuU. A. H.-B.). 
sk. 


uv S.E. Russia. 

k'. 2 j -s^-

Vallev of the Yen-e-sei, 

l'-q'. J ad.', r'9 a'. 

lat 66|°, June (H. 8.). 

£ad.; f. Pull. 

sk. 
w'. 5 ad. sk. 


v', w'. Ad. sk. 
a-'. 5 ad. sk. 
y'. $ ad. sk. 
s'. $ ad. sk. 


a". Ad. sk. 

b". $ ad. sk. 

e'V- <? S ad. et 
imm. sk. 
A". Juv. sk. 

i". (S juv. sk. 
A", c? j uy-s^* 


r. <? juv. sk. 
m". c? ad. sk. 

sk. 
g", r". $ ad. sk. 


*",*'>"• c??juv. 
sk. 
#". Juv. sk. 

w". Juv. sk. 

#". Ad. sk. 
t/". Ad. sk. 
*". Ad. sk. 
az, b3. Ad. Hem. 

sk. 
c\ d\ Ad. sk. 

e3. Juv. sk. 
Z3. Ad. sk. 
g3. Ad. sk. 
h\ Ad. sk. 

t». Ad. sk. 
#3, Z3. 2 ad. Hem, 

sk. 
m3. 2 ad. sk. 
n3. Ad. sk. 

Kirghiz Steppes, June 21 

(Benke), 

Samarkand, April. 
Saraks, May 25. 
Schtschutschja, July 21. 
Paniir, June 27. 

Near Teheran, Persia, 
March 28. 
Between Gwadar & Muscat, 

Hume" Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. 0. Fmsch rC.l 
St. George Little-


dale, Esq. rP.~L 
Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 

Hume Coll. (Type 

Feb.21 (A O.K.). of P. asiaiieuSj Hume.) 
Mekran Coast, May (JS. A. Hume Coll. 
Butler). ^ 
Karachi, Sind (E. James)* Hume Coll. (Type 
of Z. tropicus, Hume.) 

Bund, 3NF. Afghanistan, Oct. 2. 
Kandahar, Sept. 14 {Sir 0. 
St. John). 

Gulistan Karez, Sept. 23 

(Sir 0. St. John). 

Chaman, S. Afghanistan, 

Sept. 29 (Sir O. St. John). 
Sambhur Lake, N.W. India, 
Sept. 25 (R. M. Adam). 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, May, 

June ( W. N. Chill). 
Madras, Sept., Oct. 

S. Yezo, Japan, Aug. (BlaMston). 
S. Yezo, Japan, Aug. (Blahiston). 
Hakodadi, May (BlaMston). 
Yokohama (if, Pryer). 
Kurile Islands (Snow). 
At sea, off Humboldt Bay, 

Feb. 22. 
Amoy, China, April, May 

(JR. S.). 
Ningpo, Sept. (22. S.). 
Luichow, April (R. S.). 

N. Formosa, March (R. S.). 
Takow, S. Formosa, April 1 
(R. S.). 
Menado, Celebes. 
AJU Islands. 

Amboina, March 25 (Koedt)* 
Arctic America. 

Dr. Aitchiaon [C.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. l Chal


lenger/ 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace ColL 

Seebohm Coll. 
Sir G. Back [P.]. 

o3. 3 ad. sk. 
p3. Ad. sk. 

333

q, r, s. S ad.; 

t3 3 

} u. 2 ad. sk. 

v3. Juv. sk. 

w3. Ad. sk. 

x3) y3. Juv. sk. 
s3, a4: Juv. sk. 
64, o\ Ad. sk. 

# , e4. Ad. sk. 
fK Ad. sk. 

g% h\ Ad. sk. 
^, k4. Ad. sk. 
Z4. Ad. sk. 
m4. Ad. sk. 
w4. (S juv. sk. 

o4,j»4. cf juv.;
2 juv. sk. 
r1. Juv. sk. 


s, **. d ad.; w, 
?>4. 2 ad. sk. 
«?4. Juv. sk. 
#4-<?5. <? juv.; $*. 
$ juv. sk. 
e5-A5. cJ juv. sk. 

i5, k5. Imm. sk. 

I55 5 

, m. 3 ad.; n, 
o5. J ad. sk. 
p5. Juv. sk. 

q\ 

4 

79 . STE&ANOPTJS. 
Fort Anderson, Arctic 
America, June (M. McFarla?
ie). 

Prince William's Sound, 
Alaska. 

St. Michael's, Alaska, June, 
July (E. W. Nelson: Henshaw 
Coll.). 

N.W. America. 
North of Pupert House, 

June 18 (C. Drexler). 
Vancouver Island. 
British Columbia. 
Shoal water Bay, Washington 

Territory (Dr. Heerman). 
Hudson's Bay, May 30. 
Albany River. 

Labrador. 
Labrador. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Lyons Falls, New York, 


Sept. 6 (A. J. Day an: 
Hensh. Coll.). 

Massachusetts, Sept. 18 

(Hensh. Coll.). 
Gibson, Indiana, Sept. (E. W. 
Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 

Washoe Lake, Nevada, 

May 30 (Hensh. Coll.). 
California. 
San Francisco, California, 

Sept. 19 (Hensh. Coll.). 
Monterey, California, Sept. 

(Hensh. Coll.). 

Mexico. 
Duenas, Guatemala, Aug., 
Sept. (0. S.). 
Guatemala. 

705 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt.Kellett & Lieut 
Wood [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. Pae [P.]. 

J. 
Branston, Esq. 
fouldC 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

79. STEGAffOPUS. 
Type. 

Steganopus, Vieill. N Diet, oVHist. Nat. xxxii. p. 136 
(1819) S. tricolor. 
Holopodius, Bp. Ann. Lyc. NY. ii. p. 342 (1828) S. tricolor. 

Mange. The same as that of the single species. 

1. Steganopus tricolor. 
Chorlito tarso comprimido, Azara} Ajpunt. iii. p. 327 (1802: Paraguay). 
Phalaropus lobatus (nee X.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. ix. p. 72, pi. 73. 
fig. 3 (1814); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 25 (1847). 
TOL. XXIV. 2 Z 

70 G 
CHAEADKIIDJS:. 

Steo-anopus tricolor, Tieill N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. xxxii. p. 136 
(1819); A. 0. U Cheek-l N. Amer. B. p. 146 (1886). 

Phalaropus wilsoni, Sabine in Frankl. Karr. Joion. Polar Sea, i. 
App. p. 091 (18:23 : Cumberland House) ; Szoains. # Pieh. Faun. 
Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 405, pi. 69 (1831: Saskatchewan, north, to 55c; 
breeding); Auditb. B. Amer. pi. ecliv.; id Orn. Biogr. ill. p. 400 
(1835); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chili) ; Gray § Mitchell, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 586, pi. 158 (1848) : Baird, Cass., & Later. B. N. 
Amer. p. 705 (1858) ; Schl. Mzis. Poys-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 60 
(18(54); Scl P. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (City of Mexico) ; Dresser, fins, 
I860, p. 35 (San Antonio, Texas, July); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. F. 

•viii. p. 295 (1866: New York); Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 263 (Colorado 
River); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 198 (Guatemala); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 313 (1871: Caicara); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 55, 
no. 10362 (1871) ; Allen, Bull. Mm. C. Z. Cambr. iii. p. 182 (1872: 
Great Salt Lake); Scl. § Salv. Nomenel. Ai\ Keotr. p. 144 (1871); 
Snow, B. Kansas, p. 10 (1873); Diirnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat), 
p. 178 (Buenos Ayres, Feh.); Maynard, B. Fast. N. Amer. 
p. 370 (1879); Seelohm, Geogr. Disir. Charadr. p. 342 (1888) ; 
Scl $ Hudson, Argent Orn. ii. p. 180 (1889: Mendoza) ; Scl 
BvlL Bnt. Orn. Club, iv. p. vi (1894: Falkland Is.); id. Ibis, 
1895, p. 145. 
Lobipes wilsoni, Steph. in Shattfs Gen. Zool xii. pt. 1, p. 167 (1824) ; 
Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 190, pi. 73.fi<r. 3 (1832); Andub. 
Sign. p. 241 (1839); id. B. Amer. v. p. 299, pi. 341 (1842); 
Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 246 (1844). 

Phalaropus fimbriatus, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 370 (1825). 
Phalaropus frenatus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 178 (1826); Pelz. Pels. 


Noiara, Vog. p. 132 (1805 : Chili). 
Lobipes incanus, Jard. 8f Selby, III. Orn. i. pi. 16 (e. 1826: Mexico). 
Lobipes frenatus, Cuv. JRegne Anim. i. p. 532 (1829). 
Phalaropus stenodactylus, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. o2S (Mexico). 
Holopodius "wilsoni, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. § N. Amer. p. 54 

(1838); id. C. It. xliii. p. 420 (1856). 

Stefan opus wilsoni, 
Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 158 (Fort Rilev); id. Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 97 (Colorado River* : Allen," Mem. Post. 
Soc. p. 501 (1868: W. Iowa, Alio-., Sept.); Coues, Key N Amer. 

B. p. 248 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 467 (1874); Hensh. Pep. 
Zool. F.ipl. 100th Merid. p. 451 (1875: S.E. Arizona); Couesf 
Bull. U.S. GeoL Surv. iv. p. 636 (1878: Red Rher and Rocky 
Mts.; breeding-); id. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 99 (1882); Stearns, 
N. Engl Bird-life, ii. p. 184 (18b3) • Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 612 (1884); Baird, Brewert $ Bilgtu. Water-B. N. 
Amer. i. p. 335 (1884). 
Phalaropus 
tricolor, Stejn. Auk, ii. p. 183 (1885); JRidgw. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 145 (1887); Warren, B. Pennst/L p. 235 (1888)* 
Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 497 (1891: Manitoba); 
Merriam, N. Amer. Faun. no. 5, p. 91 (1891: Idaho); A. O. XL 
Cheek-l N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 83 (1895): Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-
Birds, p. 29, fig. 4 (1895). 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. General colour above light 
grey in the middle of the back, with a broad streak of vinous 
chestnut on each side of the mantle; scapulars for the most part 
dark vinous chestnut, forming a broad streak on each side of the 
back; lower back and rump brown, the sides of the rump white; 

79 . STEGANOPUS. 
upper tail-coverts dusky brown, irregularly mottled and edged with, 
white, the longer ones centred with pale rufous, the lateral ones 
pure white ; wing-coverts uniform dull brown, with a narrow white 
edging to the greater coverts; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
like the wing-coverts; quills also dusky brown, with light brown 
shafts; the first primary with a white shaft; centre tail-feathers 
ashy brown, the remainder ashy brown, more or less white on the 
inner web, the white increasing in extent towards the outermost 
rectrices, which have little more than the outer web ashy; crown of 
head uniform pearly grey; occiput, nape, and hind-neck white; 
lores grey like the head, followed by a white ante-oeulsfr spot, which 
is surrounded by a black margin; upper eyelid also white; ^es^er 
eyelid black like the feathers in front of the eye and below the 
latter, which form part of a black band formed by the ear-coverts 
and the sides of the neck and the sides of tho crown, extending to 
the sides of the neck, and even overspreading the sides of the neck, 
which are deep vinous chestnut, this colour being continued with a 
broad rufous line on each side of the mantle; cheeks, chin, and 
upper throat white; lower throat clear ferruginous or chestnut, 
sharply defined on its upper margin, and becoming paler on the fore-
neck and sides of breast; centre of fore-neck, breast, and under 
surface of body pure white; under wing-coverts and axiilaries also 
white, the feathers round the eds;e of the wing abhy brown; quills 
below dusky brown, slightly paler along the inner web : " bill 
black; feet bluish grey, claws black; iris brown ,? ((7. J. Audubon). 

Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5-5, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*35, 
middle toe and claw 1-15. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Much duller in eolour than the 
female; the mantle-feathers blackish brown, with reddish edges; 
the crown of the head uniform blackish, the nape white, shading off 
into ashy grey on the hind-neck ; all the vinous parts of the upper 
surface indicated as in the female, but the colour never so bright 
and always of a dull chestnut; rump and upper tail-coverts white, 
with a sub-terminal line of dusky brown, forming a kind of horseshoe 
mark on the feather, the lateral upper tail-coverts white ; sides 
of the crowu chestnut like the sides of the neck, slightly mixed 
with black, but not entirely black as in the female; under surface of 
body as in the female, but the rufous part duller. Total leagth 8*3 
inches, culmen 1*25, wing 4*9, tail 1*85, tarsus 1*25, middle toe 
and claw 1*2. 

Adult male in winter jplumage. General colour above light ashy 
grey, with narrow white fringes to the feathers; lower back somewhat 
more dusky; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the longer 
tail-coverts ashy grey with white margins ; crown of head uniform 
ashy grey like the neck ; forehead, a broad eyebrow, sides of face, 
and entire under surface of body pure white; feathers in front of 
the eye blackish; along the top of the ear-coverts a line of ashy ; 
sides of upper breast shaded with light ashy. 

Young. Mottled on the upper surface, the feathers being blackish 
in the centre with light sandy-buff edges, broader and rnther more 
2z2 

708 
CHARADKIIBiE. 

distinct on the wing-coverts, scapulars, and inner secondaries; 
the lower back like the rest of the upper surface; rump and upper 
tail-coverts white, the former with dusky centres to the feathers; 
tail-feathers brown, all but the centre ones white on the inner web; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries as in the adult; 
crown of head blackish, the feathers edged with sandy buff, the 
hind-neck more ashy, the feathers with dusky centres and narrow 
ashy-brown margins; forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, and under 
surface of body white, with a tinge of ashy on the eyebrow ; lower 
throat, fore-neck, and chest, as well as the sides of the body, tinged 
with isabelline, the sides of the breast and Hanks mottled with 
blackish centres to the feathers. 

Young birds appear to have completed their moult into the winter 
plumage by the early part of September, some of them having nearly 
effected their first moult by the end of August. The full summer 
plumage must last for a very short time, as specimens killed at the 
end of May have scarcely yet gained full summer dress, while adult 
birds procured towards the end of July are already in half winter 
plumage. 

Hah. Temperate Forth America, migrating south through Central 
America to Brazil, Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. N. America. Purchased. 
ft, c. S ? ad. 49fch Parallel, June {Prof. N.A. Bound. Comm. 
sk. Daiosori). 
d, e. <$ J ad. sk. Chicago, 111. (Hensh. Coll). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . 
cJ ad. sk. Calumet, 111., July 5 (E. W. Salvin-Godoaan Coll. 
Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 

g. Juv. sk. Ainsworth, III, July (E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nelson: Hensh. Coll). 
h-r. $m Jad.sk. Waukegan, 111., Mav, June (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll). 
$,t £ 2 ad sk. Rochford, 111. (Cooke). Seebohm Coll. 
u. <$ ad. sk. Enirlewood, HI., June 11 (H. Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.]. 
K. Code). 
v. c? juv. sk. Lake Koskonong, S.Wisconsin. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w, .r. S 2 a<*. Lake Co., Indiana, May (C. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Aiken: He?ish. Coll). 
*/, z. d $ ad. Carson, Nevada, Mav, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (JET. W. H.). 
a'. 
$ ad. sk. Washoe Lake, May 22 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W.H.). 

V. $ ad. sk. Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 24 (H. W. H.). 
c'} d'. Juv. Hem. Cienega, Arizona. Aug. 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

sk. (H. W. H.). 
e',f. 2 ad.sk. San Antonio, Texas, July 4 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

{H. E. Dresser). 
g'-Jc'. S ad; I'-Brownsville, Texas, March to Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r*. 2 ad. sk. May (F. B. Armstrong).
s'-v\ Ad. sk. Mexico. Seebohm Coll. 
w' x. 2 ad. sk. Near the City of Mexico (White). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y\ Juv. Mem. Mexico, Sept. (J. Taylor). Salvin-Godman ColL 

iik 

79 . STEGAKOPTTS, 
709 

as', a". Ad.; b". Mexico (Le Strange). SeeboHm Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
c", d". <f $ ad. Mexico. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
Ixtapalapa, Tlalpam, Valley of Salvin-Godman Coll. 

«",/"• cJ ad. sk. 

Mexico, March 4 (Ferrari-

Perez). 
g". <$ ad.; A", Puebla, May (Ferrari-Perez). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

*". 5 a<^* s^« 

Zacatecas, Aug. (W. B. Rich- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

&"~o". tf ad.; 

ardson).

#>". $ ad.sk. 

Jeres, Zacatecas, Sept. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

q", r". $ ad. sk. 

Richardson). 
s". Ad. Hem. Mexico. Jardine Coll. (Type 
sk. of Zohipes incanus, J. & S.) 
£", u". S ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, April, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(A. Forrer). 
v'\ Ad. sk. Guatemala (Constantia). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w". <$ juv. sk. Caicara, Brazil, Sept. 29 (/. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Natter er). 
x". Ad. hiem. Pampas Argentinas. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 


y . Ad. iiiem. Chupat, Patagonia. H. Burnford, Esq. 
sk. 

710 
CHIONIDID.fi. 

Family V. CHIONIDIDJE. 

Palate schizognathous. 
Nasals holorhinal. 
Basipterygoid processes and occipital foramina absent; supra


orbital impressions present. 
Bill with a complex rhamphotheca. 
Spinal feather-tract forked on the upper back. 
Feet not webbed; only a membrane between the base of the 

inner and outer toe. 
Hind toe present. 
Tarsus reticulated on front and back. 
Nest in holes or behind rocks. 
Eggs one to three in number; very similar to those of Oyster


catchers, but thickly blotched with purple. 
Nestling coTered with greyish down. 


Of. Seebohm, Class. B. p. 37; Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., 
Birds, p. 92; Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 72; Shufeldt, Auk, x. pp. 158


165. 
Key to the Genera. 

a. Face bare, and carunculated near the base 
of the bill; a bare space below the eye . 1. CHIONIS, p. 710, 
b. Face bare in front of the eye, but not below 
it; no caruncles on the base of the bill . 2. CHIONARCHUS, p. 711. 
1. CHIONIS. 
Type. 

Chionis, Forster, Enchiridion Hist. Nat. p. 37 (1788) ...... C. alba. 
Vaginalis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 705 (1788) 0. alba. 
Coleorhamplms, Dumont, Diet. Set. Nat. x. p. 36 (1818) .. C. alba. 
Range. Confined to the extreme south of South America and 

adjacent islands. 

1. CMonis alba. 
White Sheath-bill, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. ipt. 1, p. 268, pi. 89 (1785). 
Vaginalis alba, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 705 (1788). 
Vaginalis chionis, lath. Ind. Orn, ii. p. 774 (1790). 
Coleoramphus nivalis, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. x. p. 36 (1818). 
Chionis vaginalis, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 509 (1830): id. Tabl. MSth. 


p. 100 (1836). 
Chionis alba, 
Quoy $ Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 131, pi. 35 (1824); 
Gam. 8f Less. Voy. Ooquille, i. p. 724 (1826); Less. Man. d>0m. 

ii. p. 341 (1828); id. Traits d'Orn. p. 521, pi. 109.fi*>.2 (1831); 
JSlainv. Ann. Sci Nat. vi. p. 97 (1836); Gould in Darwin's Voy. 
< Beagle; Birds, p. 118 (1841: Falkland Is.) ; Gray, List Grail. 
Brit.Mus. p. 51 (1844: Straits of Magellan; Falkland Is.); id. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 522, pi. 135.fig. 3 (1845); Reichenb. Gall. tab. clxxix. 
figs. 1545-46 (1850); Bp. C. JR. xliii. p. 420 (1856); Eytcm, P. Z. S. 
1858, pp. 90,100; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p 95, I860, p. 386(Falk
2 . CHTOSrARCHTTS. 
711 

land Is.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 (Falkland Is.); Scl $ Sato 
Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Straits of Magellan); Gray, List Gall. Brit. 
Mus. p. 95 (1867); Cunningham, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 87; Newt. 
P Z. S. 1871, p. 57, pi. iv. tig. 7; Gray, Kand-l B. iii. p. 21, 
no. 10055 (1871) ; Scl. # Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); 
Pagenst. JB. Anst. Eamb. ii. p. 12, cum tab. fig. 3 (1885: S. 
Georgia); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. B 288 (1891); 
Jameson, Irish Nat. ii. pp. 151-155, pi. iv. (1893); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1893, p. 178 (Ireland); Shufeldt, Auk, x. pp. 158-165 (1893); 
Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 497 (Antarctic Ice); Tristr. Ibis, 1895, p. 165 

(Antarctic Continent). 
Chionis forsteri, Stephens in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xii. p. 281 (1824). 
Ohioms necrophasja, Vieill. Gal Ois. ii. p. 146, pi. 258 (1834). 
Chionis lactea, Forst. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. pi. 125; id. Descr. 

Anim. p. 330 (1844). 

Adult. Snowy white all over: " bill black, with the base of both 
mandibles sulphur-yellow or greenish yellow, in some horny reddish 
or of the pale colour of the human finger-nail: face bare, covered 
with milky-white papillae ; from the fore part of the crown a narrow 
band continued to the angle of the culmen and from the angle of 
the gape beneath the eyes bare ; feet bluish dusky ; iris reddish 
dusky; e}Telids bare, with white papilla" (J. R. Forster). Total 
length 15 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 8*8, tail 4, tarsus 1-75. 

Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
Ad. st. 
Ad. st. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk 
Straits of Magellan. 
Straits of Magellan. 
Dungeness Spit, Straits of Magellan, 
.Feb. 16 (Dr. Cunningham). 
Falkland Islands. 
Sir W.Burnett & Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.], 
Capt. King. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ff, 
i. 
h. 
Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Skeleton; 
Falkland Islands. 
Berkeley Sound, E. Falkland3, 
April 
South Creek IsL, Berkeley 
Sound, May 19. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Antarctic Expedition. 
Dr. McCormick [P.]. 
Purchased. 

2. CHIONARCHUS. 
Type. 
Ohionarchus, Kidder 8f Coues, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 3, 

p. 116 (1876) 
C. minor. 
Range. Islands of Southern Atlantic: Kerguelen anl Marion 
Islands; Crozefcte Islands. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. 
Larger: tarsus shorter and stouter ; feet yellowish 
in skin; sheath with a rounded Petrellike 
opening above the nostrils minor, p. 712, 
b. Smaller: tarsus longer and more slender; feet 
reddish in skin ; sheath with no perceptible 
rounded opening in front, and scarcely raised 
above the culmen crozettensis, p. 713. 
712 OHIONIDID-aS. 

1. Chionarclnis minor. 
Chionis minor, Earth Bed. Zool. 1841, p. 5, 1842, pi. ii. figs. 2, 2 a; 
Lafr. t c. p. 402 ; Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus p. 52 (1844 : Ker~ 
guelen's Land); id. $ Mitchell, Gen. B. iii. p. 522, pi. 136 (1845) ; 
Reichenb. Gall tab. clxxix. fig. 1547 (1850); Bp. C. JR. xliii. 

p. 420 (1856); ScJil. Handl Dierk. p. 400, pi. viii.fisr. 98 (1857) ; 
id. Bier. p. 232 cumfig".;Sutton, Ibis, 18<'5, p. 277 (Prince Edward 
Isl.); Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mus. p. 95 (18t37) ; id. Hand-L B. iiL 
p. 21, no. 10056 (1871) ; Kidder, Bull U.S. Nat Mus. ii. pp. 1-4 
(1875) j id. fy COUPS, op. cit. iii. p. 7 (1876) ; Reichen.J. f. O. 
1876, p. 89; id. $ Cab. t c. p. 327, pi. i. £>. 2 ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans. 
168 (extra vol), p. 3 02 (1879); Shufeldt,Journ. Anat § Phjs. (2) 
v. pt. iv. pp. 509-525, pis. xi., xii. (1891). 
Chionarehus minor, Kidder § Coues, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 85 
-116 (1876); Shufeldt, Auk, x. pp. 158-165 (1893). 

Adult. Entirely snowy white; " bill black, as well as a black 
caruncle extending from the base of the sheath upwards to the 
front of the eye, both in males and females, more prominent in the 
former, and especially after the birds have paired ; tarsus and foot 
dull white, with a flesh-tint; eyelid pale pink; iris purplish black" 


(J. H. Kidder). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 9*3, 
tail 4, tarsus 1*7. 
Adult female. Smaller than the males, and not having such. large 

bills as the latter. Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 8, 

tail 3*5, tarsus 1*6. 

Young. According to Sir Joseph Hooker, the young birds have 

pink tips to their wings. No trace of this is seen in any of the 

skins in the Museum. 

Nestling. Clothed in unicolorous slate-grey down (A. E. Eaton). 

According to Dr. Kidder, the male has a scaly, black, blunt spine 
projecting from the carpal joint of the wing for 0*35 to 0*4 inch. 
In the female this spur is represented by a small flesh-coloured, 
knob. 

Mr. Eaton says that the sheath is immovable. " In the chick it 
is concrete with the horny substance of the bill, and is only indicated 
by a faint line of demarcation. In the course of growth it 
becomes developed into a distinct lamina, embracing the base of the 
upper mandible." 

Hah. Kerguelen, Marion, and Prince Edward Islands. The birds 
from Marion Island are smaller than those of Kerguelen Island, and 
have a conspicuously smaller bill. 

a. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Island. Lieut. A. Smith, R.N*. 
b} c. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Island. Lieut. A. Smith, E.N*. 

d. 2 ad. sk. Kerguelen Island. Antarctic Expedition. 
e. J ad. sk. Kerguelen Island, Sept. Hume Coll. 
f-l <$ $ ad. sk. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Island. Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger/ 
k} I, Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Antarctic Expedition. 
Isl., May 30 (Jt. McCormiek). 

2 . CHIOffAECHUS. 713 
m. Ad. sk.
n. 6)0, p. 5ad. sk.
q. Skeleton. 
Christmas Harbour, June 13. 
Marion Island. 
Kerguelen Island. 
Dr. McCormic 
Voy. H.M.S. 
lenger.' 
Purchased. 
k [P.]. 
< Chal


2. Chionarclms crozettensis. 
Chionis minor (nee Hartl), Set. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 891 (Crozette Isl.); 
Neiot. P. Z. 3. 1871, pp. 57, 58 (Crozette Isl.); Sharps, Phil Trans. 
vol. 168. p. 102 (1879, pt.). 

Chionis alba (nee Gni.), 6/ielleij, B. Africa, i. p. 193 (1896). 
Chionarchus crozettensis, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. Club, v. no. xxxvi. 

p. xliv (1896). 
Adult Similar to C. minor, but smaller, and distinguished by its 
smaller bill, with tbe sheath smaller and its anterior opening 
scarcely visible, only just raised above the culminal ridge, and not 
forming a Petrel-like nasal opening as in 0. minor: feet dark 
reddish, in skin, not yellow as in 0. minor, and with the tarsus 
longer. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 7*8, tail 3-7, 
tarsus 1-75. 

Hah. Crozette Islands. 

In my paper in the ' Philosophical Transactions' on the birds 
collected by Mr. Eaton during the ' Transit of Yenus' Expedition, I 
remarked upon the darker feet of the Crozette Island Sheathbill. 
I bad only one specimen for comparison at the time, but the two 
specimens since received show that the species is distinct from 

C. minor. 
a. Ad. sk. Crozette Islands. Capt. Armson [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Crozette Islands. Howard Saunders, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Crozette Islands. Shelley Coll. 
THIKOCOETTHIDJB. 

Family VI. THINOCORYTHIDiE. 

Palate schizognathous. 
Nasals holorhinal. 
Basipterygoid processes and occipital foramina present; supra


orbital impressions present. 
Yomer broad and rounded in front, not pointed, and resembling 

that of JEgithognatha?. 
Bill like that of Game-birds, without any sheath. 
Crop globular. 
Spinal feather-tract forked on the upper back. 
Ambiens, femoro-caudal, accessory femoro-caudal, semitendinosus, 

and accessory semitendinosus muscles present. 
Feet not webbed, with a scarcely perceptible membrane between 

the base of the outer and middle toes. 
Hind toe present. 
Tarsus reticulated on front and back. 
Plumage like that of a Game-bird ; flight like that of a Plover. 
Nest a slight depression in the ground, sometimes lined with a 

few blades of grass {Bumfor d). 
Eggs pale stone-colour, very thickly speckled with light and dark 
chocolate markings. 
Nestling covered with light and dark brown down. 

Of. Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 37; Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist. 

p. 92 • Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 72. 
Key to the Genera *. 

a. Tail rounded; size larger 
1. ATTAGIS, p. 714 
b. Tail more wedge-shaped; size smaller 2. THINOCORUS, p. 717. 
1. 
ATTAGIS. ^ 
Type. 
Attagis, Less,fyIsid. Geqffr. St-Hzlaire, Cent. Zool. pi. xlvii. 
(1880) A.gajL 

Range. Confined to South America. Prom Peru to Chili, the 
Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands. 

These two genera appear to me to be scarcely separable. 

1 . ATTA0IS. 715 
Key to the Species. 

a. Breast and abdomen cinnamon. 
a'. Under surface pale cinnamon, with the 
fore-neck ashy, finely lined with black ; 
prevailing colour of upper surface grey, 
with blackish frecklings; under wing-
coverts pale cinnamon, with scarcely any 
shade of dusky round the carpal bend .. gayi, p. 715. 


b'. Under surface dark cinnamon-rufous, the 
blackish cross-markings on the fore-neck 
and sides of body much coarser than in 


A. gayi\ prevailing colour of upper 
surface black, with wavy lines of sandy 
buff; under wing-coverts cinnamon, with 
a good deal of black round the edge.... chimborazensis, p. 716. 
b. Breast and abdomen white malouinus, p. 716. 
1. Attagis gayi 
Attagis gayi, Less. Cent. Zool p. 135, pi. 47 (1830); id. Traits d'Orn. 
p. 522 (1831); Gould in Darwin's Voy. < Beagle? Birds, p. 117 
(1841: Cordilleras of Coquimbo and Copiapo); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 520 (1846) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 29 (Tapaquilcha, 
14,000 ft.; Bolivia, breeding) ; Gay, Faun, uhil, Zool. i. p. 384 
(1847); Reichenb. Gall. tab. clxxxi. fig. 1554 (1850); Bp. C. R. 
xliii. p. 420 (1856) ; Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1867) ; 
Scl. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili) ; id. $ Salv. Exotic Orn. p. 158 
(1869) ; Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 20, no. 10052 (1871); 6W. $ Salv. 
Nomencl, Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 557 
(Junin); id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 284 (1886); Scl P. Z.S. 1891, 
p. 137 (jarapaca); James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892). 
Attagis latreillii, Less. " Bull, de Soe." xxv. p. 243 ; id. III. Zool. pi. 11 
(1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 520, pi. 135 (1845); Gay, Faun. 
ChiL, Zool. i. p. 385 (1847); Reichenb. GallMh. clxxxi. tigs. 1555-56 
(1850); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 420 (1856); Pelz. Reis. JSfovara, Vog. 

p. 113 (1865: Chili); Scl $ Salv. Exotic Orn. p. 158 (1869); 
Gray, Kand-l B. iii. p. 20, no. 10053 (1871); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 641 (Bolivia). 
Adult General colour above ashy grey, freckled all over with 
wavy lines of dusky blackish, sometimes transverse, and more or 
less sub-marginal and following the outline of the feather on the 
mantle and upper back, which parts are blotched with black centres 
to the feathers; wing-coverts more rufous, very coarsely mottled 
with broad wavy lines of black, the least series blackish; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts black, with sandy-rufous margins ; quills 
light brown, blackish on the outer web and at the tips of the 
primaries, which are fringed with white round the ends ; secondaries 
brown, the innermost barred with sandy rufous and freckled near 
the tips; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers sandy rufous, barred 
across with blackish; crown of head dusky brown, minutely spotted 
with bufiPy white; eyebrow and sides of face isabelline, the latter 
minutely dotted with blackish; the ear-coverts more rufous and 
streaked with brown; throat uniform isabelline, rufescent on the 

THINOCOEYTHIDJE. 

lower throat, which is more distinctly spotted; the fore-neck ashy, 

barred across with wavy lines of blackish; remainder of under 

surface of body pale cinnamon, the feathers edged with isabelline, 

and with narrow wavy lines of blackish on the sides of the breast, 

flanks, and under tail-coverts ; the axillaries and under wing-coverts 

pale cinnamon ; quills ashy below. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 

0-8, wing 7*9, tail 2-7, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Much more uniform ashy than the adults, the freckling 

very much finer and more minute; the down of the nestling ashy 

grey and very dense. 

Hah. Chili and Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Cordillera of Chili. Purchased. 
h, c. Ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
d-i. Ad. sk. Central Chili. Berkeley James Coll. 
Jc, I. <$ ad. et juv. Santiago, Chili (Let/bold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 

m. § a^-s&' Sacaya, Tarapaca, April 6 Berkeley James Coll. 
(A. A. Lane). 
2. Attagis chimborazensis. 
Attagis chimborazensis, Scl. P. Z. S. 18G0, pp. 73, 82 (Mount Chimborazo, 
14,000 ft.); Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mm. p. 95 (1867); Scl. 
8f Salv. Exotic Orn, p. 157, pi. Ixxix. (1869); Gray, Hand-l B.iil 

p. 20, no. 10054 (1871); Scl. $ Salv. Xomenrl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 
(1873) j Tace. $ Berl P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 11% 120 (Ecuador). 
Adult. Much darker than A. gayi, and of a black appearance 
above with wavy lines of sandy buff; tail black, with only a few 
sandy-buff bars ; wing-coverts blackish, with sandy-rufous bars and 
conspicuous white edgings; under surface of body deep cinnamon, 
the throat paler, spotted as in A. gayi, the chest barred as in that 
species, but much more coarsely, and the black bars on the sides of 
the breast and flanks much coarser, as well as those on the under 
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark cinnamon, those 
near the edge of the wing black Total length 11 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 7*6, tail 3, tarsus 1*1. 

Hab. Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. Mt. Chimborazo, Ecuador. Purchased. (Type 
of the species.) 
h, Ad. sk. Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll, 

3. Attagis maloiriiiiLS. 
Caille des isles Malouines, D'Auhent. PL Enl. ii. pi. 322. 

La Caille des isles, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 477 (1771). 

Tetrao malouinus, Bodd. Tabl PL Enl. p. 13 (1783). 

Malouine Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. % p. 786 (1783: Falkland 

Is.). 

Tetrao falklandicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 762 (1788). 

Perdix falklandica, Lath. Ind, Orn. ii. p. 653 (1790) : Temm. Pio. et 

Gall. iii. p. 738 (1815). 

2 . THBfOCOETJS. 
717 
Coturnix falklandica, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool xi. p. 386 (1819); 
Jard. f Selby, III. Orn. article to pi. 38 (1828). 
Attagis falklandica, Gould in Danuiris Voy. * Beagle,1 Birds, p. 117 
(1841: Mountains of Tierra del Fuego); Gay, Faun. Chil, Zool. 

p. 385 (1847); Bp. C. Jt. xliii. p. 420 (1756); Set. $ Sab. Ibis, 
1868, p. 188 (Straits of Magellan); Sharpe, T.Z.S. 1881, p. 12 
(Cockle Cove). 
Attagis malouina, 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1844: Straits 
of Magellan ; Hermit Isl.); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 520 (1845); Beichmb. 
Gall tab. elxxxi. fig. 1557 (1850) ; Sol. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 46 (Falkland 
Is>.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 (Falkland Is.); Gray, List 
Gall. Brit. Mvs. p. 94 (1867^; id. JSand-l. B. iii. p. 20, no. 10051 
(1871); Sol. <§• Salv. Nomencl Ax>. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Oust 
Hiss. Sei. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. B 107 (1891). 

Adult male. General colour above sandy rufous, the feathers 
centred with black, and with some wavy lines of black towards the 
end of the feathers of the scapulars and inner secondaries, which 
have also whitish margins ; the wing-coverts black, with white 
margins and rufous mottiings in the shape of spots or horseshoe 
bars ; quills brown, lighter on the inner webs, the inner secondaries 
marked "with horseshoe bars of rufous like the greater wing-
coverts ; tail-feathers blackish, tipped with dull white, and barred 
with brown or rufous-brown on the outer feathers ; crown of head 
blackish, streaked with sandy rufous; eyebrow and sides of face 
ashy isabelline, the ear-coverts more rufous, and narrowly streaked 

•with blackish; throat ashy whitish; lower throat, fore-neck, and 
chest bright sandy rufous, with circular black markings, and whitish 
margins to many of the feathers, especially on the sides of the upper 
breast; remainder of under surface of body white, with a few sandy 
or black-barred feathers on the flanks and under tail-coverts : axillaries 
and under wing-coverts white, the feathers near the edge of 
the wing with dusky bases. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 5-9, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*75. 
Rah. Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan. 

a, b. <$ ad.; c. Ad. Hermit Isl., Straits of Antarctic Exsk. 
Magellan, Oct. 4. pedition. 

d. S ad. sk. Hermit Isl., Oct. 4. Dr. McCormick. 
e, f. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Sir R. Burnett & Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.], 

g. 
Ad. sk. t Peckett Harbour, Straits of Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Magellan, March 22 (Dr. 
Cunningham). 

h. 
cT ad. sk, Cockle Cove, Straits of Dr. Coppinger [P.], 
Magellan, Feb. 14. 
2. THOrOCOEUS. Type. 
Thinocorus, EscTischoltz, Zool Atlas, p. 2 (1829).... T. rumicivorus. 
Ocypetes, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 762 T. rumicivorus. 
Range. Confined to South America. From Chili to Peru and to the 

Argentine Republic. 

718

 THINOCOEYTHmaB. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Larger: throat white, with a black border; 
fore-neck grey, uniform without any mesial 
streak orbignianus, p. 718. 
b. Smaller: throat white; fore-neck grey, with a 
mesial line of black, bifurcating on each side 
of the white throat rumicivorus, p. 719. 
1. Thinocorus orfoignianus. 
Tinochorus orbignvanus, Geofr. Sr Less. Cent. ZooL p. 137, pis. 48, 
49 (1830); Fraser, P.Z. S. 1843, p. 115 (Chilian Andes;; Gay, 
Faun. Chil, ZooL i. p. 387 (1847). 

Thinochorus ingaa, Tschudi, Arch. f. Sat. 1843, p. 387 (Peru); id. $ 
Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 45, 279 (1845-40: 14.000 ft.) ; Bp. 

C. R. xliii. p. 420 (1856;: Cass. U.S. Expl Exped. p. 288 (1858) ; 
Pelz. Pels. Xovara, Vog. p. 113 (18G5: Chili) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1867, 
p. 990 (Chili); id. # Salv. t. c. p. 990 (Peru) ; Gray, Hand-L B. III. 
n. 20, no. 10050 (1871); Tacz. P.Z. S. 1874, p. oot» (Jimin). 
Thinochorus orbignyanus, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mas. p. ol (1844: 
Chili); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 521, pi. 135, fig. 2 {1845) ; Peichmh. Gall 
tab. clxxx. figs. 1852-53 (1850); Bp. C P. xliii. p. 420 (1856) ; 
Burm. Peise La Plata-St. ii. p. 500 (1801); Gray, List. Gall. 
Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1867); Scl P. Z. S. 1867, p. #31 (Chili); id. $ 
Salv. t c. p. 989 (Peru); iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 570; Gray, Hand-L 

B. iii. p. 20, no. 10048 (1871); Scl. 4" Salv. Xomencl. Ai\ Xeotr. 
p. 144 (1873); iid. P.Z.S. 1879, p. 641 (Bolivia); Tacz. Orn. 
Perou, iii. p. 281 (1886 : up to 12,000 and 14,000 ft.); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1886, p. 403 (Tnrapaca) ; id. $ Huds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 178 
(1889); Scl. P. Z.S. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca); James, New List 
Chilian B. p. 11 (1892). 
Qlareola cuneicauda, Peale, U.S. Expl Exped. p. 244 {1848: Island 
of San Lorenzo, Peru). 

Adult male. General colour above sandy rufous, thickly mottled 
with black centres to the feathers and lighter sandy-buff margins ; 
wing-coverts like the back, but the markings browner; the inner 
greater coverts barred with rufous towards the tips, like the innermost 
secondaries ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, 
fringed with white at the tips, more distinct on the inner secondaries, 
which have concealed white bases ; upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, 


•with brown bars of irregular arrow-head shape ; tail-feathers black, 
with buffy-white tips and a few notches or bars of sandy rufous ; 
crown of head sandy rufous, with small black centres to the feathers ; 
a broad frontal band of grey; eyebrow and ear-coverts shown with 
narrow dark shaft-streaks; nape and hind-neck blue-grey, extending 
over the sides of the neck and hinder cheeks, and occupying the 
entire throat and chest; the base of the cheeks and chin white, 
separated from the grey throat by a line of black spots; remainder 
of under surface of body white, with a creamy-buff tinge on the 
breast and under tail-coverts; across the chest a narrow and disconnected 
line of black; sides of upper breast sandy buff, mottled 
with dark brown; on the flanks a patch of brown feathers; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts black, the latter tipped with white, 

2. THIKOCOKirS. 
some of the lower greater coverts white with black only near the 
base. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 5*9, tail 2*5, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having no blue-grey on 
the hind-neck, which is like the rest of the upper surface; the sides 
of the face, cheeks, and lower throat white, rather broadly streaked 
with black ; chin and upper throat white; fore-neck ashy grey, the 
feathers fringed with blackish : " bill horn-colour • feet yellow; 
iris brownJ' (Rahmer). Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 5*41, tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. Chili, Bolivia, and Peru. 

a, b. 3 ad. sk. Chili. T. Bridges, Esq. [P.l. 
c, d. 3 2 ad. sk. Chili. T. Bridges, Esq. [P.]. 
e,f, g. Pull. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
h~z. <$ 5 ad. sk. Central Chili. Beikeley James Coll. 
a', V'. <$ P ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. Santiago, Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
d'-f. $ ad. sk. Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Berkeley James Coll. 
Jan. & Feb. (A. A. Lane). 
g'-k'. cS ad. ; V. Sacaya, Tarapaca., Feb., Berkeley James Coll. 
2 ad. sk. March, April (A. A. Lane). 
m'. $ ad. sk. Canchosa, Tarapaca, Jan. Berkeley James Coll. 

(A. A. Lane). 
ri. £ ad. sk. Pampas Argentinas (Ley-Salvin-Godman CoH. 
bold). 
o\ <$ ad. sk. Sierra de Mendoza, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Burmeister). 
p'. d* ad. sk. Cinti, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q', r'. <S 2 ad. sk. Salinas, S.W. Peru, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(H. Whitely). 
s'. <$ ad. sk. Iquique, Peru (H. Rowland). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t', u'. S S ad. sk. Junin, Peru (J. Stolzmann). Warsaw Museum. 
v\ Skeleton. Mendoza. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
to'. Skeleton. Chili. Purchased. 
2. Thinocorus rumicivorus. 
Thinocorus 
rumicivorus, JSscJisckoltz, ZooL Atlas, p. 2, pi. 2 (1829: 
Chili) ; Gould, in Darwin's Voy. * Beagle,' Birds, p. 117 (1841: 
S.mta Cruz, Patagonia; Chili); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 521 (1845) • 
Reiehenb. Gall. tab. clxxx. figs. 1548-50 (1850) ; Bp. C. R. xiiii. 

p. 420 (1856) ; Burm. Reise La Plata-St. ii. p. 501 (1867 : 
feosario); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili); id. $ Salv. t. c. p. 989 
(Peru) ; iid. Ibis, 1868, p. 188 (Peckett Harbour) : iid. P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 143 (Conchitas), pp. 176, 570 (Peru); iid. Ibis, 1869, 
p. 284 (Gregory Bav); iid. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 148 (Lima); iid. Ibis, 
1870, p. 499 (Sandv Point, March); Gray, Kand-l. B. iii. p. 20, 
no. 10047 (1871); Scl. $ Sate. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874. p. 557 (Lima and Chorillos); Bumf. Ibis, 
1876, p. 164 (Buenos Avres) • id Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (ClnrpatValley, 
Nov., ? breeding), p. 197 (Buenos Ayres); id. Ibis, 1878, p. 403 
(Central Patagonia, Oct. & March); Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 
(Coquimbo); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 283 (1886) ; Scl # Suds. 
Argent. Orn. ii. p. 176 (1889): Scl. P.Z.8. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca) 
; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 108 (1891); Holland, 
Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 211 (Argentine Kepublic); 

 TBLmocozvmiBM. 

James, Neia List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892); Berl. $ Stolz. P. Z. S 

1892, pp. 400, 405 (Peru). 
Ocypetes torquatus, Wugl Isis, 1829, p. 762. 
Tinochoms swainsonii, Less. III. Zool. pi. 16 (1830). 
Tinocliorus eschscholtzii, Geoffr.fy Less. Cent. Zool. p. 140, pi 50 

(1830); Fraser, P Z. S. 1843, p. 110 (Chili). 
Thinocoms swainsoni, Gray, List Grail. Brit Mm. p. 51 (1844; 
Chili); Reichenb. Gall. tab. clxxx. %. 1551 (1850); Bp C It 

xliii. p. 420 (1856); Scl. P Z. 8. 1857,' p. 331 (Chili); Beh. Beil 
Novara, Tog. p. 113 (1865: Chili); Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mas 
p. 94 (1867) ; id. Hand-l B. ill p. 20, no. 10049 (1871). 
Adult male. Similar to the male of P. orbigniaaus, but very much 
smaller, and easily distinguished by the markings of the throat; the 
sides of the face and sides of neck pearly grey ; the throat white 
separated from the grey of the face and neck by a line of black 
which commences on the fore part of the cheeks, widening out and 
joining on the lower throat, where it continues in a broad mesial 
band to the fore-neck, and there again widens out to form a band, 
separating the white breast from the grey of the neck. Total length 
6-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 4*1, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*0f5. 
Adult female. Differs from the female of P. orbigninnm in bein°* 
very much smaller, with the fore-neck ashy brown,' separated from 
the white throat by a line of black, which extends upwards to the 
fore part of the cheeks, and downwards in broken spots to the chest 
where it forms a narrow line across the latter. These markings are 
similar to those of the male, but are not so pronounced. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 4-2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-65. 
Hal. Prom the Argentine Republic to Patagonia, Chili, Bolivia 
and Peru. 

a, b. 6 $ ad. sk. Coast of Peru. 

Salvin-Godman Coll 

c. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Lima {Nation). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

d} e,f. tf ad. sk. Arequipa, Feb. 27 [H. 

Tweeddaie Coll. 

Whitely). 

g. £ ad. sk. Islay, S.W. Vem(H. W.). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. $ ad. sk. Tambo, Peru, Oct (JS. W.). 
Tweeddaie Coll. 

ijk. 6 ad.; I. $ Tarapaca, June, Aug. {A. 

Berkeley James Coll. 

ad. sk. A. Lane). 

T. Bridges, Esq. [P.]. 
m, n, o. Ad. sk. Chilian Andes. 

p-w. <$ $ ad. sk. Central Chili. 

Berkeley James Coll. 

x) V-<$ $ ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Leybold)* 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

s. $ ad. sk. Santiago (Leybold). 
Tweeddaie Coll. 

a\ $ ad. sk. Coquimbo, Chili (Admiral 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Markham). 

V. $ ad.sk Coquinibo, June {Dr. Cop-
Yoy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 

pinger).
c'. <$ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (Easlehurst). 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

d'. $ ad.sk. Buenos Ayres, Aug. 3. 

H. Dumford, Esq. 
H 
e',f. <S $ ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres re.].

(W. H. Hudson). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g'. <$ ad. sk. Chupat, Patagonia, Nov. 20. 

H. Dumford. Esq. 
ft, H. Skeletons. Chili, 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ADDENDA. 


j^&fr . Page 4. (Edicnemus oedicnemus. 

Cbaradrius oedicnemus, G'dtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 489 (1891). 
OEdicnemus scolopax, Blaauw, Notes Zei/d. Mus. xv. p. 224 (1893) ; 
Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 262 (1895). 
(Edicnemus crepitans, Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 202 (Canaries) ; 
Whitaher, Ibis, 1894, p. 99 (Tunis); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, 

p. 205 (Rhone Delta). 
(Edicnemus 
oedicnemus, Reiser, Orn. Balcanica, p. 174 (1894) ; 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 127, pi. lxxvi. (1896): Shelley, B. 

Africa,!, p. 194(1896). 
o3. Ad. sk.
p3 . <$ ad. sk.
q\ $ ad. sk. 
Mediana, Gibraltar, May 17. 
Fuerteventura Isl., March 
Near Meshed (3000 ft.), Persia,
April. 
C. A. K. Pechell, Esq. 
[PA 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Add:— -^a§e ^- (Edicnemus senegalensis. 

(Edicnemus senegalensis, Drewitt, Bull B. 0. Club, v. p. xix (1896 : 
Egypt) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 

I. Ad. sk. River Gambia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
m. 
Ad. sk. Amba, Abyssinia, Aug. 21 ( W. Seebohm Coll. 
Jesse). 
A&& : Page 11. (Edicnemus vermiculatus. 

(Edicnemus vermiculatus, Reichen. Vog. deutseh-Ost-Afr. p. 38 
(1894); Shelley, B. Africa, i. 194 (1896). 

L 
2 ad. sk. Umgeni Lagoon, Natal, March 27 Seebohm Coll. 

(H. 8.). 
m. 
$ ad. sk. Landana, Lower Congo, July (X. Seebohm Coll. 
Petit). 
^fl . Page 12. (Edicnemus bistriatus. 

o. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Seebohm Coll. 
p. Ad. sk. Bogota. Seebohm Coll 
q, r. Ad. sk. Savana of British. Guiana. J. J. Quelch & F. Y. 
McConnell, Esqrs. [P.]. 
YOL. XXIY. 3 A. 

722 ADDENDA. 

?a£e 15>

Add:— ®^cnemus capensis. 

OEdicnemus capensis, Reiehen. Fog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 37 (1894; 
Ugallaj Nguruman; Itale); Shelley, Ibis, 1894? p. 25 (Xyasa-land); 
id. B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 

t. (S ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
u. <$ ad. sk. Daruara-land (C. J, Andersson). Seebohni Coll. 
j^fift. Page 17. (Edicnemus affinis. 

(Edicnemus affinis, Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 513 (Sibbe); Shelley, 
R Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 

A#d; ^a^e IS. Burhinns grallarius. 

GEdicnenius grallarius, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 45. 

n. Ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohni Coll. 
Add:— ^aSe ^Q- Esacus recurvirostris. 

i\ cS ad. sk. Futtehgurh, Dec. 16 (A. Anderson). Seebohm Coll. 

Pa&e 22

Add:- OrthorliaBipIius magnirostris. 

Esacus magnirostris, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 44. 

$. <$ ad. sk. Huon Isl, New Caledonia, Dec. 3 Seebotm Coll. 

(E. L. Lapard). 
y. $ ad. sk. JMenado, N. Celebes (A. P. Wallace). Seebolim Coll. 
Add:— -^a&e ^8. Bromas ardeola. 

Dromas ardeola, Finn, Ibis, 1893, p. 233 (Aden); Reiehen. Tog. 
deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 39 (1894: Dar-es-Salaani; Tangajj Shelley, 

B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 
d', e\ J ad. et Madagascar. Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. 


f. S ad. sk Seychelles. Seebolim Coll 
g', Imm. sk. DaV-es-S&laam, E. Africa (Sir J. Seebohni Coll. 
Kirk), 
h'. $ juv. sk. Suakin, Sept. 1 (W. Jesse). Seebohm Coll. 
i\ $ ad. sk. Arkiko, near Massowah (J. K. Seebohm Coll. 

Lord). 
h\ Ad. sk. Zeila, Somali-land, June 3. Capt. Nurse [C.]. 

Page 30. Ortyxelus meiffrenL 

On line 23 from bottom, take out " (ubi?), teste,"' and read il Gloqer, 
Handb. Nat. p. 403 (1842) v C. meiffreni. 

ADDENDA. 
723 

A^a. Page 32. Pluvianus segyptius. 

Pluvianus segyptius, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 

k. Ad. sk. N.E. Africa (Hemprich fy Ehren- Seebohm Coll. 
berg). 
I, Ad. sk. Egypt (0. P. Cambridge). Seebohm Coll. 
m, n. $ ; o. $ Egypt, Feb., March (G. E. Shelley). Seebolini Coll. 

ad. sk. 
p, q. Ad. sk. River Volta, Gold Coast (K T. Seebolim Coll. 
TJssher). 

Add: Page 34. Cursorius gallicus. 

Cursorius gallicus, Seehohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 63 (1885) ; Saunders, 
Man. Brit. B. p. 519 (1889) ; Blaauw, Notes Leyd. Mm. xv. p. 225 
(1893; ; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 263 (1895); Poynt. 
Eggs Brit. B. part ii. (1895); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896) ; 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 131 (1896). 

Cursor europasus, Gathe, Vogelw. JSelgol. p. 465 (1891). 

Legs and feet china-white. 

z". Juv. sk. Algiers. Seebohm Coll. 
a3 , c? ad. sk. Tangiers (Olcese). Seebohm Coll. 
¥, c\ s 2 ad. Fuerteventura, March (P. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. Gomez). 
d?. S ad. sk. Egypt, Feb. i^G.E. Shelley). Seebohm Coll. 
3e. (S imm. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, June 25. W. J). Cumming, 

Esq. [P.]. 

j^&ft. Page 37. Cursorius somalensis. 

Cursorius somaleusis, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 

Page 38. Cursorius rufus. 

Add:— 
Cursorius rufus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896); Lort Phillips, 
Ibis, 1896, p. 86 (Sonali). 

u. Ad. sk. South Africa, May. Seebohm Coll. 
v. Juv. sk. Newcastle, Natal {H. W. Seebohm Coll. 
Feilden). 
w. S ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
x. 
Ad. sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad- Seebohm Coll. 
shaw). 
^£ . Page 39. Cursorius coroman&elicus. 

Cursorius coromandelicus, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p, 259 
(1849); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 626 (1864); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests 
Sf Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 223 (1890). 

N.B.—Take out reference to Stoliczha, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 250. 

y". $ ad. bk. Lahore (C H. T. Marshall). Seebohm Coll. 

z". Juv. sk. Deccan (Lieut. Burgess). Seebohm Coll. 
3 A2 

724 ADDENDA. 

^ d . Page 41. CursorixLS temminckii. 

Tacbydromus senegalensis, Steams. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 230, pi. 24. 
Oursorius senegalensis, Beichen. Yog. deutsch-Ostr-Afr. p. 32 (1894: 
Kar£ma; Igonda; Mrdgoro; Mpapwa); 
Oursorius temniincki, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 
Line 12 from bottom, take out reference to Swai?iso?i1s Birds of West 

Africa. 
u. Juv. sk. Melinda (Sir X Kirk). Seebobm Coll. 
v. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country {Dr. Bradshaw). Seebobm Coll. 

Add.____ Page 43. Etanoptilus bicincfras. 

Ebinoptilus Hcinctus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 194 (1896). 

p. <j ad. sk. Transvaal (T.Ayres). Seebobm ColL 
q. $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Seebolim Collr. 
(S juv. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-land, Feb. 15 Seebolim Coll(
C. J. Andersson). 
s. (S ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Jan. 22 (<?. J. Seebobm Coll. 
A.)! 
tjtt. d $ ad.sk. Great Namaqua-land (C. J. A.). Seebobm Coll 

Add. Page 45. EMnoptilns bisig&atus. 

Oursorius gracilis, Beichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 33 (1894). 
Ebinoptilus bisignatus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1806). 

^dd. Page 46. RMnoptilus kartingi. 

Ehinoptilus hartingi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 513 (West Somaliland) 
; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 

Add:— -Pa^e 46. EMnoptilus ductus. 

Oursorius cinetus, Beichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 32 (1894). 
Ebinoptilus cinetus, Sharpe, JP. Z. S. 1895, p. 153 (West Somaliland) 
j Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 

?a&e

Add:— 47. Ehiaoptilns seebohmi. 
Ebinoptilus seebobmi, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 

Add. Page 48. Etanoptfhxs ckaleopterus. 

Oursorius cbalcopterus, Beichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 31 (1894). 
Ebinoptilus cbalcopterus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 

h. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country (JDr. Bradshaw). Seebobm Coll. 
I. 6 ad. sk. Weenen, Natal, April 1 (A. Arnold). Seebobm CoU. 
m. $ ad. sk. Damara-land, Jan. 31 (C. J. An- Seebobm Coll. 
derssori). 

ADDENDA. 
725 

PaSe

Add:— 49. BMnoptilus albofasciatus. 

Rhinoptilus albofasciatus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. pe 195 (1896). 

d. Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
Page 50. Bhinoptilus bitorquattts. 
Line 21 from top, for " p. 223 " read "p. 220." 

The length of the tarsus should be 2'6, not 2*25 inches. 

Add:— 

b. 
<$ ad. sk. Badrachallum, Godavery Valley, Seebohm Coll. 
March 5 (W. T. Blanford). 
Pa&e 51

Add:« Stiltia isabella. 
Glareola grallaria, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 45. 

r. Juv. sk. Australia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
s. c? ad. sk. Cape York. Seebohm Coll. 
t, u. Ad. sk. North Celebes {Dr. Meyer). Seebohm Coll, 
Pa&e

Add: 53- Glareola pratincola. 

Glareola torquata, Gumey, Ibis, 1863; p. 389 (Natal). 
Glareola pratincola, Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 202 (Canaries) j 
Shelley, Ibis, 1894, pp. 25, 474 (Nyasa-land); Reiser, Orn. Bale. 

p. 177 (1894) ; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 261 (1895); 
Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 205; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 
(1896) j Sharpe, Handb. Brit B. iii. p. 133 (1896). 
Line 6 from bottom, for "pi. 153 " read "pi. 513." 

u". £ ad. sk. Missolonghi, Greece, May 25. Seebohm Coll. 
v". d$ ad. sk. Caesarea, Asia Minor, May 5 (C. G. Seebohm Coll. 

Danford). 
w". Ad. sk. Melinda, E. Africa (Sir J. XirJc). Seebohm Coll. 
x". Ad. sk. Albert Edward Nyanza. G. F. Scott 

Eliott, Esq. 
y". Juv. sk, Transvaal (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
z". $ ad. sk. Ahmedabad, Jan. 11 (J. Spry). Seebohm Coll. 

^^ . Page 57. Glareola melanoptera. 
Glareola melanoptera, Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 178 (1894); Shelley, 

B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 
y. £ ad. sk. 
Kutais, Caucasus, May 12. Seebohm Coll. 
z. Ad. sk. Sarepta, Lower Volga, June. Seebohm Coll. 
a'. S juv. sk. Scutari, Turkey, Sept. 13 (T. Robson). Seebohm Coll. 
b'. Ad. sk. Lady Smith, Natal, Nov. 18. Capt. Savile 
Eeid[CA 
c\ $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 

i 

726 ADDENDA. 

•PaS'e 58
Add —« Glareola orientalis. 
Glareola orientalis, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 46. 
Page 59, line 18 from bottom, for "p. 261" read "p. 861." 

b\ $ ad. sk. Pekin, May 10 (A. David). Seebohm Coll. 
c\ Juv. sk.
di . Juv. sk.
el . J ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk. 
S.W. Formosa (M. Swinhoe). 
Lau-pi, Formosa, Aug. IS. 
Negros, Philippine Islands,
March (£. C. Layard). 
Cape York, Australia {J. T.
Cockerell). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Mr. P. A, Hoist [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Add:— -^a&e ^- Galactocnrysea ocularis. 

Glareola ocularis, Fischer, J. /". 0. 1885, p. 115 (Xgau, Tana River ; 
Mambrui); Finn, Ibis, 1893, p. 232 (Mombasa); Meichm. Tog. 
deutsch-Ost~Afr. p. 31 (1894); Shelley, B. Africa,!, p. 195(1896). 

e. $ ad. sk. 3NF.E. coast of Madagascar, Oct. Seebohm Coll. 
f y- 6 $ ad. sk. Tvoondroo, Madagascar, Oct. 30 Seebohm Coll. 
(A. Majasire). 
Page 63. Galactochrysea liberia. 

As Dr. Oustalet has given a description of his Glareola mardiei 
in 1877, it appears that this name must take precedence oyer 

9. liberies of Schlegel, and the species must be called Galactockrysea 
marcMi. 
Add:— 
Glareola marchei, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 

f,g. S 2 &&• sk St. Paul's River, Liberia, March 15 Seebohm Coll. 
(/. BuUikofer). 

Page 64, (Mactoelirysea emini. 
Add:— 
Glareola emini, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 

Add: ^a£e 64. G-alactoclirysea cinerea. 

Glareola cinerea, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 487 (R. Yolta); Ussher, Ibis, 
1874, p. 74 j W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 129 (Egga), w> 504, 514; 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 195 (1896). 

Glareola (Galactochrysia) cinerea, JSartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 610 

(R. Niger). 
" Feet and base of bill red" (W. A. Forbes). 

i, k. cJ ad. sk. River Volta (H. T. Ussher). Seebohm Coll, 

ADDEKDA. 727 

Add. Page 65. Galactochrysea lactea. 

Glareola lactea, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 888 (Damoodah K., JVIaunbhoom); 
Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 18 (nesting); Zer/ge, B. Ceylon, 

p. 984 (1880) ; Reid, Sfr. F x. p. 64 (1881: Lucknow): Barnes, 
t c. p. 166 (Kotri); Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 92 (Dacca); Hume, 
Sir. F. xi. p. 312 (1888: Manipur). 
r3. $ ad. sk. Allahabad. Seebohm Coll. 
*s 

. Ad. sk. Bhawulpur, Feb. (C. H. T. Seebohm Coll. 

Marshall). 
t\ 2 ad. bk. Deccan (Lieut. Burgess). Seebolim Coll. 
ui1v\%oz. Ad.sk. Miri Hills. * Godwin-Austen Coll. 
x%. Ad. sk. Myniensing, Khasia Hills. Godwin-Austen Coll. 

Page 68, line 11 from top, read " olive in Rydrophasis; in 
Metopidius and in the other genera etc." 


Page 69, line 4 from top, for " APHALTJS" read " MICEOPAEEA." 

j^dd. Page 69. Hy&rophasis chirurgus. 

Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 74 (Calcutta 
district). 

Line 7 from bottom, for " id. t. c? read " Le MessurierP 

f3,93. $ ad. sk. Futtehgurh distr., Aug. 13 (A. Seebohm Coll. 

Anderson), 
hP. (S ad. sk. Hankow, China (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
e*3. S ad. sk. Hankow, China (JR. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 

kK Juv. sk. Macao (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
^. Juv. sk. Amoy, Nov. (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
mz. Juv. st. Amoy, Nov. (It. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
w3. Ad. sk. Formosa, May (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 

^a . Page 72. Metopidius indicus. 

Metopidius indicus, Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 74 (Calcutta district). 

s4. <$ ad. sk. Kheree, Futtehgurh district, Seebohm Coll. 
Feb. 14 (A. Anderson). 
P-. <$ ad. sk. Futtehgurh district (A. Ander- Seebohm Coll. 
son). 

j^^ . Page 76. PhyHopezus africanus. 

Parra africana, Reichen. Yog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 51 (1894); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1894, p. 25 (Nyasa4and). 
PhyHopezus africanus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 187 (1896). 

^£ . Page 78. PhyHopezus albinucha. 

Phyllopezus albinucha, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 187 (1896). 

ADDENDA. 

728 

Pa^e Hy^ralector

Add *— - ^ ' gallinaceus. 
*. Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 


u. Ad. sk. Makassar (A. R. Wallace). Seebohra Coll. 
A 2 J . Page 82. Jacana jacana. 

Parra jacana, Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 205 (Uruguay). 

c', d'. Ad. j e', f. Juv. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Alex. Fry, Esq. [P.]. 

Page 86. Asarcia variabilis. 

Add:— 
Jacana spinosa, Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 214 (1895) ; A. 0. 

U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 105 (1895). 
Page Mcroparra capensis. 

Add:— 

Microparra capensis, Reichen. Yog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 52 (1894 : 
Ugalla River); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 187 (1896). 

Page 92. Arenaria interpres. 

Add:-

Strepsilas interpres, Palmen, Yega-Exped., Fogelf. p. 336 (1887); 
Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xiv. (Ifc90); Legge, Proc. Ausfr. 
Assoc. 1892, p. 22; Taca. Mem. Acad. SL Petirsb. (7) xxxix. p. 845 
(1893); Bo%trns 8? Worcester, Occ. Papers Minn. Acad. i, no. 1, 

p. 31 (1894: Siquijor, Masbati); Everett, Ibis, 1895, p. 39 
(Balabac) ; Pmjnt. Eggs Brit B. part ii. (1895); Irhy, Orn. Sir. 
Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 273 (1895). 
Arenaria interpres, 
Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 178 (1894); Elliot, X. 
Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 299, cum tab. (1S95); A. O. U. Cheek-L N. 
Amer. B. p. 103 (1895) ; Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 176, 
pi. 80 (1896); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 190 (1896). 

s\ $ ad. sk. Co. Galway, Ireland, Jan. 29. J. E. Harting, 

Esq. [P.l 
t\ S ad. sk. Great Yarmouth, May 21. Seebohm Coll. 
u9, v*. Juv. sk. New Romney, Kent, Sept. Seebohm Coil. 
ID9. Irnm. sk. Mauritius, Jan. 21. Seebohm Coll. 
z9. <S ad. sk. Kistrand, Norway, June 21. Seebohm Coll. 
y% z\ a10. S ad. et Mouth of Amur River, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 

imm. sk. (Dorries). 

610

-e10.Ad.etimrn. Yokohama. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 


/10 

. Imm. sk. Amoy, Feb. {R. Swmhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
g $ ad.sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. Steere Coll 

l\

A10. $ ad. sk. Zamboanga, Nov. Steere Coll. 

t10 

. Imm. sk. Stewart Isl., Solomons (E. E Seebohm Coll. 
Bayard). 


klQ 

. S ad. sk. Tongatabu, Friendly IsL, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 
19 {E. L. Layard). 

Z10 

. $ imm. sk Koro, Fiji IsL, Aug. 22 (E. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Layard). 


ADDENDA. 729 

m™, n10. (J ad. et New Caledonia, Dec., March Seebohm Coll. 
imm. isk. (E. L. Layard). 

o10. $ ad. sk. Possession Island, Oct. 10. Seebohni Coll. 

p10. <5 ad. sk. Taluit, Marshall Isl., Aug. 29 Seebohm Coll. 
(O.Finsch).^ 
q10. Ad. sk. Kauai, Hawaii (Knudsen). Professor Collett 
1Q [p.]. 

r. JUT. sk. Cayenne (Jelshi). 
Seebohni Coll. 

Page 103. Arenaria melanocephala. 

Add:~ 

Arenaria melanocephala, Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 203, cum 
tab. (1895); A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 104 
(1895). 

V. Ad. sk. Arctic Seas (Lieut. Pyne). Seebohm Coll. 
c'. Ad. sk. S. Michael's, Aug. 10 (H M. Seebohm Coll. 
d!. Ad. sk. California. Seebohm Coll. 

e'. Ad. sk. Seebohm Coll. 

San Miguel Island, California. 

Page 107. HaBmatopxis ostralegus. 

Add:— 

Hsematopus ostralegus, Pleske, Uebers. Stiug. u. Vog. Kola-Halbinsel, 
ii. p. 831 (1886); Blagg, Ibis, 1893, p. 355 (Shetlands); 
Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 179 (lb94); JReichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. 

p. 31 (1894); Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part i. (1895); Whitaker, 
Ibis, 1895, p. 106 (Tunis); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 273 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 205, cum tab. (1895); 
A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 104 (1895); Sharpe, 
Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 181, pi. 81 (1896); Shelley, B. Africa, i. 
p. 193 (1896). 
Hob. Extends to East coast of Africa down to Mozambique. 

o'} p'. S 2 ad. sk. 
q'. $ ad. sk. 
r'. $ ad. sk. 
*'. 2 ad. sk. 
Orkneys {Dunn). 
S.Kilda(C.Dw-on). 
Nairn, Moray Eirth, May 
(W. Swindell). 
Bead well, Northumberland, 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
t\ 2 ad-st-
u'. Juy. sk. 
v'. Juv. st. 
w\ Ad. sk. 
May (J. E. Harting). 
Yarmouth, Norfolk, Sept. 25 
(J. E. JET.). 
New Romney, Kent, Sept. 1 
(C. Shelley). 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 20 
(J. E. Harting). 
Poole Harbour, Dorset, 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
xr . Imm. sk. 
March 14 (A. von Hugel). 
Christchurch, Hants, Oct. 3 Seebohm Coll. 
y\ 2 a(i-sk-
%\ $ imm. sk. 
{A. von Rugel). 
Instow, N. Devon, Sept. 23 
(J. E. Harting). 
Heligoland (X. Gatke). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

73 0 
ADDENDA. 

a". $ imm. sk. Jeddab, Red Sea, March 11 Seebohm Coll. 
(Zohrab). 
b". S imm. sk. Karachi, Sind, Feb. 25 (E. Seebohm Coll. 


A. Butler). 
j^^ . Page 111. Hsematopus osculans. 
Hsematopus ostralegus osculant Dyb. §• Tacz. Bull. Soc. ZooL France, 

ix. p. 146 (1884); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Betersb. (7) 
xxxix. p. 843 (1893). 
/. $ ad. sk. Mouth of Amoor Elver, May 21 Seebohm Coll. 
(Dorries). 


g. c? ad. sk. Kurile Islands (Snoio). Seebohm Coll. 
k Ad. sk. Japan. Seebohm Coll. 
i~p. Ad. etimm. Yokohama (JS". Bryer). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
q, r. <$ 2 a<^ s^« Chefoo, May (B. Smnhoe). Seebohm Coll. 


8. Ad. sk. Swatow, Nov. 
Seebohm Coll. 
t 
(S juv. sk. Talienwan, June 27 (B. Stein- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). (Type of the species.) 


^33 Page 112. Haematopns longirostris. 
Hsematopus longirostris, Zegge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 46. 


y. 2 ad. sk, Wellington, N. Z., June (W. Travers). Seebohm Coll. 
z. 5 ad. sk. Canterbury, N. Z., Oct. (J, B. Cox). Seebohm Coil. 
a', c? ad. sh. Saltwater Creek, N. Z. (Sir J. von Seebohm Coll. 
Haast). 
V, d. <$ J ad. sk. Chatham Islands, Aug. (Sir James Seebohm Coll. 
Hector), 
d'. $ ad. sk. Sydney, N. S. W. (Sake). Seebohm Coll. 
e't Ad. sk. Tasmania. Seebohm Coll. 


e 11S*

Add:— ^a» Hsematopus leucopus. 
t £ ad. sk. Chili. Seebohm Coll. 
u, v, to. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Seebohm Coll. 

e 114*

Add: ^ Haematopns palHatus. 

Hsematopus palliatus, Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 207, cum tab. 
(1895) ; A.O.TJ. Check-L Ar. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 104 (1805). 

u. S ad. sk. California (Keerman). Seebohm Coll. 
v,w. 
<$ 2 a(*« sk« Indian River, Florida, April Seebohm Coll. 
(Maynard). 

x. 2 ad. sk. Costa Rica. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Add: ?age 
^* Hsematopus frazari. 

Hsematopus frazari, Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 210, cum tab. 
(1895) ;A.O. IT, Chech-l K Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 105 (1895). 

$ ad. sk. Mouth of Zacatula River, W. Mexico, Seebohm Coll. 
April (J. Xantus), 
Jc, I c? ad. sk. Chili (Beed). Seebohm Coll. 

APDEJSDA. 
731 

Add ; ?age 117. Hsematopus dtirnfordi. 
? Hasmatopus palliatus (nee T.), Aplin, Ibis, 1891, p. 207 (Uruguay). 

AM. Page 118. Haematopus unicolor. 
Hsematopus unicolor, Legge, Troc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 47. 
Hseniatopus ophthalmicus, Legge, t. c. p. 48. 

w. Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Ooll. 
x. § ad. sk. Preservation Inlet, New Zealand Seebohm Coll. 
(Hector), 
y. Ad. sk. Waikariri, New Zealand (Haast). Seebohm Coll. 

A&&: Page 119. Hsematopus moquini. 

Hsematopus capensis, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 193 (1896). 

e. $ ad.sk. Knysna, March 10 (C J. Andersson). Seebohm Coll. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Robben Island, Table Bay (JB. L. Seebohm Coll. 
Layard). 

Add. 
Page 120. Hsematopus iriger. 

Hsematopus bachmani, Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 212, cum 
tab. (1895) 5 A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer.B. 2nd ed. p. 105 (1895). 

h. Ad. sk. California (J. Marshall). Seebohm Coll. 
Page 121,

Add:-— 
- Hsematopus ater. 

y. S ad. sk. Chili (JE. C. Reed). Seebohm Coll. 
z. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Seebohm Coll. 
a'. 
$ ad. sk. Stanley, Falkland Islands, March Seebohm Coll. 
(Capt. Harrison). 

^j . Page 123. Oreophilus ruficollis. 

Oreophilus ruficollis, Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 207 (Uruguay). 

o. § ad. sk. Monte Video, June. Seebohm Coll. 
p. <$ 2 ad. sk. 
Mendoza (Meed). Seebohm Coll. 
q. 2 ad. sk. Santiago, Chili. Seebohm Colh 
r. 
2 ad. sk. Eio Negro, Patagonia, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
(Hudson). 
s. Juv. sk. Santa Elena, Patagonia, March. Seebohm Coll. 
^^ . Page 123. Erythrogonys ductus. 

Charadiius rufiventris, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 108, pi. iii. 
(1888). 
Erythrogonys cinctus, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 42. 

n. S ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll. 
o. 5 ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
73 2 ADDENDA. 

^^ . Page 126. Befilippia crassirostris. 

Hemiparra crassirostris, Hartert, Kat< Voxels. Senckenb. Mus. p. 215 
(1891 : Senaar). 
Vanellus crassirostris, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1896). 

Page 127. Befilippia letieoptera. 

Line 21 from bottom, read " S. Lucia Bay." 
Line 11 from bottom, Hemiparra crassirostris, Hartert etc.; to be 
transferred to JD. crassirostris, p. 126. 
Line 19 from bottom, for " p. 96 " read " p. 26." 


Add:~~ 
Vanellus leucopterus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 


i, k. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Seebohm Coll. 

I. Ad. sk. Nyasa-land. Alfred Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
A^a. Page 128. Sarciophoras tectus. 

I Ad. sk. [Egypt.] Seebobm Coll. 

w.Ad.sk. Wady-el-Arabab, Arabia (J. K.Zord). Seebobm Coll. 

n. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Seebobm Coll. 
0. $ ad. sk. Ailat, Abyssinia, June 25 ( W. Jesse), Seebobm Coll. 
p. Ad. sk. West Africa. Seebohm Coll. 
Page 130. Lobipluvia malabarica. 
Line 5 from bottom, transfer " Blanford's " reference to the next 
species. 
Add:— 
h". Ad. sk. Nepal. Seebolim CoU. 
i". Ad. sk. Calcutta. Seebohm Coll. 
k". Juv. sk. Coromandel Coast. Seebohm Coll. 

Add. Page 133. Mcrosarcops cinereus. 

Sarciophorus bilobus (nee StrickL), Blanford, Ibis, 1870; p. 470 *. 

n". <$ ad. sk. Mongolia, April 6. Seebohm Coll. 

o". $ ad. sk. Ohinkiang, March 10 (B. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
p". Ad. sk. Yokohama (JS. Fryer), Seebohm Coll. 

Add: ^a£e ^5. Hoploxypteras cayairas. 

1, m. <$ J ad. sk. [Peru.] Seebohm Coll. 
n, $ ad. sk. Lower Ucayali, May 31 (JS. Seebohm Coll. 
BartHt). 

o. Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Seebonm Coll. 
* This reference has hitherto been the sole authority for the occurrence of 
Lobipluvia, malaharica in Burma. Some of his specimens were determined for 
Mr. Blanford, during his absence in India, by Mr. G. B. Gray, who is responsible 
for the mistake. 
ADDENDA. 
733 

p. Ad. sk. Bio de Janeiro. Alexander Fry, Esq. 
pp.]. * 

q, r. Ad. sk. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Quelch & F. V. 
MeConnell,Esqrs.[P.]. 

s. 2 ad. sk. Ourumu, British Guiana, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. Whitely). 
jL&a. Page 137. Ptiloscelis resplendens. 

r. Ad. sk. Peru. 
Seebohm Coll. 
s. $ ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June 15 (R. Whitely). Seehohm Coll. 
t. $ ad. sk. Paueatambo, Peru, June (fit W.). Seebohm Coll. 
^fl . Page 139. Lobivanellus lobatns. 
Lobivanellus lobatus, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 43. 


p. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
q. Juv. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll. 
r. J ad. sk. Percy Island. Seebohm Coll. 
^ft . Page 140. Lobivanellus miles. 
Lobivanellus miles, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 43. 


n. 
<5 ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York (J. T. Seebohm Coll. 
Cockerelf), 
o. $ ad. sk. Aru Islands (Rosenberg). Seebohm Coll. 
^aa . Page 141. Lobivanellus senegalus. 
Lobivanellus senegalus, Shelley', B. Africa, i. p. 187 (1896). 


q, r. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Seebohm Coll. 

s. Ad. sk. Accra, Gold Coast Seebohm Coll. 
•Pa&e 142#
Add •— lobivanellus lateralis. 

Lobivanellus senegalus (nee L.), Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 26 (Nyasaland). 
Lobivanellus lateralis, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 187 (1896). 

I Ad. sk. Albert Edward Nyanza. G. F. Scott Elliot, 
Esq. [P.]. 

m. $ ad. sk. Huilla, Benguela, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 
(Anchieta). 
n, o. tf $ ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Oct. Seebohm Coll. 


(C. J. Andersson). 
Substitute:- ^g e 146. 

h". No black on the abdomen (except in 
Eudromias), i. e. no black on the 
underparts specially donned in summer 
as in Squatarola and Charadrius. 


734 
ADDENDA. 

^ft, Page 147. Xiphidiopterns albiceps. 

Lobivanellus albiceps, Sjostedt, K. Sv. Vet-Akad. JEandl. Stockholm, 

xxvii. p. 27 (1895); id. MT. deutsch. Schutzyeb. ?iii. p. 13 (1895)j 
" " y, B. Africa, I p. 187 (1896). 
I Ad. sk. Loango Coast. Seebohm Coll. 

^ft. Page 149. Sarcogrammus indicus. 

Lobivanellus indicus, Munn, Ibis, 1894; p. 72 (Calcutta district). 

Line 22 from bottom, > r " 1871" read " 1872." 

m3. Ad. sk. Eao, Persian Gulf. May. "W. D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
n3. <$ ad. sk. Candahar, Feb. 25 {Colonel Seebohin Coll. 

Swinhoe). 
o3. <$ imm. sk. Secundrabad, Oct. 29. Seebobm Coll. 
p3. Ad. sk. Saharunpur, March 21 (G. F. Seebohm Coll. 


L. Marshall). 
qK $ ad. sk. Laila Hills. Godwin-Austen Coll. 
r3. $ ad. sk. Julpigoree, Bengal, April 25 Seebohm Coll. 
{H. J. Elwes). 
^d : ^a^e 15^. Sarcogrammtis atrarachalis. 
$", c? ad. sk. Moulmein, Dec. 20. Godwin-Austen Coll. 

^^ . Page 153. Tylibyx melanocephalus. 

Sarciophorus melanocephalus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1896). 

I. <$ ad. sk. Shoa, May 19 (Antinori), Seebohm Coll. 
^da. Page 154. Zonifer tricolor. 

i. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
k. $ ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll. 
j^&&. Page 157. Hoplopterus spinosus. 

Hoplopterus spinosus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 514 (Somali-land); 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1896). 

V. Ad. sk. E^ypt {Stafford Allen). Seebohm Coll. 
c'. Ad. sk. Egypt, Feb., April {G. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley). 
d\ 
Ad. sk, Albert Edward Nyanza. G. F. Scott Elliot. 
Esq. [P.]. 

Add. Page 159. Hoplopterus ventralis. 

Hoplopterus malabaricus {nee Bodd.), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 165. 

b". Ad. sk. Sikhim. Seebohm Coll. 
c". Ad. sk. Teesta R, Sikhim (1500 feet), Seebohm Coll. 
Sept. {H. J. Elwes). 
d". Ad. sk. Larjiling. Seebohm Coll. 

ADDENDA. 735 
e". <$ ad. sir.
/" . Ad. sk.
g". $ ad. sk. 
Naga Hills. 
Garo Hills. 
Moulmein, Tenasserim, Dec. 
Godwin- Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
h". $ ad. sk. Hainan, March. (JR. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 

Add: ^aSe 1^1* Hoplopterus speciosus. 
Hoplopterus speciosus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1896). 
t, u. Ad. sk. Natal. Seebohm Coll. 

v. 5 ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
w. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Seebohm Coll. 
Bradshaio). 
Add: Page 163. Belonopterus cayennensis. 

Vanellus cayennensis, Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 205 (Uruguay). 

v. 
§ ad. sk. Aunai, British Guiana, May 2, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J9T. Whitely). 
w. 
Ad. sk. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Quelch & F. V. 
McConnell, Esqrs. 
[p.]. 
x. 61 ad. sk. U.S. Colombia. Seebohm Coll, 
y. Ad.sk. Bahia {Wucherer). Seebohm Coll. 
z. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, Oct. Seebohm Coll. 
Add: ^ aS e 165. Belonopterus chilensis. 

r. 
Ad. sk. Chili, August. Seebohm Coll. 
(Type of Vanelhm occidentalism Halting.) 
s. Ad. sk. Chili, August. Seebohm Coll. 
t. Juv. sk. Santiago, Chili. Seebohm Coll. 
Add: ^a&e 166. VaneUns vanellus. 

Vanellus cristatus, SeeboJim, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 210 (1888); 
Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Set. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 838 (1893); 
Whitaker, Ibis, 1894, p. 99 (Tunis). 

Vanellus vulgaris, Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xix. (1891); 
Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mies. xv. p. 226 (1893); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 
1895, p. 206 (Delta of the .Rhone); Irby, Dm. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. 

p. 271 (1895); Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part ii. (1895). 
Charadrius vanellus, Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 488 (1891). 
Vanellus vanellus, Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 174 (1894) ; Elliot, 
N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 163, cum tab. (1895) ; A. 0. U. Qheck-l. 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 98 (1896) ; Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 176, pi. 79 (1896). 
Hab. Occasionally in Greenland, the Islands of Norton Sound, 
Alaska, and on Long Island, Barbados. 

b4. Juv. sk. England (Jardine Coll.). Seebohm Coll. 
c4; dl, e4. Pull. sk. Kingsbury, Middlesex (J. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Ilarting). 
f\ $ ad. sk. Harting, Sussex, April 12 Seebohm Coll. 

(J.E. Harting)* 
73 6 ADDENDA. 

/. 3 ad.; h\ § Heligoland, Feb., Dec. Seebohm Coll. 

alb. sk. 
z4. <$ ad. sk. E. Turkestan, April (Prjevalsky). Seebohm Coll. 
k\ <$'imm-s^> Zaidam, Sept. (Prjevalsky). Seebohm Coll. 
/4, m^, n4. Ad. et Yokohama (E. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 

imm. sk. 

04. Ad. sk. Biver Yangtse (T. Blakiston). Seebohm Coll, 
pK Imm. sk. Foochow, Jan. 2 (JR. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
Page 171. EFEYPTEEUS. 

Mr. Blanford has pointed out to me that the name Eurypterus is 
already preoccupied in Crustacea; I therefore propose the name of 
EUHYAS in its place. 

Page 171. For Eurypterus leucurus read Euhyas leucura. 
Add:— 
Vanellus leucurus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1896). 
Line 3 from bottom, for " p. 524" read "p. 542." 

e". tf ad. sk. Erment near Thebes, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 

(E. C. Taylor), 
f. J ad. sk. Kirghiz Steppes (Severtzoff). Seebohm Coll. 
g". Ad. sk. Svr Darya, April. Seebohm Coll. 
h", i". Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. F. Butcher, Esq. FP.l 
k" I". Q ad. sk. Fao, Feb. W. D. Cummin^Esq. 
[P.]. 
w!\ <3 ad. sk. Futtehgurh, Feb. 14 (A. Seebohm Coll. 
Anderson). 


Add. Page 174. Chsetusia gregaria. 

Chettusia gregaria, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 959 (1880). 
Vanellus gregarius, Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 272 (1895): 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 

Line 13 from bottom, for « p. 93 " read "p. 188." 

m". S ad. sk. Trans-Ural, April 13 (Severtaoff). Seebohm Coll. 
n". Imm. sk. Samarkand. Seebohm Coll. 
o". Juv. sk. Punjab, Nov. 8 (JS. X Elwes). Seebohm Coll. 

Add: Pa&e 178. Stephanibyx coronatus. 

Stephanibyx coronatus; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 514 (Bordwain) : 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1896). 

t,u.<$2 ad. sk. S. Africa (E. L. LayaroT). Seebohm Coll. 

v. Ad. sk. E. Africa. Seebohm Coll. 
w. Ad. sk. Somali-land (E.ZortPhillips). Lort Phillips Coll. 
Add: ^a&e 180. Stephanibyx melanopterns. 

Stephanibyx melanopterus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1896). 
Z, m. Ad. et imm. sk. Abyssinia. Seebohm Coll. 

n. 2 ad. sk. Eland's Post, S. Africa Seebohm CoE. 
(T. 0. Atmore). 
ADDENDA. 737 

Add:— ^a&e 181- Stephanibyx inornatus. 
Stephanibyx inornatus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 188 (1893). 

c. Ad. sk. Accra, April (J. Smith), Seebohm. Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Elraina, April (Blissett). Seebohm Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Meliudi, E. Africa (Sir J. Kirk), Seebohm Coll. 
/ . Imm. sk. Durban, Natal (Millar). Seebohm Coll. 

Add: F&ge 182. Scpiatarola helvetica. 

Charadrius squatarola, KarteH, Ibis, 1893, p. 307 (Aruba, June) ; 
Reiser, Orn. Balcanica, p. 177 (1894) ; Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-
Birds, p. 165, cum tab. (1896); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 99 (1896). 

Squatarola helvetica, Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 205 (Delta of the 
Rhone); Irby,Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 267 (1895); Sharpe, Eandb. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 138 (1896); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 

y% zK $ $ ad. sk. Yarmouth, May (J. E. Harting). Seebohm Coll. 
a5. (S ad.; b% c5. Pagham Harbour, Sussex, May, Seebohm Coll. 

J J juv. sk. Sept. (J. E. Harting). 
d5. <$ ad. sk. Heligoland, May (X. Gdtke). Seebohm Coll. 
e\ J ad. sk, St. Vigors, Havre, France, May Seebohm Coll. 

(V. Pluche). 
f'\ Ad. sk. Marocco. Seebohm Coll. 
y5. (S ad. sk. Alexievka, Lower Petchora, July Seebohm Coll. 
17 (H. Seebohmfy Harvie-Brown), 
h5-l5. c? $ j'uv. sk. Mouth of Amoor Eiver, Aug., Seebohm Coll. 

Nov. (Barries) 
TO5, n5. Juv. sk. Yokohama, Oct. (H. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
o5. Juv. sk. Liu Kiu Islands, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 
p3. Ad. sk. Siquijor, Philippine Islands. Steere Coll. 
a5. Ad. sk. Labuan. A. H. Everett, 

Esq. [C.]. 
r5. S ad. sk. Sitka, June 8 (T. H. Bean). Seebohm Cell. 
s5. Imm. sk. Bermudas, Nov. 11. Capt. S a vile 

Beid [C.]. 

Add: ^a&e 19L Charadrius pluvialis. 

Charadrius auratus, G'dtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 479 (1891). 

Charadrius pluvialis, Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, p. 176 (1894); Irby, 
Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 266 (1895); Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. 
part i. (1895); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 205 (Delta of the 
Khone); Sharpe, Handb. BriL B. iii. p. 143 (1896). 

Charadrius apricarius, A. 0. TJ. Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 99 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 168, cum tab. (1895). 

p". Juv. sk. Pagham, Sussex, Feb. (J. E. Karting). Seebohm Coll. 
q". o^imm. sk. Heligoland, Oct. 5. Seebohm Coll. 
r", s". <S ad. Valley of the Lower Petchora, June Seebohm Cell. 

sk. (H. Seebohrn fyJ.A. Harvie-Brown). 
t", u". S ? ad. Valley of the Yen-e-sei; June (M. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
VOL. XXIV. 3B 

738 
ADDENDA, 


Add •— -^ao -^5-Ckara&rius domiiiiciis. 

Charadrius fulvns, Saunders ed. YarrelTs Brit. B. in. p. 276 (1883); 
id. Man. Brit. B. p. 553 (1889) ; Gatke. Voyelw. Helgol p. 481 
(1891) ; Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp.Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 815 
(1893;; Bourns <$• Worcester, Occ. Papers Minn. Acad. i. p. 31 
(1894: Calainianes; Sibuvan; Masbate) ; Meyer ty Wit/Iesw. 
Abhandl. ZooL Miis. Dresd. 1894-95, no. 9, p. 8 (Talaut'L-1.); 
Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 267 (1895) ; Poynt. Eyys Brit. 

B. part ii. (1895); Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 266 (S.E. Luzon;. 
Oliaradrius fulvus, var. yirginicus, Palmen, Vega-Exped., Fogelf, 
p. 342, tab. iv. (1887). 
Charadrius dominicus, Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) 
xxxix. p. 818 (1893) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894. p. 206 (Uruguay); Poynt. 
Eggs Brit. B. part i. (1895); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 99 (1895); Elliot, K. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 170, cum 
tab. (1895) ; Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 147 (lb9U). 
Charadrius 
dominicus fulvus, A. 0. TJ. Check-list JV. Amer. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 100 (1895) : Elliot, N. Amer. Shore Birds, p. 173 (1895). 

hz-C• 8 ? ad. sk. Valley of the Yen-e-sei, Seebohm Coll. 
June & July (A. S.). 
rf, 6Z. d imm.; iz-v2. Mouth of the Amoor, Seebohm Coll. 
$ imm. sk. Sept., Oct. (Lorries) 
£3, o3. Imm. sk. Liu Kiu Islands, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 


{H. Pryer). 
7T3, p3. 5 imm. sk. Peel IsL, Bonin Group, Seebohm Coll. 
Sept., Oct. (P. A. 
Eolst). 


a3. $ imm. sk. Parry IsL, Bonin Group, Seebohm Coll. 
Oct. 19 (P. A. Eolst). 
r3. d ad.; v*, <£3. $ ad,
,, Okinawa, Feb. 4 (P. A. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. Eolst). 
X*,r-d2 ad.sk. Shanghai, May (B.Sicin-Seebohm Coll. 

hoe). 
co3. Imm. sk. Mymensing, Assam. Godwin-Austen Coll 
a1, /34. d ad. sk. Labuan, Sept. 20. A. H. Everett, Esq. 

y4. $ imm. sk. Siquijor, Philippine IsSteere 
Coll. 
lands. 

£4 

. d imm. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. Steere Coll. 
e4. J imm. sk. Bumaguete, Negros, Steere Coll. 

Feb. 7. 
f1. 2 imm. sk. Leyte, April. • Steere Coll. 
?74, 6l. $ ad. et imm. Puerta Princesa, Pala* 
Steere Cull. 

sk. wan, Sept. 
i4. Imm. sk. Balabac, Sept. Steere Coll. 
KA. Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
X4, fxK d 2 ad. sk. Lord Howe Island, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
j/4. d ad. sk. Noumea, New Caledonia, Seebohm Coll. 

Oct. 11 {E. L. Layard). 
£K Ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides Seebohm Coll. 

(E. L. Layard). 
o4. Imm. sk. Makira, Solomon Is. Seebohm Coll. 

(E. L. Layard). 
A-4. ? imm. sk. Ovalau, Fiji* M., Nov. 13 Seebohm Coll. 

(H. L. Layard). 
ADDENDA. 
739 

/>4. <$ ad. sk. Kora, Fiji Is., Aug. 23 (E. Seebolim Coll. 

L. Layard). 
<r\ Imm. sk. Suva, Fiji Is., Feb. 23 (Dr. Seebolim Coll. 
SmitJi). 

r4. Imm. sk. Kauai, Hawaiian Islands Prof.Collett[P.]. 

(Knudsen). 

v4. Imm. sk. Bermudas. 
Capt.SavileReid 

[O.]. 
<£4. Imm. sk. Guatemala. Seebohm Coll. 
X4. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Seebokm Coll, 
ij>4. J ad. sk. Aunai, British Guiana, Aug. 30 Salvin-Godman 

(H Whitely). Coll. 
<s>4. <$ ad. sk. Chainicuros, Peruvian Amazons Seebokm Coll. 

(E. Bartlett). 
a5. $ ad. sk. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons Seebokm Coll. 
(E. Bartlett). 
/33, <£ ad. &k, Bio de Janeiro. Alexander Fry, 
Esq. LP.]. 

A^d. Page 208. Aphriza virgata. 

Apkriza virgata, A. 0. U. Check-list 2V. Amer. B. p. 103 (1895) ; 
Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 197, cum tab. (1895). 

I 
Ad. st. Vancouver Island (J. K. Lord). Seebokm Coll. 

m. Ad. sk. Lower California. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Page 211. Ochthodromus obscurus. 

Add:— 

m, n, o. Ad. et Piverton, S. Isl., New Zealand, Seebohm Coll. 
imm. sk. Dec. (A. von Hilgel). 
Saltwater Creek, Canterbury, Seebohm Coll. 

N. Z. (Sir J. von Haast). 
r, s. S 
ad.; t. $ Canterbury, May, Sept., Oct. Seebohm Coll. 
ad. sk. (Sir J. von Haast). 

u. 
Ad. sk. Nelson, New Zealand, June (H. Seebohm Coll. 
Travers). 
£jfa. Page 212. Ochthodromus Tbicinctus. 

t. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. T. Cocherell). Seebohm Coll. 
u, v. Ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll. 
w. Imm. sk. Gipps-land Lakes, Victoria. Seebohm Coll. 
x. Imm. sk. Sydney, Nov. 
Seebohm Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. Melbourne. Seebohm Coll. 
z, a\ Ad. sk. New Zealand. Seebohm Coll. 
h', c'. <$ $ imm. Saltwater Bay, N. Z., May (Sir Seebohm Coll. 
sk. J. von Haast). 
d'7 e'. (S ? ad. sk. Selwyn, N. Z., Sept. (Sir J. von Seebohm Coll. 
Haast). 

f. $ juv. sk. Orakai, N. Z., March 22. Seebohm Coll. 
j^^fi. Page 214. Ochthodromus wilsoni. 

JSgialitis wilsonia, A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 102 
(181)5) ; Elliot, North Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 191, cum tab. (1896). 
3 B2 

ADDE1TDA.. 

740 

f, q2. S ad.; r\ Mosquito, Florida (C. J. May- Seebohm Coll. 
2 ad. sk. nard). 

s2. $ ad. sk. Fort Macon, N. Carolina (E. Seebohm Coll. 
Coues\. 
t~, u2. S ? ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. (0. Seebolim Coll, 
Salvin). 
v'\ J ad. sk. Cumana, Sept. 22 (C. &ar- Seebolim Coll. 
rison). 

Add •— ?a»e ^' Ochtho&romus geoffroyi. 
iE^ialitis geoffroyi, Bourns <§* Worcester, Occ. Papers Minn. Acad. 

i. p. 31(1894)." 
Charadrius geoffiroyi, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 
Page 220, line 25 from bottom, for " bland " read "band." 

d\ $ ad. sk. Annesley Biy, Abyssinia, June 24 Seebobm Coll. 

( W. Je*se). 
e\f* 6 ad. sk. Durban, Natal, March (Gordye). Seeb>hm Coll. 
(f. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Van Dam). Seebolim Coll. 
h% P. ,Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, Feb. 7. S. Butcher, Esq. 
rPA 
k\ Ad. sk. Canton (S. Bligh). Seebolim Coll. 

P. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa {R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
m5, n5. 5 juv.sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. Steere Coll. 
o*,p\tf. J ad.; Bobol, March. Steere Coll. 
r5. J ad. sk. 
s5, £«. Ad. sk. N. Bobol,Oct., Nov. (A. H. Everett). Seebohm Coll. 
w5. tf juv.; v5, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Sept. Steere Coll. 

w5. $ juv. sk. 
.r5. Ad. sk. Morotai. Wallace Coll. 

y. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
j±fi&. Page 223. Ochtho&romus mongolus. 

iEgialitis mongola, Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersh. (7) 

xxxix. p. 822 (1893); Elliot, K Amer Shore-Birds, p. 189, cum 
tab. (1895;; A. 0. U. ChecM. W. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 102 (1895). 
iEsrialitis inongolica, Bourns §• Worcester, Occ. Papers Minn. Acad. 

i. p. 31 (1894). 
h5 

. $ ad. sk. Soumiani, Baluchistan, Feb. 24 Seebohm Coll. 

(W. T.Blanford). 
i55

-s. S ad. et juv.; Mouth of the Amoor River, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
f-x5. J ad.e'tjuv. (Barries). 
sk. 

y5-e6 Adetjuv.sk. Yokohama (&. Pryer ty 0. Snow). Seebohm Coll. 

f. Ad. sk. Hainan, March (P. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll 
Add: ^a^e 22^. Ochtho&romus pyrrhothorax. 

Charadrius pyrrhothorax, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 
Page 227, line 6 from top, for " p. 81," read " p. 181." 


h\ Ad sk. Calcutta. Godwin-Austen Coll. 
*5. Juv. sk Lab nan, Sept. (A. Everett). Seebohm Coll. 

ADDENDA. 
741 

Page 230. OcMliodramus asiaticns. 

Add: 

Eudromias asiaticus, Reiser, Orn. Bahanica, p. 175 (1894). 
Charadrius asiaticus, Shelley, B. Africa, i, p. 189 (1896). 


Page 231, line 20 from top, add -—Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 79 (1880). 

Hob. Accidental in Europe. 

a\ Juv. sk. Cape Town. 
Seebohm Coll. 

y. 
Juv. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Nov. (H. W. Seebohm Coll. 
Feitden). 
z. Inim. sk. Kny^na, Jan. 31. Seebohm Coll. 
a', b'. S ad. sk. Otjirnbinque, Damara-land, Dec, Seebohm Coll. 
Feb. (C. J. Andersson). 
c''. $ ad. sk. Jeddahj March 16 (Zohrab). Seebohm Coll. 
d!. cJ imm. sk. Rairo, Bogos-land, Aug. 15 ( W. Seebohm Coll. 

T. Stanford), 
e'. $ ad. sk. Syr Darya, Jan. (Severtzaff). Seebohm Coll. 
f, g'. $ ad. sk. Lenkoran, April 20. Seebohm Coll. 
ti'. $ ad. sk. Samarkand, March 25. Seebohm Coll. 

£_&& . Page 232. Ochtliodromus veredus. 

Eudromias veredus, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 35. 

y, z. tf; d. $ ad. Shanghai, April (JR. Sioirihoe) Seebohm Coll. 

sk. 
b'. Ad. sk. Cochin China. Seebohm Coll. 
c', d'. Imm. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Sept. Steere Coll. 
e'. Juv. sk. Celebes. Seebohm Coll. 


Page 234. Eudromias morinellus. 

Add:— 

Charadrius morinellus, Gdtke, Vogelw. Helyol. p. 489 (1891). 

Eudromias morinellus, Palmen, Vega-Exped., Fogelf p. 338 (1887); 
Blaamv, Notes Leyden Mies. xv. p. 226 (1893); Tacz. Mem, Acad, 
Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 819 (1893); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 
2nd ed. p. 268 (1895); Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part i. (1895) ; 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 152 (1896). 

Morinella morinella, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 190 (1890). 

Capt. Shelley has taken this species to be the type of the genus 
Morinella of Meyer and Wolf. In this he is quite in error, as the 
type of that genus is the Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). 

It will be noticed that I have not adopted the view that the 
female Dotterel is always larger and brighter than the male, as so 
many ornithologists have stated to be the case. The series in the 
British Museum does not confirm their conclusions. 


g\ <$ ad. sk. Ulceby, Lincolnshire, May 5. Seebohm Coll. 
h\ (S ad. sk. Vadso, Norway, June 27 (JET. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
*'. 2 ad. sk. Dovrefjeld, Norway, May 25 (E. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
k\ Juv. sk. Quickiock Fells, Lapland, Aug. 14 Seebohm Col], 

(JBC. Wheelwright), 

742 
ADDENDA. 

X Ad. sk. E. Petchora, July 6 (E. S. $ J. A. Seebohm CoU. 
H.-B.). 

<$ ad. sk. Heligoland, May (L. Gatke). Seebohm Coll. 

n. 
S ad. sk. Heligoland, May (X. Gatke). Seebohm Coll. 
2 jiiv. sk. Seville, Spain, Nov. 4 {H. Saunders). Seebohm Coll. 
o'. 

Juv. st. Marocco (Olcese). 
Seebohm Coll. 

P'; 

Jiiv. sk. Constantine, Algeria (Loche). Seebohm Coll. 



5 ad. sk. Wilderness of Judfea, Palestine, Seebohm Coll. 
Feb. (Jff. B. Tristram). 
, tf. 6$; t, Valley of the Yen-e-sei, June Seebohm Coll. 

Pull. sk. (H. S.). 
',w'. 6 S ad. sk. Eastern Siberia (Middendorff). Seetok Coll. 

Add:— •E>a&e ^8 . Zonibyx modesta. 
Charadrius (Eudromias) niodestus, Oust Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. 

B. p. Ill (1891). 
f,p'. Ad.sk. Falkland Islands. Seebohm Coll 

h'-m', Imm. sk. Chili (E. C. Reed). Seebohm Coll. 

n'. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. 
Seebohm Coll. 

o\ J imm. sk. Santa Lucia, La Plata, July Seebohm Coll. 

(Capt Harrismi). 

Page 240. Podasocys montaras. 

Add:— 
.^Egialitis montana, A. 0. V. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 103 (1895) ; 
Effiotj N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 194, cum tab. (1895). 

h". <$ ad. sk. Colorado, May 81 (C. J. May- Seebohm ColL 

nard). 
i". <$ ad. sk. Colorado, June 3 (C. J. M.). Seebohm Coll. 
k". c?ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, May (C. Seebohm ColL 

Drexler). 
Z", ni". $ $ ad. sk. Eagle Pass, Texas, Dec. Seebohm Coll. 

Page 242. Oxyechm vociferus. 

Add:


iEgialitis vocifera, Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 529 (1889); A. O. TJ. 
CheeM N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds. 

p. 175, cum tab. (1895); Boynt Eggs Brit B. part iii. (1896). 
Oxyechus vociferus, Sharpe, Mandb. Brit B. iii. p. 155 (1896). 
w\xz. Imm. sk. Milton, Canada (H. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
y\ 6 ad. sk. Mexico. Seebohm ColL 
zz. S ad. sk. Mexico (de Oca). Seebohm ColL 

«4. Ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala (O. Salvin). Seebohm ColL 
b*. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Seebohm ColL 
c\ $ juv.sk. Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct. 24 Seebohm ColL 
{H. Whitely). 
dK J ad. sk. Peru, April (B. Whitely). Seehohm Coll. 
e\ Imm. sk. Paraguay. Seebohm Coll. 
ADDENDA. 743 

Page 247. Oxyeclms tricollaris. 

Add:— 
Oxyeclms tricollaris, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 514 (Lafarok); Shelley, 

B. Africa, i. p. 100 (1896). 
o'. Ad. sk. South Africa. Seebolini Coll. 
p'. Ad. sk. Cape Town (27. L. Layard). Seebohm Coll. 

q. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Seebohm Coll. 
r Juv.sk. Cape Colony, Jan. (G. U. Shelley). Seebohm Coll. 
s'. S ad. sk. Natal, May"22 (T. R Buckley). Seebohm Coll. 
t', v!. (S $ ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, June 25. Seebohm Cull. 
v'. Ad. sk. Colenso, Natal. Seebohm Coll. 
io\ Ad. sk. Somali-land (E. L. P.). Lort Phillips 
Coll. 

A&& . Page 249. Oxyeclms "bifronliatus. 

Oxyechus bifrontatus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 190 (1896). 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Seebohm Coll. 

^Ajjci. Page 250. Oxyeclms forbesi. 

Oxyechus forbesi, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 190 (1896). 

a. Ad. sk. Accra, Nov. (JS, T. Ussher). Seebohm Coll. 
j^ftfl,. Page 250. JSgialens semipalmatus. 

iEgialitis aemipalmata, A. O. TJ. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 100 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 178, cum tab. (1895). 

t". Ad. sk. Lake Ontario, Canada. C. J. Phelips, 

Esq. [P/L 
u". Juv. sk. Lake Ontario, Sept. 8 (A. Brooks). Seebohm Coll. 
v". $ ad. sk. Ipswich, Mass., May 15 (C. J. Seebohm Coll. 


Maynard). 
w". Juv. sk. Virginia Beach, 20 miles E. of Seebohm Coll. 


Norfolk, Sept. (H. S.). 
x". 2 Juv-st* Virginia Beach, Sept. 6 (JK. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
y". Ad. sk. Florida. Seebohm Coll. 
z". J juv. sk. Cayenne (Jelski). Seebohm Coll. 
az. Ad. sk. Bahia (Wucherei*). Seebohm Coll. 

bz 

. Ad. sk. Brazil. Seebohm Coll. 
c3, d3. c? ? ad. sk. Sta. Catarina, Brazil, Aug. 4 Seebohm Coll. 


{H. W. Harrison). 
e3. 3 ad. sk. Port Desire, Patagonia, March Seebohm Coll. 
(H. W. Harrison)* 
£^. Page 256. JEgialitis Maticola. 

Charadrius hiaticula, Gcitke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 493 (1891). 

iEgialitis hiaticula, Palmen, Yega-Ex$ed., Foglef. p. 339 (1887); 
Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus. xy. p. 225 (1893) ; Tacz. M4m. Acad. 
Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 827 (1893) ; Beiser, Orn. 
Balcanica, p. 175 (1894) ; Irby, Orn. Sir. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 268 

744 ADDENDA. 

(1895); A. 0. U. Chech-}. N. Amer. B. p. 101 (1895); Elliot, JVT. 
Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 182, cum tab. (1895) ; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 
1895, p. 206 (Delta of* the Rhone); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 190 
(189(3); Poy?it. Eggs Brit. B. part iii. (1896); Sharpe, Kandb. 
Brit B. iii. p. 158, pi. lxxviii. (1896). 

pK $ ad. sk. Beadnall, Northumberland, May Seebohm Coll. 

(J. E. Harting). 
gK Ad. sk. Lincolnshire Coast, Oct. 25. Seebohm Coll. 
r*. <$ juv. sk. Great Yarmouth, Sept. (G. Seebohm Coll. 
Smith). 

s4. Jnv. sk. Hastings, Sussex, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
t% u\ v\ £ $ ad. Pagham, Sussex, Aug., Dec. (J. E. Seebohm Coll. 

et juv. &k. Mar ting), 
iv*. Juv. st. Pagham, Aug. 26. Seebohm Coll. 
aA,y4,z\ (S ad. sk. Kibtrand, Norway, June. Seebohm Coll. 
a5. $ ad. sk. Heligoland, May"(£. Gatke). Seebohm Coll. 
b3. $ ad. sk. Ha?re, France, Feb. (F. Pluche). Seebohm Coll. 
c5. $ ad. sk. Havre, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
d5, e5. <$ ad. sk. Valley of the Lower Petchora, Seebohm Coll. 


May, June. 

f. <$ ad. sk. Valley of the Yen-e-sei, June 12. Seebohm Coll. 
g5. Imni. sk. Cape Town, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
h5. Imm. sk. Durban, Natal, May 29. Seebohm Coll. 
zs. Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. W.D.Cuniming, 
Esq. [P.]. 

Page 262. iEgialitis placida. 

Line 7 from top, erase reference to Charadrius indims, Schlegel, 
which is Ooryeelms forbesi (cf. anted, p. 250). 
Line 9 from top, for " Charadrius " read " iEgialitis." 

Add:— 

iEgialitis placida, Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci St. Petersb. (7) 

xxxix. p. 825 (1893). 
a, d* 6 ? ad. sk. Mouth of the Amur Eiver, March Seebohm Coll. 
(Lorries). 
b'-i'. Ad. et imm. Yokohama, Jan., Feb. (H. P?yer Seebohm Coll. 

sk. $ 0. Snow). 
k'. <$ ad. sk. Sapporo, Japan, June 15. Seebohm Coll. 
l\ m'. <J J ad. sk. Szechuen, May (JR. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
n'. Ad. sk. Kankiang, Dec. 17 (F. W. Sty an). Seebohm Coll. 
o'. Ad. sk. Cheiapungi, Khasia Hills. * Godwin-Austen 

Coll. 

Page 263. iEgialitis dubia. 

Line 13 from bottom, for "Bulger" etc. read "Drake, Ibis, 1869, 

p. 154: (Marocco)." 
Add:— 

Charadrius minor, Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 495 (1891); Sjostedt, 
MT. deutsch. Sclmtzgeb. viii. p. 13 (1895) ; id. K Sv. Vet.-Akad. 
Handl. Stockh. xxvii. p. 26 (1895). 

ADDENDA. 
745 

JEgialitis minor, Tacz. MSm, Acad. Imp. Sci. St. PStersb. (7) xxxix. 

p. 830 (1893). 
^Egialitis curonicus, 
Blaamo, Notes Ley den Mus. xv. p. 225 (1893) ; 
Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 175 (1894) ; Irby, Orn. Sfr. Gibr. 2nd ed. 

p. 269 (1895); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 206 (Rhone Delta); 
Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part iii. (1896). 
JEgialitis dubia, Bourns Sf Worcester, Occ. Papers Minn. Acad. i. 

p. 31 (1894: Negros) ; Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 266 (Catanduanes), 
p. 472 (N. Luzon); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 101 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 182, cum tab. (1895); 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 190 (1896); Sharpe, Kandb. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 162 (1896). 
v". Ad. sk. France (Eairmaire). Seebohm Coll. 
£". 6 ad. sk. Taurus, Asia Minor, Sept. 22 (C. Seebohm Coll. 

G. Danford). 
o". <$ ad. sk. Egypt (S. Stafford Allen). Seebohm Coll. 
IT". S ad. sk. Elizabetpol, 1'ianscaucasia. Seebohm Coll. 
p". § ad. sk. E. Turkestan, April (Prjevalskg). Seebohm Coll. 
<r". d ad. sk. Ceylon, Dec. 16 ( W. V. Legge). Seebohm Coll. 
r". Ad. sk. Mymensing, Assam. Godwin-Austen 
Coll. 
v". Ad. sk. Miri Hills. • Godwin-Austen 
Coll. 
<j>". <$ ad. sk. S.E. Siberia, April 27 (Jans- Seebohm Coll. 
kowsky), 
x". d ad. sk. Mouth of the Amoor, April 7 Seebohm Coll. 
(Dorries). 
fl, «". (S; a\ $ Mouth of the Amoor, April 7 Seebohm Coll. 

ad. sk. (Dorries). 
03, y3. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
d3, €3. Ad. sk. Liu Kiu Islands, Dec. (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
C, 7]3. $ ad. sk. Okinawa, Jan.,Feb. (P. A. mist). Seebohm Coll. 
6*. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa (P. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
LZ. <$ ad. sk. Lakuli River, Formosa, May 23 Seebohm Coll. 

(P. A. Moist). 
/c3. c? ad. sk. Szechuen, May'9 (AbbS David). Seebohm Coll. 
Xs 

. $ ad. sk. Guimaras, Jan. 20. Steere Coll. 
p*. 3 ad. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. Steere Coll. 
v3. <5 ad. sk. Palawan, Sept. 5. Steere Coll. 

Page 273. iEgialitis peroni. 

lO.—Th e Siquijor and Negros specimens collected by Professor 
Steere appear to me to belong to 2E. aleocandrina and not to 
JS. jneroni. 

Add:— 

s. Ad. sk. Java. Seebohm Coll. 
t-y. Ad. sk. Labuan, Aug., Nov., Dec. (A. K. Seebohm Coll. 
Everett). 
z} a'. <3 J ad. sk. Zamboanga, Mindanao, Nov., Steere Coll. 
March. 

746 ADDENDA. 

^ft . Page 275. JEgialitis alexandrina. 

Charadrius cantianus, Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 494 (1891). 

iEgialitis cantiana, Blaamo, Notes Ley den Mus. xv. p. 225 (1893); 
Tacz. Mim. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pitersb. (7) xxxix. p. 838 (1893); 
Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 206 (Rhone Delta) ,* Poynt. Eggs Brit. 

E. part iii. (1896). 
JEgialitis alexandriua, Eeiser, Orn. Ealcan. p. 175 (1894) ; Sharpe, 
Eandb. Brit E. iii. p. 166 (1896). 
Charadrius alexandrinus, Shelley, E. Africa^ i. p. 189 (1896). 

Page 277, line 2 from bottom, for " minor" read "minutus." 

P. Pull. sk. 
m8. Ad. sk. 
n3. J ad. sk. 
o8, 6* ad. sk. 
pH. o* ad. sk. 
q8. o* ad. sk. 
r8. Imm. sk. 

sB. Ad. sk. 

t8 

. Ad. sk. 
u8. <$ ad. sk. 

tf, <$ ad. sk. 

w8. Ad. sk. 

x8-z8. 2 ad. sk. 

a9-d9. <$ ad. sk. 

es. Ad. sk 

f. S ad. sk. 
g*. S ad. sk. 
h\ $ ad. sk. 
»Mf. $ ad.etjuv. 

m*. Juv. st.
w9-«8. Ad. sk.

t% 

. J ad. sk.
v?. $ ad. sk.

v*-fl°. Ad. et juv.

g10. Ad. sk. 

hlQ 

. Ad. sk. 

i10-!10 

. Ad. sk. 
ml0,n™. Ad.sk. 

<>10. c? ad. sk. 
jp10. $ ad. sk. 

q10. Ad. sk. 

Bomney, Kent, June (Mitford). 
Hastings, Sussex. 
Sweden, June 14. 
Khodes, Dec. 5 (C. G. Eanford). 
Malaga, April 26 (H. Saunders). 
Tangiers, March. 24 (G. E. 


Shelley). 

Marocco. 
Kile. 
Aden, Jan. 6. 
Safieh, Palestine, Jan. 25 (K E. 


Tristram). 

Fao, Persian Gulf, May 20. 

Fao, Feb. 

Puttehgurh district, March 

(A. Anderson). 
Futtehgurh district, March, May,
Oct. \A. A.). 
Calcutta (Blyth).

S.E. coast of Ceylon, June 27
( W. V. Legge). 
Lob-Nor, March (Prjevalsky).
Kokonoor, April (Prjevalsky).
Zaidam, Aug. (Prjevalsky). 
Zaidara, Aug. (Prjevalsky). 
Yokohama (H. Pryer). 
Ozakeo, Nov. 14 {R. Sioinhoe). 
Amoy, May (R. Swinhoe). 

(Type 
Amoy, Jan., June, July, Nov., 
Dec. 
Canton (S. Eligh). 

N. Formosa, March (E. Swinhoe). 
Hainan, March (E. Swinhoe). 
Labuan, March, Nov. (A. J3T. 
Everett). 

Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. 7. 
Siquijor, Feb. 10. 
Sibulan, Feb. 14. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Capt. Nurse [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

W. D. Gumming*, 
Esq. [P.], 
S. Butcher^ ESQ. 
[P.l 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
of JE. dealbatus.) 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll, 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Steere Coll. 

Steere Coll. 

Steere Coll. 

ADDENDA. 
747 

±^. Page 282. JEgialitis marginata. 
Charadrius marginatus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 

jp, q, r. $ ad. sk. Table Bay, S. Africa (E. L.
Layard), 
s. Ad. sk. George, Knysna (T. Atmore).
t, u. § ad. sk, Walvisch Bay, Damara-land,
Dec, May (C. J. Andersson). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Add:Page 
284. JEgialitis pallida. 

Charadrius tenellus, Sfb'stedt, MT. deutseh. Schutzgeb. viii. p. 12 
(1895) ; id. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stochk xxvii. p. 25 (1895 : 
Cameroons). 

Charadrius pallidus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 

/ . Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. 10 (G. JE. Shelley). Seebohm Coll. 

g. Ad. sk. Fantee, Aug. (H. T. Ussher). Seebohm Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. K. Volta (JET. T. Ussher). ^ Seebohm Coll. 
i. 2 
a<3» sk. Chinchonxo, R. Congo, April 15 Seebohm Coll. 
{Dr. Lucan). 
h. $ ad. sk. Walvisch Bay, Oct. 14 (C. J. Seebohm Coll. 
Andei'sson).
I Ad. s Port Natal. Seebohm Coll. 
m, n. J 2 ad. Durban, Natal, April (G. E. Seebohm Coll. 

sk. Shelley).
jp. Ad. sk. Durban, March 27 (JT. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
q, r. cS ad. sk. Madagascar. Seebohm Coll. 
*,t. S 2 a(*. sk. Madagascar (Zantz). Seebohm Coll. 
u, v. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Van Dam). Seebohm Coll. 

Page 286. JEgialitis venusta. 

Add:-
Charadrius venustus, JReicken. Vog. deutseh-Ost-Afr. p. 34 (1894) ; 
Shelley, B. Africa, i.p. 189 (1896). 

Add: Page 286. JEgialitis ruficapilla. 

v. Ad. sk. Tasmania (Dr. Finsch). Seebohm Coll. 
w, x. Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
a, a'. Ad. sk. Gippsland, Victoria {Marshall). Seebohm Coll. 
b', c'. Ad. sk. Sydney, N.S.W. Seebohm Coll. 
d'. Ad. sk. Queensland. Seebohm Coll. 
e'-i'. Ad.etjuv.sk. Cape York (J. T. Cockerell). Seebohm Coll. 
Page 288. JEgialitis collaris. 

Add:g\ 
S ad. sk. Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia. Seebohm Coll. 
h'. Ad. sk. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Quelch & F. 

V. McConnell, 
Esqrs. [P.l 
i~t. 2 ad. Cosnipata, Peru, April (JET. Seebohm Coll. 

Whitely). 

748 
ADDENDA. 

m'j n'. <$ ad. j o'. Yguitos, Peru, June, Sept. (H. J. J. Quelch & F. 
$ ad. sk. Whitely). V. McConnell, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
pf, q'. 3 ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, Seebuiim Cull. 
April (E. Bartlett). 
r\ Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Alexander Fry. 

Esq. [P.]s'. 
Ad. sk. Babia, Brazil (Br. Wiicherer). Seebohm Coll. 
t'. $ ad. sk. Kio Grande, Brazil. Seebohm Coll. 
u', v'. S ? ad. sk. Colonia, Uruguay, May, June. Seebohm Coll. 


Add:— ^age S9°* iEgialitis nivosa. 

^Egialitis nivosa, A. O. U. Check-l 2VT. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 102 
(1895) ; Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 187, cum tab. (1895). 

x\ Imm. sk. California. Seebohm Coll. 
y', z\ 6 $ ad. sk. Santa Barbara, California, July Seebohm Coll. 

(H. W. Henshaw). 
a". Ad. sk. South Peru (Howard Saunders). Seebohm Coll. 
b", c". d $ ad. sk. Chili. Seebohm Coll. 
Page 292. JEgialitis meloda. 

Add:-
JEgialitis meloda, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 101 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 183, cum tab. (18U5). 
jEgialitis meloda circua cincta, A. 0, U. Check-l. 2nd ed. p. 101 
(1895); Elliot, t o. p. 184, cum tab. (1895). 

V. Ad. sk. Greenland, Jan. (J. Gatcombe). Seebohm Coll. 
c'~ef. Ad. sk. United States. Seebohm Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Eastport, Maine. Seebohm Coll. 
g'~l'. 6 $ ad. et Ipswich, Massachusetts, Jan., Seebohm Coll. 
imm. sk. 
June, Aug., Sept (C.J. Maynard). 
m'. $ ad. sk. Pennsylvania. Seebohm Coll. 

^fifi Page 295. JEgialitis occidentalis. 

k. S 
ad. sk. Sitani, Tarapaea, Jan. (A. A. Seebohm Coll. 
Lane), 
I. 
J ad. sk. Huasco, Tarapaea, Feb. (A. A. Seebohm Coll. 
Lane). 
Page 295. JEgialitis falMandica. 

Add:— 
v, w. Ad. et imm. Falkland Islands, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
i\ Ad. sk. East Falklands. Seebohm Coll. 

y. J imm« sk- Stanley, Falklands, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 
z'. <$ ad. sk. Bahia Blanca, Patagonia, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 
a!. Juv.sk. Coquimbo, Chili, March (G. Seebohm Coll. 
Mathew)* 

ADDENDA. 749 

j^d . Page 297. JEgialitis pecuaria. 
Gharadrius pecnarius, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 


g'--k'." -~ -* Egypt, Jan., Feb. (G. E. Shelley). Seebolim Coll 

<S § ad. sk. 

i'. 

2 ad. sk. Gambia. Seebolim Coll. 
m '. $ ad. sk. Cape Verd Islands, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
n' . Ad. sk. Fantee {H. T. Ubsher). Seebohm Coll. 

, p'. Ad. sk. Transvaal, Feb., March (T. E. Seebohm Coll. 

Buckley). 
. S ad. sk. Khinoster River, May (T. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
, Juv. sk. Berg River, May (E. L. Layard). Seebohm Coll. 

f. Ad. sk. Cape Colony, Aug. {Butler). Seebohm Coll. 
Page 299. Add :—15 a. JEgialitis thoracica. 
JEgialitis thoracica, Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, x. 
pp. 53, 54 (1896). 
"This species seems to be most nearly related to AS. varia of 
Africa, also found in Madagascar, but ditfers from it mainly in the 
presence of the black pectoral band, and the absence of a wholly 
black shaft in the third primary; the white line, posterior to the 
black crescent between the eyes, is more pronounced, and the lesser 
wing-coverts and primary-coverts are not decidedly blackish. There 
is also a slight difference in size, particularly noticeable in the 
bills. Oilmen 0-69 inch, wing 4, tail 1*72, tarsus 1-20." ((7. W. 
Richmond.) 
Eab. Madagascar. 

j^fift. Page 299. JEgialitis sanctae helense. 

Charadrius sanctae helense, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 189 (1896). 

h-l. Ad. sk. St. Helena. Seebohm Coll. 
m, n. Ad.; o. St. Helena, Jan. 4 (G. E. Shelley). Seebohm Coll. 
Juv. sk. 


j^fa. Page 300. JEgialitis melanops. 

JEgialitis nigrifrons, Campbell, JProc. Austr. Assoc. 1893, p. 435. 

x, y, z. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. T. Cockerett). Seebohm Coll. 
a'. <$ ad. sk. Queensland. 9 Seebohm Coll. 


V. 6 ad. sk. New South Wales {Dr. O. Finsch). Seebohm Coll. 
c', d'. Ad. et Sydney (E. P. Bamsay). Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. 
e'. Ad. sk. "Yarra Flats, Victoria. Seebohm Coll. 


Aaa. Page 302. JEgialitis cucullata. 
JEgialitis monacha, Campbell, Proc. Austr, Assoc. 1893, p. 434. 

m. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Seebohm Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. South Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Gipps land Lakes, Victoria. Seebohm Coll. 
p. (S ad. sk. Tasmania. Seebohm Coll. 
750 
ADDEKBA. 

^ d . Page 304. Thinornis novae zealandiae. 

h. Juv. sk. New Zealand. 
Seebohna Coll. 
i. 2 ad. sk. Otago, New Zealand {Sir J.Hector). Seebohm Coll. 
k-l 
(S 2 &&-si:- Pitt's Island, N. Z., Dec. {Sir J. Seebohm Coll. 
Sector). 

^ d Page 306. Anarnyncnus frontalis. 

h. $ ad. sk. Eakaia River, Canterbury, 
Zealand. 
New Seebohm Coll. 
i. tf ad. sk.
i, I. $ ad. et 
Eakaia River, Canterbury, N. 
Selwyn, N. Z., Oct. {Sir J.
Z. 
von 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk.
m. $ ad. sk. 
Haast). 
Mangare, June 25. Seebohm Coll. 

Add.__ Page 307. Peltohyas anstralis. 

Eudromias australis, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 35 j Campbell, 
op. cit. 1893, p. 431. 

I. Juv. sk. Burke, River Darling (Dr. Pechey). Seebohm Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. Queensland. 
Seebohm Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
j±^ . Page 310. Hiiaantopns himantopus. 

Himantopus eandidus, Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 207; Barnes, 
Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. vi. p. 132, pi. i. figs. 898 (1895) ; Fount 
Eggs Brit. B. pt. i. (1895). 

Himantopus rufipes, Gcitke, Vogeho. Helgol. p. 513 (1891). 
Himantopus himantopus, Reiser,Orn.Balcan. p. 171 (1894); Sharpe, 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 188, pi. Lxxxiii. (1896); Shelley, B. Africa, i. 

p. 193 (1896). 
i5 

. S ad. sk. Dobrudscha (CuIIen). Seebohm Coll. 
Jc5. cS juv. sk. Delta of the Nile, Feb. 10. Seebohm Coll. 
I5. Ad', sk. Madagascar (Fan Bam). Seebohm Coll. 
m5. Juv. sk. Madagascar. Seebohm Coll. 
n5. Ad. sk. Ordos (PrJevaMi). Seebohm Coll. 
o5. 6 ad. sk. E. Turkestan, April (Prjevalshi). Seebohm Coll. 

Page 313, line 23 from bottom, for " entire?? read " lower." 

Add:— ^a^e Sle- Himantopus melannrus. 

n-q. S 2 acL sk. Chili (E. C. Peed). Seebohm Coll. 
r-u. $ ad. sk. Santa Cruz, Peru\ ian Amazons, Seebohm Coll 
July 28 (E. Bartlett). 

v. Ad. sk. Peru. 
Seebohm Coll. 
ADDEHDA. 
751 

Add: ^age 317. Himantopus leucocephalus. 
Himantopus leucocephalus. Campbell, Proc. Austr. Assoc, v. p. 441 


(1893). 
i'. Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
k'. Ad. sk. Gippsland Lakes, Victoria Seebohm Coll. 
(Marshall). 
V. Imm. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. Steere Coil. 

Add: ^aoe 319. Himantopus picatus. 

m. Ad. sk. Rakaia, New Zealand. Seebohm Coll. 
n. 
(S ad.; o. Selwyn, N. Z., Feb., Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. South Island, N. Z. Seebohin Coll. 
Add:— Page 320. Himantopus mexicanus. 

Himantopus mexicanus, Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 325 (Curacao), p. 334 
(Bonaire). 

x\ y\ Ad. et Mexico (ZSJZstrange). Seebohm Coll. 

juv. sk. 
z'. Ad. sk. Guatemala (J. G. W. Schultz). Seebohm Coll. 
a". Ad. sk. Bogota. Seebohm Coll. 

Add: ^a£e 323- Himantopus knudseni. 

c. Ad. sk. Kauai (K?mdsen). Prof. Collett [P.], 
Add: PaSe ^23. Himantopus melas. 

o. Ad. sk. New Zealand. 
Seebohm Coll. 
2 a<3-s&


p. Selwyn, New Zealand, Sept. (Sir Seebohm Coll. 
A. ton Haast). 
q. § ad. sk. Dunedin, New Zealand. Seebohm Coll. 
Add: ^a&e 324. Cladorhynchus leucoceplialus. 

Himantopus pectoral is, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 28; 
Campbell, op. tit. 1893, p. 439. 

m. Imm. sk. Australia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
n. Imm. sk. South Australia. Seebohm Coll. 
o, p. Ad. et Gippsland Lakes, Victoria. Seebohm Coll. 
imm. sk. 

^£ . Page 326. Eecurvirostra avocetta. 

Recurvirostra avocetta, G'dtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 513 (1891); 
Blaauw, Notes Ley den Mus. xv. p. 226 (1893); Reiser, Orn. 
JBalcan. p. 173 (1894); Sjostedt, MT. deutsch. Schutzgeb. viii. 
Heft i. p. 14 (1895); id. K. JSv. Vei.-Akad. HandL Stockh. xxvii. 

752 ADDENDA. 

p. 29 (1895); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 207 (Rhone Delta) ; 
Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. pt. i. (1895); Sharpe, Handb. Brit, B. 
iii. p. 185, pi. Ixxxii. (1896); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 193 (1890). 
Hah. China. 

h". $ ad. sk. Rotterdam, April 13 {J. E. Seehohm Coll. 
Harting). 
i"-k". S ad. ; l". S. Spain, June {Lord Lilford). Seehohm Coll. 
Pull. sk. 
in". 2 j uv -s ^ * Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Seehohm Coll. 
Nov. 25 (C. J. Andersson). 
n". Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. S. Butcher, Esq. [P.]. 

^ ^ . Page 330. Eecurvirostra americaua. 

Kectirvirostra americana, A. 0. TJ. Check-l K. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 83 (1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 32, cum tah. (1895). 
5". $ ad. sk. Salt Lake, Utah, June (C. J. Seehohm Coll. 

Maynard). 
t". J ad. sk. Mexico (A. L. Heerman). Seehohm Coll. 
u!\ S ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Seehohm Coll. 

(O.Salvin). 

jjfa. Page 333. Eecurvirostra novas hollandise. 

Eecurvirostra novae-hollandiae, Legge, Proc. Ausir. Assoc. 1892, 

p. 27; Campbell, op. cit. 1893, p. 4£>9. 
t, u. Ad. sk. South Australia. Seehohm Coll. 

v. Ad. sk. Wellington, N.Z. Seehohm Coll. 
Afifi. Page 334. Eecurvirostra audina. 

aa*. s&


erf-<$ $ Lake Huasco, Tarapaei, Feh. Seehohm Coll. 

(A. A. Lane)* 
Page 335, lines 3, 9 from top, for " 1830 " read " 1831." 

Afifi . Page 335. IM&orhymclras strnthersi. 

Ibidorhynchus struthersi, Cordeaux, Ibis, 1894, p. 373 (Sura; Dras). 

k\ c? ad. sk. Kansu, May (Prjevahki). Seehohm Coll. 
I'. 5 ad. sk. Southern Mountains of Kokonoor, Seehohm Coll. 
April (Prjevalski). 
m'. 5 ad. sk. Southern Mountains of Kokonoor, Seehohm Coll. 

April (Prjemlski). 
ri. Juv. sk. Ta-tsien-lu (A. Pratt). Seehohm CoIL 
o\ Juv. sk. Sikhim (12,000 ft.), Sept. 14 Seehohm Coil. 

(A. Pratt). 
p\ Ad. sk, Eunjeet liiver, Sikhim, Jan. Seehohm Coll. 
(if. J. Elwes). 
a* .r'. Ad. sk. Darjiling, Dec. (L. Mandelli). Seehohm Coll. 

ADDENDA. 
753 

Page 336, line 17 from top, for " 2-2" read " 9-2." 
Lieut. Cordeaux says that the feet in the living bird are greenish 
grey, and turn red shortly after death. 

Add: ^ aS e ^ - Efamenius arq[uatus. 

Numenius lineatus, Steere, List B. ty Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 (1890: 
Luzon). 

Numenius arquatus, JBlaauw, Notes Leyden Mus. xv, p. 231 (1893); 
Reiser, Orn. Balcanica, p. 164 (1894); Pearson fy Bidwell, Ibis, 
1894, p. 236 (Porsanger); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 209 (Rhone 
Delta); Sharpe, Handb. Brit B. iii. p. 317, pi. xcii. (1896); Shelley, 

B. Africa, i. p. 192 (1896); Poynt. Eggs Brit B. part iii. (1896). 
n\ Pull. sk. England, May 29 (J. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Harting). 

o5. $ ad. sk. Louth, Lincolnshire, Feb. 24 Seebohm Coll. 

(J. E. Harting). 
p\ 
<$ ad. sk. Flintshire, July 18 (J. E. H.\ Seebohm Coll. 
$ ad.; r' Pagha m liar hour, Sept. (J. E. Seebohm Coll. 

?'.

juv. sk. 

s\ Ad. sk. Aden, Nov. 15. Capt. Nurse [C.]. 
t\ <S ad. sk. Mouth of the Amoor River, Seebohm Coll. 


March 27 (Lorries). 
u\. Imm. st. Yokohama (R. Pn/er). Seebohm Coll. 
v\ 1mm. sk. Yokohama, April (JR. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
w5 , $ ad. sk. Hainan, March (P. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
xb.. (S ad. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. Steere Coll. 


Page 348. JSFumenius tenuirostris. 

Add:— 

Numenius tenuirostris, Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 231 
(1893 : Holland); Binder # Floericke, Orn. MB. i. p. 45 (1893 : 

E. Prussia) ; Herman, AqaUa, i. p. 62; Reiser, Ornis Balcamca, 
p. 164 (1894). 
Aaa: F&gz 349. Numenius cyanopus. 

Numenius cyanopus, Legge, Proe. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 24. 
Numenius major, Steere, List B. § Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 (1890: 
Negros). 

b'. $ ad. sk. Argun River, Dauria (Lybowski). Seebohm Coll. 
c', d'. Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
e',f. 6 2 ad. sk. Dumaguete,Negros,Feb. (LB. S.). Steere Coll. 


j^^ . Page 850. Numenius longirostris. 

Numenius longirostris, A. 0. XI. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 97 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 151, cum tab. (1891). 

ri. S ad. sk. Canada. Seebohm Coll. 
o'. $ ad. sk. California. Seebohm Coll. 


^^ . Page 355. Numenius phseopus. 

Numenius phaeopus, Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 230 (1893); 

A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 98 (1895); Elliot, 
VOL. xxiv. 3o 
ADDENDA. 

754 

N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 162, cum tab. (1895); Poynt. Eggs Brit 
B. part ii. (1896); Sharpe, Eandh. Brit. B. iii. p. 322 (1896); 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 192 (1896); Zdlford, Col. Fig, Brit. B. 
partxxxii. (1896). 
t5 . Ad. sk. Pagham Harbour, Aug. 19 (67. E. Seebohm Coll. 
M3 . S juv. sk.
Shelley). 
Pagham Harbour, Sept. 20 {J. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Harting). 
v*. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Seebobm Coll. 

Page 361. ^nmenins variegatus. 

Add:-
Numenius phseopus (nee L.), Steere, List B. fy Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 
(1890: Panay, Negros, Cebu, Siquijor) ; Zegge7 Proc. Austr. Assoc. 
1892, p. 25. 

o"~r". S 2 a<*- Mouth of Arnoor River, May and Seebobm Coll. 

sk. Sept. (Lorries), 
s". Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
t". § ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. (Etenson). Seebohm Coll. 
u". J ad. sk. Peel Isl., Bonin group, Sept. (P. A. Seebohm Coll. 

Hoist), 
v". J ad.sk. Takow, Formosa, Sept. (B.Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
w". Ad. sk. Balmahera. Seebohm Coll. 
xn. Ad. sk. Batchian, Dec. 31 (Dr. Bernstein). Seebohm Coll. 
y". $ ad. sk. Bua, Vamia Levu, Fiji Is., May Seebohm Coll. 

(E. L. Layard). 
z". <$ ad. sk. Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 20. Steere Coll. 
az. S ad. sk. Cebu, March 5. Steere Coil. 
b3-o?. $ 2 ad. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. Steere Col. 
e3. <$ ad. sk. Siquijor, Feb. " Steere Coll. 
Page 364. Ntimenins Irndsonicus. 

Add :-

Numenius huxUonicup, A. O. IT. Cheek-l K Amer. B. p. 97 (1895); 
Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 154, cum tab. (1895). 

f. 
Ad. sk. Lake Ontario, Canada West. C. J. Phelips, Esq. 
[P.]. 
g\ Ad. sk. Ipswich, Mass., July 17 (C, X Seebohm Coll. 
Maynard). 
h'. 2 ad. sk. Cape St. Lucas, Sept. 21 Seebohm Coll. 

(J. Xanttcs). 
i\ Ad. sk. Chili Seebohm Col. 
Page 367. Humenius taMtiensis. 

Add:— 

Numenius tahitiensis, A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1895) ; 
Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 161, cum tab. (1895). 

d. Ad. sk. 
Seebohm Coll. 
e. 2 *d« st* Phoenix Island, June 29 (J. J. Seebohm, Coll. 
Lister). 
ADDENDA. 
755 

A&&. Page 868. Knmenius borealis. 

Numenius borealis, Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxi. (1892); Ajplin 
Ibis, 1894, p. 210 (Uruguay); A. 0. U. Check-L N.A?ner. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 97 (1895) ; Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 158, cum tab. 
(1895); Sharpe, Handb' Brit B. iii. p. 326 (1896); Poynt. Eggs 
Brit. B. pt. iii. (1896). 

f. JUT. sk. Labrador. Seebohm Coll. 
g'. $ juv. st. Ipswich, Mass., Sept. {C.J. Seebohm Coll. 
Maynard). 
h'. Ad. sk. Mexico. Seebolim Coll. 

Add. Page 371. Mesoscolopax minutus. 
Numeuius minor, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892; p. 27. 

g. J ad. sk. Corea, April 28 (A. Campbell). Seebohm Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Kiukianp:, Sept. 20. Seebohm Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. Amoy, April 30 (JR. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll, 
Jc. $ ad. sk. Aru Islands (von Rosenberg). Seebohm Coll. 
I. 3 ad. sk. Cape York. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Add. Page 373. Limosa lapponica. 

Limosa lapponica, Hume 8f Marshall, Game Birds Ind. iii, p. 417, 
cum tab. (1880) ; Pleske, "debars. Sdug. u. Vb'g. Kola-Halbins. 

p. 370 (1886); 'Blaamu, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 230 (1893); 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 309 (1896); Shelley, B. Africa, i. 
p. 191 (1896). 
Limosa rufa, G'dthe, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 478 (1891). 
Line 18 from bottom, erase the references to "Biddulph" and 
" Scully," which belong to Limosa limosa (infra, p. 381). 

Add :— 
w". 2 ad.; x".
Juv. sk.
y". £ ad. sk.
z". Juv. sk.
a3 , c? ad. sk.
b3 . c? ad. sk.
e3-e3 . cJ ? imm. 
Kyleakin, Isle of Skye, Sept. 13. 
Breydon Harbour, Norfolk,May14 (J. E. Harting). 
Near Eomney, Sept, (P. Shelley). 
Pagham Harbour, May 8 {A.
Grant). 
S. Spain, May 8. 
Veere, Walcheren, Holland, 
J. E. K. Oldfield, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
F. M. Pike & 
st. Feb. H.L.Popham, 

Esqrs. [P.]. 
^d: P^e 3W- Limosa novae zealandiae. 

Limosa novae zealandise, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 8. 
Limosa lapponica baueri, A. 0. XI. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 92 (1895) ; Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 107, cum tab. 
(1895). 
r"~x". 
Ad. et Mouth of Amoor Biver, May, Seebohm Coll. 
imm. sk. Aug., Sept. (Dorries). 
y", Imm. sk. Yokohama, Sept. 22 (O. Snow). Seebohm Coll. 
3c2 

756 ADDENDA. 

z". $ ad. sk. Peel I&L, Bonin Group, Sept. 8

(P. A. Hoist). 
a3, b3. d1 ad.; Shanghai, April, May (JR.
c3*$ ad.sk. Swinhoe). 
d3. Ad. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Fek 6.
e1. Ad. sk. Bua, Vanua Levu, Piji Is,

(Col Tempest). 
f3. Ad. sk. Gippsland Lakes, Victoria.

Page 381. Limosa limosa. 

Add:— 

 Seebohm CoIL 

 Seebolim Coll. 

 Steere Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohni Coll. 

Limosa melanura, Gcltke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 477 (1891). 
Limosa aegocephala, Blaauw, Notes Lei/den Mus. xv. p. 230 (1893) ; 


A. C. Chapman, Ibis, 1894, p. 340 (West Jutland). 
Limosa limosa, Reiser, Orn. Ba?ean. p. 165 (1894); A. 0. IT. Chech-l. 
N. Amer. B. p. 92 (1805); Elliot, K Amer. Shore-Birds, p. US, 
cum tab. (1895) ; Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 213, pi. xei. 
(1896); Shelley, B. Afr. i. p. 191 (1896). 
Limosa belgica, Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. pt. ii. (1895). 

w4. S ad. st.

rc4. $ ad. st.

o4. (S ad. sk.
p*. S ad. sk.
#4. Ad. sk.

7A 4 

, s. d juv.;

tl. § juv. sk.
U4*. Juv. sk.
v^. <$ juv. sk.
w4*. $juv.sk.
X*. $ juv. sk.

y*. $ juv. sk,

Add: 

 Leadenhall Market. 
Rotterdam, April 13 (J. JB.

Sorting). 
Kustendji (Cullen). 
Damietta, Egypt (FHipponi). 
River Argun, Dauria, June 26


(Eybowski). 

 Mouth of the Aruoor, Aug., 
Sept. (Dorries). 
Yokohama (H. Pn/er).

 Shanghai, April (JR. Swinhoe). 
New Britain, Nov. -5 (O.Flnsch). 
Lifu, Loyalty Maud, Jan. 9

(JB. L. Layard). 
Suva, Fiji (E. L. Layard).


Page 388. Limosa Iradsonica. 

Limosa haemastica, A. 0. U. CheeJc-l N. Amer.

 Seebohm CoIL 
Seebohni CoIL. 


 Seebohm CoIL 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebolim CoIL 


 Seebohm CoIL 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm OoIL 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm CoIL 

B. 2nd ed. p. 92 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 110, cum tab. (1895). 

q. Ad. sk. Port Anderson (M'Farlane).
r'. $ imm. sk. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oct. 20(C. J. Maynard). 
s'. $ ad. sk. California.
t\ $ ad. sk. Port Desire, Patagonia, March.
Add: Page 391. Limosa fedoa. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Limosa fedoa, A. O. JJ. Cheek-l N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 91 (1895) • 
Elliott & Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 105, cum tab. (1895). 

w. $ ad. sk. Hayes River, Hudson's Bay. Seebohm Coll. 
x\ Ad. sk. Iowa, May. Seebohm CoIL 
y. J ad. sk. California. Seebohm Coll. 
ADDENDA. 757 

Add: Page 394. Macrorkamphus griseus. 

Macrorhamphus griseus, A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer, B. p. 85 (189-5); 
Elliot, N. Amer, Shore-Birds, p. 52, cam tab. (1895); Poynt. Eg$s 
Brit. B. pt. ii. (181)5); Sharpe, Eandb. Brit. B. iii. p. 306 (1896;. 

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 86 
(1895) j Elliot, t. c. p. 57 (1895). 

3 uv st

o. 2 j --Canada. Seebohni Coil. 
p3. $ ad. fck. Long Island, New York, Sept 26, Seebohm Coll. 
(Marshall). 
y\ 6 ad.; r6. $ Ipswich, Mass., June, Sept. (C. Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. J. Maynard). 
s3. c? ad. sk. Pennsylvania. Seebohm Coll. 
*3. tf; w*. 2 ad. Salt Lakes, Florida, Oct., Feb. Seebohm Coll. 

sk. (<?. J. Maynard). 
vz. J ad. sk. Salt Lakes, Feb. (C. J. M.). Seebohm Coll. 
w3. £ ad. sk. California. Seebohm Coll. 
.r3. Juv. sk. British Guiana. Seebohm Coll. 
y3. Ad. sk. Bahia ( Wucherer). Seebohm Coll. 
z3. Ad.; a/. Juv. Yokohama, March 15 (Snow fy Seebohm Coll. 

sk. Owstori). 

^d . Page 400. Macrorhampliiis taczanowskii. 

Pseudoscolopax semipalmata, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 255 
(1876); id. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Fetersb. (7) xxxix. p. 936 
(1893), 

A specimen of a male in breeding-plumage in the Seebohm 
Collection differs from the male of M. griseus not only in its much 
larger size, but in its much more uniform plumage below, being 
rufous without any spots on the throat or breast; and, in fact, it 
very much resembles a Godwit in appearance, The axillaries and 
under wing-coverts are uniform white, not barred. 

Hab. " Java; Borneo." 

euf, g. S ad. et Argun River, Dauria, April, Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. June (Dorries), 

^££. Page 401. Mcropalama himantopus. 
Micropalama himantopus, A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 86 (1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 60, cum tab. (1895) 
s'. 3 ad. sk. Ipswich, Massachusetts, July. Seebohm Coll. 
t'-v\ <$ ? a<i. sk. Ipswich, July, Aug. (C. J. Seebohm Coll. 

Maynard). 
w'. Ad. sk. Mexico. Seebohm Coll. 
xr. <5 ad. sk. Ilha Grande, Brazil, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 

A AA . Page 405. Symphemia semipalmata. 
Symphemia semipalmata, A. O. XI. Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 94 (1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 129, cum tab. (1895). 
Symphemia semipalmata inornata, A. O. U. Check-list, p. 95 (1895). 
Symphemia semipalmata speculifera, Elliot, t. c. p. 132 (1895). 
758 ADDENDA. 
k". cj JUV. St. Causeway Bay, Long Isl. (X 
Marshall). 
Seebohm Coll. 
I", cf ad. sk. Ipswich, Massuchusetts, Feb. Seebohni Coll. 
(C. J. Maynard). 
m" $ ad. sk. Florida, April (C. J. Maynard). Seebohm Coll. 
n". $ ad. sk. California {Hardy). Seebohm Coll. 
o". Ad. sk. Mexico (A. L Heerman). Seebohm Coll. 
/' . Ad. sk. Mazatlan (A. J. Grayson). Seebolim Coll. 

^age 409, To'fcailTls

Add •— f^scus. 

Totanus fuscus, Gdthe, Vogeho. HelgoL p. 508 (1891) ; Blaauw, Notes 
Leijden Mus. xv. p. 230 (1893); Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 166 
(1894); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 208; Boynt. Eggs Brit. B. 
part i. (1895); Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 285, pi. xc. (Ifc96) ; 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 192 (1896). 

e3. $ ad. sk. Pomerania, May (Moeschler). Seebohm Coll. 
Z3. (S ad. sk. Near Florence, Italy, April (H. Seebolim Coll. 

Giglioli). 
fi. Ad. sk. Corfu. Seebolim Coll. 
A3. Ad. sk. Lenkoran. Seebohm Coll. 
z3. $ juv. st. Mouth of the Ainoor River, Aug. 25 Seebohni Coll. 

(Dorries). 

7c3-n3. c?imm-; Mouth of the Amoor River, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
o3~s3.5 imm. sk. to Nov., March {Bon-ies). 

Yokohama. Seebohm Coll. 
w3. Ad. sk. Kamtchatka. Seebohm Coll. 
vz. Ad. sk. Rajapur, Oudh, April (A. Ander- Seebohm Coll. 

son). 
w3. Ad. sk. Futtehgurh, Sept. 30 {A. Anderson). Seebohm Coll. 

f. Imm. sk. 
^£ . Page 414. Totanus calidris. 

Totanus calidris, Steere, List B. <§* Mamm. Bhilipp. p. W (3890: 
Negros ; Siquijor); Blaauw, Notes Ley den Mus. xv. p. 229 (1893); 
Better, Orn. Jiakan. p. 166 (1895); Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part n. 
(1895) j Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 299 (1896); Shelley, B. 
Africa, i. p. 191 (1896. 

f. Pull, sk, Orkneys (Dunn). Seebohm Coll. 
f. Ad. sk. Walberswick, Norfolk, March. Seebohm Coll. 
r8. Pull. sk. Essex Marshes. Seebohm Coll. 
s8. J ad. sk. Kingsbury, Middlesex, Aug. 18 (J. Seebohm Coll. 
E.' Harting). 

f. Ad. sk. Pagham, Sussex, Aug. 14 (G. E. Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley). 
uB. J ad. sk. Abbeville, France, May. Seebohm Coll. 
v8. <$ ad. sk. Bodo, Norway, June 7 (JET. &). Seebohm Coll. 
w8. <$ ad. sk. Missolonghi,Greece,May23(H.S.). Seebohm Coll. 

Xs 

. Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. S. Butcher, 
Esq. [P.l 
y%. § ad. sk. River Samara, S. Russia, July Seebohm Coll. 

(Menzbier.). 
z8. § ad. sk. Koko-nor, April {PrjevaUky). Seebohm Coll. 
aK $ ad. sk. Lob-nor, Feb. (Prjevalsky). Seebohm Coll. 

ADDESTDA. 
759 

b*-<P. <$ ad. et 

imm. sk. 
e9. Ad. sk, 
f\ Ad. sk. 

g\h\ d1?ad.sk. 

i9 

. $ ad. sk. 

Add:— 

Mouth of Amoor Biver, May, Aug. 

(Domes). 

S.W. Formosa (R. Swinhoe). 
Labuan, Nov. 25. 
Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. 
Siquijor, Feb, 

Page 422. Totanus stagnatilis. 

Seebohni Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

A. H. Everett, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Steere Ooli. 
Steere Coll. 

Totanus stagnatilis, Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 168 (1894) ,• Sharpe, 
Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 302 (1896) j Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 192 

(1896). 

v". $ ad. sk. 
w". cS ad. sk. 
*",y". d5ad.sk. 
z". $ ad. sk. 
a3. $ ad.sk. 

Add:— 

Malta. Seebolim Coll. 
Algeria. Seebohm Coll. 
Egypt, April (G. E. Shelley), Seebohm Coll. 
Natal, Nov. Seebohm Coll. 
Durban, March 2 (Gordge). Seebohm Coll, 

Page 426. Totanus melanoleucus. 

Totanus melanoleucus, A. 0. JJ. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 93 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 115, cum tab. fig. 1 

(1895). 

i3. Ad. sk. 
&3. Juv. sk. 
I*. Ad.sk. 

m3. S ad. sk. 
n3. § imm. sk. 

o3. J imm. sk. 

pz. (S ad. sk. 

Add:— 

Toronto, Canada. 
Philadelphia. 
Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia (E. C, 


Taylor). 
Ecuador (C Buckley). 
Cosnipata, Peru, Nov. 2 (H. 

Whitely). 
Colonia, Uruguay, Nov. 21 (H. W. 
Harrison). 

Santa Elena, Uruguay. 

Page 431. Totanus flavipes. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

0. 
V. Aplin, 
Esq. [C.]. 
Totanus flavipes, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 93 
(1895) j Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 118, fig. 37 (1895) ; 

Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 303 (1896). 

d\e\ d ? ad.sk. 
fK Ad. sk. 
g*>. $ ad. sk. 
h\ Ad. sk. 
i*-P. Imm. sk. 

m\ $ ad. sk. 
n4, o\ 3 ad. sk. 

New York (Bell). 
New Jersey (Heermari). 
Virginia Beach, Sept. 7 (R. S.). 
Venezuela (Goering). 
Savana of British Guiana 


Peru (H. Whitely). 
Chili (E. C. Heed). 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. J. Quelch and 
F. V. McConneU, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

^ d(i. Page 437. Helodromas ochropus. 

Totanus ochropus, Reiser, Orn. Balcan. p. 167 (1894); Poynt. Eggs 
Brit. B. part i. (1895); A. 0. TJ. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

760 
ADDENDA. 

p. 94 (1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 126, fig. 40 (1895) ; 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 192 (1896). 
Helodromas 
ochropus, Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mm. xv. p. 229 
(1893); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 172 (Aden); Sharpe, Handb. Brit, 
~ "*' 289(1896). 

B. iii. p 
. § imm. st. Kingsbury, Middlesex, Aug. 2 (J. Seebohni Coll. 
E. Harting). 
. Pull. sk. Upland, Sweden, June (Meves). Seebohm Coll. 
. Pull. sk. Wermland, Sweden, June. Seebohm Coll. 
f. 
Pull. sk. Moscow, May 25. Seebohm Coll. 
Ad. st. Puttebgurh, April 20 (A.A?iderson). Seebohm Coll. 
w7. <S ad. sk. Talley of the Yen-e-sei, Aug. 18 Seebohm Coll. 
(H S.). 

X7. 
c? ad. sk. Lake Baikal. Seebohm Coll. 
7 Mouth of Ainoor River, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 

, z. S ad. sk. 

(Dorries). 
-c8. Ad. sk. 


Amoy, Nov. to Jan. (B. Sivinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 

, 
J ad. sk. 

Formosa, March 17 (P. A. Hoist). Seebohm Coll. 

Page 444. Helodromas solitarins. 

Add:— 
Totanus solitarius, A. 0. IT. Check-l. K. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 94 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 122, %. 39 (1895). 
Helodromas solitarius, Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 292 (1896). 

m3. Ad. sk. Albany, N.Y. (Burst). Seebohm Coll. 
ns. Juv. st. St. Croix River, New BrunsSeebohm 
Coll. 

wick (Boardman). 
o3, p3. Ad. sk New Jersey (Heerman). Seebohm Coll. 
g3. S ad. sk. Venezuela (A. Goering). Seebohm Coll. 
r3. Ad. sk. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Quelch and 

F. V. McConnell, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
s3. $ juv. sk. Chamieuros, Peruvian Amazons, Seebohm Coll. 
April 7 (E. Bartlett). 
t\ $ ad. sk. Colonia, Uruguay, Nov. (H. W. Seebohm Coll. 
Harrison). 
uz, vz. S $ ad. sk. Uruguay, Jan., April, Nov, (0. Sclater Coll, 

V. Aplin). 
Page 449. Add :—3. Helodromas einnamomeiis. 
Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus, Brewtfer, Auk, vii. p. 377 (1890); 
Richm. $ Knowlt. Auk, xi. p. 302 (1894: Montana); A. O. U. 
Check-l. N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 94 (1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-
Birds, p. 126 (1895). 
" Similar to T. solitarius^ but larger, the wings greyer, the light 
spots on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brownish, cinnamon, 
instead of white or buffy-whitish; the sides of the head with more 
whitish, especially on the lores. No well-defined loral stripe/' 

(W. Brewster.) 
Hah. Pacific coast of N. America. 
Mr. D. G. Elliot pronounces this form to be merely a race of the 
ADDENDA. 761 

Solitary Sandpiper, and not always easily distinguished from the 
Eastern species. Specimens from Arizona seem to be intermediate. 


Page 449. Heteractitis "brevipes. 

Add: 
Totanus incanus (nee Chn.), Steere, List B. fy Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 
(1890: Mindanao ; Negros ; Siquijor) ; Legge, JProc. Austr. Assoc. 
1892, p. 11. 

a". 2 ad. sk. Mouth of Amur River, May Seebohm Coll. 

(Dorvies). 
b". 6 ad. sk. Kurile Islands (0. Snoiv). Seebokm Coll. 
c"-h". Ad. sk. Yokohama {H. Fryer fy O. Snoio). Seebohm Coll. 
i", k". Ad. sk. Liu Kiu Islands. Aug. Seebohm Coll. 

r . $ ad. sk. Sulphur Isl., Bonin Group, June Seebohm Coll. 
(P. A. Hoist). 
m", n". $ $ ad. sk. Peel Isl., Bonin Group, May, Seebohm Coll. 
Jim*, Oct. (P. A. Hoist). 
off,p". 6 2 ad. sk. Duniaguete, Negros, Feb. Steere Coll. 
q". $ ad.sk. Siquijor, Feb. Steere Coll. 
r". ? ad. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 17. Steere Coll. 
s"-u". Ad. sk. Labuan, Oct., Nov. (A. H. Seebohm Coll. 

Everett). 
v". <$ ad. sk. Morotai (Bernstein). Seebohm Coll. 
w". 2 ad. sk. Amboina, Nov. 14. Seebohm Coll. 
x". d ad. sk. Duke of York Isl., March (0. Seebohm Coll. 

Finsch). 

Page 453. Heteractitis incanus. 

Add: 
Heteractitis incanus, A. 0. TI. Check-l. 2V. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 95 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 134, fig. 42 (1895). 

5 ad. sk. Bering Island, May 27 (L. Stej- Seebohm Coll. 

%. 

neger). 
6 ad.; V, m'. Peel Island, Bonin Group, Seebohm Coll. 

k'. 

5 ad. sk. Sept. 29 (P. A. Hoist). 
2 juv. sk. Oahu, Hawaian Is. (Scott Seebohm Coll. 

ri. 

TVilson) 

Ad. sk. Maldon Isl. 25° S. of Hawai Seebohm Coll. 

o\ 

(61 Campbell). 
, J ad. sk. Samoa Is. Seebohm Coll. 
Ad. sk. Huaheine, Society Is. (A. Gar- Seebohm Coll. 

rett). 
$ ad. sk. Fiji Is. (JE. L. Layard). Seebohm Coll% 
t\ 3 ad. sk. Taviuni, Fiji, Aug. (E. L. Seebohm Coll. 

Layard). 
$ ad. sk. Vitu Levu, June (A. von Hilgel). Seebohm Coll. 

u. 
tf ad. sk. Dake of York Isl., July (E. L. Seebohm Coll. 
v'. 

Layard). 
. Ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides (E. L. Seebohm Coll. 
Layard). 

. J ad. sk. Ansevata, New Caledonia, Seebohm Coll. 
March (E. L. Layard). 
, <$ ad. sk. Noumea, New Caledonia, Oct. Seebohm Coll. 

(E. L. Layard). 
762 ADDENDA. 

Page 456. Tringoi&es hypoleucus. 

Add:-
Totanus hypoleucus, Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 208; Shelley, B. 
Africa, i. p. 192 (1896). 
Tringoides hypoleucus, Steere, List B. fy Mamm Philipp. p. 26 
(1890: Palawan ; Basilan; Guimaras ; Panay; Negros) j Blaauw, 
Notes Leyden Mus. xv. j>. 229 (1893); Bourns <§-Worcester, Occ. 
Papers Minnesota Acad. i. p. 31 (1894: Samar; Tawi-tawi; Calaniianes; 
Masbate); Ogiloie-Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 266 (S.E. Luzon); 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 283, pi. kxxix. fig. 1 (1896). 

Ad. st Brighton. Seebohni Coll. 
. Ad. sk. Marocco. Seebohni Coll. 
5 ad. sk. Egypt, May (G. E. Shelley). Seebohni Coll. 
. (S ad. sk. Asia Minor, May 10 (C. G. Dan-Seebohm Coll. 

ford). 

Ad. sk. Aden, April 4. Capt. Nurse [C.]. 

<j>". (S ad. sk. Valley of the Yen-e-sei, June Seebohm Coll. 

(ir. &). 

Seebohni Coll. 

Mouth of the Amoor River, May 

(Dorries).
m", a3. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Oct, (H. Fryer % Seebohm Coll. 


0. Snow).
$\ 2 ad. sk. Peel IsL, Bonin Group, July Seebohm Coll. 
(P. A. Hoist). 
ad. sk. Tsu-sinia, April 26. Seebohm Coll. 
S3, €3. <$ ad. sk. Okinawa-siina, Liu Kiu IsL, Seebohm Coll. 
Feb., April. 


f8 

. Ad. sk. Amoy, April 17 (B. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
rf, 6\ <3 2 ad. sk. Concepcion, Panay, Jan. Steere Coll. 
c3, K\ 6 ? ad. sk. Puraaguete, Negros, Feh, Steere Coll. 
Xa,A*8. tf? ad.sk. Basilan, Nov. Steere Coll. 
v\ p. 6 ? ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Sept. Steere Cull. 
o\ Ad. sk. Duke of York IsL, Aug. [K X, Seebohm Coll. 

Layard). 
7T,/)3. 6 $ ad.sk. New Britain, July, Oct. (0. Seebohm Coll. 
Finsch). 

Page 468. Tringoides macularins. 

Add:-
Totanus macularius, Foynt. Eggs Brit. B. part ii. (1895). 
Actitis macularia, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 97 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 147, fig. 46 (1895); 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 286, pi. lxxxix. fig. 2 (1890). 

w5, x5. <S J ad. sk. Pennsylvania (X Krider). Seebohm Coll. 
y\ Juv. st. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana, Seebohm Coll. 
Nov. 23 (IT. Whitely). 

z5, aB. Imm. sk. Savana of British Guiana. J.J.QuelchandF.V. 
McConneU, Esqrs. 
[P.]. 

66. Juv. sk. Venezuela, Nov. (A. Goering). Seebohm Coll. 
<?e. Ad, sk. Santos, Brazil, Aug. (XT. W. Seebohm Coll. 
Harrison). 

ADDENDA. 763 

Page 474. Terekia cinerea. 

Add :-

Terekia cinerea, Legge, Proc. Austr. Assoc. 1892, p. 10; Barnes, Ibis, 
1893, p. 171 (Aden) ; Styan, t. c. p. 437 (Hainan; j Bourns <$• 
Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad. i. p. 31 (1894). 

Totanus littoreus (nee L.), Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 192 (1896). 

zg. Ad. sk.
h3,i3 . tf ad.; kz , Z3 . 
Eiver Congo (Lr. Lucan). 
E. Lvina, N. Russia, June 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohni Coll. 
Pull. sk. (J. A. Harvie-Brown $• JE. 
m3 . Ad. st.
It. Alston). 
E. Petchora, July 12 (J. A. Seebohm Coll. 
nz-p\ cJ; q\ $ 
ad. sJfc. 
r3~£3 . tf; w3 , v3 . 
£ ad. sk. 
«>3 , a*3 . Ad. sk. 
y3 . Ad. sk. 
z6 . d1 ad. sk. 
H.-B.). 
Yenesei Valley, June (H. S.). 
Mouth of the Amoor, May, 
Sept. (Lorries), 
Yokohama, Sept. (H. Fryer <§r 
0. Snow). 
Yokohama (H. Fryer). 
Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. 6. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Steere Coll. 

Add: ^ aS e 479. Pseudoglottis guttifer. 

Totanus haughtom, Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 406 (1883). 
Pseudoglottis guttifer, Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) 

xxxix. p. 858 (1893). 
Line 15 from top, for ix. read viii. 
e,f. tf ad. et $ Mouth of the Amoor Eiver, May Seebohm Coll. 
juy. sk. Aug. (Lorries). 

Page 481. Glottis nefoularius. 

Add:-

Totanus glottis, Steere, List B. fy Mamm. Philipp. p. 483 (1890: 
Negros). 

Totanus canescens, Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 172 (Aden); Blaauw, Notes 
Leyden Mm. xv. p. 229 (1893); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 208 
(Ehone Delta). 

Glottis nebularius, Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 280 (1896). 
Totanus nebularius, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 192 (1896). 

c8. $ ad. sk, Hendon, Middlesex, August Seebohm Coll. 

(J. JE. Harting). 
d8. <$ ad. sk. Pagham, Sussex, May 9 (J. & Seebohm Coll. 
Harting). 

e8. $ ad. sk. Dovrefeld, Norway, May Seebohm Coll. 

{H S.). 
f8. 2 imm« sk. Orenburg, Sept. 6 (Menzbier). Seebohm Coll. 
gs. Ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Nyasa-land, Sir H.H. Johnston 

Sept. 21 (A. Whyte). [p.], 
A8. J ad. sk. Durban, Natal (Gordge). Seebohm Coll. 
i8, $ ad. sk. Futtehgurh, Oudh, Sept. 28 Seebohm Coll. 

(A. Anderson). 
k8. Ad. sk. Sampula, Chotan (Prjevalski). Seebohm Coll. 
764 

P~?8. <S 2 ad. et

imm. sk. 
q8. Ad. sk. 
r8. Ad. sk. 
s8. Ad. sk. 

ta 

. Ad. sk. 
u8. <$ ad. sk. 
v8. Ad. sk. 

ADDENDA. 

 Mouth of the Amoor River,

May, Aug-. {Dorries). 
Yokohama, Sept. (0. Snow).
South Yezo, Oct.
Amoy, May (R. Siuiwhoe).
S.W." Formosa (It. Swinhoe).
Dumaguete, Negros, Feb.
Gippsland Lakes, Victoria.

 Seebohm Coll, 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Steere Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

^ 
. Page 491. Rhyacophilus glareola. 

Totanus glareola, Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xxvi. (1893); 
Blciauw, Notes Ley den Mus. xv. p. 229 (1893); Bourns | Worcester, 
Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad, i. p. 31 (1894: Calamianes ; 
Siquijor, Cebu); A. C Chapman, Ibis, 1891, p. 343; Ogilme-
Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 472 (N. Luzon) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 192 
(1896). 

Rhyaeophilus glareola, Steere, List B. Sr Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 
(1890: Para^ua; Mindanao ; Guimaras ; Panay; Xegros) ; Skarpe, 

Eandb. Brit. B. iii. p. 27o (1890). 

v. J juv. sk.
£. J ad. sk.
o. Pull. sk.
7r. Pull. sk.

p-¥juv, . SK. 

0-7 T. 6 $ ad. 
ek. 
V, ? juv. sk. 

6. S 
ad. ; x>^ 
«• ?J uv. sk. 
a'. 
• 6]^".St. 
. d1 juv \ sk. 

P-

y •, Juv. sk. 
. o*ad. St. 

a'. 

e. 
2 ad. sk. 
. $ ad. sk. 
r. ? ad. sk. 
*'• 

0'. 2 ad. sk. 
I'-
X'. Ad. sk. 
ll, . o*ad. sk. 

v. <$ ad. sk.
Add.

 Yarmouth, Sept. (/. E. Hartiny). 
Heligoland, May {L. Giithe). 
River Dvina, N. Russia, July 

{J. A. Earvie-Broion ty E. It. 
Alston). 
AlexieUra, R. Petchora, July 

{H. &). 
Near Moscow, Aug. 1 {M. Menzbier). 
Yenesei Vallev, June, July (H. 
S). 
Sampula, Chotan, Aug. (Prjevateki). 
Mouth of the R. Amoor (JDoerries). 

Mouth of the R. Amoor (Doerries). 
Hakodadi, Japan, Aug. (He?2Son). 
Yokohama (II. Fryer). 
Futtehgurh, Oudh, April (A. An


derson). 

Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 
Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. 
Ayala, Mindanao, Dec. 

Guimaras, Jan. 6. 

Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Sept. 
Lado, E {uatorial Africa, Feb. 15 

(Emin Pasha), 

 Ondonga, Ovampo-land, Jan.(«7^. 

Andersson). 

 Page 500. Pavoncella pugnax. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Col J, 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm CoU. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 

Steere Coll 
Steere Coll. 
Steere Coll. 
Steere Coll. 
Steere Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Machetes pugnax, Adam, Str. F. i. p. 396 (1873 : Sambhur); Pleske, 
Uebers. Sailg. ti. Vog. Kola-Ealbins. ii. p. 353 (1886); Blaauw, Notes 
Leyden Mus. xv. p. 229 (1893) ; A. C. Chapman, Ibis, 1894, p. 342 
(West Jutland); Poynt. Eggs Brit, B. part iii. (1896). 

ADDENDA. 765 

Totanus pugnax, Reiser, Orn. JBalcan. p. 266 (1894). 

Pavoncella pugnax, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 05 
(1895); Elliot, 2?. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 136, fig". 43 (1895); 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit B. iii. p. 271, pi. lxxxviii. (1896) ; Shelley, 

B. Africa, i. p. 191 (1896;. 
r8. S ad. sk. 

s8, t*. $ ad. sk. 

u8, v*. (S ad. sk. 

w8. <$ ad. sk. 

x«, //. 6 $ ad. 
sk. 
s8. <$ ad. sk. 
a9. $ ad. sk. 
b\ 6 ad. sk. 
c9. J ad. sk. 
d9. tf ad. sk. 
e\ im ad. ; f\ 
2 juv. sk. 
g*. J ad. sk. 
'^-<79. <S,r\ 2 

ad. sk. 
s9, td. tf ad. sk. 
w9. 2 ad. sk. 

vP,u>q,x». dad.; 

?/9. djuv.sk. 
z9,a. d $ ad.; 
£• d juv. sk. 

Hickling, Norfolk (7\ J£ ewm),
Horsey, near Yarmouth (J. E.
Harting). 
"R. Dvina, N. Russia, June (E. R.
Alston § J. A. Harvie-Brown). 
Archangel, June (E. R. A. fy

j. A:H.-B.) 
Petchora Biver, June (H. S.).
Holland, May 10 (H. S.),
Hungary, June.
Tuscany, March.
Florence, Feb. (JET. S. Giglioli).
Egypt.
Bogos-land (Esler).


Transvaal (T At/res).
Valley of the Yen-e-sei, June, July


{H. 8.). 
Valley of the Yen-e-sei, July (H.
S.). 
Chotan, Nov. (Pryevalski).

E. Siberia (Middendorf).
Futteghurh district, Sept., Dec.

(A, Anderson). 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohin Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

Page 509. Bartramia longicauda. 

Add:-

Bartramia longicauda, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 96 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 139, fig. 44 (1895); 
Sharpe, Hwndb. Brit. B. iii. p. 267 (1896); Boynt. Eggs Brit. B. 

part iii. (189H). 

I". S ad. ski 

m . Ad. sk. 
n" 
Ad. sk. 
§ ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 


q", r". d ? ad. 
sk. 
$". $ ad. sk. 

t". S ad. sk. 

Kensington, Illinois, May 

(H. K. Coale). 
Bahamas [Blake). ' 
Vera Paz, Guatemala (0. 
Salvin). 
Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. 3 (H. 
Whitely). 

Savana of British Guiana. 

Santa Elena,Uruguay,Nov., 
Jan. (0. V. Aplin). 
Colonia, Uruguay, Dec. 5 

(H. W. Harrison). 
Buenos Ayres (J. Birhett). 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
J.J.QuelchandF.V. 

McConneli, Esqrs. 
[P.]. 
Sclater Coll, 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

766 ADDENDA. 

Pa e 514*

Add:—» Ereunetes pusilltis. 

Ereunetes pusillus, A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 90 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 97, ftg. 28 (1895). 
Ereunetes occidentalis, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 91 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 99, fig. 29 (lb95). 

sK $ juv. sk. Point Barrow, Alaska, July (Dr. Seebohm Coll. 
Murdoch), 
t". Juv. sk. Kodiak (Bischoff). Seebohm Coll. 
uK vK S ad. sk. Burlington Beich, Lake Ontario Seebohm Coll. 
vf, a*4 , ?/4 . Ad.
( W. B. Brooks), 
New Jersey (A. L. Heerman). Seebo ) > 
sk. 
z4 . J juv. st Ipswich, Mass., July 10 (C. J. Seebohm Coll. 
a5,b5 . cJad.sk.
Maynard). 
Ipswich, Mass., July 10 (C. J. Seebohm Coll. 
Maynard). 
c\ Ad. sk. New York. Seebohm Coll. 
d5 . 2 ad. sk.
e5 . S ad. st.
f5 . $ ad. sk.
g5 . Ad. sk.
A5 . § ad. sk. 
Virginia Beach, Sept. 6 (H. S.). 
California [Hardy). 
Cayenne (Jelski). 
Brazil. 
Patagonia, March (H. Burnford). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Add:— ^a&e 521. Tringites subrnficollis. 

Tryngites subruficollis, A. 0. U. Check-l A7. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 96 
(1895); Biliot, N. Amer. Shore-Bird% p. 144, tig. 45 (1895); 
Sharpe, Eandb. Brit. B. iii. p. 264 (1896). 

Tryngites rufescens, Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part L (1895). 

Page 526. Calidris arenaria. 

Add:-
Tringa arenaria, Gathe, Vb'geho. Helgol. p. 523 (1891). 
Calidris arenaria, Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mm. xv. p. 229 (1898) ; 

A.O. TJ. Check-l N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 91 (1895); Elliot, 
N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 102, fig. 30 (1895); Poynt. JEggs Brit.B. 
part ii. (1895); Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 260 (1896) ; 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 191 (1896). 
Page 535. For " Eurhynorhynclms " read " Eurynorliynchits." 

Mr. W. T. Blanford has drawn my attention to the fact that my 
spelling of this generic name is wrong. 
Add:— 

Eurynorhynchus pygmseus, Sty an, Ibis, 1894, p. 336 (Shanghai). 

Add: ^age 538- Limonites minuta. 

Limonites minuta, Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 250 (1896). 

Tringa minuta, Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 228 (1893) ; Irby. 
Om. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 282 (1895); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 191 
(1896). 

q\ r9. Ad. sk. Eao, Persian Gulf, May, Aug. W. D. Gumming. 
Esq. [P.]. 

ADDENDA. 767 

Add: Page 545. Limonites rnficollis. 

Tringa temmincM (nee Leisl.), Steere, List B. fy Mamm. BMlipp. 

p. 26 (1890: Negros). 
Tringa ruficollis, Bourns fy Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad. 
i.p. 31 (1894: Cebu). 
f. 2 ad. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. Steere Coll. 
Add: ^a&e 54:8. Limonites minutilla. 

Tringa minutilla, Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 85, %. 23 (1895); 
Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part ii. (1895). 
Limonites minutilla, Sharpe, Randb. Brit B. iii. p. 255 (1896). 

b5. 2 a#* sk. Massachusetts, Aug. 27 (JEC. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

W. Henshaio). 
c\ $ ad. sk. Bermudas, April 29. Capt. Savile Eeid 
[c.]. 

d°, es. $ 2 ad. sk. Corpus Cnristi, Texas, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
f5j 95J ($ ad.; h3. Atitlan, Guatemala, Dec, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. (W. B. Richardson). 
5 m5* Ad. sk. Granada, W. L, May, Aug., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. (D. W.Smith), 


^a&e 553

Add:- Limonites damacensis. 

Tringa damacensis, A. 0. U. Chech-l. N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1895); 
Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds,?. 87, fig. 24 (1895). 
Tringa minuta (nee L.), Steere, List B. fy Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 
(1890: Palawan). 

54, c4. Ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Sept. Steere Coll. 

?a^ e 555*

Aaa: Limonites temmincM. 

Tringa temmincM, Irhy, Orn. Sbr. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 283 (1895). 

Limonites temmincM, Sharpe, JBCandb. Brit B. iii. p. 257 (1896). 

Add. Page 562. Heteropygia macxilata. 

Tringa maculata, Elliot, N. Amer Shore-Birds, p. 76,fig. 20 (1895) ; 
Poynt. Eggs Brit. B. part i. (1895). 
Heteropygia maculata, Sharpe, Eandb. Brit. B. iii. p. 247 (1896). 

o4. Ad. sk. Lion Hill, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(/. M'Leannan). 

^a€e 666*

Add: Heteropygia acuminata. 

Tringa acuminata, A. 0. U. Check-l. K Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 88 
(1895) • Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 74, fig. 19 (1895). 

76 8 ADDENDA. 

Add:— Page 570. Heteropygia bairdi. 

Tringa bairdi, Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 82, fig. 22 (1895). 
Tringa melanota, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 191 (1896).* 


Add:— ^ 5"4* Heteropygia fuscicollis. 

Tringa fuscicollis, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 88 (1895); 
Elliot, N. Amer, Shore-Birds, p. 80, fig. 21 (1895); Foynt. Eggs 
Brit B. part iii. (1896). 

Heteropygia fuscicollis, Sharpe, Kandb. Brit. B. iii. p. 242 (1896). 

Add. Page 578. Arquatella maritima. 

Tringa maritima, A.O.U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 87 (1895; j 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 191 (1896). 
Tringa striata, Blaauio, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 228 (1893); Foynt. 
Eggs Brit. B. part i. (1895). 
Arquatellamaritima, Sharpe, Kandb. Brit. B. iii. p. 236 (1898). 

Add. Page 586. Ancylocbilus subarquatus. 

Tringa ferruginea, A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 90 (1895); Elliot, 

N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 93, fig. 26 (1895). 
Tringa subarquata, Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 228 (1893): 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 190 (1896). 
Ancylochilus subarquatus, Sharpe, Kandb. Brit. B. iii. p. 240 (1876). 

Add. Page 593. Tringa canutus. 

Tringa canutus, Blaauio, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 229 (1893); 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 191 (1896); Sharpe, Kandb. Brit. B. iii. 

p. 232 (1896). 
Add:— Page 600. Tringa crassirostris. 

5 ad. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. Steere Coll. 

Add: ^a£e ^02. P^dna alpina. 

Tringa alpina, Foynt Eggs Brit. B. part ii. (1895). 


z. <$ ad. sk. Benbecula, Hebrides, June 8 Seebobm Coll. 
a9. $ ad. sk.
b% c\ S ad. sk.
dK Ad. sk.
(H. J. Elwes). 
Lancing, Sussex, April 29. 
Heligoland (L. Gtithe). 
Havre, France (N. Pluche). 
Seebobm Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 
Seebobm Coll. 
e*. Imm. sk. Marocco. Seebobm Coll. 
f, g\ Juv. sk. Petcbora River (68J° N. lat), Seebobm Coll. 
July. 

* "Up to tbe moment of writing I have not been able tofind tbe Damaraskin, 
supposed to belong to this species, in the Seebobm collection. 
ADDENDA. 769 

A9. $ ad. sk. Moscow, June 6 (Menzhier). Seebohm OolL 
z"9. Pull. sk. Valley of the Yen-e-sei, July Seebohni Coll. 
14 (H. S.) 

k9 9 

, Z9, m. Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, April. W. D. Gumming, 
$ 
Esq. PP.]. 
,p. Ad. sk. Fao, Feb. S. Butcher, Esq,. [P.]. 

Add:-Page 608. Pelidna americana. 

Tringa alpina pacifica, A. 0. TJ. Chech-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 89 
(1895); Elliot, N. Amer. Shore-Birds, p. 90, fig. 25 (1895). 

i5. <$ ad. sk. Ipswich? Massachusetts, Oct. Seebohm Coll. 

(C. J. Maynard). 
k\ cJ ad. sk. S.E. Siberia, Sept. Seebohni Coll. 
I5. $ ad. sk. Mouth of the Amoor River, Seebohm OolL 
May, Sept. (Dorries).

55 5

m, w, o. $ ad. Mouth of the Amoor River. Seebohm Coll. 

et J imm. st. 
p5. <$ ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
q5. Ad. sk. S."W. Formosa (P. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 

Page 612. Limicola platyrhyuclia. 

Add:— 

Limicola platyrhyncha, Blaamo, Notes Leyden Mus. xv.p. 228 (1893) j 
Poi/nt. Eggs Brit. B. part ii. (1895) ; Sharjpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. 

p. 223 (1896). 
Page 624. Gallinago megala. 

Add:


f2 ad. sk. Luzon, Sept. 13. Steere Coll. 
?'• <$ ad. sk. Basilan, Nov. 10. Steere Coll. 
r'. 5 ad.sk. Catobalogan, Samar, March 26. Steere Coll. 
s'. tf ad. sk'. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 8. Steere OolL 

p-

VOL. XXIV. 3 D 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Abyssinian Erody, 29. 
Actia, 578. 
Actidurus, 509. 
Actitis, 372, 456. 
Actiturus, 509. 
Actodromas, 537. 
acuminata (Heteropygia), 
561, 564, 565, 
566, 767. 
acuminata (Pelidna), 568. 
acuminata (Tringa), 564, 
567, 568, 767. 
acuminatus(Actodromas), 

568. 
acuminatus (Limnocinclus), 
568. 
acuminatus (Totanus), 

5Q6. 

adspersa (Limosa), 392. 
iEchtnorhynehus, 520, 

524. 
jEgialeus, 146, 250. 
jEgialites, 744. 
Mgialitis, 146, 254. 
^Egialodes, 409. 
JEgialophilus, 254. 
segocephala (Limosa), 
373, 381,756. 
asgocephala (Scolopax), 

373. 
segocephalus (Totanus), 
873, 381. 
asgyptia (Hyas), 32. 
segyptiaca (Hyas), 32. 
segyptiacus (Pluvianus), 

32. 
aegyptianus (Pluvianus), 
32, 723. 
segypticus (Charadrius), 
32,257. 
segyptius (Oursorius), 

32. 
aegyptius (Hyas), 32. 
senea (Parra), 73. 
seneus (Metopidius), 73. 
aequatorialis (Ascalopax), 

631. 
aequatorialis (G-allinago), 
617, 63L 
asquatorialis (Scolopax), 

632. 

asquatorialis (Telmatias), 

631. 
sequinoctialis (Gallinago), 

631. 
ssrata (Parra), 73. 
affinis (CEdicnemus), 15, 
17, 722. 
affinis (Rhyncophilus), 

494. 
affinis (Totanus), 493, 

498. 
African Jacana, 76. 
africana (Parra), 76, 

727. 
africana (Rhynchsea), 

685. 
africana (Scolopax), 586. 
africanus (Charadrius), 

32. 
africanus (Oursorius), 43. 
africanus (Metopidius), 

76. 
africanus (Numenius), 

586. 

africanus (Phyllopezus), 
76, 727. 
Aguapeazo, 82. 
Aguapeazo bianco de 
basco, 82. 
alba (Ohionis), 710, 713. 
alba (Limosa), 389. 
alba (Rhynchsea), 685. 
alba (Scolopax), 388. 
alba (Vaginalis), 710. 
albescens (Actodromas), 

545. 
albescens (Oalidris), 545. 
albescens (Schceniclus), 

545. 
albescens (Tringa), 545, 

546. 
albicapillus (Charadrius), 

142. 
albicapillus (Ohettusia), 

142. 
albicapillus (Lobivanellus), 
142. 
albicapillus (Vanellus), 

142. 
albiceps (Hoplopterus), 

147. 

albiceps (Lobivanellus), 
127, 147, 162, 733. 
albiceps (Sarciophorus), 

147. 
albiceps (Xiphidiopterus), 
146,147, 733. 
albiceps (Vanellus), 147. 
albicollis (Glottis), 485. 
albicollis (Himantopus), 
312,319. 
albidipectus (iEgialitis), 
283, 284. 
albifrons (^Egialitis), 277. 
albifrons (Anarhynchus), 

306. 
albifrons (Charadrius), 

276. 
albifrons (Vanellus), 142. 
albigularis (iEgialitis), 

277. 
albinucha (Metopidius), 

78. 
albinucha (Parra), 78. 
albinucha (Phyllopezus), 
78, 727. 
albofasciatus (Rhinoptilus), 
43, 48, 725. 
albus (Himantopus), 319. 
alexandrina (JEgialitis), 
255, 275, 279, 745, 

796. 
alexandrinus (Charadrius), 
265, 267, 273, 
275, 277, 746. 
Alouette de Mer, 602. 
Alouette de Mer a 
Collier, 602. 
Alouette-de-mer de S. 
Domingue, 562. 
alpina (Pelidna), 602, 
604, 606, 609, 610, 

768. 
alpina (Scolopax), 604, 

608. 
alpina (Tringa), 602,609, 

768. 
alticeps (Machetes), 502. 
altifrons (Charadrius), 

193. 
Alwargrim Plover, 196. 
American Avocet, 330. 
3D2 

American G-odwit,391. 
American Whimbrel, 

365. 
americana (Oalidris), 530. 
americana (Fedoa), 392. 
americana (Himantopus), 
331. 
americana (Microptera), 
679. 
americana (Pelidna), 
575, 608,609, 610,769. 
americana (Recurvirostra), 
326, 330, 752. 
americanus (Charadrius), 

201. 
americanus(CEdicnemus), 
12. 
americanus (Pluvialis), 
201. 
Ammoptila, 32. 
amphilensis (Erodia), 29. 
Anarhynchus, 146, 306. 
Ancylocheilus, 585. 
Ancylochilus, 520, 585. 
andina (Grallinago), 617, 
648. 
andina (Recurvirostra), 
326, 334, 752. 
andina (Scolopax), 648. 
andinus (Himantopus), 

334. 
anglus (Charadrius), 
235. 
angolensis (Gallinago), 
631. 
angustirostris (Phalaropus), 
701. 
annulata (Hiaticula), 

259. 
annuligerus (Charadrius), 
295. 
Anomalophrys, 145, 156. 
Aphalus, 69, 88, 727. 
Aphriza, 146, 208. 
apricarius (Charadrius), 
183, 192,196, 737. 
apricarius (Pluvialis), 

193. 
arabs (Hiaticula), 259. 
aralensis (Ghetto**). 
172. 
aralensis (VBaeKiwt), Vffc, 
arcticut ^Jtfafeta^pnB), 
a«ie©Ia (IDrauf), 28> 

ATOnana^ d% &M. 
arejiairia fCfetldris), 526, 
S^7&6. 
(Tringa), 526, 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Arenariina, 90, 91. 
arenarius (CEdicnemus), 

6. 
armatus (Hoplopterus), 
158,162. 
armatus (Pluvianus), 

162. 
arquata (Cracticornis), 
344. 
arquata (Pelidna), 589. 
arquata (Scolopax), 341, 
352. 
Arquatella, 520, 578. 
arquatella (Trynga), 580, 
583. 
arquatula (Numenius), 
344. 
arquatus (Numenius), 

340, 341, 344, 349, 

351,753. 
arquatus (Pnseopus), 357. 
Asarcia, 68, 86. 
Ash-coloured Sandpiper, 

596,597. 
Ash-coloured Snipe, 453. 
Asiatic Plover, 230. 
asiatica (iEgialitis), 231. 
asiaticus (Charadrius), 

217,219,230, 233,240, 

741. 
asiaticus (Cirrepidesmus), 
232. 
asiaticus (Cursorius), 39. 
asiaticus (Eudromias), 
230, 231, 741. 
asiaticus (Himantopus), 

312. 
asiaticus (Morinellus), 
231. 
asiaticus (Octhodromus), 
210, 230, 231, 741. 
asiaticus (Phalaropus), 

696. 
asiaticus (Tachydromus), 
39. 
assimilis (OEdicnemus), 
10. 
assimilis (Numenius), 
344. 
ater (Hsemajbopus), 121, 
731. 
ater (Melanibyx), 121. 
ater (Totanus), 412. 
atlantica (Symphemia), 
405. 
atra (Ostralega), 121. 
atra (Scolopax), 409. 
atra (Tringa), 410. 
atricapilla (Tringa), 690. 
atricapillus (Charadrius), 
178. 
atricapillus (Numenius), 

361. 
atricinctus (Charadrius), 
304. # y . 
atricollis (Parra), 78. J o 
atrinuchalis (Sarcogrammus), 
148, 152, 734. 
atripennis (Gallmago), 

631. 
atrogularis (Charadrius), 
149. 
atrogularis (Sareogrammus), 
152. 
atronuehalis (Chettusia), 

152. 
atronuehalis (Lobivanellus), 
152. 
atropterus (Himantopus), 

312. 
Attagis, 714. 
aucklandica (Coenoeorypha), 
662. 
aucklandica (Gallinago), 
616, 618, 661, 063, 

664. 
aucklandica (Grallinula), 
661,662,663. 
aucklandica (Scolopax), 
662, 663, 664. 
auduboni (Hemipalma), 

402. 
auduboni (Tringa), 401. 
Audubon's Stilt-bandpiper, 
401. 
auratus (Charadrius), 

192,737. 
auratus (Totanus), 461. 
aurea (Charadrius), 

192. 
aurea (Pluvialis), 193. 
aurita (Tringa), 566. 
auritus (JEgialitis), 
259. 
australasiana (Limosa), 
378,380. 
australasianus (Hsematopus), 
112. 
australasianus (Numenius), 
351. 
australis (Actiturus), 

567. 
australis (Actodromas), 
545. 
australis (Charadrius), 
307. # 
australis (Eudromias), 
307,750. 
australis (Gallinago), 
617, 652, 653, 690. 
australis (Glareola), 52. 
australis (Limosa), 389. 

australis (Morinellus), 

307. 
australis fNumemus), 
350, 368. 
australis (OEdicnemus), 

19. 
australis (Pelidna), 567. 
australis (Peltohvas), 307, 

750. 
australis (Phalaropus), 

701. 
australis (Rhynchsea), 

690. 
australis (Eostratula), 
683, 690. 
australis (Schoeniclus), 

567. 
australis (Scolopax), 625, 

652. 
australis (Squatarola), 

187. 
australis (Telmatias), 

653. 
australis (Tringa), 545, 
566, 596. 
austriaca (Glareola), 54. 
Austrian Pratincole, 54. 
autumnalis (Himantopus)}
313,318. 
Avocet, 326, 328. 
Avocetta, 326. 
avocetta (Himantopus), 

328. 
avocetta (Recurvirostra), 
326, 328, 751. 
avocetta (Scolopax), 328. 
Avocette, L', 326. 
Avoset, American, 330. 
Avoset, Scooping, 328. 
Avoset, Terek, 474. 
Avosetta, 326. 
azarse (Charadrius), 288. 
azaras (Hiaticula), 288, 

290. 

bachnianni (Haamatopus), 
120, 731. 
bairdi (Actodromas), 

570. 
bairdi (Heteropygia), 
562, 570, 571, 576, 

768. 
bairdi (Tringa), 564, 571, 

768. 
Barge, La, 381. 
Barge aboyeuse, La, 

481. 
Barge brune, La, 409. 
Barge commune, La, 

381. 
Barge grise, La, 481. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Barge rousse, 373. 
Barge rousse d'Amerique, 


391. 
barge (Limosa), 377. 
Barker, 481. 
Barred Phalarope, 524. 
Bar-tailed Godwit, 373, 

374. 
bartrami (Actitis), 509. 
bartrami (Actiturus), 

511. 
bartrami (Totanus), 511. 
Bartramia, 339, 509. 
bartramia (Euligia), 511. 
bartramia (Tringa), 509, 

510. 
bartramius (Aotidurus), 

509. 
bartramius (Actitis), 511. 
bartramius (Actiturus), 

509. 
bartramius (Totanus), 

509. 
bartramius (Tringoides), 

510. 
Barfcram's Sandpiper, 

510. 
Bartram's Tatler, 509. 
Bastard Plover, 166. 
bathicus (Hsematopus), 

109. 
baueri (Limosa), 377, 

755. 
Becasina prima, 650. 
Becasina seconda, 646. 
Becasse, La, 671, 673. 
B6casse de Savanes, 659. 
Becasseau, Le, 437. 
Becassine, 633. 
Becassine de la Chine, 

683. 
Beccasse des Savanes de 
Cayenne, 659. 
Beccasseau cul-blanc, Le, 

437. 
Beccassine blanche des 
Indes, 683. 
Beccassine d'Angleterre, 
La, 602. 
Beccassine de Madagascar, 
683. 
Beccassine de Madras*-, 

683. 
Beccassine du Cap de 
Bonne Esperance, 683. 
belgica (Limosa), 384, 

756. 
belgica (Scolopax), 381. 
belonii (OEdicnemus), 6. 
Belonopterus, 145,163. 
Bengal Water-Rail, 683. 

bengalensia (Rhynchsea) 

685. 
bengalensis (Rostratula), 

686. 

benghalensis (Rallus), 

683. 
bernieri (Gallinula), 649. 
bicincta (Hiaticola), 

213. 
bicinctus (Charadrius), 

212. 
bicinctus (Cursor), 44. 
bicinctus (Cursorius), 44, 
46,47. 
bicinctus (Ochthodromus), 
210, 212, 213, 

739. 
bicinctus (Rhinoptilus), 
44, 724. 
bicinctus (Tachydromus,), 

44. 
biclavata (Gallinago), 

619. 
biclavus (Gallinago), 619. 
bicolor (Charadrius), 

159. 
bicornis (Vanelius), 168. 
bifasciata (Hiaticula), 

295. 
bifrontatus (Charadrius), 

249. 
bifrontatus (Oxyechus), 
249, 743. 
biloba (Lobipluvia), 131. 
bilobus (Charadrius), 

130. 
bilobus (Lobivanellus), 

131. 
bilobus (Sarciophorus), 
130,732. 
bilobus (Vanelius), 130. 
bisignatus (Cursorius), 
44,45. 
bisignatus (Rhinoptilus), 
43, 45, 46, 724. 
bistriatus (Charadrius), 

12. 
bistriatus (OEdicnemus), 
12, 721. 
bitorquata (JEgialitis), 

248. 
bitorquata (Hiaticula), 

247. 
bitorquatus (Charadrius), 

247. 
bitorquatus (Cursorius), 

50. 
bitorquatus (Mac~otaraius), 
50. 
bitorquatus (Rhinoptilus), 
43, 50, 725. 

Black-breasted Indian 
Plover, 157. 
Black-crowned Plover, 

178. 
Black-headed Plover, 32. 
Black Jacana, 84. 
Black-necked Stilt, 321. 
Black Sandpiper, 578. 
Black-sided Sandpiper, 
174. 
Black-tailed Godwit, 384, 
385. 
Black-winged Stilt, 312. 
bogolubovi (Cursorius), 
36. 
bonapartii (Actodromas), 

570, 576. 

bonapartii (Pelidna), 576. 

bonapartii (Tringa), 570, 

575. 
Boreal Sandpiper, 208. 
borealis (Aphriza), 208. 
borealis (Numenius), 368, 
369, 755. 
borealis (Phseopus), 370. 
borealis (Strepsilas), 93, 

208. 
borealis (Scolopax), 364, 
368. 
borealis (Tringa), 208. 
brachydactylus (Cursorius), 
36. 
brachyptera (Limosa), 

384. 
brachyptera (Telmatias), 
628. 
brachypus (Telmatias), 
636. 
brasiliensis (Hasmatopus), 
115. 
brasiliensis (Himantopus), 
316. 
brasiliensis (Numenius), 

365. 
brasiliensis (Parra), 84. 
brasiliensis (Scolopax), 
646, 647. 
brehmi (Pelorychus), 

634. 
brehmi (Scolopax), 634 
642. 
brehmi (TelnifSNtias), 63^ 
brehm»|WHw|o^ 0g^ 
brachypus (%a^m$p% 

636. 
brevipes (ftmfa), 450, 
brevipes (Gtefeelfca), 
450. 
brevipes 
(Jffeteractitis), 
44^ 451, 455, 760. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

brevipes (Himantopus), 

313. 
brevipes (Limosa), 378, 
381, 384. 
brevipes (Totanus), 449, 
451, 454. 
brevipes (Tringa), 453. 
brevirostris (Charadrius), 

252. 
brevirostris (Limicola), 
522. 
brevirostris (Numenius), 
369, 372. 
brevirostris (Tringa), 

514. 
Bridled Plover, 18. 
brissoni (Pelidna), 514. 
Broad-billed Sandpiper, 
613. 
Brown-eared Sandpiper, 
Brown Phalarope, 700. 
Brown Snipe, 394, 396. 
Brunette, La, 603. 
Buff-breasted Sandpiper, 

521. 
burchelli (Cursorius), 
38, 42. 
burchelli (Tachydromus), 

38. 
Burhinus, 3, 18, 22. 
burka (Gallinago), 636. 
burka (Scolopax), 625. 
burrowsii (Defilippia), 
128. 
Bustard, Thick-kneed, 4. 
cabanisi (Ereunetes), 

515. 
caffra (Scolopax), 686. 
Oaille des isles, La, 716. 
Caille des isles Malouines, 
716. 
Oalidris, 520, 526. 
calidris (J£gialodei§\ 

417. 
calidris (Jtamio), 526calidris 
(OharaAius), 
526. 
caB<lri& (Gbmbetfea), 4I7« 
es^Mrk (ffdRfaft), 604 
eaJ##» (iBboilopeacj^ 414. 
cagf&ris (Tfafearts), 409, 
#11.414,415,417,758. 
c*Wafs (Tringa), 596. 
Calidris (Trynga), 596. 
caligatus (Rhyncophilus), 

445. 
caligatus (Totanus), 444. 
callasas (Charadrius), 
140. 
Cambridge Gtodwit, 409. 
campestris (Pelidna), 

563. 
campestris (Tringa), 369, 
575. 
canadensis (Tringa), 580. 
cancellata (Tringa), 524. 
cancellata (Tringoides), 
525. 
cancellatus (JEchniorhynchus), 
524. 
cancellatus (Phalaropus), 
524.cancellatus 
(Phegornis), 

525. 
cancellatus (Totanus), 
524. 
Candida (Scolapax), 388. 
candidus (Himantopus), 
310, 323, 750. 
candidus (Vanellus), 


168. 
canescens (Glottis), 484. 
canescens (Scolopax), 
481. 
canescens (Totanus), 485, 
763. 
cantabridgiensis (Scolopax), 
410. 
cantiacus (iEgialitis), 

277. 
cantiacus (Charadrius), 
277. 
cantiana (iEgialitis), 277, 
287, 746. 
cantiana (Hiatieula), 277, 

287. 
cantianus (.iEgialitis), 
276, 291. 
cantianus(^Egialophilus), 

277. 
cantianus 
(Charadrius), 
226, 275, 290, 291, 

746. 
cantianus (Pluvialis), 
277. 
c&nus (iEgialitis), 286. 
Oaiut, 593. 
oato&ti (Tringa), 597. 
Cbqutus, 593. 
eanutus (Actodromas), 
597. 
canutus (Calidris), 597. 
canutus (Tringa), 574, 
590,597, 601, 678. 
canutus (Trynga), 596. 
Cape Curlew, 586. 
Cape Snipe, Q8S. 
capella (Vanellus), 166. 
capensis (Aphalus), 89. 
capensis (Cursorius), 42. 

capensis (Hsematopus), 
119,731. 
capensis (Mjcroparra), 
89, 728. 
capensis (CEdicnemus), 
17, 722. 5 
capensis (Ostralega), 119. 
capensis (Parra), 89. 
capensis (Rhynchaea), 
684, 686. 
capensis (Rostra tula), 
683, 684, 690. 
capensis (Scolopax), 6S3. 
capensis (Tachydromus), 

38. 
Carvanaca, 20. 
caspius (Charadrius), 

230. 
caspius (Eudromias), 

231. 
caspius (Morinellus), 231, 
cassini (Numenius), 344. 
Catoptrophorus, 405. 
cayanensis (Vanellus), 
163,165. 
cayanus (Charadrius), 

135. 
cayanus (Hoplopterus), 

165. 
cayanus (Hoplopxypterus), 
135,136, 732. 
cayanus (Philomaehus), 

165. 
cayanus (Vanellus), 136, 
"166. 
Cayenne Sandpiper, 163. 
cayennensis (Belonopterus), 
163, 164, 735. 
cayennensis( Charadrius), 

163. 
cayennensis (Parra), 163. 
cayennensis (Tringa), 

163. 
cayennensis (Yanellus), 
163,165,735. 
Chastusia, 145, 174. 
Chalcopterus, 43. 
chalcopterus (Cursor), 

48. 
chalcopterus (Oursorius), 
48, 49, 724. 
chalcopterus (Rhinoptilus), 
43, 48, 724. 
chalcopterus (Tachydromus), 
48. 
Charadriidaj, 2, 90. 
Charadriinse, 90, 140. 
charadrioides (Ammoptila), 
29, 32. 
charadrioides (Cursor), 

32. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Charadrius, 146, 191, 
733, 744. 
chathamica (Grallinago), 

663. 
Chattering Plover, 242. 
Chauna, 138. 
chavaria (Parra), 138. 
Cheilodromas, 32. 
Chestnut Jacana, 82. 
Chevalier, Le, 500. 
Chevalier aux pieds 
rouges, 415. 
Chevalier cendre\ Le, 

500. 
Chevalier comniun, Le, 

500. 
Chevalier de Bengale, 

683. 
Chevalier ray<§, 414. 
Chevalier tachet<§, 414. 
Chevalier vari6, 500. 
Chevalier vert, Le, 683. 
chilensis (Belonopterus), 
163, 165, 735. 
chilensis (G-allinago), 

651. # 
chilensis (Parra), 165. 
chilensis (Philomaehus), 

165. 
chilensis (Scolopax), 651. 
chilensis (Totanus), 429. 
chilensis (Vanellus), 165. 
chimborazensis (Attagis), 
715, 716. 
Chinese Jacana, 69. 
chinensis (Pelidna), 592. 
chinensis (Rhynchaea), 

686. 
chinensis (Schoeniclus), 

589. 
chinensis (Scolopax), 683. 
chinensis (Tringa), 588, 
609,610. 
Chinese Redshank, 415. 
Chionarchus, 710, 711. 
Chionididse, 2, 710. 
Chionis, 710. 
chionis (Vaginalis), 710. 
Chirurgien brun, Le, 82. 
Chirurgien de l'isle de 
Lugon, Le, 69. 
Chirurgien noir, Le, 84. 
chirurgus (Hydrophasianus), 
69, 727. 
chirurgus (Hydrophasis), 
69, 727. 
chirurgus (Tringa), 69. 
chlorocephalus (Pluvianus), 
32. 
chloropus (Glottis), 484. 
chloropus (Totanus), 484. 

chloropygius (Rhyncophilus), 
445. 
chloropygius (Totanus), 
44i 
Chorlito cabeza y cuella 
obscuros, 690. 
Chorlito campesino, 369. 
Chorlito garganta blanca 
acanelada, 521. 
Chorlito golas obscura j 
blanca, 690. 
Chorlito lomo negro, 

570. 
Chorlito pardo, 574. 
Chorlito pardo mayor, 

432. 
Chorlito pardo menor, 

444. 
Chorlito pies roxos, 526. 
Chorlito rabadilla blanca, 

427. 
Chorlito tarso comprimido, 
705. 
Cincle, 603. 
Cinclus, 91. 
cinclus (Actitis), 461. 
cinclus (Charadrius), 93. 
cinclus (Pelidna), 575, 
604,609. 
cinclus (Schoeniclus), 604. 
cinclus (Tringa), 604, 

609. 
cinclus (Trynga), 555. 
cincta (Squatarola), 238. 
cincta (Vanellus), 238. 
cinctus (Cursorius), 46, 
47,724. 
cinctus (Erythrogonys), 
125,731. 
cinctus (Hemerodromus), 

47. 
cinctus (Rhinoptilus), 

43, 46, 47, 724. 
cinctus (Vanellus), 125. 
cineracea (Scolopax), 481. 
cinerascens (Grlareola), 


65. 
cinerascens (Phalaropus), 


700. 
cinerea (Arenaria), 93. 
cinerea (Chettusia), 133, 


134. 
cinerea (Galachrysia), 65. 
cinerea (G-alactochrysea), 
62, 64, 726. 
cinerea (Glareola), 64. 
cinerea (Pluvianu*), 133. 
cinerea (Scolopax), 474. 
cinerea (Squatarola), 183. 
cinerea (Terekia), 474, 
475, 503, 763. 


cinerea (Tringa), 476, 

593. 
cinereicollis (JEgialitis), 
247. 
Cinereous Godwit, 481. 
cinereus (Canutus), 596. 
cinereus (Lobivanellus), 
133. 
cinereus (Microsarcops), 
131,732. 
cinereus (Numenius), 

474. 
cinereus (Phalaropus), 
696,700. 
cinereus (Bbynchosimus), 

476. 
cinereus (Simorhynchus), 
475. 
cinereus (Totanus), 476. 
cinereus (Xenus), 474, 
476. 
cinnamomeus (Helodroma3), 
761. 
cinnamomeus (Totanus), 

761. 
circumcincta (iEgialitis), 
203,294,748. 
circum ductus (Cbaradrius), 
293. 
Cirrepidesruus, 209. 
cirrbepidesmus (Ohara


drius), 223. 
Cladorbynehus, 309, 


324. 
Olorhjnehus, 335. 
Cock Coot-footed Tringa, 
699. 
cosiest is (Gallinago), 636. 
ccelestie (Scoiopax), 633. 
Coenocorypha, 616. 
Coleorhamphua, 710. 
Collared Plover, 243. 
Collared Pratincole, 54. 
collaris (iEgialitis), 255, 
288, 747. 
collaris (Cbaradrius), 

288. 
collaris (Hiaticula), 288. 
collaris (Morinella), 92. 
collaris (Strepsilas), 93. 
collaris (Tachydroinus), 
43. 
columbina (Hiaticula), 
218. ^ 
columbinus (Cbaradrius), 
218. 
Combattant, Le, 500. 
Common Curlew, 343. 
Common Godwit, 373. 
Common Bedshank, 414, 
417. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Common Sandpiper, 

456. 
Common Snipe, 633. 
communis (Scolopax), 
674. 
communis (Vanellus), 
169. 
cooperi (Actodromas), 
574. 
cooperi (Heteropygia), 
574. 
cooperi (Tringa), 574. 
Coot-footed Tringa, 698. 
cordifera (Parra), 86. 
Coromandel Plover, 39. 
Coromandel Pratincole, 
58. 
coromandelicus (Charadrius), 
34, 39. 
coromandelicus (Cursorius), 
34, 39, 723. 
coromandelicus (Tachydromus), 
39. 
coronata (Cliettusia), 


178. 
coronatus (iEgialitis), 
173. 
coronatus (Cbaradrius), 
178. 
coronatus (Hoplopterus), 
178. 
coronatus (Pluvianus), 
178. 
coronatus (Stepbanibyx), 
177,178,736. 
coronatus (Vanellus), 
174,178. 
corrira (Cbaradrius), 35. 
couesi (Arquatella), 583, 

584. 
couesi (Tringa), 583. 
Goulon-chaud, Le, 92. 
Coulon-cbaud cendre, Le, 
92. 
Coulon-cbaud de Cayenne, 
92. 
Coulon-cbaud gris de 
Cayenne, 92. 
Coure-vite, Le, 34. 
Courliew, Le, 355. 
Courlis, Le, 341. 
Courlis, Petit, 355. 
Courlis taehete* de Flsle 

de Lucon, Le, 361. 
Courly, Le, 341. 
Courly de Terre, 4. 
Courly de Madagascar, 

Le/341. 
Courser, Cream-coloured, 

34. 
Courvite, Le, 34. 
Courvite de la Cote de 

Coromandel, 39. 
Cracticornis, 340. 
crassirostris (Catoptro


phorus), 407. 
crassirostris (Cbaradrius), 
214. 
crassirostris (Cbettusia) 
126, 127. 
crassirostris (Defilippia), 
126, 127, 733. 
crassirostris (Eudromias), 

219. 
crassirostris (Hemiparra), 
126, 127. 
crassirostris (Hoplopterus), 
127. 
crassirostris (Limnetes), 

127. 
crassirostris (Totanus), 
405. 
crassirostris 
(Tringa), 
568, 585, 593, 600, 

678. 
crassirostris (Vanellus), 
_ 127, 128, 732. 
Cream-coloured Courser, 

34. 
crepitans (GEdicnemus), 
4, 6, 18, 721. 
cristata ^ Parra), 73, 80, 

81. 
cristatus (Cbaradrius), 
157. 
cristatus (Hydralector), 
73,780. 
cristatus (Vanellus), 167, 

735. 
crozettensis (Chionarchus), 
711, 713. 
Crymophilus, 693. 
cucullata (Hiaticula), 

302. 
cucullatus (iEgialitis), 
256, 302, 749. 
cucullatus (Cbaradrius), 

302. 
cucullatus (Chettusia), 
148. 
cucullatus (Lobivanellus), 
148. 
cucullatus (Vanellus), 
248. * 
cucullatus (Xipbidiopterus), 
146,148. 
cuneieauda (Glareola), 

718. 
cuprea (Parra), 73. 
Curlew, 341. 
Curlew, Cape, 58S, 
Curlew, Common, 343. 
Curlew, Esquimaux, 365, 
368, 370. 
Curlew, Hudsonian, 364. 
Curlew, Lesser, 355. 
Curlew, Long-billed, 

353. 
Curlew, Luzonian, 361. 
Curlew, Madagascar, 

343. 
Curlew, Otaheite, 367. 
Curlew, Petit, 355. 
Curlew, Pygmy, 586. 
Curlew, Small Esquimaux, 
369. 
Curlew, Stone, 4. 
Curlew Sandpiper, 589. 
curonica (Hiaticula), 

265. 
curonieus (iEgialitis), 
265, 745. 
curonieus (Charadrius), 

263. 
Cursor, 34. 
Cursoriidas, 2, 26. 
Cursorius, 27, 32, 34. 
cursorius (Ealeinellus), 

588. 
curvirostris (Rhynchsea), 

691. 
euvieri (Ealcinellus), 588. 
cyanopus (Nurnenius), 
350, 753. 

damacensis (Actodromas), 
554. 
damacensis (Limonites), 
538, 553, 767. 
damacensis (Totanus), 
545, 547, 553, 555. 
damacensis (Tringa), 540, 
545, 550, 557. 
damarensis (Charadrius), 

231. 
dealbata (iEgialitis), 282. 
dealbatus (iEgialitis), 
277, 279, 746. 
dealbatus (Cliaradrius), 

278. 
Defilippia, 122, 126. 
delamottii (Scolopax),634. 
delicata (G-allmago), 617, 
642, 643, 647, 650, 651, 

659. 
Delopygia, 561. 
desertorum (GEdicnemus), 

6. 
dethardingii (Scolopax), 

586. 
Dilobus, 130. 
dinghami (Stephanibyx), 

178. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

dingbami (Vanellus), 178. 
dominica (Pai*ra), 138. 
dominicensis (GEdicnemus), 
14. 
dominicensis (Tringa), 

563. 
dominicus (Cbaradrius), 
195, 196, 201, 738. 
dorsalis (Pelidna), 570. 
dorsalis (Tringa), 570. 
Dotterell, 234, 235. 
douglasii (Gallinago), 

643. 
douglasii (Scolopax), 642. 
douglasii (Tringa), 401. 
Douglas's Snipe, 642. 
Douglas'sStilt Sandpiper, 

401. 
Dromas, 26, 27. 
Dromicus, 123. 
Dromocbelidon, 53. 
drummondi (Gallinago), 

642. 
drummondi (Scolopax), 

642. 
Drummond's Snipe, 642. 
dubia (iEgialitis), 255, 
263, 266, 745. 
dubius (Charadrius), 263. 
dudoroa (Cbaradrius), 

304. 
Dunlin, 603. 
durnfordi (Hsematopus), 
117, 731. 
dur villi! (Squatarola), 

238. 
Dusky Plover, 211. 
duvaucelii (Cbaradrius), 

159. 
Dwarf Spoon-bill, 535. 

Echasse, L', 310. 
Echasse du Mexique, 320. 
edwardsi (Limosa), 389. 
elegans (Gallinago), 649. 
elegans (Hiaticula), 277. 
elegans (Scolopax), 649. 
elorides (Tringa), 613. 
emini (Galactochrysea), 
62, 64, 706. 
emini (Glareola), 64. 
empusa (Aetitis), 461. 
empusa (Totanus), ^61. 
empusa (Tringoides), 461. 
Equestrian Sandpiper, 

500. 
equestris (Tringa), 500. 
Ereunetes, 340, 514. 
Erodia, 27. 
Erody, Abyssinian, 29. 
Erythrogonys, 122, 124. 

erythropus (Charadrius), 

263. 
Erytbroscelis, 409. 
Esacus, 3, 20, 22. 
escbscholtzii (Tinoehorus), 
720. 
Esquimaux Curlew, 365. 
Eudromias,146,234,733. 
Euhyas, 736. 
Euliga, 509. 
Eurhynorbynchus, 520, 
525, 535. 
europsea (Avocetta), 328. 
europaa (Ostralega), 109. 
europasa (Recurvirostra), 

328. 
europsea (Eusticola), 674. 
europasus (Cursor), 723. 
europseus (Cursorius), 34. 
europseus (Himantopus), 

313. 
europseus (CEdicnemus), 

6. 
europseus (Tacbydromus), 

35. 
Eurynorbyncbus, 766. 
Eurypterus, 145, 171. 

faeroeensis (Gallinago), 

636. 
faeroeensis (Telmatias), 

634. 
falcinella (Tringa), 586. 
Falcinellus, 585. 
Ealcirostra, 335. 
falklandica (iEgialitis), 
256, 295, 748. 
falklandica (Attagis), 

717. 
falklandica (Coturnix), 

717. 
falklandica (Hiaticula), 

295. 
falklandica (Perdix), 716. 
falklandicus (Charadrius), 
295, 296. 
falklandicus (Tetrao),716. 
fasciata (Tringa), 174. 
Fedoa, 3, 372. 
fedoa (Limicula), 391. 
fedoa (Limosa), 373, 391, 

756. 
fedoa (Scolopax), 391. 
fedoa (Totanus), 392. 
fern oralis (Numenius), 

367. 
ferruginea (Limosa), 373. 
ferruginea (Tringa), 586, 
596, 768. 
ferrugineicolliB(Totanus), 

395. 

778 

ferruginous (Numenius), 

586. 
ferrugineus (Totanus), 

373. 
fimbriate (Phalaropus), 

706. 
Finmark Snipe, 633. 
fissipes (Eeourvirostra), 

382. 
fistulans (Glottis), 484. 
iistulans (Totanus), 484. 
flavipes (iEgialodes), 434. 
flaripes (Ohettusia), 172. 
flavipes (Garabetta), 433. 
flavipes (Scolopax), 431. 
flavipes (Totanus), 409, 
431, 432, 759. 
nayipes (Vanellus), 171. 
floridanus (Glottis), 484. 
fluviatilis (^Egialitis), 264. 
fluviatilis (Oharadrius), 

264. 
fluTiatilis (Plurialis), 267. 
foeda (Limosa), 392. 
forbesi (iEgialitis), 250. 
forbesi (Oharadrius), 

250. 
forbesi (Oxyechus), 250, 
743, 744. 
forsteri (Ohionis), 711. 
foxii (Limosa), 379. 
frazari (Hasmatopus), 
117,730. 
Freckled Sandpiper, 5%. 
frenafa (Gallinago), 617, 
646, 647, 648, 651. 
frenata (Scolopax), 646, 
648, 651. 
frenata (Telmatias), 646. 
frenatus (Oharadrius), 18. 
frenatus (Oursor), 39. 
frenatus (Lobipes), 706. 
frenatus (Phalaropus), 

706. 
frontalis (Anarhynehus), 
306, 750. 
frontalis (Oharadrius), 
180,306. 
frontalis (Haematopus), 

306. 
frontalis (Hiaticula), 

298. 
frontalis (Thinornis), 

306. 
fulicaria (Tringa), 694. 
fulicarius (Crymophilus), 
693, 696. 
fulicarius (Phalaropus), 
694, 695,70L 
fuliginosa (Gambetta), 

454. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

f uliginosus (Hsematopus), 

118. 
fuliginosus (Melanibyx), 

118. 
fuliginosus (Totanus), 
4*5^$ 4oo 
Fulvous Plover, 196. 
fulvus (Oharadrius), 196, 

738. 
fulvus (Pluvialis), 200. 
fusea (Hiaticula), 238. 
fusca (Limosa), 411. 
fusea (Scolopax), 409. 
fusca (Squatarola), 238. 
fusca (Tringa), 53, 700. 
fuscicollis (Actodromas), 

575. 
fuscicollis (Heteropygia), 
561, 562,574, 768. 
fuscicollis (Tringa), 563, 
574,768. 
fuscocapillus (Totanus), 

433. 
fuscus (Oharadrius), 218. 
fuscus (Erythroscelus), 

412. 
fuscus (Phalaropus), 


700. 
fuscus (Sarciophorus), 


131. 
fuscus (Totanus), 409, 
410,417,758. 

Galactochrysea, 27, 53, 

62. 
galapagensis (Hsematopus), 
116. 
gallicus (Oharadrius), 34. 
gallicus (Cursorius), 34, 
35, 723. 
gallicus (Tachydromus), 

35. 
gallinacea (Ohettusia), 

139. 
gallinacea (Parra), 79,81. 
gallinaceus (Oharadrius), 

139. 
gallinaceus(Hydralector), 
79,81,728. 
gallinaceus (Lobivanellus), 
139. 
gallinaceus (Metopidius), 

80. 
gallinaceus (Vanellus), 
139 
Gallinago, 521, 616. 
gallinago (Ascalopax), 

gallinago (Gallinago), 616, 

617, 621,633,636, 644. 

653,659. 

gallinago (Scolopax), 619, 
633,636,642,657. 
gallinago (Telmatias), 
631, 634. 
gallinaria (Gallinago), 
636, 643. 
gallinaria (Scolopax), 

633. 
gallinula (Ascolopax), 

667. 
gallinula (Gallinago), 

667. 
gallinula (Limnocryptes), 
665, (J66, 
gallinula (Philolinmos), 

666. 
gallinula (Scolopax), 665. 
gallinula (Telmatias),667. 
Gambetta, 409. 
Gambette, La, 414. 
gangetica (Glareola), 65. 
gavia (Oharadrius), 168. 
gavia (Yanellus), 168. 
gayi (Attagis), 715. 
geoffroyi (IEgialitis), 218, 

740. 
geoffroyi (Oharadrius), 
217/231,740. 
geoffroyi (Cirrepidesmus), 
218. 
geoffroyi (Eudromias), 

219. 
geoffroyi (Glareola), 62. 
geoffroyi (Hiaticula), 218. 
geoffroyi (Ochthodromus), 
210, 217, 218, 
225, 740. 
georgiea (Tringa), 550. 
Giarole, La, 54. 
gigantea (Gallinago), 618, 
658, 659. 
gigantea (Scolopax), 65SP 

659. 
gigantea (Telmatias), 

659. 
gigantea (Xylocota), 659. 
giganteus (Oharadrius), 
18,22. 
giganteus (OEdicnemns), 

23. 
gigas (IEgialitis), 218. 
glacialis (Phalaropus), 

694. 
glacialis (Tringa), 694. 
Glareola, 27, 53. 
glareola (Actitis), 494. 
glareola (Oharadrius), 

211. 
glareola (Pratincola), 55. 
glareola (Rhyacophilus), 
490,491,493,494,764. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

glareola (Totanus), 491, 

764. 
glareola (Tringa), 444, 

491. 
glareola (Trynga), 449, 

453. 
glareoloides (Totanus), 

494. 
glaucopus (Charadrius), 

200. 
Glottis, 339, 480. 
glottis (Glottis), 485. 
glottis (Limicola), 484. 
glottis (Limosa), 484. 
glottis (Seolopax), 481. 
glottis (Totanus), 482, 

763. 
glottoides (Glottis), 484. 
glottoides (Limosa), 484. 
glottoides (Totanus), 484, 

486. 
Goa Sandpiper, 149. 
Godwit, 373,381. 
Godwit, American, 391. 
Godwit, Bar-tailed, 373, 

374. 
Godwit, Black-tailed, 
384, 385. 
Godwit, Cambridge, 

409. 
Godwit, Cinereous, 481. 
Godwit, Common, 373. 
Godwit, Great Marbled, 

392. 
Godwit, Greater American, 
391. 
Godwit, Hudsonian, 

388. 
Godwit, Marbled, 391. 
Godwit, Red, 381. 
Godwit, Bed-breasted, 

388. 
Godwit, White, 389. 
goensis (Chcetusia), 150. 
goensis (Lobivanellus), 

149. 
goensis (Parra), 149. 
goensis (Sarcogrammus), 

149. 
goensis (Tringa), 149. 
goensis (Vanellus), 149. 
Golden Plover, 192. 
gracilis (iEgialitis), 266, 

289. 
gracilis (Charadrius), 

266. 
gracilis (Cursorius), 45, 
46, 724. 
gracilis (Pelidna), 557. 
gracilis (Ehinoptilus), 

46. 

gracilis (Totanus), 424. 
gracilis (Tringa), 585. 
grfficus (Totanus), 417. 
grallaria (Glareola), 51, 

725. 
grallaria (Stiltia), 52. 
grallarius (Burhinus), 
18, 19, 722. 
grallarius (Charadrius), 

18. 
grallarius (Himantopus), 

18. 
grallarius (QEdicnemus), 
18, 722. 
grallarius (Yanellus), 

171. 
grallator (Cursorius), 44. 
grallatoris (Totanus), 

493. 
grallatoris (Tringa), 491. 
granadensis (Gallinago), 

648. 
Grande Barge grise, 

373. 
Grande Barge rousse, La, 
373, 381. 
Grand Jacana verd a 
crete, Le, 73. 
Grand Pluvier, 4. 
Great-billed Plover, 18. 
Great American Godwit, 

391. 
Great Marbled Godwit, 

392. 
Great Plover, 6. 
Great Snipe, 626. 
Greater Yellow-shanks, 

428. 
Green-headed Plover, 32. 
Green Jacana, 85. 
Green leg'd Horseman, 

481. 
Green Plover, 191. 
Green-rump Tatler, 444. 
Green Sandpiper, 437, 

500. 
Green-shank, 481. 
Greenwich Sandpiper, 

500. 
gregaria (Chsetusia), 174, 
175,736. 
gregaria (Chettusia), 

175. 
gregaria (Tringa), 373. 
Gregarious Plover, 174. 
gregarius (Charadrius), 

174. 
gregarius (Yanellus), 174, 

736. 
grenovicensis (Tringa), 

500. 

Grey Coot-footed Tringa, 

693. 
Grey Phalarope, 694, 

699. 
Grey Plover, 182. 
Grey Sandpiper, 182. 
grisea (Arenaria), 526. 
grisea (Calidris), 530. 
grisea (Carvanaca), 20. 
grisea (Glottis), 484. 
grisea (Limosa), 384, 396. 
grisea (Scolopax), 394. 
grisea (Squatarola), 183. 
grisea (Tringa), 596. 
griseopyga (Gambetta), 

450. 
griseopygius (Totanus), 

450. 
griseus (Charadrius),218. 
griseus (Ereunetes), 396. 
griseus (Eurynorhynchus), 
535. 
griseus (Limnodromus), 

396. 
griseus (Macrorhamphus), 
393, 394, 398, 
400,401, 757. 
griseus (CEdicnemus), 6. 
griseus (Phalaropus), 

694. 
griseus (Pseudops), 20. 
griseus (Totanus), 484. 
griseus (Vanellus), 187. 
Grisled Sandpiper, 596. 
Grive-d'eau, La, 468. 
Guignard, Le, 234, 235. 
Guignard d'Angleterre, 

234. 
guinetta (Totanus), 459. 
guinetta (Trynga), 424. 
Guignette, La, 456. 
gularis (Charadrius), 

223. 
guttifer (Pseudoglottis), 

479. 
guttifer (Pseudototanus), 
479, 763. 
guttifer (Totanus), 479. 
guttifer (Xenus), 479. 
guttifera (Terekia), 479. 
guttiferus (Totanus), 

479. 
gymnostoma (Jacana), 

87. 
gymnostoma (Parra), 86. 

hasmantopus (Charadrius), 
310. 
haamastiea (Limosa), 389, 

756. 
Haematopodinffl, 90, 105. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Haamatopus, 105. 
hsesitatus (Nunienius), 

357. 
hardwickii (Liinosa), 
502. 
hardwickii (Scoiopax), 
G52, 654. 
hartingi (JSgialitis), 262. 
hartingi (Oharadrius), 

262. 
hartingi (Rhinoptilus), 
43, 46, 724. 
hartlaubi (Limicola), 


613. 
hartlaubi (Tringa), 613. 
haughtoni (Pseudototanus), 
479. 
haughtoni (Totanus), 
479, 763. 
helebi (Eecurvirostra), 


328. 
helenoe (JEgialitis), 749. 

helense (Oharadrius), 

749. 
helevi (Eecurvirostra), 
328. 
Helodromas, 338, 437, 
457. 
Helortyx, 30. 
helvetica (Squatarola), 
737. 
helvetica (Tringa), 182. 
hel^eticus (Oharadrius), 
183. 
helveticus (Vanellus), 
183. 
Heraerodromus, 43. 
Hernipalama, 514. 
Hemiparra, 126. 
Hemipodius nieiffreni, 
30. 
hemirhynchus (JSfumenius), 
369. 
Heteractitis, 338, 449. 
heterocerca (Gallinago), 

620,625. 
heteroeca (G-allinago), 

625. 
BCeteropoda, 514. 
Heteropygia, 520, 561. 
Heteroscelus, 449. 
heterura (G-allinago), 
619, 623, 625. 
heterura (Scoiopax), 619, 

625. 
heywoodi (Oharadrius), 
285. 
heywoodi (Hiaticula), 
284. 
hiaticola (JEgialitis), 254, 
256, 257, 743. 

hiaticola (Oharadrius), 

257. 
hiaticula (JSgialitis), 262, 
267, 743. 
hiaticula 
(Oharadrius), 
217,251,262,264,293, 

743. 
hiaticula (Tringa), 250. 
hiaticuloides (JEgialitis), 
259. 
hiaticuloides (Oharadrius), 
265. 
High-legged Plover, 18. 
hilarea (Rhynchaea), 691. 
hilarii (Rhynchsea), 691. 
Himantellus, 309. 
Himantopodinse, 90, 300, 

309. 
Hirnantopus, 309. 
himantopus (Oharadrius), 
310, 320. 
himantopus (Cursorius), 

311. 
himantopus (Ereunetes), 
403. 
himantopus (Hemipalma), 
401. 
himantopus (Himantopus), 
309, 310, 750. 
himantopus (Hvpsibates), 

312. 
himantopus (Limosa), 
312. 
himantopus (Micropalama), 
401, 402, 757. 
himantopus (Micropelma), 
403. 
himantopus (Eecurvirostra), 
320. 
himantopus (Totanus), 

402. 
himantopus (Tringa), 
401. 
Hirundo pratincola, 53. 
Hodites, 405. 
holmesii (Scoiopax), 
662. 
Holopodius, 705. 
homeyeri (Oharadrius), 
259. 
Homoptilura, 616. 
Hooded Plover, 128. 
Hoplopterus, 145, 157. 
Hoploxypterus, 123,135, 
136. 
Horseman, Green-leg'd, 
481. 
horsfieldi (Gallinago), 
619. 
horsfieldi (Glottis), 424, 
484. 
horsfieldi (Limosa), 424, 

426, 484. 

horsfieldi (Scoiopax), 619. 

horsfieldi (Spilura), 620. 

horsfieldi (Totanus), 424, 

485. 
Hudsonian Curlew, 364. 
Hudsonian G-odwit, 388. 
hudsonica (Fedoaj, 388. 
hudsonica (Limicola), 
3^8. 
hudsonica (Limosa), 373, 
3SS, 756. 
hudsonica (Scoiopax j , 

388. 
hudsonica (Totanus), 389. 
hudsonica (Tringa), 92. 
hudsonieus (Xumenius), 
344,364,365, 368,754. 
hudsonieus (Phceopus), 

365. 
huegeii (Gallinago), 6G3. 
Huitrier, 107, 109. 
Eyas, 32. 
Hydralector, 68} 79. 
Hydrophasianus, 09. 
Hydrophasis, OS, 69,727. 
hyeinalis (Gallinago), 
655. 
hyemalis (Scoiopax), 655. 
Hyetoceryx, 2u9. 
hyperborea (Tringa), 

699. 
hyperboreus (Lobipes), 
700, 701. 
hyperboreus (Phalaropus), 
694, 696, 698. 
Irypoleuca (Guinetta), 
k461. 
hypoleuca (Hasmatopus), 

111. 
hypoleucus (Actitis), 456. 
hypoleucus (Totanus), 
458, 471, 762. 
hypoleucus (Tringa), 456. 
hypoleucus (Tringoides), 

456, 459, 762. 
hypomelsena (Parra), 85. 
hypomelanus (Oharadri


us), 183. 
hypomelas (Oharadrius), 

182. 
Hypsibates, 309. 
Ibidorhynchinse, 91, 335. 
Ibidorhynchus, 335. 
illyricus (Oharadrius), 4. 
imperialis (Gallinago), 
t 618,664. 
imperialis (Scoiopax), 

664. 
incana (Actitis), 451. 
incana (Scolopax), 453. 
incanus (Actitis), 454. 
incanus (Heteractitis), 

449, 453, 761. 
incanus (Heteroscelus), 
451,454. 
incanus (Lobipes), 706, 

709. 
incanus (Totamis), 450, 
453,454,760. 
inconspicua (Hiaticula), 

227. 
inconspicuus (Oharadrius), 
226. 
Indian Jaeana, 72. 
Indian Plover, 250. 
indiana (Limicola), 475. 
indica (iEgialitis), 247, 

250. 
indica (Chettusia), 149. 
indica (Gallinago), 620. 
indica-(Hiaticula), 247. 
indica (Parra), 69, 72. 
indica (Bostratula), 684. 
indica (Rhynehsea), 686. 
indica (Scolopax), 684. 
indica (Totanus), 502. 
indica (Tringa), 149. 
indie us (Oharadrius), 
247, 262, 744. 
indicus (Lobivanellus), 
149, 734. 
indicus (Metopidius), 72, 
73, 727. 
indicus ((Edicnemus), 

6. 
indicus (Philomachus), 
503. 
indicus (Sarcograrnmus), 
503. 
indicus (Scolopax), 674, 
677. 
indicus (Totanus), 412. 
ingse (Thinocorus), 718. 
inornata (IEgialitis), 
223. 
inornata (Chettusia), 
133,181. 
inornata (Hiaticula), 218, 
223* 
inornata (Symphemia\ 
407,408. 
inornatus (Oharadrius), 

223. 
inornatus (Hoplopterus), 
181. 
inornatus (Lobivanellus), 
133. 
inornatus 
(Ochthodromas), 
219, 224. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

inornatus (OEdicnemus), 

10. 
inornatus (Sarcogrammus), 
133. 
inornatus (Stephanibyx), 
178, 182, 737. 
inornatus (Vanellus), 180, 

181. 
Isabella (Glareola), 51. 
isabellce (Rhirnphalea), 
52. 
Isabella* (Stiltia), 51, 52, 
725. 
isabellina (Grlareola), 52. 
isabellinus (Oharadrius), 
297. 
isabellinus (Cursor), 35. 
isabellinus (Cursorius), 
35,232. 
isabellinus (Ortyxelus), 

31. 
islandica (Calidris), 596. 
islandica (Liniosa), 383. 
islandica (Tringa), 586, 
596. 
islandica (Trynga), 597. 
islandicus (Canutus), 
596. 
islandicus (Numenius), 
357. 
intermedia (Parra), 82. 
intermedius (iEgialitis), 
259, 266. 
intermedius(Oharadrius), 

265. 
intermedius (Himantopus), 
312. 
intermedius (Numenius), 

365. 
interpres (Arenaria), 92, 
728, 741. 
interpres (Oharadrius), 

93. 
interpres (Cinclus), 93. 
interpres (Morinella), 
93. 
interpres (Strepsilas), 93, 
728. 
Jaeana, African, 76. 
Jaeana arme, 84. 
Jaeana, Black, 84. 
Jaeana, Chestnut, 82. 
Jaeana, Chinese, 69. 
Jaeana du Bresil, 86. 
Jaeana, Green, 85. 
Jaeana, Indian, 72. 
Jaeana, Le, 85. 
Jaeana, Luzonian, 69. 
Jaeana varie, Le, 86. 
Jaeana vert, 85. 

Jaeana, 68, 81, 82. 
jaeana (Jaeana), 82, 83, 

728. 
jaeana (Parra), 38,82, 86, 
728. 
Jack-Snipe, 665, 666. 
jadreca (Limosa), 383. 
Jadreka Snipe, 381. 
jamaicensis (Oharadrius), 
243. 
jamesoni (Cursorius), 36. 
jamesoni (Gallinago), 
616, 618, 661. 
jamesoni (Scolopax), 

661. 
jamesoni (Xylocota), 661. 
japonica (Gallinago), 
655. 
japonica (Scolopax), 655. 
japonica (Spilura), 655. 
jassana (Parra), 82. 
javanica (Rusticola), 
678. 
javanica (Terekia), 475. 
javanicus (Totanus), 474, 
478. 
jerdoni (iEgialitis), 267. 
jerdoni (Oharadrius), 
267. 
Jud-cock, 665. 
jugularis (Oharadrius), 
230. 
kaufmanni (Falcirostra), 

335. 
Kentish Plover, 277. 
keptuschka (Tringa), 
174. 
keptuschka (Vanellus), 
174. 
kittlitzi (iEgialitis), 297, 
298. 
kittlitzi (Oharadrius), 
298. 
kittlitzi (Leucopolius), 
298. 
Knot, 593, 597. 
knudseni (Himantopus), 
310, 323, 751. 
kuhlii (Totanus), 494. 

lactea (Chionis), 711. 
lactea (Galachrysia), 65. 
lactea (Galactochrysea), 

62, 65, 727. 
lactea (Glareola), 65, 

727. 
lacunosa (Gallinago), 
659. 
lacustris (Gallinago), 
636. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

lacustris (Telraatias), 636. 
lapponica (Limicula), 

373. 
lapponica (Limosa), 372, 
373, 374, 378, 379, 

755. 
lapponica (Scolopax), 
373,388. 
Lapwing, 166. 
larvatus (Characlrius), 

288. 
lateralis (Ohettusia), 


144. 
lateralis (Lobivanellus), 
139, 144, 733. 
lateralis (Yanellus), 144. 
lathami (Totanus), 424. 
lafcicauda (Bartramia), 

509. 
latifrons (Sarciopliorus), 
128,130. 
latipennis (Gallinago), 
636, 640. 
latreillii (Attagis), 715. 
Leimonites, 537. 
Leptodactylus, 681. 
Leptopas, 681. 
Leptorhynchus, 324. 
Leptoscelis, 681. 
leschenaulti (iEgialitis), 

219. 
leschenaulti (Charadrius), 
217, 227. 
leschenaulti (Hiaticula), 

227. 
Lesser Curlew, 355. 
Lesser Woodcock, 679. 
lessoni (Dromieus), 123. 
leucocephala (Becurvirosfcra), 
324. 
leucocephalus (Oladorhynchus), 
324, 325, 

751. 
leucocephalus (Himantopus), 
310, 313, 317, 
319,751. 
leuoophsea (Limosa), 373, 

383. 
leucophsea (Scolopax), 
373, 394, 398. 
leucophseus (Totanus), 

373. 
leucopodus (Hsematopns), 
113. 
leucopolia (Hiaticula), 

283. 
Leueopolius, 254. 
leueopolius (Charadrius), 

282. 
leucoptera (Defilippia), 
127,128, 732. 

leucoptera (Prosobonia), 

525. 
leucoptera (Tringa), 525. 
leucoptera (Trynga), 

456. 
leucopterus (Phegomis), 

525. 
leucopterus (Tringoides), 

525. 

leucopterus (Yanellus), 

127. 
leucopus (Hssmatopus), 
113, 730. 
leucopus (Ostralega), 113. 
leucopyga (Totanus), 

434. 
leucourus (Totanus), 439. 
leucura (Cbettusia), 172. 
leucura (Euhyas), 736. 
leucura (Squatarola), 

172. 
leucurus (Charadrius), 

171. 
leucurus (Eurypterus), 
171,736. 
leucurus (Helodromas), 

440. 
leucurus (Himantopus), 

321. 
leucurus (Lobivanellus), 

172. 
leucurus (Scolopax), 628, 
leucurus (Totanus), 439. 
leucurus (Yanellus)} 172. 
liberie (G-alactocbrysea), 
62,63,726. 
liberie (Q-lareola), 63, 

726. 
Iimbata (G-lareoIa), 55. 
Limicola, 480, 520, 612. 
Limicolae, 1. 
Limicula, 372. 
Limnetes, 126. 
Limnocinelus, 561. 
Limnocryptes, 521, 665. 
Limnodronius, 393. 
Limonites, 520, 537. 
Limosa, 338, 372. 
limosa (Actitis), 381. 
limosa (Limosa), 373, 
381, 384, 386, 756. 
limosa (Scolopax), 381. 
limosa (Totanus), 381. 
lineomiensis (Tringa), 
.580. 
lineatus (Numenius), 344, 
346,753. 
Little Kinged Plover, 

265. 
Little Sandpiper, 514 
Little Stint, 540. 

Little Woodcock, 679. 
littoralis (Charadrius), 

276. 
littoralis (Strepsilas), 

93. 
littoralis (Totanus), 

417. 
littoralis (Tringa), 580. 
littorea (Tringa), 500. 
littorea (Trynga), 491. 
littoreus (Totanus), 486, 

763. 
lobata (Ohettusia), 139. 
lobata (Tringa), 139, 694, 

699. 
lobatus (Charadrius), 

139. 
lobatus (Lobibyx), 139. 
lobatus (Lobipes), 702. 
lobatus (Lobivanellus), 
138,139, 733. 
lobatus (Phalaropus), 
694, 696, 701, 705. 
lobatus (Yanellus), 139. 
Lobibyx,' 138. 
Lobipes, 698. 
lobipes (Phalaropus), 

701. 
Lobipluvia, 123, 130. 
Lobivanellinag, 90, 122. 
Lobivanellus, 123, 138. 
lomafina (Tringa), 597. 
Long-billed Curlew, 353. 
longicauda (Bartramia), 
509,511,765. 
longicauda (Totanus), 

510. 
longicauda (Tringa), 509. 
Ion gicaudatus( Actiturus), 

511. 
longicaudus (Actiturus), 

511. 
longicaudus (Bartramius), 
511. 
longipes (JBgialitis), 298. 
longipes (Charadrius), 
200, 201, 262. 
longipes (Falcirostra), 

335. 
longipes (Glareola), 59. 
longipes (Himantopus), 

312. 
longipes (CEdienemus), 

18. 
longipes (Pluviaiis), 200. 
longipes (Tringa), 4%l, 

411. 
longirostris (Gha.'radrius), 

187. 
longirostris , , Gullinago), 
631, 651, 

longirostris (Eeem&topua), 
111, 112, 730. 
longirostris (Heteropoda), 
516. 
longirostris (Macrorhaniphus), 
396. 
longirostris (Numenius), 
344, 352, 353, 753. 
longirostris (Scolopax), 

396. 
Long-legged Plorer, 310. 
Long-legged Sandpiper, 

401. 
Louisiana Sandpiper, 


140. 
luctuosus (Hsematopus), 

113. 
ludoviciana (Parra), 140. 
ludoviciana (Tringa), 

140. 
ludovicianus (Charadrius), 
140. 
ludovicianus (Lobivanellus), 
140. 
ludovicianus (Vanellus), 

140. 
Luzonian Curlew, 361. 
Luzonian Jacana, 69. 
luzoniensis (Numenius), 

361. 
luzoniensis (Parra), 69. 
luzoniensis (Scolopax), 

361. 

Machetes, 499. 
macrocerca (Chettusia), 

126. 
macroeercus (Vanellus), 

126. 
macrocnemis (OEdienemus), 
15. 
macrodactyla(Gallinago), 
617, 631, 649. 
macrodaetyla (Scolopax), 

650. 
macroptera (Chettusia), 

148. 
macroptera (Tringa), 

444. 
macropterus (Totanus), 

445. 
macropterus (Tringa), 

148. 
Maerorhaniphus, 338, 

393. 
macrorhynchus(Pelidn a), 

588. 
Macrotarsius, 43, 309. 
macularia (Actitis), 468, 

762. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

macularia (Tringa), 468. 
macularia (Tringoides), 

468. 
macularius (Actiturus), 

471. 
macularius (Totanus), 
468,762. 
macularius (Tringites), 

471. 
macularius (Tringoides), 
469, 762. 
maculata (Actodromas), 
563, 564. 
maculata (Heteropygia), 
561, 562, 565, 767. 
maculata (Pelidna), 563. 
maculata (Scolopax), 409. 
maculata (Tringa), 562, 
563, 571, 767. 
maculatus (Limnocinclus), 
564. 
maculatus (Totanus), 

410. 
maculosa (Tringa), 564. 
maculosus (CEdicnemus), 

15. 
Madagascar Curlew, 343. 
madagascariensis (Numenius), 
341. 
madagascariensis (Rhynchcea), 
685. 
madagascariensis (Scolopax), 
341, 683. 
maderaspatana (Rhynch£
ea), 685. 
maderaspatana (Scolopax), 
684. 
Madras Pratincole, 58. 
Madras Snipe, 683. 
magellanica (Scolopax), 

651. 
magellanicus (Gallinago), 

650. 
magellanicus (Scolopax), 

650. 
magna (Tringa), 601. 
magnirostris (JEsacus), 

23. 
magnirostris (Burhinus), 

22. 
magnirostris (Charadrius), 
18, 22. 
magnirostris (Esacus), 
22, 732. 
magnirostris (Eudro- • 
mias), 219. 
magnirostris (CEdicnemus), 
18, 22. 
magnirostris (Orthorhamphus), 
22, 23, 

722. 

magnus (Sehoeniclus), 

600. 
major (Ascalopax), 628. 
major (Charadrius), 259. 
major (Gallinago), 616, 
617, 626, 627. 
major (Numenius), 343, 
351, 753. 
major (CEdicnemus), 23. 
major (Scolopax), 627, 

674. 
major (Telmatias), 628. 
malabarica (Lobipluvia), 
131, 732. 
malabaricus (Charadrius), 
130. 
malabaricus (Dilobus), 

131. 

malabaricus (Hoplopterus), 
131, 160, 734, 

760. 
malabaricus (Lobivanellus), 
131. 
malabaricus (Sarciophorus), 
131. 
Maldivian Pratincole, 

58. 
malouina (Attagis), 717. 
Malouine Quail, 716. 
malouinus (Attagis), 715, 

716. 
malouinus (Tetrao), 716. 
Marbled Godwit, 391. ^ 
marchei (Glareola), 63, 

726. 
marchii (Galactochrysea), 
726. 
marginata (iEgialitis), 
255,282,287,283,285, 

747. 
marginata (Hiaticula), 

283. 
marginatus (Charadrius), 
277,282,285,286,747. 
marginatus (Leucopolius), 
283. 
maritima (Actia), 580. 
maritinia (Arquatella), 
548,578,580,583,768. 
maritima (Calidris), 580. 
maritima (Pelidna), 580. 
maritima (Tringa), 578, 
580, 583, 768. 
maritimus (Totanus), 

580. 
marmorata (Limicola), 

391. 
marmorata (Scolopax), 

391. 
marmoratus(Charadrius), 

200. 

martiniea (Ionornis), 85. 
mastersi (jEgialitis), 224. 
Maubeche, La, 593. 
Maubeche commune, La, 

596. 
Maubeche grise, 593, 


596. 
Maubeche tachetee, 593, 

596. 
maitri (Heteropoda), 514. 
maurii (Ereunetes), 515. 
mauritiana (Gf-allinago), 

649. a 
mauritiana (Scolopax), 
649, 685. 
Mbatuitui armado, 135. 
Mbatuitui collar negro, 

288. 
Mbatuitui de marinoi, 
199 
Mbatuitui pecho-listado, 

199. 
Mbatuitui zaneudo, 316. 
mechowi (iEgialitis), 
283, 284, 285. 
media (Gallinago), 626, 
633, 636. 
media (Scolopax), 626. 
medius (JSTumenius), 344. 
megala (Gallinago), 616, 
624, 769. 
megala (Scolopax), 625. 
megapoda (Glareola), 

63. 
megarhynchus (Actitis), 

461. 
megarhynchus (Charadrius), 
187. 
megarhynchus (Squatarola), 
187. 
meiffreni (Heloriyx), 30. 
meiffreni (Hemipodius), 

30. 
meiffreni (Ortygis), 30. 
meiffreni (Ortyxelus), 30, 

722. 
meiffreni (Oxytelus), 31, 

722. 
meiffreni (Psilocnemis), 

31. 
meiffreni (Torticella), 31. 
meiffreni (Turnix), 31. 
Melanibyx, 105. 
melanocephala (Arenaria), 
103, 729. 
melanocephala (Ohsetusia), 
154. 
melanocephala (Ohettusia), 
154. 
melanocephalus (Charadriua), 
32,103. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

melanocephalus (Cheilodromas), 
32. 
nielanoeephalus(Cinclus), 

103. 
melanocei^halus (Himantopus), 
313. 
melanocephalus (Lobivanellus), 
153. 
melanocephalus (PIuTianus;, 
32. 
melanocephalus (Sarciophorus), 
734. 
melanocephalus (Strepsilas), 
103. 
melanocephalus (Tyliby*)
f 153, 154, 734. 
melanocephalus (Vanellus), 
154. 
melanoehloris (Parra), 

73. 
meknogaster (S'quatarola), 
187. 
meknogaster (Tanellus), 
182 
melanoleuca (Gambetia), 

428. 
melanoleuca (Glottis), 

429. 
melanoleucus (JSgialodes), 
429. 
melanoleucus (Scolopax), 

427. 
melanoleucus (Totanus), 
409, 426, 427, 759. 
melanops (iEgialitis), 
256, 300, 749. 
melanops (Charadrius), 

300. 
melanoptera (Chettusia), 

180. 
melanoptera (Glareola), 
53, 57, 725. 
melanopteroides (Charadrius), 
181. 
melanopterus (iEgialitis), 

180. 
melanopterus (Charadrius), 
148,180. 
melanopterus (Himantopus), 
312, 318. 
melanopterus (Hoplopterus), 
180. 
melanopterus (Stephanibyx), 
177, 180, 736. 
melanopterus (Vanellus), 

180. 
melanopus (Numenius), 

353. 
melanopygia (Jacana), 
82,84. 
melanopygia (Parra), 84. 

melanopvgius (Totanus), 

509. 
melanorhynchus (Numenius), 
357, 302. 
melanofca (Tringa), 570. 
raeknotos (Pelidnal 575. 
melanotus (Tringa), 576. 
melanoviridis i Parra \ 73. 
melanura (Fecloal 3S3. 
melanura (Liniicula), 

melanura (Liinosa), 3S3, 
384, 388. 756 
melan uroides / Lim osa), 
379, 353. 334, 385. 
melanuroides (Totanus), 

384. 
melanuru^Himantopus), 
310, 316, 750. 
melanurus (Totanusj , 

384. 
nielas 'Himantopus), 310, 
323, 324, 751. 
melasomus (Vanellus), 

158. 
meloda (iEgialitis ^, 256, 
292, 293, 74S. 
meloda (Hiaticulat, 293. 
melor]us (JEgialeus), 293, 

748. 
melodus (Charadrius , 
292, 293. 
meridionalis (Sculopax), 

660. 
meridionalis fTotanus), 

417. 
Mesoseolopax. 338, 371. 
Metopidius, 68. 72, 727. 
mexicanus (Himantopus), 
310, 316, 320, 323, 

751. 
mexicanus (CEdicnemus), 
13, 320. 
meyeri (Fedoa), 374. 
meyeri (Limicula), 373. 
meyeri (Limosa\ 373. 
Micropaiama, 338, 401. 
Microparra, 88, 727. 
Microptera, 670. 
microrhynchus (--EgiaHtis)/
267,291. 
microrhynchus (Numenius),*
370. 
Microsarcops, 123, 131, 

133. 
migratoria (Gallinago), 

636. 
miles (Chettusia), 141. 
miles (Lobibyx), 141. 
miles (Lobivanellus), 139, 
140, 141, 733. 

miles (Tringa), 140. 
minima (Gallinago), 666, 

669. 
minor (iEgialitis), 264, 

745. 
minor (Charadrius), 264, 
277, 744. 
minor (Chionarchus),711, 

712. 
minor (Cliionis), 712, 

713. 
minor (Hemipalama), 


515. 
minor (Hiaticula), 265. 
minor (Himantopus), 


313. 
minor (Machetes), 503. 
minor (Microptera), 679. 
minor (Numenius), 357, 
359, 362, 371, 765. 
minor (Phgsopus), 357. 
minor (Philohela), 679. 
minor (Philolimnos), 

666. 
minor (Rusticola), 679. 
minor (Scolopax), 666, 

679. 
minor (Strepsilas), 93. 
minor (Tringa), 604. 
ininuta (Aetodromas), 

540. 
minuta (^gialitis), 282. 
minuta (Calidris), 540. 
minuta (Limonites), 537, 
538, 556, 766. 
minuta (Pelidna), 540. 
minuta (Schoeniolus), 

540. 
minuta (Tringa), 533, 
545, 546, 554, 766, 

767. 
minutilla (Aetodromas), 

550. 
minutilla (Limonites), 
538, 767. 
minutilla (Pelidna), 550. 
minutilla (Tringa), 546, 
548, 550. 
minutillus (Limonites), 

550. 
minutus (iEgialitis), 266. 
minutus (Charadrius), 
264, 279. 
minutus (Mesoscolopax), 
371, 755. 
minutus (Numenius), 

371. 
mitchelli (Leptoscelis), 

682. 
mitchelli (Leptodaetylus), 
682. 
VOL. XXIV. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

mitchelli (Leptopu?.), 

682. 
mitchelli (Phegornis), 
681,682. 
modesta (Eudrornias), 

238. 
moclesta (Squatarola), 

238. 
modesta (Zonibyx), 238, 

742. 
modestus (Charadrius), 
238, 742. 
modestus (Morinellus), 

238. 
modestus (Vanellus), 238. 
moluccensis (Phalaropus\ 
701. 
monacha (iEgialitis), 749. 
monacha (Hiaticula), 

302. 
monachus (iEgialitis), 

302. 
monachus (Charadrius), 

302. 
monachus (Leucopolius), 

302. 
mongola (iEgialitis), 224, 
227, 740. 
mongola (Hiaticola), 223. 
Mongolian Plover, 223. 
mongolica (iEu-ialitis), 
227, 740. 
mongolicus (IEgialitis), 
224, 227. 
mongolicus (Charadrius), 
201, 223, 227. 
mongolicus (Cirripedesmus), 
228. 
mongolicus (Eudrornias), 
224, 228. 
mongolus (iEgialitis), 
224, 228. 
mongolus (Charadrius), 

223. 
mongolus (Ochthoclromus), 
210, 223, 225, 
228, 740. 
montagui (Gallinago), 

628. 
montana (iEgialitis), 240, 

742. 
montana (Eudrornias), 

235. 
montanus (Charadrius), 

240. 
montanus (Eudrornias), 

240. 
montanus (Ochthodromus), 
240. 
montanus (Podasocvs), 
240, 742. 

moquini (Hsematopus), 
119,731. 
moquini (Melanibyx), 

119. 
Morinella, 91. 
morinella (Tringa), 92. 
Morinellus, 234. 
morinellu*! (Charadrius), 
234, 741. 
morinellus (Cinclus), 93. 
morinellus (Eudrornias), 
234, 235, 741. 
morinellus (Morinellus), 

234. 
morinellus (Pluvialis), 

234. 
muelleri (Calidris), 530. 
multif'asciata (Iletnipalma), 
403. 
multistriata (Hemipalma), 
402. 
myops (Charadrius), 130. 
myops (Hoplopterus), 

131. 

nsevia (Grlareola), 54. 
naevia (Tringa), 596. 
nasvius (Act id ur us), 522. 
nsevius (Charadrius), 182. 
nana (Pelidna), 550. 
nana (Tringa), 550. 
nasicus (Numenius), 

344. 
natalensis (CGdicnemus), 

11. 
natans (Glottis), 484. 
natans (Scolopax), 410. 
natans (Totanus), 410. 
natator (Totanus), 433. 
natrophila (Dendrochelidon), 
55. 
nebularius (Glottis), 480, 
481,763. 
nebularius (Scolopax), 

481. 
nebularius (Totanus), 
485,763. 
nebulosus (Charadrius) 

238. 
necrophaga (Cliionis), 

711. 
Nemoricola, 616. 
nemoricola (G-allinago), 
616, 618, 657. 
nemoricola (Scolopax), 

657. 
Neoscolopax, 521, 670. 
nepalensis (Nemoricola), 

657. 
New Holland Snipe. 652. 
New Zealand Plover, 304. 
3E 

niger (HjBtuatopus), 118, 

119, 120, 121, 731. 
niger (Himantopus), 324. 
niger (Melanibyx), 120. 
nigra (Jacanu), 84, 85. 
nigra (Parra), 85. 
nigricans (Tringa), 580. 
nigricollis (Hiuiantopus), 

313, 316, 320. 
nigricollis (Hypsibates), 
313, 321. 
nigricollis (Maerotarsus), 

323. 
nigrifrons (iEgialitis), 
300,749. 
nigrifrons (Charadrius), 

300. 
nigrifrons (Hiaticula), 
300. 
nigripennis (Gallinago), 
631, 649. 
nigris (iEgialitis), 250. 
nilsoni (G-allinago), 637. 
nipalensis (Grlareola), 

65. 
nisoria (Telmatias), 628. 
nivalis (Coleorampbus), 
710. 
niveifrons (iEgialitis), 
277,283. 
niveifrons (Charadrius), 
283,285. 
niveifrons (Leucopolius), 

283. 
niveigula (Glottis), 485. 
nivifrons (Obettusia), 
127. 
nivigula (Totanus), 485. 
nivosa (iEgialitis), 256, 
277, 289, 290, 291, 

748. 
nivosus (IEgialitis), 290. 
nivosus (Hemipodius), 
30.# 
nobilis (Gallinago), 617, 

648,650. 
nobilis (Scolopax), 648. 
Noisy Plover, 243. 
Komusia, 126. 
nordmanni (Grlareola), 

57, 62. 
notata (Actitis), 471. 
novas guineae (Hydra


lector), 81. 
novae guineas (Parra), 81. 
novas hollandiae (Avo


cetta), 333. 
novge hollandise (Burbinus), 
18. 
novse hoilandias (Hiraantopus), 
333. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

novas hollandke (Hydralector), 
SO. 
novas hollandise (Recurvirostra), 
326, 333, 

752. 
novse hollandia? (Vanellus), 
139. 
novas zealandia (Charadrius), 
304. 
no vie Zealand ias (Hiaticula), 
304. ^ 
novas zealandise (Hirnantopus), 
318. 319, 323. 
novas zealandise (Limosa), 
373, 377, 378, 755. 
novaa zealandise (Strepsilas), 
304. 
novas zealandise (Thinornis), 
304. 
noveboracensis (Limosa), 

373. 
noveboracensis (Limnodromus), 
395. 
noveboracensis (Macrorhamphus), 
396. 
noveboracensis (Seolopax),
394. 
no veboracensis (Totanus), 

395. 
nuchalis(Gralactochrysea), 
62, 64. 
nuehalis (Grlareola), 63,64. 
Numenius, 337, 340. 

oahuensis (Tringa), 93. 
obscurus (Charadrius), 

211. 
obscurus (Hyetoceryx), 
211. 
obscurus(Ochthodromus), 
210, 211, 739. 
obscurus (Pluviorhynchus), 
211. 
occidentalis (iEgialitis), 
256, 295, 748. 
occidentals (Charadrius), 

295. 
occidentalis (Ereunetes), 
516,766. 
occidentalis (Numenius), 

353. 
occidentalis (Recurvirostra). 
331. 
occidentalis (Rhynchsea), 

691. 
occidentalis (Vanellus), 
165,735. 
oceanica (G-ambetta), 454. 
oceanxcus (Heteroscelus), 

454. 
oceanieus (Totanus), 453. 
ocellatus (Ervthroscelus), 

412. 
ochropus (Actitis), 439. 
ochropus (Helodromas), 
437, 439, 759, 760. 
ochropus (Rhyacophilus), 

440. 
ochropus (Totanus), 437, 
439, 759. 
Oehthodroinus, 146, 209. 
ocrophus (Tringa), 437. 
ocularis (Galactocnrvsea), 

62, 726. 
ocularis (Grlareola), 62, 

726. 
Ocypetes, 717. 
CEclicneme du Senegal, 
10. 
(EJlicnemida, 2. 
ceclicneinus (Charadrius), 
4, 721. 
oedicnemus (Fedoa), 6. 
cedicnemus ((Edicnemus), 

3,4,6,78,721. 
cedicnemus (Otis), 4. 
okeni (Charadrius n 292. 
Oldham's Reve, Mr., 500. 
Olive, 107. 
ophthalmicus (H&tna


topus), 731. 
optatus (Machetes"), 503, 

503. 
opthalraicus (Haematopus), 
118. ' 
orbignianus (Thinocorus), 
718, 780. 
Oreophilus, 122, 123. 
orientalis (Charadrius), 

200, 201. 
orientalis (Okdorbynchus), 
325. 
orientalis (Eurynorhynchus), 
536. 
orientalis (Grlareola), 53, 
Q8, 65, 726. 
orientalis (Haematopus), 

109. # 
orientalis (Numenius), 
344. 
orientalis(Recurvirostra), 
324. 
orientalis (Rhynchsea), 
685. # 
orientalis (Scolopax), 674. 
orientalis (Tachydromus), 
39. 
orientalis (Tringa), 540. 
Orthorhamphus, 3, 22. 
Ortyxelus, 26,30. 
osculans (Hsematopus), 
111,730. 

Ostralega, 105. 
ostralegus (Hasmatopus), 
105,107,111,112,114, 

729. 
Otaheite Curlew, 367. 
Oxyechus, 146, 242. 
Oxytelus, 30. 
Oystereatcher, 107, 109. 
'114. 
Oystereatcher, Pied, 109. 

pacifica (Pelidna), 609, 

610. 
pacifica (Scolopax), 453. 
pacifica (Tringa), 610, 

769. 
pacificus (Tofanus), 454. 
pallasi (Glareola), 58. 
palliata (Ostralega), 115. 
palliatus (Haematopus), 
114, 116, 117, 730, 

731. 
pallida (VEgialitis), 255, 
2S4, 285, 747. 
pallidas (Charadrius), 
284, 285, 747. 
pallidus (Cursorius), 36. 
pallidas (Vanellus), 168. 
palmatus (Himantopus), 

325. 
paludosa (Gallinago), 
659, 660. 
paludosa (Telmatias), 

659. 
paludosa (Scolopax), 627, 

659. 
palustris (Scolopax), 

627. 
palustris (To tan us), 494. 
Paon de Mer, Le, 500. 
paraguaise (Gallinago), 
617,646. 
paraguaise (Scolopax), 

650. 
paraguavoe (G-allinago), 
650,651. 
pardela (Charadrius), 

183. 
Parra, 81,138. 
Parridfe, 2, 68. 
parvirostris (Mehmorhyncbus), 
525. 
parvirostris (Tringa), 

524. 
pastor (Charadrius), 297. 
Pavoncella, 339, 499. 
paykullii (Scolopax), 395. 
pectin? cauda (Scolopax), 

620. 
Pectoral Sandpiper, 563. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pectoralis (Charadrius), 
154,199. 
pectoralis (Chettusia), 

154. 
pectoralis (Cladorhynchus), 
325. 
pectoralis (Fedoa), 374. 
pectoralis (Hiaticula), 

298. 
pectoralis (Himantopus), 
325,751. 
pectoralis (Hoplopterus), 

154. 
pectoralis (Leptorhynchus), 
325. 
pectoralis (Liinnocinclus), 
561. 
pectoralis (Lobivanellus), 

154. 
pectoralis (Pelidna), 563, 

570. 
pectoralis (Sarciophorus\ 

154. 
pectoralis (Schceniclus), 

563. 
pectoralis (Tringa) j 563, 
564, ?&8. 
pectoralis (Xipbidiorhynchus), 
325. 
pecuaria (iEgialitis), 256, 
297, 749. 
pecuaria (Hiaticula), 

297. 
pecuarius (iEgialitis), 

297. 
pecuarius (Charadrius), 
297, 749. 
pecuarius (Leucopolius), 

298. 
pedestris (Totanus), 

450. 
Peet Weet, 469. 
Pelidna, 520, 602. 
Pelorhychus, 616. 
Peltohyas, 307. 
Peltohyatinse, 90, 207, 

307. 
Perdrix-de-Mer, Le, 53, 

58. t 
Perdrix-de-Mer a collier, 
Le, 53. 
Perdrix-de-Mer brune, 
La, 54. 
Perdrix-de-Mer du Senegal, 
53. 
Perdrix-de-Mer grise, La, 

54. 
Perdrix-de-Mer tachetee, 
La, 53. 
peregrina (Gallinago), 

636. 

peregrina (Scolopax), 

636. 
peregrina (Telmatias), 

634. 
peroni (iEgialitis), 255, 
273, 274, 277, 745. 
peroni (Charadrius), 

274. 
persicus (Charadrius), 

157. 
persicus (Hoplopterus), 

158. 
personata (Chasttusia), 

141. 
personatus (Lobi vanellus), 
139, 140. 
petenyi (Gallinago), 636. 
petenyi (Telmatias), 636. 
Petit Courlis, 355. 
Petit Courly, L?, 355. 
Petit Pluvier, 234. 
Petit Pluvier a collier, 
256, 263. 
Petit Pluvier a collier 
de 1'isle de Lucon, 

263. 
Petite Alouette de Mer, 
La, 456. 
Petite Alouette-de-mer de 

S. Domingue, La, 

514. 
Petite Beccassine, 665. 
Petite Maubeche grise, 
La, 526. 
petrificatus (Ereunetes), 

514. 
Pht-eopus, 340, 370. 
phseopus (Numenius), 
337, 355, 361, 363, 
365,367, 753, 754. 
pheeopus (Scolopix), 355, 

367. 
Phalarope, La, 694. 
Ph alar ope a festons 
denteles, 694. 
Phalarope de Sibirie, 

700. 
Phalarope, Barred, 524. 
Phalarope, Brown, 700. 
Phalarope brun, Le, 

699. 
Phalarope cendre\ 699. 
Phalarope, Grey, 694, 

699. 
Phalarope, Plain, 694. 
Phalarope, Red, 694,695, 

700. 
Phalarope, Bed-necked, 

701. 
Phalarope rouge, Le, 

694. 

Phalarope roussatre, G94. 
Phalnropnta), 01,093. 
Phalaropus, 693, G9S. 
Pher>omis, 521, 681. 
phihppina (Hiaticula), 

265. 
philippinus (JSgialitis), 

266. 
philippinus (Charadrius), 
263, 274. 
Philohela,521,G79. 
Philolimnos, G65. 
Philoinacbus, 499. 
plicenicura (Parra), 73. 
Phyllopezus, G8, 76. 
pica (Obtralega), 109. 
pica (Scolopas), 108. 
picatus (Ilajmatopus), 

112. 
picatus (Himantopus), 
310, 751. 
picta (Ehyncbsea), 685. 
picta (Eostratula), 689. 
Pie de Mei\ 107. 
Pied Oystercatcher, 109. 
pileata (Ohettusia), 129. 
pileatus (Charadrius), 

128. 
pileatus (Hoplopterus), 

129. 
pileatus (Lobivanellus), 

129. 
pileatus (Sarciophorus), 
128, 129. 
piretorum (Scolopax), 

674. 
Piping Ringed Plover, 

292. 
placida (iEgialitis), 255, 
262, 277, 724. 
placidus (iEgialitis), 262. 
placidus (Charadrius), 

262. 
Plain Phalarope, 694. 
planiceps (Machetes), 

502. 
platyrbyncha (Limicola), 
612, 613,769. 
platyrbyncha (Pelidna), 

613. 
platyrbyncha (Tringa), 
6i2. 
platyrhyrichus (Phalaropus), 
694. 
platyrostris (Phalaropus), 
695. 
platvura (Scolopax), 

674. 
plinii (Himantopus), 312. 
Plover, Alwargrim, 196. 
Plover, Asiatic, 230. 

ALPHABETICAL IKDEX. 

Plover, Bastard, 166. 
Plover, Black-breasted 
Indian, 157. 
Plo\ er, Black-crowned, 

178. 
Plover, Black-headed, 

32. 
Plo\er, Bridled. 18. 
Plover, Chattering, 242. 
Plover, Collared, 243. 
Plover, Coromandel, 39. 
Plover, Dusky, 211Plover, 
Fulvous, 196. 
Plover, Golden, 192. 
Plover, Great, 6. 
Plover. Great-billed, 18. 
Plover, Green, 191. 
Plo\er, Green-headed, 

32. 
Plover, Gregarious, 174. 
Plover, Grey, 182. 
Plover, High-legged, 18. 
Plover, Hooded, 128. 
Plover, Indian, 250. 
Plover, Kentish, 277. 
Plover, Little Einged, 

265. 
Plover, Long-legged, 

300. 
Plover, Mongolian, 223. 
Plover, New Zealand, 

304. 
Plover, Noisy, 243. 
Plover, Piping Einged, 

292. 
Plover, Einged, 257. 
Plover, Euddy, 526. 
Plover, Spotted, 195. 
Plover, Spur-winged, 
135, 157. 
Plover, Wattled, 130. 
Plover, Wreathed, 178. 
Pluvialis, 391. 
pluvialis (Charadrius), 
191, 199, 737. 
Pluvian, Le, 32. 
Pluvian du Senegal, 32. 
Pluvianellus, 146, 303. 
Pluvianus, 27, 32. 
Pluvier a aigrette, 157. 
Pluvier a collier, 256. 
Pluvier a collier de 
Jamaique, 242. 
Pluvier a collier de 1'isle 
de Lucon, Petit, 263. 
Pluvier a collier de 
Virginie, 242. 
Pluvier a collier, Petit, 

263. 
Pluvier a lainbeaux, 

130. 

Pluvier arme* de Cayenne, 
135. 
Pluvier arme du Senegal, 
157, 159. 
Pluvier coiffe, 128. 
Pluvier couronne, 178. 
Pluvier de la cote de 
Malabar, 130. 
Pluvier dore, 191. 
Pluvier dore a gorge 
noire, 196. 
Pluvier dore de la Baye 
cle Hudson, 195. 
Plu\ier dore de S. Dominigue, 
195. 
Pluvier du Cap de 
Bonne Esperance, 178. 
Pluvier du Senegal, 128. 
Plinier hupe de Perse, 

357. 
Pluvier huppe, 157Plinier, 
Petit, 234. 
Pluvier Tanneau, 182. 
Pluviorhynchus, 209. 
Podasocys, 146, 240. 
polynesiae (Totanus), 

453. 
Poole-Snipe, 414. 
Pratincola, 53. 
pratincola (Glareola), 53, 
54, 57, 59, 725. 
Pratincole, Austrian, 

54. 
Pratincole, Collared, 54. 
Pratincole, Coromandel, 

58. 
Pratincole, Madras, 58. 
Pratincole, Maldivian, 

58. 
Pratincole, Senegal, 54. 
Pratincole, Spotted, 54. 
Prosobonia, 520, 524, 

525. 
Pseudoglottis, 339, 479. 
Pseudops, 20. 
Pseudoseolopax, 393. 
Pseuclototanus, 4791 
Psilocnemis, 30. 
ptilocnemis (Arquatella), 
583, 584, 585. 
ptilocnemis (Tringa), 
584, 585. 
Ptiloseelis, 123, 137. 
ptiloscelis (Vanellus), 

137. 
pugnax (Machetes), 500, 


764. 
pugnax (Pavoncella), 
499, 500, 764, 7(55. 
pugnax (Philomaehus), 


502. 


pugnax (Totanus), 500, 

705. 
pugnax (Trynga), 500, 

503. 
pub erulentus (Actitis), 
450, 454. 
pulverulentus (Gambetta), 
450, 451. 
pulverulentus (Totanus), 

450. 
punctata (Gallinago), 

379. 
punctata (Macrorhampbus), 
396. 
punctatus (Totanus), 

444. 
punicea (Parra), 87. 
Purple Sandpiper, 580. 
Purre, The, 603. 
pusilla (Gallinago), 663. 
pusilla (Hiaticula), 265. 
pusilla (Peliclna), 514, 
540, 550. 
pusilla (Scolopax), WS. 
pusilla (Tringa), 538, 
545, 555. 
pusillus (iEgialitis), 266. 
pusillus (Charadrius), 

264. 
pusillus (Ereunetes), 514, 
515,766. 
pusillus (Numenius), 586, 

612. 
pusillus (Tringa), 514. 
pygnieea (iEgialitis), 266. 
pygrnsea (Limicola), 612, 

613. 
pygtngea (Platalea), 535. 
pygmsea (Scolopax), 586, 

634. 
pvguigaa (Tringa), 536, 
"586,613. 
pygmeeus (Charadrius), 

266. 
pygmseus (Eurhynorhynchus), 
535. 
pygraaeus (Eurynorhynchus), 
535, 766. 
pygmaeus (Numemus), 
586, 612. 
Pygmy Curlew, 586. 
pyrocephalus (Charadrius), 
295. 
pyrrhetraea (Tringa), 

525. 
pyrrhocephalus (Charadrius), 
295. 
pyrrbothorax (iEgialitis), 

226. 
pyrrhotborax (Charadrius), 
224, 226, 740. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pyrrbothorax, (Oirripidesmus), 
227. 
pyrrbothorax (Octhodromus), 
210, 22(5, 740. 

Quail, Malouine, 716. 
Quebec Sandpiper, 580. 

raii (Totanus), 411,413. 
Bail us bengbalensis, 683. 
Eecurvirostra, 309, 326. 
recur vi rostra (Limosa), 

474. 
recurvirostris (Cavanaca), 
20. 
recurvirostris (Esacus), 
20, 722. 
recurvirostris (QEdicnemus), 
20. 
recurvirostris (Pseudops), 

20. 
Eed-breasted Godwit, 

388. 
Eed Coot-footed Tringa, 

693. 
Eed Godwit, 381. 
Eed-necked Phalarope, 

701. 
Eed Phalarope, 694, 695, 

700. 
Eed Sandpiper, 596. 
Eedsbank, 415. 
Eedsbank, Chinese, 415. 
Eedshank, Common, 414, 

417. 
Eedsbank, Spotted, 409. 

412. 
Eeeve, The, 500. 
resplendens (Charadrius), 

137. 
resplendens (Ptiloscelys), 
137, 733. 
resplendens (Vanellus), 

137. 
Eeve, Mr. Oldham's, 500. 
Ehimphalea, 51. 
Ehinoptilus, 27, 43. 
Ehyacophilus, 339, 490. 
Ehynchcea, 683. 
rbyncbomega (Squatarola), 
187. 
Ehyncbosimus, 474. 
Einged Plover, 257. 
rivalis (Totanus), 439. 
robusta (Gallinago), 636. 
robusta (Telmatias), 636. 
rochusseni (Neoscolopax), 

670. 
rochusseni (Scolopax), 

670. 
Eock Sandpiper, 580. 

rosenbergi (Scolopax), 

678. 
rossi (Thinornis\ 305. 
Eostratula, 521, 683. 
rostratus (Numenius), 

351. 
rubecola (Charadrius), 
23S. 
rubecola (Squatarola), 

238. 
rubidus (Calidris), 530. 
rubidus (Charadrius), 

526. 
rubricollis (Himantopus), 

333. 
rubricollis (Eecurvirostra), 
333. 
Buddy Plover, 526. 
rufa (Limosa), 373, 379, 

755. 
rufa (Fedoa), 374. 
rufa (Tringa), 596. 
rufescens (Actitis), 522. 
rufescens (Actiturus), 
522,524. 
rufeecens (Canutus), 597. 
rufescens (Nuuienius), 
344,351. 
rufescens (Pbalaropus), 

695. 
rufescens (Tringa), 500, 
521,567. 
rufescens (Tringites), 766. 
rufescens (Tringoides), 

522. 
rufescens (Tryngites), 

522. 
Euff, The, 500. 
ruficapilla (iEgialitis), 
255, 286, 747. 
ruficapilla (Hiaticula), 

286. 
ruficapillus (iEgialitis), 

286. 
ruficapillus (iEgialopbilus), 
286. 
ruficapillus (Charadrius), 

286. 
ruficapillus (Leucopolius), 
286. 
ruficollis (Actodromas), 

546. 
ruficollis (iEgialitis), 231. 
ruficollis (Charadrius), 
323,227. 
ruficollis (Hoplopterus), 

123. 
ruficollis (Limonites), 
538, 545, 767. 
ruficollis (Oreopbilus), 
123,731. 

ruficollis (Phalaropus), 

700. 
ruficollis (Tringa), 546, 
55.3,767. 
ruficollis (Trynga), 545. 
rufinellua (Oharadrius), 
2^7. 
rufinucha (JEgialitis), 

215. 
rufinuchus (iEgialitis), 

215. 
rufmus (Oharadrius), 

218. 
rufipes (Hirnantopus), 
311, 318, 750. 
rufh enter (Vanellus), 

125. 
rufiventris (Oharadrius), 

731. 
rufiventris (Numenius), 

365. 
rufus (Crymophilus), 

694. 
rufus (Oursorius), 34, 
38,723. 
rufus (Numenius), 365. 
rufus (Phalaropus), 694. 
rufus (Tacbydronms), 

38. 
rufus (Totanus), 375. 
rumicivorus(Thitioeorus), 
717, 718, 719. 
russata (Gallinago), 636. 
russata (Scolopax), 678. 
russatus (Oharadrius), 

300. 
Rusticola, 671. 
rnsticola (Scolopax), 671. 
rusficula (Scolopax), 671, 

673. 

sabinei (Scolopax), 642. 
sabinii (Ascalopax), 636. 
sabinii (Enalius), 634. 
sabinii (Gallinago), 634. 
sabinii (Telmatias), 626. 
saharse (CEdicnemus), 6. 
sakhalina (Gallinago), 
636% 
sakhalina (Scolopax), 

634. 
salicaria (Telmatias), 636. 
salina (Actodromas), 553. 
salina (Tringa), 546, 553. 
sanctas helense (Oharadrius), 
300. 
sanctse helense (JEgialitis), 
256, 299. 
Sanderling, 526. 
Sandpiper, Ash-coloured, 
596,597. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Sandpiper, Audubon's 
Stilt, 401. 
Sandpiper, Bartram's, 

510. 
Sandpiper, Black, 578. 
Sandpiper, Black-sided, 

174. 
Sandpiper, Boreal, 208. 
Sandpiper, Broad-billed, 

613. 
Sandpiper, Brown-eared, 

566. 

Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, 

521. 
Sandpiper, Cayenne, 163. 
Sandpiper, Common, 

456. 
Sandpiper, Curlew, 589. 
Sandpiper, Douglas's 
Stilt, 401. 
Sandpiper, Equestrian, 

500. 
Sandpiper, Freckled, 

596. 
Sandpiper, Goa, 149. 
Sandpiper, Green, 437, 

500. 
Sandpiper, Greenwich, 

500. 
Sandpiper, Grey, 182. 
Sandpiper, Grisled, 596. 
Sandpiper, Little, 514. 
Sandpiper, Long-legged, 

401. 
Sandpiper, Pectoral, 563. 
Sandpiper, Purple, 580. 
Sandpiper, Quebec, 580. 
Sandpiper, Red, 596. 
Sandpiper, Rock, 580. 
Sandpiper, Schinz's, 575. 
Sandpiper, Selninger, 
57S. 
Sandpiper, Semipalmated, 
514. 
Sandpiper, Senegal, 142. 
Sandpiper, Southern, 

596. 
Sandpiper, Spotted, 468. 
Sandpiper, Streaked, 208. 
Sandpiper, Striated, 415. 
Sandpiper, Swiss, 182. 
Sandpiper, Wattled, 139. 
Sandpiper, White-
winged, 525. 
Sandpiper, Wood, 491. 
sanguineus (Oharadrius), 

223. 
Sarciophorus, 122, 128. 
Sarcogrammus, 145, 148. 
sasasbew (Totanus), 428. 
eaturata (Gallinago), 678. 

saturata (Scolopax), 671, 

678. 
Savanna Woodcock, 659. 
schinzi (Pelidna), 575, 
604,605, 606. 
schinzi (Schceniclus), 570, 
575, 605. 
schinzi i (Tringa), 604, 
570, 575. 
Schinz's Sandpiper, 575. 
schlegeli (Actitis), 461. 
Schceniclus, 602. 
scolopacea (Limosa), 395. 
scolopaceus (Ereunetes), 

396. 
scolopaceus (Macrorhamphus), 
396, 398, 757. 
scolopacina (Gallinago), 
62o, 634, 637. 
Scolopacinse, 91, 520. 
Scolopax, 521, 671. 
scolopax (Oharadrius), 4. 
scolopax (CEdicnemus), 6, 

721. 
Scooping Avocet, 328. 
scoparia (Scolopax), 674. 
Sea-Dottrel, 92. 
Sea-Lark, 256. 
Sea-Pie, 107. 
seebohmi (Rhinoptilus), 
43, 47, 724. 
Selninger Sandpiper, 

578. 
semicollaris (Rostratula), 
683,690. 
semicollaris (Rhyncbaea), 

691. 
semicollaris (Totanus), 

690. 
semipalmata (iEgialitis), 

743. 
semipalmata (Ereunetes), 

515. 
semipalmata (Glottis), 

405. 
semipalmata (Hemipalama), 
514. 
semipalmata (Heteropoda), 
514. 
semipalmata (Hiaticula), 

252. 
semipalmata (Pseudoseolopax), 
754. 
semipalmata (Scolopax), 

405. 
semipalmata (Symphemia), 
405, 407, 757. 
semipalmata (Tringa), 

514. 
Semipalmated Sandpiper, 

514. 

Semipalmated Snipe, 

405. 
semipalmatus(iEgialeus), 
250, 252, 743. 
semipalmatus ( JSgialitis), 

251. 
semipalmatus (Oharadrius), 
250, 252. 
semipalmatus (Catoptrophorus), 
405. 
semipalmatus(Ereunetes), 

400. 
semipalmatus (Hodites), 
405. 
semipalmatus (Macrorhamphus), 
400. 
semipalmatus (Pseudoscolopax), 
400. 
semipalmatus (Symphemia), 
405. 
semipalmatus (Totanus), 
405,407. 
Senegal Pratincole, 54. 
Senegal Sandpiper, 142. 
senegalensis (Oharadrius), 

157. 
senegalensis (Cursorius), 
41, 724. 
senegalensis (Glareola), 

54. 
senegalensis (Lobivanellus), 
142, 144. 
senegalensis (OEdicnemus), 
6, 10,11,721. 
senegalensis (Tachydromus), 
41, 724. 
senegalensis (Tringa), 

142. 
senegalensis (Vanellus), 
142. 
senegalla (Cheftusia),! 42. 
senegalla (Parra), 138, 
141. 
senegalla (Tringa), 142. 
senegallus (Lobivanellus), 
142. 
senegalus (Lobibyx), 142. 
senegalus (Lobivanellus), 
139,141,142,144, 733. 
senegalus (Vanellus), 142. 
septentrionalis (iEgia


litis), 259. 
septentrionalis (Gallinago), 
636. 
septentrionalis (Telma


tias), 634. 
Sheathbill, White, 710. 
sibirica (Limicola), 613, 

614. 
sibiricus (Oharadrius), 
235. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

sibiricus (Morinellus), 

236. 
Simorhynchus, 474. 
simplex (Hiaticula), 266. 
sinensis (Hydrophasianus), 
69, 73. 
sinensis (Parra), 69. 
sinensis (Recurvirostra), 

328,330. 
sinensis (Hhynchsea), 685. 
sinensis (Rostratula), 684. 
sinensis (Scolopax), 684. 
SmallEsquimaux Curlew, 

369. 
Snipe, Ash-coloured, 453. 
Snipe, Brown, 394, 396. 
Snipe, Cape, 683. 
Snipe, Common, 633. 
Snipe, Douglas's, 642. 
Snipe, Druminond's, 642. 
Snipe, Finmark, 633. 
Snipe, Great, 626. 
Snipe, Jack, 666. 
Snipe, Jadreka, 381. 
Snipe, Madras, 683. 
Snipe, New Holland, 652. 
Snipe, Poole, 414. 
Snipe, Bed-brea.sted, 394, 
396. 
Snipe, Semipalmated, 
405. 
Snipe, Spotted, 426. 
Snipe, Stone, 427. 
Snipe, Terek, 474. 
Snipe, White Indian, 683. 
Snipe, Wilson's, 642. 
sociabilis (Oharadrius), 
303. 
sociabilis (Pluvianellus), 
303. 
sociabilis (Pluvianus), 
303. 
sociabilis (Strepsilas), 
303. 
solitaria (Gallinago), 616, 
618, 624, 654. 
soiitaria (Scolopax), 628, 

655. 
solitaria (Spilura), 655. 
solitarius (Helodromas), 
444, 760. 
solitarius (Rhyacophilus), 

445. 
solitarius (Scolopax), 453. 
solitarius (Totanus), 428, 
444,446,454,760,761. 
somalensis (Cursorius), 

34,37,723. 
Southern Sandpiper, 596. 
speciosus (Oharadrius), 

161. 
speciosus (Hoplopterus), 

147, 157,161,162, 735. 
speciosus (Vanellus), 162. 
spectabili3 (Scolopax), 

660. 
speculifera (Symphemia), 
407, 757. 
speculiferus (Oatoptrophorus), 
407. 
speculiferus (Totanus), 
405,407. # 
spicatus (Himantopus), 
319 
Spilura, 616. 
spinosa (Jacana), 83, 87, 

728. 
spinosa (Parra), 83. 
spinosus (Oharadrius), 
135, 157. 

spinosus (Hoplopterus), 
156, 160, 181, 734. 
spinosus (Philoinachus), 

158. 
spinosus (Pluvianus), 158. 
spinosus (Vanellus), 158. 
spixii (Oharadrius), 180. 
spixii (Hoplopterus), 180. 
spixii (Stephanibyx), 180. 
spixii (Vanellus), 180. 
Spoonbill, Dwarf, 535. 
Spotted Plover, 195. 
Spotted Pratincole, 54. 
Spotted Eedshank, 409, 
412. 
Spotted Sandpiper, 468. 
Spotted Snipe, 426. 
Spotted Tafcler, 469. 
Spotted Tringa, 468. 
Spur-winged Plover, 135, 
157. 
Spur-winged Water-hen, 
86. 
Spur-winged Water-hen 
of Brazil, 82. 
squalida (Tringa), 522. 
Squatarola, 145,182,733. 
squatarola (Oharadrius), 

186,187,737. 
squatarola (Pluvialis), 

187. 
squatarola (Squatarola), 
183. 
squatarola (Tringa), 182. 
squatarolus (Vanellus), 
187. 
stagnalis (Actitis), 461. 
stagnalis (Totanus), 424. 
stagnatilis (Glottis), 424. 
stagnatilis (Iliornis), 424. 
stagnatilis (Scolopax), 
666. 
792 

stagnatilis (Telmatias), 

034. 
stagnatilis (Totanus \ 409, 
422,433,750. 
Steganopus, G93, 705. 
stenodaetylus (Pkalaropus), 
706. 
stenoptera (Telmatias), 

619. 
stenura (G-allinago), 616, 
619,620,625. 
stenura (Scolopax), 619. 
stenura (Spilura), 620, 

625. 
Stephanibyx, 145, 177. 
sthenura (G-allinago ',620, 

621. 
sthenura (Scolopax), 619. 
Stilt, Black-necked, 321. 
Stilt, Black-winged, 312. 
Stiltia, 27, 51. 
Stint, Little, 540. 
Stint, Temminck's, 557. 
stolatus (Oharadrius), 

135. 
stolida (Eudroraias), 235. 
Stone Curlew, 4. 
Stone Snipe, 427. 
Streaked Sandpiper, 208. 
strenua (G-allinago), 619. 
Strepsilas, 91. 
striata (Tringa), 414, 580, 

768. 
Striated Sandpiper, 415. 
striatus (Totanus), 417. 
stricklancli (Gallinago), 
618,660,661. 
stricklandi (Scolopax), 


660. 
stricklandi (Telmatias), 


660. 
stricklandi (Xylocota), 


660. 
strigilatus (Vanellus), 


142. 
strophiatus (Clorhynehus), 
335. 
struthersi (Jbidorhynchus), 
335,752. 
struthersi (Numenius), 

335. 
subarquata (Numenius), 

586. 
subarquata (Pelidna), 

588. 
subarquata (Scolopax), 

586. 
subarquata (Tringa), 567, 
586,589,768. 
subarquatus (Ancylocheilus), 
588. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

subarquatus (Ancylochilus), 
585, 586, 768. 
subarquatus(Schceniclus), 
58S. 
subminuta (Actodromas), 

553. 
subminuta (Tringa), 550, 

553. 
8ubruficollis(Tringa),521. 
subruficollis (Tringites), 
521.522,766. 
subrufina (Hiatieula), 

227. 
subrufiuus (Oharadrius), 

227. 
subtridactyla (Squatarola), 
187. 
sutnatrana (Scolopax), 

474. 
superciliaris (Cursorius), 

48. 
superciliosa (Parra), 73. 
superciliosus (Anonialophrys), 
156. 
superciliosus (Lobivanellus), 
156. 
superciliosus (CEdicnemus), 
14. 
superciliosus (Sareiophorus), 
156. 
swainsoni (Thinochorus), 

720. 
Swiss Sandpiper, 182. 
sylvestris (Rusticola), 


674. 
syh estris (Scolopax), 


674. 
sylvestris (Totanus), 494. 
Symphemia, 336, 405. 
syngenicos (Nuuienius), 

349. 

Tachydromus. 34. 
tackzanowskia (Micropalama), 
400. 
taczanowskii (Ereunetes), 

400. 
taczanowskii (Maerorhamphus), 
393, 394, 
400, 757. 
tahitiensis (Numenius), 
351,367,754. 
tahitiensis (Scolopax), 

367. 
taitensis (Oharadrius), 

200. 
taitensis (Nuinenius), 
362,368. 
taitensis (Pluvialis), 201. 
tarayensis (Cursorius), 

39. 

tartaricus (Cbaradrius), 

235. 
Tatler, Bartrarn's, 509. 
Tatler, Green-rump, 444. 
Tatler, Spotted, 469. 
Tatler, Yellow-shank, 

433. 
tectus (Charadrius), 128. 
tectus -(Hoplopterus), 

129. 
tectus (Lobivanellus), 


129. 
tectus (Sarciopliorus), 
128,129, 732. 
Tell-tale, 428. 
Telmatias, 616. 
teinminckii (Actodromas), 
557. 
teinminckii (Caiidris), 


557. 
temminckii (Chalcopterus), 
48. 
temminckii (Cursor), 41. 
temminckii (Cursorius), 
34,41,724. 
temminckii (Leimonites), 

557. 
temminckii (Limonites), 
537, 538, 555,557,767. 
temminckii (Pelidna), 

557. 
temminckii (Sekcenielus), 

557. 
temminckii (Tringa), 540, 
545, 546, 550, OOD, 557, 

767. 
Temminck's Stint, 557. 
tenella (.Egialitis), 285. 
tenellus (iEgialitis), 285. 
tenellus (Oharadrius), 
285,747. 
tenellus (Leucopolius), 

285. 

tenuirostris (iEgialeus), 

290. 
tenuirostris (iEgialitis), 
262,290. 
tenuirostris (Charadrius), 

291. 
tenuirostris (Eudromias), 

262. 
tenuirostris (Nutnenius), 
344,348,753. 
tenuirostris (Totanus), 
424,426. 
tenuirostris (Tringa), 

601. 
tephroleuca (Eecurvirostra), 
328. 
Terek Avoset, 474. 
Terek Snipe, 474. 

terek (Limicula), 474. 
terek (Limosa), 475. 
terek (Scolopax), 474. 
terek (Totanus), 476. 
terekensis (Fedoa), 474. 
Terekia, 339, 474. 
terekius (Totanus*1, 476. 
Terutero o Teteu,' 163. 
therraophila (Glareola), 

59. 
Thick-kneed Bustard, 4. 
Thinocoridse, 2,714. 
Thinocorus, 714, 717. 
Thinornis, 146, 304. 
thoracica (iEgialitis), 749. 
tibialis (Numenius), 368. 
torquata (Oharadrius), 

257. 
torquata (Glareola), 54, 
59, 725. 
torquata (Hiaticula), 289. 
torquata (Pelidna), 605. 
torquata (Scolopax), 674. 
torquata (Tringa), 605. 
torquatula (Oharadrius), 

304. 
torquatus (Oharadrius), 

243. 
torquatus (Ocypetes), 720. 
Torticella, 30. 
Totaninaj, 91, 337. 
totanirostris (Oharadrius), 
123. 
totanirostris (Morinellua), 
123. 
totanirostris (Oreophilus), 
123. 
Totanus, 338, 409. 
totanus (Scolopax), 426, 

481. 
Tourne-pierre, Le, 92. 
townsendi (Aphriza), 

208. 
townsendi (Himantopus), 

121. 
Trachelia, 53. 
tricollaris (iEgialitis), 
247, 249,250. 
tricollaris (Oharadrius), 
247,249. 
tricollaris (Hiaticula), 

247. 
tricollaris (Oxyechus), 
247, 743. 
tricolor (Oharadrius), % 

154. 
tricolor (Chettusia), 148. 
tricolor (Hoplopterus), 

154. 
tricolor (Lobivanellus), 

148. 
TOL. XXIV. 

ALPHABETICAL LXDEX. 

tricolor (Phalaropus), 

706. 
tricolor (Sarciophorus), 

154. 
tricolor (Steganopus), 
705,706. 
tricolor (Vanellus), 148. 
tricolor (Zonifer), 154, 

734. 
tridactyla (Trynga), 530. 
trifasciata (Oharadrius), 

295. 
trifasciata (Hiaticula), 

295. 
Tringa, 520, 530, 593. 
Tringa, Cock Ooot-footed, 

699. 
Tringa, Ooot-footed, 693. 
Tringa, Grey Coot-footed, 

693. 
Tringa, Bed Coot-footed, 

693. 
Tringa, Spotted, 468. 
Tringites, 520, 521. 
Tringoides, 338, 339, 

456. 
tringoides (Calidris), 530. 
tristrami (Gallinago), 

662. 
tropicus (Lobipes), 702. 
Turnstone, 92. 
Tylibyx, 145, 153. 
typica (Symphemia), 407. 

uliginosa (Telmatias), 

628. 
undulata (G-allinago), 
616, 618, 659. 
undulata (Homoptilura), 

659. 
undulata (Scolopax), 453, 

659. 
undulata (Totanus), 454. 
uniclava (G-allinago), 636. 
uniclavata (Gallinago), 
636,641,659. 
uniclavatus (Scolopax), 

624. 
uniclavus (Gallinago), 

634. 
unicolor (Hsematopus), 
118, 120, 121, 731. 
uropygialis (Limosa), 

378. 
uropygialis (Numenius), 

361. 
urvillii (Eudromias), 238. 
urvillii (Squatarola), 238. 
urvillii (Tringa), 233. 
utopiensis (Oharadrius), 

596. 

Vaginalis, 710. 
vaginalis (Ohionis), 710. 
vanelloides (Oharadrius), 

154. 
Vanelius, 145, 166. 
vanellus (Oharadrius), 
168, 187, 735. 
vanellus (Tringa), 166. 
vanellus (Vanellus), 166, 
169,735. 
Vanneau, Le, 166. 
Vanneau arme de Cayenne, 
163. 
Vanneau arme* de Goa, 

149. 
Vanneau arme de la 
Louisiana, 140. 
Vanneau arme* des Indes, 

149. 
Vanneau arme* du Sea gal, 
141, 142. 
Vanneau de Suisse, 182. 
Vanneau gris, 182. 
Vanneau Pluvier, 182. 
Vanneau vari6, 182. 
varia (JErolia), 588. 
varia (Squaratola), 183* 
varia (Tringa), 182. 
variabilis (Asarcia), 728. 
variabilis (Numenius), 

603. 
variabilis (Parra), 86, 

138. 
variabilis (Pelidna), 604. 
variabilis (Rhynchsea), 

685. 
variabilis (Tringa), 603, 

608. 
varie, Vanneau, 182. 
variegata (Erolia), 586. 
variegata (Ehynchsea), 

685. 
variegatus (Numenius), 
359, 361, 754. 
variegatus (Tantalus), 

361. 
variegatus (Totanus),509. 
varius (.Egialitis), 298. 
varius (Oharadrius), 297. 
varius (Pluvialis), 187varius 
(Vanellus), 169. 
ventralis (Oharadrius), 

159. 
ventralis (Hoplopterus), 
157, 159, 734. 
ventralis (Philomachus), 

159. 
ventralis (Vanellus), 160, 

175. 
venusta (iEgialitis), 258, 
286,747. 

3F 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

venusta (Charadrius), 
286,747. 
veredus (/Egialitis). 232. 
veredus (Charadrius), 
2,12. 
veredus (Eudromias). 
233,741. 
veredus (Ochthodromus), 
210, 231, 232, 741. 
vertniculatus (GEdicnemus), 
10, 11. 
vigorsii (Glottis), 484. 
villotai (Cba?tusia), 172 
villotaei (Chettusia), 172. 
villotaei (Vanellus), 171, 

172. 
villototsei (Vanellus), 

172. 
viola cea (Jacana), 87. 
violacea (Parra), 87. 
virgata (Aphriza), 208, 

739. 
virgata (Tringa), 208. 
virgatus (Nunienius), 

343. 
virginianicus (Charadrius), 
200. 
virginicus (Charadrius), 
199, 200, 201, 738. 
virginicus (Pluvialis), 

200. 
viridis (Parra), 85. 
viridis (Roslratula), 684. 
vocifer (GEdicneraus), 12. 
vociferans (iEgialodes), 

429. 
vociferus (Charadrius), 

242. 
vociferus (Oxyechus), 
242,244,742. 
vociferus (Scolopax), 427. 
vociferus (Totanusj, 428. 
vulgaris (Arenaria), 526. 
vulgaris (G*allinago), 636. 
vulgaris (Himantopus), 

311. 

vulgaris (Ostralegus), 

109. 
vulgaris (Phaeopus), 357. 
vulgaris (Phalaropus), 

700. 
vulgaris ("Rustieola), 674. 
vulgaris (Vanellus), 166, 

735. 

wagleri (Chettusia), 175. 
Water-hen, Spur-winged, 

86. 
Wattled Plover, 130. 
Wattled Sandpiper, 139. 
Whimbrel, 355. 
Whimbrel, American, 

365. 
White Godwit, 389. 
White Godwit from Hudson's 
Bay, 388. 
White Indian Snipe, 683. 
White Sheath-bill, 710. 
White-winged Sandpiper, 

525. 
Willet, 405. 
williamsii (Phalaropus), 

700. 
wilsoni (Actodi'omas), 
5r0. 
wilsoni (iEgialitis), 215. 
wilsoni (Gallinago), 636, 
642, 643, 647. 
wilsoni (Hiaticula), 215. 
wilsoni (Holopoclius), 

706. 
wilsoni (Lobipes), 696, 

706. 
wilsoni (Ochthodromus), 
210, 214, 739. 
wilsoni (Phalaropus), 

706. 
wilsoni (Scolopax), 642, 

644. 
wilsoni (Squatarola), 187. 
wilsoni (Steganopus), 706. 
wilsoni (Telmatias), 643. 

wilsoni (Tringa), 549. 
wilsonia (iEgialitis), 214, 

739. 
wilsonia (Charadrius), 


214. 
wilsoniana (iEgialitis), 


215. 
wilsonius (Charadrius), 

214. 
wilsonius (Ochthodromus), 
215. 
Wilson's Snipe, 642. 
winterfeldti(Charadrius), 

208. 
Woodcock, 671. 
Woodcock, Lesser. 679. 
Woodcock, Little, 679. 
Woodcock, Savanna. 659. 
Wood Sandpiper, 491. 
Wreathed Plover, 178. 

xanthocheilus (Charadrius), 
200. 
xanthocheilus (Pluvialis), 
201,232. 
xanthocheilus (Xanthocheilus), 
213. 
Xenus, 474. 
Xiphidiopterus, 145,146. 
Xiphidiorhvnchus, 324. 
Xylochota, 616. 

Yarwelph. 373. 
Yellowshanks, 431. 
Yellowshanks, Greater, 

428. 
Yellowshanks, Tatler, 

433. 

zealandifB (Thinornis), 

750. 
zonatus (iEgialitis), 266. 
zonatus (Charadrius), 

265. 
Zonibyx, 146, 238. 
Zonifer, 145, 154. 

END OP THE TWENTY-FOURTH VOLUME. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


LIST OF PLATES. 

Rhinoptilus bisignatus, p. 45hartingi, p. 46cinetus, p. 46seebohini, p. 47ehaleopterus, p. 48albofascialus, p. 49

Galactochrysea liberiae, p. 63= G. marcJiei, p. 726. 

emini, p. 64Haematopus durnfordi, p. 117Defilippia crassirostris, p. 126

leucoptera, p. 127

 PL I. 
PL II. 
PL III. fig. 2. 
PL III. fig. 1. 
PL IY. fig. 1. 
PL IY. ^g. 2, 
PI. Y. fig. 1. 


 PL Y. fig. 2. 
PL YI. 
PI. YII. fi.g. 2. 
PL YII. ^g. I. 


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