Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum Volume XXV 1896 eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CATALOGUE OK THE BIRDS BRITISH MUSEUM. VOLUME XXY. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1896. CATALOGUE OF THE GkVIM AND TITBINARES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. GA.YIM (TERNS, GULLS, AND SKUAS) BY HOWARD SAUNDERS. TUBINABES (PETRELS UJD ALBATROSSES) OSBERT SALV1N. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONG-MANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; B. QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.; KEG-AN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING- CROSS ROAD; AND AS THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 1896. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FEANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. IT has been a fortunate circumstance that for the preparation of the present Yolume the cooperation of Mr. H. Saunders and Mr. 0. Salvin could be secured, who for many years past have made the Birds of the families of Gulls and Petrels the special subject of their respective studios. As also the collections formed by these gentlemen have been incorporated with the series in the British Museum, the latter possesses of both these groups a collection unrivalled as to its intrinsic value, if not also as to the number of species and specimens. According to the lists given, this Collection consists now of:— Species. Typed. Specimens. Gavia3 115 17 4649 Tubinares 109 27 1086 Among the Tubinares only, some of the species (15) are not represented in the Collection. Beside the many friends and correspondents who have rendered material assistance in the preparation of this Volume by the loan or gift of specimens, and who will be enumerated in the introductory remarks of the Authors, I have to refer specially to the authorities of the United States National Museum and to the Hon. "W. Eothschild, of whom the former sent important types for comparison, whilst the latter placed the whole of his rich collection at the disposal of the Authors. VI l'JiKPACE. I have acceded with pleasure to the request of the Director of the Museum to sec through the press this and the two remaining Volumes for which the arrangements were made during my term of office. Finally, this Avould seem to be an appropriate place to pay a tribute to the memory of Henry Seebohm, by whose death, on November 20th, Ornithology has lost a most earnest and ardent student and the British Museum one of its most generous friends and benefactors, For the past fifteen years he took a deep interest in the growth and arrangement of the Collection of Birds in the British Museum, contributing, without stint, either from his own Collection or by special purchase, any specimens that were required to complete the Museum series or to aid in the preparation of the Catalogue. In the latter work ho took an active part as the author of the Fifth Volume, which treated of the Warblers and Thrushes. After presenting his immense Collection of Eggs, and incorporating it with that of the Museum, he undertook and comrjleted a Manuscript Catalogue of the whole. By his Will he conferred his last benefit on the Museum, bequeathing to the Trustees the entire Collection which at the time of his death was still in his possession. ALBERT GtJNTHEE, Keeper of the Zoological Department (retired). British Museum (N. II.), December 16, ]H9f>. INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF GAVL/E. PEW introductory remarks are requisite for my portion of the present volume, inasmuch as the current opinions respecting the systematic position of the Order Gavise are set forth briefly—but it is to be hoped adequately—on pp. 1-3. It is, however, necessary to allude to the important collections which have been presented to the National Museum of late years, and which have so greatly facilitated the study of the Lariclce: namely, those of the late Lord Tweeddale and of Major Wardlaw Ramsay, Mr. A. 0. Hume, Mr. Henry Seebohm, and Messrs. Salvin and Godman. And it is incumbent upon me to make special reference to the energetic collectors and generous donors who have contributed largely to our knowledge of this family of birds. In the front rank of these are Admiral A. H. Markham, Commander J. It. H. MacFarlane, Staff-Paymaster H. M. Harrison, Colonel H. W. Eeilden, Colonel W. V. Legge, R.A., Mr. Ernest Gibson, and Mr. John Young ; while the Hon. Walter Rothschild placed his entire collection at my disposal. JSTor must the names of Lord Lilford, Professor D. Gill, Messrs. W. T. Blanford, J. A. Harvie-Brown, Gervase Mathew, R.N., S. E. Rowland, and G. Stephen be omitted. For the loan of specimens and much assistance in the United States, thanks are due to the authorities at the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. William Brewster and Dr. C. Hart Merriam. I am also under obligation to Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant for their ready co-operation during the two years spent in working at the Museum. HOWARD SAUNDERS. 7 Radnor Place, W., July 30, 181)5. < INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF TUBINAEES. UPWARDS of twenty years have passed since 1 began to pay special attention to the Petrels, and during that time, with Mr. Godman, collected all the available specimens we came across. But the amassing- anything like a good series of skins of these birds proved a very slow process. Our chief acquisition, by exchange, was the greater part of the collection formed by the late John Gould, whose early interest in the Petrels generally is well-known, and was continued after he parted with his Australian collection. Amongst the specimens thus acquired by us were many of great interest, as will be seen in the following pages. Another valuable series of Petrels was most kindly given to us in 1883 by Admiral A. H. Markham, having been formed by him when in command of H.M.S. ' Triumph ' on the Pacific Station. This collection contained the types of Oceanodroma marlchami, Salv., and Diomedea irrorata, Salv., the last a remarkable Albatros from the coast of Peru, of which the type still remains the only known example. The whole of our series was handed over to the British Museum in 1888. The Museum Collection, apart from that added by us, is a rich one and includes the spoils of several important Government Expeditions. Of these I may mention the following :—The Antarctic Expedition of H.M.SS. ' Erebus' and ' Terror' under Sir James Ross ; the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake,' the naturalist of which was John Macgillivray ; the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Herald,' naturalist F. M. Rayner. Then came the Transit of Venus Expedition to Kerguelen Land, resulting in a collection of Petrels and interesting notes on them by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, forming a large part of Dr. Bowdler Sharpe's article on the Birds of the island published in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' vol. 168. The voyage of H.M.S. * Challenger ' produced a most valuable collection of Petrels' skins, spirit specimens and eggs, the first of Avhioh were named by myself, X INTRODUCTION. and the second formed the basis of the late W. A. I'orbes's memoir on the anatomy of the Tubinares, both published in the ' Challenger' Report. Lastly, Dr. Coppinger secured when in H.M.S. ' Alert' skins of several interesting species of this Order. Of other considerable collections added to the Museum I may mention that of the late Dr. R. McCormick, who accompanied Sir James Ross, and whose collection, bequeathed to the Trustees, forms a valuable addition to the Antarctic series of Petrel skins. The late Harry Berkeley James also left to the Museum a good series of specimens of Chilian species. Mr. H. Seebohtn, with his usual liberality, presented the whole of his series of these birds, which consists chiefly of representatives of the species of the North Pacific Ocean, from the neighbourhood of Japan and the Bonin Islands to certain islands in mid-ocean. Another important series was secured by the Earl of Crawford, mostly in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans. The Museum has also been enriched by many other donations of greater or less extent, amongst which I may mention the series of Petrels obtained by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie- Grant on the islands near Madeira, and by the same gentleman in company with the Hon. C. Baring during a second visit to the same islands, when they established the fact of the presence of Oceanodroma cryptoleucura on Porto Santo Island and Great Salvage Island, its previous known domicile being the Hawaiian and Galapagos Archipelagos in the far distant Pacific Ocean. They also discovered Pelagodroma marina, previously supposed to be a straggler from the South Seas, breeding in numbers on Great Salvage Island. Besides the Museum specimens immediately before me, I have, as opportunity offered, examined those in the Leyden, Berlin, "Vienna, and Paris Museums, and I have also had the advantage of the loan of the types of Peale and Dr. Coues, and some of those of Mr. Ridgway, through the kindness of the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution, "Washington. I have also had before me the very interesting types described by Signor Giglioli and Count Salvador!, which were obtained by the first-named gentleman when on board the Italian frigate ' Magenta' during her voyage round the World. The Hon. Walter Rothschild lent me the whole of his large collection of Petrels, including the types of the speoieB recently INTROVVCTWX. described by him, and this series has been of material use io me. I have also examined ihe collection in the University of Cambridge and that of Canon Tristram, both helping to elucidate points of interest. Dr. Elliott (Jones's papers on the Fvocelluriidce, published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in 1864 and 1866, give the first serious attempt to classify these birds -with proper definitions ; Bonaparte's previous essays in 1855 and 1856 being of a cursory character and often misleading. Dr. Coues's Monographs, though perhaps too much influenced by Bonaparte's writings, must always be consulted by those wishing to master the intricacies of this complicated subject. OSBEKT SALVIN. Hawltdfold, Fernhurst, Sussex, November 3, 1895. SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Order XIII. GAVI/E. Fam. I. LARiDiE. Subfam. 1. STERNIN.ZE. Page 1. Plydroclielidon, Boie .... 5 1. leucgptei'a (Meimer <§• Sehinz) 6,456 2. hybrida (Pall.) .. 10, 456 3.nig|ft,(i.) 17 4. Surinam ensis (Gin.) .. 20 2. Phaefca," Wagler 23 1. magniro^feia (Licht.).. 23 3. Geloenelidon, Brehin .... 25 I. mglicn, (Mont.) .. 25,456 4. Hydrbprogne, Kaup .... 32 1. caspia (Pall.) 32 5. Seen^Blyth 87 1. aurantia (J. JE. ^Gray) 37,456 6. Sterna, L 40 1. melanogaster, *" Tetnm 43,456 2. forsteii, Nfittcdl 46 . - 3. alblstriata (G. P. Gray) 48 4. vlrgata, Cab 50 5. Aetata, Gm 51,456 0. hmmdinacea, Less. .. 52 7. RuYi^i)h>,N'aum. . 54,457 8. niacrura, Naum 62 9. longipennis, Nordm. 67, 457 10. albigena, Licht 69 11. dougalli, Mont 70 12. cantiaca, Gin 75 13. maxinia^ Bodd 80 14. elegans, Gambel 84 15. eurygnatha, Saunders . 85 16. media, JSorsfield .... 86 17. Bergii, Licht 89 18. bernsteini, Schleg 96 19. frontalis, Q. P. Gray 97, 457 20. aleutica, Baird 98 21. lunata, Peak 100 22. aiijgsthet,a, Scop... 101, 457 23. fixlTgjnosa, Gm. .. 106, 457 24. baleenaruim, Striehl .. Ill 25. nereis (Gould) 112 26. 'Sinensis, Gm 113 27. immita, L 116,457 28. saundersi, Hume . 120,457 29. antillarum (Less.) .... 122 30. sujperbjlians, Vieill. .. 124 31. lorata, Phil. §• Landb. . 126 32. melanauclien, Temm. . 126 33. tm&ea,miJ"jLudub 130 7. NeenmpBme 132 1 inca (Less.) 132 8. Procelsterna, Lafresn, .. 133 1. casruleaL(F. D. Bennett) 133 2. cinerea (Gould) 135 9. Anous^Sieph 136 1. stolidiis (L.) 136 2. gaTapagensis, Sharpe,. 143 10. Micranous, Saunders .... 143 1. lenuirostris (Temm.) 144,457 2. leiicqcapillus (Gould) . 145 3. hawaiiensis (Bothsch.). 148 11. Gygis, Wagler 149 1. Candida (Gm.) 149 2. niicrorhyncha, Saunders 152 Subfam. 2. RHYNCHOPIN^S. 12. Rhynehops, L 152, 457 1. nigra, L 153 2. intercedens, Saunders . 155 3. melanura, Sioains 156 4. iiavirostris, Vieill 158 5. albicollis, Sivaim 159 Subfam. 3. LAMM*:. 13. Xema, Leach 161 1 sabinii (J. Sabine) 162 2. fJSI&ia (Neboux) 165 14. Rhodostethia, Macgitt. .. 167 1. rosea (Macgitt.) 167 15. Larus, L 169 1. minutus, fall 173 2. i^tbyaetoa, Pall 176 3. meHnomsphalus, Natt 180 . 4IH71 ]cc4 iS'ohih.) .. 183 < • iplii \ (Ord) .. 185 SsYsniMA'HU INDIA. (3. serrnnus, Tacit 188 i 7. irarddini, /Swains J t>J 8. atrfeilla, L J 94 9. chrhocopluilus, Vieill. . 108 10. nmculipemiis, Licht. . . 200 . 11. glaucodua, Mcyen .... 203 i 12. ridTbundus, L. .. 207,457 ' 18. briinnoiceplialua, Jerd 215,4/58 14. leucophtliahuus, Tcmm. 219 15. heniprielu (Bruch) . . 221 10. I'uliginOhua, Gould. . . . 222 i 17. m'odostus, Tsch 223 18. lieormamii, Cass 225 19. belcheri, Vigors 220 20. cvafesirotiti'is, Vieill. "227,458 21. geTa.stes, Thienem 230 22. bulleri, Ilutton 233 23. novffi-hollaudiro, Steph. 235 24. soopulinus, Gray .... 238 25. hartlaubi (Bruch) ... 240 26. marlnua, L 241, 458 27. dominicanus, Licht. . . 245 28. fuscus, L 250 29. affiiiis, JReinh 254 30. occideutalis, Audub. . . 257 31. seliistisagus, Stejneg.. . 258 82. argentatue., L. ..' 260,458 33. cacliinnans, Pall 266 34. vegne, Pahnen 269 35. audouini, Payr 271 30. delawarensis, Ord. . . 273 37. californicus, Lairr. . . 270 38. canus, L 277 39. braclryrhynchus, Rich.. 283 40. glaucescens, Nauru. . . 284 41. n'elsoni, Henshmo .... 287 42. Immlieni, Brewster , . 288 43. g-laucua, Brunn.. . 289,458 44. lejicopterus, Faber.. .. 295 16. Gabianus, Brvch 297 1. pn&iiksus (Lath.) 297 17. Lcucophaeus, Bruch .... 299 1. scoresbii (Traill) .... 299 18. Pagophila, Knap 301 1. eburnea (Phtpps) .... 301 19. Rissa, Sfeph 305 1. tridactyla (X.) . . 305, 458 2. breurohtris (Bruch) .. 312 Fain. II. . STEECOBABIIDA 1. Megalestris, Bp 314 1. catarrliactes (L.) . 315,458 2. cfalensis (,Bp.) 318 Tape 8. autarclica (Less.) .... 819 4. niaccormicki (Saund.) . 321 2. Stcrcorarius, Briss 322 1. pomatorliinus (Tcmm.) 322,458 2. crepidatus (Banks) 327,458 3. parasiticus (L.) 334 Order XIV. TUBINARES. Fani. I. I'ltOCELLAUIID JR. Subfam. 1. PnocELLAKiiNiE. 1. Procellaria, L 1. pelagiea, L ^.X^iY^BpJL»*Halocyptena, Coues 1. liiicrosoma, Coues 3. Oceanodroma, Reich 1. \ewcoxA\oa, (Vieill.) .. 2. cryptoleucura, Ridgxo. 3. macrodactyla, Bryant. 4. socorroensis, Towns. . . 5. fuliginosa (Grn.) .... 6. melania (Bp.) 7. mavkbami (Salv.) .... 8. tristraini, btejn 9. bomochroa (Coues) . . 10. monorhis (Surinh.) .. 11. hornbyi (Gray) 12. furcata (Gm.) Subfain. 2. OCEANITIN^E. 4. Oceanites, Keys. # Bias. . 343 343 346 340 346 347 348 350 351 352 352 358 354 354 355 356 356 357 358 1. oceanicua (Kuhl) .... 358 .... .... 2. gracilis (Flliot) 5. GarrocTia, Forbes 1. nereis (Gould) 6. Pelagodroma, Reich 1. marina (Lath.) 7. Pelea, Ridgio 1. lineata (Peale) 8. Cymodroma, Ridyw 1. melanogaster (Gould) 2. grallaria ( Vieill.) .... 361 361 361 362 362 364 364 364 . 364 366 367 3. albigularis (Finsch) .. 4. moesti&sima (Salv.) . . 367 Fam. II. PUFFINID IE. Subfam. 1. PuFPiNiNiE. 1. Puffinus, Brisson 368 1. leiicomelas, Temm. .. 870 2. euueatus, Salv 871 SYSTEMATIC TNDF.X. rage 3. bulleri, Salv 371 27. defilippiona, Gigl. fy 4. ^Blororliynchus, Less. . 372 Saload 417 5. gravis (O'Reilly) .... 373 28. c^okKGrmj) 417 6. kulili (Bote) 375 29. longirostria, Stejn 418 7. creatojgus^ Coues 370 30. axillaris, Salv 418 8. agStorum (Tenwi.) .. 377 7. Pagodroma, Bp 419 9. ySEouanus (Acerbi).. 379 1. jiiveaj . 20. b. White below (winter plumage and young). [p. 8. c'. Tail white * leucoptera ad.hiem., d\ Tail grey. c". Rump grey, like the back. c'". Larger: bill stouter; feet with the webs much incised hybrida, p. 14. d"r. Smaller; bill more slender; feet with \ nigra, p. 19. webs less incised (surinamensis, p. 20, d'. Rump white, in contrast with the grey of the back and tail leucoptera juv., p. 8. LARIDJS. 1. HydrocMidoii leucoptera. ? L'llirondelle de mev cendrSe, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 210 (1760 : juv.). ? L'llirondelle de mer tachettfe, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 216, pi. xx. fig. 2 (1760: juv.). ? Sterna fissipes, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766: S. Europe); P. L. S. Muller, S. N. p. 354 (1773); Gm. 8. N i. p. 610 (1788). r» Sterna naevia, P. L. 8. Mutter [nee Linn.], 8. N. p. 353 (1773) ; Gm. 8. N. i. p. 609 (1788). ? Cinereous Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii.pt. 2, p. 363 (1785). ? Sterna cinerea, Gm. 8. N. I p. 607 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 808 (1790); Vieill. N Diet dUIist. Nat. xxxii. p. 167 (1819) • Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846). Sterna fissipes, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 338 (1811: Don to Ob); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 267 (Transvaal). Sterna leucoptera, Meisner fy 8chinz, Vog. Sehweiz, p. 264 (1815); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 483 (1815); id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 747 (1820) ; Vieill. Ene. Method, i. p. 348 (1820); Brehm, Beitr. Vo'gelk. iii. p. 676 (1822); Licht. Vers. Doubl. p. 81 (1823 : Nubia); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 12 (1828); Vieill. F. Frangaise, Ois. p. 397, pi. 160. %. 2 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 83 (1831); St.-Hilaire, Ftp. 8c. Moree, Zool. p. 56 (1833); Gould, B. Fur. v. pi. 423 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl x. p. 214, pi. 257 (1840); Schinz, Farop. Faun. p. 375 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 477 (1840); Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. xcviii & p. 248 (1840); Nordm. in Dimid. Voy. Fuss. Merid. iii. p. 278 (1840); Crespon, F. Merid. ii. p. 119 (1844); 8chl. Red. Crit. p. exxxi (1844); Milhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 147 (1844) ; Yarr. Brit B. 1st Suppl. p. 50, and 2nd ed. iii. p. 527 (1845) • Reichenb. Natat. tab. xx. figs. 803-806 (1848); Be gland, Ois. Fur. ii. p. 351 (1849); Thompson, B. Irel iii. p. 307 (1851); Bald. Naum. 1851, Heft iv. p. 47 (Hungary, nesting); Brandt, in Lehmanrts R. n. Buchara, p. 330 (1852 : Trans-Ural steppe); Kjcerb. Fanm. Fugle, p. 332, taf. 6 0 B (1852), and Suppl. taf. 21. figs. 3 & 4 (1854); Keugl. 8yst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856: Egypt and Nubia); Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 105, pi. 296 (1857),* Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 181 (1860) ; Powys, Ibis, 1861, p. 357 (Corfu); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta); Dyb. J. f. O. 1868, p. 338 (Daiiria); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 145 (1869); ELeugl. in Peterm. Mitth. p. 408 (1869); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 267 (Potchefstroom); Hatting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 169 (1872) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 391 (Transvaal) ; Coues, C7zeck-l.no. 575 bis (1874: Wisconsin) ; 8eebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Kirghiz Steppes); id. Brit, B. iii. p. 257 (1885); AlUon, Ornis, 1886, p. 425 (Bobrudscba) ; Steuenson fy Southiv. B, Norfolk, iii. p. 316 (1890) ; Jcickel u. Bias. Vog. Bayerns, p. 376 (1891) ; Hartl. Abh. not. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft ii. p. 334 (1892 : Tientsin). Sterna grisea, Horsf. Tr, Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 190 (1820, Java; type in B. M.); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 159 (1825). Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Kaup, Naturl. Syst. pp. 109 & 196 (1829); Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 796 (1831); Bp. Cat. TIce. Eur. p. 77 (1842); Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and Av. Syst. Nat, Longip. p. v (1852); Macgill. Br. B. v. p. 661 (1852); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 98 (1854); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 350 (1855); 8chrenck, Reise Amurl p. 511 (1859); Tristr. Ibk, 1860, p. 82 (E. & W. Sahara); Radde, Reise Sibir., Vog. p. 389 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc.Sard. p. 123 (lb64); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p, ,352 (1865); Fvderl Avif. Mod, 1. HYDKOCHELIBON. $ Sieil p. 252 (1809); Fritsch, For/. Eur. p. 461, tab. 54. fig. 7 (1870); Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 346 (Tippera;; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain); Mutton, Cat. N.~Z. B. p. 43 (1871): Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 43, & 1874, p. 206; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 7G (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia); Fuller, B. New Zeal. p. 287 (1873); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 321 (1875), pis. 590 & 591; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 211 (1875); Saund. P. Z. S. 1876. p. 641 (revision); id. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 201 (S.E. Spain); David $ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 524 (1877); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 280 (1879: Omsk, &c.); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115 ; id. t. c. p. 495 (Andaman®) (1879); Lecjge, B. Ceylon, p. 1000 (1880); Russow, Orn. Ehst- Liv-, u. Curlands, Archiv. Nat. Livl. (2) ix. p. 198 (1880); Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218 (Florence: May, rare); Ridqio. Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 21 p. 53 (1881); Butter, Man. B. Neto Zeal p. 81 (1882); Salvin, Cat. StrieJcl Coll p. 622 (1882) ; Coues, Chech-l N Am. B. p. 124 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 185 (1883); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 420 (1883); Coues, Key N Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 770 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 700 (1884); Saund. 4th ed. YarreWs Brit. B. iii. p. 522 (1884); Baird, Breiuer, $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 323 (1884); Tristr. Faun. § Flor. Palestine, p. 137 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Corsica, 28 May); Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81; Torre u. Tschusi, t. c. p. 564 (Austria-Hungary); Taczan. Ornis, 1886, p. 506 (Poland, breeding); A. 0. U. Check-l p. 96 (1886); Giglioli, Avif. Ital p. 419 (1886) ; id. 1° Resoc. Av. Ital p. 635 (1889); id. 2*° Resoc. p. 653 (1890); id. 3° Mesoe. p. 512 (1891); Salvad. TJce. Ital. p. 280 (1887); Booth, Bough Notes, iii. (1887); Hartert, MT. orn, Ver. Wien, 1887. p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia, once); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 47 (1887); Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Orange Free State); Pleshe, MSm. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888: Samarcand); Buller, B. N Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 76 (1888); Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl p. 61 (1S89) ; Guillemard, Ibis, 1889, p. 219, and Lilford, t. c. p. 347 (Cyprus); Feilden, t. e. p. 502 (Barbados); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 8 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 619 (1889); Everett, B. Borneo, p. 210 (1889); Radde u. Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 127 (Trans-Caspia); Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 145 (1890); Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 308 (1890); Heine 8? Reichen. Nomenel. Mus. Hein. p. 356 (1890); Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake Leman); Payton, t. c. p. 465 (Mogador); Styan, t c. p. 509 (Kiukiang); Madardsz, Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 121 (1891) ; Frivaldshy, Av. Hung. p. 181 (1891); De La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foochow and Swatow, spring); Fatio fy Studer, Cat. distrib. Ois. Suisse, pp. 64,65 (1892); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 83 (1892: Barbados); Sharpe, Bull B. 0. Club, no. xi. p. v (1893 : Suakin); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, pp. 27 & 476 (Lake Shirwa); Lilford, Col Figs. Brit. B. pt. xxix. (1894); Reichen. Vog. Deutseh-O.-Afr. p. 21 (1894: Tanganyika). Viralvaleucoptera, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 170 (1826). Hydrochelidon leucourus fsicl Seyffertiz <§• Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 985. Hydrochelidon leucopterum, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Am. p. 61 (1838). Hydrochelidon grisea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184 ; Gray, List Anseres in Brit. Mus. p. 180 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846). Hydrochelidon fissipes, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184; Taczan. Bull Soc. "Zool France, 1876, p. 262 (East Siberia); Radde, Orn. Caucas. p. 488 (1884) ; Brusina, Orn. Croatica, p. 92 (1889). LARIB2E. Hydrochelidon nigra, Gray [nee LinnX List Anseres in Brit. Mas. p. 180 (1844); id. Gen. P. iii. p. 660 (1846); Blyth, Cat.B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849); Bp. C R. xlii. p. 773 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.- Zapomm. Rich. Orn. MidiFr. p. 398 & %. (1859) ; A. E. Brehm, Beis. Ilabesch, p. 229 (1863); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 243 (1863); Swink P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328, and Ibis, 1863, p. 97 (China); Jerd. B. India, iii. p. 875, App. (1864); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 115 (1864: Nile to 8° N. lat.); Blasius, J.f. 0.1866, p. 82; Degl. § Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 466 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sc. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 207 (1867); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 284 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421; Gray, Hand-list B. iii. p. 121 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 301 (1872); Gurney, Andersson's B. JDamara-land, p. 363 (1872); Ileugl. Orn. N.O.~Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1447 (1873) ; Coues, B. JV.- WesU p. 708 (1874); Salvad. TIcc. Born. p. 372 (1874); Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 103 (1874: Celebes); Dresser.Ms, 1876, p. 416 (Turkestan); Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 145 (1878: breeding on Tsaidemin Lake and basin of Lake Hanka) ; Finsch, Verk z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 280 (1879: Chinese Altai, 5000 feet elevation); Bolau, J.f.O. 1882, p. 342 (Daiiria); Menzbier, Bull Soc. Mosc. lviii. p. 136 (1883: Volga to Oka); W. Blasius, Verk z.~b. Ges. Wien, xxxiii. p. 73 (1883 : S.E. Borneo) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Lamu, E. Africa); W. Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 633 (Gt. Sanghir I.); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. Ii. p. 413 (1892: Java). Hydrochelidon subleucoptera, Brehm, Nanm. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelfang, p. 350 (1855). Hydrochelidon javanica (nee Horsfield), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 68; id. op. cit. 1861, p. 345 (North China). Sterna nigra, Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Sternse, p. 31 (1863); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (Ceylon); Legge, J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 58 (Ceylon); id. Str. Feath. iii. p. 376; Blanford, Fast. Pen. ii. p. 294 (1876); Bias. u. Nehrhorn, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1882, p. 432 (Aniboina: cf. Ibis, 1883, p. 212). Hydrochelidon niger, Severtzoff, Turhest. Jevotnie} p. 70 (1873: up to 1000 ft). Hydrochelidon hybridus, Tacz. J.f.O. 1873, p, 111, and 1874, p. 337 (Daiiria: cf. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 262). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, and upper back dark glossy black; coverts on the carpal joint pure white; greater wing- coverts pearl-grey; secondaries darker, passing into slate-grey; primaries frosted with pearl-grey, which soon wears off the outer quills, leaving the webs sooty black, with a well-defined narrow whitish streak down the middle of the inner webs of the four outer primaries; shafts white; back and rump greyish black ; upper tail- coverts and tail pure white; underparts deep black; vent white; flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillaries black: bill livid red ; feet orange-red; webs of toes much indented. Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*1, wing &2, tail 3-1, tarsus 0*75, middle toe with claw 1. Adult female. Similar to the male. Adult in autumn and ivinter plumage. In the latter part of July, when the moult begins (in Europe), the bird is curiously particoloured, the new feathers of the head, neck, and underparts being white and those of the back grey (paler than in Hydroclielidon nigra). See specimen from Valencia, East Spain, July 25th. Later, the 1. EYDROCHELIDON. underparts, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries, become white, the crown of the head and the nape being merely mottled with black; but by the following April the black colour has reappeared to a considerable extent, especially on the axillaries. See specimen from the Andaman Islands, April lGth. Immature, In birds which are not mature, though capable of breeding, the black of the underparts has a brownish tinge and the tail-feathers are pearl-grey, especially towards the tips. In winter, like the adult. Youmj. Similar to the winter plumage of the somewhat immature bird, but much mottled with dark brown on the upper parts, and the tail-feathers slightly darker grey with a brownish tinge towards the tips ; upper tail-coverts always ivhite. Nestling. Ruddy fawn-colour, mottled with black above, unspotted pale cinnamon-brown below. Hab. Central and Southern Europe in summer, to about 55° N. on migration; eastward across temperate Asia to China (but not to Japan); southward in winter to Australia, New Zealand, and all Africa; once in Barbados; once in Wisconsin. a. S ad. sk. AlbuferS de Valencia, E. H. Saunders Coll. Spain, July (R. Martin). b. $ vix ad. sk. Mallorca, Balearic Islands, H. Saunders Coll. May {H. £.). c. d. Ad. sk. Italy. Purchased. <•>/> 9- 6 ad. sk. Hungary, April, May. Hungarian Nat. Mus. A, i. $ $ ad. sk.; k. "Volga, June, Julv, August H. Saunders Coll. Pull. sk. ; L Juv. (H. MoscMer). " st. m. Juv. sk. Egypt (G. B. S.). Shelley Coll. n, o. <$ $ ad. sk. Damietta, Egypt, April Shelley Coll. (Filipponi). f. $ ad. sk. Faioum, Egypt, May 31 Shelley Coll. (J. H. Gurnet/). q. Ad. sk. Mogador, Marocco, May. C. A. Payton, Esq. [P.]. r. Imra. sk. Gambia. Gov. Kendall [C.]. s. $ imm. sk. Katenbella, Benguela, Nov. Monteiro Coll. t} u. J juv. st. Omanbonde, Damaraland (C. H. Saunders Coll. J. Andersson). v. Juv. sk. Cape Colony (JS. L. Lay ord). II. Saunders Coll. to. S j uv -SK« Transvaal, Dec. (T. K BuckH. Saunders Coll. ley). x. 5 juv. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, H. Saunders Coll. Nov, 24 (T. Ayres). y. Juv. sk. Loopsprit, Transvaal, Dec. H. Saunders Coll. (T.A.). z. $ juv.; a'. Ad. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, J. H. Gurney, Esq. sk. Nov., July (T. A.). V, c', dr. Juv. sk. Nyasaland, Dec. H. II. Johnston, Esq., C.B. [P.]. e'. Juv. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Bradshaw [CJ. f. 2 imm. sk. Lamu, E. Africa, 2° 25' S. F. J. Jackson, Esq. (F. J. J). [p.]. 10 LA1UD2E. g'. Ad. fek. Zoulla, Abyssinia, June 13 Tvveeddale Coll. ( W. Jesse). //. Juv. sk. Sualdn. Capt. R. H. Penton [P.]. *'. Juv. sk Bogos, Abyssinia (Esler). II. Saunders Coll. k'. c? juv. &k. Ilambantotta, Ceylon, July H. Saunders Coll. ( W. V. Legge). I'. Ad. sk. Comilla, Tippera, Eastern Hume Coll. Bengal (V. Irwin), m', n', o'. Juv.; Pegu, Sept.-Oct. (E. W. 0.). Oates Coll. p'. Ad. sk. q'. Ad. sk. South. Andamans, April 10 Ilumo Coll. (F. A. de Roepstorff). r'. Imm. sk. Malacca (8. Pinwill). Tweeddale Coll. s\ f, u'. Juv. bk. Java. India Museum [P/ v'. Ad. sk. Java (winter pi., Horsfield). India Museum [P.' %o', x', Imm. sk. Java. India Museum [IV (Types of II. grisea of Horsfield and of Gray's list.) ?/. Juv. sk. Baram Pt., N. Borneo, Oct. A.Everett,Esq. [C.J. {A. E.). z. Imm. sk. Celebes. Seebohm Coll. a". Juv. sk. Mindanao, Philippines, Oct. Steere Expedition. (E. L. Moseley). b", c". Ad. ; Canton, China {8. Bligh). Tweeddale Coll. d". Juv. sk. e", f". Juv.; Canton, China (8. Bligh). Seebohm Coll. g". Imm. sk. h", i". Ad. sk. Takoo, China (8tvinkoe). Seebohm Coll. ~kn. Ad.; I". Juv. sk. Cape York, N. Australia. Gould Coll. m". Juv. sk. Cape York, N. Australia, Voy.H.M.S. 'Rattle- No v. 9. snake.' n", o". Imm. sk. N.W. Australia. Dr. J. R. Elsey [P.]. p". Juv. sk. Barbados, Oct. 24 (H. W.F.). Col. H. W. Feilden 2. Hydrochelidon kybrida. Sterna hybrida, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 838 (1811: S. Volga, and Sarpa) ; Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcviii, 248 (1840) ; Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 147 (1844); Degland, Orn.Eur. ii. n. 358 (1849); Heugl. 8yst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : Egypt & Nubia, resident); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 180 (1860) : Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Sternce, p. 33 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p.' 153 (Malta); Harting, Bandb. Br. B. p. 168 (1872): Hume, 8tr. F. i. p. 281 (1873: Sind); JR. M. Adam, 8tr. F. i. p. 403 (1873: Sambhur Lake) ; Oates, 8tr. F. iii. p. 348 (1875); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876); Milne-Edwards $ Grandidier, H. N. Madag., Out. pi. 649 (1882: osteology); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Volga delta); id. Brit. B. iii. p. 260 (1885) : Alleon, Omis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudscha, breeding); Stevmson fy Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 306 (1890); Oates, 2nd ed. Hume's Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 305 (1890); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 116 (Fao); Jachel u. Bias. Vog. Bayerns, p. 374 (1891). Sterna leucopareia, Natterer, in Temm. Man. WOrn. p. 746 (1820); Meyer, Taschenb. iii. p. 189 (1822) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Brehm, Beitr. Vb'gclk. iii. p. 674 (1822); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823: Nubia); Brehm, Lehrb. p. 694 (1824); Werner, Atlas, Fabnifedes, pis. 10,11 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 92 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 424 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutsehl. x. p. 168, 1. EYBE0CHKL1D0N. pi. 255 (1840) j Schina, Europ. Faun. p. 374 (1840); Temrn. Man. d'Orn. 4° pari. p. 463 (1840); Creqpon, Orn. Gard, p. 47G (1840); Nor dm. in Demid. Voy. Muss. Mend. ii. p. 278 (1840); Crespon, Faime Mtrid. ii. p. 118 (1844: breeding in August); Schleg. M»v. Crit. p. cxxxi (1844); Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: "Lower Egypt); Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 511 (1845) : Eewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 430*, pi. 120* (1846); Thomps. Ann, Nat. Hist. xx. p. 79 (1847); id. B. Irel. iii. p. 298 (1851); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxi. figs. 812-815 (1848); Bald. Naum. 1851, lift. iv. p. 44 (Hungary,breeding); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 331, taf. 40 B (1852); id. Suppl. taf. 21. figs. 1, 2 (1854); Bowys, Ibis, 1860, p. 357 (Butrinto, in winter); A. Anderson, Ibis, 1872, p. 81 (Fyzabad, breeding) ; Sintenis, J.f. 0. 1877, p. 68. Sterna javanica, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 198 (1820) [not of bis Zool. Bes. p. 8] (type in Brit. Mus.); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 158 (1825); Gray § Ilardw. III. 2nd. Zool. i. pi. 70. fig. 1 (1832: Oawnpore); Reichenb. Natal. Novit. vii. tab. cclxx. fig. 2258 (1850). Sterna delamotta (sic), Vieill. Em. Method, i. p. 350 (1820: Picardy). ? Sterna cantiaca, Baffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 329 (1821). Viralva indica, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 169 (1826). Viralva leucopareia, Steph. in Sha%vJs Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1. p. 171 (1825). Sterna delamotte (sic), Vieill. Faune Franc., Ois. p. 402, pi. 162. fig. 1 (1828). Pelodes leucopareia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 107 (1829). Sterna leucoptera [lapsus for "8, leucopareia "], Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831: Cape Good Hope); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 391 (Transvaal). Hydrochelidon leucopareia, Brehm, Voq. Beutschl p. 797 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N Am. p. 61 (1838); Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184; Macgill Br. B.v. p. 663 (1852); Licht Nomencl. Ai\ p. 98 (1854); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 406 (1865); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 301 (1872); Koldsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 480 (Ceylon) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. v. pi. 77 (1873); Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 244 (1877: Luzon); Bamsay, Br. Linn. Soc. N S. W. i. p. 386 (1877: Gulf of Carpentaria); A. B. Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 140 (Togian Is.); Holub $• Von Feb. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 332 (1882); Bidgway, Man. N. Am. B. p. 47 (1887); Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 506 (Poland, not breeding) j Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 83 (1892). Sterna similis, Gray, Hardtv. III. Ind. Zool I pi. 70. fig. 2 (1832) (type in Brit. Mus.); Sykes, B. Z. S. 1832, p. 171; Jerdon, Madras Journ. xii. p. 224 (1840); Reichenb. Natat. Novit. viii. tab. cclxxi. fig. 2261 (1850). Sterna, sp. n. ? no. 404, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. xii. p. 224 (1840). Hydrocbelidron hybrida, By. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842)j Gray, List A?mres in Brit. Mus. p. 180 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 060 (1846); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf.^. 351 (1855); Bp. C. B. xiii. p. 773 (1856) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 242 (1863); Jaub. ty Barth.-Lapom?n. Bich. Orn. p. 398 (1859); Tristram, Ibis, 1860, p. 82 (North African lakes); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 115 (1864: Nile to lat. 13° N.); Filippi, Viagg. Bers. p. 352 (1865); Blasius, J. f. O. 1866, p. 82; Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 468 (1867): Loche, Expl. So. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 208 (1807); Doderl.Avif. Sicil. p. 253 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 460, tab. 54. fiv. 10 (1870); Saluad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 283 (1871); Swinh. B. Z. 8. 1871, p. 421 (Formosa) ; Gray, IIand4. B. iii. p. 121 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain): Salvad. Ucc. 12 LABIDiE. Borneo, p. 374 (1872 : Sarawak) ; Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt.2,p. 1440(187:3: Bahr el Abiad); Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 103 (1874: Celebes); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 211 (1875); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 640 (revision); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 416; id. B. Eur. viii. p. 315, pis. 588 & 589 (1877) ; David fy Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 524 (1877); Saunders, Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 201 (S. Spain); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 794, and Voy. < Challenger] Birds, ii. p. 133 (1881 : Manila) ; Klunzinger, Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, xiii. lift. ii. p. 90 (1878: Red Sea); Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878); Hume $ Davis. Str. F. vi. p. 491 (1878: Tenasserim); Davids. Sf Wend. op. cit. vii. p. 93 (1878: Deccan) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 313 (E. Bengal); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 996 (1880): Ward- law Ramsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881: Philippines); Bocage, Om. Angola, p. 514 (1881: Angola); Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218 (Pisa); Sadly, Ibis, 1881, p. 594 (Gilgit); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia $c. iii. p. 427 (1882); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. &22 (1882) ; Vorderman, Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlii, p. 126 (1883) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p.'l84 (1883); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 419 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Eaukiang); Tristr. Faun. 8? Flor. Palest, p. 136 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cam. p. 487 (1884); Sound. 4th ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 527 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 699 (1884) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81; Torre u. Tsch. t. c. p. 565 (Hungary, breeds); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 (Fao, resident) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 419 (1886: not known to breed); Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 279 (1887); Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Orange Free State); Tait, t. c. p. 394 (Portugal) ; Pleslze, Mini. Acad. St. PStersb. (7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888: Turkestan) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 350 (1888: Manipur) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 204, and Whitehead, op. cit. 1890, p. 61 (Palawan); Reichenow, Si/st. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ; Radde $ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 127 (breeding, Merv oasis); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 621 (1889); North, Nests § Eggs Austral. B. pp. 353 & 402 (1889); Everett, B. Borneo, p. 2l0 (1889); Giglioli, 1°Resoc. Av. Ital.^. 634 (1889), 2° Resoc. p. 653 (1890), 3° Resoc. p. 227 (1891); Keller, Orn. Carinth. p. 308 (1890); Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (L. L6rnan) ; Pay ton, t. c. p. 465 (Mogador); Sty an, t. c. p. 509 (Kiukiang); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 181 (1891): Madardsz, Aaskell. tfngar. Vogelf. p. 121 (1891) : DeLa Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foockow) ; Fatio 8f Studer, Cat. distrib. Ois. Suisse, pp. 64-65 (1892); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxviii. (1894); Service, Ann. Scot. N. H. 1894, n. 179 (Solway). Ilydroehelidon fluviatilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140 (New South "Wales); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846); Gould, B. Australia, vii. pi. 31 (1848); Stuart, Exp. Centr. Austr. ii. App. p. 58 (1849) ; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 347 (1850); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856); Pete. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 155 (1865); Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122, no. 11075 (1871); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 348 (Queensland). The Whiskered Tern, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 404 (1843). Hydrocecropis delamotta (sic), Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Tlydroeecropis similis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 178. Hydrocecropis leucogenys, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Stemula delamotti, Boie, Isis. 1844, p. 183 (" Cape Bonin, West Africa';). Sternula javanica, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183. 1 . HYDROCHELIDON. 1;J Hydrochelidon marginata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 373 (184(3: Hoogly). Hydrochelidon javanica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 060 (1840). Hydrochelidon similis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 1)00(1846). Hydrochelidon indica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846) • Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 290 (1849); Bp. C. It. xlii. p. 773 (1856); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oude & Kuinaon); Gray, Cat M. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 78 (1863) • tomnh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328 (Formosa) [not then known from China]; Jerdon, B. hid. iii. p. 837 (1864); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 121 (1871); Hume # Benders. Lahore to Yark. p. 301 (1873: Kashmir); Adam, Str. F. ii. p. 439 (1874: Ohota Naiypur); Hume, Nests £ Eggs Lid. B. p. 648 (1875); Blyth $ Wall B. Burm. p. 163 (1875) j Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 32 (1876: N. Guzerat); V. Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 233 (1879) ; Frjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 145 (1878: breeds in Hoang-ho Valley, Tsaidemin Nor); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 425 (Ohamba). Hydrochelidon meridionalis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 351 (1855). Hydrochelidon leucogenys, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 350(1855). Hydrochelidon nilotica, Brehm, ISaum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 351 (1855). Hydrochelidon delalandii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 773 (1856) *; Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122 (1871). Sterna innotata, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 404 (imm.): Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 119, no. 11043 (1871). Hydrochelidon javanica, Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122, no. 11073 (1871). Pelodes hybrida, Gurney, Anderssorts B. of Damara-land, p. 362 (1872); Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. fasc. xi. p. 41 (1886); Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356 (1890). Hydrochelidon leucopareius, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873). Sterna melanogastra, Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 377 (1874) ; O. St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 180 (Quetta); Vorderm. Nat Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884: Java); id. op. tit xlix.'p. 420 (1889: Sumatra). Sterna macroura, Sintenis, J. f. O. 1877, p. 68 (Dobmdscha, "floating nests"). Hydrochelidon nigra, Biddulph,Ibis, 1881, p. 102 (Gilgit) [cf. Scully, £ c. p. 594]. Pelodes indica, HeinefyReichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356(1890). Pelodes javanica, iid. loc. cit. Adult male in breeding-plumage. Porehead, crown, and nape deep black; from the gape to the nape a conspicuous white streak ; upper parts slate-grey, darker on the primaries, except when these are new and frosted; shafts white: inner webs of outer pairs of primaries white on the upper and greater part of the inner webs; upper tail-coverts grey; tail-feathers grey, with white outer webs to the outside pair; chin white or very pale grey; throat grey, darkening on the lower part; breast dark slate-grey, which deepens into black on the abdomen and flanks; vent and under tail-covorts white; under wing-coverts white ; axillaries white with a faint tinge of grey: bill blood-red; feeb vermilion (drying to orange * Type examined. It XARIDiE. colour); webs deeply indented, but less so than in H. leucoptera. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9-25-9#5, tail 3-8, tarsus 0*9, middle toe with claw 1*15. Indian birds, which are probably almost sedentary, are slightly smaller in size. Some of the birds resident in South Africa are of a distinctly darker hue both above and below than Northern examples; Australian specimens, on the other hand, are inclined to be paler. Adult female. Similar to the male, or a trifle paler in general tint. Adult in winter plumage. Upper parts of a paler grey than in the breeding-season ; forehead white; crown and nape streaked and mottled with black ; underparts entirely white; bill and feet reddish brown. Young in first plumage. Crown and nape blackish brown, mantle mottled with brown and with warm cinnamon-brown edges to the inner secondaries; tail slightly mottled and edged with ash-brown ; the rest like the adult in winter. By December the brown markings are considerably diminished. Nestling. Down at the base of the bill black, forehead ruddy fawn-colour; upper parts paler fawn, mottled and streaked with black; underparts white, except the throat, which is sooty black for a few days. Hob. South-western, Central, and Southern Europe in summer, and to about 55° N. lat. on migration; eastward throughout temperate and warmer Asia to China ; southwards, by Malayasia to Australia, as far as 35° S. lat.; throughout Africa; Barbados once. a. Pull. sk. Camargue, S. France, July H. Saunders Coll. b. <$ ad. sk. Andalucia, S.W. Spain, May 10 Col. L. H. L. Irby {L. H. L. I.). [P.]. c. <$ ad. sk. Andalucia, S.W. Spain, June 6 H. Saunders Coll. (S. 8.). d. e. Ad. et juv. Andalucia, S.W. Spain, July H. Saunders Coll. sk. (F. W. Forrester). f. Ad. j g, k Juv. Valencia, E. Spain, July 26. H. Saunders Coll. sk. i. S ad. sk. Lower Volga, May (H. F. Gould Coll. Moschler). k. Pull. sk. Astrachan, July (H. F. Mosch- Gould Coll. ler). I, m. Pull. st. Algiers. Purchased. n. Ad. sk. Marocco. Tweeddale Coll. o,p. d $ ad.; q, Lower Egypt (G. E. Shelley). Shelley Coll. r. Imm. sk. s. Ad. sk. Lower Egypt (G. B. Shelley). H. Saunders Coll. t Ad. sk. White Nile. E. Galton, Esq. TP1 u. Ad. sk. White Nile. L J v. Imm. sk. Lake Ngami (C. J. Andersson). PL Saunders Coll. w. Ad. sk. Kroonstad, Orange Free State. J. H. Gurney Coll. x. (S ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Dec. 6. Shelley Coll. y. Ad. sk.; Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.]. z. Ad. sk. a'-d'. Acl.; Sterna magnirostris, Licht. JZemr&oM^r&-4&2&) [ty^e^rrBerlin Mus. examined, H. S.]; Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 81, tav. civ. (1825); Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 861 (1833) ; Tsch £ Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 53, 305 (1846) ; Sartl Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guiana, iii. p. 461 (1848); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xviii. fig. 257 (1848); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. pp. 450, 451 (1856); id. Beise La Plata, ii. p. 519 (1861) ; Schl Mus. P.-Bas, Sterna, p. 12 (1863); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96 (Orinoco); Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 593, 979 (Mariana, Lower Amazons); Gray, Eand4. B.iil p. 120 (1871) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 324, 461 (1871); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 (Para); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 643 (revision); Bumf. Ibis, 1880, p. 412 (Rosario); Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 438 (1886); MacFarl Ibis, 1887, p. 209 (Guayaquil). PViralva simplex, Steph in Shaio's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 1, p. 172 (1825). "Sterna speculifera, Temm.," Less. TraiU, p. 622 (1831: Brazil) [cf. Puch Bev, Zool ii. (1850) p. 544]; Gray, Gen. B, iii. p. 659 (1846). Phaethusa magnirostris, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840), p. 100 (1841); id. Gm. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Reichenb. Syst. Nat tab. iv. (1850) id. Av. Syst Nat, Longip. 24c LARID^J. p. v (1852): Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) j Scl $ Salv. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 567, 1873, p. 310 (Eastern Peru); iid. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873); Ber- Zepsch, J.f. 0.1874, p. 278 (Santa Catharina); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 200 (Buenos Aires); Taczan.fyBerlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 112 (Kiobamba, Ecuador) j Scl. $ Muds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 194 (1889) ; Heinefy Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890) ; Scl P. Z. S. 1891, p. 301 (alive at Zool. Gardens). Thalassites magnirostris, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 372 (1837) ; Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Lower Ucayali). Thaiasseus chlonpoda (Vieill), Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 182. Sylochelidon speculifera, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186. Sylochelidon magnirostris, Gray, List Anseres in Brit Mus. p. 175 (1844); Bias. J.f.O. 1866, p. 82. Sterna albifrons, Cuv. MSS. in Mus. Paris; Pucheran, Rev. Zool ii." p. 344(1850)*. Sterna chloripoda, Liot. Ois. Trinid. p. 537 (1866). Adult. Head and nape glossy black, with a very narrow line of •white at the base of the bill; nape and sides of neck pale grey; mantle and tail slate-grey; carpal coverts, upper wing-coverts, and the greater part of secondaries white; primaries dark brown, with whitish " wedges " to the inner webs and narrow white borders to the inner margins (increasing on the upper primaries) ; shafts blackish; inner secondaries broadly edged with white and grey, with a brownish spot above; lores, cheeks, and underparts pure white. In less mature birds the white on the forehead is a little wider; the mantle has a browner tinge; the brown spots on the inner secondaries are more extensive, and the lores are slightly flecked with black; but there does not seem to be any distinct winter or " eclipse " stage beyond a slight mottling of the crown. The sexes appear to be alike in plumage. Bill chrome-yellow, slightly greenish at the base of the lower mandible; feet olive, the webs yellow. Total length 14*75 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 11*5, tail 4*8, the fork only 0*6 deep, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1*15. Immature. Crown slate-grey; a blackish patch from the back of the eye to the nape, which is also blackish; bill with a greener tinge; otherwise like the adult. Young. Crown at first pale brown, streaked with umber, afterwards grey; upper parts greyish, mottled with brown and drab; upper tail-coverts and tail slightly barred and tipped with dull white or drab. Hal. Trinidad and the Orinoco to the Parana" and the La Plata, and on the large rivers of tropical South America up to the foot of the Andes; also on the estuarine coasts of Peru and Ecuador. Eggs deposited on sand-banks. a- Ad. st. b. Ad. sk. " South America." South America. Zool. Soc. Mus. [P.]. Gould Coll. c. 1mm. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schoniburgk [P.]. * Type examined. 3 . GELOCHELIDON. 25 d. $ ad.; e. $ Eiver Eupuruni, British Salvin-Godman Ooll. juv. sk. /. $ ad. sk. #. Imm. sk. A Juv. sk. Guiana, Feb. 7 (JET. JF.)Ourumee, British. Guiana, Dec. 22 (J3T. JF.). Surinam (Dr. Kirhe). Island of Mexiana, mouth of Salvin-Godmau Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Ooll. the Amazons, Dec. 1848 i. Ad. sk. Jc. Imm. sk. I. Ad. sk. m. Ad. sk. n. Ad. sk. (A. R. Wallace). Brazil (Natterer). South Brazil (from BerlinMus.). Parana Eiver (Rogers). Parana River (Rogers). Parana Eiver, April. Salvin-Godman Ooll. H. Saunders ColL H. Saunders Ooll. Salvin-Godman Coll. H. Durnford, Esq;. o. S ad. sk. p. <$ ad.; imm. sk. r, s. Imm. s q. Jk. "Upper Ucayali, E. Peru, May 31 (E. Bartlett). Pebas, Amazons, E. Peru, April 31 (J". Hauxtoell). Guayaquil Eiver, Ecuador, June (Comm. MacFarlane, R.N.). [P.J. H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. H. Saunders Coll. 3. GELOCHELIDON. Type. Gelochelidon, JBrehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 774 (1831) .. G. anglica. Laropis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1225 G. anghca. Range. Temperate and warm regions of the Old "World (except South Africa), down to Australia; also of America down to South Argentina, but almost unknown on the Pacific side. 1. Gelochelidon anglica. ? Egyptian Tern, Lath. Gen. JSyn. iii, pt. 2, p. 356 (1785: ex Hasselquist, Iter., 1757); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 110 (1824). ? Sterna nilotica, Gm. S. N. i. p. 606 (1788: ex Hasselq.); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 805 (1790). Sterna anglica, Mont. Orn. Diet. Suppl. fig. (1813: type in Brit. Mus.); Leaeh, Syst. Cat Mamm. Sfc. Brit. Mus.y. 41 (1816); Temm. Man. tfOrn. 2nd ed. p. 744 (1820); Meyer, Taschenb. iii. p. 188 (1822); Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 81 (1823: Nubia); Fleming, Brit An. p. 143 (1828); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 8 (1828) ; Lesson. TraiU. p. 621 (1831); Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 867 (1833: S. Brazil); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 480, pi. 88. ^g. 1 (1833); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 269 (1834); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 269 (1835); Fyton, Rarer Brit B. p. 97,figs.,and Cat. B. B. p. 54 (1836); Gould, B. Fur. v. pi. 416 (1837); Audub. B. Am. pi. 410; id. Synops. p. 316 (1839); id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 127 (1839): D'Orbigny, in Sagra's N. E. Cuba, p. 215 (1839); JSehinz, Furop. Faun. p. 374 (1840); Temm. Man. d!Orn. 2nd ed. 4we pte. p. 460 (1840) ; Naum. Vb'g. Deutschl x. p. 38, pi. 249 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. xcviii & 247 (1840); Nordm. in JDSmid. Voy. Russ. MSrid. iii. p. 278 (1840); Jerdon, Madr. Jour. xii. p. 224 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 149 (1842) ; Muhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 146 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxx (1844); Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 81, pi. 430 (1844); Giraud, 26 LAKIDJE. B. Long Is. p. 353 (1844); Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 515 (1845); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 431, pi. 121. tig. (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Reichenb. Natat. tab. six. fig. 261 (1848) ; Begl. Ois. Bur. ii. p. 336 (1849); StrickL P. Z. S. 1850, p. 222 (Kordofan); Kjcerb. Dcrnm. Fugle, p. 327, tab. 40 A. fig. 2 (1852), Suppl. tab. 20. fig. 1 (1854); Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 613, pi. 361 (1854); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856); Meyer, Br. B. vii. p. 109, pi. 297 (1857); Lmderm. Vog. Grwchenl. p. 180 (1860); Poivi/s, Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Ionian Is.) j Simpson, Ibis, 1860, p. 391 (Missolonghi, breeding); Schl. Bier. Nederl, Vogels, p. 241 (1861); Badde, Beis. Sibir., Vog. p. 388 (1863 : Tarei-nor) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 241 (1863); Schl. Mus. P.-B.9 Sterna, p. 34 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 121 (1864); Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 450 (1867); Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutscU. p. 145 (1869); Bodefrl. Avif. Sicil. p. 241 (1869) ; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (S. Spain); Hariing, Handb. Brit. B. p. 170 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 297 (1872); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1425 (1873); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 319 (1872); id. Check-l no. 560 (1873); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873), and Bresse?-'s translat. in Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (breeds up to 6000 ft.); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 208 (1875) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 644 (revision); Bresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 295, pi. 585 (1877), Prjev. in Bowlegs Orn. Misc. iii. p. 110 (1878: breeds in Valley of Hoang-ho, but not in Ussuri or China proper); Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878: Galveston, breeding); Bamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 301; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 102 (New Guinea); id. op. cit. 1887, p. 1002 (West Australia); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: list); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1011 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 209 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix.p. 94 (1881: Malabar); Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); id. Nomencl. N. Amer. B. no. 679 (1881); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia fyc. iii. p. 406 (1882); Seebohm, Ms, 1882, p. 230 (breeds, Kirghiz steppes); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882); Salvin, Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 623 (1882); Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 290 (Gilgit); Oates,B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 422 (1883); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 182 (1883); Tristr. Faun. # Flor. Palest, p. 135 (1884); Saunders, UK ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 531 (1884); Baird, Brewer, # Bidgto. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 277 (1884); Seebohm, Br. B. iii. p. 263 (1885) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81; Luthe, Ornis, 1885, p. 146 (Denmark, breeds); Torre $• Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 563 (Plattensee, breeds); Luthe, Ornis, 1886, p. 99; O. Winge, t. c. p. 592 (Denmark); Alison, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudscba); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 ; id. op. cit. 1891, p. 116 (Fao, breeds); Bianchi, Mil. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. xii. liv. 5, p. 682 (1886: Pamirs); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal, breeds); Hume, Str. Feath. xi. p. 349 (1888: Manipur); Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. PHersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 57 (1888: Turkestan) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. p. 8 (1889); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502 (Barbados); North, Nests fy Eggs Austral. B. p. 355, pi. xvii. •&g. 2 (1889); Sound. Man. Brit. B. p. 623 (1889) ; Oates, 2nd ed, Hume's Nests # Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 304 (1890); Stevenson fy Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 307 (1890); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 209 (1890); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 428; id. op. cit. 1892, p. 212 (Buenos Aires prov.); Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 306 (1890); Saund. Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake Leman); G'dtke, Vogelw. HelgoL p. 587 (1891); Jdckel 8r Bias. Vog. Bayerns, pp. 366-374 (1891); Be la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foocnow & Swatow, spring & autumn); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxix. (1894). 3 . GELOCHELIDON. 27 Sterna aranea, Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 143, pi. 72. fig. G (1814): Vieill Em. Method, i. p. 348 (1820); Bp. Obs. Nomencl Wilson, no. 243 (1826); id. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 354 (1828); Audouin, Mist. Nat. Egypte, pi. 9. fig. 2; id. Expt. Sonnini, 2nd ed. p. 418 (1828); Vieill Faime Frang. p. 398, pi. 161. Jag, 1 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 90 (1831); Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 179 (1832); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Gay, Faun. CHI, Zool. i. p. 485 (1847); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxii. figs. 826827 (1848) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 452 (1856) ; Baird, Cass. $ Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 859 (1858); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas); Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 540 (1866); Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 119 (1871); Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 325 & p. 461 (1871). Sterna affinis, jfforsf. [nee Rdpp.] Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199 (1820) ; id. Zool. Fes. Java, p. 8 (1824). Thalasseus anglicus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Sterna risoria, Brehm, Vogelk. iii, p. 650, tab. v. (1822): id. Lehrb. Eur. Yog. p. 682 (1824). Sterna meridionalis, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Yog. p. 988 (1824); Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 35 (Massaua). Yiralva anglica, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 1, p. 174 (1826) ; Sykes, F. Z. S. 1832, p. 172; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840). Viralva affinis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 175 (1826: ex Horsfield). ? Hydronrogne aranea, Kaup, Natiirl Syst. pp. 91 & 196 (1829). Geloehelidon balthica, Brehm, V6g. Deutsehl p. 772 (1831); id. Vogelf p. 346 (1855); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295. Geloehelidon agraria, Brehm, Vog. Deutsehl. p. 773 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 347 (1855); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295. Geloehelidon meridionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutsehl p. 774 (1831: type of genus Geloehelidon); id. Vogelf p. 347 (1855); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295; Bp. C. R. xiii. p. 772 (1856); Loche, Expl Sc. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 198 (1867). Geloehelidon aranea, Brehn, Vog. Deutsehl. p. 775 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 61 (1838); Brehm, Vogelf p. 347 (1855); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295,-Bp. C. R. xiii. p. 772 (1856). Laropis anglica, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225. "Sterna nnttalli, Aud." NuttalVs Man. Orn. ii. p. 279, footnote (1834: Tortugas); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846). Sterna macrotarsa, Gould, F. Z. S. 1837, p. 2Q (Tasmania); id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. ii. fig. 2 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); id. Eand-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11042 (1871). Geloehelidon anglica, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Am. p. 61 (1838); id. Cat. Uce. Eur. p. 76 (1842); Riipp. Sijst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Red Sea); Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187; Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and Av. Syst. Nat. p. v (1852) ; Macgill Br. B. T. p. 666 (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854); Bp. C. R. xiii. p. 772 (1856); Jaub. § Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 401 (1859); Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 364 (Tunisia); Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 82 (Sahara); Coues, Fr. Fhilad. Acad. 1862, p. 536; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 388; Salvin, op. cit. 1866, p. 199 (Chiapam); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 36 (Egypt & Nubia); Blasius, J. f O. 1866, p. 82 (revision); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 457, tab. "55. fig. 1 (1870); Sahad. Faun. Ital, Uce. p. 283 (1871); Allen, Bull Harv. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871: Florida) ; Scl. <$• Salv. F. Z. S. 1871, p. 572 (revision); Boldsw. op. cit. 1872, p. 480 (Ceylon); Scl # Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873); Gould, B. Gt. Br. v, pi. 74 (1873); Sahad. Uce. Borneo, p. 371 (1874) ; Blyth % Wald. B. 28 LARID2E. Burm. p. 1G3 (1875); Taczan. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1875, p. 261 (Tarei-nor); Hume, Str. Feath. iv. p. 294 (J 876: Andamans); Gundl Orn. Cuba, p. 309 (1876); Law. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. iv. p. 51 (1876 : Tehnantepec); Hume . 100 (1841); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 290 (1849); Jerd. B. Ind. iii.' p. 836 (1864); Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 421 (Kattiawar). Viralva aranea, Darwin, Zool.i Beagle,' iii. p. 143 (1841: Bahia Blanca). Gelochelidon palustris, Macgill Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii. p. 237 (1842). The Gull-billed Tern, Yarr. Br. B.iii. p. 407 (1843). Gelichelidon anglica, Gray, List B. in Brit. Mus. iii. (Anseres), p. 176 (1844). Hydrocecropis nuttalli, Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179. ? Hydrochelidon nilotica {Gm.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184. Gelochelidon affinis, Boie, Isis, 1844. p. 187; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 772 (1856). Gelochelidon macrotarsa, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl p. 347 (1850) ; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 772 (1856); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 403 (1865); id. B. Austr. Sujppl pi. 81 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 119 (1871); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 348 (Brisbane). Gelochelidon velox, Brelim, Vogelf. p. 347 (1855); id. Naum. 1855, P* 295. Sterna nilotica, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 119 (1871); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 281 (1873: Sind); B. M. Adam, t. c. p. 403 (Sambhur L., winter); Hume, Neststy Eggs Ind. B. p. 648 (1875); E. A. Butler, Str. JF.iv. p. 31 (N.Guzerat); J. Armstrong, Str.F. iv. p. 351 (Irrawaddy); Beichenow, Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl p. 61 (1889) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 179 (1891) ; Madardsz, Ausst. XJng. Vogelf. p. 120 (1891); Hartert, Katal. Vogehamml Senckenb. ix 240 (1891); Beichenow, Fog. Deutsch. O.-Afr. p. 21 (1894: Victoria Nyanza). Sterna (Gelochelidon) anglica, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 664 (1874); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 757 (1884). Gelochelidon nilotica, Stejneger, Auk, 1884, pp. 364-366 (ex Hasselq.); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer.B. p. 92 (1887) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital p. 279 (1887) ; Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 38 (1887) ; Cory, B. West Indies, p. 277 (1889); Heine fy Beichen. NomencL Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890); Bhoads, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 101 (Corpus Ohristi, Texas, breeding) ; Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 92 Adult male in breeding-plumage. Eorehead, crown, upper half of lores, nape, and nuchal crest jet-black; mantle, upper tail-coverts, and tail pearl-grey, the outer feathers of the latter whitish; primaries grey when new and frosted, but darker, inclining to iron- grey towards the tips and especially on the inner webs, when the 3 . GEL0CHELID0N. frosting has worn off; a distinct white wedge on the upper part of the inner web of the outer primary, but smaller and less defined in the succeeding flight-feathers; shafts of the four outer pairs of primaries white ; lower half of the lores, chin, and entire underparts white: hill black, occasionally reddish at the base of the lower mandible; iris hazel-brown ; tarsi and toes black, with a reddish tinge; webs moderately indented. Total length 14*5 to 15-5 inches, culmen 1-8 to 2, wing 12 to 13, tail 5-5 to 6, depth of fork 1*5, tarsus 1*45, middle toe and claw 1*25. Adult female. Similar to the male, but slightly smaller, and with a somewhat less robust bill. Adult in ivwter. Porehead, upper lores, crown, and nape white, with black streaks, which form a patch before and behind the eye ; otherwise as in summer. The primaries are usually fresh and frosted in November and December. Young. Similar to the above, but the primaries are darker; the streaks on the head are greyish on a somewhat buff-tinted white ; the feathers of the upper parts are edged with whitish buff, and have arrow-headed brown markings in their centres. Up to September these buff and brown markings are pronounced, but are afterwards lost. In birds just fledged the upper parts are chiefly pale fawn-colour, especially in the middle of the back; bill and feet reddish brown. Nestling. Upper parts stone-buff, streaked and mottled with dull brown; underparts dull white. American birds are often slightly smaller than European examples, and Australian specimens are inclined to be larger, but there are numerous exceptions. Hal. Europe below 55° N. lat. in summer; temperate and warm Asia, except China proper, where it is only known in the south; Malayasia to Australia (breeds); Northern Africa and Egypt; eastern portion of North America, and down to South Argentina, but not noticed on the Pacific side, except on the coast of Guatemala. Sandy shores of sea-coasts or inland lakes. The eggs, deposited on the bare sand, dried mud, or sea-drift, are intermediate in character between those of the Terns and the Gulls. a. Imm. sk. Sussex (Montagu). Col. Montagu [P.]. (Type of Sterna anglica.) b Ad. st. c. Ad. sk. d. Ad. sk. e. 2 ad. sk. / . Ad. sk. Christchurck, Hants, May 14,1872. Europe (Zichtenstein). South Spain. Andalucia, April 29 (H. &). Athens. Baron A. von Hiigel [P.]. Riocour Coll. Lord Lilford[P.]. II. Saunders Coll. C. L.W. Merlin, Esq. a Juv sk. Crimea (figured in Gould's H. Saunders Coll. *' < Birds of Europe'). h. Juv. sk. i. $ ad. sk. h 6 ad. sk. I Ad. sk. Crimea, Sept. (Th. Schmidt). v<%a> Ma y t5"-T* Moschler). S. Russia, April. Zana, Algeria (0. &), Gould Coll. Hume ColL H. Saunders ColL Salvin-Godman ColL m. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Eraser [0.]. 30 n. Ad. sk. o, p. $ ad. sir. q. Ad. sk. r, s. § vixad. sk. t. Bum. sk. u. Ad. sk. x Ad. sk. «, #r. $ ad. sk. 5'. Ad. sk. o'. $ ad.; e*'. $ imm. sk. e\ $ ad. sk. f. $ ad. sk. g'. Ad. sk. /i'.^ad.; *. $ juv. sk. JAKID2E. Egypt. Favoom, Feb. (0. J£ A). Bamietta, March 29 (G. JB. 8.). Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 27. "India." Jellalabad, Nov. (Griffith). Karachi, Sind, Feb. (i£ A. Butler Sr A. 0. Hume). Belachery, Cutch, Oct. 24 Sambhtir, Dec.-Feb. (R. M. Adam). Sambhur, March 6 (JB. M, Adam), Sambhur, May 10 (JR. M. Adam). Sambhur (A. 0. Hume). Gurgaon, Jan. Woolar Lake, Cashmere, breeding {Col. Delme- JRadcliffe). Gilgit, 5000 ft., Aug. A', V, (S imm. sk. Futtehgurh, March (A. An- m', n'. Imm. sk. or. Imm. sk. p\ q'. Ad. et juv. sk. /, s'. Ad. et $ imm. sk. t\ Imm. sk. u\ Imm. sk. ?/, w'3 x\ Ad. sk. 2/'. $ ad. sk. s'. c? ad. sk. a". $ ad. sk. b". Imm. sk. c". § imm. sk. d". Imm. sk. e"* $ imm. sk. /" . <5 imm. sk. /'. $ imm.; F, ilJ d $ ad.; k,r , 5 imm. ; J". ? ad, sk. Etawah, Oct.-Nov. Oudh, Dec. (W.JE. Brooks). N.W. India (& P.). Binapur, Feb. Beccan (Col. fykes). Barjeeling (Pearson), Bombay Harbour, Feb. 1 (A. 0. JB".). Hambantota, S.E. Ceylon, Aug.(W. V.L.). Hambantota, S.E. Ceylon, Aug. (IP. V.L.). Eomidi, S.E. Ceylon. March (W. V.L.). Aripo, N.W. Ceylon, Aug. (E. W. H. midsworth). Andaman Is., Nov. (Cajpt. Wimberley). Lower Pegu. Elephant Point, near Kangoon, Dec. {J. Armstrong). Sittang River, Feb. ( W. Damson). Thatone, Nov.-Jan. (W. U). Sir John Bowring [P.]. Shelley Coll. Shelley Coll. W. B. Cuinming, Esq. [P.]. Br. T. C. Jerdon [P.]. India Museum. Hume Coll. Col. Hayes-Lloyd [p.]. Hume Coll. Hume Coll, Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Col. Biddulph [P.]. Seebohm Coll. Hume Coll. Home Coll. PinwiU Coll. Hume Coll. India Museum. India Museum. Hume Coll. Col. W. V. Legge H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Hume Coll. E. "W. Oates Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. m% . 6 ad. sk. ri\ $ ad. sk. o". $ ad. sk. p'r. 2 imm. sk. q". § imm. sk. /•" ? ad. Gurgaon, Delhi, Jan.,Feb. (W. Hume Coll. sk. N. Chill). 2 juv. sk. Delhi, May 14 (C. T. Bingham). Hume Coll. <$ ; r. $ ad. Kumaon Bhabur, March (G. Hume Coll. ?• sk. King). s. Ad. sk. Oudh, Feb. Hume Coll. t, u. Ad.; v. Etawah, Dec. Hume Coll. Imm. sk. w, x. $ ad. sk. Futteligurk, May {A.Anderson). Seebohm Coll. y. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. Hodgson). India Museum [P.]. z. Ad.sk. Sikhini Terai, Jan. (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. a'. Ad. sk. Bhotan Doars, Dec. (X. M.). Hume Coll. b'. Imm. sk. Assam (Col Si/Jces). India Museum [P.], c\ J ad.sk. Dibrughur (J. M. Crijpps). Hume Coll. d'. c? ad. sk. Kalleejung, Brahmaputra R., Hume Coll. Dec. (W. Davison). e. <$ ad. sk. Julpigoree, Bengal, May (H. J. H. Saunders Coll. JEhves). / . Ad. sk. Dacca. Plume Coll. g'. Imm. st.; h'. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Ad. sk. P-J %'. Imm. sk. Dinapur (S. Bimoill). Tweeddale Coll. kr. Imm. sk. Dinapur, Feb. (W. E.Brooks). Hume Coll. V. 2 ad.; m'. Raipur, Central Provinces, Jan. Hume Coll. <$ juv. sk. ri. Ad. sk. Deccan (Col Sgkes). India Museum [P.]. o',$'. d ad. sk. Bhamo, Jan. 20. Dr. J. Anderson [ft]. q'. c? imm. sk. Rangoon District, Dec. (JR* G. Tweeddale Coll. W. It.). r\ Ad. sk. Pegu, Dec. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 46 IAK1DJB. s\t'. S S ad.; Lower Pegu, Oct., Nov. (E. W. Oates Coll. u'. 2 imm. sk. 0.). »', w'- c? $ ad.; Tonghoo, May (22. 6?. 7F. .R.)- Tweeddale Coll. x'. <$ juv. sk. */,»'. d ? ad, Tonghoo, Dec. (JR. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. sk. a". Q ad. sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll. W. JR.). b", c". <$ ? ad. Sittang River, Feb. (W. Davison). Hume Coll. sk. d"-i". g 5 ad.; k"-n". d $ Thatone, Oct.-Dec. ( W. D.). Hume Coll. imm. sk. o". 2ad.sk. />", q". S ad. sk. Tliayetmyo, Dec. Houngtliraw, Salween River, Feb. 28 (W. Lvmborg). H. Saunders Coll. Tweeddale Coll. 2. Sterna forsteri. Common Tern, var., Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 362 (1785: Dr. Forster; Hudson Bay). Sterna hirundo, Sw. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 412 (1831 : Saskatchewan River). Sterna forsteri, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 274, footnote (1834); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. vi. p. 222 (1852: California); JBaird, Cass, fy Lawr. B. N Amer. p. 862 (1858); Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. no. 691 (1859); Coues, Proc. JPMlad. Acad. 1862, p. 544; id. Lbis, 1864, p. 390 (Dueiias, Guatemala); Salvin, op. cit. 1866, p. 199 (same loc.) ; Coues, JPr. JPMlad. Acad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona) ; Bias. J.f.O. 1866, pp. 74, 78; Coues, Pr. Essex Lnst. v. p. 308 (1868: New England); Elliot, New % Unfiq. B. N. Amer. i. Lntrod., tail figd. (1869); Gray, JEand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11026 (1871); Scl 8r Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 569 (revision) ; iid. Nomencl At). Neotrop. p. 147 (1873); Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1871, p. 44 (North Carolina); id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 321 (1872); id. Check-list, no. 566 (1873); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. NY. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 676 (1874); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N JEL. ii. p. 318 (1874: Mazatlan); JHensh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 13 (1874: Utah); id. Rep. Zool JExpl. 100th Merid. p. 486 (1875); Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 51 (1876: Tehuantepec) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 651 (revision) ; Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 4:0th Par. p. 639 (1877)$ Sennett, Bull U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 68 (1878: Galveston; breeds); Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53, no. 685 (1881); Coues, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 123, no. 798 (1882); Stearns fy Coues, New Engl B.-Life, p. 369 (1883); Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 763 (1884); JBaird, Brew., fy Ridgw. Water-B. N Amer. ii. p. 292 (1884); JDrexv, Auk, 1885, p. 18 (Colorado up to 6000 ft.); Agersborg, t. c. p. 289 (Dakota); A. O. U. Check-l. p. 94 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 42 (1887); Seton, Auk, 1886, p. 147 (Manitoba; breeding); Scott, op. cit. 1887, pp. 274, 278, 279 (Florida); Townsend, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 192 (1888: N. California, breeds); Beckham, t. c. p. 644 (Corpus Christi, Texas); Brewster, Auk, 1889, p. 66 (New England); Pindar, & c. p. 31 (Kentucky; breeds); Shkk, op. cit. 1890, p. 327 (New Jersey); Hein. <5* Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890); Thomps. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 469 (1890: Manitoba, breeds) ; 6 . STERNA, 47 Slmfeldt, Aide, 1891, p. 366 (fossil remains: Oregon); Mhoads, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas). Sterna havelli, Aud. urn. Bioq. v. p. 122 (1839); id. B. N. Amur. pi. 409. fig. 1; id. Synop. p. 318 (1839); id. B. N. Ame>\ 8vo ed. viii. p. 103, pi. 434 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Baud, Cass., # Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 861 (1858); Corns, Br. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 543 (refers it to 8. forsteri); Gray, JSand4. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11028 (1871). Gelochelidon liavelli {Aud.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187: Bp. C. E. xlii. p. 772 (1856). Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Forehead, upper half of lores, crown, and nape deep sooty black ; the nuchal feathers not prolonged into a crest; mantle pearl-grey; tips of secondaries white; primaries pale grey when new and frosted, blackish when worn, shafts white, webs on both sides grey, the " wedge " greyish white, inner margins dark grey ; rump white ; tail-feathers grey, except the streamers, which have white outer wobs ; underparts pure white; bill rather stout, orange-yellow, blackish for nearly its terminal half, the extreme tips yellowish; tarsi and toes orange-red. Total length 14 to 15 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 10*5, tail 7 to 8, depth of fork about 4-25, tarsus 1, middle toe with claw 1*1. Female, Similar, perhaps a trifle smaller, with less prolonged streamers. Adult in winter. Similar, except that the head and neck are greyish white, with black streaks, which become confluent before and behind the eye; tail-streamers less prolonged; bill blackish; feet yellowish brown. Immature. Like the above, but with a varying amount of dark brown on the inner secondaries and rectrices. Young even browner, and tawny on the nape. Downy nestling. "Warm dark buff, thickly marked with black; underparts lighter, but decidedly darker than in most nestlings of allied Terns. Hah. Greater part of North America, from the Fur Countries to Southern Texas (breeding); Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala in winter; once obtained at sea between 200-300 miles from Pernam buco (Salv.-Godm, Coll.). Breeds in grassy marshes. a. $ pull. sk. Cobb's Isl, Virginia, July (W. H. Saunders Coll. Brevister). b. Pull. sk. Repaza Marsh, Va., July (-R. H. Saunders Coll. Ridgway). c. c? ad. sk. Cobb's Isl, Va, (JR. Midgway). H. Saunders Coll. d. 6 2 ad. st.; b'. S ad. sk. c\ Ad. sk. d\ 2 ad. sk. e\f. Ad.; #', A'. Pull. sk. i'. 2 ad. sk. k'. Ad. sk. Z\ Ad. sk. m'. 6 ad.; n'. 2 ad. sk. o\ 6 ad. sk. j>\ $ ad. sk. #'. tf ad.: r\ PnlL sk. sr. 2 ad. sk. tf'. JUV. st. u', vr. <3 juv. sk w', x\ Imm. sk. y',s\ Ad. etjuv. a'7, 5". d ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Mav 30-June 26 (7. Young). Santa Catharina, S. Brazil (Rogers). 80 miles S. of Bahia Blanca, Jan. (H. M. Harrison, R.N.). Chuput, E. Patagonia, Nov. Port Santa Cruz, E. Patagonia (J. M. Campbell). East Falkland Island. Falkland Islands (Capt Abbott). Falkland Islands (Capt. Abbott). Falkland Islands, Jan. Uranie Bav, Falkland Is., Nov. 21,1842. Magellan Straits (Weisshaupt). Magellan Straits. Elizabeth Is., Magellan Straits. Messier Channel, Magellan Strs. Port Desire, Aug. (J. Young). Tom Bay, W. Patagonia (Dr. Coppinger). Cockle Cove, W. Patagonia, Oct. (Dr. Coppinger). Chile (Cuming). Chile (JE. C Reed). Coquimbo Bay, Nov. (Adm. A. H. Markham). Callao Bay, Peru, Aug.-Sept. (Adm. Markham). Chimbote, Peru, 9° S. lat., Aug. (Comm. MacFarlane). 7. Sterna fluviatilis. H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman ColL H. Saunders Coll. H. Durnford, Esq, [C.]. H. Saunders Coll. Antarctic Exped. Salvin-Godman Coll, J. Gould, Esq. H. Saunders Coll. McCormick Bequest. Salvin-Godman Coll, Sir W. Burnett & Capt. Fitzroy, B.N, [P.]. KM.S.'Challenger' Exped. H.M.S. < Challenger' Exped. H. Saunders ColL Voy.H.M.S. < Alert/ Voy.H.M.S. < Alert/ T. Brydges [C.]. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders ColL The Common Tern. The Greater Sea Swallow, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 81 (1740). La Grande Hirondelle-de-Mer, JBriss. Orn. vi. p. 203, pi. xix. fig. 1 (1760). The Greater Tern, Pennant, Brit Zool p. 144, pi. 1* (1766); id. Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. p. 428 (1788). Larus bicolor, Scop. Ann. I. Hist Nat. p. 81, no. 110 (1769) (imm.), Larushirundo, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82, no. Il l (1769). Larus sterna, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat p. 82, no. 112 (1769) (imm.). 6. STERNA. ? Lams Columbians, Scop. Ann. L Hist Nat p. 82, no. 113 (1769) (iuv.). Le Pierre-garin, Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. viii. p. 331, pi. xxvii. (1783). L'Hirondelle de Mer,Daubent. PL Fnl. pL 987 (1786). The Common Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 361 (1785) -, Bewick. Brit. B. ii. p. 184 (1821); Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 306 (1843). Sterna hirundo (part.), Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 227 (1766); P. L. S. Mull. S. N p. 352 (1776); Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 606 (1788). Sterna hirundo, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 807 (1790); Bechst Naturg. Deutschl ii. p. 828 (1791); Meyer § Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 459 (1810) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat p. 333 (1811); Illiger, Prodr. p. 272 (1811) ; Wilson, Am. Orn. vii. p. 76, pi. 60. fig. 1 (1813) ; Meisn. § Schinz, Tog. Schweiz, p. 261 (1815); Meyer, Vdg. Xwu. Fsthl. p. 229 (1815); Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 481 (1815), 2nd ed. p. 740 (1820); Koch, Syst baier. Zool p. 366 (1816); Leach, Syst Cat Mamm. fyc, Brit Mus. p. 41 (1816); Niks. Om. Suec. p. 156 (1817); Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelh. iii. p. 678 (1822); Licht Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 688 (1824); Steph. in Shato's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 1, p. 150, pi. 18 (1825); Bp. Obs, Nomencl. Wilson, no. 241 (1826); id. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. p. 354 (1828); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 6 (1828); Vieill Faune l'rang.,Oi$. p. 401 (1828); Fleming, Brit An. p. 143 (1828); Kaup, Naturl. Syst p. 26 (1829); Lesson, TraitS, p. 621 (1831); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 85 (1831); Sw. Sf Pick. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 412 (1831); MSnStr. Cat Pais. Cauc. p. 551 (1832); Jard., Fd. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 368 (1832); Selby, Brit B. ii. p. 468, pi. xc. ftg. 1 (1833); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. £ 271 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 266 (1835); Gould, B. Fur. v. pi. 417 (1837); Bp>. Comp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 61 (1838); Audub. Orn. Biogr.iv.y.74: (1838); id. B. N. Amer. folio, pi. 309; id. Synops. p. 318 (1839); Dickson Sf Boss, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 135 (breeds, Erzeroom); Schinz, Furop. Faun. p. 373 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 474 (1840); Naum. Vdg. Deutschl. x. p. 89, pi. 252 (1840); Keys. § Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. xcvii & 246 (1840); Temm. Man. d?Om. ed. ii. 4* pte. p. 458 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Puss. Mirid. iii. p. 278 (1840) -T Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840), & p. 100 (1841) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 150 (1842) ; Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 231 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Lsl. p. 347 (1844); Audub. B. N. Am. 8vo, vii. p. 97, pi. 433 (1844); Bouteitte, Orn. Dauphini, ii. p. 235 (1843); Gray, List Anseres B. M. p. 177 (1844); Schl. Pev. Crit p. exxix (1844); Muhle, Orn. Griechenl p. 145 (1844); Pupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Egypt & Red Sea); Yarr. Brit B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 504 (1845); Hewits. Fggs Brit B. ii. y: 427, pi. 120. fig. 1 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Peichenb. Natat tab. xix. figs. 269-273 (1848); id. Syst Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and Av. Syst Nat, Longip. p. v (1852); Degl. Ois. Fur. ii. p. 342 (1849); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 292 (1849); Thomps. B. Lrel. iii. p. 281 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 638 (1852); Brandt, in Lehmannh Peis. n. Buchara, p. 330 (1852); Kjmrb. Damn. Fugle, p. 329, Taf. 40 A (1852), and Suppl Taf. 20. fig. 3 (1854); Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854); Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 608, pi. 357 (1854); Keugl. Syst Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : N. Egypt) ; Meyer, Brit B. vii. p. 82, pi. 291 (1857); Jaub. fyLapomm, Pick Orn. Fr. p. 403 (1859); Jbraes, Nat Bermuda,?. 91 (1859); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Ionian Is.); Simpson, t c. p. 393 (Missolonghi, breeding); Lxnderm. Vdg. Griechenl. p. 178 (1860); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oudh & Kumaon); Keugl in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea); M LAKID2E. Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 240 (18G3); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 48. fig. 4 (1863) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 327 (Hankow, not on coast); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 839 (1864); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865); Degl. % Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 456 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 201 (1867) ; Feb. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 37 (Upper Indus) ; Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. ii. pi. 84 (1868); Pete. J. f. 0.1868, p. 37, and Ibis, 1868, p. 321 (Upp. Indus, Stoliczka) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 144 (1869); Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 328 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. p. 458, Taf. 54. fig. 4 (1870); Allen, Bull.'Harv. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 422 (China); B. Gray, B. West. Scotl. p. 466 (1871) ; Coues,Key N. Amer. B. p. 320 (1872); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 222 (Canaries) 5 Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 70 (1873); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Palmtn, Finlands Fogl. p. 568 (1873) ; Bidgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 680 (1874); Hensh. Pep. Zool. Expl. 100th Merid. p. 486 (1875); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1875, p. 261 (East Siberia); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 211 (1880); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (N. Caspian); Bolau, J.f.O. 1882, p. 342 (Lake Baikal); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1882); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 77 (Pamir lakes, breeding); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 762 (1884); C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, '1884, p. 425 (Ohamba); Baird, Brewer, § Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 295 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 486 (1884): Seebokm, Brit. B. iii. p. 280 (1885); AlUon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudscha); Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 276 (1887); Hartert, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia, breeding) ; Padde fy Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126 (Transcaspia); Gatke, Vogelw. Belgol. p. 585 (1891) ; Hartl. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen. xii.Hft. ii. p. 334 (1892: Tientsin); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries, breeds) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 309 (Aruba), p. 326 (Curacao), p. 337 (Bonaire); Collett, Norges Fugle/., Nyt Mag. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 314 (1894). Sterna fiuviatilis, Natim. Isis, 1819, pp. 1847, 1848; Brehmt Vog. Deutschl. p. 779 (1831); Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 122 (1864); Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 102; id. Azores, p. 37 (1870); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 263 (C. Good Hope); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 242 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 280 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (S. Spain); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11021 (1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit B. p. 75 (1872) ; Sharpe fy Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 263, pi. 580 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 299 (1872); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 361 (1872); Collett, Forh. Selslc. Christ, p. 291 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia); Hume fy Senders. Lahore to York. p. 303 (1873: Yarkand): Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1418 (1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N. "Frisian Is.); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 210 (1875); Scully, Sir. F. 1876, p. 203 (Yarkand, breeds); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (Turkestan, up to 4000 ft.); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 293 (1876); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 649 (revision); David $ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 525 (1877); Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 214 (Norway) ; Finsch, Beis. West-Sibir. p. 278 (1879) 5 Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 10i5 (1880); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116 (1880: list); Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881); Davison, Str. F. x. p. 418 (1882: Mysore); Salvin, Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 623 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 180 (1883); Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. lviii. p. 136 (1883); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 701 (1884); Saunders, 4&h ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 549 (1884); Tristr. Faun. # Fl. Palest p. 135 (1884); Buchner, 0 . STERNA. 57 p. obd (Austria, Hungary); .40«iyfo, *. c. p. 630 (Holland) 0 b?S'nbr8ed9^' S L i ^i . *^«^ Ibis, 188/5, p. 40 # Buchl vti A' ®\B™wn F^n. Sidherl p. 227 (1887) SS. 0^ 1? 88^ I05 (Poland' br^ 5 ^id, lis, 1888, p 79 Tridr' Cat ( ); f e^^ ^ ^ r«* ^ - ife*^. p. 61 (1889); a89of . ?\f S-f #' £ P-F (1889); Keller, Orn. Sarinti p. 307 (1890); Buckl Sf K.-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 228 (1891) • 2?W- PSSl^ W^VP-;^ G891); JlfXte,^ C % p. 120 (1891); (rwltok, i. i^oc. ^ . Jfctf. p. 630 (1889); id. ii. P* 66O, ,(1?90) id> iiL *T' ^ - P. 517 (1891); kry, B ?VnSn^ ; ^ ^ ^ 1891, p. 187 (Lake Lfoan) j Drawer, rw Pp S7^(™^^); %««, * c. p. 509 (Lower Yangtse); Cory, 1AQ9 , K ' P' 2?8 (1892 : Bahamas); De & Touche, Ibis, fc°\breedin^ Z ' Pif, 5 ^"Broion $ Buckl. F, Argyll bena); Tristrarih of 1'retiia ' ^ 1893, p. 217 ft p'158;R iiL P- 659 ^ ^ Sce^na pomarina, Brehm, Voq. Deutschl. p. 781 (1831). bterna marina, Fyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (1836). bterna senegalensis, 8w. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 250 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. in p 659 (1846); Bartl Orn. W.^JfP. p. 255 (1857); Cm. Pr Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 176 (Gamma ftiver, W. Africa): bchleg. Mm. P.-Bas, Sterase, pp. 16, 17 (1863); Socage, lorn. Lisb. p. 149 (1867). Sterna wilsoni, . % Owzp. Zw* B, Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 61 (1838); (xraij, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Baird, Cass., $ Lawr. B. K Amer. p. 861 (1858); Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 247 (Labrador); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas); Gray, Kand~l.B. 111. p. 118, no. 11024 (1871); Snoio, B. Kansas, p. 12 (1873). Hydrocecropis senegalensis (8u>.), Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Hydrocecropis hirundo, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Hydrocecropis wilsoni, Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179. ? bterna nilotica, Mpp. Syst. Vetera.*. 139 (1845: Nile): Heugl Sgst. Uebers,V. 71 (1856: N. Egypt). Sterna blasii, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 348 (1855). Sterna ?, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 389, no. 9 (San JosS de Guate mala). Sterna macrodactyla, Bias. J.f. 0.1866, pp. 75,79 (Cape Good Hope). Sterna macroptera, Bias. J. f. O. 1866, pp. 76, 79 (Cape Good Hope); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 303 (1870: Zoulla); Gray, Jffand-L B. iii. p. 118, no. 11023 (1871); Heugl Orn. iV.O.-4/r. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1418 (1873): Reichenoio, J.f.O. 1877, p. 10 (Loango); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 510 (1881). Sterna dousfalli, Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 369 (1867): Chapman. Trav. 8. Afr. ii. p. 424 (1868). w!trV^M^}\ mvZ:r%^fdeurT ColL B' P-9 (1889); ^« P-142 (1889^ 5 X Wi%, 1889, p. 347 . 58 IAKID2E. Sterna tibetana, Sound. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 649; Hume, Str. leath. v. p. 485 (1877: Tibet, N. of Sikkim); id. Str. Feath. viii. p. 158 (1879: Tonka, Malay Pen.). Sterna major, Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. pt. x. p. 28 (1886). Sterna hinmdo macroptera, Hartert, Kat. Vogekamml. SencJcenb. p. 239 (1891). Adult male in breeding-plumage.t Forehead, upper lores, crown, and nape black: mantle rather dark pearl-grey; secondaries narrowly margined with white ; outer primary with a black outer web, and a broad streak (0*4 in.) of very dark grey next the white shaft on the inner web, the rest of the inner web white, except towards the tip, where it is dark ash-grey; inner primaries paler grey, with white '• wedges " and dark grey margins to the inner webs; rump whitish; tail-feathers white, with grey outer webs, those of the streamers darkest• chin and cheeks white ; breast and belly pale vinaceous grey; under wing- and under tail-coverts white : bill coral-red, the extreme tip horn-colour; irides dark brown; tarsi and toes coral-red. Total length 14*25 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 10-5, tail 6'5, depth of fork 3*25, tarsus 0*85, middle toe with claw 0-95. Female. Similar to the male. Adult in winter plumage. Like the above, but the forehead and crown streaked and mottled with white; colours of bill and feet much duller from September onwards, underparts paler. Immature. Like the above, but the forehead white; a dark grey band along the upper wing-coverts; underparts distinctly white. Young (in August). Mantle barred and mottled with ash-brown ; outer webs of tail-feathers dark grey • band on the wing-coverts more extended than in the immature bird; otherwise similar. In fledglings the upper parts are much marked with warm bufT. Up to about the end of September the colours of the bill and feet become brighter, but afterwards they rapidly go back and become more or less horn-coloured. Nestling. Forehead and throat brown; upper parts stone-buff, spotted and streaked with black; underparts white ; feet yellow. At one time I thought that birds from Tibet might be specifically distinguished, but the inspection of a large series has proved unfavourable to this view. Hab. Coasts, rivers, and inland lakes of Europe and temperate Asia (breeding); India, Ceylon, and South Africa in winter; temperate North America to Texas (breeding), but scarcely known on the Pacific side; southward to Bahia, Erazil, in winter. a. Ad. st. 5. Juv. st. c. <$; d. Juv.; e. Pull. sk. Great Britain. Great Britain. Dungeness. W. Yarrell. Esq [P.]. Dr. Smith [P.]. Capt. Verner [P.]. f-q. Ad. ,* r~v. Pull, st. Dungeness. Capt. Verner [P.]. w-y. Juv. st. ; v-h'. (S $ juv.; *'. $ ad. sk. k'. Full. sk. V. Ad. sk. m'. Ad. sk. wr. Ad. sk. or. S ad.sk.; p'. Juv. st. #'. Ad. sk. r\ <$ ad. sk. s\ Ad. sk. t\ 2 ad.; w', v'. 2 juv. sk. to', liini. sk. a?r. c? imm. sk. y'. 2 ad- sk. »', a". Juv. st. b". d ad.sk. c". 2 ad.sk " • Pull.sk. p". ^ ad.sk. g". Ad. sk. r", «". Pull. st. 35", w". Pull. st. v". <$ ad. sk. w". Pull. sk. #". Juv. sk. y". Juv. sk. «". 4. tf ad. sk. q\ r4. Ad. sk. s4,rf4. Ad. sk. u*. $ ad. sk. -y4. # ad.; 20*. c£ vix ad.; .r4. Ad.; t/4. Juv. sk, z4. Ad. sk. a5, bn. Ad. sk. c5. Juv.sk. 3. $ ad. sk. Ipswich, Mass. (C.J.Maynard). H. Saunders Coll. eB. . Ad. sk. q-s. Ad. sk, tf, u. S ad. sk, v. $ ad. sk. w. $ ad. sk. x. <$ ad.; y, z. $ ad. sk. a'-b'. tf ad.; ". 6" ad. sk. Antigua, W* Indies, June (C. Salvin-Godman Coll, B. Cory). w". Jvixad.sk. Guadeloupe, W. Indies, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. (C.S. Winch). cc",y". Ad.; »". St. Vincent, W. Indies, Aug, Salvin-Godman Coll. Imm. sk. (D. W. Smith). «3. Skeleton. No locality. Warwick [Pureh.]. R Skeleton. Zoological Society's Coll. Presented. cz,dz. Skeletons. Kodriguez Island (Rev. H. H. Transit of Venus Slater). Exped. 12. Sterna cantiaca. ? African Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 354 (1785: juv.). Sandwich Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 356 (1785); id. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 606 (1787); Bewick, Brit. B. ii, p. 188 (1821); Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 389 (1843). , Sterna sandvicensis, Lath. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 296 (1757)* j Southwell, in Stevenson's B. Norfolk, iii. p. 299 (1890). ' ? Sterna africana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 605 (1788 : ex Lath., juv.); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. pp. 804, 805 (1790). Sterna cantiaca, Gm. S.N.i. p. 606 (1788) [ex Lath.}; Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 479 (1815), 2nd ed. p. 735 (1820); Koch, Si/st. baier. Zool. p. 365 (1816); Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 664 (1822); Lioht. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823) (S.France); Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 685 (1824); Steph. in Sha2o1s Gen. Zool. xiii, pi. 1, p. 147 (1825); Audub. B. Amer. fol. pi. 279 (c. 1826); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 3 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. p. 87 (1831); Lesson, Traite, p. 621 (1831) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 531 (1835); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 265 (1835) ; Eijton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1836); Gould, B. Bur. v. pi. 415 (1837); Audub. Synop. p. 317 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 87, pi. 431 (1844); Schinz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 371 (1840); Natim. Vog. DeutschL x. p. 50, pi. 250 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 472 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcvii & 247 (1840); Kordm. in Demid. Voy. Ritss. Merid. iii. p. 277 (1840); Eversm. Add. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. fasc. iii. p. 19 (1842); Macgill. Man. Brit Orn. pt. ii. p. 230 (1842); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 149 (1842); Milhle, Orn. Griechenl p. 146 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxxix (1844); Crespon, Faun. MSrid. ii. p. 116 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 423, pi. 118 (1846); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xix. figs. 262-264 (1848); Degl. Ois. Eur. ii. p. 339 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 268 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 630 (1852); Brandt, in Lehmanrfs Reis. n. Buchara, p. 330 (1852: Caspian); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 327, tab. 40A (1852), and Suppl. tab. 20. figs.'3 & 4 (1854) ; Bailly, Orn. Savoie, iv. p. 292 * Nomen nudum, subsequently ignored by Latham, who (Ind. Orn. ii. p. 806, 1790) named the species S. boysii. 76 LABIDiE. (1854: Lac du Bourget) ; Schl. Tog. Nederl. p. 611, pi. 359 (1854); Meugl Syst Uebers. p. 70 (1856: N. Egypt); Meyer, Brit B. vii. p. 76, pi. 290 (1857); IlartL Orn. W.-Afr. p. 255 (1857); Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 402 (1859); Cass. Pr. Philad. Ac. 1859, p. 175 (Gamma river, W. Africa) ; Linderm. Fog. Griechenl. p. 179 (1860) ; Powys, Ibis, I860, p. 356 (Epirus); Schl Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 240 (1861) ; Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 239 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. P-Bas, Sterna, p. 5 (1863); Sahad. TJcc. Sard. p. 121 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 152 (Malta); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 370 (1867); Degl 8> Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 452 (1867); Bocaqe, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, p. 152 (Benguela) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 262 (S. Africa); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 144 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sinl. p. 241 (1869) ; Lroste, Vogehv. Borkum, p. 321 (1869); Sahad. Faun. Ital., TJcc. p. 279 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (Spain) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 569 (revision, Neotropical); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 324 (1871: Bio de Janeiro); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11044 (1871); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 279 (1872); Sorting, Eandb. Brit. B. p. 76 (1872); God?nan, Ibis, 1872, p. 222 (Canaries); Shelley df Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 293 (Acra); Gurney, in Anderss. B. Lam. Ld. p. 361 (1872); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 320 (1872); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 285 (1873: Sind &c.) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1428 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia) ; Lurnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 401 (breeds, N. Frisian Is.); Hume, Nests 8$ Fc/gs Ind. B. p. 655 (1875) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 87 (Capetown); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 209 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876); Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 314 ; Satmd. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 653 (revision); Dresser, B. Eur, viii. p. 301, pi. 586 (1877) ; Beichenow, J.f.O. 1877, p. 10 (Loango) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 65 (1878: Texas, breeds) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 211 (1880); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 512 (1881); Coues, Checkrl N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1882); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (Seal Is., N. Caspian, breeds); Collett, Fohr. Selsk. Chr. 1883, no. 15, p. 2 (Norway); B.O.U. List Brit B. p. 183 (1883); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 702 (1884); Saund. 4th ed. Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 540 (1884); Coues ,Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 761 (1884); Seeb. Brit B. iii. p. 272 (1885); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Corsica); Homeyer, Omis, 1885, p. 81; Lutke, t. c. p. 145 (Denmark, breeding); L. Torre $* Tschud, t. c. p. 563 (Adriatic); Albarda, t. c. p. 630 (Holland, breeding) ; Biittikof. Notes Leyd. Mus. 1885, p. 249; id. op. cit 1886, p. 267; id. 1888, p. 106 (Liberia); O. Winge, op. cit 1886, p. 592 (Denmark); Allion, Omis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudsba, breeding); Booth, Rough Notes, iii. fig. (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal); Biesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 142 (1882); Beichenoto, S2/st Verz. Vo'g. Leutsch. p. 61 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 627 (1889); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel) ; Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 211 (1890); Tsch. u. D. Torre, Omis, 1890, p. 271 (Elbe, Bohemia); More, Irish B. p. 27 (1890); G'dtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 583 (1891); Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 465 (Mogador); Buckley $ H.-Brown, F. Orkney Is. p. 228 (1891); H.-Brown $ Buckley, F. Argyll. §c. p. 188 (1892); M.- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Fuerteventura, Canaries); A. Briggs, Ann. Scot. N. H. 1894, p. 87 (N. Konaldshay, Orknevs, breeding); Collett, Norges Fuglefauna, Nyt Mag.f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 318 (1894) ; Ussher, B\ 6. STEKSTA. 77 JR. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 409 (1804); Lilford, Col. Figs. Brit. B. pt. xxix. (1894). Sterna boysii, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 80G (1790); Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit Mas. p. 41 (1816); Tieill. N. Diet, d'liist. Nat. xxxii. p. 167 (1819); [mispr. boyiis] Vieill Fnc. Mtth. p. 347 (1823); id. Faun. Franc., Ois. p. 326, pi. 160. fig. 1 (1828); Fleming, Brit. An. p. 142 (1828); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 464, pi. 88. tig. 1 (1833); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 276 (1834); Yarr.Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 487 (1845); Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 424 (1868; Walviscb Bay); R. Gray, B. West. Scot?, p. 465 (lb71). Sterna stubberica, Otto, in German ed. Buffon, xxx. p. 104, no. %l,fide Nairn, (circa 1790); Bechst. Naturq. Deutschl. ii, p. 828 (1791: Stubber Isl.); id. Orn. Taschenb. p.*378 (1803). ? Sterna columbina, Schranh, Fauna Boica, i. p. 232 (1798). Sterna canescens, Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 458 (1810); Nilss. Orn. Suec. p. 158 (1817). Tbalasseus cantiacus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 5G3; Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1225; Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. £ N. Amer. p. 61 (1838); id. Cat. TJcc. Fur. p. 76 (1842); Gray, List Gen. 1840, p. 79, and 1841, p. 100 ; id. List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 176 (1844); Boie, Isis, 1844,p. 182; Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), andAo. Syst. Nat. p. v (1852); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 346 (1855); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Bias. J. f. 0. 1866, p. 81; Loche, Fxpl. So. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 199 (1867); Aitsch, Vog. Fur. p. 455, Taf. 55. fig. 2 (1870); Later. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv, p. 51 (1876: Tehuantepec) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 217; id. Avif. Ital. p. 413 (1886); id. 1st Resoc. Av. Ital p. 628 (1889). Actochelidon cantiaca, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 31 & p. 196 (1829; type of genus) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 69 (1873); Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 485 (1884: breeds); Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. livr. x. p. 11 (1886); Heine fy Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. FLein. p. 355 (1890). Tbalasseus canescens, Brehm, Vog. Beutsch. p. 776 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295. Tbnlasseus candicans, Brehm, Vog. Beutsch. p. 777 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295. Sterna acuflavida, Cabot, Br. Best. Soc. ii. p. 257 (1847); Baird, Cass., 8r Laior. Birds N. Amer. p. 860 (1858); Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. no. 685 (1859); id. Mexic. Bound. Surv. p. 27 (1859); Bnjant, Br. Bost. Soc. vii. p. 134 (1859: Babamas); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N.T. ix. p. 210 (1869); Gray, Kand-l B. iii. p. 119, no. 11048 (1871). Tbalasseus cantianus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 364 (El Babeira, E. Atlas). Tbalasseus pauli de wurteruberg, Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, p. 346 (Greece). Tbalasseus acuflavidus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856); Coues, Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 540 (revision); Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381; Coues, torn. cit. p. 389; Salvin, op. cit. 1866, p. 198 (Honduras) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 309 (1876). Sterna (Tbalasseus) cantiaca, Coues, B. N-West, p. 673 (1874). Sterna cantiaca acuflavida, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53, no. 683 (1881); id. Cat. Aquatic B. p. 33, no. 683 (1883). Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida, Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 288 (1884); A.O.U. Check4. N. Amer. B. p. 93 (1886): Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 40 (1887); Cory, B. West Indies,\. 278 (1889) ; id. Cat. West-Ind. B. p. 82 (1892); Field, Auk, 1894, p. 120 (Jamaica;. 78 LAR1M2. Actochelidon sandvicensis, Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 275 (1887). Actochelidon acuflavida, Heine fy lieichenow, Nommcl. Mus. JELein. p. 355 (1890). Adult in breeding-plumage. Eorehead, upper lores, crown, and nape black, the feathers of the last acuminate and produced into a distinct crest; mantle pale pearl-grey, a shade paler than in 8. dougalli; the primaries with white margins to the inner webs as in that species; tail white, the outer feathers not much elongated; underpays white, with an evanescent pink tinge, less pronounced than in S. dougalli: bill black, with about half an inch yellow at the tip ; tarsi and toes black. Total length 16 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 12, tail 5*75, depth of fork 2*75-3, tarsus 1*1, middle toe with claw 1-2. The sexes are alike in plumage. Adult in eclipse. Similar to the above, but white below, the forehead and crown nearly white, with streaks of black, which are confluent in front of the eye and on the nape. The new primaries are assumed about March, and have then well-defined white margins to the inner webs, as may be seen in examples from Karachi and from West Africa ; but these white edges soon wear down, and it would be difficult to find any birds in Europe in May with such conspicuous borders. It must also be said that in American birds these white margins are never so broad as in Old World examples, and are barely continuous to the extremities of the outer primaries; nevertheless, in some Texan specimens, obtained early in May, the white edges, though narrow, are quite unbroken. The black head is reassumed in April and begins to fade in June. Immature. Similar to the above, but with a greyish band along the upper wing-coverts, greyish centres to the inner and outer secondaries, and the terminal portions of the tail-feathers brownish grey, the outer feathers nearly white. Young. Similar, but forehead ash-brown; crown dull white, thickly streaked with brownish black; upper parts mottled and variegated with black and white : bill horn-colour, yellowish at the base of the under mandible. Nestling. Upper parts mottled buffish grey; underparts white: bill yellowish; legs and feet greyish brown, webs paler. This is essentially a Sea-Tern, rarely nesting at any considerable distance from salt water. The eggs, two or three in number and often beautifully marked, are deposited on the bare ground or on drift. The hind toe in this species is certainly very small, though this character seems hardly enough for generic distinction; still S. cantiaca is an interesting pivot-species, connecting the Sternce already noticed with the following group of medium-sized to large Crested Sea-Terns. Hah. Atlantic and North Sea coasts from the Orkneys southward to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian (breeding); in winter along the West coast of Africa to the Cape of Good Hope and up to Natal, down the Eed Sea and across Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf, Mekran coast, and Karachi. East side of America from Southern New England to British Honduras, not breeding to the 6 . STBJRNA. northward of Florida; only found on the Pacific side on the coast of Guatemala and vicinity, where the continent is very narrow. a. Ad. sk. b. Ad. sk. c. d. S $ ad. sk. e. Ad. sk. /, g. Juv.; h. Imm. sk. i. Pull. sk. h, I. S ad.; m. c? imm.; w, o. Juv. sk. p, gr. (S vix ad.; r. Juv. sk. $. $ imm. sk. £. c? imm. sk. u. Imm. sk. -y. (J ad. sk. w. Imm. sk. x. Imm. sk. y. Ad.; z. Imm. sk. a'. Ad. sk. b\ <$ imm. sk. c'. 5. Sternum. England. T. J. Ingall, Esq. PP.] a3. Sternum. England. John Ray, Esq. [P.]. r5- Skull. England. Yarrell Coll. s5. Skull. Heligoland. Dr. Gunther ColL 13. Sterna maxima. Grande Hirondelle de Mer de Cayenne, Buff on, Ois. viii. p. 346 (1783). Hirondelle de Mer, de Cayenne, Daubent. PI Enl ix. pi. 988 (1784). Cayenne Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 352 (1785). Sterna maxima, Bodd. Tall PI. Enl p. 58, no. 988 (1783) ; Sol. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 567 (revision); id. Nomenel Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. EL. ii. p. 318 (1874: Mazatlan); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 655 (revision Sterninge) ; Eeiehenoio, J. f. 0. 1877, p. 10 (Loango); Taczanowski, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 749 (Tumhes, Peru); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 509 (1881); A. Sf E. Newt. Eandb. Jamaica, p. 117 (1881); Salvin, Cat. Strichl Coll p. 624 (1882) ; Coues, 2nd Check-list N. Am. B. p. 123 (1882); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 521 (Payta, Peru) ; Boucard, op. cit. 1883, p. 462 (Yucatan); Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 178 (1884); Baird, Breioer, 8f Eidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 284 (1884); Bidgioay, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. vii. p. 173 (1885 : St. Thomas); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 309 (Aruba), p. 326 (Curacao), p. 337 (Bonaire) j A. O. U. Check-l. Amer. B. p. 93 (1886); Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 179 (1886: Vera Cruz) ; Wells, torn. cit. p. 632 (Grenada, breeding); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 439 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 40 (1887); Smyth, Pr. Elliot Soc. ii. p. 189 (1888); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel); Scl. fy Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 195 (1889); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 277 (1889); Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml. Senekenb. p. 240 (1891) $ Cory, Cat. West-Ind. B. pp. 82,134 (1892); White, Auk, 1893, p. 222 (L. Michigan); Field, op. cit. 1894, p. 120 (Jamaica). Sterna cayana, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 804 (1790); Temm. Cat. Syst. Amsterd. p 184 (1807); Steph. in Shatv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1 p. 155 (1826); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 273 (c. 1826) j Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 353 (1828); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 268 (1834); 6. STERNA. 81 Less. H. N. Mamm. et Ois. ix. p. 621 (1834.); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 505 (1835: partim); id. Syn. p. 31G (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 76, pi. 429 (1844: partim); Giraud, B. Long Ish p. 355 (1844). Sterna cayennensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 004 (1788); Illiger, Prodr. p. 272 (1811); D'Orbign. in Sayra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 214 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 658 (1846); Reichenb. Nafat. tab. xix. fig. 266 (1848); Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11051 (1871); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 324 (1871: Sapituba). Sterna galericulata, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823)*; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxii. fig-. 823 (1848); Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 254 (1857: Ashantee); Schley. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternre, p. 7 (1863); Socage, Joni. Li*b. 1867, p. 149 (Loanda); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11054 (1871) ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 324 (1871). Sterna erythrorhynchos, Neuwied, Beitr. iv. p. 857 (1833) [if. Salmn, Ibis, 1874, p. 319]; Tschudi $ Cab. Faun. Peruan., Ave h. ? ad.sk. 1, m. Ad.; n. Imm. sk. &.<$ ad. sk. Ad.; q. Imm. sk. r--z, a'-i'. S ad., imm. et juv.; k'-y*. 2 ad., imm. et juv. sk. r*1 -h". <$ ad. et vix ad.; i"l". J vix ad. et imm. sk. ¥11". J imm. sk. n' '. $ ad. sk. ad. ;&.Pull.; Pdo de Janeiro, June 6 & 20 H. Saunders Coll. l-o. $ Q ad. sk. (J. Young). p. $ ad. sk. Imbituba, Sept. (JET. M. Ear- Ii. Saunders Coll. mora, R.N.). q, r. cf ad. et ad.; m. £ imm. sk. n. Ad. sk. ' . c?juv.; a1. 5 juv. sk. a". Imm. sk. -c". J vixad.sk. d". Vix ad. sk. ^". $ vix ad. sk. /". S imm. ;ff", h". J imm.sk. i". 1mm. sk. &". Imm. sk. I". Imm.; m". $ vix ad. sk. n". Imm. sk. LARID2E. Straits of Gibraltar, March (G. Olcese). Port Said, May. Red Sea (Dr. Mlppell). Zoulla, Red Sea, June (W. Zoulla, June ( W. Jesse). Annesley Bay, Red Sea, June (W. T.Blanford). Suakin, Red Sea. South African seas. Durban (Gordge). N. Madagascar, May. N.E. Madagascar. Grand Comoro la.(Sir J. Kirk), Persian Gulf {Hamilton King). Mekran Coast, May (Col. E. A. Butler). " India." Soomeanee Bay, Feb. 1872 (A 0. H.). Karachi, Feb. 1872 (A. 0. &.). Karachi, March, April, & May (K A. Butler). Karachi, Jan. & Feb. (W. T. BlanfordSfE. A. Butler). Nursapatam. Laccadives, Feb. (A. 0. K.). Quillon, Travancore, Nov. Ceylon. Colombo, Ceylon, Dec. (W. V. Legge). Trincomalee, Ceylon (W. V. Legge). Nicobar Islands. Camorta, Mcobars, Feb. 7 (W. Davison). Salangore, Malay Peninsula, Dec. & Jan. (W.D.). Java (Horsfield). H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Purchased. H. Saunders Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Abyssinian Exped. Capt. R. H. Penton [P.]. Sir A. Smith [P.]. Shelley Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Pollen Coll. Shelley Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. H. Saunders Coll, Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Bourdillon Coll. Tweeddale Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. East India Museum [p.]. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. India Museum [P.]. (Type of Sterna media.) Lampong, Sumatra. Tweeddale Coll. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace Coll. [West Australia.] Sir G. Grey [P.]. 0 . hTTCKNA. 89 17. Sterna bergii. Caspian Tern, var. (3, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 351 (1785). Sterna caspia, 7, 6W & 2V. i. p. 004 (1788). Caspian Tern, Phillip, Vox/. Bot. B. p. 77, with Jig., & p. ICO (1789). Sterna caspia, /3 & y, JW//. J/ztf, Orn. ii. p. 804 (1700). Sterna caspia, var. b, Vieill. Encyc. MM. i. p. 06 (1823). Sterna bergii*, Licht. Vera. Doubl. p. 80 (1823: Gape of Good Hope)t: Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 058 (1840); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xix. fig. 205 (1848) ; Schl Mus.P.-Bas, Sterna^ p. 11 (1803); Pelz. Reis. JSfovara, Vog. p. 154 (1805: Australia); Finsch <$f Ilartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 210 (1867); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 370 (1807); JDegl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 455 (1867: Ireland); Bole, Pr. Boston 80c. N. II. xii. p. 300 (1869: Sandwich Is.); Finsch Sf Ilartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 828 (1870) ; Gray, Rand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11057 (1871) ; Gurney in Anders*. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 360 (1872: Walvisch Bay); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 298 (1872); Heugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr.' Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. I486 (1873); Antin. 8r Sahad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 154 (1873); Griiffe, Journ. Mas. Godeffr. Bd. i. p. 50 (1873: lluaheine); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 283 (1873: Sind & Oman Coast); id. Nests f Eggs Lid. B. p. 655 (1875); id. Str. F. iv. p. 470 (1876: Laccadives); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 440 (Fiji Is.); id. op. cit. 1870, p. 497 (Navigator Is.); Blanf.East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.1876, p. 657 ("revision Sterninse) ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. newser. i. p. 350 (1877 : Balabae, Philippines) ; Ilartl. Vog. Madag.^. 384(1877); Scl 8c Salvin, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 557 (Admiralty Is.); Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 323 (Lampong, Sumatra); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 776, 781 (Friendly Is.); id. Ibis, 1881, pp. 118, 115 (Ponap6, East Carolines); fweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 551 (Philippines); Saunders, P. Z. S.1877, p. 796, and Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 135 (1881: Fiji, Aru, Philippines, & Admiralty Is.) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. 80c. N. 8. W. ii. p. 201 (1878); id. op. cit. iv. p. 102 (1880 : New Guinea); id. op. cit. vii. p. 41 (1883: Solomon Is.); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 298 (1877: Astolah, breeding in May); Oustakt, Bull. Soc. Philomath, p. 193 (1878: Seychelles); Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 493 (1878 : Tenasserim); Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 265 (New Caledonia); id. t. c. p. 279 (New Hebrides); Tweedd. P, Z. 8. 1878, p. 346 (Leyte), and p. 712 (Bohol, Philippines); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 110 (1879); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 15 (New Britain); Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 670 (1879: Kei Is.); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 353 (Labium) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 95 (1880: S. Konkan); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 577 (Caroline Is.); Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 1026 (1880) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 332 (Marshall Is.);" id/Ibis, 1881, p. 540 (New Britain group); Scl. $ Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 174 (Socotra); Parker, Str. F. ix. p. 490 (1881: Adam's Bridge, Ceylon, breeding); W. Ramsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881: Philippines); Tweedd. Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger; Birds, pp. 6, 8, 25, 34 (1881); Sahad. * Extract from a letter by the late Dr. Peters:—" Mr. O. H. Bergius was a young man who collected in 1816 and 1817 for our [Berlin] Museum, at the Oape of Good Hope, and died there of consumption." The specific name is therefpre as above, and not beryl, as it is often written. f Type in Berlin Museum examined. 90 LARIDiE. Om. Papuasia, §c. iii. p. 432 (1882) ; Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. 144 (Solomon Is.) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 201 (Singapore) ; Layard, Ibis, 1882, p. 540 (New Caledonia); Milne-Ediuards fy Grandidier, H. N. Madagasc, Ois. p. 652, pis. 295 & 296 (1882 : osteology) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll p. 625 (1882) ; Tristr. Faun. % FZor. Palest p. 130 (1884: Sea of Galilee): Finsch, Vdg. Siidsee, p. 22 New Britain: p. 51 Marshall Is. (1884); Meyer, Sitz. Abh. GeselL Isis, 1884, p. 57 (Oeram); Sharpie, ed. LayardJs B. S. Afr. ' • " " '" " w r.Br. B. ill p. 539j(1884)j p. 138 X (1885: Ternate) ;' Terbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 23 (Aden); Btejn. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 392, 414 (1888: Loo-Choo Is.) ; E.'Newton, Tr. Norf. # Norw. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888: Mascarene Is.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 204 (Palawan) ; E. P. Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 23 (1888) ; Salvad. $ Gigl Mem. Ac. Tor. xxxix. p. 10S (1889: Somali Coast) • Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 8 (1889); North, Nests 8r Eggs Austral B. x>. 354, pi. xix. %. 2 (1889); Everett, B. Borneo, p. 210, no. 560 (1889) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 60 (Palawan); Sharpe, t. c. p. 149 (N. Borneo); Seeb. B.Japan. Emp* p. 299 (1890); Oates, 2nd ed. Humes Nests $ Eggs hid. B. iii. p. 297 (1890); Steere, List Mamm. $ B. Exped. Philipp. p. 27 (1890: Mindanao); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia fyc. p. 211 (1891); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) ix. p. 591 (1890: Rigo); id. op. cit. x. p. 833 (1891); Barnes, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi. pi. to p. 285 (eggs) (1891); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao, eggs); Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 298, 300 (Phoenix group) ; Btejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 490 (1891: S. Japan); Hartert, Kaial Vogelsamml Senckenb. p. 240 (1891); Wiglesw. Abh. zool Mus. Dresden, vi. p. 74 (1892 : Polynesia); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 177 (Gulf of Aden, breeds in August). New Holland Tern, Lath. Gen. Hist x. p. 103 (1824: juv.). Sterna novae hollandias, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 161 (1826); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Pucheran, Mev. Zool 1850, p. 545 *• Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 120, no. 11059 (1871). Sterna cristata, Steph. in ShaitfsGen. Zool xiii. pt, 1, p. 146 (1826: nee Sivainson); Motley <$* Dilhoyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, pt. i. p. 61 (1855); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 68, & 1863, p. 30 (Kelung I., Formosa, breeding); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 120, no. 11058 (1871); Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 376 (1874); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. Il l (Labuan); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Lnd. xliv. p. 206 (1884: Java) ; id. op. cit. xlix. p. 420 (1889: Sumatra). Sterna velox, Cretzschm. in Bupp. Atlas, p. 21, tab. 13 (1826: Red Sea) f ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 377 (1840); Gray, List B. Brit Mus. Anseres, p. 176 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 658 (1846); Thomps. Ann. N. H. xx. p. 170, and Nat. H. Lreland, iii. p. 226 (1847 : near Dublin J); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xix. fig. 268 (1848); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856: Red Sea); id. Ibis, 1859, p. 350 (Red Sea & Somali Coast); Konig-Warth. Ibis, 1860, p. 127, pi. v. %s. 5-8 (eggs); J. H. Gumeij, Ibis, 1860, p. 221 (Natal Bay); Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 429; id. op. cit. 1861, p. 345 ; id. op. cit. 1866, * Type in Paris Museum examined, t Type in Frankfort Museum examined. J A fraud; for exposure, see Saunders, 4th ed. Yarr. B. B. iii. p. 539 (1884). 6. STERNA. p. 134 (China) j Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 300 (Moluccas); Ilartl. Faun. Madag. p. 86 (1801) ; Ileugl in Peterm. Mittk 1801, p. 29; id. op. cit. 1809, p. 417; E. Newton, Ibh, 1803, p. 400 (Tamatavo, Madagascar); Kirk, Ibis, 1804, p. 337 (mouth of Zambesi, breeding in January); Chapman, Trau. 8. Afr. ii. p. 424 (1868: WalvLsch Bay); Gurmy, Ibis, 18G8, p. 202 (S. Africa); Sperling, Ibis, 1808, p. 295 (Mozambique); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p, 108 (1872). Sterna pelecanoides, King, Surv. Int. Austr. ii. p. 422 (1820); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 658 (1846); Schl. Mus. B.-B. Sternaa, p. 0 (1803); id. Ned. Tijdschr. Bierh. iii. p. 350 (1860: Am Is.); Bosenb. Beis Zuidoostereil p. 82 (1807: Kei I.); id. Reistocht. Geelvinhb. p. 9 (1875: Teraate); id. t. e. p. 118; id. Malay. Archip. pp. 220, 279, 324, 373, 396, 406, 564 (1878-79: Mysol, Salwatti). Sterna longirostris, Less. Traits, p. 021 (1831); Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 181; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1840); Pucheran, Bed. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 035 (Cape G. Hope); Ilartl. J.f. 0.1855, p. 420. Pelecanopus pelecanoides, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 277 & p. 1225 (type of genus); Gray, List Gen. B. p. 80 (1640) & p. 100 (1841: Australia) ; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 772 (1856). Thalasseus velox, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225; Boie, Isis. 1844, p. 182. Sterna poliocerca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26 ; id. Syn. B. Austr. pi. ii. fig. 3 (1837: Tasmania); Cassin, U.S. Expl Exp. p. 384 (1858: Fiji); Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 249; Schleg. Mm. P.-Bas, Sterna, p. 12 (1863) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 9 (Huaheine); Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 184 (1865); Bosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 373 (1878 79 : Am is.); Zegge, Pr. B. 8. Tasmania, p. 243 (1886). Sylochelidon poliocerca, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 175 (1844: Australia). Thalasseus poliocercus, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182; Gould, B. Austr. yii. pi. 24 (1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 346 (1850); Bennett, Gath. of a Naturalist,^. 241 (1860); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 396 (1865); Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xx\ii. p. 328 (1870). Sylochelidon bergii, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186; Licht. Nomencl. AD. p. 98 (1854). Sylochelidon yelox, Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Red Sea) ; A. E. Brehm, Beis. Eabesch, pp. 229, 419 (1803). Thalasseus pelecanoides, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 23 (1848); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 658(1846); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 340 (1850); J. Macgill. Voy. 'Rattlesnake] ii. p. 358 (1853); Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. lnd. xxv. p. 258 (1863) ; Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870: N. Caledonia); Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422. Sterna rectirostris, Peale, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 281, pi. lxxv. fig. 2 (1848: Fiji Is.); Ilartl. Wiec/m. Archil), 1852, p. 126. Thalasseus cristatus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 329 ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 842 (1864); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 394 (1865); Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 473 (Tipperah); Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (Ceylon); Blyth 8r Wald. B. Burm. p. 163 (1875); Masters, Pr. Limi. Soc. N 8. W. i. p. 6"2 (1877 : Torres Straits). Pelecanopus velox, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Verr. Voy. Vinson a Madag., Ann. B, p. 4 (1865). Pelecanopus bergii, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856); Heine $ Reiche now, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890). Pelecanopus poliocercus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856). Pelecanopus nigripennis, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856). 92 LAEIDiE. Sterna (Syloclielidon) poliocerca, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacific, p. 58(1859). Thalasseus bergii, Plasms, J. f. 0. 1866, p. 81 (critical); David et Oustal Ois. Chine, p. o23 (1877); Be la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foochow & Swatow). Sterna galericulata, Layard, P. S. Afr. p. 371 (1867: nee Licht.) ; Gwney, Ibis, 1868, p. 262 (South Africa). Pelecanopus cristatus, Walden, TV. Z. S. viii. p. 105 (1874) ; Tiveedd. Mem. p. 203 (1881: Celebes). Sterna bergeri, JE. P. Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 302 ; id. op. cit. 1879, p. 102 ; id. Nature, ix. p. 15 (1879). Sterna burgeri, JS. P. Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1882, p. 41 (Solomon Is.). Adult male in hreeding-plumcuje. A broad band of white between the base of the bill and the crown : otherwise resembles the preceding in having the mantle and tail of the same colour; but is larger, and darker grey on the upper parts : bill chrome-yellow, often tinged with dull green near the bases of both mandibles; tarsi and toes black with a reddish tinge, soles mottled with yellow. Total length 20 to 21 inches, culmen 2'b, wing (average) 14*25, tail 7*5, depth of fork 3*5, tarsus 1*3, middle toe with claw 1*4. Female. Similar, with a slightly weaker bill on the average. Adult in winter. Crown mottled with white, and even some of the nuchal feathers have white tips for a short time; mantle rather paler; bill greener, toes black : otherwise like the above. Immature. Like the above, darker on the upper wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries, as well as on the tail-feathers, which are dark ash-grey, especially on the outer webs and near the tips. Young. Forehead and lores dull white, closely streaked with brownish black, crown and nape more boldly streaked with black, mantle mottled with black and buftish white; primaries chiefly dark brownish grey, the shafts brown; tail-feathers dark gre}, tipped with white; underparts chiefly white, the neck and throat streaked with brown; bill olivaceous yellow. No other young Tern of the grey-mantled group is quite so dark as this. Nestling (Eottnest Island, Australia). Upper parts pale stonecolour, spotted and streaked with umber-brown, underparts dull white; bill and feet oehreous. In this fine Sea-Tern the variation in size and in the tint of the upper parts in individuals is considerable, and this has given rise to the institution of several supposed species, which I cannot consider valid. As regards size, the smallest are those from the South of Australia, where the conditions of life are probabl} unfavourable to full development, though, even in Tasmania some individuals have a wing-measurement of 14 in. In North Australia birds are nearly as large as those from the Eed Sea and Mekran Coast, and there is every gradation over the area frequented. In colour, the biids with the darkest upper parts are those from the Eed ("& velox") and Arabian Seas and the Bay of Bengal, and these dark birds—slightly falling off in size—ran down 6 . STERNA. to the northern part of Australia (" M.jpeleccmoides"). There and in the Moluccas they meet and blend with the smaller and greyer Southern race (" S. polioeercus v), from which they gradually become indistinguishable. In birds from South Africa and the Mascarcne Islands the size of the Indian form is maintained, but the tint of the upper parts is of a purer grey without the brownish tinge, and this also holds good of most of the Polynesian examples, though the latter show a slight diminution in size. The contrast between extremes of these races may seem striking at the first glance, bul even this, when examined, appears capable of explanation. Under the hot sun of the Arabian and Indian Seas the grey feathers of the mantle and tail soon acquire a brownish tinge at their edges, and brown is a very assertive colour ; whereas in the Southern Seas and in the Pacific the sun's direct force is much feebler. Pood also may have some influence upon the tint, as it undoubtedly has upon the size and shape of the bill, which is often considerably worn down in front of the angle of the genys. Hab. Both sides of South Africa, the Bed and Arabian Seas, Indian Ocean, Malayasia, China Seas up to Japan, Australia (but not New Zealand), Polynesia, and the Islands of the Pacific up to the Hawaii Archipelago. Breeds on islands; eggs often very rich in ground-colour and profusely scrolled. a. Ad.; b. Imm,; WalvisckBay, Damara-land II. Saunders Coll. c. 2 2XXV-s&. (C, J. Andersson). d, e. Ad.; / . Imm. Table Bay, Cape of Good Salvin-Godman Coll, sk. Hope (JS. Z. Layard). g. $ ad. sk. Cape Seas. Sir A. Smith [P.]. A, i J vix ad. sk. Socotra, March (I. Balfour). British Association [P.l. 7c. 5 vix ad. sk. Socotra, Feb. (I. B.). Shelley Coll. I. Ad. sk. Ked Sea (Bilppell). Purchased. m, Vix ad. sk. Aden. Major Yerbury [P.]. n-w. 6 ? ad. et Gwadar, Mekran Coast, Feb. Hume Coll. vix ad. sk. and May (A. 0. Hume and E. A. Butler). x, y. Vix ad. sk. Karachi, Feb. (A.O.H.&E. Hume Coll. A. BX March (E. A. B.). %. <$ vix ad. sk. Karachi, Feb. (E. A. B). H. Saunders Coll. a'. <$ ad. sk. Viziadrug, South Konkan, ITume Coll. April. b'. J vix ad. sk. Malwan, South Konkan, Hume Coll. Jan. (G. Vidal). c'-n'. <$ 5 imm- sk. Laccadives, Feb. (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. o'-q'. 6 ad. sk. Galle, Ceylon, May-June II. Saunders Coll. (W. V.Legge). r'9 s'. <$ imm. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, Jan. ( W. H. Saunders Coll. V. L). t', u'. § imm. sk. Madras (Madras Mus). Tweeddale Coll. v'-v'. 6 vrx ad. et Madras, March. Hume Coll. imm. sk. y\ Ad. sk. Saugor Island, March {A. Hume Coll. 0. E). 2'. Ad. sk. Commillah, Tipperah. Hume Coll. 94 a", <$ imm. sk. b"-d''. cJ $ jmm, ok. _ c". cJ imm. sk. /" . Tinni. sk. ff", Imm. sk. h", Imm. sk. /". <$ imm. sk. /•". Ad. sk. /". Ad. sk. m". Ad. file. «''-/'. c? $ mlmsk. ?"-2". c? $ imm. sk. «". c? imm. sk. v". Ad. sk. to". Ad. sk. d"". Imm. sk. y", »", «3. Ad. et imm. sk. If, c3. Ad. et imm. sk. r/3. Imm. sk. e3. c? juv. sk. /3. $ ad. sk. (f. J imm. sk. A3. Imm. sk. P. Imm. sk. ks . $ imm. sk. /'. Ad. (head). m3. Imm. sk. n3. 5 imm. sk. o'. $ juv. sk. ?;3. Imm. sk. qs. Imm. sk. r\ <$ ad. sk. s3, f3. Ad. etimm. st.; u3. Ad. sk. LAKIDJS. Mergui, Tenasserim, Nov. (IF. Damson). Pulo Nongsa, Nov. ( W.D.). Bopvin, Tenasserim, Dec. (IT. £>.). Prov. Wellesley, Strs. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). Pinang, Strs. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). Malacca (Dr. Cantor). Singapore, Nov. 25 (W. Davison). Cochin China. Amoy, China, July 1866 (R. Swinhoe). Amoy, China (R. S.). South Leyte, Philippine Is., Oct. (A. H. Everett). N. Bohol, Philippine Is., Nov. (A. H.Everett). Zamboanga, Mindanao; Philippine Is. Sulu I., N. Borneo (Dr. A. B. Meyer). Balabac I. La was Eiver. Labuan, Oct.-Dec, Jan. Sumatra (Buxton). Lainpong, Sumatra. Celebes. Obi I., Moluccas, July (Bernstein). Batchian I., Moluccas (A. R. Wallace). Batchian I., Moluccas (A. R. W.). Gilolo, Moluccas (A. R. W.). Morotai I., Moluccas (Bernstein). Oeram, Moluccas (A. R. W.). Amboyna, Moluccas (A. R. W). Amboyna, Moluccas, Jan. Dobbo, Aru Is. New Guinea (A. R. Wallace). New Guinea. Admiralty Is. Australia. Hume Coll, Hume Coll. Hume Coll. India Mus. [P.]. India Mus. [P.]. India Mus. [P.]. Hume Coll. M. E. S. Pierre [P.]. H. Saunders CoU. Gould Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Tweeddale Coll. H.M.S. < Challenger' Exp. Tweeddale Coll. Prof. Steere Coll. H. Veitch Coll. Everett Coll. IT. Saunders Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Wallace CoU. Seebohm Coll. Seebohm Coll. Wallace CoU. Wallace CoU. Salvin-Godman CoU. TLM.S. 'Challenger' Exp. Tweeddale CoU. Wallace Coll. IT.M.S. < Challenger' Exp. Gould Coll. v3} w3. Imrn. sk. xs. Ad. at. y3. Ad. sk. s3. Juv. st. «'. Ad. sk. b%, cK c? juv. sk. dl . 2 ad. sk. e1. Ad. sk. / l . $ ad.sk. ^-/c4. Ad., vix ad., et imm. sk. Z1-^4. Irani, et juv. sk. o4. Juv. St. pl. Ad. sk. ql. 3 vix ad. sk. r\ sl. Ad. sk. il. Ad. sk. u%. $ ad. sk. vl. Juv. sk. ?c*. Pall. St. ait. Imm. sk. !/l.Juv.;3>5.c?$ imra. sk. 6s-<25. cJ $ imm. sk. e3-<75. (5" $ imm. sk. /*s. cJ imm. sk. P. c? imm. sk. kB , $ imm. sk. Is . $ imm. sk. m'\ $ juv. sk. ns. q. tf,s. Skeleton. Australia. [p.i. y*, z\ Skulls. Australia (Macgillicray). Warwickchased!. [PurVoy. H.M.S/Rattlesnake.' 18. Sterna bernsteini. Sterna bernsteini, Scldeg. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 9 (1863 : Halmahera)*; Finscli, Neu-Guin. p. 184 (1805) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11060 (1871); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 657 (revision Sterninaj) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 380 (1877); Sharpe, Phil Tr. clxviii. p. 463, Hep. Trans. Venus (1879: Rodriguez) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 407 (1882) : id. Orn. Papuasia fye. iii. p. 435 (1882) ; Sawder*, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego Garcia): & Newton, Tr. Korw. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888 : Mascarene Is.). Thalasseus bernsteini, Bias. J.f.O. 1866, pp. 81 & 86, Sterna maxima, Milne-Edwards $ Grandidier, H. N. Madagasc, Ois. p. 656 (1882). Adult in winter plumage. Forehead and lores white ; crown, nape, and long acuminate crest-feathers black mixed with white ; mantL1 very pale grey, even lighter than in S. maxima ; primaries similar in pattern to those of that species, but paler on the outer webs and with a larger extent of white on the inner webs ; rump and tail- feathers palest grey ; underparts white: bill olivaceous at the base, yellower towards the tip; tarsi and toes black, with a reddish tinge. Total length 17 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 12*9, tail 5*8. depth of fork 2-25, tarsus 1*2, middle toe with claw 1*3. Immature. Similar, slightly darker on the upper parts, especially the centres of the inner secondaries and the webs of the primaries. The adult in breeding-plumage is not yet known with certainty, but from the abrupt termination of the black on the forehead in all the specimens I have examined, there can be little doubt that Schlegel was right in assuming that this species belongs to the group with the white frontal band. Hob. Island of Halmahera (Gilolo); Diego Garcia, Chagos group ; the Seychelles ; the Island of Rodriguez, and probably the rest of the Mascarene Islands. a, b. Ad. sk. Goilon, Island of Rodriguez Transit of Venus Expe( Rev. II. H. Slater). dition. c. $ imm. sk. Seychelles. Shelley Coll. d. (S sternum. I. of Rodriguez. Transit of Venus Exped. * Type in Leyden Museum examined. 6. STEKNA. 97 19. Sterna frontalis. ? Striated Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. p. 358, pi. 98 (1785: New Zealand ; juv.). ? Sterna striata, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. G09 (1788); Lath. Incl Orn. ii. p. 807 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Metk. pt. L p. 95 (1790). Sterna striata, Gray,inDieffenb. Trav. K Zeal. ii. App.p. 200 (1843). ? Sterna velox, Gould (nee Cretschm.), P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140 (Baas Straits; imm.). Sterna frontalis, Gray, Zool. Toy. Ereb. $ Terror, p. 19, pi. 20* (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); id. KmuU. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11034 (1871); Finsch, J.f. 0.1870, p. 364; id. op. cit. 1872, p. 253; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 205 (N. Zealand); Hidton, Cat N Zeal. B. p. 42 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 248 (Chatham Is.); Butler, B. N. Zeal. p. 281 (1873); Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, App. p. 32 (1875); Saunters, P. Z. S. 1870, p.659 (revision); id. Journ. Linn. Soc.xiv. p. 402 (1878: distribution); Ramsay, Pr. Linn. JSOC. N.S. W. 1878, p. 201; Reischeh, Tr. N. Z. List 1886, p. 103 (Little Barrier I.): Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N S. W. 1887, p. 1100; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 23 (1888); Bidler, B. Neto Zeal. 2nd ed. ii p. 68, pi. xxx.fig. 2 (1888); North, Nests 8f Eggs Austral. B. p. 403 (1889: Actseon I., Entrecasteaux Channel, S.E. Tasmania, breeding)* Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889); HeinefyReichenoxo, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890); Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb. p. 239 (1891); Wiglestv. Abk zool. Mus. Lresd. 1890-91, no. 6, p. 75 (1892); H. lO. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530 (Chatham Is.). ? Gygis striata, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 185. Sterna albifrons, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp., Birds, p. 279 (1848). Sterna melanorhyncha, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 26 (1848: Tas mania) ; Reichenb. Vbg. Neuholl. p. 346 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 398 (1865: partim): Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11033 (1871). Sterna atripes, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7473. Sterna longipennis (partim), Finsch ty Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 220 (1867). Sterna longipennis, Finsch {nee Nordm.), J.f 0. 1867, p. 339; id. (correction) op. cit. 1870, p. 365.f Adult in breeding-plumage. Lores and lower forehead to the base of the bill white; upper forehead, crown, and nape black, the feathers filamentous and not acuminate; upper surface very pale grey, the shafts of the flight- and tail-feathers white ; outer web of first primary black nearly to the tip, inner web pale grey next the shaft and white on the inner margin, the succeeding primaries grey on their outer webs, otherwise like the first, all of them edged with white to the tips of the inner webs as in 8. dougalli; underparts pure white, sometimes suffused with a pink tinge, which is evanescent: bill black• tarsi and toes reddish brown. Total length 16 to 17 inches, according to the development of the tail-streamers; culmen 2*2, wing 11*25, tail 7, depth of fork 4, tarsus 0*85, middle t " PHAETUSA ASTROLABE," Bp. MS. There is a young 8. frontalis named as above in the Paris Museum, said to- come from Tongatabu (Quoy & G-aimard's Voy.). Another bird bearing the same name and from the same locality is 8. bergii. VOL. xxv. n: 98 LAEIDJE. toe inclusive of claw 1*1. The streamers may attain somewhat greater length in the male, but otherwise the sexes are alike in plumage. Adult in winter. Similar, but mottled with white on the forehead and crown. Immature. Head mottled with white and brownish black; a broad band of dark brown on the upper wing-coverts, the under secondaries with patches of the same colour; primaries ash-grey on both sides of the shafts; tail-feathers dark grey on the outer webs and the terminal portions of the inner webs. Young. Entire head darker, feathers of the upper parts barred and tipped with brownish black on a huffish-white to grey ground: bill dark horn-colour; otherwise similar to the adult. Fledgling (Otago, Peb.; coll. Hon. W. Rothschild). Forehead and crown chiefly dull white, with dark streaks which become confluent on the nape; markings on the upper parts paler and narrower. Nestling. " Covered with buffy-white down, tinged with fulvous on the head and neck, and mottled with grey on the back" (Buller). Hob. New Zealand; also (fide E. P. Ramsay) in Eass Straits and " all along the coast-line of Australia." a, b. Ad. sk. New Zealand (Parryplin), Purchased. o. Ad. sk. New Zealand. H. Saunders Coll. d, e. J ad. sk. New Zealand, Jan. Tweeddale Coll. /, g. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir E. Home rP.l. % Ad. st.: i. Juv. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes," R.N. sk. LP-] h. r? ad. sk. Dusky Bay, New Zealand. Capt. Stokes, R.N. [P.]. /. $ ad. sk. Port Cooper, New Zealand. E. Strange [0.]. m,n. Ad.; o. Imm.; Otago, New Zealand. H. Saunders Coll. p. Juv. sk. q. $ ad. sk. Otago. ^ Hume Coll. r. <$ ad. sk. Dunedin, New Zealand, April. Hume Coll. s. $ ad. sk, Dunedin, New Zealand, Oct. Hume Coll. t. Ad.; u. Juv. Wellington, New Zealand. H. Saunders Coll. sk. v. Sk. Auckland Islands. Gould Coll. w. Juv. sk. New South Wales. Australian Mus. [P.]. 20. Sterna aleutica. Sterna aleutica, Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. 1869, p. 321, pi. 31. fig. 1 (Alaska); Ball fy Bann. torn. cit. p. 307 (Kodiak, Alaska) ; Gray, Mand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11037 (1871) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 664 (revision Sterninae) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. pp. 403 & 405 (1878: distribution); Coues, Keg, p. 322 (1872); id. B. N.-West,?. 696 (1874); Ridgw. Bidl. U.S. Wat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882); Nelson, Cruise < Corwin,' p. 109 (1883); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 768 (1884); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. 6. STEENA. 99 ii. p. 307 (1884); Turner, Hep. Alaska, p. 127 (1886); A. 0. U. Check-L N. Amer. JS. p. 94 (1886); Hidr/w. Man. N. Atner. J3. p. 45 (1887) ; NeUon, Pep. Alaska, p. 00 (1887); 8eebobn,£. Japan, Mnp. p. 209 (1890: Ixraboye); Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123. Sterna camtschatica, "Pallas" Finsch, Ahh. nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 85 (1882: nee Pallas). Adult in breeding-plumage. Centre of forehead and backwards to the eye white ; below, a black loral streak from the maxilla to the eye; crown and nape black; mantle slate-grey, the secondaries edged with white; primaries darker grey, the outer web of the first blackish, shafts white, a dark line next the shaft on each inside web and running up the inner margin, white wedges to the four outer primaries ; rump and tail pure white, streamers long and pointed; under tail- and under wing-coverts white; abdomen and breast pale slate-grey; chin and lower cheeks white: bill and feet black. Total length 13-5'inches, oilmen 1-6, wing 10*75, tail 6-5 to 7, depth of fork 3-5-4, tarsus 0-75, middle toe with claw 1. The sexes appear to be alike in plumage. Adult in winter. Similar to the above, with rather more white on the forehead. Immature, unknown to me. In a specimen obtained on August 23rd, 1879, a few sandy-white margins to the tips of some of the feathers of the mantle can be detected, and the general plumage is dull; otherwise the bird is like an adult, with well-developed, though abraded, streamers * the lower mandiblo slightly reddish at the base. Young (Sept. 1). Eorehead and crown brown, with blackish streaks, which become confluent on the nape; feathers of the mantle chiefly black, deeply edged with rufous buff, flight-feathers dark grey; rump and tail grey, the outer webs of the exterior pair of reefcrices white, all the feathers tipped with buff; underparts dull white, with some clove-brown on the upper breast and sides of the neck: bill and feet ochre-yellow. Nestling (No. 97160, St. Michael's, Alaska, July 29th, 1880; E. W. Nelson). "Above rather light sooty brown, confusedly marbled or mottled with dusky, the head with the light brown predominating, and the dusky markings more distinct. Forehead, chin, entire throat, and sides of the neck uniform sooty slate; jugulum and breast pure white; sides, flanks, abdomen, and anal region sooty grey. Bill pale yellowish brown (flesh-colour in life), with black tip; legs and feet pale yellowish brown (flesh-colour in life?)" (Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 307). Mr. Nelson goes on to describe No. 97162, which is now in the B.M. coll., and shows the points in which it differs from the above. The specimen in question has been labelled "8. macrura" and subsequently " S. aleutica?"; and it is exactly like downy nestlings of the Arctic Tern from Europe and from St. Michael's, Alaska. There is also in the British Museum a nestling obtained by Mr. C. Drexler on St. Paul's I., July 25th, which agrees better with Mr. Nelson's description, while it is unlike the nestling of an Arctic Tern, or indeed any other 100 LABIDJE. Northern species. If not S. aleutica, I can only suggest that it may be the young of S. longipennis, not yet known in this stage. Sab. Coast and islands of Alaska; also Asiatic side of Bering Sea, and South-east Japan. a. 9 ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug. II. Saunders Coll. b-d. J Q ad. sk. (L. M. Turner), St. Michael's, Alaska, JuneSalvin- Godman Coll, e-n, <$, o-q. $ July (X. M. T.). St. Michael's, Alaska, JuneSalvin- Godman Coll. ad. sk. r. Pull sk r?l; s- u. $ ad.; Vs . July (E. W. Nelson). St. Michael's, Alaska, July 29-Sept. 1 (F. W. N.). Salvin-Godman Coll. Juv. sk. a\ Ad. sk. Inaboye, off Yedo, Japan. Seebohm Coll. 21. Sterna limata. Sterna limata, Peak, U.S. Fxpl. Exp., Birds, p. 277 (1848: Vincennes I., Paumotu Group); Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, p. 125; id. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 170; Cassin, U.S. Fxpl. Exp., Birds, p. 382 (1858); Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Is. p. 59 (1859); Schlegel, Mm. F.-B., Sterna, p. 27 (1863: Halmahera); Finsch fr Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 231, pi. xiii. fig. 3 (1867: McKean's Is.); Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867. p. 831 (Pelew Is.) ; Hartl # Finsch, op. cit. 1868, pp. 4, 9, & 118 : Scl op. cit. 1869, p. 124 (Solomon Is.) ; Hartl. $ Finsch, op. cit. 1872, pp. 90 & 113 (Pelew and Mackenzie Is.); Finsch, Jour. Mus, Godeffr. Hft. viii. p. 41 (1875: Pelew Is.); Rosenb. Reistocht. Geelvinhb. p. 9 (1875); Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (Fiji Is.); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 665 (revision): id. Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1878 : distribution); Tnstr. Ibis, 1882, p. 144 (Solomon Is.); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 379 (1889: Kaui I.) ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 296 & 300 (Phoenix Group). Haliplana limata, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 392; Bias. J.f. 0.1866. p. 80; Coues, B. N.-W. pp. 698 & 703 (1874: critical); Rothsch. Avif, Laysan fc. i. p. 37, pi. (1893). Hydrochelidon limata, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 122, no. 11081 (1871). Onychoprion lunatus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 409 (1882); id. Orn. Bapuasia 8>c. iii. p. 451 (1882) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. li. p. 247 (1891: S. Sumatra) ["?]; Wiglestu, Abh. h. Mus. JDresd. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 76 (1892). Adult in breeding-plumage. Centre of forehead and the superciliary line thence to behind the eye white ; loral stripe, crown, and nape black; hind neck grey; mantle and tail-coverts dark slate- grey, the secondaries not tipped with white but only greyish white on their inner webs; primaries chiefly smoke-grey, with white " wedges " to the centres of the inner webs, shafts brown; tail- feathers chiefly smoke-grey, except at their bases which are whitish, the outer pair quite white on the exterior webs and only grey for about 2 inches from the tips of the inner webs* underparts white : bill black; tarsi and toes reddish black, the inner webs considerably excised, the toes slender, the claws rather long and curved. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 10-5, tail 6*75, depth of fork 2*7, tarsus 0*8, middle toe with claw 1*25. 6. STERNA. 101 Adult in winter plumage. Similar to tho above, with more white on the forehead. Immature. Head mottled with black and white ; mantlo and tail with rather a brownish tinge to the grey; the usual dark line along the upper wing-coverts; otherwise like the above. Forellead' head, an<* sides 'K°^UJ' of neck mottled and streaked with black on a stone-white ground; feathers of the mantle brownish grey, broadly tipped with dull white; underparts white: bill, tarsi, and toes horn-brown. •#«&• Paumotu Is. (Low Archipelago), Society Is., Fiji Group, Phoenix Is., Hawaiian Group, Laysan and Krusenstern Is., Caroline and Pelew Is., Moluccas, Solomon Is., and probably the intermediate islands of the Pacific. a. Juv. sk. Solomon Islands. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.]. A Imm. ske. . C. B. xiii. p. 772 (1856) ; Marti. Faun. Madag. p. 86 (1861: He de France); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 199; Blasius, J.f.O. 1866, p. 80 ; E. Newton, Ibis, 1867, p. 359 (Seychelles); Hartl. Tog. Madag. p. 388 (1877). Hydrocecropis melanoptera (Swains.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Hydrocecropis panayensis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. ? Haliplana keri, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 190. Sterna fuligula, Licht. in Forst. Descr. An. p. 276, note (1844). Melanosterna anasthetus, Blyth, J.A.S. B. xv. p. 373 (1846: type of genus). Sterna fuliginosa (partim), Gray, Gen. B. iii, p. 659 (1846). Onychoprion panaya, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 33 (1848) ; Reichenb. Tdg.Neuholl. p. 348 (1850); Macgill Narr. Toy. l Battlesnake? ii. p. 359 (1852); Krefft, Ibis, 1862, p. 192. Onychoprion ansesthetus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293 (1849); Layard, Ann. $• Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 271 (1854: Ceylon); Jerdon, B. Ind. iii. p. 844 (1864) ; Walden, Tr. Z. 8. viii. p. 104 (1872); Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 90 (Andaman Is.); Hume, t. c. p. 320; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 374 (1874); Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 149 (Andaman Is.); id. Tr. Z. 8. ix. pp. 244 & 262 (1877); Wardlaw-Bamsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881: Philippines); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 408 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia $e. iii. p. 449 (1882); Sclater, P. Z. S.1883, p. 52 (Timor Laut) f * Type in Cambridge Museum examined. 6. STEKNA. 103 Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884: Java); K. 0. Forbes, op. cit. 1884, p. 434 (Timor Laut) j W. Blasius, Brawischiv. Anz. 1888, p. 96; id. Ornis, 1888, p. G34 (Gt. Sanghir I.) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Lid. xlix. p. 419 (1889 : Sumatra); Salvad.fyGigl. Mem. Ace. Tor. xxxix. p. 104 (1889 : Somali Coast) j Salvad. Aggiunte Orn. Papuasiafyc. pt. iii. p. 212 (1891); Wiglesw. Abh. k. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, no. vi. p. 70 (1892: Polynesia). Sterna infuscata, Keugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 351 (nee Licht); id. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 32 (Red Sea). Haliplana panaya, Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381 j Coues, t. c. p. 391 (Brit. Honduras). Haliplana discolor, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 392 (Brit. Honduras); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 104 (1864: Sombrero I.) ; Elliot, New Sr Unfig. B. N Amer. ii. pi. 57 (1869). Sterna nubilosa, Sundev. (nee Sparrm.) K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. Fork, 1869, p. 589 (St. Bartholomew, W. Ind.). Sterna panayana, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 603 (Hakodadi, Japan). Hydrocheliclon anostheetus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122, no. 11080 (1871). Haliplana ansestheta, Sioinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 422; David § OustaL Ois. Chine, p. 528 (1877); Heine fy Reichenow, Nomenel. Mus, Kern, p. 356 (1890). Onycnoprion panayensis, Scl. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 572 ; iid. Nomenel Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 36 (1882). Hydrochelidon infuscata, Keugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. p. 1512 & p. ccvi (nee p. 1457, which is S.fidiginosa) (1873). Hydrochelidon ansesthetus, Keugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. p. 1453 (1873) ; Rochebr. Faun. SSneg., Ois. p. 338 (1884). Sterna (Haliplana) ansestheta, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 701 (1874). Sterna ansesthetica, Coues, Cheeh-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882); id. KeyN. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 769 (1884). Adult in breeding-plumage. Head as in the preceding species; loral stripe black; upper forehead, crown, and nape black; shoulders slate-grey, passing into dark greyish brown on the mantle; no visible white on the secondaries; primaries timber- brown, shafts black, the " wedges " on the inner webs very narrow and not sharply denned; rump and principal tail-feathers greyish brown like the mantle, but the streamers white on the outer and the upper portions of the inner webs, and the next pair of rectrices whitish at their bases ; abdomen and breast greyish white: under wing-coverts and throat pure white: bill, tarsi, and toes black, the inner webs of the latter considerably excised. Total length 14-15 inches, culmen 1*8, wing about 10*3, tail 7*5, depth of fork 4, tarsus 0-8, middle toe with claw 1-2. The sexes are alike in plumage. Adidt in winter plumage. Similar to the above, but the lores and crown mottled with white for a short time. Immature. Generally similar, but with more white on the head whitish tips to the feathers of the back, which, when fresh, are somewhat grey; a dark line along the upper wing-coverts, and less white on the outer rectrices. Pull plumage is not attained until the bird is at least two years old. 104 LAEIDiE. Young, Head streaked and mottled with brownish black; feathers of the upper parts dark brown with rufous tips, which subsequently "become paler, approaching white, and finally wear away; underparts greyish white ; bill and toes brownish. Adults from the West Indies show a trifle more white in the outer tail-feathers than is the case with some Oriental examples, but birds from the Eed Sea are absolutely identical with the former. Hah. Intertropical and juxta-tropical seas:—Gulf of Mexico and West Indies; West Africa, Lower Eed Sea, East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, and Indian Ocean generally; Moluccas, China Seas up to Japan, Pelew Is. &e., K"ew Guinea, Northern Australia, the Piji, Tonga, Ellice, and Phoenix Groups. I n the Low Archipelago and in the Sandwich Islands Group the representative appears to be S. lunata. •a. Iinm. sir. Massowa, Red Sea, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. (W. Jesse). b. Imm. sk Red Sea (Capt. Feilden, B.A.). EL Saunders Coll. c, d. Ad. et juv. Red Sea. J. Middleton, Esq. St. [P.]. e. Vix ad. sk. Red Sea {FLemprkh $ JEhren-Shelley Coll. berg). f,ff. 62 ad. sk. Red Sea, April (A.Anderson). H. Saunders Coll. h-k. S $ ad. sk. Red Sea (southern part), May Tweeddale Coll. (A. B. Meyer). I, m. S ad. sk. Red Sea, off PerimI., Aug. 31 Abyssinian Exped. (W. T. Blanford). n, o. Ad. sk. Gulf of Aden, April (F. Lort Shelley Coll. Phillips). p. Ad. sk Gulf of Aden, April. Major Yerbury [P.]. q. Imm. sk. Mozambique. — Thompson, Esq. [0.]. r, s. $ 5 ^d. sk. Seychelles. Shelley Coll. t. Vix ad. sk. Bird I., Seychelles (Dr. Cop-Voy. H.M.S.* Alert.' finger). u-w. c?ad. etimm. Mekran Coast, May-June Hume Coll. sk. (Col. B.A.Butler). &. Vix ad. sk. Mekran Coast {Capt. Bishop). Hume Coll. y. <5 juv.; z-n'. Cherbaniani Reef, Laccadive Hume Coll. S $ imm. sk. Is., Feb. (A. O.H.). o'. $ juv. sk. Off Laccadive Is., 10° N.; H. Saunders Coll. 70° E. (G. Stephen). p\ Juv. sk. Indian Ocean, 5° 28' N.? H. Saunders Coll. 63° 53'E.,Nov. (H.OForbes). q', r\ <5 °_ imm. Off Cape Comorim Sept. Hume Coll. sk. (Dowker). $'. Juv. sk Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll. t\ u'. Ad. et imm. Ceylon (Col. W. V. Zegge). H. Saunders Coll. sk. v'. § ad.; wf. $ Trincomalee, N.E. Ceylon, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. juv. sk. April & Dec. ( W. V. Z.). [P.]. &'. $ imm.; y\ (1859); Linderm. For/. Griechenl. p. 178 (1860); Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 82 (Sahara) ; Poioys, t c. p. 356 (Corfu); Simpson, t o. p. 393 (Missolonghi; breeds); Irby, op. cit. 1861, p. 247 (Oudh & Kumaon); Schl.Dier. Nederl Voxels, p. 240 (1861); Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 242 (1863); Sahad. Ucc. Sard. p. 122 (1864); Jerd. B. India, iii. p. 841 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta); Filippi, Viaqy. Pers. p. 352 (1865); Bias. J.f. 0. 1806, p. 74 (revision) ; Dec/L et Gerbe, Orn. JEitr. ii. p. 451 (1867) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 144 (1869); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 243 (1869); Droste, Fogelw. Borhum, p. 332 (1869); Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 281 (1871); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 470 (1871) ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B, iii. p. 121 (1871: partim); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 76 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 300 (1872); Godmnn, Ibis, 1872, p. 222 (Canaries & Madeira: breeds) ; Palmen, Finlands Foglar, p. 577 (1873 : doubtfully); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia); Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) and Dresser's transl, Ibis, 1876, p. 416 (breeds up to 4000 ft.); Burnford, Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N. Frisian Is., breeds); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 210 (1875); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 279, pi. 582 (1876); Blanf. East Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876); Saund.P.Z.S. 1876, p. 661 (revision Stemime); Seeb. (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (breeds Seal Is., N. Caspian); Salvin, Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 625 (1882); B. O. TJ. List Brit B. p. 181 (1883); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 135 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cam. p. 486 (1884); Saund. Uh ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 558 (1884); Buchner, Beitr. Russ.Reiches, (2) ii. p. 127 (1885: St. Petersburg; seldom breeds); Seeb. Brit. B. iii. p. 289 (1885); Someyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81; Luthe, torn. cit. p. 146, and Winge, op. cit. 1886, p. 593 (Denmark; breeds); D. Torre u. Tsch. op. cit 1885, p. 564 (Bohemia) ; Albarda, torn. cit. p. 631 (Holland; breeds); AllSon, op. cit. 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudsha; breeds); Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p.418 (1886) ; Schneider, Ornis, 1887,p. 552 (Up. Rhine; breeds); Booth, Bough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 278 (1887); Tait,Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal; breeds); R-Brown § Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. SfC p. 228 (1887) ; Scully, J. As. Soc. Benq. lvi. p. 88 (1887: N. Afghanistan); Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Pttersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 57 (1888: Turkestan); Taczau. Ornis, 1888, p. 505 (Polish Vistula; breeds); Radde $ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 127 (Transcaspia) ; Giglioli, i. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 632 (1889); Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 9 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 347 (Cyprus); Zaroudnoi, Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1889, p. 841 (Transcaspia); Reichenow, Syst Verz. Fog. Deutsch. p. 61 (1889); Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 143 (1889); Saund. Man. Brit B. p. 635 (1889); Giglioli, ii. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 661 (1890); Keller, Om. Carinthice, p. 307 (1890); Stevenson $ Southioell, B. Norfolk, iii. p. 309 (1890); Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 586 (1891); Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 465 (Mogador); Frivaldshy, Av. Hungar. p. 180 (1891); Madardsz, Ausst. Ung. Vogelf. p. 120 (1891); Giglioli, iii. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 517 (1891); Jacket ty Bias. Fog. Bayerns, p. 364 (1891); H.-Brown fy Buckl. Faun. Argyll fyc. p. 187 (1892); Ussher, Pr. R. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 296(1895). Sterna metopoleucos, S. G. Gm. Nov. Comm. Petr. xv. p. 475, no. 17, tab. 22. fig. 11(1771: Woronetz); J. F. Gm. S. N I p. 608 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 809 (1790). The Hooded Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 365 (1785). 118 LAKID-E. Stemula minuta, Bole, Isis, 1822, p, 563 (type of genus); Kemp, Naturl. 8i/st. pp. 95 & 196 (1829); Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840), and p. 100 (1841); Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183; Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 140 (1845: Lower Egypt); Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and Av. Syst. Nat, p. v (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) : Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; Locke, Expl 8c. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 204 (1867); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 460, Taf. 54. fig. 5 (1870); Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (Spain); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 73 (1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii pt. 2, p. 1441 (1873); HumefyHenders. Lahore to York, p. 303 (1873); Reichenow, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 374 (God Coast); Hume, Nests § Eggs Ind. jB.'p. 654 (1875); Scully, Sir. F. iv. p. 204 (1876: Yarkand & Kashgaria; breeds); Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. Iviii. pt. 1, p. 136 (1883: Central Bussia; breeds); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr, p. 705 (1884; ; Olphe-Gall. Ccmtr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. liv. x. p. 35 (1886); Giglioli,Avif. Ital p. 418 (1886) ; 8alvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 278 (1887); Giglioli, i. Besoc. Av, Ital. p. 632 (1889); id. ii. Besoc. p. 661 (1890); id. iii. Besoc. p. 517 (1891); Heine § Beichenoic, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890). Stemulafissxpes,Brehn, Tog. Deutschl. p. 790 (1831); id. Vogelf p. 349 (1855). Stemula pomarina, Brehn, Vog. Deutschl. p. 791 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855). Sternula danica, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 791 (1831); id, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855). Hydrochelidon minuta, Bp. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842). Sternula orientalis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854: East Indies*). Sternula danubialis, Brehm, Naum, 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855). Sternula meridionalis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855). Sterna gouldi, Hume, Str. F. v. p. 326 (1877: India; nee Reichenb., which is S.fuliyinosa); K Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 233 (1888); /. B. Cripps, t. c. p. 314 (E. Bengal); Hume, op. cit. viii. p. 116 (1879: List); id. op. cit. ix. p. 131 (1880); id. op. tit. xi. p. 350 (1888: Lower Brahmaputra). Adult in breeding-plumage. Yery similar to the preceding species, but somewhat smaller; the two outer pairs of primaries with blackish shafts and generally darker webs; tail-streamers never so much prolonged; otherwise identical. Total length 9*5 inches when the streamers are fully developed, culmen 1*4, wing 6*75, tail 3-7, depth of fork 1*6, tarsus 0*7, middle toe with claw 0*8. The female has the streamers less prolonged than the male ; and, owing to this species passing a good deal of time on the ground, its tail- feathers are seldom to be seen at their best. Adult in winter, Immature^ and Young. As in 8. sinensis, with the difference that the two and even the three outer pairs of primaries with their shafts are consistently darker. Nestling. Pale buff above, marbled with black; tawny white below. Hab. Europe from about 60° £T, (rare in the Baltic), as far south as the Mediterranean and the Caspian, breeding; N", Africa; the * Type in Berlin Mus. examined. 6 . STJGKNA. 110 coast of W. Africa to the Cape of Good Hopo in winter; Transcaspia, Turkestan, and Northern India (breeding); Burma and even Java. I cannot find any constant specific characters for distinguishing Sterna gouldi of Hume* a, b, Ad. et pull sk. c, d. Ad. et pull. sk. e. Ad. ;/,"-?". <$ ad. sk. Eta wall, March. Hume Coll. if, z", a3. $ ad. sk. Oawnpore, April [A.O.K.). Hume Coll. /A <$ ad.; c3. Juv. Allahabad, March & Aug. Hume Coll. sk. d\ Imm. sk. Oudh, Dec. Hume Coll. e*. cJ ad. sk. Mahanadi River, April (V. Hume Coll. Ball). /'. <$ ad.sk. Faridpur, June (J. JR. Hume Coll. Cripps). #5-r\ ^ ad.; s3-w\ Goalundo, Lower Bramah-Hume Coll. 2 ad.; ?;3-?/3. Imm. putra River, April (J. sk. C. Parker). «\ c? ad. sk. Godavery Paver, May ( W. Hume Coll. T. Blanford). a4, K tf 2 ad.; c4. Sittang River, June. E. W. Oates Coll. 2 juv. sk. d4. $ imm. &k. Sittang River, June (E. Hume Coll. W. 0.). c4. J imm. sk. Salangore coast, Aug. ( W. Hume Coll. Davison). / 4 . Juv. sk. Java. India Mus. [P.], *#4. Skeleton. England. Zoological Society. hK Sternum, England. John Ray, Esq. [P.]. 28. Sterna saun&ersi. Sterna minuta (nee L.), Keuglin, Ibis, 1859, p. 351 (Red Sea) : Sehlegel Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 22 (1863: partim, Natal*); Finsch, TV. Z. S. vii. p. 304 (1870: Zoulla, June); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 324 (1877); Oustal Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1878, p. 194 (Seychelles); Terburg, Ibis, 1886, p. 23 (Aden and Somali-land); Sharpe, op. cit. 1891, p. 115 (Fao, Persian Gulf, breeding) ; Barnes, op. eit. 1893, p. 177 (Aden). Sterna sp. ?, Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 304, no. 219 (1870: Zoulla). Sternula minuta, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1441 (1873); Harti. Faun. Madagasc. p. 390 (1877) j Hume, Str.F. iv.p. 469 (1876: Laccadives). Sterna sumatrana (nee Bqffl.), Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 663 (revision Sterninse t) ; Everett, B. Borneo, p. 211, no. 563 (1889). Sterna saundersi, Hume, Sir. F. v. pp. 324-6 (1877: Karachi, type in B. M.); id. op. eit. -\iii. p. 116 (List I. B.); Vidal, op. cit. ix. p. 95 (Malabar coast) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1023 (1880); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 (Fao, breeding). Sterna balsenarum (?iec StickL), E. Newton, Tr. Norfolk Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888 : Mascarene Is.) t» Bdchenoto, Vog. Deutsch-0.-Afi\ p. 21 (1894: Mtoni and Kingani). ? Sternula novella, Hartl. Abh. Ver. Brem. xii. p» 45 (1891: Mtoni, -. E. Africa). A' Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to the preceding species, from * Procured by Jules Verreaux, who gave it the MS. name of Sterna natalensis (1858). t Name adopted provisionally, in default of a series of specimens. X Specimen at Cambridge examined. 6.. STERNA. 121 which it may bo distinguished by its rather paler mantle, greyer rump and tail-feathers, the blackness of the webs of the three outer primaries on both sides of the black shafts, contrasting strongly with the pure white of the inner margins of the webs, and the straightness of the bill, in which the maxilla is not at all decurved. Bill dusky yellow, usually black at the tip for 0*5 in.; tarsi and toes brownish yellow. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 6-6, tail 3, depth of fork 1*1, tarsus 0'6, middle toe with claw 0*7. The sexes appear to be alike in plumage. Adult in winter. Like the above, but lores and crown flecked with white, bill duller in colour. Immature. Forehead and lores greyish white, a patch of smoke- grey in front of the eye, crown with black streaks which coalesce on the nape; mantle much darker grey than in the adult, and the blackish line along the upper wing-coverts strongly pronounced; the three outer primaries and their shafts as before in their normal state, but the shafts are sometimes abraded till they are brownish, the fourth and fifth primaries also brownish black: bill blackish; feet brown. Young. Upper parts with more fawn-white, mottled with brown; otherwise like the above. Hah. Lower Eed Sea, East Coast of Africa to Natal, Madagascar, Mascarene and Seychelle Islands, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian coast, Ceylon, and Burma. Of all the members of the group, this comes nearest to S. halmnarum in the shape of the bill, and immature examples have been .ascribed to that species. It is certainly remarkable that S. scnindersi should go down to Natal (Durban Bay), but after careful examination of specimens I can come to no other conclusion. @, h. Jnv. et imm. Suakin, Red Sea. Capt. R. H. Penton sk. in c. (S imm. sk. Zoulla, Red Sea, June 1868 (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. .d, e. <3 $ imm. sk. Durban Bay, S.E. Africa, EL Saunders Coll. March {Shelley Mus.). /. $ imm. sk. Seychelles. Shelley Coll. g. Imm. sk, Mohammerah, Persian Gulf. K. Loftus, Esq. [P.]. Ji-n. Imm. sk. Fao, Aug.-Sept. W. D. Gumming, Esq. [P.]. o. Imm. sk, Bushire, Feb. A. J. V. Palmer, Esq. [P.]. p. Imm. sk. Persian Gulf. Hume Coll. q, r. Imm. sk. Gkiznee (&. Gould). India Museum [P.]. s, t. c? imm.; w, v. Karachi, April, May, and Hume Coll. § ad.; w, x. July (JB. A. Butler $ S. Ad. sk. Doig). y-f. S ? ad. sk. Cherbaniani Reef, Laccadive Hume Coll. Is., Feb. (A. 0. JET. $ J. Armstrong). g\ $ imm. s Madras, June, Hume Coll. A'. 1mm. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll. %'. Imm.sk. Ceylon. H. Saunders Coll. 122 1AKIDJE. &'. c? juv. sk. 2'. $ imm. sk. *n'. $ vix ad. sk. Kodiar Bay, Ceylon, Oct. (IT. V.Legge). Mouth of Nahr-wida-ganga, Ceylon, Oct. (W. V. £.). Hambantota, Nahr-widaR. B. [P.]. H. Sau H. Sau Sharpe, Esq. nders Coll. nders Coll. n'-p'. $ imna. sk. ganga, June ( W. V. L.). Lower Pegu, Nov. andApril. E. "W. Oates Coll. 29. Sterna antillarum. Sterna minuta (nee L.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 84, pi. 70. fig. 2 (1813); Bp. Obs. Nomencl Wilson, no. 242 (1826); id. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 355 (1828); Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 371 (1832); Audub. Orn. Biog. iv. p. 175 (1838); id. Synops. p. 321 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 119, pi. 439 (1844); Giraud, B. Long I. p. 350 (1844) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 123 (1850) ; Putnam, Br. Essex Inst. I p. 221 (1856) j Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 (Nagua River, Eantee). Sterna argentea, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 280 (1834: nee Neuzoied, 1820); Bp. Comp. List, p. 61 (1838); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 437 (1847); Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 545 (1866). ? Sternula bailloni, Bole, Isis, 1844, p. 183 (Newfoundland). Sternula antillarum^ Less. Desc?\ Mamm. et Ois. p. 256 (1847: Guadeloupe). Sternula melanorhyncha, Less. JDescr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 252 (1847: juv., Guadeloupe). Sterna frenata, Gambel, Br. Bhilad. Acad. 1848, p. 128 ; Baird, Cass., Sr Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 864 (1858); Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. no. 694 (1859); Brewer, Br. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Coues fy Prentice, Smiths. Bep. 1861, p. 418 (Washington); Gundl. J.f.O. 1862, p. 93 (Cuba); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas); Turnbull, B. E. Pennsyh. p. 39 (1869;; Snow, B. Kansas, p. 12 (1873). StQrnula australis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854: Soutb Africa) *. Sternula frenata, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856). Sternula superciliaris (nee V.), Cab. J.f.O. 1857, p. 232 (Cuba), Sterna antillarum, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 552 (revision); id. Ibis, 1864, p. 390 (Brit. Honduras) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 106 (1864: Sombrero); Gundl. Rep. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 393 (1866) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 199 (Brit. Honduras) ; Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 98 (1867: San Domingo); Coues, Pr, Essex Inst. v. p. 308 (1868: New England, breeds); Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1871, p. 45 (North Carolina, breeds) ; Sel. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 571 (revision) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois); Gundl. J.f. 0.1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico); id. op. cit. 1875, p. 391 (Cuba); id. Orn. Cuba, p. 310 (1876); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 661 (revision Sterninae) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. N. Mus. iv. (1876) p. 52 (Tehuantepecj; Gundl. J.f. 0.1878, p. 163 (Porto Rico); Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 68 (1878: Dominica); A. 8f E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 117 (1881); Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881); Salvin, Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 625 (1882); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgxo. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 309 (1884); Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 179 (1884); id. List B. W. Ind. p. 33 Type in Berlin examined and compared with American specimens. 6. STEBNA. 123 (1885); Goss, B. Kansas, p. 3 (1886: breeds); A. 0. U. Checklist, N. Amer. B. p. 95 (1887); Bidgio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 46 (1887); Cooke, Bird-Migr. Mississip. Vail p. 58 (1888); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502 (Barbados); Cory, B. West Indies, p. 280 (1881)); id. Cat. West-lnd. B. p. 83 (1893); Mhoads, pr. Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas); Rartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 310, 337 (Aruba I. and Bonaire I.). Sterna minuta americana. Sundev. K. Vet.-Ahad. Stoclh. Forh. 1869, p. 589 (St, Bartholomew, West Indies). Sterna superciliaris, Bias. J.f. 0.1866, p. 74; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 121, no. 11066 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 322 (1872) ; Laior. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 318 (1874: Manzanilla, W. Mexico); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 213 (1880: breeds); id. op. cit. 2nd ed, p. 213 (1890). Sterna superciliaris antillarum, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 692 (1874); Merriam, B. Conn. p. 134 (1877); Sennett, Bull U.S. Geol Surv. iv. p. 66 (1878: Rio Grande, Texas); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1882); Stearns $ Coues, New Engl Bird- life, p. 374 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 776 (1884). Adult in breeding-plumage. Differs from the preceding species in having the upper mantle and tail of a darker and bluer grey, and only the two outer pairs of primaries have black shafts with black webs on either side; the black stripe on the inner web is also a trifle narrower: bill stouter, the maxilla more curved, yellow, with little black at the tip, though the amount varies; tarsi and toes orange-yellow. Total length 8*75 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 6#55, tail 3*6, depth of fork 1*8, tarsus 0*6, middle toe with claw 0*7. The sexes seem to be alike externally. Adult in winter. Probably as in summer, with merely some extension of white on the lores and crown, and duller colours to the bill and feet. I have never seen a specimen. Immature. Forehead and crown nearly white, orbital regions and nape dull black; the usual dark line along the carpal joint and upper wing-coverts; lower primaries dark grey, the upper ones paler, with a brown tinge, and white on the inner margins: bill nearly black; tarsi dull brown. Young. Porehead and crown pale buff or dull white, with brown flecks which become confluent round the eye and on the nape; feathers of the upper surface dull grey, with brown arrow-shaped centres and buff or white margins; primaries chiefly dark grey with dark shafts: bill horn-colour; feet yellowish brown. Nestling. Stone-white, marbled with ash-brown above, dull white below. Bab. Temperate and Tropical North America, occasionally visiting Newfoundland and Labrador; breeding along the Mississippi and Missouri valleys from Dakota downwards, and on the coast from New England down to the West Indies generally, the Leeward Islands and Trinidad; on the Pacific side from California to Mexico and Central America. In winter occasionally to the We&t and Southwest coast of Africa. 124: • LABIDiE. a, b. Ad.; c. Imm. North America (Krider). H. Saunders Coll. sk. d-f. $ ad. sk. Ipswich, Massachusetts, June H. Saunders Coll. and July (Dr. Brewer fy C. J. Mmjnard). g. 2 ad. sk. Ipswich, Mass. (C.J.M.). Salvin-Godman Coll. h. J juv. sk. Nantucket, Mass. ( W. BrewSalvin- Godman Coll. ster}. i~l. Pull. sk. Bone I., Virginia, July Salvin-Godman Coll. (Ridgway). m. Juv. sk. BoneL, Va., July (Ridgway). H. Saunders Coll. n. <$ ad. sk. Cobb's I., Va., June (C. M. H. Saunders Coll. Jones). o,p. d 2 ad.; q. Cobb's L, Va., July (E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. Pull. sk. Hemhaw). r s. Ad. et imm. Caper's I., South Carolina, Salvin-Godman Coll. sk. April (J. H. Batty). t-V. 6 2 ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, May (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. B. Armstrong). o'-/..c?$ad.;/. Corpus Christi, Texas, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 2 imm. sk. (F. B. A). h'-k'. <$ ad. sk. Antigua, Lesser Antilles, Salvin-Godman Coll, May (C. 8. Winch). I'. $ imm. sk. Barbados, Sept. (H. W. F.). Col. H. "W. Feilden [P.]. m'. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Dyson Coll. n'-q'. J 2 ad. sk. Long Cay, Glover's Reef, Salvin-Godman Coll. Brit. Honduras, May (0. Salvin). r'-t'. 3 ad. et San Bias, Tepic Terr., April Salvin-Godman Coll. imm. sk. ( W. B. Richardson). u'. Imm. sk. Nagua River, Fantee, W. H. Saunders Coll. Africa, February 1871 (Gov. TJssher). 30. Sterna superciliaris. Hati ceja blanca, Azara, Ajpunt. Pax. Parag. iii. p. 377 (1802). Hati manchado, id. torn. cit. p. 877 (juv.). Sterna superciliaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 126 (1819: based on the above "Hati ceja blanca"); id, Enc. Method, i. p. 350 (1820); Stejph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 149 (1825); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Sol. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Lower Ucayali); iid. op. cit. 1867, p. 593 (River Tocantins) ; iid. op. cit. 1871, p. 571 (revision) ; iid. op. cit. 1873, p. 310 (E. Peru); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873); Reinh. Vid. Med. 1870, p. 19 (Brazil); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 319; Coues, B. N-West, p. 692 (1874: partim); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. (y&2 (revision Steminee); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 201 (La Plata); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 625 (1882); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Parana); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 444 (1886); Scl. fy Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 197 (1888). Sterna maculata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 176 (1819 : based on the " Hati manchado " of Azara); id. Enc. Method, i. p. 350 (1820); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846). Sterna argentea, Nemoied, Beitr. iv. p. 871 (1833); Less. Hist. N. Mamm. et Ois. ix. p. 520 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); 6 . STEE3STA. 125 Earth Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 542 (1856); id. Beis. La Plata-St ii. p. 410 (18(31); IYlz. Orn. Bras. ^ pp. 325,461(1871). Sternula argentea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183 ; Licht. Noynencl Av. p. 1)8 (1854: Brazil). Sternula superciliaris, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183. Adult in hreeding-plumage. Like the preceding species, "but larger and stouter; the black loral streak very narrow• the mantle and tail darker grey, with a slightly brown tinge on the inner secondaries ; the four outer pairs of primaries chiefly dusky black, with comparatively narrow white margins to the inner webs of the two first, and very little white on the next two pairs inwards : bill stout and deep at the base, greenish yellow, with no black at the tip; tarsi and toes dull yellow or olivaceous. Total length only 9 inches (owing to the tail being short), culmen 1*5, wing 7*25, tail 3*25, depth of fork 1*3, tarsus 0-65, middle toe with claw 0'75. The sexes appear to be alike in plumage. Adult after the autumn moult. Lores merely speckled with black; crown necked with white; otherwise like the above. Immature. Lores and forehead white; crown grey, with blackish streaks which become confluent round the eye and on the nape; primaries with a brownish tinge : bill yellow, with horn-coloured tip. Otherwise like the adult. Young. Lores drab, a very marked whitish superciliary streak, forehead drab; crown darker, flecked with umber; a black patch from behind the eye to the nape; mantle grey, tinged with buff and barred with ash; tail mottled with ash, the ground-colour greyer than in any of the allied species: bill dull yellow, the maxilla nearly horn-colour; tarsi and toes dull yellow. Conspicuously darker than the young of S. antillarum. Hal. Estuaries and rivers of South America from the Orinoco to the La Plata, ascending the Amazons and tributaries as far west as the river Huallaga. Eggs laid on sand-banks. a. ? juv.; Eupuruni Eiver,Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. Nov., Dec. (JET. Wkitelg). b, c. $ 2 ao-- SK. Surinam, Dutch Guiana (Br. II. Saunders Coll. d. Imm. sk. W. Kvrke). e. Ad. sk. Amazons. / . Imm. sk. Amazons (Wallace fy Bates). Purchased. g. $ imm. sk. Amazons (A R. Wallace). Salvin-Godman Coll. h. Ad. sk. Tocantins Eiver,Lower AmaSalvin- Godman Coll. zons, Sept. (A. It W.). i. $ ad. sk. Santa Cruz, Upper Amazons, H. Saunders Coll. May (E. Bartlett). h. $ imm.; I <$ Eio de Janeiro, July (/. II. Saunders Coll. Young). ad. sk. m, n. Ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. o. $ imm. sk. Colonia, Eio de la Plata, Ii. Saunders Coll. Nov. (JET. M. Harrison, B.N.). p. Vix ad. sk. Baradero, Eiver Parana, H. Duxnford, Esq. April. [C.]. 126 LABIDiE. 31. Sterna lorata. Sterna exilis * {nee Tsck), Scl P. Z. S.1867, p. 336 & p. 344; Scl. et Salv, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 572 (revision); iid. op. cit. 1873, p. 147 ; iid. Nomencl. Ao. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 663 (revision) ; id. op. cit. 1882, p. 552 (Peru); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 445 (1886); MacFarl Ibis, 1887, p. 204 (Callao Bay); Berlepsch Sf Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400. Sterna lorata, Phil, et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, pt. i. p. 124. Sterna loricata, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 121, no. 11088 (1871: ex Ph. $ Landb.). Adult in "breeding-plumage. Forehead, and as far as the middle *>f the eyebrow, white; upper loral streak black, rather narrow, below which a parallel whitish streak along the cheeks ; crown and tiape black; mantle slate-grey; primaries with white shafts, the outer web of the outermost primary black, a smoke-grey line next the shaft on the inner web, and similar lines of a greyer colour on the succeeding primaries, inner portion of inner webs white ; rump and tail-feathers slate-grey, the streamers paler ; vent, flanks, abdomen, and breast smoke-grey, passing into white on the throat and chin ; under wing-coverts white: bill very slender and prolonged in front of the angle of the genys, greenish yellow at the base, blackish anteriorly ; tarsi and toes brownish, small, delicate, and the web between the middle and inner toe considerably indented. Total length 9-6 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 7*3, tail 4*1, depth of fork 2*2, tarsus 0*55, middle toe with claw 0*75. Adult in winter. Like the above, with a little mottling of white about the lores and forehead. Immature and young unknown to me. Hal. Coast of Peru and of Northern Chile. Breeding-habits unknown. a, b. (S ad. sk. Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. (Commr. EL Saunders Coll. MacFarlane, R.N.). c, d. Ad. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct. (Adml. H. Saunders Coll. A. H. Marlzham). mfi e. Ad. sk. Coast near Lima ( W. Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll. / . Ad. sk. Chile. Salvin-G-odman Coll. 32. Sterna melanauchen. Sterna melanauchen, Temm. PI Col v. livr. 72, pi. 427 (1827) * Lesson, Man. d Orn. ii.p. 382(1828: Moluccas); id. Traite, p.622 (1831); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 179 (1844: Java) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 873 (1846: Nicobar Is.); Gould, B. Austral vii. pi. 28 (1848); Peichenb. Natat. tab. xx. fig. 282 (1848); id. torn, cit., Novit. vii. tab. 270.figs. 2255-6 (1850); id. Vog. Neuholl. Bd. ii. p. 9 & p. 346 (1850); J. Macgillw. Narr. Fog. Pattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854: Sumatra); 8chl Handl Dierfc. tab. viii. fig. 102 (1857) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198; id. op. cit. * As mentioned (supra p. 21), the Sterna exilis of Tschudi in the Neucbatel Museum proved on examination to be a young Hydrochelidon surinammsis. 6. STERNA, 127 1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia); id. Cat. Mamm. $ B. Now Gain. p. 53(1859); id. B.Z.8. 1801, p. 438 (Mysol); Svhl. Mm. 1\Bas, Sterna, p. 28 (1863) ; Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Lid. xxv. p. 256 (1863) ; id. J.f.O. 1864, p. 138 ; Belz. Beis. Novara, Vd Nseuia, Boic, Ms, 1844, p. 189 .. N. inca. Sternolophola. Lesson, teste Gray, Eand-l. B. iii. p. 123 (1871) N. inca. Larosterna, JSV^/M, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293 (1849) N. inca. Inca, Jard. Contrib. Orn. p. 33 (1850) N. inca. Range. Coasts of Peru and Chile, 1. Emilia inca. Sterna stolida, Letbon, Toy. t Coqutile,' i. p. 244 (1826 : Conception Jiaj, Chile). Sterna inca, Lesson, Toy. i Coquille! p. 731, no. 145, Atlas, pi. 47 (1820: Peru) j id. Man. d'Oni. ii. p. 383 (1828); id. Traite, p. 622 (1831); id. H. N. Mamm. et Ois. ix. p. 518, pi. 47. fig. 1 (1837); TschudiSr Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 53, 305 (1846) ; Rekhenb. Xatat tab. xx. fig. 811 (1848). Naenia inca, Bote, Ms, 1844, p. 189 (type of genus); Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat, Longip. p. v (1852); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Scl. $• Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 567 (revision Neotrop. Laridae); iich Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 667 (revision); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1878 : distribution) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 626 (1882); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 520 (Callao) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 446 (1886) ; MacFarl Ibis, 1887, p. 204 (Callao) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Ilartert, Katal. Vogehamml. Senckenb. p. 238 (1891); Berlepsch $ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400. Noddi inca, Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool i. p. 486 (1847). Anous inca, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 181 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 661 (1846) ; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 97 (1854: Chile); Pelz. Reis. Nomra, Tog. p. 156 (1865: Chile); Bias. J. f. 0.1866, p. 83; Gray, Sand-LB. iii. p. 123, no. 11091 (1871: Oliile) ; Cunningk. Sir. Magell p. 404 (1871: Coquimbo); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 159 (Callao Bay). Larosterna inca, Blyth, Cat. >B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293 (1849: type of genus). Inca mystacalis, Jard. Contrib. Orn. p. 33 (1850: type of genus) ; Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 391 (1858: Callao). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead and crown dark bluish slate-colour; from the base of the maxilla, below the eye, a white moustache, prolonged to the auricles and thence detached in curling feathers, some of them 2 inches long; mantle a mere shade lighter than the crown ; most of the secondaries broadly tipped with white; primaries brownish black, paler towards the margins of the inner webs, the four upper ones greyer and edged with white; central tail-feathers like the mantle, the lateral ones brownish like the primaries ; underparts like the upper, but paler on the under wing- coverts and on the throat: bill strong, the maxilla decurved, bright blood-red; tarsi, toes, and webs crimson, the latter well developed. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 11*2, tail 5-8, depth of fork 1*4, tarsus 0-9, middle toe with claw 1*2. So far as is known, there is no difference in the plumage of the sexes. I am not aware of any seasonal change. 8. PEOCELSTERNA. I:M Immature. Similar to the preceding, but with a much browner tinge throughout, the moustaches loss developed and mixed with ash- brown: bill and feet paler in colour. Young. Lower forehead and lores ash-brown, crown and nape rather lighter, orbital region darker; below the eye a faint grey- line indicating the moustache, the detached feathers of which are grey with white lower edges and only about L-3 inch long; rest of plumage brownish grey, paler on the throat and chin: bill reddish brown, brighter towards the tip ; tarsi and toes livid. Bab. Coasts of Peru and Chile. Nidification unknown and probably peculiar, as the shores frequented are high, rocky and caverned. a. Ad. st.; b. Ad. Chile coast. Capt. Lord Byron, sk. R.N. IV.]. c. S ad. sk. Chile. Salvin-Godman Coll. d, e. Ad. sk. Valparaiso, Chile. Capt. W. S. Brett [P.]. f,g. Ad.sk. Chinch a Islands, Peru, Mar.- II. Saunders Coll. Apr. (H. S.). h. S ad.; i. S Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. (Adml. II. Saunders Coll. imm. sk. Markham). A\ Ad. sk. Guayaquil. Capt. Kellett& Lieut. Wood, K.N. [P.] 8. PEOCELSTERNA. m Type. Procelsterna, Lafresn. Mag. de Zool. (2), Ois. pi. 29, cum descrip. (1842) , P. cserulea. Range. Pacific, from San Ambrosio to Australia, and northwards to the Panning group. Key to the Sp>ecies. a. Smaller, darker grey above, underparts pale grey .. ccpndea, p. 133. b. Larger, paler grey above, white below cinerea, p. 135. 1. Procelsterna cserulea. Sterna cserulea, F. I). Bennett, Narr. Whaling-Voy. i. p. 385, and ii. p. 248 (1840: Christmas L, Fanning* group). " Sterne cendri," Nthoux, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 291. Sterna teretirostris, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 242. Procelsterna tereticollis, Zafres7iaye, Mag. de Zool (2), Ois. pi. 29, cum descrip. (1842: type of Procelsterna). Stolida cinerea, Neboux, Voy. < Vfaw,' Atlas, pi. 9 (1846: Pacific, N. of Equator). Anous parvulus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 104 (Christinas Island, Bennett); Earth Wiegm. Arch. 1852, i. p. 127 ; id. J*./. 0. 1854, p. 170 j Cassin, U.S. Expl Exp., Birds, p. 393 (1858: Honden Island, Low Archipelago); Gray, Cat B. Trop Is. Pacific, p. 60 (1859). Anous tereticollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 661 (1846). Megalopterus plumbeus, Peak, U.8. Expl Exp. p. 285 (1848: Honden Island). 134 LAREDiE. Anoxia tephrodes, Feichenb. Natat,, Novit. x. tab. cclxxii. fig. 2271 (1850). Anons cinereus, FrSvost et Bes Murs, Voy. Venus, v. p. 276 (1855); FfascJi Sf Marti. Faun. Centralpohjn. p. 239, tab. iv. figs. 4 & 5 (eggs), tab. xiii. fig. 4, bird (1867: Phoenix group). Procelsterna cinerea, i?j». C. JR. xlii. p. 773 (1856). Anous cinerea, Gray, Ha?id-l. 2?. iii. p. 123, no. 11089 (1871). Anous caeruleiis, Saunders, F. Z. S. 1876, p. 671 (Christmas L, &c.); id. op. cit. 1878; p. 211 (correction synon.); Sharpe, t. c. p. 272 (Ellice Is.); id. Mil. Tr. clxviii. p. 469 (1879); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 128 (Samoa) ; Sound. J. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1879: distribution); Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 252 (Marquesas); id. op. cit. 1883, p. 48 (Fanning group); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 213 (Christmas I.); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 10 (1889) ; Lister, F. Z. S. 1891, p. 296, p. 300 (Phoenix group); Wiglesio. Abh. zool. Mus. Bread. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 77 (1892); Stone, Fr. Fhilad. Acad. 1894, pp. 115-118. Adult in breeding-plumage. Bound the eye a narrow black ring ; forehead and throat pale grey; crown and nape darker grey; remaining upper parts smoke-grey, the shafts of primaries black; secondaries conspicuously bordered with white; underparts grey, like the crown: bill blackish; tarsi and toes livid brown, webs lemon-yellow, hind toe very small. Total length 9-7 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 7*4, tail 4, depth of fork 1*5, tarsus 0*9, middle toe with claw 1*2. Sexes apparently alike in plumage. Adult in winter or after moult Similar to the above; perhaps a little paler in tint, but statistics are wanting. All I can say is—that an adult female obtained at Raiatea, Society Islands, in .November is paler than other specimens. Immature. Similar, with a slightly dark line along the carpal joint. Young, Similar, but with a brownish tinge on the crown and faint indications of bars on the feathers of the mantle, which are rather darker than in the adult; underparts ash-grey; under wing-coverts smoke-grey; tarsi dull brown. Bab. Central Polynesia :—Paumotu or Low Archipelago, the Marquesas, the Society to the Ellice Islands, the Phoenix group, and the Pannings (Christmas I.), a little north of the Equator. a, b. Ad. sk. Ellice Islands. Rev. J. Whitmee c. $ ad. sk. Phoenix Islands, July. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P]. d. Ad. sk. Tutuila, Samoan Islands. Rev. T. Powell [P.]. e. Ad. sk. Society Islands. Hume Coll. /. $ ad.sk. Raiatea, Society Islands, Nov. H. Saunders Coll. 18th (J. Young). g. Juv. sk. Marquesas Islands, March H. Saunders Coll. (Canon Tristram). A. Imm. sk. Christmas I., Fanning group H. Saunders Coll. Oct (Commr, J. R. E. MacFarlane). 8. PROCBLBTEBNA. 135 2. Procelsterna cinerea. Pelecanopus pelecanoicles, Gray (nee King), List B. Brit. Mus,, Anseres, p. 180 (1844: Australia, Sir T. Mitcliell). Anous cinereus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 104 (N.E. Australia); id. B. Australia, vii. pi. 37 (1848: Norfolk I. and N.E. coast Australia); Bennett, Gath. Nat. Austr. p. 241 (1860: Nepean Is., breeds); Kreffl, Ibis, 1862, p. 192 (Brampton Shoals, 37° S., 173° W.) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 212 ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1878) ; Sharps, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 272 : id. Phil Trans. clxviii. p. 469 (1879); id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (San Ambrosio I., S. Pacific) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 1878, p. 139 (Union group) ; id. op. eit. 1883, p. 89 ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 627 (1882); Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885,p. 265 (NorfolkI.,breeds); Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1888, p. 678 (Lord Howe I.); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 23, no. 708, & p. 38 (1888); Bidler, 2nd ed. B. N. Zeal. ii. p. 78 (1888); North, Nests fBggs Austr. B. p. 376, pi. xxi. fig. 6 (1889: Lord Howe & Philip Is.); JEtheridge, Zool. Ld. Howe 1. p. 17 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889: St. Ambrose I.); Wiglesw. Abhandl. zool. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, no. vi. p. 78 (1892) ; Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1894, pp. 115-118. Procelsterna albivitta, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 420 (1865). Sterna cinerea, Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Sternse, p. 38 (1863: Australia). Anous albivitta, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 123, no. 11090 (1871). Anous albivittatus, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 776 (Eua, Friendly group). Anous caeruleus (partim), Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 671. Anous cseruleus, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 202, no. 695; Tristram, Ibis, 1881, p. 177 (San Ambrosio L). Adult in breeding-plumage. Like, but decidedly larger than, the preceding species; much paler on the upper surface; well-defined greyish-white " wedges" to the inner webs of the three outer primaries, the shafts brown; belly and breast greyish -white; under wing-coverts pure white ; bill black; " iris blackish blue " (Krefft); tarsi and toes reddish black, webs lemon-yellow. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 8-5, tail^'5, depth of fork 2, tarsus 1, middle toe with claw 1'3. Adult in utinter. Probably similar. Immature. Like the above, but with a brownish tinge on the mantle and tail; duller white wedges to the primaries; less white on the edges of the secondaries i bill, tarsi, and toes brownish black. Hal. Australian and New Zealand Seas, Lord Howe, Norfolk and neighbouring islands, and Kermadec group; also the islet of San Ambrosio, which is nearest to the coast of Chile, but lies outside the cold Antarctic current. a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir Thomas Mitchell c. Ad. sk. Australia {T. C. Eyton Coll., ex Mus. Zool. Soc). H. Saunders Ooll. d. S ad. sk. Lord Howe Island, September Seebohm Coll. 1887 (Sydney Mus.). e Ad. sk. Norfolk Island (P. Metcalfe). II. Saunders Ooll. 136 IABTD33. / Ad. ak. Norfolk Island. E. Saunders [C.]. g. 6 i^ni. sk. Raoul or Sunday!., Kermadec Voy.H.M.S.' Herald.' Is., July 1S54 (J. Mac( jillivray) h. Ad. sk. Eua, Friendly Is. (Hubner, II. Saunders Coll. Mus. Godeffroy). i, l\ d ? ad. ak. San Ambrosio Id., July (Dr. Voy. IIM.S. < Alert.' Copping ei*). 9. ANGUS. Type. Anous, 8teph< i/i Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 139 (1826 : ex Leach MSS.) A. stolidus. Me^alopterus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 980; cf. id. op. cit. 1844, pp. 187-188 A. stolidus. Stolida, Lesson, TraiU cPOrn. p. 620 (1831) A. stolidus. Gravia, Stoains. Classif. B. ii. p. 373 (1837) A. stolidus. Aganaphron, Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 463 (1842). " The Noddies." Range. Tropical and juxta-tropical seas. Key to the Species. a. Larger; bill stouter, crown and foreliead lavender-grey stolidus, p. 136. b. Smaller j bill more slender, head and entire upper parts sooty black galapagensis, p. 148. 1. Anous stolidus. The Noddy, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i. p. 88, cum fig. 88 (1731). * La Mouette brune, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 199, pi. xviii. fig. 2 (1760). Sterna stolida, Linn. Amcen. Acad. iv. p. 240 (1759): id. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766); Forster, Ind.Zool.?.42(1781) { Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 604 (1788); Bonn. Enc. Metk i. p. 91 (1790); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 805 (1790) ; Licht. Cat. Rerum nat. tar. p. 27 (1793); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 178 (1819); Carmichael, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 497 (1819: Tristan da Cunha, breeding); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 9 (1828) ; Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 356 (1828); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 275 (circa 1826); Lesson, Traite, p. 620 (1831); Nemoied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 874 (1833); Kittl. Kupfertaf. iii. p. 27, tab. 36. fig. 2 (1833); Meyen, Beitr. p. 239 (1834); Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 285 (1834); Thomps. P. Z. S. 1835, p. 84 (off Ireland); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Verted. p. 270 (1835); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 516 (1835), v. p. 642 (1839); Gould, B. Mir. v. pi. 421 (1837); Audub. Synop. p. 322 (1839); D'Orbign. in Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 213 (1839); F. JD. Bennett, Whaling Voy. i. p. 161 (Society Is.); Temm. Man. d'Orn, 2me fa 4me pte? p , 461 (1840) ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 377 (1840); Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 123, pi. 440 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxxi (1844); Yarrell, Brit. B. p. 531 (1845); Degh Orn. Eur. ii. p. 335 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel iii. p. 308 (1851); Burm. Th Bras. iii. p. 453 (1856: Fernando Noronha); Hewits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 486, pi. 134. fig. 3 (1856); Meyer, 9 . AN OCR. 137 Brit. B. vii. p. 113, pi. 298 (1857); Kiitlitz, Denkwkrdiy. Rvise, ii.p. 64(1858: Kushai Id.); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Slernle, p. 30 (1863); iSoawft. iYfl/. Tijdschr. Ned. hid. xxv. p. 250 (1863); id. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 138 ; 'Schl. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 42(5; &•/3. c? ad. sk. cs-k\ Ad. et vix ad.; l3-p3. Juv. sk. q3. $ ad. sk. r3. (5* ad. sk. s3. <$ ad. sk. £3. Ad. sk. u3. J ad. sk. v3. Imm. sk. «?3. Ad. sk. x3, y3. Ad. sk. z3. Ad. sk. as1. Vix ad. sk. bx . Juv. sk. c4. Juv. sk. d4. c? ad. sk. e\ Ad. sk. f. Ad. sk. ^. c? ad. sk. h\ Ad. sk. i^-lK Vix ad. sk. m4. Juv.sk. w4. Ad. sk. o4. Ad. sk. p*. Vix ad. sk. q4. Pull, in alco hol. r4. Skeleton. s4. Skeleton, LAKIDJE. Pelew Islands (Mus. Godef- Pelew Islands. At sea, 1° N. lat, 137° 11' E. long;. Off New Guinea, June 27, 1875 (Col. Huster). N.W. coast of Australia. Torres Straits (Dr. Cop- pinypr). Cape York, N.E. Australia (Cockere11). Raine Islet, N.E. Australia. Raine Islet, N.E. Australia. Lord Howe Island, Sept. 1887 (Sydney Mus.). _ At sea, between New Zealand and Australia. Admiralty Islands. New Ireland (Rev. G. Broiori). u Polynesia " (IE. Saunders Coll.). Ellice Islands. Samoa. Samoa. Samoa (Krause, Mus.Godef froy). Society Islands, June. Raiatea, Nov. (J. Young). Raiatea (Mus. Godeffroy). Huaheine. Near Tahiti, Oct. 1875. Tahiti (Mus. Godefroy). Ducie Id., 24° 40' S., 124° 48' W. (Commr. MacFarlane). Sala y Gomez Id., 26° 28' S., 105° 28' W. (Commr. MacFarlane). "West Coast of North America." Krusenstern Island, spring 1883 (Snow). Yedo Gulf, Japan (Harrison). St. Paul's Rocks, Mid Atlantic, Aug. 28, 1873. Rodriguez I. (JRev. H. H. Slater), H. Saunders Coll. J. Cohen [0.]. H.M.S. < Challenger' Exped. Seebohm Coll. Capt. Beckett [C.]. Voyage of H.M.S. < Alert.' Salvin-Godman Coll. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. H.M.S. 'Challenger' Exped. Seebohm Coll. E. Newman, Esq. [P.]. H.M.S. 'Challenger' Exped. Tweeddale CoU. Hume Coll. Rev. S. J. Whitmee Rev. J. B. Stair [P.l Rev.S.J. Whitmee [C.]. H. Saunders Coll. Hume Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. J.H.Guraey,Esq.[P/|. H.M.S. 'Challenger' Exped. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Sir W. Burnett and AdmiralFitzroy[P.]. Seebohm Coll. Seebohm Coll. H.M.S. .-Bas, Sterna, p. 35 (1863). Sterna semi-alba, Bonn. JEnc. Meth. i. p. 94 (1790). Gygis Candida, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1223, ex J. JR. Forster, MS. (type of genus); Gray, List Gen. (1840) p. 79; id. op. cit. (1841) p. 100; id. List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 180 (1844) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 185; (1856); Kittlitz, Beise, i. p. 382, ii. p. 39 (1858: Ponap<3); Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacific, p. 59 (1859); G. Bennett, Gath. Nat. Austr. p. 241 (I860: Moreton Bay); Hartl Faun. Madag. p. 86 (1861: Mauritius); Pelz. Beis. Novara, Vdg.v. 155 (1863: Tahiti & N. Caledonia); Gould, Handb. B. Au\tr. ii. p. 405 (1865); Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 106 (St. Helena, breeds); Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 123 (type of Latham's White Tern in Vienna Mus.); Tristr. Ibis, 1876, p. 266 (New Hebrides); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 667 (revision) ; id. op. cit 1877, p. 797 (Ascension & Tahiti); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404(1878: distribution); David # Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 529 (1877); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 273 (Ellice Is.); Bamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 279 (xAscension, breeding); Finschr Ibis, 1880, pp. 220 & 332 (Marshall Is.); Saunders, 150 LARID.2E. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 163 (Trinidad Islet); id. Toy. < Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 130 (1881); Tristram, Ibis, 1881, p. 251 (Marquesas) ; id. op. cit. 1883, p. 48 (Fanning I., breeds); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 620 (1882); Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 206 (Norfolk L, breeds) ; U. 0. Forbes, Nat. Wander. East. Archip. pp. 38-34 (Cocos or Keeling: Is.); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 337(Diego Garcia, Chagos Is.); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 210 (Sala y Gomez I., 26° S., breeding), p. 211 (Ducie I.), p. 212 (Pitcairn L), p. 213 (Fanning I.); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. pp. 23 & 38 (1*88); Ridley, Zool. 1888, p. 44; Sharps, Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. p. 480 (1890: Fernando Noronha) ; Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889); North, Nests fy Eggs Austr. B. p. 374, pi. xxi. fig. 4 (1889: Norfolk I.) ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 297-98, 300 (Phoenix Group). Sterna pacifica, Lesson, N. U. Mamm. et Ois. x. p. 150 (1837 : Low- Archipelago). Sterna nivea, F. D. Bennett, Narr. Whaling Voy. i. p. 370, Caroline Id. i. p. 384, Christmas I.: breeding (1840). Gygis alba, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854: Sandwich Is.); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Cassin, U.S. Expl Exped. p. 389 (1858) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422 ; Finsch, op. cit. 1872, p. 114; Graffe, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1873, Bd. i. p. 50 (Iluaheine) : Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 375 (1874) ; Layard, P. Z. S. 1*76, p. 497 (Levuka); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 393; Hartl Tog. Madag. p. 389 (1877); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1875, lift. viii. p. 43 (Pelew Is.) ; id. op. cit. 1876, lift. xii. p. 40 (Fiji, Samoa, & Carolines): id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 782 (Ponape-), p. 777 (Eua, Friendly Is.), p. 786 (Niuafou, breeds); id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 577 (Caroline Is.); id. J.f.O. 1880, pp. 295 & 309 (Kushai); id. Ibis, 1881, pp. 105 & 109 (Kushai); id. t. c. pp. 113, 115 (Ponape); Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p, 28 (1877 : Fanning croup); Schineltz, Ethn. Abth. M. G. 1881, pp. 224, 239, 299, 330,353; Gates, B. Brit. Burnt, ii. p. 433 (1883); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884: Java); Finsch, MT. orh. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 125; id. Vog. Sildsee, p. 52 (1884: Kushai) ; Finsch, Ornis, 1887, p. 375 (Dieg-o Garcia); E. Netoton, Tr. Nona. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888:* (Mascarene Is.); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Lid. xlix. p. 420 (1889 : Sumatra); Eeine 8r Reichenoic, Nomencl. 3Ius. Rein. p. 356 (1890: "New Zealand"); Hartert, Fatal Vogelsamm. Senckenb, p. 237 (1891: Australia) ; Wiqlesworth, Ahh. zool. Mm. Dresden, 1890-91, no. vi. p. 78 (1892 : Polynesia) ; Rothsch. Avif. Laysan. i. p. 35, cum tab., egg, pi. iii. fig. 11 (1893). Gygis napoleonis, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856). Gygis alba kittlitzi, Hartert, Fatal. Vogelsamm. SencJcenh. p. 237 (1891: Caroline Is.). Adult in breeding-plumage. Above and below ivory-white, except for a narrow black ring round the eye ; at times, some dark colour on the shafts of the primaries and rectrices, depending, I think, on the age of the feather: bill black, irides blue; tarsi and toes dark brown, the webs yellow and very much incised. Total length 12 to 13 inches (depending upon the length of the tail- feathers), culmen T8, depth of the bill behind the nostril 0-4, wing 9*5, tail 4-25 to 5, tarsus 0-6, middle toe with claw 1*1. Examples with fully developed and unabraded tail-feathers are 1J . OYUIS. If) I seldom obtained. It is not improbable that the roetriccs may be longer in the male ; otherwise the sexes are alike in plumage. Immature. Like the above, but the shafts of the primaries and rectrices are darker. ^ Young. Feathers white, with dark shafts to the quills. In a bird scarcely Hedged, the forehead and mantle are tinged with clove-brown, and filamentous down of that colour hangs about upper parts, becoming darker on the nape, also on the chin. These brown markings rapidly pass away. Hab. Fernando Noronha, Trinidad and Martin Vas Islets, Ascension, St. Helena, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands and vicinity, Ohagos group, Bay of Bengal, Malayasia to Australia, Polynesia to Ducie Island, and the Central Pacific generally, up to the Sandwich Islands and Krusenstern Islets. a, b. Ad, c. Juv. Fernando Noronha Id., N. II. N. Ridler, Esq. sk. Brazil. d, e. (S ad. sk. Fernando Noronha Id., N. II. Saunders Coll, Brazil, Sept. (II. M. Harrison, R.N.). f. Ad. sk. Trinidad Islet, S. Atlantic, EarlofCrawfordfP.]. 20° 23' S. lat, 40° 43' W. long.. Aug. 1. g. Ad. sk. Trinidad Islet, S. Atlantic II. Saunders Coll. {Earl of Craivford). h. Ad. sk. Ascension Id., South Atlantic H. Saunders Coll. (Prof. D. Gill), h k' <$ 2 a<^-s^- Ascension Id. II.M.S. % 12. RHYNCH0PS. "I . . Type. Ryerchopsalia, JBrisson, Orn. vi. p. 222 (1760 : ex Barrere, Orn. Sp. Nov. p, 20, 1745) PR. nigra. Rhynchops *, Linn. Stjst. Nat. i. p. 223 (1766) R. nigra. "Psalidoramphos and Amsorarnphos, Dumont" JRanzani, Elementi Zool iii. p. 62 (1826) , ? R. nigra. Rhynchopsalia, GZoger, Hand- u. Mlfsb. p. 463 (1842). Char. Bill with the mandibles much compressed, the lower considerably the longer ; wings long ; tail short, slightly forked ; feet small, the webs between the middle and inner toes deeply indented. Range. Temperate and tropical regions of North and South America; tropical and juxta-tropical Africa, and India to Burma. Eggs deposited on sand-banks. Key to the Species. a. Bill yellow at the base only, the anterior portion black. a'. Secondaries broadly (over 1*5 in.) edged with pure white,* under wing-coverts white. * Originally Rynchops. 12. RIIYNOUOPS. 15;) a". Smaller: rectrices chieily white ... . nigra, p. 153. b". Larger: rectricea chiefly brown, with merely white borders to the outer webs intercedes, p. 155. b'. Secondaries with only narrow (0*1 in.) edgings of dull white; rectrices dark brown, with whitish margins only 01 wide at most; under wing-coverts dusky, melanura, p. 150. b. Bill entirely orange-yellow m the adult. c'. Without a white collar : smaller Jlamrostris, p. 158. d'. With a broad white collar : larger albkollis, p. 159. 1. Eayncliops nigra. The Cut Water, Catesbg, Nat Hist Carol i. p. 90, pi. 90 (1731). Le Bec-en-Ciseaux, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 223, pi. xxi. lig. 2 (1700) ; Buff. Hist Nat Ois. viii. p. 454 (1781 : partim.; but tig. xxxvi. represents R. melanura). Le Bec-en-ciseaux fauve, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 227 (1760: juv., ex Barrere, Orn. Sp. p. 20, 1745). Rhynchops nigra, Linn. Syst. Nat.i.^. 228 (1706 : North America); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 611 (1788: N. America); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 802 (1790); tfoww. JJ/ic. Meth. i. p. 100 (1791); Shaw # JXW. iVitf. Jfwctf/J. ix. pi. 325 (1798); Illiger, Prod. p. 271 (1811); Wihon^Amer. Opi.''i\i'. p. 85, pi. 60. fiff. 4 (1818); Car. Reqne An., Of. p.<3'44, Atlas, pi. 93 (1817); Zw/rf. Jen:. Itowtf. p! 80 (1823: pt.); Stephens, Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 136 (1826); Jard. ed. Wilsons Am. Orn. ii. p. 376 (1832) ; Nuttall,Man. Om. ii. p. 264 (1834); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. # N. Am. p. ( 0 (1838); ^LM^6. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 203 (1838) ; id. Synop. p. 314 (1839) ; id. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 67, pi. 428* (184(5); Giraud, B. Long Lsl. p. 346 (1844); Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 ; jkgff^ B. iii. p. 056 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat tab. xviii. tigs. 40(li3l (1848) ; id. Syst Nat. pi. iv. (1850); id. Av. Syst. Nat, Bngip. p. v (1852); Licht. Nomenel. Av. p. 97 (1854 : North America); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856); Baird, Cass., $ Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 866 (1858) ; Baird, Mexican Bound. Sum. p. 28 (1859) ; A. $ E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 371 (Id. of St. Croix, W.I.); Selater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (Mexico Oitv); Leot Ois. Trinidad, p. 534 (1866); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 45 (Texas); Salv. JM,1805, P- W?/ id. op. cit. 1866, p. 200 (Acapam, Pacific); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 124 (1871: partim) ; Sol. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 566 (partim, as regards Cuba) ; Allen, Bull. Ham. Coll. ii. p. 368 (1871; Florida); Cones, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1872, p. 4(5; id. Key N Am. B. p. 324 (1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 715 (1874); Later. Mem. Bost. Soe. N II. ii. p. 318 (1874: San Bias, Pacific); Gundl Om. Cuba, p. 312 (1876); Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat Mus. iv. p. 52 (1876: Tehuantepec, Pacific); Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geo!. Sum. iv. p. 66 (1878: S. Texas); Beam, Bull Nutt. Orn. C. 1879, p. 242 (New England): Magnard, B. East. Amer. p. 482 (1881); Ridgw. Bull Zt.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881) ; Chamberlain, B. New Brunsw. p. 67 (1882); Salvin, Cat Stride. Coll p. 627 (1882); Coues, Check-l N Amer. B. p. 124 (1882); Boucard, P. Z, S. 1883, p. 462 (Yucatan); Ridgw. Cat Fish. Exhib. p. 29 (1883); Steams $' Coues, NewEng. Bird-life, p. 376 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 772 (1884); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-B. 154 LARIDJ3. N Amer. ii. p. 192 (1884); A. 0. U. Check-L N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1886) ; Pidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 49 (1887) ; Cooke, Bird Miqr. Mississippi Vail p 58 (1888); Con/, B. West Indies, p. 27o (1889 : Cuba & St. Crok) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel); JScott, Auk, 1890, p. 306 (Dry Tortugas); Schick, t. c. p. 327 (New Jersey: breeds,); Phoads, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas : ab. & br.); Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 83 (1S92). ? Ilhynchops fulva, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 229 (1766: "America;" juv.) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 611 (1788). Le Bee en Oiseaux de Cayenne, Daubent. PL Bnl. ix. p. 304, pi. 357 (1781: plate undoubtedly represents P. nigra). Black Skimmer, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 347 (parting, fig. fronlisp. (1785: ex Linn.); id. Hist. B. x. p. 96 (1824). Rliincops nigra (sic), Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wils. no. 240 (1826); id. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 352 (1828). Miynckops niger, Swains. Classif. i?. ii. p. 373 (1837). Ilhynchops borealis, bwains. An. in Menag. p. 360 (1838). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead (to the depth of 0-6 inch), cheeks, throat, and underparts white : crown, nape, shoulders, and mantle black; primaries sooty black, the three upper ones tipped and margined with white; secondaries and parapteral feathers deeply bordered with pure white; the lateral tail-feathers chiefly white on the outer webs and pale brown at the tips and along the inner webs, the central feathers with more brown than white : under tail-coverts, underside of tail-feathers, and under wing-coverts white : bill red at the base, shading into yellow (dull in preserved specimens), blackish on the anterior portion ; iris dark brown; tarsi and toes orange-red. Total length about 17 inches, culmen 3*1, genys 4*2, wing 14-75-15-25, tail omo^ depth of fork about ri , tarsus 1*4, middle toe with claw 1*3. Adult female. Similar, but considerably smaller. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2'6, genys 3-15, wing 14, tail 5, tarsus 1*1, middle toe with claw 1*1. Adult in tvinter. Similar, but with an irregular white nuchal collar, and a brownish tint to the black of the mantle and flight- feathers. Immature. Browner ; the crown and nape brown, streaked with greyish white. Young. Upper parts pale buff, streaked and spotted with ash and umber-brown ; primaries blackish, edged with dull whijie; forehead and cheeks huffish white ; underparts white; tail-feathers whitish, with ash-brown centres: bill livid brown, short, the upper mandible little shorter than the lower; tarsi and toes reddish brown. Nestling when a few days old. Stone-grey, sparsely spotted with black above; underparts white. When older, the upper surface is pale fawn colour and the spots are few. Hah. North America, chiefly on the eastern coast, from 3STew Brunswick and Maine (casually) southward : breeding from Few Jersey to Florida; in winter, Cuba, St. Croix, Cozumel I. off Yucatan, and the island of Trinidad. On the Pacific side from Acapam and Tehuantepec, along the coast of Mexico, to Ban Bias. 12 . KHYNCHOPS. 155 a. Pull. sk. b-d. <$ J ad.; e. c? pull. sk. A. c? imm. sk. i. Ad. sk. h-t. rf $ ad. et vix ad. sk. w, v. $ imm. sk. w. J imm. sk. ,i\ Imm. sk. y-z, a'-d'. Imm. sk. e'-a'. 6 $ imm.; A'. $ juv. sk. I'. Skeleton. Cobb's I., Virginia, July 2 (W. Brewster). Cobb's L, Va., Aug. 1 (Henr sitaw). Georgia, April ( W. Brewster). Florida (C. J, Mat/nard). Corpus Christi Pass, Texas, May (F. B. Armstrong). Tampico, Mexico, Feb. ( W. B. Richardson). Rio Lagartob, N. Yucatan, June (G. F. Gaumer). Progreso, N. Yucatan, June (G.F.G.). Cozumel I., Yucatan, Feb. (G. F. G.). Acapam, Pacific coast, Jan. 29,1863 (0. Salvin). Nfc America. II. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. H. Saunders Coll. II. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. T. C. Evton Coll. 2. Rhyiichops interce&ens. Payador, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 329 (1802: Paraguay). Pthynr-hops nigra (nee £.), Nemcied, Beitr. Naiurg. Bras. iv. p. 877 (1833: Espirito Santo, South Brazil); Darwin, Toy. ' Beagle,' iii. p. 161 (1839: Uruguay Coast) j Gould, m Voy.' Beagle,1 Birds, p. 143 (1841) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Bnrm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 454 (1856: Coast); id. Beis. La Plata, ii. p. 520 (1861: Parana); Scl. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 566 (revision Neotrop., partim); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873: partim); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 324 & p. 461 (1871: partim); Berlepsoh, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 279 (Sta. Catharina, S. Brazil); Dumford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 (Buenos Ayres); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Buenos Ayres) j Berlepsch, J.f.O. 1887, p. 37 & p. 126 (Paraguay). Phynchops melanura, Scl, § Huds. Argeyit. Orn. ii. p. 193 (1889). Phynchops intercedens, Saunders, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. xxv. p. xxvi (Mar. 1895). Adult female. Similar to the female of the preceding species, •with quite as much white on the wing and under-coverts; differs in having the tail-feathers merely bordered with white to the width of 0*15 inch on the outer webs, the greater part of the remainder brown on both sides of the shafts, and the middle rectriccs almost wholly umber-brown ; undersides of tail-feathers white, with a brown tinge at the tips. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 2-65, genys 2-8, wing 14, tail 5, tarsus 1*1, middle toe with claw 1*1. Nearly adult male. Similar, but with a browner tint and rather more white on the terminal portions of the four upper primaries; larger. Length 19 inches, culmen 4, genys 4*9, wing 16, tail 6, tarsus 1*45, middle toe with claw 1*3. Immature, Similar, but the feathers of the upper parts of a more ashy brown, with paler edgings ; a nuchal collar mottled brown and white. 156 LAKIDJE. Young. Lower forehead white, rapidly passing into warm buff on the crown, nape, and neck, which are thickly streaked with clove- brown, the streaks becoming confluent before and behind the eye ; feathers of the mantle brown, broadly edged with buff; white band to secondaries conspicuous ; primaries (except the three outer ones) tipped with white; tail pale brown, edged and tipped with bullish white; uuderparts white. Hab. Coast of Southern Brazil and Argentina, the La Plata, the Parana, and the Paraguay rivers, nearly to their heads. a. $ ad. sk. San Paulo, South Brazil. W. Davis, E-q. [P.]. (Type of it. intercedes.) b. c? imm. sk. Santa Catharina, South Brazil, H. Saunders Coll. Aug. 4, 1883 (H. M. llarriso? i, U.K.). c. Juv. sk. Buenos Ayres. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.l. d. S vix ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, Nov. H. Durnfoid [0.]. 3. Bhynchops melannra. Black Skimmer, and var. A, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, pp. 847-8 (1785, partim). Ehynchops nigra /3, Lath. Ind. Orn.n. p. 803 (1790: Guiana). Ehynchops nigra, Licht. Verz. DoubL p. 80 (1828 : partim); Lesson, Man. d'Orn. p. 885 (182S: Chile); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Chile); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 174 (1*44): Tsch. &• Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 58, 807 (184G: coast of Peru) ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Sterna, p. 39 (1863: South America) ; Peh. Beis.Novara, p. 151(1865: Chile); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 (Up. Magdalena Biv., Colombia); Scl fy Salv. P. Z. S.1871, p. 566 (revision Neotropical); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 324, 401 (1871); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 124 (1871: partim) ; Allen, Bull Harv. Coll iii. p. 359 (1872: Lake Titicaca) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 310 (Upper Amazons); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873: partim); Peh. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 159 (Callao); Taczan. §* Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 120 (Babahoyo, Ecuador). Ehynchops cinera&cens, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 80, pi. cii. (1825); Beichmb. Natat. tab. xviii. fig. 255 (1848). Ehynchops brevirostris, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 80, pi. ciii. (1825) j jteichetib. Natat. tab. xviii. fig. 256 (1848). Ehynchops melanura, Swains. Classify B. ii. p. 373 (1837); id. An. in Menag. p. 361 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 656 (1846); Cab. in Sckomb. Reis. Guiana, iii. p. 761 (1848) ; BeicJienb. Natat. Novit. lxviii. tab. ccexxxi. fig. 2623 (1850); Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854: Guiana); Bp. C. P. xlii. p. 773 (1856); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 201 (Lower Ucayali); iid. op. cit. 1867, p. 593 (Mexiana, Lower Amazons); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 461 (1871); Taczan. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 562 (Chorillos, Peru) ; Saunders, P. Z. S, 1882, p. 522 (Chile); Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 437 (1886); Berlepsch $ I Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru). Ehynchops fulva (nee L), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (Guiana). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to the preceding species, but with very little white at the edges of the secondaries and no 12 . RHtKCHOPS. 157 sign of white on the parapteral feathers; tail-feathers dark umber- brown on the upper surface, with very narrow whitish edges, the undersides brown ; under wing-coverts smoke-brown. Total length 1U-5 to 20*5 inches, cultnen 4, genys 4*1), wing Kr5~17, tail 5-5-0, tarsus 1*4, middle toe and claw 1*3. Adult female. Similar, but smaller, in the same proportions as in the former species. Immature. Like the above, but with an irregular collar mottled with dull white, a mottled dark brown crown and nape; somo brownish streaks on the cheeks and forehead. Young. Forehead and cheeks dirty white, profusely streaked with brown; crown, nape, and upper surface dull umber-brown ; the feathers of the mantle, wings, and tail bordered and tipped with buff and greyish white. Eab. The large rivers of the northern part of South America, from their estuaries upwards, for thousands of miles—viz., the Magdalena and others, which empty into the Caribbean Sea, the Orinoco and tributaries, the Guiana rivers, the Amazons and tributaries, up to the Hnallaga and the foot of the Andes. Obtained on Lake Titicaca in the High Andes. Coast of Chile from the Magellan Straits upwards; Peruvian coast; Guayaquil River up to Babahoyo. Once at Cozumel, off Yucatan. The specimen in the Salvin-Godman Coll. from Cozumel has distinctly smoke-coloured under wing-coverts, and shows no trace of white on the parapteral feathers ; the rectrices are chiefly dark, but the white on their edges is rather wider than in typical 11. mela nura, and so is the whitish band on the wing. The fact that the North American B. nigra visits Cozumel is not without significance. a. 1mm. sk. Cozumel L, Yucatan, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. (G. F. Gaumer). b. Imm. sk. Venezuela. D. Dyson, Esq. [P.]. c. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir ii. Schomburgk [C.]. d. Ad. sk. British Guiana (II Whitely). H Saunders Coll. e. $ juv. sk. River Rupuruni, Feb. (JET. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. /. <$ ad. sk. Oururnei, Dec. (H. W.). Salvin-Godrnau Coll. g, Imm. sk. Surinam (Dr. Kirhe). II. Saunders Coll. h 2 ad sk. Mexiana, Lower Amazons, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. (A. JR. Wallace). i. $ ad. sk. Lower Ucayali, Peruvian Ama- E. Bartlett [C.]. zons. ad k 9 sk. Upper Ucayali, Peruvian Ama- H. Saunders Coll. zons, May (K Bartlett). I. cJjuv.sk. Yurimaguas?HuallagaR.,Peru- H. Saunders Coll. vian Amazons, Nov. (JE. B.). m. Imm. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. n. Imm. sk. Chile [II.M.S. 'Blonde1). Capt. Lord Byron, R.N. [P.]. o, p. Imm. sk. Chile. C. Crawley, Esq. [P.]. q. Ad. sk. Chile (E. C. Heed). H. Saunders Coll. 158 LAKIDJE. r. Imm. sk. Chile {E. C. JR.). Salvin-Godman Coll. s, t Imm. sk. Vina del Mar, near Valparaiso. H. Berkeley James, Esq. [P.]. «. J vix ad. sk Coquirnbo Bay, Nov. {Admiral H. Saunders Coll. A. II. Markham). v. Imm. sk. Callao Bay, Peru (B. Jump), H. Saunders Coll. 4. Rhynchops flavirostris. Khvnckops flavirostris*, Vieill N Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 383 (1816); id. op. cit. xxix. p. 283 (1819: Senegal); id. Enc. Meth. i. p. 351 (1820: Senegal); Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 138 (1826); Lesson, Traite, p. 624 (1831) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 237, pi. 291 (1834: Senegal) ; Hupp. Syst. Uebers.^. 139 (1845 : Nubia and Senaar) ; A. E. Brehm, J. f. 0.1854, p. 85; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 378; Eeugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1850: White Nile) ; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 349 (Dahalak Is., Red Sea) ; id. in Beterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea); A. E. Brekm, Beis. Habesch, iii. p. 143 (1863); SckL Mies. B.-Bas, Stern®, p. 40 (1863); Kirk, Ibis, 1864. p. 337 (Upper Zambesi and ShirS); Finsch $ Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 837 (1870); Gray, Htmd-L B. iii. p. 124, no. 11094 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 365 (1872: Lake Ngaini); Shelley, B. Egypt, -" p. 302, pi. xiv. (1872); Heugl. Orn. K.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. % p. 1463 (1873); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 75 (Gold Coast); Beichenow, J.f.O. Ib74, p. 373 (Gold Coast); id. op. cit 1877, p. 11 (Loango); Buchhoh, Beis. West-Afr. p. 152 (1880: Camaroons); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p.'706 (1884); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 515 (1881); Holub 8r von Belz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 333 (1882); Biltiik. Notes Leyden Mus. 1885, p. 251 (Liberia); Bdhm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 66 (Tanganyika); Fischer, t. c. p. 114 (Tana River); Sartert, op. cit. 1886, p. 612 (Niger and Benue) ; Matschie, op. cit. 1887, p. 137; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889: Egypt); Shelley, Ibis, 1893, p. 29 (R. Shire*, Nyassaland); Sharpe, Bull. Brit Orn. Club, no. xi. p. v (1893: Suakin); Beichenoxc, Vb'g. Deutsch-O.-Afr. p. 21 (1894: Tanganyika)^ - Rhynchops niger, Leach in Tuekexfs Exped. Congo, App. p. 408 (1818). Rhynchops albirostris, Licht Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1823: Nubia) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (Red Sea); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 656 (1846); Licht Nomencl Av. p. 97 (1854: Egypt). Rhynchops orientalis, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas, p. 37, tab. 24 (1826) ; Fraser, B. Z. S. 1843, p. 52 (Nun River); Gray, List B. Brit Mus., Anseres, p. 174 (1844: Niger); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xviii. fig. 402 (1848) ; Allen $ Thomps. Exp. Niger, i. p. 167 (1848) ; Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 257 (1857: Senegambia); Cassin, Br. Bhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 176 (Gamma R.? W. Africa); Antin. Cat descr. Ucc. p. 116 (1864 : Egypt). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead, cheeks, throat, breast, and abdomen white ; crown, nape, and mantle deep umber-brown; tlie outer portions of the primaries rather darker and the shafts blackish; most of the secondaries edged with white for about 0*3 * Originally Rftyncopsflavirostris, and ascribed to Australia. 12 . RHTNCHOPS. 159 inch, chiefly on the outer webs; tail-feathers brown in the centres and on the inner webs, chiefly whitish on the outer webs; under wing-coverts smoke-brown : bill vermilion to deep orange-yellow on the upper mandible, the under mandible paler yellow, especially towards the extremity : " irides brown r (Shelley); tarsi and toes vermilion, drying orange-yellow. Tolal length 17 inches, culmen 8, genys 4, wing about 14, tail 5'2o, tarsus 1-1, middle toe with claw 1-1. Adult female. Similar, but smaller; culmen 2-5, genys 3*1, wing 13, tail 5, tarsus 1. Adult in ivinter. Similar, but with an ill-defined baud of dull white streaked with brown on the nape; the upper primaries, when new, are edged with brownish white, which soon wears off. Immature. Like the above, but the forehead a trifle streaked with grey ; the bill ochraceous yellow at the base and blackish on the anterior half. Young. Similar, but duller brown above, and with greyish tips to the feathers of the mantle and rectrices. Hab. Coast and rivers of West Africa from Senegal to Damaraland; across to the East side and along it; throughout the Lake Regions and the Nile system down to Damietta; also the Red Sea. a-c. d ad. sk Egypt (6?. B. S.). Shelley Coll. d. 2 ad. sk. Egypt (67. B. S). H. Saunders Coll. e. J ad. sk. Damietta, Egypt (Filipponi). Shelley Coll. / , g. 2 ad. sk. Tani, Soudan, April 1885. Capt.W. Verner [P.1 h. Ad. sk. 5th Cataract, Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.]. i. Ad.; k. Juv. Suakin, lied Sea. Capt. R. H. Penton sk. [P.]. l9 m. <$ J ad.; Upper Shire, Nyasaland, Feb. II. H.Johnston, C.B. n. Imm. sk. (.4. Whyte). [P.]. o. Ad. sk. Lower Shire" Valley (Sir J. Livingstone Exped. Kirk), p, q. Ad. sk. Niger River. Mrs. Hey wood [P.], 5. Khynchops albicollis. ? Rhynchops madraspatanus, /. R. Forster, Indische Zool. p. 42 (1781: nomen nudum). Rhynchops albicollib, Sicains. An. in Menag. p. 360 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 656, pi. 181 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 290 (1859); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 240 (Oudh and Kumaon); Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 78 (1863); Sehl. Mus. B.-Bas, Stern®, p. 40 (1863); Jerd\ B. India, iii. p. 847 (1864); Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 124, no. 11093 (1871); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 286 (1873: Sind); Adam, op. cit. ii. p. 440 (1874: Rajmehal, Ganges); Hume, op. cit. iii. p. 193 (1875: Upper Pegu) ; id. Nests $ Bggs Ind. B. p. m (1875); Blyth # Wald. B. Burm. p. 164 (1875); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 32 (1876: N. Guzerat); A. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 807 (nestlings) ; W. Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 472 (Sittang River); Hume ty Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 493 (1878); Davidson Sf Wenden, op. cit. vii. p. 93 (1878: Deccan); Hume, t c. p. 99 (Oodeypore); V. Ball, t c. p. 233; J. R. Cripps, t. c. p. 314 (E. Bengal); Hume, op. cit 160 TARIDJC. viii. p. 116(1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1004 footnote (1880: never obtained in Ceylon); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 027 (1882: Madras); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii p. 436 (1883); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1880 : Burma) ; Oates, 2nd eel Humes Xests # Eggs hid. B. iii. p. 316 (1800). Rhjnohops niora, Burgess, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 184 (Bhima, India; nesting described). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead, cheeks, and underparts white; crown and nape dark brown ; from the nape, extending to the shoulders, a well-defined white band about 1*5 inches wide ; mantle daik brown; parapteral feathers edged with white on both webs: most of the secondaries broadly (0*75 in.) edged -with, white; the four upper primaries whitish towards their extremities, the rest dark brown ; tail-feathers white, except the central pair, w hich are clove-brown on the inner webs ; under wing-coverts pale smokecolour : bill orange-yellow, brighter on the culm en; irides dark brown ; tarsus and toes orange-red. Total length 16*5 inches, oulmen 3*25, genys 3-6, wing 15*5, tail 5, tarsus 1*1, middle toe and claw 1*1. Adult female. Alike in plumage, but smaller: culmen 2'65 in., genys 3'1, wing 14, &c. Immature. Similar, but the upper parts of a paler brown, the feathers of the crown and mantle tipped with grey ; the mandibles dull yellow to horn-colour. Young. Forehead streaked with brown; feathers of the upper surface brown, tipped and mottled with buffish white or grey; rectrices brown at the tips and with pale brown shafts. IJab. The large rivers of India, from the Punjab and Nepal southward, but not in Ceylon; Lower Burma, bur not in Yunnan or Malacca. a. Ad. sk. India. Williams Coll. b, c. Ad. sk. Moultan (Capt. Tweedie). Gould Coll. d. S ad. sk. Jhelum River, Nov. Hume Coll. e-g. Ad. sk. N.W. India {Capt. 8. P.). Pinwill Coll. h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Juv. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. k-n. S ? ad.sk. Futtehgurh, May (A.Anderson). Seebolrm Coll. o, p. Ad. sk. Futtehgurh (A. Anderson). H. Saunders Coll. g-t. <$ ad. sk. Etawah, Aug., Dec-Jan. Hume Coll. u. (S ad. sk. Allahabad, March. Hume Coll. v. Ad. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. w. Ad. sk. Madras. R. Cole, Esq. fP,]. sc. Ad. sk. Burma(Capt. II. Feilden,It.A.). Tweeddale Coll. y, z, a', b'. d ? Tonghoo, March-May (2?. G. Tweeddale Coll. ad. sk. Wardlaw-Ramsay). c'. tf ad. sk. Boulav, Thayetmyo, March Hume Coll. {RW. Oates). d'. d ad. sk. Boulay, Thayetmyo, March Oates Coll. (JE. W. 0.). e',f. <3 ad. sk. Sal ween River, Feb. (W. Davi- Hume ColL son). 13. XEMA. 161 Subfamily III. LARIN^E. Key to the Genera. a. Tail considerably forked; wings long; hind toe very small, free 13. XEMA, p. 161. b. Tail cuneate, the central pair of rectrices fully 0*8 in. longer than the next pair and 1*9 in. [p. 167. longer than the outermost 14. RHODOSTETHIA, c. Tail square, or very nearly so. a'. Hind toe moderately or well developed, free; lower third of tibia bare. a". Bill always more than twice and usually about three times as long as it is deep; nostrils linear or linear- ovate ,. 15. LARTTS, p. 169. b". Bill very short, the length barely twice its depth, stout, compressed ante^ riorly; nostrils very small, ovate 16. GABIANTJS, p. 297. 6'. Hind toe j oined to the inner toe by a rugose membrane; foot coarse, strong, the webs considerably indented; bill very short, [p. 299. obtuse 17. LEucoPBLaEus, . cit. 1866, p. 198. Chroicocephalus kitlitzii, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 104 (described from a drawing; nee Stoinhoe, P. Z. S. 1860,w/ucA=L. saundersi). Chroicocephalus schimperi, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 104 {nee Schley. 1863, iohich=zL. saundersi). ? Chroicocephalus serramis (nee Tsch.), Bruch, J.f O. 1853, p. 100 (Peru). 192 L.UUIUO. Gavia cucullala, Tip, C. Ji. xlii. p. 771 (1850). Gavia pipixcan, id. t. c. p. 771. Gavia franklini, id. t. c. p. 771; Blasius, J.f. 0. 1865, p. 371. Gavia kitlitzii, id. t. c. p. 771. Larus cineroo-caudatus, Phil § Landb. Wiogm. Arch. 1801, p. 293. P Oliroicocephalus atricilla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (Mexico City). [?J Larus franklini, Sundev. (Eft. Mad. Fork Stochh. 1809, p. 590 "(St. Bartholomew, W. L, " in breeding-plumage "). Larus (Ohroecocephalus) franklini, Coues, B.N.-West, p.053 (1874). Melanolarus franklini, Heine §• Iteichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890). Adult in breeding-plumage. Head and upper part of the neck plumbeous black, with a conspicuous elongated whito patch above, and another below, the oyo; lower part of the neck all round, rump, and under surface white, with a rosy tinge which is deepest on the breast and abdomen ; mantle bluish grey, the secondaries broadly edged with white ; primaries all broadly tipped with white, and bluish grey next the shafts on their upper parts, except the outermost, which has a blackish outer web and is chiefly white on the inner web, with a broad black subterminal bar ; 2nd quill with a deeper (2-2 in.) black bar, smaller whito tip, and much grey above on both larus franklini, ad. aides of the shaft (see cut); 3rd, 4th, and 5th similar, but the black bar narrowing, until at the last it is merely as deep as the white tip and is cut off from the grey above by a white space; succeeding ]5. LAttua. liKJ quills broadly edged with white on the inner webs; tail-feathers white, except the two or three central pairs, which are tinged witk palest grey : bill deep red, with a dark subterminal band; tarsi and toes dark livid red (drying blackish). Total length 13-5 to 14 inches, culmen 1*0, wing 11-25, tail 4*6, tarsus 1-C, middle toe with claw 1*5. The sexes appear to be alike externally. In less mature birds there is a narrow black bar above the terminal white of the 1st quill, thus dividing the white into a tip and a ' mirror.' Adult in winter. Like the above, except that the head is white, spotted and mottled with blackish on the upper surface. Immature. Similar, but there is a larger proportion of black in the five outer primaries, the shafts of which are blackish to grey, and the 6th quill has more or less of a black subterminal bar; shafts of the middle pairs of tail-feathers hair-lined with black: bill, tarsi, and toes reddish black. Young (August). Eorehead dull white; crown and nape greyish brown, darkest below and behind the eye, which retains its white patches; neck ash-colour; feathers of the mantle grey above and ash-brown centrally or subterminally, with pale drab tips ; the live outer quills chiefly black, with small white tips which increase in size ascendingly ; in the 6th quill the outer web is chiefly grey, barred with black, and in the succeeding quills the dark colour is restricted to the inner webs; tail-feathers grey, subterminally banded with black and tipped with huffish grey, except the outermost pair; underparts white: bill and tarsi brown. By the following November the middle of the mantle has become bluish grey, the sooty colour of the primaries is perceptibly paler on the margins of the inner webs, and the blackish bar has considerably diminished in size on the 2nd of the rectrices from the outside. Bob. Interior of North America, from the western shores of Hudson Bay and Manitoba inwards, up to Great Bear Lake (breeding) ; southwards on migration, along—and west of—the Mississippi Valley, to Corpus Christi, Texas; through Mexico, and down the Pacific coast, as far as Chile. Once at St. Bartholomew L, West Indies {fide Sundevall). Breeds in marshes. a. Ad. sk. Hayes Kiver, west side of II. Saunders Coll. Hudson Bay. b, c. Imm, sk. North-West America. Capt. Kellett & Lt. Wood, R.N. [P.]. d. Juv. sk. 49th Parallel, N.W. Amer., North American Sept. 1874. Boundary Commission [P.]. e, f. cJ vix ad. Aransas Bay, S. Texas, June (F. Salvin-Godinan Coll. B. Armstrong), g-m. ^ ? ad.; Corpus Christi, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll. n. o. 3 iuv. sk. 30 and Sept. 30, Oct. 7 (F. B. A.) p. Ad. sk. Progreso, Yucatan, autumn Salvin-Godm&a Coll. (F Nicholson). VOL. XXV. ° LABIDJS. Mexico. Purchased. q. S ad. sk. r. Ad. sk. Mexico, winter. Salvin-Godman Coll. s. $ juv. sk. Zacatecas, Mexico, August Salvin-Godman Coll, (W. B. Richardson). t. Ad. sk. Near City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. u-w. ad., vix ad., West coast of Mexico. H. Saunders Coll. et j uv. sk. x-c'. S $ ad.; Ohamperico, Guatemala, May Salvin-Godman Coll. d'. $ imm. sk. 30,1873 (0. Salvin). e'. $ juv. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 1863 (0. S.). /. <$ juv. sk. Payta, Peru, Jan. 7 (Adml. H. Saunders Coll. Markhani). g'. Imm. sk. Oallao Bay, Peru, Jan. (B. H. Saunders Coll. Jump). £'-#. Ad. et Callao Bay, April 11 (Commr. II. Saunders Coll. imm. sk. J.B. It. MacFarlane). I'-ri. Juv. et Iquique, winter (S. F. Rowland). H. Saunders Coll. imm. sk. o'-q'. $ $ imm. Coquimbo, Nov. {Adml. Mark-H. Saunders Coll. et juv. sk. ham). r'. Ad. sk. Coquimbo (in full breeding-II. Saunders Coll. plumage) {Adml. Markham). $'. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett & Capt.FitzroYjR.N. PP.]. t'. 2 juv. sk. Chile (Verreaux). Salvin-Godman Coll. 8. laras atricilla. Laughing Gull, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol i. p. 89, pi. 89 (1733); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 383 (1785: chiefly); ? Montagu, Orn. Diet. i. (1802: "Winchelsea, juv.); Tarr. Brit B. iii. p. 439 (1843: ex Montagu). La Mouette rieuse, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 192, pi. xviii. fig. 1 (1760). Larus atricilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1706: ex Catesby) ; Gm. S. N i. p. 600 (1788); Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 813 (1790: part.) ; Temm, Man. $Orn. ed. 2, pt. ii. p. 779 (1820: the adult, but the young=£. melanocephalus); Brehm, Lehrb. p. 722 (1824) ; ? Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wilson's Orn. no. 246 (1826) ; id. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 359 (1828) ; Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 216, pi. 74. %. 4 (1832); fJRennie's ed. Mont. Orn. Diet. p. 259 (1833); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 291 (1834); Jenyns, Man. Brit Verteb. p. 274 (1835: ex Montagu) ; Audztb. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 118, pi. 314 (1838); id. Synop. p. 324 (1839); BOrbigny in Sagra's Hist Nat. Cuba, p. 212 (1839); Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Fur. pp. xevi, 243 (1840); Temm. Man. a Orn. 2e <5d. 4e pte. p. 483 (1843); Schl Bev. Crit. p. exxvii (1844); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 358 (1844); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 136, pi. 443 (1844) ; Tarr. Brit B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 557 (1845 : ex Montagu); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); JDegl. Orn. Fur. ii. p. 321 (1849); Wedderb. in Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 38 (Bermudas); Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 131, pi. 303 (1857); Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 92 (1859 : once); Gray, Cat. Brit B. p. 234 (1863: "Winchelsea" [error; not Montagu's specimen]) ; Schl. Mm. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 44 (1863) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, pp 188, 190 (Guatemala) ; Degl. <$• Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 431 (1867); Sundev. OEfv. K. Vet-Akad. Stockh. Forh. 15. LAHUS. 195 1869, p. 590 (St. Bartholomew, W. I.); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 114,no. 10989 (1871); Peh.Om. Bras. p. 323 (1871; Para, Feb.); Scl § Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 570 (revihion, Neotropical); Hartinq, Handb. Brit B. p. 175 (1872); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 315 (1872) ; id. Check-list, no. 554 (1873) ; Scl § Salv. Nomencl. AD. Neotr, p. 148 (1873); Reid, Zool 1877, p. 489 (Bermudas) ; Taczanoioski, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 749 (Tumbes, Peru); Merriam, B. Connect, p. 132 (1877); Bennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878: S. Texas); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 194 (revision Larinas); id. Journ.Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 400 (1878: distribution) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 208 (1880); A. $ B. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 117 (1881); Maynard, B. Bast. N. Amer. p. &85 (1881); Mdgw. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 52(1881); Solvit*, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 620 (1882); Ridgw. Cat. Fisheries Evhib. p. 31 (1883); Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 177 (1884); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 254 (1884); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 150,- id. Uh ed. Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 006, footnote (1884: the specimen in Brit. Mus. is not Montagu's); A, O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 90 (1886); Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. ix. p. 179 (1886: Vera Cruz); Wells, t. c. p. 631 (Grenada I ) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 450 (1886 : Sta. Lucia); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 35 (1887); Cooke, B. Migr. Mississippi Vail. p. 56 (1888); Cory, Avk, 1888, p. 75 (West Indies); Scott, t. c. p. 374 (Florida); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel); Feilden, t. c. p. 502 (Barbados; breeds round Grenada) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 276 (1889) ; id. B. Bahamas, 2nd ed. p. 208 (1890); Scott, Auk, 1890, p. 306 (Dry Tortugas: breeds); Schick, t c, p. 326 (New Jersey: breeds) ; Cory, Auk, 1891, p. 46 (Antigua), p. 48 (Guadeloupe); Northrop, t. c. p. 80 (Andros I., Bahamas); Scott, t. c. p. 362 (Jamaica); Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 82 (1892); Rhoads, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas: breeding) ; Cory, Auk, 1892, p. 48 (Maraguana and Watling Is.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 311 (Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire); Mackay, Auk, 1893, p. 333 (Massachusetts: breeding); Field, Auk, 1894, p. 120 (Jamaica). Larus ridibundus (nee L.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. ix. p. 89, pi. 74. fig. 4 (1814); Leot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 532 (1866). Xeina atricilla, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Gould, B. Fur. v. pi. 426 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. # N. Amer. p. 62 (1838); Gray, List B. Brit Mus., Anseres, p. 172 (1844); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 437 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Guiana, iii. p. 761 (1848); Schomb. Hist. Barbadoes, p. 682 (1848). Larus plumbiceps, Brehm (nee Temm.), Lehrb. p. 722 (1824: part.). Gavia atricilla, Macgill. Man. Br. Orn. ii. p. 240 (1842); id. Br. B. v. p. 585 (1852); Blasius, J.f. 0. 1805, p. 378 (revision). Chroicocephalus atricilla, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 106; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 98 (1854: Porto Eico) ; Baird, Cass., ty Lawr. B. N Amer. p. 850 (1858); Baird, Mex. Bound. Surv. p. 271 (1859); Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 233 (Belize); Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 310 (critical); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 103 (1864: Sombrero I., West Ind.); Coues # Salv, Ibis, 1864, p. 388 (Ghiapam); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. T. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois); Lawr. Mem. Bobt. Soc. N. B. ii p 17 (1874: Mazatlan); Gimdl Orn. Cuba, p. 308 (1876); Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat Mus. iv. p. 51 (1876: Tehuantepec); Zeledon, Cat Aves Costa Rica, p. 36 (1882); Corns, 2nd ed. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; Stearns $ Coues, New Engl. B.-Life, L1EIDJS. 19(5 2od ecL 75° ii. p. 351 (1883); to, iity A. ^»^*« •#• PAtricilS'catesbyi, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 287 ; S»«* £ Reichenoto, Nomencl Mus. Eein. p. 359 (1890). Atricilla megalopterus, J?rwcA, J.f.O. 18oo, p. Jb7. Atricilla micropterus, Bruch, X,f. 0. 18o5, p. 288. AtriciUa catebbffii, Jfy. C. R. xln. p. 771 (18o6) ; Zocfo, .Ei/rf. flc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 189 (1867). Atricilla macroptera, Jfy. C. R. xln. p. //I (18o0). Atricilla minor, Bp. C &. xlii. p. 771 (1856). Ohroecocephalus atricilla, A. fy E. Newton, Ibis, 18o9, p. 8/1 (b.^ot St. Croix, W.I., and St. Thomas); Coues, Pr. Tlnlad. Acad. 18/1, p.*40(N. Carolina); Allen, Bull Earo. Coll. ii. p. 366(1871: Florida). Larus (Ohroecocephalus) atricilla, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 650 (1874). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head and upper neck dark sooty black; an elongated white patch above, and another below the eye; lower neck, tail, and the under surface white, with a slight rosy tinge on the latter ; mantle slate or lead-grey (decidedly less blue than in L. franlclini) ; secondaries broadly tipped with white, as are the four inner primaries; the next quill (descending) similar, but with a faint edge of black to the inner wTeb ; the two following darker grey above, with broad black subterminal bands, the next two almost black; all of these with white tips ; the outermost quill wholly black; under wing-coverts white, passing into grey at the quill-lining: bill lake-red; tarsi and toes dull red (drying reddish brown). Total length 16*5 inches, culmen 2, wing 13, tail 5*25, tarsus 2*1, middle toe with claw 1*75. The female appears to be a trifle smaller on average. Adult in winter plumage. Like the above, except that the head is white, streaked and mottled with dark grey, while the bill, tarsi, and toes are nearly black. The new primaries have attained their full development early in March, by which time the roseate tint on the underparts (said to be lost in winter) has certainly reappeared. Immature. Similar, but the head, nape, and sides of the neck are streaked with ash-brown; the secondaries have dark markings next the shafts; the five outer primaries sooty black, untipped with white, and the two following with only small white tips; tail- feathers greyish, with more or less of a black subterminal bar on all, or on all except the central pair, according to age. Young (autumn). Upper parts mottled with ash-brown; primaries chiefly dark brown; tail-coverts white; rectrices dark grey at the basal portion and umber-brown subterminally, tipped with white; abdomen white; breast, under wing-coverts and flanks mottled with ash-brown; tarsi and toes dark brown. At an earlier age (August) the ash-brown on the upper parts is more pronounced, and the feathers of the mantle are edged with warm buff. Nestling. Tawny buff, spotted and mottled with dark brown on the upper surface, throat, and flanks. Hal. Forth America, chiefly on the East Coast and its tidal waters, down to the Mexican Gulf and "West Indies (breeding) ; on 15 . LAIUTS. 107 migration to the Guianas and N. Brazil, exceptionally to Bermuda; across the Isthmus to the Pacific side, up to Northern Mexico and California and down to Northern Peru. No authentic record for England or any part of Europe. A coast species. a. Imm. st. b. Ad. sk. c. Ad.; d. Juv. sk. . 120, pi. .102 (lb57); luttl Denkw. ii. p. 200 (1858: Kamschatka) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amur I. i. p. 510 (1859); Linderm. Tog. Griechenl. p. 174 (1860); Irbtj, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oude & Kuuiaon) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 49. fig. 2 (1863) ; Schl Mus. PBas, L&n, p. 37 (1863) ; JMtfe, ifew. Sifiw-., Fb^.p. 387 (1863); ta/, Catf. Brit. B. p. 234 (1863); /FW?7rt, 20 w, 1864, p. 152 (Malta); V. Martens, J.f. 0. 1866, p. 30 (Manila) ; Hurting, B. Middlesex, p. 254 (1866) ; Deql. § Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 435 (1867); Borgqr. Voqelf. Norddeutsrhl p. 142 (1869); Boderl. Avif. Sicil p. 237 (1869); R. Gray, B. West Scot!, p. 476 (1871); G. B. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 114, no. 10981 (1871); Gumey, jr., Ibis, 1871', p. 300 (Algiers); Ilartiny, Handb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 309 (1872) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 278 (1873); Adam, op. cit. p. 403 (1873 : Sambhur Lake); Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1404 (1873) ; Palmen, Finkmds Foyl. p. 612 (1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 347 (Sardinia, resident) ; Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr p. 213 (1875);xDresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (Turkestan up to 4000 ft.) ; Blanf. Bast. Pers. ii. p. 292 (1870) ; March and, Rev. Zool. (3) v. p. 354, pi. 84, pullus (1877) ; Rowley, Orn. Misc. ii. p. 407 (1877 : Scoulton Mere;; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 798 (Mauila, &c.) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. p. 208 (1877 : Norway) ; Netveklowsky, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien, 1877, p. 5 (habits); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 357, pi. 596, & pi. 597. iig. 1 (1878) ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 110 (1878 : Ussuria); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 373 (Nile Valley, April); Saunders, P. Z. S 1878, p. 200 (revision Larinae); Finsch, Terh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 274 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: List); Tidal, op. cit ix. p. 94 (1880: Malabar coast); Butler, t. e. p. 493 (Deccan) ; Rodd, B. Cornwall, p. 169 (1880); H. C. St. John, Wild Coasts Nipon, p. 392 (1880) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881 : Luzon); Saunders, Rep. l Challenger,'ii. Birds, p. 138 (1881: Manila & Yokohama) ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 594 (Gilgit, on migration); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 621 (1882); C. Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 126 (Kandahar) ; Seebohm, t. o. p. 230 (Caspian & Kirghiz steppes, breeds); id. t. c. p. 385 (Archangel, summer, rare); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 418 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 272 (Kin Kiang); Saunders, t. c. p. 390 (S."W. France) ; Tristram, Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 136 (1884) ; Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 334 (1884 : Cape Blanco); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) L p. 251 (1884: Scioa); Saunders, 4th ed. Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 594 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885; p. 47 (Corsica); Seebohm,Brit. B. iii. p. 310 (1885); Buchner, Beitr. Russ. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 129 (1885: St. Petersburg) ; Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mils. no. 29, p. 76 (1885: Karnschatka); ' Dubois, Bull Mus. Belg. iv. p. 22 (1886: Belgium); Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 423 (Dobrudsha); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 168 (Muscat); H-Broion 8f Buckley, Faun. Sutherl fyc. p. 830 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 123 (Bering I.); Tian, Bull Soc. Zool France, 1887, p. 390 (nestling); Gigl % Sahad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 592 (Corea); Scully, Jown. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 88 (1887: N. Afghanistan); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 349 (1888: Manipur); IBBr. 8r Buckl. Faun. Outer Ilebr. p. 144 (1888) ; Pleske, MSm. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57 (1888: Turkestan) ; Reichenow, Syst. Terz. Tog. Deutschl. p. 63 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 649 (1889); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) v. pt. 3, p. 92 (1889 : Afghanistan); O. St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 180 (S. Afghanistan) ; 15. LAEUB. 209 Sahad. $ Gigl M?m. Accad. Tor. xxxix. p. 110 (1889: Vladivostok) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 348 (Cyprus}; Stevens. $ Southiv. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 322 (1890); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 295 (1890); Buckley $ II-Broion, Faun Orkney Is. p. 230 (1891) ; Sty an, Ibis, 1891, p. 508 (Lower Yangtse) ; Saunders, t. c> p. 187 (Lake LSman) ; Gdtke, Vogelw. Ilelgol p. 577 (1891) j Jdckel § Bias. Vog. Bat/ems, p. 357 (1891); Sharpe, 2nd Yark. Miss., Birds, p. 134 (1891) ; Mitchell, B. Lanes, ed. 2, p. 252 (1892); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. lift. ii. p. 334 (1892; Tientsin); P. Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia) [?]; Be La Touche, t. c. p. 502 (Eoochow & Swatow) ; Macphers. Faun. Lakeland, p. 421 (1892) ; Matheiu, B. Devon, p. 382 (1892); Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxi. (1892) ; H-Br. $ Buckl. Faun. Argyll fyc. p. 189 (1892); Eartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 176 (Aden, winter); Lilford, B. Northants, p. 399 (1893); Ussher, Pr. R. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894) ; Oustal. N. Arch. Mus. Paris, (3) vi. p. 94 (1894: Korla); Collett, Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 304 (1894: Norway) ; Irby, Orn. Sirs. 'Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 297 (1895). The Pewit Gull, Pennant, Brit. Zool p. 143, pi. L 5 (1766); ibid. 2nd ed. p. 426 (1788). La Petite Mouette cendrSe, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 430 (1783: winter). La Mouette rieuse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 433 (1783: ad.) j Daubent Pi. Enl. pi. 970 (1786). Black-headed Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 380 (1785); id. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. I p. 268 (1787); Bewick, Brit B. ii. p. 203 (1821) j tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 433 (1843). Red-legged Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii, pt. 2, p. 386 (1785). Brown-headed Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 383 (1785). Laughing Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 383 (1785: partim). Le Petit Goiland, Daubent PL Fnl. pi. 969 (1786). Laxus erythropus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 597 (1788). Larus cinerarius, Schaff. Mus. Orn. p. 63 (1789); Pall. Zoogr. Rosso* Asiat ii. p. 326 (1811). Larus atricilla {nee Linn.), Retzius, Faun. Suec. p. 160 (1790); Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 324 (1811). Brown Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. j). 331 (1801: winter pi.). Larus canescens, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 370 (1803). Larus nasvius, Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 327 (1811). Larus capi&tratus, Temm. Man. d' Orn. ed. 2, ii. p. 785 (1820); Meyer, Taschenb. iii. p. 204 (1822); Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 839 (1822) j id. Lehrb. p. 725 (1824); Steph. in Shaw 8 Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 204 (1826) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 142 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 72 (1831) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 272 (1835); Temm. Man. oVOrn. 2e $d. 4e pte. p. 485 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 152 (1842); Tarr. Brit B. ed. 2, iii. p. 547 (1845); Schl. Vog. Nederl p. 604, pi. 354 (1854); Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 123, pi. 301 (1857); Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 69 (1856; Lower Egypt) ; Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 235 (1863); id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 114, no. 10982 (1871). Xema ridibundus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Gould, B> Fur. v. pi. 425 (1837). Xema capistratus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; id. op. cit 1844, p. 192. Gavia ridibunda, Kaup, Naturl. Syst p. 98 & p. 196 (1829); Macgill Man. Brit. B. pt. ii. p. 240 (1842); id. Brit B. v. p. 593 (1852); Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat, Longip. p. v (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 VOL. xxv. * 210 LARIDJE. (1856); Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomb. ii. pi. 98 (1868); Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 70 (1878); Olphe-Gall. Orn. Bur. Occident. fasc. x. p. 07 (1886). Gavia capistrata, Kaup, Nathrl Syst. p. 98 & p. 196 (1829); Macgill. Brit B. v. p. 605 (1852); Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856); Loche, Bxpl Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p 193 (1867). Xema ridibimdum, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 760 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. § N. Amer. p. 62 (1838); id. Icon. Faun. Bed., Ucc. i. tav. 45. f. a (1840: cf. Salvad. Ibis, 1888, p. 323); id. Cat. Ucc. Bur. p. 78 (1842); Biipp. Syst Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : Alexandria); Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Bich. Om. Midi Fr. p. 396 (1859); L. Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 36 (Lower Egypt) ; Fritsch, Fog. Bur. p. 467, tab. 57 (1870) ; Homeyer, Omis, 1885, p. 81; Lutken, t. c. p. 146 (Denmark); B. Tone §• Tsch. t. c. p. 562 (Austria-Hungary); Albarda, t c. p. 630 (Holland); B. Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Upper Alsace); Bartert, MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 178 (E. Prussia, breeds); Biesenthal, Wasservog. Mitteleur. p. 138 (1889); Keller, Om. Carinthice, p. 304 (1890); Fatio fy Studer, Cat Ois. Suisse, pp. 62,63(1892). Xema pileatum, Brehn, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 761 (1831). Xema capistratum, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 762 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. # N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ; id. Icon. Faun. Bal., Ucc. i. tav. 46. fig. 1 (1840: cf. Salvad. Ibis, 1888, p. 323); id. Cat Ucc. Bur. p. 78 (1842); Fritsch, Vog, Eur. p. 467, tab. 54. &g. 8 (1870). Chroieocephalus ridibundus, Bytonfiat. Brit. B. p. 53 (1836) ; Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 105 ; Lieht Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 428 (Formosa); Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 125 (1864); Filippi, Viagg. Bers. 1865, p. 352; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Nile); Wyait, op. cit 1870, p. 18 (Tor, Eed Sea); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain); Alston <$• EL-Br. Ibis, 1872, p. 52 (Archangel); Feilden, Zool s. s. p. 3287 (1872 : Osteroe, Fseroes, breeds); Gould, B. Gt Brit. y. pi. 64 (1873); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 165 (Hakodadi); David et Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 520 (1878); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 218 (Italy) j Menzbier, Bull Soc. Mosc. lviii. no! 1, p. 136 (1883); Badde, Orn. Cam. p. 482 (1884); Giglioli, Avif Ital. p. 424 (1886) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (Poland, the only Gull that breeds); Badde fy Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125 (Transcaspia); Giglioli, 1° Besoc. Av. Ital. p. 641 (1889); id. 2° Besoc. p. 648 (1890: breeds, Sardinia); id. 3° Besoc. p. 509 (1891); Taczan. M^m. Acad. St. BStersb. xxxix. p. 1040 (1893: E. Siberia). Chroicocephalus capistratus, Byton, Hist. Barer Brit. B* p. 53 (1830); Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840); id. ed. 1841, p. 99 ; Bruch, J.f 0.1853, p. 105; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; Szoinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 327 (China); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p, 264 (E. Siberia); id. op. cit. 1882, p. 397 (Kamtschatka). Masked Gull, Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 430 (1843). Larus ridibundus minor, Schl. Bev. Crit p. cxvii & p. 113 (1844). Xema ridibunda, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 172 (1844) ; Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Miscell p. 86 (1844); Gray, List Osteol Spec. Brit Mus. p. 121 (1847 : Nipal); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 832 (1864); Hume $ Menders. Lahore to Yark. p. 301 (1873 : Kashmir). Xema capistrata, Grayx List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 172 (1844). Xema pallida, Bodgs! in Gray's Zool. Miscell. p. 86. no. 857, immu (1844). 15 . LARUS. 211 Lams brunneicephalus, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. p. 148, nos. 50(5 k 857 (1846 : Nepal); id. op. eit. eel. 2, p. 77 (1808, partim) *; Cat- sin, U.S. Expl. Exped. ii. p. 232 (1858: Yedo, Japan) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 77 (Pamir Lakes, breeding-; teste Pleshe, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxvi. p. 57). Gavia ridibundus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 213. Gavia capistratus, Bp. Nairn. 1854, p. 213. Chroieocephalus pileatus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. Chroieocephalus minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. Chloiroeephalus [sic] pileatus, Brehm, Vagelf. p. 343 (1855). Choicocephalus [sic] minor, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 343 (1855). Chroieocephalus brunneicephalus, Swinh.\nec Jerdon) P. Z. S. 1803, p. 327 (China). Gavia rudibunda [sic], Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 192 (1867). Larus (Chroieocephalus) ridibundus, Droste, Vor/elw. Borkum, p. 338 (1869). Chroocephalus ridibundus, Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 287 (1871) ; Martorelli, Ucc. Sard. p. 52 (1884). Larus ridibundus, (3. capistratus, Severtz. J.f.O. 1875, p. 185. u Larus cahiricus " and " Larus cahirinus,*' Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 201, ex MS. Hempr. fy Ehr., Berlin Mm. (Syria & Arabia) Hydrocolseus ridibundus, Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 283 (1887) • Bruszna, Orn. Croatica. p. 92 (1889). Chroeocephalus ridibundus, Heine § Beichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890). Chroeocephalus capistratus, Heine fy Reichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890: Hartz). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Very similar, superficially, to the preceding species: hood coffee-brown—but shorter, grey mantle, white tail, and white under surface tinged with (evanescent) roseate; but the pattern of the outer primaries is very different, being chiefly white, with black tips, and black margins to the inner webs. Shafts of the three outer quills white; the outermost quill white, with a narrow black line along the greater part of the outer web (touching the shaft in all except very old birds), a black tip, and a blackish edge to the inner margin; 2nd quill similar, but with merely a short hair-line of black on the outer web; 3rd quill with a trifle more black running upwards from the black tip along the outer web; 4th quill similar, but with a grey centre to the inner web; 5th quill white on both webs, and with a minute white tip : 6th similar, but the tip grey and broader, so that the black becomes a subterminal bar; 7th similar, but with less and fainter black; upper primaries grey; secondaries paler grey, without conspicuous margins: bill, tarsi, and toes lake-red ; iris hazel. Total length 15*5 to 16 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 11*75 to 12, tail 5, tarsus 1*7, middle toe and claw 1*55. The female is undoubtedly smaller as a rule, though there are exceptions. Adult in winter. Similar, but without a hood; merely a little greyish on the occiput, and blackish on the auriculars. In vigorous * The two specimens above enumerated belong to this species, but an example of true L. brunneicephalus was subsequently received trout Nepal. 212 LAKIDJK. birds the indications of a hood re-appear in autumn, soon after the completion of tho moult, which is in August; but cold weather, combined with a scarcity of nutritive food, arrests the development, and it is not usual to see birds with fully complete hoods till February, though there are many exceptions. A female (by dissection) obtained in tho shore-nets at Wells, Norfolk, on Nov. 10th, has the underpays, and even the shafts and webs of the primaries, suffused with a beautiful salmon-pink, but this also must be considered unusual. Nestling. Buffish to brown, darkest on the upper parts, spotted and streaked with umber and black on the back, head, and throat. Young. Forehead white, rest of the head chiefly greyish brown; upper surface warmer brown, with grey lower wing-coverts ; secondaries with blackish centres and white borders; the three outer primaries black on the outer webs and at the tips and margins of the inner webs, but the centres white, except the outermost, in which there is for a time a dark line inside the shaft (see cut) ; in the succeeding primaries the dark colour increases ascendingly on the inner webs, while from the 5th the outer webs are pale grey 1 2 3 Larus ridibundus, juv. to brownish, with a little white at the tips; tail-feathers white, with a band of blackish brown ; under surface dull white: bill dull yellow, passing into black at the angle ; tarsi and toes dull reddish yellow. The brown colour is soon lost on the back, which has become grey by December. Immature. Like the adult, with a few brown markings left on 15 . LARUS. 213 the upper wing-coverts, and more black on the outer webs of the primaries. More or less of a brown hood is assumed when the bird is barely a year old, and the band on the tail is lost by the following autumn, when the new primaries appear, with—as has been said—a larger proportion of black than in the adult. In fact the duration of the immature phase is very short. The bird does not breed until the following (or second) spring. Occasionally the black from the margins of the inner webs of the three outer quills runs in and reaches the shafts, much encroaching upon the usual white centres, though not to the same extent on both wings of the same bird. This is noticeable in two examples obtained at Dinapur in December. Hah. The Faeroes, Southern Norway and Sweden, Eussia from Archangel southwards, and the rest of Europe to the Mediterranean; eastward, across the temperate portions of Asia to Kamtschatka (breeding). In winter, Gambia {fide Eendall), Nubia, the Eed Sea, the Persian Gulf, India, the Philippines, China and Japan. /, m. <$ 2 *&• sk- Loch Lomond, June (A. An- Seebohm Coll. a, b. Ad. st. c. Juv. sk. Hills of Hoy, Orkneys (sumraer). Stromness, Orkneys, Jan. (J. Purchased, H. Saunders Coll d. $ ad. sk. Dunn). Loch Maree, March 18 (J. IL H. Saunders Coll. e. Ad. st. f~h. Ad. st. Dixon). Beaufort, Beauly, June. Beaufort, Beauly (group). Lord Lovat [PA Lord Lovat [P.J. i, h. Ad. et juv. Aboyne. " E. B. Sharpe, Esq. sk. [P.]. dersori). n. $ ad. sk. Stirlingshire, March (J. A. Seebohm Coll. Karvie-Browri). o. Ad. sk. " Scotland." Col. Montagu [P.]. p. Juv. st. Fern Islands, Northumberland. C. Coningham, Esq. [P.]. q. Ad. sk. Lincolnshire, March 1 (JE. Bid- H. Saunders Coll. well), r. 2 ad. sk. Wells, Norfolk, Nov. 10. Col. H. W. Feilden [P.]. >-<5 ? PulL sk *, f - Hoveton, Norfolk, June (KB.). CoL H. W. Feilden u. Ad. sk. Walberswick, Feb. ( W. Tyler). Seebohm Coll. v, w. Pull, et juv. Walney Island, Lancashire, H. Saunders Coll. sk. May 31, June 8 (A. von Hiigel). .r. Juv. st. Wales. Eev. A. Morgan [P.]. y, z. cS $ ad. sk. St. Bride's, S. Wales. Hon. W. Edwardes a', V. Ad. et juv. Carmarthen, S. Wales. Col. Montagu [P.]. sk. c'-e'.Ad. et imm. Cornwall. Vingoe Coll. st. f. Ad. Mem. sk. Devonshire, Col. Montagu [P.]. a' h'. Ad. et juv. Torquay. C. Coningham, Esq. at. !?•]• 214 i', 7c'. d 2 ad. ak. l'-p'. Ad. et juv. sk. q\ Ad. at. /, s'. Pull. st. f. 2 ad. sk. v!. Juv. sk. v'.tf juv. sk. ?p\ $ ad. sk. ^y'« djuv. sk. s'. Ad. sk. A". Juv. sk. b". $ ad. sk. c". Ad. sk. Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 821 (1870); Einsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 302 (1870); Blanford, Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 441 (1870: Annesley Bay) ,* Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 113, no. 10978 (1871); Shelley, B.Egypt, p. 308 (1872); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1396 (1873); Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed. v. p. 67 (1876); Vian, Bull, tioc. Zool Fr. 1877, p. 32 (Nice) [?] ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 193 (revision); Elunzinger, Zschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, xiii, Hft. 2, p. 90 (1878: Koseir, Red Sea); Hartl P. Z. S. 1881, p. 959 (Hami, S. Arabia); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml Senckenb. p. 241 (1891: Red Sea). Xema leucophthalmum, Bp. Ucc. Eur. p. 78 (1842); Rupp. Syst Uebers. p. 139 (1845). Xema leucophthalma, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres; p. 171 (1844: Abyssinia). Adelarus leucophthalmus, Brueh, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 106; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 278; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (185G); Bias. J.f.O. 1865, p. 378 (revision); Sahal. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 286 (1872); Antin. § Salvad. Viac/g. Bogos, p. 155 (1873: Massowa); Salv. # Gigl. Mem. Accad. Tor. xxxix. p. 104 (1889: Maldive Isl.) [?]. Chroicocephalus leucophthalmus, Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 98 (1854); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295. Larus masauanus, Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 31 (Lower Red Sea and Somali coast; admittedly a bad species; cf. Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1397). Adelolarus leucophthalmus, Heine 8f Reichenozv, Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890). 220 TABID JS. Adult in bmdimj-phimage. Head, nape, and throat down to the upper breast deop "black; eyelids and hind neck white ; mantle deep slate-colour ; wing-coverts and long secondaries rather darker ; principal secondaries with blackish centres, and broad white edges which form a conspicuous alar band; primaries chiefly sooty black, the 5th and upwards tipped with white, which increases slightly on the innermost; tail-feathers white, with a greyish tinge at the base of the central pairs; abdomen and lower breast white ; flanks and sides of the breast slate-grey ; under wing dark slate-colour : iris white: bill long and slender, reddish orange to the angle, then blackish; tarsi and toes yellowish. Total length 15-6 inches, culmen 2, wing 12-3, tail 4*75, tarsus 1*75, middle toe with claw 1*6. The sexes appear to be alike in size. Adult in, ivinter. I am not acquainted with any characteristic phase. During the moult the head is probably mottled, through the contrast of the old worn feathers and the new ones; but the hood never seems to be lost. Young. Head and neck ash-brown, flecked with dull white; chin and throat white, the latter streaked with brown; upper surface and a band across the breast dark ash-brown; wing-coverts mottled with clove-brown ; secondaries dark brown, edged with white; primaries umber-brown, the inner ones with paler tips; tail-coverts white; rectrices umber-brown, the two outer pairs mottled with greyish ; abdomen white, flanks greyish; under wing dark brown : bill horn-colour, black terminally ; tarsi and toes ochraceous. Immature. Greyer above, with a gradual increase of white in the tail-feathers until the umber-brown therein becomes a subterminal band, and, after clinging to the shaft till reduced to mere spots, finally disappears ; a black hood is gradually assumed, and is often perfected before the tail-feathers have lost their spots. Bab. Red Sea, from Koseir southward, and the coasts of the Gulf of Aden. Lower Egypt, the Greek Archipelago and Sicily, according to writers who were either misinformed as to the locality of capture, or (in the majority of instances) confused this species with L. melanocephalus, which has also conspicuous white eyelids. T have examined an example said to have been obtained at Mce, but its history was not satisfactory. According to Salvadori and Giglioli, a specimen was procured at the Haldive Islands: an enormous extension of range, if the identification is correct. a. Ad. sk. Abyssinian coast (JRiippell). Frankfort Mus. 5. Ad. sk. Annesley Bay, Abyssinia, June W. T. Blanford [0.]. c-e. (S 2 ad., imm., et juv. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Abyssinia, June (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. f-k. Ad., iiiirn., et juv. sk* Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Abyssinia, June (W. Jesse). H. Saunders Coll. 15. LARUS. 221 15. Larus hemprichi. Xema crassirostris, Boie (nee Vieill), Isis, 1844, p. 192 (ex Licht. MS.). Adelarus hemprichii, Bruch, J.f. 0. 18-53, p. 106 (ex Bp. MS.); id. op. cit. 1855, p. 278 (Red Sea); Bp. Nairn. 1854, p. 212; id. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856); Blasius, J.f. 0. 1865, p. 378; Antin. § Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 156 (1873). ' Larus crassirostris, Licht (nee Vieill.) Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: Arabian coast). Larus hempriclii, Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 350 (Red Sea); Konig-Warth. Ibis, 18(50, p. 129 (Aniarat Is., Red Sea, "breeding); Heugl. in Beterm. Mittk. 1861, p. 29 & p. 312 (Lower Red "Sea); Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Lari, p. 32 (1863); A. E. Brehm, Beis. Habesch, p. 228 (1863); Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 302, pi. xxvii. (1870) ; Blanford, Geol. $ Zool Abyss, p. 441 (1870: Lower Red Sea); Finsch 8f Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 823 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 114, no. 10979 (1871: Gulf of Aden); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1399, tab. 36. fig. 2 (1873); Blanford, East. Bersia, ii. p. 292 (1876: Aden to Karachi); Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 279 (1873 : Sind) ; id. op. cit. iv. p. 414 (1876 : Bombay) ; Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. 1877, p. 32 (Nice [?]); Butler, Str. Feath. v. p. 296 (1877: Astolah L, breeding) ; Saunders, B. Z. S. 1878, p. 193 (revision) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: List); Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 439 (1881: as far east as Bombay); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 276 (1884: Shoa); Yerbury <$• Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 22 (Aden); Sharpe, t. c. p. 168 (Muscat); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Manda L, East Africa, abundant); Gates, 2nd ed. Humes N. fy E. Ind. B. iii. p. 293 (1890: Astolah I.); Hartert, Hat. Vogelsamml Senchenb. p. 241 (1891: Red Sea); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 176 (Aden); Finn, t. c. p. 233 (Aden); Beichenow, Vdg. Beutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 19 (1894: Tanga). Adelolarus crassirostris (nee Vieill.), Heine fy Beichenow, Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890). Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar in pattern to the preceding, but larger, and brown, instead of black and slate-colour. Head and throat coffee-brown, darkening on the nape and contrasting strongly with the white lower neck; eyelids white; mantle and wing-coverts coffee-brown ; the long secondaries with pale tips ; the principal secondaries with blackish centres and broad white edges, which form a conspicuous alar band ; primaries chiefly blackish, the 4th and succeeding ones with white tips, which increase ascendingly *, tail white; abdomen and lower breast white; flanks and upper breast greyish brown ; under wing umber-brown: bill rather stout, greenish yellow to the angle, which is zoned with black, the anterior portion reddish; iris hazel; tarsi and toes olive-green. Total length 17-5 inches, culmen 2*25, wing 13*25, tail 5-5, tarsus 2, middle toe with claw 1*8. The sexes appear to be alike in size as well as plumage. Immature and Young. Allowing for the browner tint generally, the phases of plumage are precisely like those of L. leucophthalmus, except that there is no grey tint in the tail-feathers, and these are more broadly tipped with white : bill, tarsi, and toes darker than in the adult. Hah. Lower Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, coast of East Africa down to Q 09 Tanga. Arabian and Mekran coast, and India as far as Bombay. Like L. leucophtlialmus, said to have been obtained at Nice, and by the same dealer. a. Juv. sk. Jedda (Zohrab). Shelley Coll. b, c. Ad. et juv, MaSMiwah, August {IF. T. Blan- Abyssinian Expetl sk. d. Vix ad. sk. Zoulla, June (IF. P. Blanford). Abyssinian Exped. e,f Imm. sk. Zoulla, June (IF. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. #. Vix ad. sk. Zoulla, June ( W. Jesse). H. Saunders Coll. h. Vix ad. sk. Aden {JE. L. Layard). Purchased. 2~m. J juv. et Aden, October {JE. L. Layard). H. Saunders Coll. imm. sk. n. Imm. sk. Aden, August (JT. T. Blanford). Abyssinian Exped. o, p. Ad. sk Aden (Capt. H. Feilden, It A.), II. Saunders Coll. q. L<$ ad.; r. Juv. Manda Island (November). F. J. Jackson, Esq. sk. LP.]. s-z. cJ S imm.; Muscat, S. Arabia, Feb. Hume Coll. a'-e'. 6 2 juv. sk. f. £ imm. sk. Gwader, Mekran Coast, Jan. \V. T. Blanford g'-ri. 6 S imm. Gwader, Mekran CoavL Feb. Hume Coll. et vix ad. sk. o. S vix ad. sk. Pusni, Mekran Coast, Feb. Hume Coll. p', q'. $ ad. sk. Near Astolah, Mekran Coast, May Hume Coll. 27 {Col.E.A. Butter). r'. § imm. sk. Soonmeani Bav, Mekran Coast, Hume Coll. Feb. {A. 0. II.). s'. <$ ad. sk. Cape Monze, Sind, Feb. 27 ( W. Hume Coll. T. Blanford). t'. Irani, sk. Karachi. Sind, Jan. (W. T. H. Saunders Coll. Blanford). u'-td. cJimm.sk. Karaclii, Sind, Feb. {A. O. H.). Hume Coll. x'. S juv. sk. Karachi, Sind, March (W. T. Hume Coll. Blanford). y',z', a". J vix Karachi, Sind, April {Col. JE. A. Hume Coll. ad. sk. Butler). b". Sternum. Massowa(PF. T. Blanford). Abyssinian Exped. 16. Larus Miginosus. Larus fuliginosus, Gould, in Darwin's Voy. i Beagle, Birds, p. 141 (1841 : James I., Galapagos); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 170 (1844: partim, as regards the Galapagos); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1840); Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125 (Voy. < Eugenie ') ; Scl. $ 8alv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 573 (Neotrop. Larinee); iid. Nomenel Av. Neotrop. p. 148 (1873); Salvin, Tr. Zool. iSoe. ix. p. 505, l. lxxxvii. (1876) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 184 (revision jarinse); id. Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv. p. 396 (1878 : distribution) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. xii. p. 116 (1891). Leiicopkaaus fuliginosus, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 20 ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 232 (1857); id. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856). Adelarus neptunus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 232 (1857). Blasipus belcheri (part.), Blasius (nee Vigors), J. f. O. 1865, p. 378 (revision). Larus heermanni (part.), Gray (nee Cass.), Uand-l. B. iii. p. 116, no. 11012 (1871: as regards the Galapagos Is.). 15. LAittrs. 22X Adult male in hreeding-^lumage. Head all round black, eyelids white; upper surface chiefly dark lead-grey ; secondaries paler and almost white at their tips, forming* by contrast a fairly conspicuous alar band ; primaries chiefly black, tipped with grey from tho 4th upwards, and passing into lead-grey from the 6th inwards; tail- coverts rather pale grey; rectrices much darker grey, except the two outer pairs ; under tail-coverts nearly white ; abdomen pale lead-grey, flanks darker; upper breast and under wing-coverts darkest: bill stout, and short in front of the angle, lake-red ; tarsi and toes livid black. Total length 17*2 inches, culmen 2, wing 14, tail 6'5, tarsus 2*2, middle toe with claw 2. Adult female. Similar, but decidedly smaller. Length 15 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 12-8, tarsus 2*1. Immature. Similar, but more uniformly sooty in general appearance : the hood less defined, the alar band dull grey and inconspicuous ; the rectrices with remains of a black subterminal baud: tarsi and toes reddish brown. Young. Head dark sooty brown; mantle and wing-coverts rather paler brown at the edges of the feathers; quills and tail-feathers dark umber-brown ; tail-coverts paler, and the flanks inclining to grey; under surface brown, darkest on the upper breast: bill, tarsi, and toes reddish black. It will be seen that L. fuliginosus differs materially from the next section of Gulls—the species peculiar to the Pacific—inasmuch as it has a well-defined black hood and a perfectly plain unhanded tail. In the following group the tail exhibits more or less black in the adult, while the head is white or pale grey. Hob. Galapagos Archipelago. a. Vix ad, st. James Is., Galapagos [? an typus]. Sir W. Burnett and OaptFitzroy.R.N. [P.]. h. Yix ad. sk. James Is., Galapagos. Charles Darwin, Esq. [P.]c. <5 ad. sk. Abingdon Is., Galapagos (Dr. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. Mabel). d. 9 juv. sk. Indefatigable Is., Galapagos, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. (Dr. A. Kabel). e. 2 ad. sk. Indefatigable Is., Galapagos, Aug. H. Saunders Coll. (Dr. A. Habel). 17. Larus modestus. Larus modestus, TschudU Wiegm. Arch. 1843, pt. i. p. 389 ; id. Faun. Peruan.,Aves, p. 53 & p. 306, pi. 35 (1845-46); Gray, Gen. JB. iii. p. 654 (1846); Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. i. p. 483 (1847) ; Eeiclienb. Natat. Novit, xii. tab. 275. fig. 2284 (1852); Peh. Reis. Novara, Vb'g. p. 151 (1S65: Chile); Scl. <$• Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 573; iid. NomencL Av. Neotrop. p. 148 (1873) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 116, no. 11010 (1871: Chile); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 183 (revision Larinse); id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 396 (1878: distribution) ; Salmn, Cat StricH. Coll. p. 620 (1882: Chile); Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 449 (1886) ; Berlepsch fy Stolzm. P. Z. S.1892, p. 400. 224 LABIDiE, Lams fuliginosus (part.), Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 170 (1844: as regards Oliile). Larus bridges!, Fraser, R Z. S. 1845, p. 16; id. Zool. Typ. pi. OS (1849: Chile); Reichenb. Natat. Novit. xviii. tab. 281. fig. 2317 (1852)• Cassin, U.S. Astronom. Exped. ii. p. 205 (1855 : Chile). Blasipus bridges!, Brucli, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 108; id. op. oit. 1855, p. 280; Bp. Bev. Zool 1855, p. 21; id. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 212 (1857); Blasius, J. f. O. 1865, p. 378 (revision). Chroicocephalus modestus, Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 98 (1854). Larus polios, Natt. MS. ride Bp. Bev. Zool. 1855, p. 21; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 212 (1857). Epitelolarus niodestus, Heine <§• Reiclienow, No?nencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890). Adult in breeding-plumage. Forehead and chin white, gradually shading into pale grey on the crown and throat, and darker grey on the neck and underparts• mantle, wing-coverts, and long inner second aries lead-colour; principal secondaries with black centres and wide white edges to their outer webs, forming a conspicuous alar band ; quills chiefly sooty black, the four upper ones tipped with greyish white; tail-feathers plumbeous, with a subterminal black band, which varies in completeness and definition with the age of the feathers—being broad and crossing both webs when the feather is new, while sometimes reduced to a spot on each web when the feather is old; the tips of the rectrices grey, whiter on the outer most ; under wing-coverts dark brownish grey : " iris black" {Rowland) ; bill, tarsi, and toes black with a reddish tinge. Total length 18 inches, culrnen 2 to 2*1, wing 13, tail 5*5; tarsus 1*9, rather slender; middle toe with claw 1*75, delicate, claw curved. The male is probably a trifle larger, with a more robust bill than the female, but the specimens in which the sex has been ascertained by dissection are few in number. Cassin (U.S. Astronom. Exped.) thought that it was the male which had the wide black band on the tail, while this was imperfect in the female, but his view requires confirmation. Immature. Similar, but with a duller tinge; the head dirty white to brownish on the nape and throat, where the colour deepens and forms a faint collar: bill, tarsi, and toes dark reddish brown. Young. Much browner on the upper and under surfaces; the primaries and secondaries dark umber-brown, with narrow tawny edges to the latter; tail-coverts dull grey; rectrices dark brown with paler tips. Bah. Coasts of Peru and Chile: inland as far as Santiago. «z,b. Juv. et Chile {Bridges). Purchased. vix ad. sk. o. Vix ad. sk. Valparaiso (Bridges). Purchased. (Type of L. bridgesi, Eraser.) d. Vix ad. sk. Near Valparaiso. H. Berkeley James, Esq. . Juv. sk. Islay, Peru (II W.). Tweeddale Coll. h. Ad. sk. San Lorenzo L, Callao Bay II. Saunders Coll. {Admiral Markham). i. Juv. sk. Callao Bay, Aug. (Admiral II. Saunders Coll. Markham). k. Imm. sk. Callao Bay (R. Jump). H. Saunders Coll. 20. Larus crassirostris. Larus crassirostris, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 508 (1818, er Krusenstern) (Nagasaki, Japan) ; id. Erie. Mtth. i. p. 34G (1820); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 428 (Formosa); id. P. Z. S.1863, p. 326 (China); Schley. Mm. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 8 (1863); Gray, Hand4. B. in. p. 113, no. 10177 (1871) • Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421 ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 164 (Ilakodadi); o 5 228 LARIDJ3. id. op.cib. 1875, p. 158 (Cliefoo) ; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 519 (1877); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 183 (revision Larinas); id, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv. p. 396 (1878: distribution); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 477 (Vladivostok): Gigl. § Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 593 (Corea); Salvad. § Gigl. Mem. Accad. Tor. xxxix. pp. 120, 133, 141 (1889); Nikolski, Osfrov. Sakhalin i Fauna, p. 271 (1889: Saghalien I.) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 293 (1890); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 96 (Tsu-sima Is., Japan) ; Campbell, t. c. p. 246 (Corea) ; Be la Touche, t. c. p. 501 (Foochow, Sec.) ; Taczan. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 1037 (1893: E. Siberia). Lams melanurus, Temm. PL Col livr. 77, pi. 459 (1828) ; Temm. § Schleg. Faim. Japon., Av. p. 132, pi. 88 (1850); Cass. Perry's U.S. Expl Exped. p. 232 (1858: Hakodadi) ; Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 133 (Amoy) ; id. op. cit. 1861, pp. 261, 345 (N. China) ; Blakist. op. cit. 1862, pp. 311, 332 (Hakodadi); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Tog. p. 386 (1863); Whiteley, Ibis, 1867, p. 210 (N. Japan) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 603 (descr. soft parts); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 264 (Abrek Bay); Bolau, J.f.O. 1882, p. 343 (Askold); Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 508 (Lower Yangtse). Adelarus melanurus, Bruch, J.f O. 1853, p. 107 ; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 279. Blasipus eras&irostris, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211; id. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Omsp. Av. ii. p. 212 (1857); Blasius, J.f.O. 1865, p. 378 (revision). Larus fuscus (nee Linn.), Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 1C0 (Japan). Larus belcheri, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 160 (Japan). Blacipus crassirostris, Heine fy Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890 : Japan). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail-coverts, and entire under surface white; mantle and wings slate-grey, scapulars edged with white; secondaries very broadly edged with white; the five outer primaries blackish, with white tips which increase in size ascendingly, edges of inner webs rather paler, inclining to grey; upper primaries chiefly slate-grey, with broad white tips and white margins to the inner webs: rectrices white, tinged with pale grey on the basal half, followed by a black band about 2 inches wide, extending more or less over all except the outer pair, which are white, as are the tips of all; under wing-coverts white: bill greenish yellow to the angle, which is red like the tip, with a black zone intervening: " iris pale straw-yellow; eye-rim vermilion " (SwinJwe) ; tarsi and toes yellow, with a greenish tinge. Total length 19 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 15, tail 6, tarsus 2, middle toe with claw 1*9. The female is a trifle smaller or less robust. In some adults, possibly less mature than the above, only the outer web of the outermost tail-feather is white, the inner web having a black subterminal band; but the excess of white in the bird called " mature " may very well be owing to the disappearance of black consequent upon the age of the feather. Nearly adult in winter plumage. Similar, but with a little greyish brown on the head and nape ; the basal portion of the bill greener. I do not think that the fully adult undergoes any seasonal alteration. 15 . LAKHS. 22i) Young. Upper and under surfaces chiefly brown, lightest on the forehead and throat and darkest on the nape and upper breast; feathers of the mantle and wing-coverts with buff margins which gradually wear off; quills and rectrices dark brown, the latter tipped with dull white; abdomen whitish; flanks, breast, and under wing somewhat pale brown: bill ochre-brown, with black tip ; tarsi and toes yellowish brown. In a more advanced stage and after the first important moult, the brown of the upper parts gradually gives place to grey, the outer primaries are blacker, while the upper ones show distinctly white tips ; the rectrices brownish black, with conspicuous whitish tips; the under surface dirty white, browner on the flanks and neck. Immature. Head and under parts white, as in the adult; mantle slate-grey, with some brown on the wings ; secondaries with whitish tips and margins; tail-feathers white at their bases, and the outer web of the outer pair iron-grey, inclining to whito. Ilab. Coast of Eastern Asia, from the Island of Saghalien southward, through Japanese and Chinese waters to about 22° K lat. a-c. Juv. sk. Amoy, Jan .-March (R. Swin-H. Saunders Coll. hoe). d-f. Ad. et juv. Amoy, Dec. & March (B. S.). H. Seebohm Coll. sk. g. 5 juv. sk. Amoy, Jan. (/. A. Budding). Salvin-Godman Coll. h. Juv, sk. Formosa ( Verreaux). H. Saunders Coll. i-l. 3 2 ad. sk. Chefoo, July (B. Swmhoe). H. Saunders Coll. m. Imm. sk. Chefoo, July(£. S.\ II. Seebohm Coll. n. Juv. sk. Chefoo, Oct. (G. Stephen). II. Saunders Coll. o. S ad. sk. Taalienwan, June (B. Sivinhoe). II. Saunders Coll. p. Ad. sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq. q. $ ad. sk. Chemulpo, Corea, Aug. C.W.Campbell, Esq. [P.]. r, s. <5 ? ad. sk. Tsu-shima Is., Krusenstern Seebohm Coll. Channel, Feb. (A. Hoist). t. Ad. sk. Hamilton Island. A. G. Wilday, Esq. [C.]. u-w. S ? ad. et Hamilton Island (Port HamilII. Saunders Coll. juv. sk. ton), Sept., Dec. (G. Stephen). x-z. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. a'. $ ad. sk. Japan. Salvin-Godman ColL b\ ys. fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv & p. 242 (1840); Schleq. Rev. Crit. p. exxvii (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 054 (1846); Degl Orn. Eur. ii. p. 318 (1849); Beugl. Syst. Uebers. p. CO (1850: Lower Egypt); Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 252 (1857 : Senegal); Linderm. Yog. Griechenl. p. 178 (1860); Renal in Petenn. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Gulf of Suez); Tristram, Ibis] 1862, p. 279 (Jaffa); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 151 (Malta); Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 126 (1864); Degl. # Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 422 (1867); Doderl Arif. Sicil. p. 236 (1869); Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 9 & p. 18 (Tor, Sinai Peninsula); Ehves fy Buckley, t c. p. 337 (Turkey); Maunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S.W. Spain); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 306 (1872); HewjL Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 2, p. 1412 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 347 (Sardinia) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 212 (1875); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 291 (1876: Mekran coast); Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed. v. p. 72 (1876); Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. 1877, p. 204 (S.W. Spain, "breeding); Taylor, Ih\ 1878, p. 373 (Port Said); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 191 (revision Larinse); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 389, pi. 601. fig. 2 (1878); Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 346 (Guadalquivir, breeding); Hume, Str. F. Tiii. p. 115 (1879: List) ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 86 (S.W. Spain, breeding) ; Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 335 (1884 : Cape Verde); Tristram, Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 137 (1884) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Mokri, Asia Minor); Skarpe,Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao, breeding); Chapman, Wild Spain, p. 90 (1893: breeding); Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 299 (1895). Larus genei, Brhne, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 321 (Sardinia). Larus leucocephalus, Boissonneaujn batterer's Miindl. Mittheil., fide Keys, u Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv (1840). Larus tenuirostri*, Temm. Ma?i. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. iv. p. 478 (1840); id. Werner's Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 26; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 489 (1840); Scliinz, Eur. Faun. p. 381 (1840); Crespon, Faune Merid. ii. p. 126 (1844: Camargae, breeding) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 98, cum fig. (1866); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (Caspian, breeding) ; Alleon, Omis, 1886, p. 423 (Dobrudscha, breeding). Xema larnbruschinii, Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 135 & p." 13(3*, pi. 45 (1840: cf. Salvad. Ibis, 1888, p. 323); id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 78 (1842); Jaub. fy B.-Zapomm. Rich. Orn. Midi Fr. p. 394 (1859); Fritsch, Tog. Eur. p. 468 (1870). Xema gelastes, Boie. Isis, 1844, p. 192; Rilpp. Syst. Xlebers. p. 139 (1845: Cairo). * Xema genei, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 192. Ga m gelastes, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 102 ; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 286 • Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 340 (1855); A. E Brehm, Reis. Eabesch, p. 228 (1863). Chroicocepbalus gelastes, Lieht. Nomencl Av. p. 98 (1854); Radde Orn. Cauc.-p. 483 (1884); Radde fy Walter, Omis, 1889, p. 126 (Transcaspia). Larus columbinus, Golowatschoto, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 1854, i. p. 435. Gelastes rubriventris, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 216. Gelastes lambruscbini, Bp. Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1855) ; id. C R xlii. p. 771 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 227 (1857); Locke, Expl 15 . LARUS. 231 Sci. Alger,, Ois. ii. p. 187 (1867); Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 138 (Karachi) ; Heine fy Reich. NomencL Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890). Larus aubroseus, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 69 (1856: Eed Sea); id. Sits. Ah Wiss. Wien, 1856, p. 321; id. in Peterm. Mitth. 1801, p. 29 (cf. Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Bd. 2, p. 1412). Lams brehmi, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 69 (1856: Eed Sea); id. Sitz. Ah. Wiss. Wien, 1856, p. 321; id. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Gfulf of Suez : cf. Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ut supra). Gelastes colurnbinus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 227 (1857: Caspian); Olphe-Gall Orn. Bur. Occid. livr. x. n. 90 (1886). Gelastes leucoceplialus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 227 (1857). Larus larnbruschini, Schleq. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari.p. 28 (1863): Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 274 (1873). Lambruschinia gelastes, Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 128 (1864: type of genus). Gelastes tenuirostris, Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Keneh, Upper Egypt). Gelastes genei, Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 290 (1872) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 219 (Sardinia and Sicily) ; id. Avif. Ital. p. 425 (1886); id. I Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 642 (1889); id. ii. Resoc. p. 652 (1890 : breeds in Sardinia); Saload. Ucc. Ital. p. 285 (1887). Larus arabicus, Hempr. fy Fhrenb., Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 193, note (Arabia: type in Berlin Mus.). Gelastes gelastes, Brusina, Orn. Croatica, p. 94 (1889). Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and under surface white, all except the head being suffused with a beautiful roseate or salmon-pink tint; mantle pearl-grey, wing-coverts a shade darker ; secondaries grey to their tips, without any white edges ; outermost primary white, except the outer web, the tip, and the narrow extreme edge of the inner web, which are black; 2nd quill white on both webs, with a broader black inner border; 3rd similar, with wider inner border; 4th wider black on the inner web, passing into grey near the shaft; 4th and 5th quills grey on both webs, and tipped with white, so that the black now forms a subterminal band; upper quills grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries grey: bill crimson ; " iris white" (E. G. Taylor); tarsi and toes coral-red. Total length 15*5 to 16 inches, culmen 2*25, wing 12*25, tail 5, tarsus 2, middle toe with claw 1*8. The male is a mere trifle larger than the female. Immature. Similar to the above, but the dark markings on the primaries have a browner tint, and narrow lines of black run up from the tips along the outer webs of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quills, while there is more brown in some of the middle primaries. Young. Similar, but without the rose-colour; a little greyish in front of the eye and on the auriculars ; some brown feathers on the upper wing-coverts and long secondaries ; more dark brown on the outer primaries (see cut, p. 232), and a narrow terminal or subterminal band to the rectrices : bill, tarsi, and toes yellow. In its wing-pattern this species decidedly resembles L. ridibundus, and is not unlike it in winter plumage, though larger. L. gelastes is, however, a frequenter of sea or salt water, and nests 232 LABIDiW. on sand-banks. The eggs much resemble those of some of the large Terns : e. g. S. cantiaca, S. bergii, &c. Larus gelastes, juv. Hdb. South-western Europe and West Coast of Africa, perhaps as far south as Senegambia; Mediterranean, Black, Azoff, and Caspian Seas; lied Sea to Jeddah j Mesopotamia, Persian Gulf, Mekran Coast to Karachi. a. <$ ad. sk. Gulf of Corinth, Nov. (Commr. H. Saunders Coll. MacFarlane). b. 2 ad. sk. Western Turkey, June (Schluter). H. Saunders Coll. c. Juv. sk. " South Russia." H. Saunders Coll. clr-f. $ J ad. sk. Knasib, Black Sea, May-June H. Saunders Coll. (Cullen). g. $ imm. sk. Port Said, Egypt (Schluter). H. Saunders Coll. h. ad. sk. Jeddah, March 13 (Zohrab). Shelley Coll. i,k. c?2juv.sk. Near Babylon, Eiver Tigris IndiaMuseum[P.]. (Commr. Jones), Z, m. cT ad.; n, Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept.-Oct. W. D. Cumming, o. Juv.; p. Esq. [P.]. Vix ad. sk. q. § ad. sk. G wader, Mekran Coast, Feb. Hume Coll. r. (S ad. sk. Ras Malan, Mekran Coast, Nov. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1 s-c'. £ $ ad. ; Karachi, Sind, Feb. (A. O. Hume). Hume Coll. 2 vix ad.; tf $ imm. sk. d'-k'. J $ ad. Karachi, Sind, March, April, May Hume Coll. et <$ imm. sk. (Col. H. A. Butler). 15. LARUS. 233 22. Larus bulleri. Gavia pomare, Bruch, J.f.O. 1855, p. 285 (not of 1853, winch is L. novcB-hollandicB). Bruchigavia melanorhynchus, Butter, Ibis, 1869, p. 43 {nee L. melanorhynchus, Temm.). Larus (Bruchigavia) melanorhynchus, Finsch, Ibis, 1869, p. 381; Trovers, Tr. N. Z. Inst 1871, p. 209. Larus melanorhynchus, Finsch {nee Temm.), J. f. 0. 1870, p. 361; Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 396 (Auckland). Larus bulleri, Button, Cat. B. N. Zeal. p. 41 (1871); Potts, Ibis, 1872, p. 38 (Canterbury, N. Z.); Butter, B. N. Zeal. p. 276, pi. xxviii. hinder fig. (1873) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 58, pi. xxix. front fig. (1888); id. Man. N. Zeal. B. p. 78, pi. xxxii. (1882); Hutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 41; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 190 (revision Larinse); id. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv. p. 398 (1878: distribution) ; jff. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530 (Chatham Is.). Larus pomare, Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 248 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 204; Sharpe, Voy. Freb. $ Terr., Birds, App. p. 32 (1875). Adult male. Head, neck, tail, and the under surface pure white (with an evanescent rosy tint) ; mantle pearl-grey; tips of the long inner secondaries a shade paler, but no alar bar; outer primary chiefly white, with some black on the outer web and more on the Larus bulleri, ad. margin of the inner web ; 2nd and 3rd quills similar, but with black subterminal bars (see cut above) ; 4th quill with a little grey on the inner web; 5th and 6th grey on both webs, all with subterminal 234 LAKIDJE. bars; remaining quills plain grey; under wing-coverts greyish: bill, tarsi, and toes black, with a reddish tinge; iris white. Total length 14*5 inches, culracn 1*8, wing 11*8, tail 4*8, tarsus 1-65, middle toe with claw 1*5. In loss mature birds the 1st quill has a black subterminal bar, and the black of the inner web extends inwards nearly to the shaft about halfway up. The female is slightly smaller, but otherwise like the male. Young. Similar, but the feathers of the upper surface slightly tipped and spotted with clove-brown; quills with more dark colour, reaching completely to the shafts on the inner webs of the 1st and 2nd (see cut beloiv); tail with the merest trace of a brown bar, which is soon lost: bill yellow, horn-colour anteriorly; tarsi and toes dull yellow. Larus bulkri, JUT. Fledgling (coll. Hon. W. Eothschild). Feathers of the upper surface edged with warm buff; tail without any decided band, but merely marked with irregular narrow wavy bars on a buff ground on the terminal half of the rectrices (much as in a Common Snipe). Hob. New Zealand, chiefly on the inland lakes and rivers, but descending the latter to their estuaries and occurring on the coast. This species appears to bo largely insectivorous; its wing-pattern and the tail-pattern of the young are peculiar, and it seems to have no very close allies. 15, LAiirs. 233 a. Vix ad. sk. b. $ &<*• sk- New Zealand. New Zealand (Boucard). Sir W. L. Buller [P.]. II. Saunders Coll. c. $ ad. sk. Selwyn,N.Z., Sept. (Haast). II. Saunders Coll. to 12, tail 5 to 5*5, tarsus H) to 2, middle too with claw 1"7. In loss mature—but undoubtedly breeding—birds the mirrors on the 1st and 2nd quills are smaller, while there is no mirror and little basal white on the tel: but there is every intermediate stage between tho extremes mentioned. The female appears to bo slightly sandier, with a less robust hill; but. there is considerable individual variation in size in both sexes, quite irrespective of locality. Young. Similar, but mottled with brown on tho mantle and wings ; tail-feathers with a narrow subterminal band of brown; the three outer quills brownish black, with a long irregular patch of white on the 4th from the base of the outer web to about tho middle of the inner web ; secondaries with ash-brown centres: bill horn- brown, blackish terminally ; "iris brown" (Coppiuger); tarsi and toos " grey " (Copphiger), drying brown. Immature, Similar, but the mantle nearly unspotted grey; a large proportion of white on the primaries, beginning at the shafts; the brown band on the tail confined to the inner rectrices. Nestling. Mottled brown above, the sprouting feathers with dark centres and broad buff edges ; under surface white. Hah. Coasts of Australia (except the \\ estern side) and Tasmania ; New Caledonia; perhaps the Fiji group; ascribed to the Society Islands by French writers [?]. a. Ad. sk. New Caledonia (J. Mac- II, Saunders Coll. gillivray). b. <$ imm. sk. Ansevata, New Caledonia, II. Saunders Coll. Sept. 1877 (R L. Layard). c. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. d. Pull. sk. Channel Rock, Torres Strait, Voy. II.M.S. Alert' June (Dr. Coppinger), e,f. d ? ad.; g. Thursday I., Torres Str., Aug. Voy. H.M.S Alert' Juv. sk. Ilowick I., Torres Str. J. R. Elsey, Esq. h. $ vix ad. sk. [I'-] i-m. Ad. sk. Cape York (Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll. w. Ad.; o. S Eaino Isl., Torres Str. Gould Coll. imm. sk. p} g. d $ ad. sk. Raine Isl., Torres Str. Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.' r. Ad. sk. Cape Upstart, Queensland. J. B. Jukes, Esq. cp.]. s, t. Vix ad et Port Mackay, Queensland II. Saunders Coll. juv. sk. (Bowen). u. Imm. sk. Richmond River, Queensland. II. Saunders Coll v. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Mus. ?/\ Ad. sk. Port Jackson, Queensland. Australian Mus, ;.t4 Imm, st. 238 LutiD.rc. t/. Ad. 8k. Yarra, Victoria. Gould Coll. z. Ad. Hk. «'. Skeleton. South Australia. Tasmania. Sir (I Grey [P.]. Purchased. //. Skull Australia. Vo\. Il.M.S.'ltartlosnake' [P.]. 24. Larus scopulimis. Larus seopulhiiw, Gray, in Dieffenb. N. Zeal ii. App. p. 200 (1813 ; ex Font. MS.); Font. Deser.Jnim.}). 100 & p. 257 (1814 : New Zealand); Reie/tenb. Natal., Kovit. xii. tab. celxxv. iigs. 2282 & "22m; tichhy.Mv*. I\~Bas, Lari, p. 28 (1803); Mutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 360 (Auekland); Fime/i, J. f. 0. 1870, p. 800; .Hi/taw, Orf. New Zeal II p. 40 (1871) ; ?V/. 2&w, 1872, p. 248 (Chatham Is.); Bailer, B. A. Zeal p. 273 (1873); Mutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 41 (plumage); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 188 (revision Larina)); id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool xiv. p. 397 (1878 : distribution); Beisc/iek, Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1886, p. 183 (Little Barrier Reef) ; Butter, 2nd ed. B. N. Zeal ii. p. 55, pi. xxix. hinder tig. (1888); II. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 529 (Chatham Is.). Larus novoo hollaudise, Gray (nee Sfep7i.)1 Voy. Ereb. § Terr., Birds, p. 18 (1844: New Zealand) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 241; id. op. cit 1874, p. 203; tiharjpe, Voy. Ereb. # Terr., Birds, App. p. 32 (1875); Butter, 2nd ed. B. N. Zeal ii. p. 61 (1888 : juv.). Larus jamesoui, Gray, List B. Brit, Mas., Anseres, p. 171 (1844: partim; as regards Auckland Is.) j Pelz. Meis. Kovara, Yog. p. 151 (1865: New Zealand). Lestris scopulinus, Ellman, Zool 1861, p. 7472. Larus andersonii, Gray (nee Brueh), Mand-l. B. iii. p. 116, no. 11004 (1871: New Zealand). Adult, Smaller than, the preceding species but otherwise verisimilar, except as regards the pattern of the outer primaries. These have angular-edged mirrors on 1st and 2nd quills, while on 3rd there is no mirror, but the basal half is white (see cut, p. 239): "iris silvery white" (Buller) ; bill, eyelids, tarsi, and toes crimson. Total length about 14-5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 11, tail 5, tarsus 1-75, middle toe with claw 1*75. The male is a trifle larger and more robust than the female. Young and Immature, As in the former species, except that two small elongated white patches or incipient mirrors make their appearance in the two outer pairs of primaries (see cut, p. 239), while the bird has still a spotted back and a banded tail. Mah. New Zealand, Chatham and Auckland Islands. Examples from the last have unusually short stout bills. a. Ad. sL New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.]. b. Juv. st. New Zealand (Antarctic Exp.). The Admiralty [P.], c. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Sir E. Home [P.J. df e. (S $ ad,; / . Auckland Islands, S. of New The Admiralty [P.]. Imm. sk. Zealand (Antarctic Exp.), g. . ii. p. 227 (1857); Marti. Faun. Madag. p. So (1861) f. ? Larus pyocephalus, ftfmy, Ibis, 1860, p. 221 (Natal Bav). Larus poiocephalus, Layard (nee Swains.), B. & Afr.j*. && (186/). Larus cirrhocephalus, Marti. Orn. Madag. p. 378 (1877). Larus ridibundus, Schl $ Poll. Fame Madag., Ois. p. 146 (1868) [seen only]. Larus hartlaubi, Sound. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 293; id. op. eit. 1878, p. 188 (revision Larinse); id. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.'ssv^j*. 398 (1878 : distribution); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 098 (1884). Adult. Smaller than L. scopidinus, but otherwise very similar, but the mirrors on the outer primaries are smaller; the 3rd quill has far less white on its basal portion (see cut% while on the 4th 2 Larus hartlaubi. * Type in Mainz Museum examined, f Specimen in Paris Museum examined. 15. LIB US. 241 the black of the Inner web extends nearer to the shaft; the under wing-coverts uniform smoke-grey: bill, tarsi, and toes crimson; iris white, eyelid red. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 10*75, tail 4-75, tarsus 1*7, middle toe with claw 1*5. ^ Birds which are probably younger have duller bills &nd feet, with less white in the primaries. Immafure. Like L. seopidinus, but the quills of a browner black, with rather less white at the same age. ^Eah. South, coast of Africa from the Cape of Good Hope to Xatal; also Madagascar. c Imin. stb. Ad. et. c. Ad. sk. d. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Cape of Good Hope. Cape of Good Hope. Cape of Good Hope (E. Layard). L. Sir A. Smith [P.], J. Gould, Esq. J. Gould, Esq. H. Saunders Coll. €, / . Ad. sk. Table Bay, Aug. (E, L. LayH. Saunders Coll. g. Ad. sk. ard). Natal {Col. B. W. Feilde?i). H. Saunders Coll. 26. Larus marmiis. The Great Black and White Gull, Albin, Nat Hist. B. iii. p. 89, pL 94 (1740); Pennant, Brit Zool. (fol.) p. 140, pi. 1. (1766); id. 2nd ed. p. 410 (1788). Le Gtiiland noir, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 158 (1760). Larus marinus, Linn. Si/st, Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) ; P. L. S. Mull. S. N p. 346 (1773); Mohr, Island Naturk. p. 42 (1766); Fabr. Faun. Grmnl. p. 102 (1780); Gm. S. N. i. p. 598 (1788); Betziui, F. Suec. p. 156 (1790); Bonn. Em. Meth. i. p. 84 (1790); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 813 (1790) ; Bechst. Naturg. Deutsehl. ii. p. 815 (1791); Wolf Sf Meyer, Naturg. Tog. Deutsehl Heft six. p. 53, cum tab. (1805); Meyer $* Wolf, Taschenb. Tog. Deutsehl ii. p. 465 (1810): Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 321 (1811: Baltic); Meyer, Vog. Lio- u. Esthl. p. 230 (1815); Meisner 4" Schinz, Vog. Schioeiz, p. 266 (1815); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 490 (1815) ; Koch, Si/st Baier. Zool. p. 370 (1816); Miss. Orn. Suec. p. 164 (1817); Ciwier, Pegne An., Ois. p. 340, Atlas, pi. 92 (1817); E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 543 (1818: Baffin B., once); Temm. Man. d'Om. 2nd ed. p. 760 (1820); Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562; Brehm, Togelh. iii. p. 756 (1822); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 82 (1823: Iceland) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 735 (1824); Macgill Mem. Wern. Soe. v. p. 255 (1824); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 241 (c. 1826); TieUl. Faun. Franc., Ois. p. 392 (1828); Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ii. p. 362 (1828); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 17 (1828) ; Fleming, Brit An. p. 140 (1828); Brehm, Tog. Deutsehl. p. 731 (1831); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 507, pi. xcvii. (1833); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 308 (1834); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Tertebr. p. 278 (1835); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 305 (1835), and v. p. 636 (1839); Ei/ton, Cat Brit. B. p. 53 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 430 (1837); Bp. Co?np. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 63 (1838); Audub. Synop. p. 329 (1839); Nawn. Tog. Deutsehl. x. p. 438, taf. 268, 269 (1840); Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 379 (1840); Temm. Man. d'Om. e*d. % 4m* pte. p. 471 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 481 (1840) ; Keys. %- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvii & p. 245 (1840); Macgill Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 244 (1842) ; Selys-Longeh. Faun. Belg. p. 154 VOL. XXV. B IARIDJE. (1842); Gray, List B. Brit. Mns., Anseres, p. 168 (1844); Schl. llev. Crit. p. cxxiv (1844); M'uhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 145 (1844); Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 123 (1844); Girand, B. Long IsL p. 301 (1844}; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 172, pi. 450 (1844); Rlipp. Syst Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Damietta); Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 591 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 447, pi. cxxviii. fig. 1 (1846); Degl. Orn. Bur. ii. p. 301 (1849); Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. v. (1850) ; id. Av. Syst Nat, Longip. pp. iv, v (1852) ; Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 377 (1851); Kjarb. Danm. Fugle, p. 324, tab. xlii. (1852); id. op. cit., Suppl. tab. xxiii. (1854); Macgitt. Brit. B. v. p. 526 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 596, pis. 343 & 344 (1854); Bp. Naitm. 1854, p. 211; Licht. Nomenel Av. p. 99 (1854) ; Brehm,Nawn, 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 338 (1855); HeugL Syst. Uebers. p. 69 (1856: Lower Egypt); Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 159, pi. 310 (1857); Baird, Cass., # Laiur. B. N. Amer. p. 844 (1858) ; Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. no. 660 (1859); Jaub. et B.- Laponim. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 389 (1859); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 177 (I860) j Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 16 (Greenland); Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 235 (1861); Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 10 (1863); Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 418 (1863); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 231 (1863); Salvad. JJcc. Sard. p. 130 (1864) ; Bias. J. f. 0. 1865, p. 379 (critical); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 413 (1867); Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutschL p. 143 (1869) ; Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 232 (1869); Droste, Vogehv. Borhum, p. 353 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 427, tab. 56. fig. 8 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S.W. Spain) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 488 (1871); G.R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 112 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 295 (1872); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 223 (near Canaries); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872); Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. 50. fig. 5 (1872); Sharpe $ Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 427, pi. 604 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 312 (1872); Collett, Forh. Selsk, Christ, pp. 87S, 297 (N. Norway); Ralmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 601 (1873) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 55 (1873); Marchand, Rev. Zool. 1873, pi. 12 (nestling); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 13d. ii pt. 2, p. 1379 (1873); Finsch, Abh. Verh. Brem. v. p. 364 (1873: S. Greenland); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 624 (1874); Ridqw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois); Neiotim, Arctic Man. p. 107 (1875 : Greenland, 63°~68° N.); Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 215 (1875); Seebohm Sf H-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 452 (Lower Petcliora); Merriam, B. Conn. pp. 132, 142, & 146 (1877); Collett, N. Mag. Naturv. p. 209 (1877: N. Norway); Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 489 (Bermuda); Saunders, R. Z. S. 1878, p. 179 (revision Larinse); Kuml. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15 p. 99 (1879: Greenland up to 70° N.); Rodd, B. Cornw. p. 173 (1880); Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 483 (1881: to Florida in winter); Clarke, Handb. Yorks. Vertebr. p. 83 (1881) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 221 (Italy, rare); Coues, Check-l N. Amer, B. p. 120 (1882); Seebohm (Eenke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Kanin Peninsula, breeds); Brewster, Rr. Bost Soc. N. H. xxii. p. 395 (1883: St. Lawr. Gulf); Ridgw. Cat. B. Fish. Exhib. p. 30, no. 663 (1883: Labrador); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 189 (Santander, imm.); Rochebr. Faun. Sintg., Ois. p. 333 (1884: Cape Blanco &c.) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 39 (S.W. France); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 742 (1884) ; Stearns, Rr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1884: Labrador, breeds); Baird, Brew., fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. 15. LARUS. 243 ii. p. 225 (1884); Saunders, Uh ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 631 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 479 (1884: not on Caspian); Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 323 (1885); Bikhner, Beitr. Buss. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 131 (1885 : St. Petersburg); Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80; Liitken, t c. p. 145; D. Torre $ Tsch. t. c. p. 560 (Hungary) ; Albarda, t c. p. 629 (Holland); Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 633 (1886); Grd)idal, Ornis, 1886, p. 370 (Iceland); Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Upp. Alsace); Salvad. Ucc. Ital p. 287 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 396 (Portugal) j Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 28 (1887); Booth, Str. F. iii. cum tabs. (1887); Hartert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180 (E. Prussia); Bhoads, Auk, 1888, p. 318 (39° N., New Jersey); H-Brown 8f Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. $c. p. 233 (1887); iid. Faun. Out. Hebr. p. 148 (1888); Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 506 (Poland, juv.); Cooke, B. Migr. Mississippi Vail p. 55 (1888); M. Chamberlain, Auk, 1889, p. 215 (S. Greenland); Lilford,Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Cyprus) ; Biesenth. Wasservog. Mittelewrop. p. 132 (1889) ; Beichenow, Syst. Verz. Vog. Beutschl p. 63 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 661 (1889); Gigl 1° Resoc. Av. Ital p. 648 (1889); Stevenson fy Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 341 (1890); Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 301 (1890); Gatke, Vogeho. Ilelgol p. 567 (1891); BucklfyH-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 233 (1891); Jdckelu. Bias. Vog. Bayems, p. 362 (1891); Fatio $* Studer, Cat. Ois. Suisse, pp. 60, 61 (1892) ; Maepherson, Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, p. 432 (1892;; JE-Br. Sf Buckl. Faun. Argyll $c. p. 192 (1892); & Urban $ Mathetv, B. Devon, p. 380 (1892); Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 (E. Prussia); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries, rare); Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123 (distribution); White, t. c. p. 222 (Mackinac I , Mich.) ; Zilford, Col Figs. Br. B. pt. xxv. (1893); A. Dubois, Vertebr. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 583, pi. 291 (1894): Pearson $ Bidio. Ibis, 1894, p. 236 (N. Norway); Mathew, B. Pembrokesh. p. 105 (1894); Collett, Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 309 (1894: Norway) ; Ussher, Br. R. Irish Ac. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894); Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 210 (Rhone delta, ad.) ; Bears, t. c pp. 245 & 248 (Iceland). Larus naevius, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 225 (1766) ; Bonn. Enc. Mith. i. p. 83 (1790). Larus maculatus, Bodd. Tab. PL Enl p. 16 (1783). Le Gotland a" Manteau noir, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 405, pi. xxxi. (1783). Le Goeland vari6 on Le Grisard, Buff* Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 413, pi. xxxiii. (1783). Black-backed Gull,£^. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 371 (1785); Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 194 (1821). Wagel GuU, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 375 (1785). Le Grisard, Daubent. PI Enl pi. 266 (1786). Le Noir Manteau, Daubent. PI Enl. pi. 990 (1786);>> Larus giganteus, Benicke, Ann. Wetterau Gesel. iii. p. 140 (1812: jr.) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 490, note (1815). Larus maximus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1816: nee O'Reilly, 1818); Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 741 (1822); id. Lehrb. p. 733 (1824); id. Isis, 1830. p. 993; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 728 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 337 (1855). Leucus marinus, Kemp, Naturl Syst. p. 86 & p. 196 (1829). Larus miilleri (sic), Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 729 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 337 (1855). Larus fabricii, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 731 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 337 (1855). K2 244 LAEID2E Great Black-backed Gull, Yarr. Brit. B. hi. p. 471 (1843). Dominicanus mariims, Bncch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100 ; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 280; Bp. C. M. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 213 (1857)'; Loche,Eipl. AW. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 177 (1867); Olphe- Gall Faun. Orn. Eur. Occident, fasc. x. p. 34 (1886) ; Heine $ Reichenow, Nomenci. Mies. Hein. p. 357 (1890). Lams nigripallus, C. F. Dubois, PL Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 240 (1860). Adult male in hreedhig-phimage. Head, neck, tail, and entire undcrparts white : mantle and tipper surface of wings black, of varying shades, but usually with a tinge of slate-colour ; the scapulars and all the secondaries with white tips, which form a strongly contrasted alar bar ; all the primaries broadly tipped with white ; the outermost white for nearly 3 inches, its upper part blackish; the second similar, with a black spot or a narrow subterrninal bar, according to age, on the inner web ; third quill with an indication of white on the shaft, or even a spot in some Greenland examples, blackish above, next the shaft, with a fairly visible greyish wedge ending in white on the inner web; fourth and fifth quills with more defined grey wedges on the inner webs, and a black sub apical bar; remaining quills slate-grey, except the tips : bill yellow, the angle of the genys orange-red; eyelid vermilion; tarsi and toes livid flesh-colour. Total length 28-30 inches, culmen 3, wing 19-20, tail 8, tarsus 3, middle toe with claw 3. The above are the average measurements, but some males exceed these, and have very large heavy bills. The female is smaller and has a less robust beak. Adult in winter. Like the above, with a few greyish striations on the crown and nape, and, as a rule, less vivid colours on the bill. Young. Streaked, mottled, and barred with brown on a lighter surface above and below, the markings on the mantle and tail- feathers darkest, with no well-defined band on the latter, though the markings are bold; quills very dark brown with paler or whitish tips : bill dark horn-colour. Immature. Restricting the term " young " to a bird of two years, at a later stage black feathers appear on the mantle and the white edges to the secondaries are distinct, but the primaries are still without mirrors. Afterwards the primaries have white tips and the fourth, fifth, and sixth exhibit what may almost be called subterminal bars, while the outermost quill shows a subapical mirror of dull white, and the second quill has an ill-defined brownish- white spot ; the tail being still slightly mottled. I do not think that the adult plumage is attained before the bird is in its fifth year, and even then the amount of white on the two or three outer primaries continues to increase with age until the state first described is reached. Nestling. Stone-colour above, with sparse and bold black spots on the head and duller brownish mottlings on the back: underparts huffish white; bill very stout and short, blackish basally, yellowish anteriorly. Hab. Northern Europe, from the Lower Petchora westward to Iceland, and down to about 50° N". (breeding); in winter to the 15 . LABUS. 215 Canaries, and along the Mediterranean (rarely) to the Egyptian coast; also on inland waters. Greenland, and also the cast coast and the great lakes of North America to Labrador (breeding); in winter to Florida, and, accidentally, in Bermuda. «, b. cS $ ad. sk. c. Juv. st. cl Pull. sk. e. Ad. sk.; / . Juv. st. g. 2 imm. sk. h. Pull. st.; i. Juv. st. k. Imm. sk. /. (S juv. sk. m. Ad.; n. Juv. sk. o, p. $ ad. sk. & juv. sk. q. Juv. sk. ?) $• 6 ? ad. sk. t-v. tf $ ad. sk, w-a. Imm. sk. a', b'. d $ ad. sk. c'. $ ad. sk. d'. Ad. sk. e'. Pull. sk. /', g'. Ad. et juv. sk. h'. Imm. sk. i'. tS ad. sk. k'. Juv. sk. V. Ad. sk. m'. Ad. sk. »'. Ad. sk. o'. Ad. sk. p'. Juv. sk. #'. Skeleton. r\ Skeleton, mounted. s'. Skeleton. t'-w'. Sterna. xr, y\ Skulls. 27. Larus dominicanus. Great Britain (Leadenhall market). Great Britain. Great Britain. Wales. Merionethshire, Jan. 16th. Seilly Islands and Corn wall. Cornwall (Vingoe Coll.). Fowey, Aug. (A.G.). Torquay. Pagham, Feb. & Sept. 27. Bamsgate, January. Cromarty. Sutherlandshire, June. Orkneys, March, April, July, Dec. Orkneys, June, July (J. Dunn). Orkneys, January (J. D.). Bressay, Shetland, Nov. 4th, 1818 (Pby. 'Alexander1). Helligrar, June 12th. "Europe." Havre, May (V. JPlucIie). Heligoland, May (L. Gatke) [mark 3rd primary]. Hiddensee, Oct. 29th. Greenland (Moeschler). Greenland (H. Mullet') [very remarkable quills]. Greenland. Greenland (Mnk). Godhavn, Sept. (JE. Whymper). England (Warwick Coll.), S. Wales. Oresund. England. England. Purchased. Purchased. Gould Coll. Col. Montagu [P.], Col. Morris [P.]. D.W.Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. Purchased. Dr. A. Gunther [P.]. C. Coningham, Esq. [P.]. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. W. Thompson, Esq. [P.]. W. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. [0.]. W. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. [C.]. J. G. Millais, Esq. [P.]. H. Saunders Coll. E.Hargitt,Esq.[P.]. The Admiralty [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Hume Coll. H. Seebohm Coll. H. Seebohm Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. — Moller [C.]. Hume Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Purchased. Rev. A. Morgan [P.]. Dr. Gunther [P.J Purchased. Purchased. Black-backed Gull (part.), Lath. Gen. Sign. iii. pt. 2, p. 372 (1785: as regards the Cape of Good Hope). Larus marinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 814 (1790: as regards C. of G. Hope); Fonter, Descr. Anvm. p. 313 (1844: South Georgian Is.). LA.BIDJE. 246 Gabiotamayor, ^^K^^'^^^ (l^z Brazil coast); Lanifl domimcanus Lft. Va* -DouZL P^»{ g Brazil fc Neuwied, Beitr. Natorg. BIM.IT-&jwv~ F Bio) ; Darwin 8? Gould g*£ffi (|^ief . ^^ i Argentina)^; ^ *££\^,jL zvi Sr TJZ Birl^A® Q854 B azitl-Bp Mam. 1854 p. 211 B«2il); Camp IS Astron Biped. 11. p. ^^f^J^p ^ ^ !Am tt_ »r f Falkland land Is.) ; #^^. -—"•--~. ',, * * 7 n- K«-« mo j: / O 1865, p. 378 (critical); !*¥*$ ^f: ^J*& £? (Crozet Is.); id. B. 8. Afr. P;j367 [1*0\*& * ^ f^ 1868, (1871); Lai p.\270,Jl. 28."%. 1 (1*873^ Sd.f Mr. X™^^**?** Magellan Strs.) ; id. op.cit 1878, p. 180 (w\ iairoi): fiharpt, Phi Tr. clxviii. p. 107 (1878 : Rep. Tr. Venus, Kprjniflpn); Afca/wftw. t. e. p. 163 (eggs). ^ . J&p. Fof/. < Challenger? Birds, ii. p. Lilt f I8W>); 0«&*wi, IBw, 1880, p. 163 (Argentina); Sharpe, P. Z. & IH81, p. 17 (Magellan Strs., < Alert7); Saunders, P.Z.8. 1^2, p. 400 (Chile & Peru); JR&MCA, ?%. &ud*eefp. 45(1884; Wanganw); jSftarp*, . ^ A 1802, p. 4C» (PeruI; M» , Ibis, 1893, p. 529 (Chatham Is.); &/. Jto, 1894, p. 495 & p. 497 (Antarctic America); Fleck, J.f 0.1*94, p. 379 (WahiBrh Ii). Larus fuscus (nee Linn.), King, ZooL Journ. iv. p. I0S (1#3S 29); id. Voy. 'Advent: $ * Beaqle? I p. o4l (1839: Maprilan Str.|; Webster, Voy. 'Chanticleer; p. 160(1834: South fthrtland Is.); Gray in Bieffenb. Trav. N. Zeal ii. App. p. 2§§ (1H4S); Cassm, Perry's J7.& JSqpcd:. ii. p. 247 (1856: Cape G.Uope); Ckanm. Trav. W. Afr. ii. p. 425 (1868: Walviach iky). Larus flavipes (part.), Temm. Man. d?Om. 2* 6d. 4ff pte, p, 47i (1840: Cape G.Hope). Larus littoreus, F&rst. Descr. Anim. p. 46 (1844: Cape of Go«i Plope). Larus antipodus, Gray, List B. Brit. 3Lm.« Ammms, l p. 109 (1R44: New Zealand). ^ Dominicanus pelagicus, 2?rwA, J"./ O. 1853, p. 100 (^India and 15. IARUS. 247 Oceania"); id. op. cit. 1855, p. 280; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii p. 214 (1857). Dominicanus vetula, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 251 (Cape Good Hope); Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1858); id. Co/iftp. Av. ii. p. 214 (1857). Dominicanus vociferus, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100; id. op. cit. 1S55. p. 281 (S. America); Bp. O. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856). Dominicanus antipodus, Brvch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 100 (New Zealand). Lam? vetula. Bp. Xaum. 1854, p. 211 (S. America); Gray, Hand-l. 2?. iii. p. 112, no. 10954 (1871: S. Africa); Gurney, Andersscn's B. Bamara-L p. 357 (1872); Pelz. Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. im tCape G. Hope); Shelley, Ibis. 1875, p. 8Q (Cape to Natal). Lara* venvauxii, Bp. Xaum. 1854, p. 211; id. Rev. et Mag. Zool. vii. p. 18 (1*55); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 112 (1871: Chile). Larus antipjdum, Bp. Xaum. 1854, p. 211 (New Zealand); Button, Ibis 1*70, p. $66 ; Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 112 (1871). Lara* pelairicus, Bp. Xaum. 1854, p. 211. Dominicans fritzei, Bruek, J.f.O.1855, p. 280 ("Straits of Sunda," near Java?"*): Bp. O. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Con&p. Av. ii. p. 234 (I&5T). JUimm'u-mm vwrrauxii, Bruch, J.f.O. 1855, p. 281 (Chile). Clup»*ilaru< vemiuxi, Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1850: Chile). (luf Mhrus antipoduni, Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856). Lam* vociferu**, Burm. Tk. Bras. iii. p. 448 (1856); id. Beise La Plata, ii. p. 518 (1861). I) aninieanus azara (Lew.), Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 214 (1857). L»-tris antarctieu*, Ellman, Zool 1801, p. 7472 (New Zealand). iA'-tri- fmcus, Ellman, Zool. 1801,p. 7472 (New Zealand). L*mn pacificife (wcZath.), Layard, Ibis, 1863,p. 245 (New Zealand). Lai us azarse, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 323 & p. 461 (1871); id. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 160 (Callao). Larua fritzei, Saload. Ueo. Born. p. 371 (1874: Strs. Sunda?). Dominicanus litorens, Heine fy Beichen. Xomencl. Mus. Hein* p. 357 (1890). Advlt male. Smaller, but generally resembles the preceding species, except as regards the colour of the feet, a usually deeper and browner tinge in the black of the mantle, and the pattern of the primaries. The outermost quill is white for 2 inches apically (with a mere hair-line of black on the shaft) in very mature birds, while the second quill exhibits an irregular white subapical mirror; but in average adults the white on the 1st quill is turned into a large subapieal mirror by the intrusion of a narrow black bar. In adults a year younger there is no mirror on the 2nd quill, which is black with a white tip, like the 3rd quill; at the 4th the usual paler " wedge n on the inner web begins to show, and this wedge goes on increasing in extent and in whiteness at its apex, until at the 7th. quill if has amalgamated with the white tip; thenceforward the quills are white terminally and only slate-colour on the basal portions. Bill yellow, turning to red at the angle of the genys; iris white; tarsi and toes greyish olive with yellower * Type iii Witsbaden Mubeum examined. 248 JARIVM. webs. Total length 23 inches, oilmen 2*25, wing 16*5, tail 7, tarsus 2-4, middle toe with claw 2*5. The female is smaller and has a less robust bill; there is, however, much individual variation irrespective of sex. For example, there is as much difference between birds obtained on the Island of Kerguelen alone, as there is between examples from all the rest of the area frequented by the species. Immature. Browner on the mantle and wings; the primaries with hardly any white at their tips up to the 6th ; tail mottled subterminally with dark brown; head and neck streaked with greyish brown; bill paler in colour. Young. Mottled dark brown above and streaked with paler brown below (much darker than in L. marinus and more resembling this stage of L. fuscus, the next species); tail-coverts barred with brown; rectrices nearly uniform dark brown, with very little mottling during the first year ; bill dark horn-colour; tarsi and toes brown. At a later stage some black begins to show on the mantle and the tail-coverts are white; the bill pale yellow, with a blackish band across the angle. The successive changes of plumage are much as in the preceding species and probably take about the same number of years. Nestling. Very like that of L. marinus, but with a somewhat darker tint of greyish and less buff; tarsi and toes lead-colour. Hah. South America, from lat. 10° S. to the Antarctic regions; the Ealklands and South Georgian Islands; South Africa; the Crozet Islands and Kerguelen*; New Zealand and islands to the southward. a. Imm. sk. Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. EC. Saunders Coll. (Adml. A. H. MarhJiarYh). b. Juv. sk. San Lorenzo, Callao Bay, H. Saunders Coll. Aug. (Commr. MacFarlane, R.N.). c. Ad. sk. Islay, Peru (S. F. Rowland). H. Saunders Coll. d, e. 2 *mm- et Coquimbo, Chile, Nov. H. Saunders Coll. juv. sk. (Adml A. K. Markham). f. S ad. sk. Laraquete, Chile, Aug. H. B. James, Esq. [p.]. g, k. S ad.; i. Juv. Valparaiso Bay, Chile, Aug. EL JB. James, Esq, sk. h. Ad.; I Juv. st. Valparaiso Bay, Chile, Aug. Sir W. Burnett & Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. [P.]. m. Ad. sk, Valparaiso, Chile. CaptW. S.Brett [P.]. w. Ad. sk. Valparaiso, Chile (Gervase H. Saunders Coll. MatheiD, MM), o, p. Ad. sk. Valparaiso, Chile (F. C. H. Saunders Coll. Head). q> ? sk. Valparaiso, Chile, Aug. (Dr. Voy.H.M.S.' Alert.' Coppinger). * I do not find this species recorded from Tristan da Cunha, Prince" Edward I.} or Marion I. ?\ $ imrn.; s. Juv. f.djuv.sk. w. $ ad. sk. v> w. cJ ad. etjuv. sk. x. $ juv. sk. y. S ad. sk. z. Ad. st. a'. Ad. st. b'. Ad. sk. c'. Ad. sk. d\ Ad. sk. e\ Juv. sk. f. Ad. sk. g\ $> ad. sk. hr. Ad. ; iry k'« Pull. sk. V-o'. Ad. et pull. sk. «'. Ad. sk. q\ 2 ad. sk, r\ Imm. sk. sf. Ad. sk. t\ vl. Ad. sk. v'. Ad. sk. w'. Ad. sk. af-%\ Ad.; a", b". Juv. sk. c". Ad. sk. £\ Ad. sk e" Juv.sk. 15 . LAKTJS. Corral, Chile. Cockle Cove, MagellanStraits, Feb. (Dr. Cop- pinger). • Peckett Harbour, MagellanStraits, Jan. (Dr. Cop- pinger). Tom Bay, Magellan Straits, March, April (Dr. Coppinger). Port Churruca, MagellanStraits, April (Dr. Cop- pinger), Port Churruca, MagellanStraits. Magellan Straits. South Shetland, 64° 18' S. lat., 55° 50' W. long., 1893{& 'BaUtena'). East Patagonia. \ Berkeley Sound, Falklands. Falkland Islands. Falkland Islands (Abbott). Falkland Islands (FalklandIs. Co.). Falkland Islands, Oct. (Falkland Is. Co.). Falkland Islands (Cameron). H. Saunders Coll. Falkland Islands (Dr. Heiv- H. Saunders Coll. stori). Buenos Ayres, Dec. H. Durnford, Esq. [0.]. Buenos Ayres, June (F. P. L. Sclater, Esq. Withington). [P.]. South Africa (X. capensis, Sir A. Smith [P.]. 24& II. B. James, Esq. Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.' Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.' Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.' Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.' H.M.S, ' Challenger' Exped. Sir W. Burnett & Capt. Fitzroy, B.N. [P.]. Capt. Fairweather [P.]. Sir W. Burnett & Capt. Fitzroy, B.N. [PA Antarctic Exped. [P.] Antarctic Exped. [P.]. Gould Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Smith). Cape Colony. Table Bay (F. X. Layard). Knysna Biver, S. Africa. Natal (Col H. W. Feilden). Kerguelen Island (Antarctic Fxped.). Eoyal Sound, KerguelenIsland, Dec. 1874. Cumberland Bay, KerguelenIsland, June 5,1840. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, June 23. E. L. Layard, Esq. H. Saunders Coll. Shelley Coll. H. Saunders Coll. The Admiralty [P.]. Lt. Smith, E.N. [P.]. Dr. B. McCormick, B.N. [C.]. Dr. R. McCormick, B.N. [0.]. 250 LAKIDJE. /" , g". Ad. sk.; h". Pull. at. i". cJ ad.; k" ad.; 1". Juv -.st. m''. Juv. sk. n" . Juv. sk. o". Ad. sk. '. c? ad. sk. P" q" , r". Imm, . et juv. sk. ~o". ? ad.; 6 imm. et juv. sk. w' '. cf vix ad. : sk. $"• . 2 adsk x" '- . Ad. sk. f z"., Ad. sk. a\ Skeleton. b\ Sternum. Cape Egmont, New Zealand. New Zealand. New Zealand. New Zealand. New Zealand, 44. 1. 18. 50 (A ntarctic Exped.). Waima Hariri, New Zealand, Sept. Wellington, New Zealand (Colonial Mus.). Dunedin, New Zealand, May. Dunedin, New Zealand, June. Otago, New Zealand, Aug. Preservation Inlet, S. W. New Zealand, Jan. 1889 (J. J. Lister). Auckland Island, New Zealand {Antarctic Exped.) Kerguelen Island. Tom Bay, Magellan Straits, April 1879 {Dr. Coppinger). 28. Larus fuscus. New Zealand Co. [P.]. Capt..Stokes [P.]. Sir E. Home [P.]. Sir Geo. Gray [P.]. The Admiralty [P.]. Tweeddale Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Seebolim Coll. The Admiralty [P.]. H.M.S/ Challenger' Exped. Voy. H.M.S.* Alert.' Le Goiland gris (partim), Briss. Orn. vi. p. 162 (1760). Larus fuscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766); Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 80 (1769); P. L. S. Mull S. N ii. p. 347 (1773); Gm. S. N. i. p. 599 (1788); Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 815 (1790); Returns, F. Suec. p. 157 (1790); Temm. Man. dJOrn. p. 496 (1815); Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool p. 373 (1816); Niks. Orn. Suec. p. 169 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Orn. eU 2, p. 767 (1820); Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Brehm, Lehrh. p. 717 (1824) ; Macgill Mem. Wern. Soc. v. p. 260 (1824); Steph. in Shatv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 194 (1826) ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 140 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 18 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 57 (1831); Selby, Brit B. ii. p. 509, pi. xcv. (1833); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 277 (1835); Fyton, Brit. B. p. 53 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 431 (1837) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 63 (1838) ; Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 380 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 484 (1840) ; Keys, u. Bias. Wirh. Eur. p. xcvii & p. 245 (1840); Naum. Vog. Beutschl. x. p. 419, taf. 267 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Mtrid. iii. p. 280 (1840); Selys-Longeh. Faun. Belg. p. 154 (1842); Schl Rev. Crit. p. cxxiv (1844) ; Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 123 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 168 (1844) ; Muhle, Orn. Giiechenl. p. 144 (1844); Tarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 583 (1845); Milpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 138 (1845: Egypt); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 443, pi. cxxvi. (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); Degl Orn. Eur. ii. p. 304 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 371 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 538 (1852); Kjcerb. JDanm. Fugle, p. 342, tab. xlii. (1852), and Suppl. tab. xxiii. (1854); Schl. Vog, Nederl. v. 597, pis. 345, 346 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: cnieHy); Bp. Naum. 1854, 15. LARUS. 251 p. 211 ; Ileugl. Syst Uebers. p. 69 (1856: Egypt to Blue and White Nile); Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 162, pi. 311 (1857); llengl Ibis, 1859, p. 349 (Red Sea to Aden Gulf); Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 391 (1859); Potoys, Ibis, I860, p. 356 (Ionian Is., winter); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 176 (1860); Schl Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 235 (1861); Ileugl in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, pp. 29, 312 (Red Sea); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 50. fig. 4 (1863 ?); Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 231 (1863): ScM. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 15 (1863); Salvad. Tfcc. Sard, p.' 130 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 151 (Malta) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 (Palestine); J. II Bias. J.f. 0. 1865, p. 379 (critical) ; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 415 (1867); Holtz, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 124 (Gottland I., breeds); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 143 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil p. 232 (1869); Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 352 (1869); Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 820 (1870); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. p. 475, tab. oQ. fig. 7, & tab. 58. fig. 8 (1870) ; Blanford, Geol $ Zool. Abyss, p. 440 (1870); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 485 (1871); G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 112, no. 10959 (1871); Meves, (Efv. Ah. Fork. p. 787 (1871: Finland to St. Petersburg: not eastward); Saunde?-s, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S. Spain); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 294 (1872); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 223 (Canaries and Madeira); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Fgypt, p. 304 (1872: Nubia); Palmen, Finlands Foglar, p. 604 (1873); Sharpe § Dress. B. Fur. viii. p. 421, pi. 603 (1873); Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christian. 1873, p. 296 (N. Norway) ; Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1382 (1873); Antin. % Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 155 (1873); Alston fy H-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (Dwina, imm.); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 348 (Sardinia); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 56 (1873); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 215 (1875); Saunders, Bull Soe. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 203 (S. Spain); Collett, N. Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 209 (N. Norway) ; Reichenow, J.f 0.1877, p. 10 (Bonny); Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 373 (Port Said); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 173 (revision Larinae) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soe. xiv. p. 397 (1878: distribution); Klunzinger, Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, Bd. xiii. Hft. ii. p. 89 (1878: Koseir, Red Sea); Lilford, Ibis, 1880, p. 481 (Arbolan I., breeding); Rodd, B. Cornw. p. 173 (1880); Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 220 (Italy, rare); Seebohm (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (N. Caspian, but very rare); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 189 (Santander: May, June, and especially Nov.) ; B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 189 (1883); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 138 (1884); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 391 (S.W. France); id. 4th ed. Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 624 (1884); Seebohm, Brit B. iii. p. 319 (1885); Bilchner, Beitr.Russ. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 131 (1885 : St. Petersburg); EComeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80; Liitken, t. c. p. 145; D. Torre $• Tschusi, t. c. p. 561 (Austria-Hungary); Albarda, t. c. p. 629 (Holland); Giglioli, Avif. Ital p. 431 (1886); Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 422 (Dobrudscba, on migration); Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887); Salvad. Ucc. Ital p. 288 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 396 (Portugal, winter); H-Br. § Buckl. Faun. Sutherl $c., p. 232 (1887); Hartert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180 (E. Prussia); Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (Poland); H-Br. $ Buckl Faun. Out. Hebr. p. 147 (1888); Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 79 (Tenerife); Reichenoio, Syst. Verz. Vog. DeutscM. p. 63 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Cyprus, adults); Riesenth. Wasservb'g. Mittekurop. p. 134 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 659 (1889); Stevenson $ Southzv. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 337 (1890); Gigl. 1° Resoe. Av. Ital. p. 645 (1889); id. 2° Resoc. p. 654 (1890); id. 252 LABIDJE. Is. p. 232(1891); Taylor, 101s, ±ovxf K. ~ -y- ~-«-;*'' Faun' p. 361 (1891) ; Jtf^p^-L"kfZil P* f iw /k 1«£ % Buchl. Faun. Argyll fc. p. 191 (1892); Kartert,*to>£f-> p. 521 (E. Prussia, winter); Fatio % Stiider, Cat. 0i6. &u^ef p. 60 (1892); D'frrban $ Mathew, B. Devon, p. *Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Cananes, winter); Lii^d L*. Figs. Brit. R' pt, ixiii. (1893); A Dubois, \^%^f^l p. 587, pi. 29/(1894); Mathew, B. ^^, £ 1G± ^ :W* W Mdg.Natorv. Bd. xxxv. p 305 U^^™ * ; B*Me\29). Laroides melanotus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. ViUj. Deiiisckl p. 747 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. Laroides harengorurn, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. Deutscki p. 748 (1831). Laroides fuscus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. Deufxhl p. 749 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. Lesser Black-backed Gull, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 463 (1&43). Dorninicanus fuscescens (partim), Brueh, J.f. 0> 1853, p. 100*. Dominicanus fuscus, Brueh, J.f.O. 1853, p. 100; id. op, eti. 1855} p. 281 (including his L. fuscescens of J.f. 0.1853, p. 100). Laroides harengoriurn [sic], Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. Laroides fuscescens, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. Laroides a. nigrodorsalis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. Laroides /3. assimilis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 204, Clupeilarus fuscus, Bp. C. It. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Qmsp. An. ii. p. 220 (1857); Loche, Expl. Set. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 181 (1867); Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 69 (1886). Larus graellsii, A. Brehm, Ally. Deutsch. Naturh. p. 483 (1857; Malaga). " Larus medius," BCempr. fy Ehr. {nee Brehm) 1824, MS. fide Saunders, F. Z. S. 1878, p. 173 (Gumfudde: type in Berlin 31ns.). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and under surface white; mantle and wing-surface varying from dark leadcolour to black, the scapulars and secondaries broadly tipped with * Specimens in Mainz Museum examined. 15. lAHTTS. 253 white. Mature birds have a subapical white mirror on the 1st primary and & smaller one on the 2nd, but in the majority of examples there is no spot on the latter; the larger quills are chiefly black—especially on the outer webs, with white tips which are minute on the outermost and increase in size ascendingly; the bases of the quills are, however, lead-colour, especially on the inner webs, so that at the 3rd a " wedge " becomes visible, while from the 4th upwards the lead-colour has spread to the outer web, and the black portion becomes by contrast a suhterminal bar, decreasing ia size ascendingly and disappearing at the 6th or 7th quill, whence the feathers are lead-colour, with white tips. In dark-winged birds there is no marked contrast of colour in the wedge until the 5th quill is reached, when the subterminal bar becomes visible. Bill yellow, the angle of the genys red; iris pale straw-yellow; tarsi and toes bright lemon-yellow. Total length nearly 22 inches, culmeii 2*5, wing 10-1(5*5, tail 6*5, tarsus 2*6, middle toe with claw 2*25. The female is smaller, with less robust bill. Adult In mater. Head and neck streaked with dusky brown. Ohsm The principal characteristics of L. fuscus are the compara tively long t'lrsuH and the small delicate foot. The colours of the mantle mid wings are so variable in shade that the palest examples might be mistaken for the next species, L. affinis, but for the larger sue and eoar&er foot of the latter. The blackest examples of L. fiwcm are found indifferently in the Fseroes, Norway, Egypt, and on* the lied iSea; the lightest are perhaps some from Scotland ; and between the extremes there is every gradation. Young. Head, neck, and under surface whity brown, with darker streaks ; feathers o£ the mantle and wings clove- to umber-brown, with huffish edges; quills sooty brown to black; rectrices chiefly dark brown tipped with white, and rather boldly mottled on a greyish ground at their bases. With increasing age of the bird the"*dark subterminal brown breaks up into bars and patches, bu t so long as these exist they are sharply denned. By the end of the first year the mantle is chiefly dark brown, the buff edges having worn off. BiE dark horn-colour ; tarsi and toes yellowish brown. Immature. Head and neck flecked with brownish; mantle slatecolour with a brown tinge; quills dark brown, with an indication of a spot'on the 1st; tail-feathers white, slightly mottled with greyish brown; under surface white : bill yellowish basally; legs distinctly 3 6 Four years elapse between the young and the adult plumage. Jfesding. Greyish buff, streaked and spotted with black on th e U^Wab&^OTihem Europe from the Dwina westward to the Faroes (but not in Iceland), and southward to the Mediterranean (breeding)- in winter to the Canaries, Senegal, Fantee, Bonny, Esrvpt Nubia, the Red Sea (said to be resident on the last), and Fao Persian Gulf. Very rare in the North Caspian, and practically not found east of the line of the Dwina, where L. qffinis begins. LARIDJE. a. <$ ad. sk. b. Imm. st. c. Juv. sk. d. Ad. sk. e. f. Juv. & vix ad. sk. g-l. J ad., vix ad. & juv. sk. m. Juv. st. n. $ ad. sk. 0, £>. Ad. & imm. st. q, r. tf $ ad. sk. s. Ad. sk. t. $ ad. sk. u-x. Ad. & pull st. y. (S ad. sk. *, a', e $ ad.; i', c\ Pull. St. *'-/• (^2 ad.; ? imm. sk. #', h'. 2 ad. & vix ad. sk. H. Imm. sk. k'-o'. S 2 imm. & juv. sk. p'. , 1867, p. 176 & p. 814; Blanford, East. Pen. ii. p. 290 (1876 : Balnch. istan). ' Larus cachinnans, Liclit. (nee Pall) Nomencl Av. p. 99 (1854: Arabia)*; Mems9 (Efi). K. J etensh.-AJc. Fork. 1871, p. 786 (Oholmogony, Dwina); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. p. 1392 (1873, partira: [as regards Somali coast]) ; Meves $ Homeyer, Ornis, 1886, p. 275 (Lower Dwina). Larus affinis, Bernhardt, VidensL Meddel 1853, p. 78; id. Bis, 1861, p. 17 (S. Greenland: type in Copenhagen Mus.),* Seebolmi $ JH-Brown, Ibis^ 1870, p. 452 (Lower Petchora); Saunders, P. Z. S. IbTH, p. 171 f revision Larinae); id. Journ. Linn. Soe. xiv. p. 397 (1878 : distribution); Giiike, Ibis, 1878, p. 489 (Heligoland) ; Fimek, Verh. s.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 268 (West Siberia) j id. Mis, 1&79, p. Il l (part.); Seebohm, t c.p. 116 (Yenesei, breeding); Hums, Sir. F. viii. p. 115 (1879 : List); Vidal, op. cit. ix. p. 94 (S. Konkan, Malabar); Butler, i. c. p. 439 (Deccan coast); Drener, B. Eur. viii. p. 417 (1880); Scl. # Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 174 (Socotra I.); Itidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (l&>\: GreenL); OlpAe-GalL Ibis, 1885, p. 236 (Hendaye, S.W. France); id. Orn. Evr. Occid. fasc. x. p. 06 (1886); A. 0. U. i%eek~l X. Amer. B. p. 89 (1880 : Greenland); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. II p. 29 (Ib87): Pleshe, Mini. Acad.St. PStersb. (7) xxxvL p. 56 \lHhS: Turkestan). JDominicanu* cachinnana, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 100. Larus ml^&ems, Bp. Naum.l8~A, p. 211 ("feed Sea"; cf. Consp. A v. ii. p. 221); Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 420 (Kattiawar). Laroides cachinnans, Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, p. 282. Clupeilarus fuscescens, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 221 (1857: Red Sea). Olupeiiarus cachinnans, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 221 (1857; [chiefly]). Larus leucophffius, Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 349 (Somali coast & Gulf of Aden); id. in Pderm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Bed Sea). LATHS, sp. r, Hmigl Ibis, 1872, p. 05 (Novaya Zemlia and Waigats). Laras occidentaHs, Hume, nee Audub. Str. F. 1873, p. 273 (N.W. coast India); id, op. cit. 1876, p. 414 (Bombay). L&rtis marinas, Alston $ H-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (Lower Dwina : ad. & nesting- in B. M. Coll.). Larus boreali% Seebohm (Henhe), Ibisf 1882, p. 386 (Solovestsk, breeding). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to the preceding species, but decidedly larger; the mantle slate-colour and always a shade lighter than in the palest L.fusacs; the pattern of the primaries similar, but the slate-grey purer and the a wedges " more sharply contrasted; a mirror on the 2nd quill in fully mature birds, though these appear to be rare: bill yellow, with a red spot at the angle of the genys; tarsi and toes yellow. Total length 24 inches, Oilmen 2*9, wing 18, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*75, middle toe with daw 2*5* The fmmah is smaller and less robust. Adult in winter. Like the above, but flecked with brown about the head and neck, even in those mature birds which exhibit a mirror on the 2nd primary: bill with a greenish tinge. * Specimens in Berlin Museum examined. 256 LARIDJ2. Touny and Immature. As in L.fascus, allowing for the fact that the general colour of the mantle and wings Is lighter. Nestling. As in the preceding species. Hab. The large river-systems of Northern Bassla and Siberia, from the Dwina eastward as far as the Yenesei (breeding), but doubtfully in the Lena valley; in winter to the ITekran coast, the western side of India, the Arabian coast, Socotra, Somaiiland, and Aden, but not yet authenticated within the Bed Sea. Fortuitously in South Greenland (once only: the type) and Heligoland; also 8.W. France [?]. Dr. 0. Finsch has identified with this species birds from near Lisbon, Leiden, Kamschatka, and Macao, China (4 Ibis/ 1379, P. ni). a. $ ad. sk. Lower Dwma, June 21 J. A. Harvie-Brown, (Alston fy H-Brozan). Esq. [P.\ b. Pull. sk. Lower Dwina, June 21 H. Saunders Coll, (A. £ H-B.). c. S ad.; d, S Lower Petchora River, June II, Saunders Coll, juv. sk. 1875 (Seebok?n fy Harvie- Brozon), e. 5 imm. sk. Malo Atlim, Ob River, July. Dr. 0. Finsch rC.\ /. d ad. sk. Longiorskaja, Ob, Sept Dr. 0. Finsch [C.\%g. <$ ad.; h. $ Yenesei valley, lat. 66° N., | inim, sk. June 29-July 3, 1877. I $ imm. sk. Yenesei valley, lat. 69° 1ST., ! Seebohni & Yl* July 29. j Saunders Cui k 2 imm. sk. Yenesei valley, lat. 71° 31' { N., July (J3T. Seehoh?n). J I. Juv. sk. Kandahar. Hume Coll. m-p. S hum. & Gwader, Mekran coast, Dec. Hume & W. T. J juv. sk. & Feb. Blanford Colls. q, r. d ? ad. sk. Cape Monze, Sind, Feb. (W. Hume Coll. T* Blanford). s. Jg ad.,* t. S Karachi (JDr. H. Gould). India Museum [P.], juv. sk. u-I. S ? ad., imm, Karachi, Feb. (A. O. H). Hume Coll. & juv. sk. m'. 2 ad. sk. Karachi, March 22 (Col E. A. Hume Coll. Butler), n'-q'. Ad., imm., & Karachi, March (E. A. B. H. Saunders Coll juv. SK. $ W. B. Mukch). Kattiawar. r\ Ad. sk. Col. Hayes Lloyd [P.]. J $'. J imm. sk. Punjab, Feb. _ _ u'- Hume Coll. ^ 6 ? juv. sk. Sirsa, Punjab, Dec. & Feb. Hume CoIL (A. O. H). vr-f'. d ad. & Bombay Harbour, Jan., Fek Hume Coll* imm., d $ juv. si F. Bouidillon, Esa. &'t a". d 2 ' lmm-Quilon, Travancore, Feb. sk. "4 [0.1. b". S juv. sk. Socotra Island. Prof. Isaac Balfour [0.J c". S imm. sk. Aden, Nov. 11. H. Saunders CoIL «?', e". d ad. sk. Aden, Feb. 25, 1895. Col Yerbury [P.J. 15 . LAJEUJS. 257 30. Laras occidentaHs. [?] Laras argentatus, Nord?n. in Ermarts Beis. urn die Erde, Atlas, Verzeichn. Th. u. Pfl. p. 18 (1835: California). Larus occidentalism Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 820 (1839); id. Si/nop, p. 328 (1839); id. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 161 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ill. p. 654 (1846) ; Baird, Cass., fy Law. B. N. Amer. p. 845 (1858); Cassin, U.S. Expl Exped. p. 247 (1858: California) ; Seerm. Pacific B. Bep. x. pt. vi. p. 73 (1859); Cooper $ Buckley, Nat. Mst. Wash. Terr. p. 271 (1860); Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1882, p. 296; id. Ibis, 1866, p. 271 (San Pedro) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 15 (1863) ; Elliot, New $ Unfig. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. Iii. (1869); Bidgw. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); Coues, 2nd ed. Cheeh-L N. Amer. B. p. 121 (1882): Belding, Pr. US. Nat. Mus. v. p. 549 (1883 : L. Cala.) ; Coues, Keg iV. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 744 (1884); Baird, Brewer, # Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 230 (1884); Henshaw, Auk, 1885, p. 232 (Cala.); A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 88 (1886); Blake, Auk, 1887, p. 329 (Sta. Cruz I., Cala., breeds); Bidgw- Man. X Amer. B. p. 28 (1887); N. S. Goss, Auk, 1888, p. 240 (San Pedro Martir L, 28° N.); W. A. Jeffries, op. tit. 1889, p. 222 (Sta. Barbara, Cala.); B. H. Lawrence, op. tit. 1892, p. 41 (Washington Terr.) ; Loomis, Pr. Cala. Acad. v. p. 213 (1895). Glaums occidentaHs, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 101. Laroides occidental!^ Bruch, J.f. 0.1855, p. 282* Bp. C. B. xliL p. 770 (165(5); id. Consp. AD. ii. p. 219 (1857). Laras argeutatus, var. occidentalis, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 312 (1872); id. Cfeck-L no. 547 5 (1873); id. B. N.-West, p. 633 (1874); Streets, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 25 (1877: Lower Cala.). Laras fuscus ?, Saunders, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 158 (Lower California: a very small female). Adult muk in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and tinder surface pure white; mantle darker and of a bluer slate-colour than in L. affinis; secondaries similarly tipped with white; all the primaries tipped with white, but the outer ones least; the three outer quills chiefly black* with a white sub-apical mirror on the 1st, and a white spot (or two) on the 2nd, but not a true mirror; on the 4th quill the grey " wedge " from the basal portion runs down the inner web; on the 5th both webs are chiefly grey, turning whitish at the apex of the wedge, followed by a black subterminal bar; in the 6th the black bar is narrower; the upper primaries are grey with white tips. Bill chrome-yellow with red angle, very stout; eyelid vermilion; tarsi and toes yellow (in life). Total length 21-22 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 16*5, tail 7, tarsus 2*7, middle toe with claw 2*7. The female is smaller and her bill is far less robust. Adult in winter. Similar. Br. Elliott Coues (< Ibis,' 1866, p. 271) says that the head of the mature bird is not streaked in this species, and, so far as our material goes, he appears to be right; but the authors of the * Water-Birds of North Americay state that in winter the head is streaked. In the immature or even in the nearly adult bird it is so, undoubtedly. Young. Upper surface dark brown, with a greyish tinge on the * VOL. XXV. s 258 1ARLD2E. head; mantle somewhat mottled, quills sooty brown, tail-coverts barred with umber on a white ground ; rectriees dark brown with ry narrow white tips, but otherwise uniform, without any mottling or marbling; under surface greyish brown to brownish grey; under wing-coverts dark brown: bill blackish, flesh-coloured at the base; tarsi and toes flesh-colour (drying pale brown). Immature. Head and neck mottled with pale brown, the underpays nearly dull white ; the middle of the mantle and the scapulars nearly pure slate-colour, but the wings still mottled with brown; the tail-coverts nearly white, but the rectriees uniform brown: bill yellow, with a black band across the angle. At a later stage there is an increase of slate on the mantle; the tail-feathers are chiefly white, with spots or a broken bar of black, subterminally; head and underparts white. Nestling, Buffish grey, the head boldly spotted with black, and the back rather thickly streaked with blackish. Hob. Pacific coast of North America, from "Washington Territory to the southern portion of Lower California. a, b. J ad. & juv. Pacific Beach, Cala., April H. Saunders Coll. sk. and Aug. (Hepburn). c. Pull. sk. Farallones, San Francisco H. Saunders Coll. Bay, June 23 (Hepburn). d. Ad. sk, San Francisco Bay (F. Gru- H. Saunders Coll. her). e. $ imm. sk. San Francisco Bay {Cutis). H. Saunders Coll. f. g. Ad. & vix Santa Cruz Island, Cala,, Salvin-Godman Coll. ad. sk. June (H. W. Henshaw). h. $ ad. sk. Santa Cruz Island, Cala., H. Saunders Coll. June (JET. W. H). I Ad. sk. Off Sta. Cruz Island, 33° N., H. Saunders Coll. 119° W., March (Admiral A. H. Markham). h Vix ad. sk. San Miguel Island, Cala., Salvin-Godman Coll. Aug. (H. W. Henshaw). I, m. c? ad. sk. Ventura, Cala., Nov. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. W. JET.). n. $ ad. sk. Magdalena Bay, Lower Cala., H. Saunders Coll. Nov. (G. Mathew, RN.). o, p. $ ad. & juv. San Diego, Dec. (H. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. sk. Henshaw). 31. Lams schistisagus. Larus argentatus (part.), Middend. Beise Bib., Zool p. 243 (1851: Okhotsk Sea); Kittl Benkxo. Rets. ii. p. 255 (1858). Larus cachinnans (nee Pall), Kittl. Denkio. Beis. i. p. 336 (1858); Stejneg. Naturen, 1884, p. 6. Larus fuscescens, Mewes, (Efv. Ale. Mrh. 1871, p. 787. Larus marinus (nee Linn), Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 165 (Hakodadi, Japan); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 180 (part.: same loc.): Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 24; Bean, j?r. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 168; Bidgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 60 (both sides Bering Str.); BlaUst & Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. pt. i. p. 104 15 . XAET/S. 259 (1882) j Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,1 p. 107 (1883: Plover Bay); Blakiston, Amend. List B. Japan, p. 20 (1884): Seebohm, B. Japan. Fmp. p. 291 (1890). Larus pelagicus (nee'Bmcli),Taczan. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 263; id. Jf. 0.1876, p. 202 (AbrekBay); id. Bull. JSoc. Zool. Fr. 1882, p. 397 (Kamtschatka). Larus affinis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 24 (?) ; BlaHston § Fryer, Tr. As. Son. Japan, x. pt. i. p. 104 (1882). Larus "borealis (nee Bruch), Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Kuril Is., sp. "no. 2787;" nee Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 236, which=Z. affinis)-, Blakiston, Amend. List B, Japan, pp. 20, 34 (1884). Larus scMstisagus, Stejneg. Auk, 1884, p. 231 (Bering I., Kamtschatka) ; Baird, Breto.,fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 229 (1884: Alaska); Stejneg. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. 29, p. 67 (1885: Commander is., &c.); A. 0. TJ. Check4. N. Amer. B. p. 88 (1886) ; Stejneg. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mas. x. p. 119, pi. viii.%. 1 (1887: Commander Is.) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer.B. p. 29 (1887); Nelson, Rep. N. JS. Alaska, p. 53 (1887; Diomede Is.); Nikolski, Sakhalin Faun. p. 270 (1889); Taczan. Mem. Ac. PStersb. (7) xxxix. p. 1024(1893: East Siberia); Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123 (distribution). Larus marinus scMstisagus, Seebohm, B. Japan. Fmp. p. 291 (1890). Adult male in breeding^plumage. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; mantle and upper wing-surface dark slate-colour of varying shades, but darker, as a rule, than in L. affinis; scapulars and secondaries similarly tipped with white; all the primaries white at their extremities; shafts of the principal quills dark brown; the three outer quills dark greyish brown—hardly to be termed black— on their outer webs, paler on the contiguous subterminal portions of their inner webs; the first white for more than 2 inches apicaHy, or crossed above the tip by a narrow dark bar which fades with the age of the feather; the 2nd quill with a white subterminal spot on the outer web, and a corresponding patch of white—but not a complete mirror—on the inner web, confluent with the usual grey ' wedge' which descends from the base of the inner web; 3rd quill transversely barred with blackish brown, with a white termination to the grey wedge of the inner web; 4th similar, but the white more defined and the upper portion of the outer web leadcolour ; 5th and 6th similar, but lead-colour on both webs with merely a dark subterminal bar; the upper quills grey, tipped with white. In less mature birds there is no spot on the 2nd quill. Bill rich yellow, with the usual red spot at the genys; tarsi and toes " dark reddish violet-grey" (Stejneger). Total length 24 to 25 inches, culmen about 2-8, wing 17*5 to 18, tail 7*5 to 8, tarsus 2*75, middle toe with claw 2-75. The female, as usual, is smaller, and has a less robust bill. Adult in winter. Similar, but streaked about the head and neck. Immature. Similar, but remains of dark brown mottlings on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries; rectrices with an irregular mottled subterminal brownish band; quills dull brownish, without any mirrors, but otherwise the general disposition of pattern is much as in the adult. Young. Clove-brown, with darker streaks on the head and neck, 260 XAKID2E. dark centres and buffish-white margins to the feathers of the mantle? rectrices nearly uniform brown, with only a little marbling at the bases and on the outermost; primaries brown, paler on their inner webs; edge of the wing and coverts almost nnmottled greyish brown; under surface brown, the tail-coverts striated; bill dark horn-colonr, paler at the base: tarsi and toes reddish brown. Obs. Examples'from Northern Japan and the Amurland coast are decidedly darker than birds from the Kuril Islands. The specimen from Hakodadi, which I formerly identified with L. marinus^ is quite as dark on the mantle as average examples of that species, and at the time I was not aware that L. marinus had a mirror on the 2nd primary while still immature. Now that a series is avail able for examination, I consider that L. schistisagus has no close affinity with L. marinus, but rather inclines to the Herring-Gull section. Hah. Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, and North Pacific down to Northern Japan in winter. Headquarters appear to be about the Kuril Islands. a. Ad. sk. ; b-e. Kuril Islands (JS. J. Snow). Cap! BlaMston [P.], 6 $ ad. sk. / . $ imm. sk. Kuril Islands, June 1 (H. J. Seebohm Coll. Snow). g. Ad. sk. Mouth of the Amur, May 21 Seebohm Coll, (Dr. L. Schremh). h. d ad. sk. Hakodadi, N. Japan (Capt. Seebohm Coll. BlaMston). i. $ juv. sk. N. Japan (Adml. 3. St. John). Tweeddale Coll. 32. Xarus argentatm Le Goiland cendr6, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 160, pi. aiv. (1760); Daubent* B. Enl. pi. 253 (1786). Le Goiland vane" ou le Grisard, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 167, pi. xv„ (1760). Larus argentatus, Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 44, no. 149 (1764: Christiansoe); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 600 (1788: ex Brunn.) ; Bonn. Erwyc. MStk i. p. 83 (1790); Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mm. p. 40 (1816) j Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2me &L p. 764 (1820) ; F. Sabine, Barry's 1st Voy., Ajpp. p. cciv (1821; North Georgian Is., black wing-marMugs) ,* Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 562; Meyer, Zmat. Taschenb. iii. p. 195 (1822); Brehm, Beitr. Vogelh. iii. p. 770 (1822) 5 id. Zehrb. p. 710 (1824); J. Sabine, Franklin's Joum., App. p. 695 (1823: Hudson Bay, black wing-patches); Mchards. Barry's 2nd Voy., Suppl. p. 868 (1825: Winter Id., N. of Melville ]?m., typical); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pi 1, p. 191 (1826); J. C. Boss, Barry's 3rd Voy., Suppl. p. 104 (1826: typical); Werner, Atlas, Balmipedes, pi. 16 (1828); Bp. Ann. Zyc, N. Y. ii. p. 360 (1828) j Vieill. Faune Franc., Ois. p. 393 (1828 ?): Fleming, Brit^Anim. p. 140 (1828); Kaup Naturl Syst. p. 58 (1829); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 504, pis. xcvi. & xevi* (1833): Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 304 (1834); Jenyns, Man. Brit. VerteL p. 276 (1835) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 588 (1835); BuUm, Cat. Brit B. p. 53 (1833): Gould, B. Fur. v. pi. 434 (1837); Bp. 15. IiAItTJ8. 261 Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 63 (1838); Audub. Synop. p. 328 (1839); Temm. Man. 6:0m. 2me 3d. 4me pte. p. 470 (1840); Naum. Vog. Deutschl x. p. 379, tab. 266 (1840); Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 379 (1840); Keys. $> Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvi & p. 244 (1840); Macgill Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 246 (1842); Selys- Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 154 (1842); Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 163, pi. 448 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxiv (1844) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 357 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 169 (1844); Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 588 (1845); Gray, Gm. B. iii. p. 654, pi. 180. fig. 5 (1846); Mewits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 445, pi. cxxvii. (1846); Pegl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 306 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 356 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 544 (1852); Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, p. 339, tab. xlii. & Suppl. tab. xxiii. figs. 1, 2 (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: partim); Schl. Vog. Nederl p. 598, pis. 347,348 (1854); Meyer, Brit B. vii. p. 153, pi. 309 (1857) ; Gundl. J. f. 0. 1857, p. 236 (Cuba); Baird, Cass., $ Law. B. N. Amer. p. 844 (1858); Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 467 (remarkable return to Zool. Gdns.); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.vii. p. 275 (1860: Cuba) ; Bernhardt, Ibis,l861, p. 17 (Greenland, very rare); Schl. Die?: Nederl. Vogels, p. 236 {1861) ; Blakist Ibis, 1861, p. 10 (Hudson Bay); Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 232 (1863); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 16 (1863); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 50. figs. 1-3 (1863 ?); JDegl fy Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 417 (1867); Motes, J.f.O. 1868, p. 124 (Gottland, breeds) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 143 (1869); Pall fy Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 305 (1869: Alaska); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 474 tab. 54. ^g. 12 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (Strs. Gibraltar, winter only); B. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 487 (1871); Allen, Bull. Mam. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871: Florida) ; G. B. Gray, Mand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 10968 (1871); Sol. % Sab. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 576 (Cuba); Marting, Handb. Brit B. p. 77 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 312 (1872); Gould, B. Gt Brit v. pi. 59 (1873) ; Palmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 591 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 399, pi. 602. fig. 2 (1873) ; Collett, Forh. Selsk. Chr. 1873, p. 292 (N. Norway) ; Scl. §* Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Alston $> M-Br. Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (Archangel); Purnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 402 (North Frisian Is., breeding); Coues, B. JV.West, p. Q2h (1874); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois); Newton, Arct. Man. p. 106 (1875); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 214 (1875); Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 209 (Norway); Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878: Galveston, Texas) ; Saunders, P.Z. S. 1878, p. 167 (revision Larinse); id. Journ. IAnn. Soc. xiv. p. 395 (1878: distribution); Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 15, p. 99 (1879: Cumberld. Sd., up to 67° N., breeding); B. Anderson, apud Feilden, Zool. 1879, p. 7 (Pr. Albert Ld.); Bodd, B. Cornwall, p. 172 (1880); Ridgw. Bull. TJ.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 189 (Santander in Nov., abundant); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 743 (1884); B. O. IT. List Brit. B. p. 188 (1884); Tristr. Faun. # Flor. Palest p. 137 (1884: Tyre, in winter); Saunders, 4th ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 618 (1884); Baird, Bretoer,fy Ridgw. Water- B. N. Amer. ii. p. 255 (1884); Bilchner, Beitr. Buss. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 131 (1885: St. Petersb.); Seebohm, Brit B. iii. p. 326 (1885); Momeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80; Liithen, t c. p. 145 (Denmark) ; P. Torre $ Tsch. t c. p. 560 (Aust.-Hung.); Albarda, t c. p. 629 (Holland); Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Upp. Alsace); Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B< p. 30 (1887); XAKEDiE. JEL-Brown <$• Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. $c. p. 232 (1887) ; iid. Faun* Outer Heir. p. 146 (1888); Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (Poland); Con/, B. West Indies, p. 276 (1889 : Cuba and Bahamas, winter); id. JB. Bahamas, p. 239 (1890); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 657 (1889); Padde 8f Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125 (Krasnovodsk, in winter: typical); Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleur. p. 133 (1889); Beichenoio, Sijst Verz. Vdg. Deutschl. p. 63 (1889); Stevenson 8? Southio. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 339 (1890); Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 301 (1890); Bucld. $ H-Br. Faun. Orkneij Is. p. 232 (1891); Jdckel §* Bias. Vdg. Bayerns, p. 361 (1891) ; Gatke, Vogelw* Helgol. p. 570 (1891); Borrer, B. Sussex, p. 267 (1891); Macphers. Faun. Lakeland, p. 428 (1892); JECartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 (East Prussia); E-Br. §• Buckl. Faun. Argyllfyc. p. 191 (1892); D' Urban $ Math. B. Devon, p. 375 (1892); Lilford, Col Figs. Brit B. pt. xxiii. (1893); A. Dubois, Vertebr. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 590, pi. 293 (1894); Mathew, B. Pembrokesh. p. 104(1894); Collett, Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 307 (1894: Norway) ; Ussher, Pr. P. Irish Ac. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894); Pearson $ Bidzu. Ibis, 1894, p. 236 (N.E. Norway); Irby, 2nd ed. Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 300 (1895). Larus varius, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 45, no. 150 (1764 : Iceland and Christiansoe). The Herring Gull (ad.) and The Brown and White Gull (juv.), Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 141 (1766). Goeland a Manteau gris, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 406, pi. xxxii. (1783). Larus fuscus (nee Linn?), Penn. Brit Zool. 2nd ed. ii. p. 131 f1788) ; Bonn. Fncyc. Meth. i. p. 82 (1790) ; Bechst. Naiurg. Deutschl. ii, p. 818 (1791); Mont Orn. Diet i. (1802). Herring Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 371 (1785); Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 196, and Suppl. p. 30 (1821); Yarr. Brit B. iii, p. 468 (1843). Larus marinus, var. ft Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 814 (1790). Larus glaucus, Petz. (nee Briinn., nee Fabr.), F. Suec. i. p. 156 (1800) ; Meyer $ Wolf, Taschmb. ii. p. 471 (1810); Benicken, N. Ann. Wetterau, iii. p. 138 (1811); Meisner fy Schinz. Vdg, Schveiz, p. 268 (1815); Temm. Man. WOrn. p. 493 (1815); Koch. Syst baier. Zool. p. 372 (1816); Nilss. Orn. Suec. -p. 167 (1817). Larus cinereus, Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. &c. Brit Mus. p. 40 (1816). Larus argenteus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii* p. 781 (1822); id. Lehrb. p. 712 (1824); Macgill. Mem. Wern. Soc. v. p. 264 (1824); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854). Larus argentatoides, Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. pp. 791, 799 (1822) • id. Lehrb. p. 713 (1824); Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 300 (1828); Swains, fy Pichards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 417 (1831: Melville Penins., breeding); Schinz, Furop. Faun. i. p. 380 (1840); L. H. Meyer, ill. Brit B. iv, pi not numbered (1843): Gfrmu Hand-l B. iii. p. 113, no. 10972 (1871: Eepulse Bay); P. Anderson, apud Feilden, Zool 1879, p. 7 (Pr. Albert Ld.: a pale example). Larus argentaceus, Brehm, Lehrb. p. 710 (1824). Laroides major, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vdg. Deutschl. p. 738 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855). Laroides argentatus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vdg. Deutschl, p. 740 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; Gray, List Gen. p. 78 (1840); id. op. cit ed. 1841, p. 99; Bp. C. P. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 218 (1857); Olphe-Gall Orn. Fur. Occid, fasc. x. p. 55 (1886). 15 . LAEXJS. 26& Laroides argenteus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. JDeutschl p. 741 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. Laroides argentatoides, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. DeutschL p. 742 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 218 (1857 : N. America). Laroides argentaceus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. JDeutschl p. 742 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855); Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 218 (1857: N. France); Olphe-Gall Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 60 (1886). Laroides americanus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. DeutschL p. 743 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. Glaucus argentatus, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 101. Glaucus argentatoides, Bruch, J.f. 0.1853, p. 101 (N. America). Larus marinus, Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 122 (1850: cf. Gundl. J.f.O. 1871, p. 291); Gundl. J. f. 0.1857, p. 236 (cf. Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. vii. p. 275). Larus sniithsonianus, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 296 (N. America) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 308 (1876). Larus (Laroides) argentatus, Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 346 (1869). Larus argentatus smithsonianus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 312 (1872); id. Bull. U.S. Geol. 8urv. iv. p. 655 (1878: Montana) j JRidgw. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); Coues, Chechlist N. Amer. B. p. 120 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 743 (1884); Steams, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. vi. p. 122 (1884: Labrador) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 89 (1886); JEJverm. Auk, 1886, p. 88 (Ventura, Oala., abundant); Seton, t. c. p. 147 (W. Manitoba, breeds); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 31 (1887); Cooke, Migr. B. Mississippi Vail p. 55 (1888); Thompson, P/v U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 468 (1890: Manitoba, breeds); Shufeldt, Auk, 1891, p. 366 (fossil, Oregon); JR. MacFarl. Pr. U.S. NaU Mus. xiv. p. 418 (1891: breeds along Arctic Amer.); JRhoads, Auk, 1893, p. 71 (Wasb. Terr. & Brit. Columbia); Allen, t. c* p. 125 (distribution); White, t. c. p. 222 (Lake Michigan, breeds). Einalia argentata, Seine <§* JReichenow, Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890). Adult male in hreeding-plwmage. Head, neck, tail, and underparts -white; the ring round the eye white or very pale yellow; mantle and wing-surface French-grey, with broad white tips to the scapulars and secondaries, making a conspicuous alar bar; all the* primaries tipped white; outermost quill blackish from the base downwards (save a narrow grey wedge on the inner web), with a white tip 2-5 in length in mature birds, and a narrow black bar which divides the white into tip and " mirror" in the majority; 2nd quill blackish for about 0*4 on both sides of the shaft, with a black subterminal bar, a white mirror, and, on the inner web, abroad grey wedge which sometimes breaks through and joins the mirror; 3rd quill greyish basally, blackish on the lower part of outer web and on the subterminal bar, grey on the inner weby passing into white at the apex of the wedge; 4th similar, but grey on both webs above the bar; 5th quill similar, but bar narrower; 6th grey, without a bar in mature birds and with a narrow bar in others; the remaining quills grey, with white^ tips. ^ In less- mature birds there is no mirror on the 2nd quill. Bill yellow, red at the angle of the genys; iris straw-colour; tarsi and toes 264 LABID.2B. flesh-colour (drying ochre-yellow). Total length about 24 inches, culmen 3, wing 17-5, tail 7% tarsus 2-5, middle toe with claw 26. The female is smaller than the male, but, irrespective of sex, there is great individual variation. i_rt0i,.a Adult in winter. Like the above, but with brownish-grey streaks on the head and neck. , Young and Immature. In the first autumn the upper parts_are streaked and mottled with brown and greyish buff; quills oar* umber, with paler inner webs and whitish tips to most; rectoces similar, but more or less mottled witb whitish at the bases oi tne two or three outer pairs; feathers of the upper tail-coverts brown, with buffish-white tips; underparts nearly uniform brown at nrsfc, but afterwards brownish grey, mottled: bill blackish, paler at the base of the lower mandible. The second autumn the head is nearly white, streaked with greyish brown; the upper parts are barred with brown on a greyish ground, though no pure grey feathers have yet made their appearance on the mantle; quills paler; tail more mottled with white at the bases of all the feathers. In the third autumn the feathers of the mantle are chiefly grey, with some brownish streaks down the shafts; a faint sub-apical •spot begins to show on the outermost primary; the tail-coverts are partly white, and the dark portion of the rectrices is much broken up; underparts nearly white. In the fourth autumn the subapical patch on the first primary is larger, and the quills from the 5th upwards are banded with black and tipped with white : tail- feathers white, slightly vermiculated with brown: bill greenish yellow basally, reddish black at the angle. At the moult of the fifth autumn all brown markings are lost, the primaries have white tips, black bars and grey wedges, though the proportion of dark •colouring in the quills is greater than it is in older birds. Nestling. Greyish buff, variably streaked and spotted with blackish on the upper parts and throat. Considerable variation exists in the tint of the upper parts in this species; birds from Prance being dark, while Northern examples are as a rule paler. This is especially the case as regards the primaries, in some of which the dark portion of the pattern is hardly more than deep lead-colour, as in an example obtained by Mr. E. W. Nelson at Chicago on March 27, in which, moreover, the mirror on the 2nd quill unites with the grey wedge of the inner web. The frequent absence of this mirror on the 2nd primary in American birds has been made one of the principal distinctions for Larus argentatus smithsonianus, but many American birds have this white spot. The explanation which has been given of this is that "European birds frequently cross the Atlantic"; in which case they have reached Chicago, and even Prince Albert Land, beyond 110° W. long, and 70° 1ST. lat., for a specimen from that locality is the counterpart of the Chicago example! American birds of the first year are, however, darker as a rule than European examples, though there is much variation in this respect, even in young obtained in the same locality and on the very same day. 15. LAETTS. 265 Hah. Northern Europe from the White Sea westward, the Atlantic Region to Iceland and down to the north of Prance (breeding); Greenland, Baffin Bay, Melville Peninsula, Prince Regent Inlet, North Georgian or Parry Islands, and Prince Albert Land (breeding). Southwards, along the coasts and on the inland waters of North America down to nearly 40° 8. on the Atlantic (breeding). In winter as far as the Bermudas, Cuba, and Mexico ; also, on the Pacific side, from the mouth of the Yukon to Southern California. On the European side, to the Mediterranean basin, Black Sea and Caspian, in winter. a, b. Juv. st. c-e. 2 e^ d a^. vix ad. sk. f-h. Pull. sk. i. Ad. sk. k-q. 6 ? ad. et JOT. sk. r. Ad. st. g. JOT. sk. t-v. 2 e^ a^. sk. Wj .r. Ad. sk. y. Juy.sk. 2. JOT. sk. a\ $ juv. sk. b\ Ad. sk. e\ Imm. st luv* &-Ti. Ad. et pull. st. *\ Ad. sk. k'-*n'. <$ ? ad. et pull. sk. »'-*'. Ad., imm., et pull. st. f. Imm. sk. vt. Pull, st. vf-x\ <$ ? ad. et pull. st. %f. Juv. sk. z\ Ad. sk. aff. $ ad. sk. b". JOT. sk. c",drr. Pull. st. et sk. «",/". 4».^ p# m (1g4() .j^ Larus leucophseus, Zicht Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854 : Arabia; descr. nulla *); Salvad. Cat Ucc. Sard. p. 129 (1864); Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 302 (1870: Red Sea); Finsch $ Flartl Vog. Ost- Afr. p. 818 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 293 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 304 (1872) ; Dresser, B. Fur. viii. p. 411, pi. 602. fig. 1 (1873); Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 347 (Sardinia); Scl Ibis, 1874, p. 100 (Mogador : same bird as bis Z. fuseescens, P. Z. S. 1867); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 228 (Malta); Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 215 (1875); Taylor, Ibis{ 1878, p. 373 (Egyptian coast); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 189 (Santander in summer, but rare in winter); Tristr. Faun. §* Flor. Falest p. 137 (1884) ; Zilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Cyprus); Fadde $• Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125 (KrasnoTodsk); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1890, p.* 444 (Madeira); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao Persian Gulf). * Type in Berlin Mus. examined. ^ 268 LARID2E. Glaucus michahellesii, Bruch, J.f O. 1853, p. 101 (Dalmatia). Glaucus leucophaaus, Bruch, J.f 0. 1853, p. 101 (Red Sea). Laroides leucophseus, Bp. Naumannia, 1854, p. 212; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 219 (1857); id. C. B. xlii. p. 219 (1857: Mediterranean) ; Olphe-Gall Orn. Bur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 63, note (1886). Larus epargyrus, Licht. Nbmencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 99 (1854) [type examined], Laroides rnichahellesii, Bruch, J.f. 0.1855, p. 282; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 219 (1857: Mediterranean). Laroides cachinnans, Bruch, J.f 0. 1855, p. 282; Olphe-Gall Orn. Bur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 61 (1886). Dominicanus fuscescens, Bruch, J. f O. 1853, p. 100 (part.) (S.B. Europe). Larus michahellesi, Brhard, Faun. CyMaden, pp. 45 and 62 (1858); Torre fy Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 560 (Adriatic). Larus fuscescens, Scl. P. Z. S.1867, p. 315 (Mogador); id. Bev. List Vert Zool. Gdns. p. 316 (1872); Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (AlexS andria). Laroides argentafrus, Locke, Bxpl. 8c. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 179 (1867). Larus heuglini, Bree, 2nd ed. B. Bur. v. p. 58 (1876). JUS marinus, Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 53 (West Siberia; cf. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxix. p. 272). Adult in breeding-plumage. Yery similar to the preceding, from which, in fact, it differs only in the following particulars :—The ring round the eye is bright orange-red, the gape is the same colour, the yellow and red of the bill are much brighter, the tarsi and toes are brilliant yellow; the mantle is, as a rule, decidedly darker, while the black and grey on the primaries show a deeper tone, and the middle toe with the nail is usually rather shorter than the tarsus. Total length about 23 inches, culmen 2*95, wing 18, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*75, middle toe with claw 2'65. The female is smaller than the male, as a rule. Adult in winter. As in summer: the usual greyish striations being absent, or so faint as to be practically invisible. Immature, Young, and Nestling. As in L. argentatus. The tarsi and toes are at first flesh-coloured, but they soon begin to show a yellowish tint in the live bird, though this is, of course, lost in preserved specimens. Hah. Southern Europe, from the Gulf of Gascony downwards; Madeira (probably the Azores), the Canaries, and the opposite coast of Africa ; the entire basin of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Aral, the Caspian and eastward to Lake Baikal (breeding). In winter to India, from the Bay of Bengal to Bombay; the Mekran coast; Persia; the Red Sea • and down the west side of Africa, appa rently to Angola. a, b. Ad. sk. Tenerife, Canaries, March H. Saunders Coll. {G.B.Shelley.), c, d. $ ad.; e,f $ ad.; g. Pull. sk. h. J imm. sk. Great Salvage Is., 1895. Madeira, May. April 28, W. R. Ogilvie Grant, Esq. [P.]. W. R. Ogilvie Grant, Esq. [P.]. 15 . LARTJS. 269 i. $ ad. sk. Off Valencia, S.E. Spain (K. Martin). k} I. PuU.etjuv.sk. Columbretea Is., May & June (JR. Martin). m. $ ad. sk. Ajaccio, Corsica, Jan. (C. B. Wharton). n. Ad. sk. Capri, off Naples, Feb. o. Ad. sk. Tunis. p, q. <$ ad. et imm. Lower Egypt, Feb. (G. JE. S.). sk. r. Juv. sk.Lowe LoweLower rr Egypt EgyptEgypt, ,, Jan. (LordWinchiisea). s-v. S $ ad. et juv. Echinades, off Missolonghi, sk. ^ June (IF. Seehohm). w-y. 5 inun. sk. Croatian coast, April. z. <$ ad. sk. Babadagh, Dobrudscha, June. a'. Pull. sk. Astracban, June {Moschler). b'. S ad. sk. South Volga, May (Moschler). c\ Ad. sk. South Ural (Taczanowski). ad et d'-f. 6 2-River Tigris, near Babylon, juv. sk. winter (Jones). g'9 h'. Vix ad. et Bagdad, winter. imm. sk. $-m!. <$ $ &&-) imm., Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept.-Oct. et juv. sk. ri. Juv. sk. Muscat, winter. o'-r'. <$ 2 ad. et Gwadar, Mekran coast, Dec. juv. sk. &Feb. Karachi, Sind, Feb. s',f. 2 juv's&* a(i. etSukkur, Sind, Nov., Dec. u', v'. 2 $ juv. sk. w'-y'. 2 ad. et $ Kushmore, Upper Indus, Dec. vix ad. sk. (A. 0. B.). sf. tf ad. sk. Bhawulpur, Sind, Jan. 3 et juv. Mehur, Upper Sind, Jan. sk. (A. 0. J5T.J. f'-m". <3 2 ad-> Larkhana, Upper Sind, Jan. vix ad., et imm. sk. n'\ 2 j uv * s^* Kandahar, S. Afghanistan, Jan. (Sir 0. St. John). o'\p". <$ ad. et $ Gurgaon, March (A. 0. H.). juv. sk. q". 2 j uv -s^* Sutlej, Punjab, Nov. (-4.0. JET.). r". 2 ad. sk. Delhi, Jan. s". 2 j uv * s ^ * Allahabad, Feb. t". 2 .] uv-sk-Eastern Bengal (J. Biddnlph). u", c? juv. sk. Bombay harbour, Feb. v", w". Ad. et juv. Kashgar. sk. Saisan-Nor, Turkestan, June. %". 2 a#-s^. Lake Baikal, May (Dybowski). yl\ (S ad. sk. 34. Larus vegse. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders ColL H. Saunders ColL H. Saunders ColL L. Fraser [0.1. Shelley ColL H. Saunders Coll. Seebohm and H. Saunders Colls. Prof. Brasilia [P.], H. Saunders ColL H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders ColL H. Saunders ColL India Museum [P.], Kenneth Loftus, Esq. [P.]. W. D. Oumming, Esq. [P.J. Col. Mills [P.]. Hume and Blan ford Colls. Hume Coll. Hume ColL Hume Coll. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.J. Hume Coll. Hume ColL Hume ColL Hume Coll. Hume ColL Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. IndiaMuseum [P.], Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. H. Saunders Coll. Larus argentatus, Middend. Heis. Sibir., Zool. p. 242 (1851: part.); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345; fiadde, Heis. Sibir., Vog. p. 383 (1863: 270 LAR1DJ3. part.); ? Ball $ Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. n. 305, no. 181 (1869: Up. Yukon); Bunge, Mil. Biol xii. livr. i. p. 47 (1884: Lena delta). Larus argentatus, var. cachinnans, Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. i. p. 504 (1859). Larus fuscus, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 68 (Amoy). [?] Glaucus borealis, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 101 (? ex Brandt) *. [?] Laroides borealis, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J.f.O. 1855, p. 282 j Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 219 (1857). ? Larus iclithyaetus, Cassin, in Perry's U.S. Expl. Rxped. p. 232 (1858: Japan, juv.). Larus occidentalis (nee Aud.), Szvinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 326 (Amoy); Whiteley, Ibis, 1867, p. 210 (Japan); Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 122 (Choris Penins., Voy. i Plover'); Sicinh. t. c. p. 421; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 140 (Cheefoo); Prjev. in Roioley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 109 (1878: S.E. Mongolia on migr.); David fy Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 520 (1878); H. E. Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 436 (Hankow); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 428 (Formosa); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 327 (Amoy); id. Ibis, 1870, p. 366 (Hainan); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 113, part. (1871); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421. ? Larus borealis, Baird, Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 321 (1869); Dall 8r Bann. t. c. p. 305, no. 182 (Alaska); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 113 (1871: Kamtschatka); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Br. 1876, p. 263; id. op. cit. 1882, p. 397 (Kamtschatka). Larus argentatus, d. "borealis, Cones, B. N.-Wesl, p. 626 (1874). Larus cachinnans, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 169 (partim); David Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 519 (1878); Ridgw. Butt, TIM. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Nelson, Cruise i Corwin/ p. 107, no. 152 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 240 (1884: Pacific coast); A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 30 (1887); Gigl. 8f Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p.592 (Vladivostokand Corea) -^Taczan. op. cit. 1888,p.485 (Corea); Seeb. Ibis, 1890, p. 105 (Bonin Is.); id. B. Japan. JSmp. p. 291 (1890); Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 508 (Lower Yangtse); Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 96 (Tsu-sima Is., Japan); De la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 501 (Foochow &c, winter); Hartl. Abh. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft ii. p. 334 (1892 : Pakhoi) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Loo-choo Is.). Larus affinus (sic), Nelson, Cruise 'Corwin,' p. 107 (1883), Larus argentatus, var. vegse, Palmen, Vega-Rxped., Vetensk. Bd. v. p. 370 (1887) t ; Taczan. Mem. Acad. Pitersb. xxxix. p. 1028 (1893 : E. Siberia coast). Larus vegse, Stejn. Auk, 1888, p. 310 (critical); Seebghm, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Gt. LiakofT Is., Bunye); Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI. no. xv. p. xxiv (1894). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Differs from L. cachinnans in the colour of its tarsi and toes, which, are pale flesh-colour, and * Fasc. i. of Brandt's ' Descr. et Icon. Anim. Boss. Nov./ Aves, was published at St. Petersburg in 1836; but it does not appear that the letterpress of fasc. ii. was ever published, although some copies of a plate lettered iv. fig. 1, lams borealis, were distributed, and the late Prof. Schlegel had one of them. Brandt's bird may be L. schistisagus. t For the use of a translation of Professor PalmeVs admirable * Eeport on the Birds of the ' Vega' Expedition' I am indebted to Mr. Seebohm. 15. LARtrs. 271 the mantle is, perhaps, of a darker and bluer grey. Total length about 24 inches, culmen 2-9, wing 18, tail 7*75, tarsus 2*75, middle toe with claw 2*6. The female is smaller and less robust. Adult in winter. Similar, but the head and neck streaked with ash-brown, as in L. argentatus. Immature and Young go through the same phases as the two preceding species. Hah. Arctic coast of Siberia, from the Taimyr Peninsula eastward, including the Liakoff Islands, to both sides of Bering Strait and Sea, but chiefly along the Asiatic side, Kamtschatka, the Sea of Okhotsk, &e.; southward by Japan and China coasts as far as Formosa and the Bonin Islands in winter. Ohs. It will be seen that L. argentatus, L. cachinnans, and L. vegce are very closely allied. There appears, however, to be a somewhat important break of continuity: L. argentatus stopping at the "White Sea, and no large Gull with black-patterned primaries being found to the eastward, till the Taimyr Peninsula is reached. a. £ juv. sk» South-west Manchuria. H, M. James, Esq. [P.], b. Imm. sk. Chefoo, N. China, Jan. H. Saunders Coll. (Commr. S. J. Muggeridge). c. Imm. sk. Shanghai, March (R. Swin- Seebohm Coll. hoe). d. Juv. sk. Kiukiang, Yangtse, Nov. F. W, Styan, Esq. [P.]. e-g. Ad., imm., et Poyang Lake,' Yangtse, F, W. Styan, Esq. [P.]. juv. sk. Jan. h-o. Ad., imm., et Amoy, Jan.-March (R. S.). Seebohm and H. Saunjuv. sk. ders Colls. p. 2 imm. sk. Chichi-shima, Peel Isd., Seebohm Coll. April. q. <$ ad. sk. . Tsu-shima, Corea Channel, Seebohm Coll. Feb. (R. A. mist). r, s. Ad. et juv. sk. Nagasaki, S. Japan. F. Kinger, Esq. [P.]. t-v. S ad. j wf x. J Yedo Gulf, Japan, Jan.- H. Saunders Coll. imm.; y. Juv: sk. March (Admiral St. John and G. Stephen). s, a'. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (H. Capt. Blakiston and Fryer). Seebohm Colls. b'. Ad. sk. Kobe, Japan, March($raow), H. Saunders Coll. c'. <$ vix ad. sk. Hakodati, May. Capt. Blakiston [P.]. d'. 2 juv. sk. Yezo (Admiral St. John). Tweeddale Coll. e'. $ ad. sk. Mouth of the Amur. Seebohm Coll. / . Juv. sk. " N.W. coast America." Capt. Kellett, E.N. [P.]. 35. Larus audotdni. ? Larus quadricolor, Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 81 (1769). Larus atricilla (nee Zinn.), Natt. (part.), Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 779 (1820); cf. Schl Rev. Crit p. 114 (1844). Larus audouini, Rayraudeau, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 462 (1826); Werner. Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 23 (1828); Temm. Rl Col. livr. 480 (1829); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 438 (1837); Rp. Comp. List B. 272 LAEIBJB. Eur. Sr N. Amer. p. 63 (1838); Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 380 (1840); Keys. Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvi & p. 243 (1840) ; Temm. Man. cPOrn. 2mo &L 4mo pte. p. 475 (1849); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxv (1844); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 170 (1844: Strs, Bonifacio); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 311 (1849); Levaill. Expl Sc. Alger, pi. 13 (1850); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 392 (1859); Fowys, Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Corfu); Linderm. Vog, Griechenl p. 177 (1860); Schl. Mus. F.-Bas, Lari, p. 22 (1863); Sahad. Ucc. Sard. p. 129 (1864) ; Free, B. Eur. iv. p. 92, cum tab. (1866); Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 420 (1867); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Nile: [seen only]); Doderl. Avif. Sicil p. 235 (1869); Gray, Rand-l. B. iii. p. 113, no. 10967 (1871) ; Sahad. Faun. Hal, "Ucc. p. 293 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S. Spain); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1387 (1873: Nile, fide E. C. Taylor [?]); Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 31 (I. of Toro); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 214 (1875); Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed. v. p. 62 (1876); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 395, pi. 601.fig.1 (1878); LUford, Ibis, 1880, p. 480 (Arbolan ; W. Mediterranean); Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 219 (Sardinia and Elba); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Corsica); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 429 (1886); Sahad. Ucc. Ital. p. 285 (1887); Zilford, Ibis, 1887, pp. 274-5, 279-281 (Strs. Bonifacio); Gigl 1° Resoc. Av, Ital p. 645 (1889); id. 2° Resoc. Av. Ital p. 654 (1890); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 299 (1895). Larus payraudei, Vieill. Faun. Frang., Ois. p. 396, pi. 172.fig.1 (1828). Gavia audouinii, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191. Glaucus audouini, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 102. Gavina audouini, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212; id. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 222 (1857); Loche, E$pl Sc. Alger., Ois. pt. ii. p. 182 (1867). Laroides audouini, Bruch, J.f.O. 1855, p. 282; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, tail, and under surface white; lower neck pale pearl-grey; mantle and rump somewhat darker pearl-grey; secondaries tipped with white, but not very broadly so; primaries with white tips, which increase in size inwards ; the outermost quill chiefly black, with a small white subapical spot on the inner web; 2nd quill blackish; 3rd quill black, with a grey wedge on the inner web; 4th and 5th with grey basally on both webs and the black reduced to a bar; 6th with a narrow bar, incomplete in mature birds; upper quills grey, with broad white edges; under wing-coverts and sides of breast pearl- grey : bill coral-red, banded with black in front of the angle, tip yellow; tarsi and toes olive-green (drying lead-colour). Total length about 20 inches, culmen 2*4, wing 16, tail 6, tarsus 2*3, middle toe with claw 1*9. There appears to be no noticeable difference in the size of the female. Immature in February. Similar, but the head and neck streaked with greyish brown; «the secondaries with dark centres to the outer webs ; no white spot on the outermost primary, and the grey of the 4th and 5th quills dull and mottled ; a black spot remaining 15. LAKHS. 273 near the tip of the 4th tail-feather from the outside: bill dull yellow, with a black band reaching to behind the angle; tarsi and toes paler than in the adult. No earlier stato of plumage is known to me. Mob. Western Mediterranean, chiefly within the Tyrrhenian Sea, but as far as the Straits of Gibraltar and a little outside. A thorough " sea " gull, nesting on rocky islets. a. Ad. sk. Corsica. Hiocour Coll. b. Ad. sk. Straits of Bonifacio. Purchased. c. 2 ad. sk. Maddalena I., Strs. May 3, 1882 (Lord Bonifacio, Lilford). H. Seebohm Coll. d. e. wing 14*5 to 15, tail 6*25, tarsus 2'2, middle toe with claw 1*8. Adult female similar, but rather smaller. Adult in winter plumage. Like the above, but streaked with brownish grey on the crown and upper neck. Young. Upper parts streaked and mottled with rather pale brown, the feathers of the mantle broadly tipped with huffish white; secondaries grey basally, with dark centres and whitish borders ; the two outer primaries dark brown; the 3rd, 4th, and 5th similar but tipped with white, and showing grey basally on the inner webs, increasing ascendingly; in the rest of the quills the grey gradually increases till the dark portion is reduced to an imperfect bar; tail-coverts white, with brown arrow-headed markings : rectrices white, with a subterminal dark brown bar and whitish tips; underparts dull white, thickly streaked and mottled with ash-brown on the throat and sides, with smaller and fainter spots on the breast and abdomen: bill yellowish brown basally, blackish terminally; tarsi and toes brownish. 15. LAKUK 275 A year later grey feathers appear on the mantle, tho band on the rectrices breaks up, the primaries from tho 4th upwards show grey wedges, and the un'derparts are white; but the head continues to be thickly streaked, while tho neck and shoulders display bold abhy spots : bill yellow, basally. Immature. Hoad slightly streaked; mantle grey, with a fow brown feathers remaining about the bend of the wing; outer primary with an indication of a white spot; rectrices white, with bold blackish subterminal spots, the remains of tho band. The next year there is a distinct spot on each outermost primary and the tail is nearly pure white, but the under wing-coverts are still mottled with brown. The dark colour on the primaries decreases with age, as in other species, until the mature stage is reached. Hob. Mainland of Worth America; not breeding southward of Nova Scotia on the east side or Utah on the west. In winter on both coasts, down to Mexico; occasionally in Cuba and onco in Bermuda. Chiefly an inland species during the breeding-season, frequenting lakes and marshes. a. Imm. st. Northern Expedition. Sir J. Richardson [P.], (Type of L. zonorhynchus.) b. Ad. sk. Attipella Bay, Labrador, June H. Saunders Coll. (A. Lechevallier). c. 2 juv. sk. Godbout, Mouth of St. Law- Salvin-Godman Coll. rence, Oct. {N. A. Comeau). d. c? ad. sk. Milford, Connecticut, April Salvin-Godman Coll. {Henshaw Coll.). e. Ad. sk. Coney Island, New York II. Saunders Coll. {Marshall). f. $ imm. sk. Detroit, Michigan {Maynard). H. Saunders Coll. y. Ad. sk. Ohio {Marshall). H. Saunders Coll. h. Juv. sk. Indian River, E. Florida, April II. Saunders Coll. {Maynard). i. Juv. sk. Cedar Cays, W. Florida, Jan. H. Saunders Coll. (Maynard). k-q. ^ $ ad.; Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov., Salvin-Godman Coll. r. Juv.sk. Jm.-Feb. {F.B.Armstrong), s. 9 ad. sk. Santa Ana, near Guadalajara, Salvin-Godman Coll. West Mexico, Nov. {W. Lloyd). t,u. $ ? ad. sk. Presidio, West Mexico, Jan.- Salvin-Godman Coll. Feb. {A. Forrer). v,w.($2 ad. sk. Guaymas, N.W. Mexico, Dec. II. Saunders Coll. {Gervase Matheio, M.N.). x-z. tf 2 vix ad.; San Diego, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll. a!. Juv. sk. April {L. Belding). b', e'. d1 ad. et $ San Diego, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll. juv. sk. Dec. {Henshaw Coll.). d\ 2 inv. sk. Ventura, Cala., Nov. {Henshaw Salvin-Godman Coll. Coll.). e'. Juv. sk. San Francisco Bay {F. Gruber). H. Saunders Coll. f. Juv.sk. Washoe Lake, Nevada, Aug. 31 Salvin-Godman Coll. (H. W. Henshaw). g'. Juv. sk. 49th Parallel, Aug. 1874. North American Boundary Comm. T2 LAKIDX. 37. Lams califomicus. A T„r N T vi. P- "9 (1S54); Baird, Larus califomicus, iowr. ^"^S^ggs) . Coues, Pr. Pkilad. Acad. Cass., ^L^>:B N ^n.fUb{ 1»^ y_ L (18ft 1862 p. 300; JSfcrf, **» . ^j . ^!/2. £^c. X T. xi. p. 13 1874 : Utah); Lawr But &^ ^ 6;37 (£r7j .<-^ _ Lhuantepec); i^ -p-^Merid. ^ dU»; ****• S/HIW, J2«p. &<™. 1879 W . oj ivvz Check-!. X. Bull U.S. Nat Jf«* no 21p. 6-^ ^_ ^_ ^ ^ 31 Amer. B. p. 121 (1882) *%S»--49 (1^b3. ^ (1888); 2?«M«Wf Fri^tr B £ d ed. p. 745 (lftb4j; *««*, Oala.); Cows, Ay A. ^'^T ^ 5i /it2 (ls*4) : A. O. U. BreJer, $BidgW. ^f^^f'^J^Pe U Pr.U.S. Sat. Check-l. N.AmerB p. 90 (!«»>•,f £ -,-} migtr.Man. X. Mm. ix p. 179 (1880£ South* %em Lr J, / ^toier. 5. p. 31 188/); CooA,e, ifl-f Macbarl Pr US Xat 5£Sf8P 2^^^^ R"^;>'"^ Li2?^^faT 5i. p. 770 (I*n>: * <**. A, L^deLE k va, califomicus, Coue<, Key X ^ , A p. *I3 (1872). ^cMim^m Wwta^* . Similar, but larger than Z. , Natilrl. Syst p. 58 (1829); Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; /Sto', 0/-w. To*?, iii. p. 59 (1831); Menetr. Cat. Mais. Cauc. p. 55 (1832); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 490, ph xciii. (1833); Jemms, Man. Brit Tertebr. p. 275 (1835) : Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 52 (1836); Gould, B. Bur. v. pi. 437 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. § N. Amer. p. 63 (1838); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. p. 301, pi. 261 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 485 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvi & p. 244 (1840); Nordm. in Demicl Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 280 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belq. p. 153 (1842); Macgill. Man. Brit Orn. pt. ii. p. 248 (1842); Bouteille, Orn. Dauph. ii. p. 244 (1843); Milhle, Om. Grieclienl. p. 141 (1844) ; Crespon, Faun. Mind, ii. p. 124 (1844); Schl. Jtev. Crit p. cxxv (1844); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 171 (1844); Yarr. Brit B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 570 (1845); Heiuits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 441, pi. cxxv. (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); DegL Orn. Eur. ii. p. 313 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel iii. p. 348 (1851); IZjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 339, tab. xlii. (1852); Macgill. Brit B. v. p. 575 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 599, pi. 349 (1854); Licht Nomencl. Ai\ p. 69 (1854); Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 69 (1856 : coast Earpt); Bp. C. M. xlii. p. 771 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857); Meyer, Brit B. vii. p. 135, pi. 304 (1857); Schrenck, Beis. Amurl. p. 509 (1859); Linderm. Vog. Grieclienl p. 175 (1860); Sicinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 68 (Amoy); Powys, t. c. p. 355 (Corfu, winter); Schl Dier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 236 (1861); Sivinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345 (N. China); Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. 49. fig. 6 (1863); Newton in S. B.-Gould's Iceland, p. 418 (1863: one imm.); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 22 (1863); Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 233 (1863); Padde, Beis. Sibir., Vog. p. 387 (1863); Sahad. Ucc. Sard. p. 128 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 151 (Malta); Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 424 (1807) ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Algh\, Ois. ii. p. 184 (1867); Eoliz, J.f. 0. 1868, p. 124 (I. of Gottland, breeds); Borggr. Vogelf Norddeutschl. p. 143 (1869); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 235 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 476, tab. 55.fig.7 & tab. 56. fig. 5 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S. Spain); Swinli. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 420 (China); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 292 (1872); G. M. Gray, Iland4. B. iii. p. Ill, no. 10945 (1871); R Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 483 (1871); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 305 (1872: Damietta) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872); Gould, B. Gt Brit v. pi. 60 (1873); Palmen, Finl Fogl. p. 506 (1873); Alston § R-Br. Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (Archangel); Brooke, t. c. p. 347 (Sardinia); Sharpe § Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 381, pi. 600 (1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt 2, p. 1377 (1873: Nile up to Khartoum); Severtz. Turlxest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873), and Dresser's transl. Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (Aral to Balkask); Dumford, Ibis, 1874, p. 402 (N. Frisian Is.) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 214 (1875); Blanf. East Persia, ii. p. 291 (1876: Bushire); Seed. $ H-Br. Ibis, 1876, p. 451 (Lower Petchora, breeds); Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 208 (N. Norway); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (Japan) ; David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 517 (1878); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 177 (revision Larina)); id. Jotmi. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 396 (distribution); Milller, J.f 0.1879, p, 392 (Cyprus) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 161 (Yenesei, breeds); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Wien, p. 273 (1879) ; Bodd,B. Cornwall, p. 109 (1880); Brandt, J.f O. 1880, p. 253 (Finnish Is., breeds) ; Saunders, Pep. Voy. ' Challenger,1 Zool ii. Birds, p. 138 (1881: Japan) ; Midgw. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 62 (1881: Labrador); Seebohm (Menlce), Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (Kirghiz Steppes); 15 . LA.KXTS. 279 id. t c. p. 386 (Archangel) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 620 (1882); Corns, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 121 (1882 : Labrador); B. 0. U. List Brit B. p. 189 (1883); Bawd, Brewer, # Ridgw. Waier-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 250 (1884: Labrador); Tristr. Faun. # Flor. Palest, p. 137 (1884) ; Badde, Orn. Cam. p. 478 (1884); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 746 (1884: Labrador); Saunders, 4th eel. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 613 (1884); Bnnge, Mel. Biol. xii. livr. 1, p. 51 (1884); Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 316 (1885) ; Buchner, Beitr. Buss. Belches, (2) ii. p. 130 (lb85 : St. Petersburg) ; IStejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 76 (1885: Bering 1.); Ilomeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 ; Liitken, t. c. p. 145 (Denmark); Torre $ Tsch. t. c. p. 561 (Austr.-Hung.); Albarda, t. c. p. 629 (Holland); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 90 (1886); Taylor, Ibis, 1886, p. 379 (Suez Canal); Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 428 (1886); Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 76 (1886); Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 422 (Black Sea); Winge, t. c. p. 591 (Denmark) ; Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Up. ALace); Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 286 (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 123 (Bering I.); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 33 (1887); Booth, Bough Notes, iii. (1887); H-Broimi $ Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. p. 231 (1887); iid. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 146 (1888); Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (Poland); Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57 (1888: Turkestan); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 655 (1889); Badde fy Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125 (Krasnovodsk, winter); Winge, Ornis, 1890, p. 379 (Lolland, Denmark, breeds); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 293 (1890); Stevenson # Southw. B. Norfolk; iii. p. 335 (1890); Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 188 (Lake Leman) ; Styan, t. c. p. 508 (Lower Yangtse); Gatke, Voqelxo. Helgol p. 574 (1891) ; Buckley $ II-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 231 (1891); iid. Faun. Argyll $c. p. 190 (1892); Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Corea); I)e La Touche, t. c. p. 501 (Foochow and Swatow, winter) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 520 (East Prussia, winter); & Urban §* Matheic, B. Devon, p. 379 (1892) ; Macphers. Faun. Lakeland, p. 427 (1892); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries, rare); . Tacz. Mem. Acad. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1033 (1893); Matheio, B. Pemhrokesh. p. 105 (1894); Collett, Nyi Mag. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 306 (1894); Irhj, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 298 (1895) ; Pearson, Ibis, 1895, p. 248 (Iceland, not breeding). Larus rnaculatus, Brilnn. {nee Bodd.) Orn. Bor. p. 44, no. 146 (1764: Copenhagen). The Winter Mew, Pennant, Br. Zool. p. 142, pi. L. 2 (1766) ; ibid. ed. 2, p. 423 (1788). Larus cinereus, Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 80 (1769). Larus nybernus, Timst. Orn. Brit. p. 3 (1771); Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 596 (1788); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. Ill, no. 10947 (1871). Tlie Common Gull, Lath. Gm. St/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 378 (1785); Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 200 (1821) ; Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 452 (1843). Larus procellosus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 373 (1803). Larus cyanorhyncbus, Meyer, Taschenb. Yog. Beutschl. ii. p. 480 (1810); id. op. cit. ed. 1822, p. 200 ; Koch, Sijst. baier. Zool. p. 375 (1816). Larus niveus (nee Bodd?), Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 320, tab. lxxiv. (1811); Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1857, p. 58 (Permi; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 224 (1857); Swinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 428 (Formosa); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 325 ; Whiteley, Ibis, 1867, p. 210 (Hakodadi); Decjl. <§* Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 426 (1867); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 3*36 (Hainan); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 420; id. Ibis, 280 LUilDJS. 1874, p. 165 (Ilakodadi); id. op. cit 1875, p. 138 (Chefoo); Severtz. J. f O. 1875, p. 185, no. 382 (Aral to Tianshan); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 263 (E. Siberia) ; Prjev. in Rowley's On?. Misc. iii. p. 108 (1878); David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 518 (1878); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 341 (Karntschatka); Alteon, Omis, 1886, p. 422 (Black Sea). Laroides procellosus, Brehm, Isix, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. Deutscld. p. 750 (1831); id Naum. 1855, p. 294. Laroides canus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 752 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. Laroides canescens, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. Deutscld. p. 753 (1831): id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. Larus canus, var. major, Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 243, pi. xxiv. fig. 4 (1853). Glaucus canus, Bruch, J.f O. 1853, p. 102. Glaucus lacrymosus, Bruch (nee Licht.), J.f O. 1853, p. 102. Larus lieinei, Homey er, Naum. 1853, p. 129. Gavina kamtchatchensis, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212. Gavina canus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J.f O. 1855, p. 284. Gavina kamtschatschensis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. (2) vii. p. 16 (1855). Laroides lacrimosus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. Gavina lieinei, Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, p. 283. ? Ei&sa nivea, Bp. Cat. Parzudald, p. 11 (1855). Larus canus a. farroensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857). Larus canus b. islandicus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857). Larus carntbchatkensis, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856;; cf. Rev. et jWay. Zool 1857, p. 58. Xerna canum, Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Midi Fr. p. 393 (1859). Larus delawarensis, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 246 (Labrador); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 177 (as regards Hakodadi, juv.). Larus canus major, Schley. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 2Q (1863). Larus suckleyi, Schley, (nee Laior.) Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 27 (1803: Japan). Larus audouini, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 455; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 330 (Palestine); A. B. Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 34 (Savona: cf. Giglioli, op. cit. 1881, p. 218). Larus (Gavina) canus, Droste, Vogelm. Borkum, p. 344 (1869). Gavia cana, Menzbier, Bull Mosc. lviii. no. 1, p. 136 (1883: Oka). Larus kamtschatchensis, Stejn. Bull. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 73 (1885); id. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1887, p. 123 (Bering I.). Larus canus niveus, Tacz. Mem. Acad. Petersb.xxxix. p. 1034 (1893: E. Siberia), Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and entire imderparts white; mantle bluish grey (decidedly darker than in typical L. argentatus in birds from North-western Europe, and slategroy— as in L. calif orn icus—in birds from Aichangel eastward, with a perfect gradation of tint) ; secondaries broadly tipped with white; outermost primary black, paler at the base, with a white subterminal mirror about 2 in. long ; 2nd black, with a grey basal wedge and smaller white mirror; 3rd black, with grey basally on both webs, and exceptionally a small subterminal white spot; 4th, 5th, and 6th quills chiefly grey, with black bars—which decrease ascendingly —and broad white tips; 7th quill grey with a white tip, and with a small dark spot on the outer web in all but very mature birds ; the remaining quills white terminally and grey basally. Eastern 15 . LAHUb. 281 biids have the outer primaries darker throughout and the grey is less strongly contrasted than in Western examples, but the pattern never varies. Bill greenish yellow at the base, rich yellow terminally; iris golden brown, orbital ring vermilion ; tarsi and toes greenish yellow. Total length 17 to 18*5 inches, culmen 1*85 to 2, wing 14 to 15, tail 5-75 to 6*25, tarsus 2*1 to 2-2, middle toe with the claw 1*75 to 2. These measurements represent the difference between an average Scottish bird and the largest examples in the collection, which are those from Japan and Corea. Adult female. Like the male, but smaller. Adult in winter plumage. Similar, but streaked and mottled with ash-brown on the head and upper neck; tarsi and toes olivaceous. Young. Head and upper neck streaked with ash-brown, the cheeks and throat, however, are nearly white; lower neck rather darker brown; feathers of the mantle with brown centres and whitish edges; primaries chiefly sooty brown, with paler inner webs and whitish tips to the upper quills : tail-coverts white, sparsely mottled with brown; rectrices whitish basally, with a well-defined subterminal brown band 2 inches deep; flanks, under wing, and upper breast mottled with brown, but the centre of the abdomen and breast nearly white: bill yellowish at the base, black anteriorly; tarsi and toes brownish. By September of the very first year some pure grey feathers have begun to show on the mantle, and these continue to take the place of the brown feathers until the next general moult. Immature (Feb., when about 20 months old). Head and neck streaked, and some brownish mottling on the upper wing-coverts, but the mantle bluish grey as in the adult, and the scapulars with pure white tips; secondaries chiefly white, but with some dark brown spots * outer primary with a long white mirror ; well-defined greyish wedges on the inner webs of the 4th, 5th, and 6th quills ; 7th and 8th slightly barred subterminally, and greyish above; the rest whitish; tail white, with some irregular blackish spots, the remains of the band : bill and tarsi olivaceous. At the next moult a white mirror appears on the 2nd primary, the pattern of the quills becomes well-defined, and, save for a few markings at the point of the wing and on the under coverts, the bird may be called adult. It breeds the next spring, when nearly three years old. Nestling. Bufiish grey, rather boldly spotted and streaked with black on the upper surface, and with a black spot at the base of the bill, apparently characteristic of this species. Hob. jSTorthern Europe and Asia down to about 53° N. (breeding); in winter to the Mediterranean basin, Kile valley, and Persian Gulf ; on the Pacific side, from Kamtschatka to Japan and China; rare in Iceland; has once occurred in Labrador (a young bird). a. Ad. sk. England, winter [white spot II. Saunders Coll. on 3rd quill]. b, c. Ad. et juv. Devonshire; winter. Col. Montagu [P.]. sk. d. Ad. sk. Torquay. 0. Coningkam, Ebq. 28 2 LABIDJE. e. Ad. sk. Ilayling Island. J. B. Tyndale, Esq. [P.]. / . Ad. st. Lancing, Sussex. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 2 lllv g-n-6-J Romney Marsh, Kent, Sept. It. B. Sharpe, Esq. o, Vix ad. sk. [P.]. p. 5 juv. sk. Romney Marsh, Kent, May. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. q-s. Imm. st. Thames. A. Cooper,Esq., R.A. [P.]. t. c? ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, Dec. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. u~w. $ 5 ad. et Harwich, Jan. 28. [The <3 ad. B. "Whitehead, Esq. 5 juv. sk. has white spot on 3rd quill.] [P.], x. Juv. sk. Walherswick, Suffolk, Feb. IL Saunders Coll. (W. Tyler). y. Juv. sk. Redcar, Yorks.,Jan, (Biggins). H. Saunders Coll. z, a', V, Pull, et Hebrides. T. Walker, Esq. [P.]. ad. st. c',d'. <$ 2 ad. ;#'• Orknevs, May, June, Sept. & II. Saunders Coll. Pull.; f, g\ Vixad. et juv. sk. h', i'. 3 2 ad.; k'-m'. Pull. st. n', of. 3 2 ad-; p',q\ Pull. st. r'. 2 vix ad. sk. s'-#'. Ad. et juv. st. ?/, z'. 3 ad.; a". Pull. sk. b". Juv. sk. «•. 2 „,.* d", e". 2 ad- etjuv. sk. f. 3 juv. sk. q". Juv. sk. h". 2 juv. sk. i". (S ad. sk. h". . 4* -R'cA. Fava. Bor.-Am*r., Birds, p. 416 (1831); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 4CK pi. xdx. f 1K3M ; JSfuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 806 (1834); Jemjn*. Man. Brit. Vtrtebr. p. 329 (1839); Nanm. Voy. Beutschl x. p. 85U, pi. L'tU (1M0»; tfcAfe, iBwrop. ifaww. p. 378 (1840); Temm. Man. dOrn, 2"**' H L 4** pte. p. 467 (1840); Keys. $Blas. Wirh. Bur. p. xcvi k p. 248 (1840); Gray, List Gen. B. p. 78 (1840) ; id. op. cit. ed. 1-41, p. W ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 153 (1842); MacgilL Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 247 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 808 f 1»44); Sthl Rev. Crit. p. exxv (1844); Audub. B. N. Amen fcvu ed. vii. p. 170, pi. 449 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mm., Andres, p. im (1844); Yan\ Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 595 (18451: Htwifmt, Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 450, pi. cxxviii fig. 2 (184(5); 6riw/t OH . 2?. iii. p. 654 (1846); DegL Orn. Fur. ii. p. 809 (1849); Thomp*. B. Irel. iii. p. 388 (1851); Brandt, Lehinannh B. n. Buchara, p. 881 (1852: mouth of Ural river) ; Macgill Br. B. v. p. 557 {1852}; Kjarb. Damn. Fugle, p. 341, tab. xliL (1852); Jliddeml Hem. Sibir., Zool p. 241 (1853); Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 594, pL. 840 & 341 (1854); Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854); Carte, Journ. B. Dublin Soc. i. p. 57 (Prince Patrick Isl., M'Clintock): Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 147, pi. 807 (1857) ; A. Armstrong, N. W. Pass. < Investig: p. 347 (1857 : Pr. Albert Land); Baird, Cass., $ Later. B. N. Amer. p. 842 (1858); Evans # Sturge, Ibis, 1851.4, p. 167 (W. Spitsbergen); Schl. Dier. Nederl Vogels, p. 284 (1861); Bernhardt, Ibis, 1861, p.-16 (Greenland); A. Newton, in Baring Gould's Iceland, p. 418 (1863) ; Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 280(18H3) • Badde, Beise Sibir,, Vog. ii. p. 382 (1863); Schl. Mm. P.-ll, Lari' p. 4 (1863); Malmgr. CBfo. Ah. Fork. 1863, p. 105; id. rm. cit 1864, p. 389 (Spitsbergen); A. Newt. Ibis, 1865, p. 500 fSpitsbergen); DegL §• Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 409 (1867): Buraar Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 142 (1869) ; Ball <$• Bonn. Tr. Chic Acad. L p. 304, no. 177 (1869: St. Michael's, Alaska): Fritsek Vog. Fur. p. 473, tab. 56. fig. 8 (1870); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 806 (Novaya Zemlya); R Gray, B. West Scott p. 4^0 (1871): Q, B Gray, Emd-L B. iii. p. 112, no. 10960 (1871); Harting, P. Z S 15. LARTJS. 291 Xi 2 L }®ihj' W&V31*> ^Clintoek) ; id. Eandb. Brit. B. p. 77 1872 P' 65 (lb/2U™ ??g£^$> (Novaya Zemlya); Feilden, Zool. s.8.p.3269(18,2: Faeroes); &*&«&i^^. J^/ tf^, p,295 (1872): Cbues, Key A. ^*r. J5. p. 311 (1872); *d. m f&Wi i&p. PryMoffGroup, no. 543 (1873); Cbtofc, iW . &&&. anitf. 1873, t' '27? (^v Norway); P«to, Finland* Fogl p. 585 Q873) ; Gould, B. GtBrit. v. pi. 57 (1873); i2. Gray, Pr. iVa*. Hist. lbrh P- 199 S"f'G{aTsJ' <' E-Brwm, t. c. p. 210 (Forth); Ctos, 2? A.-?Jgf,p.620 (1874); >W^ . (E/y. ^ . Fork 1874, p. 21 (Mos*el Bay;; Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 105 (N. Japan); j?esse&, Bull. Soc. Geoffr. Paris, 1875, p. 296 (Polaris Bay); 2>fy, Orn. Sirs. Gihr. p. 215 (1875: Tangier); A Newton, Arctic Man. p. 106 (Ibioj ; Seehohm § H-Bfovm, Ibis, 1876, p. 453 (Lower Petehora) ; Taczan. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 263 (E. Siberia) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 433, pi. 605 (1877); Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 409 (up tu 82- X.); Collett, Nyt Mag, Naturv. 1877, p. 210 (N. Norway) : E. Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 440 (Norton Sd.); Saunders, F. Z. S. 1&7S, p. 165 ; Marmoft. $ Vian, Btdl Soc. Zool Fr. 1879, p. 249 (Crotoy); Seebohn, Ibis, 1879, p. 161 (Yenesei); Bessels, Amerik. Nordpol-Exped. p. 312 (1879: Polaris Bay); Kumlien, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 95 (1879: Cumberland Sd.) ; Feilden, Zool. 1579, p. 7 (Pr. Albert Ld.); Bagsdale, Bull Nutt. Orn. CL l*tel, p. 187 (lied Piyer, Texas: imni.); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 482 (1881: Mass., rare); Bidgw. Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 21, p. 51 (1881) ; Feilden, in Markham's Polar Ileemm, p. 334 (lfcSl: XovayaZemlva); Coues, Check-list N.Amer. IL p. 120 (1^2); W. PL. Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 653 (Franz- Jcsef L&.); Elliott, Seal Is. Alaska, p. 132 (1882); Seebohm {Ilenke), Ihk, lbv2, p. 230 (N. Caspian, iinm.); id. {id.) t. c. p. 385 (Kanin Peninsula, breeding); Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1882, p. lih (Cape Lkburn); Nelson, Cruise c Conoin,* p. 106 (1883); Tatz. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 341 (Kamtschatka); B. O. U. Ltd Brit B. p. 187 (1883); Saunders, Ibis, 1S84, p. 391 (S.W. France); id. 4th ed. Tarn Brit. B. iii. p. 636 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer, B. 2nd ed. p. 741 (1884); Baird, Brewer, # Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 211(1884); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mutt, vi p. 123 (1884: Labrador); Bunge, Mel Biol xii. livr. 1, p. 48 & p. 53 (1884: Lena delta); Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 330 (1885); Bvchner, Beitr. Buss. Fetches, (2) ii. p. 132 (1885: St. Peter^burjr); Murdoch, Exped. Pt. Barrow,^. 122 (1885); Fischer $ Pelz. MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1886, p. 210 (Jan Mayen I.); ITomeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany); A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 87 (1886); Grbndal, Ornis, 1886, p. 370 (Iceland); Gif/iioli, Avif. Ital p. 433 (188G) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 287 (1867); Booth, Bough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Schneider, Ornis, 1887, p. 1351 (Upp. Alsace : juv., winter); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 26 (lb87) ; Townsend, Auk, 1887, p. 12 (N. Alaska); Feilden, Tn Num. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887: Hudson Str.); Palmen, Vega- Exped. Veiensk. p. 365 (1887); EL-Brown § Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. p. 234 (1887) j iid. Outer Hebr. p. 149 (1888); Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (Poland); Seebohm {Bunge), Ibis, 1888, p. 350 (Gt. Liakoff I.); Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Vail p. 55 (1888: Kansas); Greely, Bep. Exped. Lady Franklin Bay, ii. p. 22 (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 663 (1889) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital i. Besee. p. 647 (1889); M. Chamberlain, Auk, 1889, p. 214 (S. Greenland) ; Seed. B. Japan. Emp. p. 290 (1890); B. MacFarl Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 417 (1891: Arctic Amer.); Gatke, Vogelw, v2 29 2 LABIUM. IM<,ol. V.W6 (1891); Hagerup B. Oreenl. 1^3 (™i K rim-lip 7nnJ 1890 t> 49 (Jan Mayen I.); Hartert, Ibu,, ifc»J, (1894: Norway); Dubois, Vertebr. Belg., Ois. n. p. on, pi. 289 1894); My, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. 2nd ad. p. 301 (lb9o) Lams hyperboreus, Guwiflw, «t IW s Mr . J W .&zff». p. 2feo Le(GoJland a Mauteau grig ton ou le Bouigmestre, Bvffon, Slat. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 418 (1783). «. „., ,T . ^--0i Le Gotland a Manteau gris et Wane, Buff. Hist. IS at. Ois. Yin. p. 421 /1783) Glaucous Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 374 (1785); Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 475 (1843). _ m ^ Lams maximus, 0'J2w% (nee Leach, 1816), Greenland, p. 141, pi. xiii. (1818). w . 7 . ? Larus leuceretes, Schleep, N. Ann. Wetterau GeseL iv. p. 314: Larus consul, Boie, Wiedemann's Zool. Mag. 1819, p. 126 (Spits bergen) ; JBreJim, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. JDeutschi. p. 735 (1831). ? Larus medius, Brehm, Beitr. Vogelh. iii. p. 810 (1822); td. Lehrb. Hur. Vog. p. 731 (1824); id. Vog. Deutschl p. 73G (1831). Larus islandicus, Edmonst. Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 185 (1822: not oi Edmonst. op. cit. p. 506, which is L. leucopterus). Larus leucopterus (nee Faber), Vieill. Enc. Meih. i. p. 346 (1823) ; DallSf Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 304 (St. Michael's, Alaska); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 166 (as regards Japan); id. 4th fid. Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 648 (as regards JN. Pacific & Bering Sea); Nelson, Rep. B. Alaska, p. 52 (1887); ? Townsend, Auk, 1887, p. 12 (N. Alaska); Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Vail. p. ^b (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 664 (1889: as regards j&. Pacific & Bering Sea); Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 292 (1890); ? Fatio $ Studer, Cat. Ois. Suisse, p. 62 (1892 : Lake of jS"euchatelj. Larus glacialis, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 705 (1824); MaegilL Mem. Wern. Soc. v. pt. i. p. 270 (1824: Shetland) ; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 732 (1831): id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 338 (1855). Leucus glaucus, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 86 (1829); Bp. C. It. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 215 (1857); Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 41 (1886) ; Seine § Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Eein. p. 358 (1890). The Iceland Gull, Bewick, Brit. B. ii. Suppl. p. 28 (1831: Edmonston's first Shetland "bird). Larus hutchinsii, Richards. F. Bor.~Am. ii. p. 419, note (1831); Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 290; Cones, t. c. p. 294; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 299 (1865 : Long I.); Elliot, Neio $ Unfig. B. N. Amer. i. Introd. (wing figured and erroneously ascribed to L. glaucescens), ii. pi. 53 (1869) ; Ball & Bann, Tr. Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 304, no. 178 (Fort Yukon). Plautus glaucus, Reichb. Av. Syst. Nat, Longip. p. v (1852). Glaucus consul, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 101. Laroides glaucus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 ; Bruch, J.f O. 1855, p. 281. * ' J ' Laroides glacialis, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212; Bruch, J.f.O. 1855, p. 282. Larus barrovianus, Ridgw. Auk, 1886, p. 330 (Bering Sea); Turner, 15. LARtJS. 293 °n^' n'ao% AlJ?fa> P- 12 5 (1886); Itidffw. Man. N. Amor. B. p. 2G (1887); Nelson, Rep. B. Alaska, p. 51 (1887): F. M. Chapman Auk, 1888, p. 393; Taezan. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 1019 (1893: E. Siberia). Lams$ gkucescena, Taczan. Mem. Acad. St PMersb. (7) xxxix. p. 1019 (1893: E. Siberia). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and raider- parts white; mantle pale pearl-grey, the scapulars and secondaries distinctly white at the tips; primaries pale pearl-grey basally and on the outermost webs, white terminally : bill yellow, orange-red at the angle; iris straw-yellow, orbital ring orange; tarsi and toes bright flesh-pink (in Hfe). Total length about 29 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 18 to 18*5, tail 7-25 to 7*5, tarsus 2-7, middle toe with claw 2*7. The female is smaller, often considerably so; but there is also much individual difference in size, irrespective of sex. Adult in ivinter. Similar, but mottled and streaked with pale brown on the head and neck; while in birds which have bred for the first time in the previous summer there is often a considerable amount of pale brown mottling on the mantle also, until February or even March. Young. Both upper and under surfaces streaked and mottled with ash-brown on a paler ground-colour; the feathers of the mantle margined with buffish white, which produces a creamy appearance; outer quills clay-brown on their outer webs and paler on the inner webs; upper and under tail-coverts rather boldly marked with brown; rectrices, on the contrary, rather finely mottled: bill ochre-yellow to the angle, thence blackish to the tip ; tarsi and toes brownish. After the moult of the next year, both upper and under surfaces are much lighter, and pale grey feathers begin to show on the mantle, the outer primaries being all but white. Immature. The mottlings of the upper surface gradually disappear, and for a short time the bird appears to be creamy white (in which phase of plumage it has received the name of L. hutchins-i). At the subsequent moult the pearl-grey mantle is assumed, but the new tail-feathers show some faint brownish mottlings until the next year. Nestling (16th July, 1875). Stone-grey, with a slight tinge of yellowish buff below; the head spotted with black, and the back mottled with ash-brown. Hab. Entire Circumpolar regions in summer ; southwards in winter to the basin of the Mediterranean, the Black Soa and the northern part of the Caspian, Japan and California in the Pacific, Bermuda, Elorida, and Texas on the Atlantic side. a. Juv. st. Cornwall, winter (Vingoe). Purchased. b. Juv. st. Torquay, winter. C. Coningham, Esq. c. $ ad. sk Spurn Head, Nov. Dr. H. B. Hewetson d. Juv. st. Orkney (Bullock). Purchased. e. Juv. sk. /. 6 ad. sk. <7,A. ? juv. sk. «,&. Juv.etiruin. sk. £ c? ad. sk. m. Ad. sk. w. Ad. st.; o. Ad. sk. p, q. Ad. et vis ad. sk. r. Ad. sk. 5, t. Ad. sk. «. Ad. sk. v. Ad. sk. w. Pull. sk. .r. Pull. sk. ad. sk. a'. S ad. sk. ¥. Ad. st. c'. Juv. St. oV. Juv. sk, e'-g'. Imm. et juv. sk. #. $ ad.sk z'. <5 ad. sk. h'-q'. d S ad,, imm., et juv. sk. r', s'. <$ imm. et ad. sk. t', u'. 2 ad. et c? juv. sk. v'. § vix ad. sk. w'. S imm. sk. ^'. c? ircim. sk. y'. Skeleton. z'. Skeleton. IAKID2G. Orkney, Jan. {J. W. Lloyd). Shetland. Fiuroe Islands, Dec. {MUller). Vaclso, Varanger Fiord, June-July. Golaievskai Is., Lower Petchora Piver, July 13. Spitsbergen. Northern Sea. Lat. 78° 40' N., long. 0° 22' Iceland (W. Procter). Greenland. Whaleiish Is., Disco Bay (Dr. Robertson). Upernavik (Br. Robertson), Svarte-vogel Bay, N. Green land, July 1875 (J3T. C. Hart). Gary Island, Baffin Bay, July 27, 1875 {Col H. W. Feilden). Labrador (Moeschler). Godbout, Canada, April (N. A. Comeau). North-west America {Capt Collinson, R.N.). Kotzebue Sound, N.W. America. Stewart Isl., Alaska, Sept. (JS. W. Nelson). St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug. (JE. W. N.). Picnuktalik River, Alaska, July (JB, W. N.). North mouth of Yukon, Alaska, May (JE. W. N.). Amur Bay, Nov.-Mar. {G. Dorries). Hakodadi, Yezo, Japan. Hakodadi,Yezo, Japan, Feb.Mar. {Capt. BlaJtiston). Nambu Harbour, Japan {H.M.S.* Sylvia1). Yedo Bay, S. Japan, March (G.Stephen). Port Hamilton, Corea Chan nel, Dec. {G. Stephen). Europe. Spitsbergen, Aug. 1, 1894. Seebohm Coll. Purchased. II. Saunders Coll. Seebohm Coll. Seebohm Coll. The Admiralty [P.]. The Admiralty [P.]. Capt. D. Gray [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Hume Coll. The Admiralty [P.]. The Admiralty [P.]. H.M.S. < Discovery' Exped. H.M.S. < Alert' Exped. PL Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Voy. H.M.S. «Enterprise.' Capt. Kellett & Lt. Wood, E.N. [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. H. Seebohm Coll. Capt. Blakiston [P.]. Seebohm Coll. Tweeddale Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Purchased. Col. H. W. Feilden [P.]. 15. IAKITS. 205 44. Lams leucopterus. Larus argentatus, E. Sabine (nee Gm.), Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p, 546 (1819). Lams leucopterus, Faber, Prodr. Isl Orn. p. 91. (1822); Brehm, Beitr. Togelk. iii. p. 817 (1822) ; id. Lehrb. p. 715 (1824); id. Omis, Heft ii. p. 137 (1826: Elbe); Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ii. p. 361 (1828); Kaup, Natihrl. Si/8t.-p.2S (1829); Sw. # Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 418 (1831); Lesson, Traite, p. 617 (1831); Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 305 (1834); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 553, pi. 282 (1835); Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 53 (1836); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. § N. Amer. p. 63 (1838); Audub. Synop. p. 327 (1839); Schniz, Europ. Faun. p. 378 (1840); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 4me pte. p. 467 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 19 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xevi & p. 243 (1840); Naum. Tog. BeutscH. x. p. 367, tab. 265 (1840); Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 247 (1842); Selys-Longch. Faun/Belg. p. 154 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxv (1844); Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 159, pi. 447 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); Degl Orn. Eur. ii. p. 310 (1849); Macgill Brit. B. v. p. 566 (1852); Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, p. 340, tab. xli. (1852) ; id. op. cit. Suppl. tab. xxii. figs. 1, 2 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854); Schl. Tog. Nederl. p. 595, pi. 342 (1854); Brehm, Nairn. 1855, p. 294; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 498, pi. exxxix. figs. 1-2 (1856) ; Baird, Cass., $ Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 848 (1858): Schl. Bier. Nederl Vogels, p. 234 (1861); Bernhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 17 (Greenland) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 230 (1863); A. Neioton, in BaringGould's Iceland, p. 418 (1863) ; JDegl et Gerbe, Orn. Ear. ii. p. 4il (18137); Fritsch, Tog. Eur. p. 473, tab. 56. fig. 6 (1870); Gray, Band-l. B. iii. p. 112, no. 10962 (1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 311 (1872); PalmSn, Finlands Fogl. p. 589 (1873: Finland ?); Finsch, Abh. Ter. Bremen, v. p. 364 (1873: S. Greenland); Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christ. 1873, p. 293 (N. Norway); H-Broion, Pr. N. E. Soc. Glasg. 1873, p. 210 (Forth); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 622 (1874);,-4. Newton, Arct. Man. p. 106 (1875: Greenland); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 439, pi. 606 (1876); Kuml. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 97 (1877: Cumberland Sd. & Greenland); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 166 (revision Larinae) ; Ridgtv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 483 (1881: Boston, very rare); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 120 (1882); Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 125 (1883: Maine); Saunders, Ath ed. Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 642 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 741 (1884); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 216 (1684); Fischer $ Pelz. MT. orn. Ter. Wien, 1886, p. 210 (Jan Mayen I., breeds); Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 333 (1885); Homeyer, Omis, p. 80 (1885) ; Lutken, t. c. p. 145 (Denmark) ; Grondal, op. cit. 1886, p. 370 (Iceland); A.O.U. Checklist N. Amer. B. p. 87 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 26 (1887); Palmen, Tega-Exped. Tetensk. p. 369 note (1887: not in Siberia or Bering S.); Feilden, Tr. Norm. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 : Digges I., breeding); R-Brown fy Buckl. Faun. Sutherl p. 234 (1887); iid. F. Outer Hebrid. p. 149 (1888); Greely, Pep. Exped. Lady Franklin Bay, ii. p. 22 (1888: Smith Sd.); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 665 (1889); Chamberl.Auk, 1889, p. 215 (S.Greenland); Stevenson $ Southio. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 336 (1890); W. E. Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 50 (Jan Mayen I., breeds); Buckl. ty JS-Brown, Faun. Orkney Is. p. 234 (1891); Gdtke, Vogelw. Kelgol p. 567 LABIDiB. 296 LaKaucoides Meyer, Zusatze Taschenbm. p. 197_(1822): Boie, Lams moltke, Teilwsmn, Ban. ogTsl. Fugl. p. loJ t1--"^-4 . Larue arcticus, Macgill. Mem Wern. &oe. v. pt. i. p. -t- IU.-4. Greenland; a large specimen). vii p. 150, pi. 308 (1857); i^/to , iToo/. &.s. p. 32fc9 (18/2: Faroes); Gould, B. Ot. Brit. v. pi. £8 (1873) Lams minor, 2?r*Ai«, 2**, 1830, p. 993; ^/^ -^^ ' * lt% (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Torjelf p. SM (l&w). Laroides glaucoides, J?r^w, Jm, 1830, p. 993; *rf. 1 off. Deutschl. p. 744 (1831); t#. iVflMW. 1855, p. 294. Laroides leucopterus, Brehm, Ms, 1830, p. fl93; id. Vug. Deutschl p. 745 (1831); Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211; Brehm, op. cit l*vwT p. 294; Bruch, J.f.O. 1855, p. 281. Laroides subleucopterus, Brehm, IBIS, 1830, p. 993; id. J <$. BmhehL p. 746 (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. Iceland Gull, Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 456 (18431. Larus icelandicus, Tarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed.iii. p. 575 (184o) ; Ihowips. B, Irel iii. p. 385 (1851) ; JR. .K& Larus geoigii, JT%, JSurv. Intertrop. Austr. n. p. 4&> (i^- ***£ George's Sound, S.W. Australia). GabianSs paciucus, 5 M Jl /. 0. 1853, p. 100; **. ^ . tiL IN*J, p. 280; V i\W 1854, p. 211; «£ Eev. et M?ff-&?\~* p. 13; id C. R xlii. p. 770 (1858); «2. COny-Ar.*. p. 212! i^;; J5feww # ReicJimow, Nomencl Mm. Hem. p. &* (i*;*'*- Gabianus bathyrkynchus, Jfp. JVawwi. Ifc54, p. 511; ArweA, J. /. €A 1855, p. 280"; 2?p. Omap. -4®. ii. p. 212 (lfc.37). „ Gabianus georgi, ifc?. . ^P . u. p. 213 (1857). ^ to 1 \ iml % tarsus 2*9, middle toe with claw 2*7. Adult female. Smaller; bill not so deep and weaker. Young. Head and hind neck nearly uniform dark brown ; feathers of the mantle and tail-coverts rather paler brown, with tiiiftMi edges; primaries sooty brown, with pale tips to the inner qmM% rectrices dark brown, with whitish extreme tips; raider surface brown, paler on the abdomen; under wing-eoverte dark brown : bill nearly black, ochraceous near the base of the under mandible ; tarsi and toes yellowish brown. At a subsequent sta^e the forehead and throat are streaked with greyish white and brown, while the general tone of the plumage is lighter. The next year, dull white* is the prevailing colour on the underparts; some blaek show* on the mantle; the throat and head are very boldly streaked with brown; some white begins to show at the base of the tail, tad the coverts are nearly white: bill greenish basally. Immature. Porehead and under surface chiefly white ; bead and neck boldly mottled with brown ; mantle nearly black; tall-coverts pure white; rectrices nearly white and only mottled with greyish at their bases, otherwise as in the adult; under wing-eoverts mottled brown and greyish: bill almost as in the adult, but inclined to black at the commissures. Nestling. Greyish white, spotted with blackish m the head and mottled with dull brown on the upper surface. This is a very remarkable species, with a superficial resemblance to L. marinus and L. dominicanus, but showing strong affinities in its wing-pattern and in the black bar on the tail to IT . LEITCOPffJECS. 299 the group of Pacific Gulls, L. modulus (least), L. heleheri, and Hah. Australia and Tasmania. Three specimens in the Museum bear labels marked - X. Z./* hat there is no evidence that the species has ever Gee aired In Zew Zealand: rather the contrary. tf. Juv. at. Western Australia. Govermt. of Western Anstralia HP 1 h, e. Ad. et 1mm. Port Lincoln, 3. Australia. Old Coll. fh Juv. nk. Ad daiie (Bridges). H. Saunders Coll. >. ^ juv.-k. Victoria, May fO;/. JF. V. H. Saunders Coll. / , £. -' via. ad. et Port J.ick-un, X. S. Wales, Gould Coll. jav. »&. /i. Ad. *k\; £ Juv. T^iimhu. R. Gunn, Esq_. [P.], **f * &. Ad. *L IViiJuiiik, JJ. Saunders Coll. I. Juv. *fc. Ta*irLtnia. Antarctic Expd.[P.], m. I unit. «k. 11 ik$rt Town, X. & Wales. Gould Coll. si,". AcLetjuv.ttk. I* wi% X.S. Waif*. Gould Coll. i»» 5 iimu. *k. N.i:.Tu»iti«&uiafIfec. (CW. W. 11. Saunders Coll. l\ Isggr). tj. Vnll »t. Act Hm"!*!., Tasmania. Gould Coll. r. Ail; $% i, Juv. /^Xf-A-ZaaliiaiL^ Antarctic Expd. [P.I 17. LIUCOPHJEUS. Type. I* uc.*phiMt3, i/rwA *T «/./. O. Ki;it p. 108 .......... L. scoresbii. Pr »•» liUfti% /j*p. XtatHL i OI, p. 1*11 L. scoresbii. Lplrkms ///>. iSttum, l**2); Oustakt, Mission 8c. Cap Horn, vi. p. 179, pL # I t«fl i; brel Mkf MM, pp. 495, 497 (Amer. Antarctica). Lurm hftsmit'ttuvnclm*, Vigorsf ZmtL Journ. iv. p. 103 (1828-29) ; •tow/. Jr *V%,*/tf. Orn. ii pi IOC (1830); King, Yog.« Adv.' $ * Ikmik; I fi. U\ (1KB: Magellan Sirs.); Gould, ZooV Beagle", Mr4i, p. 112 \1811: Port rft Julian, Patagonia); Gray, List B. Brit Mu% AtiaeMS, p. 170 (1844); id. Gen. B, iii. p. 654 (1846); m Often ebml m Lcatftjthauti, Bp., and it would appear that Bonaparte, in hi* m^m^pmnhmi1 with Bratf h, bad proposed that name; but Brueb was the !l»tf m far a& 1 mm dhttover, to describe the genus, which he restricted to this *l&tm; WI»WM Bonaparte (Xaiim. 1854, p. 211) also placed Larm heerrmnni vt Iii* %mm Leucfiphmu. 300 LVRIDJE. Oat/, Hist Chile, Zool. i. p. 654 (1847); lieichenb. Natatores, tab. xxv. fig. 847 (1848). Leucophaous hsematorhynchus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 108; id. op. cit. ]855, p. 287; Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211; id. C. JR. xlii. p. 771 (1856). Oliroicoceplialus htematorhynchus, Lioht. Nomencl Av. p. 98 (1854: Chile). Procellarus neglectus, sive Epitelarus neglectus, Bp. Naum. 1854, pp. 211, 213; id. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855, p. 13; id. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 211 (1857 : type of genera). Leucophseus scoresbii, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 231 (1857); Bias. J.f. 0. 1865, p. 378; Scl % Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 579; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, and under surface lavender-grey, a little warmer on the upper parts, especially on the neck, where the grey deepens; mantle black, scapulars and secondaries very broadly tipped with white ; primaries chiefly black, the 2nd with a minute white tip, the 3rd with more white terminally, and so on, until at the 5th a white spot appears on the inner web, and by contrast forms the black into a subterminal bar; succeeding quills with broad white tips, which increase in size upwards; tail-coverts pale grey ; rectrices pure white; under wing smoke-grey : bill " arterial red " or bright cherry-colour ; iris pale yellow, orbital ring white; tarsi and toes vermilion. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*7, depth at angle 0*6, wing 13*25, tail 6, tarsus 2, middle toe with claw 2 ; hallux joined to the inner toe by a distinct web. The female appears to be slightly smaller, but examples with the sex determined are few. Young. Head smoke-grey ; neck all round brownish; feathers of the mantle dark brown, with paler tips; secondaries almost as broadly tipped with white as in the adult; quills black, without white tips up to the 5th; tail-coverts nearly white; rectrices white, with a broad black subterminal band; under surface nearly white up to the breast, which is brownish like the neck: bill ochre-yellow at the base, blackish anteriorly; tarsi and toes livid brown. In the next stage the head is sooty, giving the appearance of a very distinct hood by contrast with the neck, which is grey ; mantle blackish in the centre; the bar on the rectrices smaller and the two outer pairs of feathers almost white; under surface pale grey. Immature. With a strongly marked hood; otherwise like the adult, except that there is less white on the primaries and the 6th has a narrow subterminal black bar. Nestling. Stone-grey, very closely spotted above and mottled below with blackish: altogether a very dark bird. This is a very localized and terrestrial Gull, subsisting largely on the eggs and young of other birds during the season, molluscs, &c. In its plumage it forms a remarkable link between the Pacific group and the typical Gulls. 18. PAGOPHILA. 301 Hab. East Patagonia, the Falkland Islands, the New South Shot- lands, and the Antarctic land beyond Cape Horn, the Straits of Magellan, and the Pacific Coast up to the Island of Chiloe. a. Ad. st. Berkeley Sound, East Falkland The Admiralty [P.], (Antarctic Expedition). b, c. S ad. et Falkland Islands, Aug. 1842 The Admiralty [P.]. juv. sk. (Antarctic Expedition). d-g. Ad., imm., Falkland Islands (Dr. Hen- H. Saunders Coll. et juv. sk. ston). h, i. Pull. sk. Falkland Islands, Jan. (Came- H. Saunders Coll. ron). k. Pull. sk. Falkland Islands, April (Ca- H. Saunders Coll. meron). I Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Dr. M. H. Saunders Coll. Rodger s). m. Imm. sk. Falkland Islands (Capt Ah- H. Saunders Coll. bott). . Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Falkland Salvin-Godman Coll. Islands Co.). o,p. Ad. etimni. Falkland Islands (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll. sk. q. Ad. sk. 64° S., 55° 45' "W. (S. 'Balaena'). Capt. A. Fairweather [P.]. r. <5 imm.; $- East coast of Patagonia, 45° S., H. Saunders Coll. u. $ $ ad. sk. Aug. (J. Young), v. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan (Capts. The Admiralty [P.]* Xing 8r Fitzroy, R.N.). (? Type of L. hcematorhynchws.) 18. PAGOPHILA. Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (partim: undescribed). Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980 P. eburnea. Pagophila, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 69 & p. 196 P. eburnea. Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (partim). Cetosparactes, Macgill Man. Brit. Orn. p. 251 (1842).. P. eburnea. Catosparactes, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 655 note (1846) .. P. eburnea. Gavia, Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 39 (1882) P. eburnea. Range. That of the sole representative species. 1. Pagophila eburnea. ? Larus albus, Gunnerus, in Zeem's Beskr. Firm. Lapp. p. 285 [not p. 265 as cited by Stejneger] (1767 j nee Scop. 1769, nee P. L. S. Mull 1776).* * Gunnerus says that he was told of, but never saw, " a pure white Gull intermediate in size between L. canus and L.fuseus" which he thought " might be the same as the Senator Martensii, described as having a black bill and black feet." Donndorff, who usually cites the notes of Gunnerus to Leem, omits all reference to the above, probably considering the identification—if such it may be called—as too vague. It seems undesirable to reject the time-honoured specific name eburnea on such slight ground. 302 LAUIDJS. Larus eburucua, Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, App. p. 187 (1774) ; Gm. S. N. I. p. 590 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 816 (1790); Bonn. Enc. 3/eth. i. p. 87 (J700) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 498 (1815); miss. Om. Suce. p. 171 (1817); E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 048 (1819: Baffin Bay); Leach, Thorns. Ann. of Philos. xiii. p. 01 (1819: Baffin Bay); id. in J. Boss' Voy. Baff. B. App. ii. p. liv (1819) ; id. op. ci't. 8vo ccl. ii. p. 100 (1819); Boie, Wiedemann's Zool. Mag. 1819, p. 129; Moresby, Aret. Voy. i. p. 535 (1820: Spitsbergen); 'lemm. Man. d'Orn. eel. 2, p. 700 (1820); E. Sabine, Parry's 1st Troi/. Suppl. p. cciv (1821 : Davis Str.); Manly, Toy. Orcenl. p. 50 (J822); Meyer, Zushtze Taschenb. iii. p. 200 (1822); Edmonst. Mem. Wem. 'Soc'ix. p. 501 (1823): Brehm, Lehrb. p. 703 (182-1); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 195 (1820) ; J. C. Boss, Parry's 3rd Voy. App. p. 104 (1826: Da^is Sir. & Bail: Bay); id Parry's 4th Voy. App. p. 194 (1828: Spitsbergen & northward); Tieill. Faune Franc., Ois. p. 389 (? 1828) ; Werner', Atlas, Palmipedes, pis. 21 & 22 (1828); Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 300 (1828: Synops.); Swains. c§* Rich. Faun. Bor.- Amer., Birds, p. 419 (1831); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 497, pi. xeiv (1833) ; Auduh. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 571, pi. 287 (1835) ; Jenym, Man. Vertebr. p. 270 (1835) ; Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 53 (1830) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 301 (1834); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 437 (1837); Audub. Synops. p. 326 (1839); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xevi & p. 242 (1840); Naum. Voy. Deutschl. x. p. 341, pi. 203 (1840); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. 4, p. 474 (1840); Selys- Longch. Favn. Belg. p. 152 (1842) ; Audub. JB. Amer. vii. p. 150, pi. 445 (1844); Schl. Itev. Crit. p. exxvi (1844); Yarr. Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 507 (1845); Begl Orn. Eur. ii. p. 315 (1849); Ejeerb. Danm, Fugle, p. 337, tab. xli. (1852), and Supj)l tab. xxii. (1854); Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 143, pi. 300 (1857); Aaum. Voy. Dent,schl., Anhang, p. 277 (I860); Muller, Vid. Medd. 1862, p. 72 (1803: Faroes); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 6 (1803) ; Malmgr. (Efo. Ah. Fork 1863, p. 102 ; id. op. cit. 1804, p. 385 (Spitsbergen) ; Hancock, Ibis,18(}7, p. 253 (Islay L, ad.); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 481 (1871); Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 122 (E. side of Lancaster Sd.); id. Handb. Brit B. p. 174 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 314 (1872) ; Heugl Lbis, 1872, p. 05 (Nova Zemlya) ; Palmen, Finlands Foglar, p. 610 (1873); Finsch, Abh. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 365 (1873: S. Greenl.); Sundev. (Efo. Ah. Fork. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen); ? Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 146 (Cbeefoo, Oct. 20th, seen only); Bessels, Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 1875, p. 296; id. Amerih. JVordpol-Ea-ped. p. 312 (1879: Polaris Bay); Bunge, Mel. Biol. xii. livr. 1, p. 49 (Lena delta); Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 3337 (1885); Millais, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 137 (Caithness, adult); Gdthe, Vogelw. Ilelgol p. 582 (1891); Collett, Ibis, 1888, p. 440 pi. xiii. (eggs & nestling, Spitsbergen); id. Nyt Mag. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 312 (1894: Norway). Lams candidus, Muller, Prodromus, p. viii (1776); 0. Fair. Faun. Greenly. 103 (1780); Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 142 (1828). La Mouette blanche, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 422 (1783). Le Goiland blanc du Spitzberge, Baubent. PL Enl. pi. 994 (1786). Larus niveus, BocU. PI. Enl. p. 58, no. 994 (1783: nee Pallas): Marmottan # Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. 1879, p. 249 (Crotoy). Ivory Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 377 (1785); Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 449 (1843). Larus albus, Schafy Mus. Orn. p. 65, tab. 42 (1789). Gavia eburnea, 2?o&, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 765 18. PAGOPIIILA. (1831); Bp. Coy^x List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p. 62 (1838); Gray, List Gen. B. p. 79 (1841); Bp. Cat Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842). Pagopliila eburnea, Kaup, Natihrl Syst. pp. 68, 69, & p. 196 (1829 : type of genuh); Gray, List Gen. B. ed. 1841, p. 99 & App. p. 15 (1842) ; id. List B. Brit 3Ius.,Ameves, p. 174 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 654, pi. 180. fig. 1 (1846); Reichenb. Syst. Nat tab. v. (1850); id. Av. Syst Nat, Longip. p. v (1852) ; Licht NomencL Av. p. 99 (1854); Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 106; Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Brehn, Naum. 1855, p. 295; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 230 (1857); Carte, Jr. B.Bubl Soc. i. p. 57, pis. 1 & 2 (1856: Prince Patrick I , egg) ; Baird, Cass., $ Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 856 (1858); Evans fy Sturge, Ibis, 1859, p. 171 (West. Spitsbergen) ; Bernhardt, op. cit 1861, p. 18 (Greenland); A. Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 507 (Spitsbergen); Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 237 (1863); E. P. Wright, Ibis, 1866, p. 216 (Prince Patrick I.); Degl § Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 405 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. So. Alger.,Ois. ii. p. 188 (1867: Algeria [?]) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 464, tab. 55. figs. 3 & 5 (1870); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 (Novaya Zerolya) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11015 (1871); Collett, Fork. Selsk. Christ 1873, p. 297 (N. Norway); Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (ex Leverian Mus.); Gould, B. Gt B. v. pi. 62 (1873) ; A. Newton, Arctic Man. p. 105 (1875); Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 349, pi. 595 (1877); Collett, N. Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 210 (N. Norway) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 409 (Smith Sound); id. Zool. 1878, p. 417; id. op. cit 1879, p. 8 (Pr. Albert Land) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 162 (revision LarinEe) ; Kum- lien, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 15; p. 99 (1879: Cumberland Sound); Brewster, Bull. Nutt Orn. C. p. 187 (1881: New Brunswick) ; Bidgio. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881); Feildm in Markhamh Polar Recomi. p 334 (1881: Novaya Zemlya); id. Tr. Nona. Soc. iii. pp. 209-211 (1881: Franz-Josef Ld.); M. Chamberlain, Bull N H. Soc, N. Brunsw. 1882, p. 61; W. H. Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 653 (Franz-Josef Land); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 186 (1883); Nelson, Cruise < Corwin,' p. 104 (1883); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. FT. 1883, p. 341 (ad., Kamtscliatka); Ridgw. Cat Fish. Exhib. 1883, p. 29 (Cumberland Sd.); Saunders, 4th ed.Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 656 (1884); Baird, Brewer, ty Bidgio. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 198 (1884): Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 749 (1884) ; A. Chapman, Tr. N. H. Soc. Northumb. viii. pt. 1, p. 155 (1884: Spitsbergen, breeding); Cocks, Zool. 1884, p. 13 (Spitsbergen); Homey er, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany); Murdoch, Rep. Pt Barrow, p. 122 (1885: rare); Grondal, Ornis, 1886, p. 37 (Iceland, once) ; Feilden, Tr, Norio. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 : Digges I., Hudson Bay); Palmen, Vega-Exped. Vetensh. Bd. v. p. 356 (1887 : all along Siberian Coast); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 669 (1889); Biesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 137 (1889) ; Buckley $ H-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 229 (1891); iid. Faun. Argyll $ Inn. Eebr. p. 189 (1892); Fatio fy Studer, Cat Ois. Suisse, p. 62 (1892 : Lake Leman); Lilford, Col Figs. Brit B. pt. xxvi. (1893). Gavia nivea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 766 (1831). Cetosparactes eburneus, Macgill Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii. p. 252 (1842); id. Brit B. v. p. 508 (1852). Lams brachytarstis, HoTb. Fn. Gronl. p. 52 (1846). Pagophila brachytarsa, Bruch, J.f.O. 1853, p. 106; Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212; Laiur. B. N. Amer. p. 856 (1858: cf. Beinht Ibis, 1861, p. 18). LA.KIDJG. 304 Pagophila nivoa, Bp. (nee L. nivous, Pall.) C. 11 xlii. p. 771 (1850); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 230 (1857). Lams (Pa^opliila) ebiirnea, Cows, B. N.-West, p. 648 (1874). Gavia alba, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mas. v. p. a9 (1882) ; A. 0. U. Check-l N Amer. B. p. 86 (1886); JRidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 24 (1887); Nelson, Hep. Birds Alaska, p. 49 (1887) ; Greely, Mep. Exped. Lady Franhl Bay, ii. p. 22 (1888); Chamberl. Auk, 1889, p. Ul$ (S. Greenld.); Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Vo'g. Deutschl p. 62 (1889); Heine fy Reichenoio, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 360 (1890) ; Hatjerup, B. Greenld. p. 46 (1891) ; Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1892', p. 148 (Melville Bay); Taczan. Mem. Acad. St. PStersb. xxxix. p. 1055 (1893: E. Siberia, down to Petropaulovski). Adult male in breeding-plumage. Entire body ivory-white : bill gamboge-yellow terminally, merging into greenish grey on the basal two-thirds of both mandibles; iris dark hair-brown; orbital ring brick-red (Feilden); tarsi and toes black. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 13 to 13'5, tail 6, tarsus 1*5 to 1*6, middle toe with claw 1*6, the nail being long and well developed. Female. Similar, but rather smaller, and—so far as can be judged from a small number of "sexed" specimens—with a tendency to shortness of tarsus. Young. Dark grey on the cheeks and chin, with spots of the same colour on the upper surface, especially on the wings ; primaries tipped with blackish, and rectrices with a dull black subterminal band; the rest of the plumage white : bill horn-colour, paler terminally. The spots diminish with increasing age. Nestling. White. The Fledging is said to be of a dull or smoke- grey colour. Hah. Circumpolar regions, without any break of continuity; but along those portions of the coast of Arctic America, where open water is non-existent, the bird is, naturally, scarce ; rare also in the North Pacific. In winter southwards, as far as the north of Prance and Lake Leman (once), and Few Brunswick, in America. a. Juv. sk. Yorkshire. b. Ad. sk. Penzance, Feb. 15,1847 (Vingoe). Purchased, c. J ad.sk. Sandoe, Faroes, Feb. 12 (H. H. Saunders Coll. C. Muller). d. Juv. sk. Archangel (Henke). R. B. Sharpe [P.]. e. Ad.sk.;f,g. Arctic Regions. Purchased. Juv. st. h. Ad. sk. Arctic Seas. The Admiralty [P.]. L Ad. sk. Arctic Seas. fa $ ad. sk. Storfjord, Spitsbergen, Aug. Gould Ooll. 1864 (A. Newton). /. Ad. sk. Spitsbergen (J. Zamont). H. Saunders Coll. m. Ad. sk. Lat. 79° 45' N., long. 4° E. Capt. D. Gray [P.]. n. Ad, sk. Greenland. Sir E. Parry [P.], o, p. Juv. sk. Greenland. Tweeddale Coll. q, r. $ juv. sk. Greenland. Hume Coll. s. Juv. sk. Greenland (E. Whymper). H. Saunders Coll. t. Imm. sk. Whalefish or Kron Prinz Is., The Admiralty [P.I Davis Strait (Parry's 3rd Voyage). 19. KISS A. 305 u. cJ ad. sk. Davis Strait, 73° N. lat. {Parry's The Admiralty [P.]. 3r<2 Voyage), v. Juv. sk Nanortalik, Greenland, Jan. H. Saunders Coll. *o. 2 ad. sk. Dobbin Bay, Greenland, Aug. H.M.S. < Alert' Ex28,1876 {Col Feilden). ped. [P.]. 19. RISSA. Type. Gavia, Boie, Iks, 1822, p. 563 (partim). Rissa, Stephens, ex Leach MS. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiil. pt. 1, p. 180 (1826) R. tridactyla. Cheimonea, Kaup, Natilrl Syst. p. 84 (1829) R. tridactyla. Range* Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions: in winter down to about 30° X. lat. Key to the Species. a. Tarsi and toes dark brown to blackish; under wing-coverts white; young with a strongly- marked black band from the carpal joint to the long inner secondaries, and a black band on the tail .. tridactyla, p. 305. b. Tarsi and toes vermilion; under wing-coverts grey; young with no black band on the wing nor on the tail; bill shorter; mantle darker .. brevirostris, p.312. 1. Rissa tridactyla. The Coddy Moddy, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 8G (1740: imm.). La Mouette cendr£e tachet<§e, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 185, pi. xvii. fig. 2 (1760); Daubent. PI. Bnl pi. 387 (1786). La Mouette d'hiver, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 189 (1760). Larus rissa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766) ; Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, App. p. 187 (1774); P. L. S. Mull S. N, Anhang, p. 344 (1776); Bechst. Naturg. JDeutschl ii. p. 804 (1791); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 321 (1811: Kamschatka); Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1816) ; id. in J. Boss's Voy. Baff. Bay, 8vo ed. ii. App. p. 159 (1819); Scoreshy, Arct Voy. i."p. 534 (1820); Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 141 (1828); Selby, Brit B. ii. p. 493, pi. xciv. (1833); Gould, B. Bur. v. pi. 435 (1837): Meyer, Brit. B. mi. p. 139, DL 305 (1857); Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 430, fig. 2 (skull). * Larus tridactylus, Linn. Sxjst Nat. i. p. 224 (1776); P. L. S. Muller, S. N, Anhang, p. 344 (1776) ; O. Fabr. Faun. Groznl p. 98 (1780); Retzius, F. Suec. p. 154 (1780); Mohr, Island. Naturh. p. 41 (1786); Gm. S. N. i. p. 596 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 817 (1790); Bechst. Naturg. JDeutschl ii. p. 804 (1791); Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 486 (1810); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 502 (1815); Meimer u. Schinz, Voy. Scfooeiz, p. 275 (1815); Meyer, Vog. Liv-u. Bsthl p. 236 (1815); Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 174 (1817) ; B. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii, p. 549 (1819 : Greenland) ; Leach in J. Ross's Voy. Baffin Bay, App. ii. p. liii (1819: 4to ed.); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. p. 774 (1820); E. Sabine in Parry's 1st Voy. Supp. p. ccv (1821: Davis Str.); Joseph Sabine in Franklin's Polar Sea, App. p. 695 (1823: Hudson Bay): Brehm, Lehrb. p. 705 (1824); J. C. Ross, in Parry's 3rd Voy. App. p. 105 (1826 : Cliffs of N. Somerset Ld.) ; Vieill. Faune Franc.f VOL. sxv. x IARIDJE. Ois. p. 390 (1828); Werner, Atlas, Palm^ 4th Voy App. p. 195 (1828: _ 4 ^.., ^ jW £^ ^^ i\W. Voff. Dmtsehl. x. p. 322, pi. 262 (1*40 : Or^«, Orn. Ga^p.487 (1840); Ziy* *2?&». 7T «/*.!&£ P: *«- and p. 242 (1840); Nordm. m Bmnid. Toy Buss Mend. m.V *1 fl840: Odessa, once): Selys-Longch. Faur,< Belg p. lo* (1*4-IJ ScM. Rev. Cril p. cxxvi (1844); Crespon, Faune Mend n. p 12-, (1844); MuMe, Orn. Griechenl. p. 140 (1844); Ariub. 3. Amr 8TO ed., vii.p.146, pi. 444 (1844); Giraui B'.Long 1.p. -M (1844); Tarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 562 (l-4o>: Heints. E-,gt Brit. B. ii. p. 489, pi. 124 (1846); Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. f.,Ah (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 340(1851;; Kjarb.Laam. Fn.jlr, p. 338, tab. xli. (1852); BruA, J.f.O. 1838, p .KB:: irf. op.e>t. 1855, p. 284 (critical); SeU. Vog. Nederl. p. 5«J0, pls-SoO, 3-;l (1 •>-> 11; Baily, Orn. mime, ] strong, N.-W. Pass. Jones, Nat Bermuda, p. 92 (185 (1860)j ~ held, J p. 31 i N (1873: S. Greenland); PaM^i, Finland* Fogl p. IBS (1*73); Snndev. CEfv. K Vet.-Akad. Stochh 1874, p. 21 fSpitibenrHi); Bessels,Bull iSoe. Geogr. Paris, 1875, p.296(Thaiik-(jrua Harbour); Merriam,B, Conn. p. 132 (1877); JE .4; Mathew, B. Pembrokesh. p. 103 (1894). Larus brachyrhynchus (nee Gould), Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 103. Larus niveus (nee Pallas), Bruch, J. f. 0.1855, p. 285. Eissa borealis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294 j id. Vogelf. p. 341 (1855). Eissa minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 341 (1855).* Eissa gregaria, Brehm. Naum. 1855, p. 294: id. Voaelf n 34*1 (1855). y J' p* Eissa kotzebui, Bp. C. F. xlii. p. 771 (1856); id. Consp Av ii p. 226 (1857); Flliot, New 8? Unfig. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 54 (1869)• Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11019 (1871). ^ }' Xema tridactylum, Jaub. et B.-Lapomm, Fich. Orn Fr n ^Q^ (1859). * p ' Larus (Eissa) tridactylus, Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 344 (186Q) • Coues,B N^West, P-644 (1874); Palmen, Vega-Flped. vttensk. Bd. v. p. 358 (1887: Siberian Coast). 19 . EISSA. m) Larubtridactylus, var. kotzebui {Bp.), Coues, in Elliott's Rep. Bn/hihff Group, Orn. no. 552 (1873); id. B. N.-West, p. 640 (1874); Elliott, Seal Is. of Alaska, p. 132 (1882). Ris^a tridactyla kotzebui, Ridgw. Bull U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21 p. 51 (1881); Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 167 (Bering Sea); Coues, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882); Ridgw. Cat. Aquaf. B. Fish. Exhib. p. 29 (1883); Nelson, Cruise ' bormn,' p. 105 (1883: Bering Sea); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 748 (1884); Goss, Auk, 1885, p. 222 (Washington Terr.) ; Southio. $r Je?iks, t.e. p. 313 (Nicasio, California). Kibsa tridactyla pollicaris, Stejn.,inBaird, B., $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 402 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 78 (1885: Commander Is.); A.O.U Check-L N Amer. B. p. 80 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 25 (1887); Turner, Ank, 1885, p. 158 (Alaska) ; id. Contrib. N H. Alaska, p. 124 (1880) ; Nelson, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 49 (1878) ; Batmen, Vega-Exped. Vetensk. Bd. v. p. 301 (1887 : Bering Sea); R. II. Laior. Auk,WJ2, p. 353 (Washington Terr.) ; Allen, op. cit. 1893, p. 123 (distribution) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 603 (1893: Alaska); Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1052 (1893; E. Siberia). Rissa pollicaris, Stejn. Auk, 1888, p. 310 (critical). Adult in hreeding-plumacje. Head, neck, rump, tail, and entire imderparts white; mantle slate-grey, the scapulars edged with greyish white; secondaries broadly edged with white; shafts of primaries ash-colour; quills chiefly grey, but the outer web black in the 1st, grey in the others; terminal portions of 1st to 3rd primaries "black; 4th quill with the extreme tip white, surmounted by a black bar, and the 5th similar, with a narrower bar; in the 6th there is sometimes a subterminal black bar varying in breadth, and at other times a mere black speck the size of a pin's head on the outer web, while in mature birds the entire feather is spotless grey*, with whitish inner margins, as are the succeeding primaries and the upper parts of all: bill yellow, with a greenish tinge; tarsi blackish, toes dark brown. Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 12, tail 5 (the second pair of feathers from the outside a trifle longer than the rest), tarsus 1*4, middle toe with claw 1*85. The sexes are alike externally. Adult in winter. Similar, but with a trace of dark grey round the orbits ; on the head and neck some slate-colour, which is pale on the crown, deepens on the nape, where it almost forms a band, becomes blackish at the auriculars, and passes into white on the shoulders: bill with a more olive tint. Immature. Like the above, but with black on both webs and over the greater part of the four outer primaries, only the inner portions of which are white; the 5th primary greyish white with a broad subterminal black bar and a minute white tip ; the 6th with a narrower bar and a larger white tip; an oval black patch about the middle of the outer web of the longest inner secondary: bill still more olive-colour. Young. Similar, but with a more distinct and blacker half-collar * This applies to examples from Alaska and the N. Pacific as much as to specimens from the Atlantic. 310 LiBIDJE. on the nape followed by a greyish interval, and then a broad black band, with irregular edges, across the shoulders and for some distance on each side of the neck; carpal joint and wing-coverts thickly mottled with blackish, and the long inner secondaries streaked with black along the greater part of the outer webs contiguous to the shafts; 7fch primary often plain, but sometimes with a minute black spot on the outer web ; tail with a terminal black bar which is broad on all except the outside rectrices : bill and tarsi dark brown (with a reddish tinge in life). Downy nestling. Buff on the nape, shading into dark grey on the back ; underparts white ; toes brown, webs yellowish. Birds from Bering Sea and the North Pacific are on average a trifle larger than those from the Atlantic, and they exhibit, as a rule, a little more development of the usually diminutive hind-toe. Sometimes there is even a very minute but sharply pointed nail on each hind-toe, though often on one only. This development is not confined to examples from the North Pacific, for it has been found in birds from the British Islands, Greenland, and the eastern side of North America. Birds which exhibit this characteristic have been separated specifically or subspecifically under the narn^s of Bissa kotzebui and Bissapollicaris. It has even been asserted that some examples from the Pacific coast have the hind-toe and claw as fully developed as in typical Larus; but this bold statement may be owing to the fact that at least one such bird authoritatively called Bissa triclactyla pollicaris is not a Bissa at all, but a bird of the Larus canus section. Dr. Palmen finds that Kittiwakes from the North Pacific have always some black on the 6th primary \ but this is not borne out by our Museum series, in which there arc several Aleutian and Alaskan birds with the 6th primary as spotless as the 7th is. Hal. Circumpolar, Arctic, and Sub-Arctic regions in summer— from as far north as man has penetrated to the north of Spitsbergen, and up to 81° 40' in Smith Sound—down to the north-west of Prance, tho Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic side, and the Kuril Islands in the Pacific (breeding); in winter southward to the Mediterranean, inland waters down to the Caspian, the Canaries, Bermuda, and ^ along both sides of America to about 35° N. lat. The record of circumpolar continuity is complete between the North Cape and Bering Strait, by way of Siberia and the islands to the north, while in Arctic America it is only defective as regards the small interval between Prince Albert Land and Point Barrow. a. Vix ad. sk. 6, c. Ad. sk. d, e. Pull. st. /, g. Ad. et pull. Scotland, autumn plumage. Orkneys (Hubbard). Orkneys, July (J. Dunn). Orkneys, June, July (J. Dunn). Col. Montagu [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Purchased. II. Saunders Coll. sk. k <$ ad. sk. Hoy, Orkneys (J. Baker). Purchased. t, k. Ad. sk. Hebrides, summer. Theodore Walker, Esa- PP.]I, m. Ad. sk. Bass Rock, Firth of Forth, J. IL Gurney, Esq. summer. [p.]. n. S ad. sk. 0-8. Ad. ; t. Juv. sk. # w. cT juv. sk. v. <$ juv. sk. to. £ juv. sk. x. Ad. sk. y. Juv. sk. z. Pull. sk. a', b'. Ad. et juv. St. c'. Ad. sk. d'. Ad. sk. e. Ad.; /'. Juv. sk. t<7'. c? ad. sk. h'. <$ imm.sk. i'. c? juv. sk. A'. Juv. sk. I'. 2 ad. sk. m'-o'. <$ ad. et iinm. sk. p'. Albino sk. q\ Ad. sk. /. S ad.; $'. Imm. sk. t', &'. Ad. sk. «'. Juv. sk. w'. S ad. sk. x'. Ad. sk. y. Ad. sk. z\ Vix ad. sk. a". PuU. sk 5"-e". Ad. et juv. St. /". $ ad. sk. S $ a(i- e t g"-l". juv. sk. m". <5 juv. sk. »", o". Vix ad. et imm. sk. p'\ q". Juv. sk. r". 2 a(i. sk. 19. BISSA. Fame Islands, April 25th. Flamborough Head, autumn. Off Dogger Bank, Jan. Wells, Norfolk, Nov. Cookham, Berks, Jan. ( W. Briggs). Brighton, autumn. Brighton, Sept. (J. E. Barting). Lundy Isl., N. Devon, July. Torquay, autumn. Torbay,autumn {J.W.Lloyd). Cornwall, summer (Vingoe). Galieia, N.W. Spain, winter. Havre, Dec. (V. Pluche). Havre, Jan. (V. Pluche). Havre, May 11th (V. Pluche). Holland, autumn. Holland, autumn. Heligoland, Nov. (Gcltke). Iceland, Sept. 29, 1877 {Midler). Tangier, Marocco, Nov. (G. Oleese). Algiers, Feb. 20 (G. E. S). Greenland. Greenland, August (Voy. 'Erik ')• Lichtenfels, S.W. Greenland, Aug. Whalefish I., Davis Straits (Dr. Robertson). Savage Is., Hudson Bay, July 1886 (Admiral A. H. Markham). Labrador (Voy. 'Harmony'). Bird Eock, Gulf of St. Lawrence, July (C. J.Maynard). Xotzebue Sound, North Alaska. Stewart Id., Alaska, June (E. W. Nelson). St. Michael's, Alaska, July- Sept. (E. W.N.). Lower Yukon River, Alaska, Sept. (E. W. N). Kadiak I , Alaska (W. J". Fisher). Alaska (Kenshaio Coll). Aleutian Is. (Vosnessensky). J. H. Gumey, Esq. [p-i- Lord Londesborough [p.]. H. Saunders Coll. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Tweeddale Coll. F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. C. Coningham, Esq. [p.]. Seebohm Coll. Purchased. Dr. V. Lopez-Seoane [p.]. Seebohm Coll. H. Saunders Coll. E. Hargitt Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Seebohm Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll. SheUey Coll. Hume Coll. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll, The Admiralty [P.]. Col. H. W. Feilden [P.]. H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Capt. Kellett, E.N. pP.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Seebohm Coll. 312 LAKID.rc. <$$ ad.sk. St. Gooi^c Id., Prybiloff Group Salvin-Godinan Coll. ~U (II. W. Elliott). V cJ ad. sk St. Paul's Id., Prybiloff Group, H. Saunders Coll. Sept. (JET. W.E.). n i . ^ ^ 7v''. J ad. sk St Paul's Id., Prybiloff Group, Salvin-Godman Coll Aug. (H.W.E). Salvin-Godman Coll. x". Juv. sk Walrus Id., Prybiloff Group (G. P. Adci77is). Seebohm Coll. s". ? ad. sk. Kuril Islands (Snow). H. Saunders Coll. Ad. sk. Kuril Islands, summer (Snow), Capt. Blakiston [P.]. b\ Ad. sk. Kuril Islands, summer (Smio). Skeleton. Zoological Society England (died in Zool. Gard.). [P.]. d\ Skeleton. Helsingfors. Dr. A. Gunther [P.]. Col. H. W. Feilden e*,f\ Skeletons, Spitsbergen, June 1894. g. Sternum. England. John Bay, Esq. [P.]. li\ Sternum. Europe. Purchased. i3. Skeleton. (Imperfect.) Salvin-Godman Coll. 2. Eissa brevirostris. Larus brachyrhynchus (nee Richardson, 1831)7 Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 106j id. toy. 'Sulphur] p. 50, pi. 34 (1844). Eissa nivea (nee L. niveus, Pall.), Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 174 (1844: N.W. America); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 655 (1846); Peichenb. Novit. Natat tav. eclxix. fig. 2254 (1850); Bp. C. P. xlii. p. 771 (1856); Baird, Cass., 8? Lawr., B. N. Amer. p. 855 (1858); JD. G. Elliot, New Sf TJnfig. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 54 (1869); Larus brevirostris, Bruch,J.f. 0. 1853, p. 103; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 285 (critical) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 315 (1872); id. in II. W. Miott's Pep. Prybiloff Is., Birds, no. 553 (1873) ; H. W. Elliott, Monog. Seal Is. Alaska, p. 133 (1882). Larus (Rissa) brevirostris, Cones, B. N-West, p. 646 (1874). Larus citrirostris, Bruch, J.f. 0.1855, p. 284 (Kamtschatka). Rissa brachyrhyncha, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 226 (1857); Coues, Pr. PHlad. Acad. 1862, p. 306; Gray, Band-l. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11018 (1871). >*..* * > Larus warnecki, Coinde, Pev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 401 (Aleutian Islands). Rissa brevirostris, Baird, Cass., § Lawr. B. N Amer. t>. 855 (1858); Ball 8f Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 305 (1869: Alaska); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 164 (revision); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 394 (1878 : distribution); Pidgw. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881); Coues, Check4. N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise < Cortoin; p. 105 (1883: Bering Sea ; cf. Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 358); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 748 (1884); Baird, Brewer,fy Pidgio, Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 207 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 82 (1885: Commander Is.); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158 (Alaska) ; A. O. U. Cheek-l. N. Amer. B. p. 87 (1886); Pidgw. Man. N Amer. B. p. 25 (1887); Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123 (distribution); Taczan. Mim. Acad. St. PStersb. xxxix. p. 1053 (1893: E. Siberia). Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to the preceding species, but darker slate-grey on the mantle, as well as on the upper portions of 19 . EISSA. 313 the primaries, the outer webs being darker, as are the margins of the inner webs up to the 4th ; the black spot is usually present on the outer web of the 6th quill, but absent in one example ; under wing grey, but paler than the mantle: bill short, culmen sharply decurved, lemon-yellow with a greenish tinge ; tarsi and toes vermilion, fading to yellow in preserved specimens. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 11*75, tail 5'5, tarsus 1*2, middle toe with claw 1*8 ; hind-toe sometimes with and sometimes without a nail, presenting precisely the same amount of variation in develop ment as there is in R. tridaetyla *. Adult in autumn. Similar, with dark hair-streaks before and below the eye, dark auricular patches, and a slight greyish half- collar below the nape. Immature. Like the above, but with more dark colour along the outer webs of the second and third primaries. Young. Collar deeper and blacker • feathers of the mantle tipped with greyish white, the three outer primaries black on both sides of their shafts: bill and tarsi brown ; otherwise similar. It will be observed that the young of this species differs from that of R. tridaetyla in having no black band on the wing nor on the tail. Hob. Lower part of Bering Sea, from the Xamschatkan side (Commander Islands) to the Prybiloff: and Aleutian Islands. a. Ad. sk. Aleutian Islands. Purchased. b. Juv. sk. Walrus I., Prybiloff group, H. Saunders Coll. Aleutians (G. R. Adams), c-e. Ad. sk. St. George I., Prybiloff group, H. Saunders Coll. Aleutians (H. W. Elliott), f-k. $ 2 ad* s^« St. George I., Prybiloff group, Salvin-Godrnan Coll. Aleutians (H. W. Elliott). I. Ad. sk. "North-west coast of America" J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. (? type of L. brachyrhynchus). m. <$ ad. sk. Bering Sea (Snow). Seebohm Coll. * It is remarkable that this form of R. brevirostris, with a thorougJdy developed, though minute nail, should not have been considered as worthy of specific distinction as i?."kotzebui or pollicaris I STERCORABIJDJE. Family II. STERCORARIID.E. Key to the Genera. a. Size larger, form robust; depth, of the bill at the exposed base nearly equal to the length of the cere; tarsus rather shorter than the middle toe with its claw; tail short, the central pair of rectrices projecting about 0*5 inch .. . 1. MEGALESTBIS, p. ol4. b. Size smaller, form more slender; depth of the bill at the exposed base decidedly less than the length of the cere ; tarsus distinctly shorter than the middle toe with its claw; central pair of rectrices ^ projecting 3 inches or more in adults.. 2. STEBCOBABITS, p. o2i. 1. MEGALESTEIS. Catharacta* Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 32 (1764) 31. catarrhactes. Lestris, Illiger, Prodr. p. 272 (1811: part). Cataractes*, Fleming, Phil Zool p. 263 (1822).... M. catarrhactes. Stercorarius, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat xxiii. p. 154 (1819) et auct. (partim). Catarracta *, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 210 M. antarctica. Megalestris, Bp. Cat PamidaH, p. 11 (1856) ... . M. catarrhactes. Buphagus, Cones, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 125, ex Moehring (1752) M. catarrhactes. Range. North and South Atlantic, southern portion of the Indian Ocean, Antarctic regions, and seas round New Zealand. Key to the Species. a. Bill longer in proportion to depth, terminal edge of cere markedly concave; under surface of body tawny or rich rufous; back streaked and mottled with rufous. a'. Under surface tawny; under wing-coverts blackish tinged with rufous catarrhactes, p. Slo. b\ Under surface and under wing-coverts rich rufous; back boldly spotted with chestnut. chilensis, p. 318. b. Bill shorter in proportion to depth; terminal edge of cere less concave and more abrupt; under surface of body sooty brown to clay- brown. c'. Darker, upper and under surfaces sooty brown ; back little striated antarctica, p. 319. dr. Paler: head, neck, and under surface clay- brown with a rich straw-yellow tint on the upper neck maccormicJci, p. 321. * Previously applied to a subgenus of Uriinse. 1. MEGALESTRIS. 315 1. Hegalestris catarrhactes. Oatharacta^ua,^Wmn. Om.Bor.y. 33 (1764: Ftorooa and Iceland). Le Goiland brum, Bnss. Orn. vi. p. 165 (1760) Lams catarrhactes.*, Linn. &jst. Nat i. p. 226 (1766), ex Brilnn.; Mohr, Island. Naturh. p. 43 (1786); Gm. 8. N i. p. 003 (1788); Lath. Incl Orn.v. 818 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. if p. 85 (1700); The Bro-wn and Ferruginous Gull, Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 140, pi. L 6 (1766). > > r > Le Gotland brun, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 408 (1783, ex Briss.). bkuaGull,Zatk. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 385 (1785); Bewick, Brit. B. li. p. 212 (1821). v The Skua, Pennant Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. p. 417 (1788) Cafaracta skua, Betz. F. 8uec. p. 161 (1800) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. § A. Amer. p. 63 (1838); id. Cat. Ucc. Bur. p. 79 (1842); G. B. (xrayK List Genera B. p. 78 (1840) ; Reichenb. Av. Syst Nat, Lmigip. pp. iv & v (1852) ; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 293. Catarracta fusea, Leach, S. Cat. M. <$• B. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1816); id. Thorns. Ann. of Philos. xiii. p. 61 (1819: Fasroe Is.). Lestns catarrhactes, Illiger, Brodr. p. 273 (1811); Temm. Man. dOrn. p. 511 (1815); id. op. cit 2nd ed. p. 793 (1820) ; Meyer, Taschenb. Zuslitze, p. 207 (1822); Faber, Brodr. island. Orn. p. 102 (1822); Veitch, Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 246 (1822); Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562; Brehm, Lehrb. pp. 739, 991 (1824); Bp. Ann Lye. JS.T. u. p. 364 (1828: synopsis); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 32 (1828); Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 63, 64, 195 (1829) Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 992; Graba, Beise n. Faro, p. 186 (1830), Lesson, Traiie, p. 616 (1831); Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 715 (1831); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 313 (1834: Newfoundland): Jemjns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 280 (1835); Eyton, Cat. Brit. B, p. 51 (1836); Gould, B. Fur. v. pi. 439(1837); Temm. Man d'Orn. ed. 2, pte. 4, p. 494 (1840) ; Nawn. Vog. Beutschl. x, p. 470, taf. 270 (1840); Schinz, Furop. Faun. p. 387 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. xciv & p. 239 (1840); Schl. Bev. Grit. p. cxxxiv (1844); Yarr. Brit B. ed. 2, iii. p. 602 (1845); Heiuits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 451, pi. cxxix (1846); Wolley, Ja?*d. Contr. Orn. p. 113 (1850: Faroes); Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 390 (1851); Maegill Brit. B. v. p. 479 (1852); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 344, tab. xliii. (1852) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit B. 3rd ed. ii. p. 505, pi. cxlii. (1856) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 335 (1855); Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 166, pi. 312 (1857); Schl. Yog. Nederl p. 587, pi. 334 (1858); id. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 231, pi. 33. figs. 9 k 9 a (1861); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutsch. p. 141 (1869); Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 358 (1869); B. Gray, B. West Seotl. p. 493 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (Strs. Gibr.); Harting, Handb. Brit B. p. 78 (1872); Collett, Fork SelsTc. Christ 1873, p. 298 (N. Norway) ; Goeldin, J.f. 0.1879, p. 383 (Schaffhausen [P]); Bodd, B. Cornw. p. 173 (1880); Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany); Liitke, t. c. p. 145; Tone $ Tschusi, t. c. p. 560 (Trieste); Grbndal, Ornis, 1886, p. 370 (Iceland) ; Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 26 (1886); Beisenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 129 (1889); Barrington, Zool. 1890, p. 297 (Foula); Gcitke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 588 (1891); id. B. Keligol. (transl.) p. 565 (1895). Lestris skua, Boie, Wiedemann's Zool. Mag. 1819, p. 133; Brehm, * In the original catarractes, but where the same generic term is used it has been considered expedient to unite under one head the specific names which are variously and inconsistently written catharactes, cataractes, catharractes. 316 STBRCOBABIID-aC- Isis, 1830, p. 992; id. Vog. DeutscM. p. iii (lb31;; id. T ogelf. p. 836 (1855). m ^-* - i~< Stercorarius catarrhactes, Vieillot, N. Vrt.E.Af. xxx.ii p. lo4 (1819); M. X W Franc, Ois. p. 38o (18281\; &dy*-Longck. Faun Belg. p. 155(1842); Gray, Z** A ^ f *%> ^eres, p. 168 (1844); id. Gen. B. iiL p. 653 (1846); JDegLOrn Eur. n. p. 289 (1849); Zaw. -4«w. X?/c. XF . vi. p. / (l&o*: -^pnterey 6ala. [?]); V a B. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id Cmsp. A*. 11 ^ p.jjKJb Midler, Fidensk. Meddell 1862, p. _ Gfcrfo, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 392 (1867); Elliot, Zeus $ Lnfig. B. A. ^mer. ii. pi. 55 (1869) ; JWfccfc, 7%. Eur. p. 4bl,j>L 58. lipr-7 (1870); £ray, JBim^. B. iii. p. 110, no. 10042 f Idi 1); Fedden, Zool. s. s. p. 3290 (1872: Faeroes); Gould, B. GL Brit. v. pi. 78 (1873): Newton, Arctic Man. p. 107(1875); Dresser, B. Eur, viii. p. 457, pi. 609 (1875); Irhj, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 216 11873J ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 319 (revision); Colleit, X Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 206 (N. Norway); Saunders, Jour. Linn. tin*. xiv. p. 392 (1878: distribution); Brewer, Bull Xvtt. Orn. Club, 1878, p. 188 (Mass.); Clarke, B. Tories, p. 84 11*31): B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 194 (1883); Saunders, Ibis, 1*S4, p. 391 (S.W. France); t& 4& «?. IW . £n*. A iii. p. 6H2 (Ittbi); Mitchell, B. Lamas, p. 216 (1885); Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. -3415 (16&5); J5T-J?r. 4- -BMG&J. JEwm. &Ar/ . <$•5, tarsus 2*75, middle toe with claw 3. The sexes are alike in plumage: the female is, perhaps, a trifle the larger, but trustworthy material is scarce. Beyond a certain freshness in the new feathers, there is no marked seasonal change, and the moult appears to be very gradual, the plumage of the neck and shoulders having generally a weatherworn appearance, as is also the case with many Eaptores. Mr. 0. T. Fox, who kept a bird alive for ten years, says that it showed no change with age; but one which Dr. ISTeil knew to be in its twenty-fourth year, became paler, as might have been expected. Melanotic varieties are occasionally met with, but the blackish tint is by no means intense. Young. Similar to the adult, but with less tendency to acumination and striation in the feathers of the neck, and with somewhat rufous margins to the feathers of the mantle. Nestling. Bullish grey ; ruddier on the upper surface. Mange. Iceland, the Fasroes, and the Shetland Islands (breeding); South 'Greenland and Ebrway (sparingly); in winter southward along the Atlantic sea-board to the Straits of Gibraltar or a little further, and occasionally on the inland waters of the Continent. On the American side, Hudson Strait (possibly breeding), and southward to the fishing-grounds off the coast of the New England States. Fo confirmation of reported occurrences in the Fur Countries or on Pacific side. a. Juv. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [C.]. h. Pull. sk. . Shetland. Purchased. cfd. 6 2 ad-7 F®*oes, May, June, and July 8 PL Saunders Coll. e. Pull. sk. (tf. 0. Muller). f. Imm.sk. Faroes (melanic), Aug.(H.C.M.). H. Saunders Coll. g. Q ad. sk. Faroes, Aug. 17 (S. C. M.). Col.ELW.Feilden [P.]. L 6 ad. sk. Faroes, Aug. 28 (If. O. M.). Hume Coll. *-». d ? ad.sk. Faroes, July (if. C. M.). E. Hargitt Coll. SIEBCOBABIEDJE. 2. Hegalestris chilextsis. Lestris antaw^ vi*^ ^i mJ qmm in Lestns antarctica, Aw. 9 ijaLL T r Magellan Sirs.). «„„,„]„* p. Z 5. 1*70, p. 323, pi. xxiv. Stercorals^^ ^ wr, p. *J0 Mv^an Str*. I: (reviaonSteipom^ P&-OM iii. p. 4-58; / . i2. J5T- -VWJF/I/-/. J7^, 1—*, p. :**> iCuLan Bay)-' Oif , J//s*. >SYr. Cap Hum. vi. fOi/.i p. 1 ^ fl-til); A5, taisu**Au?>t middle toe with claw 2*8. The sexes appear to be alike in size, as well as In plumage* In less mature birds the chestnut colour is neither m pronounced nor so extensive, but is always a strong characteristic of the apeeieg. Just before the moult, however, the rufous colour becomes dull and faded. Immature. Like the above, but with less ruddy colour on the mantle. Young, Similar, but tho feathers of the mantle are merely edged with rufous and have no chestnut central streaks; u bill tdate-cohmr; iris black; tarsi and toes slate, with a few lavender streaks n (H. Fm Rowland). Hob. Coasts of South America, from Ilio de Janeiro down to the Straits of Magellan and up the Pacific side to Callao, Fern. Not known to occur in the Falkland Islands, where the representative species is M. antarctica; but I think it possible that in the region of that group and Eastern Patagonia a fubion may sometime* take place. * Tvfii' examined. 1. MEGALESTSIS. 319 a. d imm. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Aug. (HI M. H. Saunders Coll. Harrison, M.S.). b. o ad. sk. Santa Catharina, Brazil, Ang. (B. H. Saunders Coll. c. c? ad. sk Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magel-H.M.S.c Challenger' « laD* Exped. J. cJad.sk. Straits of Magellan (Br. Cop- Voy. H.M.S. * Alert' *. $ ad.sk. Talcaliuano, S. Chili, Sept. (Dr. Voy. H.M.S. < Alert. Cbppingerj. / . Juv. sk. Iquique (& F Rowland). H. Saunders Coll. g-k. Ad et Mejiliones Bay, 23° 5f S., Dec- H. Saunders Coll. num. *k. March (Dennison). L Imm. sk. Callao Bay, Peru (^m/. A if. H. Saunders Coll. 3. Megalestxis antarctica. Port Esrmont Ilem Baiel-m. Voy. ii. p. 283 (1769); Cook's Voy. i. p. 4*1 k p. 272 (1777 : so-called because the species was common at Pmt Jfyrmont, Falkland K) . Laru- catarrhal, Carmichael, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. pt. 2, p. 497 (1818: Tristan da Cunha); Trai//, Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 51G (1823: South .Shetland Li.) ; Forster, Me^cr. Anim. p. 210. p. 312, p. 313 (1*41). LiMris catarrhact«*s *, Quoy fy Gaimard, Voy.i TJranieJ p. 137, Atlas. pUMIi32£; Falkland Is.); Gould, B. qfAustr. yii. pi. 21 (1848); - MavtfUL, Jard. f'mir. Orn. p. 96 (18*50); Reichenb. Voy. Neuhott. ii. 345 11X30); Mutton, Ibis, I860, p. 277 (Prince Edward I. & K «*rpnwlen); id. op. rit. 1807, p. 185; Layard, Ibis, 1867, p. 459 ( Crowtto* I.) ; Fimeh, J.f. 0.1870, p. 360 ; Mutton, Cat. N. Zeal. II f. 39 (lb71); Finack, J.f 0.1872, p. 241 (N.Zealand); Button, HM\ 1872J p. 248 (Chatham Is.); Butter. Man. New Zeal. B. p. 75 (1882). Lestris antarctica f. Lesson, TraiU. p. 616 (1831); Gray in Dieffenb. Trap, N. Zeal ii. App. p. 200 (1843) 5 id. Voy. Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 18 (1846); ScL P. Z. S. I860, p. 390; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falkland Is.); ScL $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 579 (part.) ; nd. Kmmmcl Av. Keotrop. p. 148 (1873; Falkland Is.); Cab. $ lieieken. J.f 0.1876, p. 328; Olphe-GalL Orn. Fnr. Occid. fasc. x. p. 27 note (1886). Stercorarius antarcticus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 167 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii p. 658 (1846); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 207 (1857); Hartl Faun. Madag. p. 85 (1861: Bernier's examp.); Feh. BeU. Novara, Vog. p. 150 (1865: St. Paul's I.): Giylioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oeeano, p. 61 (1870) ; Gray, Band-l. B. Iii. p. Ill, BO. 10943 (1871) ; Butter, B. Neio Zeal. p. 267 (1873) ; Saunders, R Z & 1876, p. 321 (revision); id. op. eit 1877, p. 799 (Kerguelen, T. da CEBha, Falkland Is.); Earth Orn. Madag. p. 380 (1877) ; VMimf Arch. ZmL iscp. et ghi. vi. p. 52 (1877: St. Paul's I.); id. t c p. 86 (Amsterdam); Saunders, Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 393 {1878; distribution); Bmnsay, Fr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, n. 201; Sharps Phil. Tr. clxviii. (Rep. Trans. Venus), p. 109, pi Tii. figs. 1,2 (1878: Kerguelen); Saunders, t. c. p. 163 ; Legye, B. Oeykn, pp. 1050-1051 note (1880: Colombo, doubtfully); A. Mike* The specific names caiarracfes, catarrhaetes, &o. are united. f The specific names antarctica and antarctica are united. 320 STERCORARIIDJE. Mia. Faun. Reg, australes, ch. iv. p. 21 (1882); Seders, Toy. ' Challenger: ii.(Birds) p. 139 (1882): MeCormick, Voy. Dtseo* Antarct. i. p. 142, cum tab. (1884: Campbell L); Skarpe, ed. Lmjard's B. S. Afr. p. 696 (1884); Legge, Pr. R- Soc Tas?nan. 1886, p. 243 (1887): Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 22, no. 6b, (1888) j Butter, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 63 (1888): OmtaM, Mis*. So. Cap Horn, vi. (1891) p. 169; H. 0. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530 (Chatham Is.) * Sclater, Ibis, 1894, p. 495 & p. 497 (American Antarctica). Cataracta antarctica, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 210• id. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856). Catarrhactes antarcticus, Bruch, J. f. 0.1853, p. 108. Stercorarius antarcticus, a. madagascarensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 207 (1857). Megalestris antarctica, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Is.); Pagenstecher, Ber. Naturhist.Jfus. zu Hamburg, 1884t p. 24 (1885); Lestris ; Buphi.c _7 , _. N.- West, p. 604 (1874); Kidder $ Cones, Ctmir. Nat Hist. Kergmlen- Ld. p. 9 (1875). Stercorarius catarrbactes {I), Schleg. Mus. P.-Basr Lari? p. 47 (1865); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 389 (1865); Zayari, B. 8. Afn p. 366 (1867); Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 295 (Comoro Is.); Srhl. $• Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 145 (1868); Sharpe, ZmL * Erebus* 4* < Terror; i. App. p. 32 (1875). Buphagus skua antarcticus, Corns in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 2» p. 9 (1875: Kerguelen I). Stercorarius catarrbactes, var. antarcticus, Milne-JSdw.fyGrandidier, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 643 (1882). ? Stercorarius parasiticus, Finsch, Ibis, 1888, p. 3G9 (Snares L, New Zealand, " on tbe rocks, feeding on young* Penguins"). Adult. Larger, as a rule, tban eitber of tbe two preceding species, and of a dark brown on tbe upper parts, especially on tbe crown, and a slightly paler brown on tbe tinder surface; very few* if any, rufous markings on the feathers of tbe mantle, though these are often weather-worn and greyish at their tips; under wing-coverts dark sooty brown, with no signs of rufous: bill black, stout; tarsi black, often mottled with yellow; toes black. Total length of examples from the Southern Ocean 23 to 24 inches,* culmen 2*5, and depth i ; wing 15*5 to 16*5 and even 17; tail 6'5 to 7, tarsus 3 to 3"25v middle toe with claw 3*35 to 3*5. Specimens from tbe Falkland Islands are smaller and have more pronouncedly yellowish acuminate feathers on the neck • average length 21 inches, culmen 2m2t wing 15, tail 6*5, tarsus 2*7, middle toe with claw 2*9. Immature. Similar, but the crown less pronouncedly dark, and no yellow tinge on the acuminate featbers of tbe neck. Young. Similar, with a very slight tinge of rufous on the under surface as well as at tbe extremities of tbe feathers of the mantle and wing-coverts. Nestling. Buffish white, slightly darker on the upper surface. Hah. Southern Ocean: from American Antarctica, the Falkland Iblands, and South Georgian Islands, by Trista da Cunha, Prince 1. MEGALESTEIS. 321 Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelon, and Heard Islands to New Zealand and its islets, Australian waters, and up to Norfolk Island; also bt. Paul and Amsterdam Islands and as far north as Madagascar and the Comoro Islands; perhaps Ceylon. a,b. AA.sb. & sk. Campbell Island (below New Lieut. A. Smith, Zealand). E.N. [P.]. c Ad. sk. Campbell Island. Antarctic Exped. d. Ad. sk. Campbell Island, Dec. 16, Dr. E. McOormick, 1840* * , , . R.N. [P.]. : A?;/ k-„ 2?ew Zealand. Sir Geo. Grey [P.]. f,g. \ixad.etpull. Chatham Islands. H. 0. Forbes, Esq. Sk. TQ 1 h. Imm. sk. Norfolk Island. F.LJVI.' Ravner, Esq. [P.]. I 2 imm- sk Lat. 36° 8' S., long. 88° 55' E. Sir Geo. Grey [P.]. k. Ad. sk. Between New Zealand and E. B. Marston, Esq. Cape of Good Hope. April rp.l 2,1892. /. Vix ad. sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Eev. A. E. Eaton Island. [0.]. m-o. Ad. et vix ad. Christmas Harbour, Kergue- Antarctic Exped. & sk. len Island, May and June McCormick Be1840 (Dr. M. MeCor?nick). quest [P.]. p. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Jan. 1874. H.M.S.< Challenger' Exped. q. Imm. st. South African seas. Sir Andrew Smith n Ad. sk. Inacessible Island, off Tristan H.M.S.(Challenger ' da Cimha, Oct. 16,1873. Exped. s. 2 ad. sk. Falkland Islands. H.M.S.' Challenger 7 Exped. t. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands, April 15 Saivin-Godman Coll. (Falkland Is. Co.). u. Vix ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Leconte). Saivin-Godman Coll. v-y. d 2 a<^-' z- Falkland Islands (Cameron). H. Saunders Coll. JUT. ; d, b\ Pull. sk. c'. Skeleton. Christmas Harbour, Kergue-H.M.S.c Challenger' len Island. Exped. 4. Megalestris maccormicki. (Plate I.) " Lestris, apparently a new species,'7 R. McCormick, Voy. Disco v. Antarctic, i. p. 154 (1884: Possession I., Victoria Land, 71° 5G' S., 171° 15' E.: Voy. 'Erebus' & ' Terror.') Stercorarius antarcticus, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 322 (edge of Antarctic pack-ice, ut supra); id. Journ. Linn. Soc, ZooL xiv. p. 393 (1878: distribution). Stercorarius maccormicki, Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. iii. p. xii (Dec. 30th? 1893: Possession I., Victoria Land). 'Adult. Much paler than M. antarctica: crown clove-brown; acuminate feathers of the nape and neck all ronnd strongly marked with golden straw-colour, and the upper breast streaked with the VOL. xxv. * 322 STERCOKARTTD^ same, though in a less degree; the remaining under surface gradually darkening to coffee-brown on the abdomen; mantle, wings, and tail chiefly umber-brown, as in M. Antarctica: bffl blackish, short and stout; tarsi and toes black. Total length 21 inches crimen 2-3, wing 15-5, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-6, middle toe with claw In . The sexes appear to be alike externally. ^ ..,., , Hob. Victoria Land and the high Antarctic regions Yisited by the < Erebus > and ' Terror/ 71°-76° S. lat and 17I°-li V E. long. T\p\ a. Ad. sk. Possession Island, Victoria Dr. E. McCormick Land, Jan. 12, 1841 P... . (Dr. JE. Mc Cormick, R.N, (Type of species.) HM.S.'Erebus"). ^ xr f b. Ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Sea, 70° Dr. K. McCormick S., 178° E., Feb. 18, 1841 ~J.j (Dr. R. McCormick). c~e. tf 2 ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Sea (Dr. JR. McCormick). Antarctic Expedition [P.j2. STEECOEAEIUS. Stercorariua (Le Stercoraire), Brisson, Orn. vi. pp. 149-150 (1760) ? S. civpldattrs. Lestris, Illiger, Prodromes, p. 272 (1811) S. parasiticus &c. Labbus, Raflnesque, Analyse, p. 72 (1815) ..... . S. civpidatfe. Prsedatrix, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 65 (1816) S- crepidutu*. Oceanus, Kaup, Syst. baier. Zool p. 381 (1810) .. S. civ| idatu<% Coprotlieres, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat tab. v. (1850), and Nat Syst. Vog., Longip. p. v (1852). S. pomatorhinu*. Range. Prom Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions (breeding) to South Africa and New Zealand in winter. Key to the Species. a. Larger, wing over 14 inches; central rectrices broad, rounded at the ends, projecting 4 inches in the adult, and twisted vertically .. pomafarhinus, p. 322. b. Smaller, wing under 14 inches,- central rectrices pointed and tapering. a'. Largerj bill comparatively long; shafts of primaries chiefly white; central rectrices not projecting more than 3 inches crepidatw, p. S27. b'. Smaller; bill comparatively short; only the two outer primaries with white shafts; central rectrices projecting up to 9 inches . paradtkmf p. 334, X. Stercorals pomatorhiiras. Le Stercoraire rayd, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 159 r»L xlii fiiy <>' (1760: jr.). -> F - "*• "£• - Larus keeask (partim), Latham, Ltd. Orn. p. 818 (1700). Larus crepidatus (partim), Bonn. JSnc. MStA. i p 80 (1793) Larus3 parasiticus\Jnec Linn.), Wolf $ Meyer, Nat urn. Vm.bmtgrkL n. Heft 21 p. 70, cum fig. (1805); Meyer\ Wolf Taik. i |% H. p. 490, descrip. p. 492 (1810). ? ® 2 . STERCOEiRlFS. Cataxracta parasita, Tar. eamtschatiea, Pallas, Zooqr. Rosso~As. p. 312 (1811). ' r Lestmp^marina*, Tetmn. Man.tTOrn. p. 514 (1815); id. op. cit. ed. 1-20T p. 793; Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 502; Faber, Prodr. island. Or ft. p. 104 (lb22); Meyer, Tasehenh. Zusdtze, iii, p. 210 (1822); Brehm, Lehrb. p. 741 & p. 991 f 1824) ; Richardson, Parry's InWroy. Supp. p. 361 (182o : Mulville Peninsula): l: Gould, B. Em\ v. pi. 440 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. cV X Amer. p. 153 (1S3S) ; .4i^6. 6^nop. p. 332 (1839) ; Temm. M*m. ffOm. -2» pi. 4™ pte. p. 495 (1840); Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. ;fcss (1^40*; 3V;//n. Toy. Beutschl x. p. 487, taf. 271 (1840) ; Kw/*. a. Blm. WirL Eur. p. xciv & p. 240 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 4'»4 11^40); Bo. Cat. Tier. Eur. p. 80 (1842) ; Audub. B. X Amt2 |; Kj&rh. Damn. Fugl. p. 345, taf. xliii. (1852); Middend. Mem. Sibir., ZmL p. 240, xxiv. fig. 1 (eg£?) (1853); Xzc/tf. Nomencl Ar. p.OU (1*54): >SV4>: /;r^?»t JVawm. 1855, p. 294; itf. Vogelfanq,^. 336(1855); Bp. (hmp. Av. ii- pp. 207,208 (1857); Meyer, Brit B. vii. p. 171, pi. 313 (1^57); Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Midi Fr. p. 3*5 (1859); Sehl Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 232, pi. 33. figs. 5-7 (WJI) ; Miilier, Videnik. Meddel. 1862, p. 64 (1863: Faeroes) ; Sundev. Sc. FtigL pi. 51. fig. 1 (1863); Jerdon, B. India, ii. pt. 2, p. 828 (1804: Moulmein)"; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 141 (Bm); Fritsch, V&j. Eur. p. 478, taf. 58. figs. 5 & 6 (1870); Saunders Ibis, 1871, p. 401 (a. Spain); R. Or ay, B. West Scotl. p. 4114 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 296 (1872); Batmen, Fmlmds Fm/L p. 622 (1878); Colleti, Fork. SelsJc. Christ. 1873, p. 298 (N. Norway); Baton, Zool s. s. p. 3812 (1874: Spitsbergen, obtained); Warren, Zool. s. s. p. 4699 (1875: Killala Bay); Fimeh, Verb. z.-L Ver. Wien, 1879, p. 276 (Podarata Tundra, Went Siberia); Cocks, Zool 1884, p. 232 (Spitsbergen); Homey er, Grnitt, 18S5, p. 80 (Germany); LuiJcen, t. c. p. 145 ; Grondal, op. cit. 19m, p. 370 (Iceland); fschusi$ B. Torre, op. cit. 1887, p. 351 (Stvria); Schneider, t. c. p. 551 (Upper Alsace : young on migr.) ; Harierf, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180 (East Prussia); Mksenik. Wamervfkp Mittekurop. p. 130 (1889); Keller, Orn. Carinthfa, p. 299 (1890); Jacket Sc Bias. Vog. Bayerns, p. 354 (1891); CMike, Vogehv. Hehjol p. 589 (1891); Lilford, Col Figs. Brit B. pt. xxl (1892): Gathe, B. Heligol p. 566 (1895); Lmmm, B. Cala. Acad. v. p. 213 (1895 : Monterey). Lefttris paraeltxca (part.), Miss. Orn. Suec. p. 181 & p. 184 (1817); *" on, Votf.l Blossom/ Birds, p. 39 (1839: Bering Str.: " knobbed tail "). * Often written pomarinus, but Lesfris being a feminine substantive, the adiectiTal name is placed in agreement in this ease, to avoid subdivision. 324 STERCORAKIIDJD. Stercorals pomarinus, Vieill N. Diet. "iV. ?7.& #«$. Mus. 1887, p. 125; -B%«7. Man. A. Am*-r. B. p. 22 (1887^; Nelson, Rep, Nat. H. Alaska, p. 40 (W>7 : 1 uloii mouth, abundant); Baird, Auk, 1887, p. 71; Taezrm Onn% 1^, p. 508 (Poland, once); Seebohm (Bunge), Ibis, 18b% p. 349 (Cjt Liakoff Is.); Butcher, Auk, 1889,p. 125; Clark, op.cit. 1SM3, p. 520; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 289 (1890) : Palmer, Br. VM. Xah Mus. xiii. p. 253 (1890: Str. Belle We); Clarke, Zmd. WW, p. 48 (Jan Mayen I.); It. MaeFarl. Pr. F.S. J\V. Mm. xiv. p. 417 (1891: Arctic Amer.); Hagervp. B. Grtuil p. 45 (1891); Berlepsch § Stoh. P Z. 8. lbd'2, p. 400 (iVrui: Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 140 (Disco): Finn, IM% W*3, p. 233 (Strs. Gibraltar); Kartwig, J.f. 0. WA p. :i 4: p. 12 (Madeira); Taczan. Mem. Acad. Peterbb. (7) xxxix. p. 1001 (1893: E. Siberia); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Sat. Mus. xvi. p. 0f>J (1893: Kadiak, Alaska). Cataractes pomarinus, Steph. in Shaves ZooL xiii. pt. 1, p. 210 (1826); Selbij, Brit. B. ii. p. 517, pi ci. (1832); Macqill Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 257 (1842). Lestris spaeriuros, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. ,993. Lestris spbseriuros, Brehm, Vog. BeutschL p. 718 (1831); id.Namn. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 336 (1855). Lestris striatus, Eyton, Cat. Bint, B. p. -51 (1836). Pomerine Skua, Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 485 (1843). Coprotberes pomarinus, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. tab. v. (cauda?) (INJOI ; id. Nat. Syst. Vog., Bongip. p. v (1852) (type of penus); Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 210; id. C. R. xiii. p. 770 (1856): J. H. Blusim, J.f. 0.1865, p; 384. ' Catarracta pomarina, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 416 (1850: Moulmein, imm.). Lestris pomerinus, A. Neioton, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 401, pi. xxxix. fi<*. 3 Lestris pomarbinus, Preyer, Reise n. Island, p. 418 (1802). Lestris pomatorbinus, Sclater, Ibis, 1862, p. 297; Earting, Mandh Brit B. p. 78 (1872); HeugL Ibis, 1872, p. 65 (Novava Zemlva) & Waigatz); Sundev. (Efv. Akad. Stockh. 1874, p. 22 ; Blyth $ Walden, B. Burm. p. 163 (1875 ; Moulmein); GidifAL Ibis, 188L ¥;n2l° i?? 1^,« ^ Vega-Exped. Vetensk. Bd. v. p. 384 (1887: Tcbuckcbi Peninsula). F Stercorarius pomatorbinus, A. Neivton, in Baring-GouMs Iceland, p. 418 (1863); id. Ibis, 1865, p. 509 (Spitsbergen, doubtfully); 2 . STEECOEAKIUS. 325 Arctic Man. p. 107 {1875) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 324 (revision, ; Se^h. $ H-Broicn, Ibis, 1876, p. 455 (outside Golaievskai hunks I: CfJMh N. Mag. Naiurv. 1877, p. 207; Saunders, Bull. Sm. Zml Ft. 1877, p. 205 (S. Spain); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 800 (InoV#. I?, iii, p. 0G8 (1884); bhttrj*, id. Imwrff* II. S Afr.y. HI5 (1884); Bilclmer, Beitr. I.W. H^thr% \'i\ W. p. 132 ilh^Z: St. Petersburg); Murdoch, lift*. ICijtMl. It. Barrow, p. 120 (lfcsoj: Gir/lioli, Avif.Ital p. 435 (l*Hi»; 7V/^r///. Orn. Perm, iii. p. 45» (1886); Feilden, Tr. Stmn'th Sftt\ iv. p. 351 (1^7: Hud>on Str.); Salvad. Ucc. ItaL p. 2!«J 11^71: //-/,>. ^ ItocW. jpfcww. Sutherl $c. p. 235 (1887) ; /. It. IL MwFarl. Ibh, 1**7, p. 200 (Callao Bay); TbY, t. c- p. Jitni (Portugal*; 2WA, IiW/^ -totes, iii. (1887); H-Br. 8f Bm*M, Puna. Oi/trr Ilehr. p. 151 (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. «T& *k p. 73f i (I^01; Giglioli, 1° i&wx?. A . M p. 650 (1889) ; id. 2" Ite**tt p. 001 (1KU0); lieichenoiv, Syst. Verz. Yog. Deidschl. p. m (lWi): Strrtnwn *y *W/i*r. 5 . Norfolk, iii. p. 348 (1890); 2fc«rt/. 4- if-l/r. ifr w?. Orkneys, p. 237 (1891) ; «Y& J? .4r?ytf # /««. IMr, p. 194 (1*4*2) ; Ilartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 (East PnwMH); CullrtU S. Mag. f. Saturn. Bd. XXXY. p. 297 (1894) ; Irbtf, Owi. #ta. tfj&A 2nd ed. p. 302 (1895). MercMrariiH pouiarbinu*, Malmgren, (Efv. Fork. Ah Stockh. 1864, p. 411 flbfU: Spitsbergen). *Stt*roirarius caiarraetes, Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 150 (Malta). St^rcorarius striatic {ex Briss.}, Olpke-GalL Orn. Eur. Occid.fasc. x. p. 7 (Ixfrtf). (\mmilwrm pomatorhiniiis, Heine 4* Reichen.w, Nomencl. Mus.Hem. Aifvii m breeding-plumage. Forehead, cheeks, and crown sooty black; acuminate feathers'of the entire neck white, edged with warm straw-yellow; feathers of the lower neck blackish, often tipper! with grey, while those of the upper breast are chiefly white, liarred with black, which forms more or less of a dark collar ; mantle, upper tail-coverts, and rectrices dark nmber-brown ; primaries similar, but whitibh at their concealed bases, shafts chiefly STEECOEAEHDiB. 326 whitish; abdomen umber; breast duU white ; flanks and under wing-coverts umber: bill horn-brown; tarsi and toes reddish Mack. Total length 21 inches, crimen 1-7, wing 14-2o, tail about &-2t> (without the central rectrices, which sometimes project 4 inches), tarsus 2*1, middle toe with claw 2. The sexes appear to be alike externally. In less mature birds the dark pectoral band is more extensive, while the underpays, especially the flanks, are somewhat striated ; the yellow on the neck is less pronounced. m Adult in winter. Similar, but for some years after the attainment of adult—though not mature—plumage there is a tendency, after the autumnal moult, to show striated feathers on the flanks, upper and under tail-coverts. Immature. Like the above, but with less yellow on the neck; the underparts more barred, but the upper and under tail-coverts barred with black and white, and the under wing similarly mottled; central rectrices seldom projecting more than 2 in., and not twisted terminally. Melanotic individuals—considered to be adults from the fact that they show more or less yellow on the neck—sometimes occur, but I do not think that any of these are really mature birds. One of these originally dark individuals was kept alive by the late Mr. Booth for some years, during which time its underparts became gradually white. Birds of all ages occasionally exhibit spots of white on the carpal joints. Young. Head and neck varying from clove-brown to sooty brown; feathers of the mantle dark brown, tipped with rufous m varying degrees ; tail-coverts barred with black and rufous buff; under surface varying, from numerous bold striations of brown and rufous to an ashy brown with faint striations, and again to an almost uniform dull brown : bill brown with a greenish tinge; tarsus often blue or grey in patches : bases of the toes yellowish* Nestling. Pale sooty brown, with a tinge of rufous. Bab. Arctic regions north of 70°: chiefly on tundras during the breeding-season ; in winter southward, as far as Cape York in Australia, Walvisch Bay in S. Africa, and Callao Bay in Fern. Mr. L. Kumlien's statement that this species nests a i n large numbers on an inaccessible cliff " on Disco Island may be conm% but it is opposed to the experience of every other observer. a. Juv. st. Hurst Castle, Hants. E. B. Sharpe. Esq, [P.]. b. $ juv. sk. Near Beccles, Suffolk, Oct. H. Saunders Coll. (W. M. Crowfoot). c. $ juv. sk. Yarmouth, Norfolk, Nov. (J. H. Saunders Coll. & Batting). (I. Ad.; «,/. Flamborough, Yorks (J. B. Hume OolL Juv. sk. Ourney). g. 2 imm. sk. Scarborough, Oct. II. Saunders Coll. h. Juv. sk. North Britain. Old Coll. 2 . STEKCOEAKIUS. 327 i. 2 " ^ ad. sk. k. 2 vix ad.; Z, m. d juy. sk. (one black). «, 0. Ad.; />, q. Juv. sk. r-t c? $ ad. sk. «, y. <| $ ad.; a?. 5 juv. sk. j \ <$ juv. sk. ij. 2 ad. sk. z. Full. sk. «r-*f. Juv. sk. o (1810); Meisner & Schinz, Yog. Schioeiz, p. 280 (181o) ; W«*^, Arct. Meg. i. p. 534 (1820); Edmonston, Mem. Wem. Soc. IV. p. 274(1823). . ( M . Le Labbe ou Stercoraire, jffz# Hist. Nat. Ois. Tin. p. 441, pi. xxxtv. (1783). Le Stercoraire, Daubent. PI. Enl pi. 991 (1786). _ Larus parasiticus (nee Linn.), Bodd. Tabl PL Enl. p. 05, no. dJl (1783); MoTir, Island. Naturh. p. 43 (1786). Stercorarius parasiticus (nee Linn.), Schaefer, Mas. urn. p. bi, pi. 37 (1789); jfow^, .MrfwrJ. /fyatf. p. 40, p. 47, & p. 195 (1&2H); Selys-Longch. Fn. Belg. p. 155 (1842) ; Gray, List B. Br. Mus., Anseres, p. 167 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 653 (1840); Baird, Cass., # Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 839 (1858); Evans <$• Stitrge, Ibu>9 1859, p. 172 (W. Spitsbergen); Bernhardt, op. cit. lfcOl, p.^ 10 (Greenland); Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 419 (1603) ; BlaUston, Ibis, 1863, p. 152; Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 228 (1803f; J?. Boas, Nat. Hist Mev. 1802, p. 289; Mahngren, (Eft. Fiirh. Ah. Stockh. 1864, p. 390; id. J.f. 0. 1865, p. 205 {Spifebergei!); Coues, Pr. Phlad. Acad. 1863, p. 132; Newton, Ibis, 1805, p. 510 (Spitsbergen) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 80 (1805); DHJI. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p, 397 (1867); Ball §-Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 303 (1869 : Alaska) ; Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 307 (Novava Zemlya); Huttoti, Cat. N. Zeal. B. p. 40 (1871); Guraey, in Anderssorfs B. Bamara Ld. p. 357 (1872); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 110, no. 10937 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. SOD (1872); id. Elliott1 s Rep. Prybiloff Group, no. 541 (1874); Feilden, ZooL s. s. p. 3292 (1872: Essroes)$ Hume, Sir. F i. p. 208 (1873: Sindii); Butter, B. New Zeal. p. 268 (1873); Eaton, Ma . s. p. 3813 (1*74: Spitsbergen); Coues, B. N.- West, p. 611 (1874); Sharpe, Voy. L Erebus' Sf L Terror,7 i. App. p. 32 (1875: K. Zealand) ; jyeicton, Arct. Man. p. 107 (1875); Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 216 (1875); Blanford, East. Pers. ii. p. 289 (1876: Mekran eo&bt and Persian Gulf); Bessels, Amerik. Nordpoh-Exp. p. 312 (1879); Knmli&x^ Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 15, p. 95 (1879: Cumberland Sound); Villada, An. Mm. Nac. Mexico, 1879, p. 279 ; Elliott, Seal Is. of Alaska, p. 132 (1882); Coues, Chech-list N. Am. B. p. 120 (1882) ; Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. Ixiii. p. 11 & p. 38 (1883); Stearin, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1884: Labrador); Coues, Key N. Amer. 2?. 2nd ed. p. 736 (1884); A. Chapman, Tr. Northumb. viii. pt. 1, p. 150 (1884: Spitsbergen); Baird, Brewer, § Bidgw. Water-B. 2V. Amer. ii.p.335 (1884); Turner, Auk, 1885,p. 158(Alaska); Henshaw, i.e. p. 232 (Sta. Barbara, Gala.); Evermann, op. cit. 1886,p. 88(Ventura Co.,Gala.); Fischer $Pelz.31T.om.Yer.Wien,x.$A2Q (1866: Jan Mayen I.) ; A. O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B p. 85 (1880); Turner, Contrib. N. H. Alaska, p. 123 & p. 185 (1886); Stefn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1887, p. 124 (Commander Is.); Nelson, *JRep. K II. Alaska, p. 47 (1887); Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887); Iiidmt\ Man. N. Amer. B. p, 22 (1887); Baird, Auk, 1887;p.71; Tadtut. Omis, 1888, p. 509 (Poland); Beichefww, Syst. Ver%. Voa Beutschl. p. 64 (1889); Cory, B. West Indies, p. 298 (IBblt); Greely, Mep. Exped. Lady FrankL Bay, ii. p. 21 (1888): Butcher] Auk, 1889, p. 125; Scott, t. c. p. 100 (Florida) • ChamherL t c\ p. 213 (S. Greenland); Clarke, Zool 1890, p. 48 (Jan Mayen I ) Keller, Orn. Carinthfo, p. 300 (1890) ; Clarke, Auk, 18907 p. &>Q 2. STERCOEAEITJS. 329 (Hudson Bay); Magerup, B. Greenl p.45 (1891); R. MacFarl. Pr. IK 2>at. Mm xiv.j> 417 (1891: Barren Gmnnds); Bartert, Bat. Vogelsam. bench, p. 243 (1891); Buttikofer, C. M. ii. Congr. Orn. Intern, u. p. Ii o {lb92; Liberia); Cory, Cat. B. West Bid. p. 82 lo (l&lo); Deghmd, Mem. Soc. Lille, 1838, pte. iii. p. 117 11<%)1; Sckiaz, Bump. Faun. p. 390 (1840) ; Zicht. Nomencl Av. p. i€) {I>04J; Poimea, Vega-Bxped. Vetensk. Bd. T. p. 380 (1887); fx^^/i. 3^ Jtewr. ^4r. /to/. p. ^8 (1891: Catania, black race). Oeaiiii* parasiticus, Xoc^? %tf. teer. ^ 0 / . p# §81 (1816: type of Pia-'Iarrix, FfeiT&rf, Analyse, p. 65 (1816): type "Le Labbe de Biiifuii/ which is $. crepidatus. Catanvcta eephus, Z«?dfc, %s£. Cat. Mamm. &c. Brit. Mus. p. 39 (l^J): Orkney). Lt para»itiM. UWt*. Hoc. iv. p. 247 (1822: Foula, Shetland); Brehm, B*i*t\ VatjM. in. p. 853 (1872); jlfeyer, Taschenb. Zusatze, p. 214 11-22); J. Sabine (part.), Franklin's Polar Sea, App. 697 (1823: Iliitl^tii Bavi; Brekm, Lehrb. p. 744 & p. 995 (1824) ; Bp. Ann. lw* y. Y. ii. p. 305 (1828); Grata, Beis. n. Faro, p. 189 (1830); Brrfon, Jot/. Deuteckl. p. 722 (1831) ; Lesson, Traits, p. 616 < 1KJ11; Sari, Orn. Tase. ill p. 46 (1831); Naum. Vog. Beutschl. x. p. 5CK pis. '172 & 273 (1840) ; Schinz, Burop. Faun. p. 390 f I-if ij; Kj**rh. Down. Fagh, p. 346, taf. xliii. (1852); Bp. C. P. xlii. p. 770 (1-56); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 208 (1857); Jaub. et B.Lftj& mm. likh, Orn. p. 387 (1859); Midler, Vidensh. Meddel. iM'rf, p. 04 (1803: Faeroes); Preyer, Beis. n. Island, p. 417 | \>~-2l; Sunder. Sr. Fogl pi. 51. figs. 2 and 3 (1863 ?); Malmgr. (Kfi\ Fork. Ak. Stockh. 1803, p. 105 (Spitsbergen); Broste, VhtpJw. Borkum, p. 359 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Bur. p. 479, taf. e>." % . 4 (1870); Sound. Ibis, 1871, p. 400; Sahad. Faun. ItaL, Bee. p. 297 (1872) ; Barting, Bandb. Brit. B. p. 78 (1*7-2); Palmen, Finland's Fogl. p. 624 (1873); Collett, Fork. titkk. Christ. 1873, p. 298 (N. Norway) ; Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 52 {the probable type of Latham's Arctic Gull) ; Sundev. (Bfi\ Ftirh. Ak. Stockh^l874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen); Finsch, Verk. zX Ver. jrien, 1879, p. 277 (West Siberia); Bunge, Mel. Biol. xii. Iivr. 1, p. 50 (1884); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. 1883, p. 341 (Bering I.); Mmneyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany) ; Liitken,t.c. p. IU (Denmark); Grondal, op. cit. 1886, p. 370 (Iceland); Schneider, op. cit 1887? p. 551 (Upp. Alsace); Bartert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180 (E. Prussia); Biesenthal, Wasservog. Miitdtuntp. p. 131 (1889); Gdthe, Vogeho. Belgol p. 590 (1891); Fuim 4- Siuder, Cat Ois. Suisse, p. GO (1892). St* Skua, I^rr. Z?W£. B. hi. p. 489 (1843). Stereurarms cepphua, Begl Orn. Bur. ii. p. 295 (1849); Feilden, apud Anderson, Zool. 1879, p. 8 (Prince Albert Land); Buttikof. Zotes Ley den Mus. x. p. 106 (1888 : Liberia). Le-trL, .-pmicaucla, Hardy, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 657 ; Bp. C. R. xln. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 210 (1857) ; Verr. Voij. J inson Madag. Annexe B} p. 4 (1864). Lf*tri* benickenii, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294: id. Voqelf. p. 336 (1S55). ' * J * Leshis^parasiticus, var. a. coprotberes, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 209 Lestris cepkus, HariL Orn. W.-Afr. p. 253 (1857 : Gaboon, in Pan- Mu-.); Borggr. Togelf. Norddeutschl p. 141 (1869). L^strU thuliaca, Preyer, Rehe n. Island, p. 418 (1862). tftereorarius .spinicauda, Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 366 (1867) ; Coues, IV. PJdfad. Acad, W% p. 121 & p. 135 (critical). Stercoiarius tf*phra*, Mahngren, J.f. 0. 1865, p. 390 (Spitsbergen). Stfrcovariiis asiaticu*, Hzone, Sir. F. i. p. 269 (1873: Mekran Vuvi>t); Butler £ Hume, op. cit. \. p. 294 (1877) ; Hume, op. cit. viii. p. llo flb79; list). Stt^jrariub richardsoni, Coues, Br. PJiilad. Acad. 1863, p. 121 & p. Vl~> (critical); Seebohn, Brit J?, iii. p. 353 (1885): id. (Bimqe) lh\% l-h8? p. 349 (Gt. Liakoff Is.). LrvtrK lonpricauda, Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 241; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 203 (X. Zealand). r ^ Adult hi breeding-plumage,—Pale-breasted form. Peathers at the ba^e of the bill dull white; forehead and lores ash~brown? crown and occiput darker brown ; hind neck dull white, shading into ash- brown on the shoulders and thickly streaked with golden strawcolour ; mantle, wings, tail-coverts, and reetrices darker brown, the secondaries blackish, the shafts of the principal primaries white; under tail-coverts, abdomen, and under wing ash-brown ; breast and chin dull white; throat and sides of the neck whitish, streaked with straw-yellow : bill brownish horn-colour, darker in front of the cere; tarsi and toes black.—Baric form. Similar, but washed with sooty throughout, the underparts being nearly as dark as the mantle, which is of a deeper tone than in the pale-breasted form; the acuminate feathers of the neck yellow, but not so strongly contrasted : bill rather blacker. Total length 20 inches; culmen 1*5 ; wing 13; tail 5 without the central pair, which are often 3 in. longer, making a total of 8 ; tarsus 1*75, middle toe with claw 1*7. The sexes are alike externally. The dark-breasted form is rare to the northwards of lat. 70°, beyond which the white-breasted is the representative form ; but southward both races are found. The colour has no relation to sex, and dark and light birds are constantly to be found paired. The offspring of this union is, when adult, intermediate in character, having a dusky 332 SrERCOKAKUM. whitish, throat, more or loss of an ash-brown band across the breast, and a considerable amount of brown on the flanks. Individuals irregularly spotted with white are not very rare. Adult in zvinter. As in the preceding species (see p. 326). Young. The offspring of two white-breasted birds is pale cinnamon-brown on the head and underparts, with dark streaks and bars ; the feathers of the upper parts umber-brown with rufous edges. The offspring of two dark birds is much darker, with greyer tips to the feathers ; while the offspring of one white breasted and one sooty bird is intermediate, as might be expected. Tarsi and bases of the toes yellowish, the front portion of the toes black. Immature. Streaked and mottled with various shades of brown on the upper surface, mantle chiefly umber; upper tail-coverts barred with dark brown, white, and rufous; under surface more or less barred with brown on a paler ground. Nestling. Sooty brown above, paler below; but the downy young of dark parents are deepest in hue. Eab. Cireumpolar and subarctic regions, breeding as far south as about bb° 45' in the Scottish Islands; in winter along the coasts of Europe, Africa down to the Cape of Good Hope, the Persian Gfulf and vicinity, Australia, New Zealand, the North Pacific, and the Atlantic as far south as Rio de Janeiro. S*i,reJ#+ Arct. Reg. i. p 534 (1850); B. Meyer, Ami. Wetterau 6Vs. i. p. 276 (1809: Kostheim-am-Maiii); Meaner §-ScL Voff. St hv riz. p. 278 (1815); Manly, Toy. Greenl. p. 89, cum tav. (Ifr22f. Le Labbe a longue queue, Buffon, Hist Nat. Ok. viii. p. 4i5 117^1. Le Stercoraire a longue queue de Siberia, Daubent. PL E*il. p i 711*2 (1786). Cataracta parasitica, Retz. Faun. Sitec, p. 160 (18C0). Catarractes parasita, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Anat. p. 310 (1^11 K Lestris parasitica, Illiyer, Prodr. p. 273 (1811); Temm. M*m. tffh n» p. 512 (1815); Nitss. [part.] Faun. Swc. pp. Ibl & I**i il-17,,; J?. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. pt ii. p. 551 (W9 : tin* ti«klt- : iV. Parry's Ibt Toy. App. p. ccvi (1821: Polar Sea to M4\ill^ 14.1; Temm. [part] Man. dtOrn. p. 796 (1820); J. Ilichmhmi^ Fmi/i 2nd Voy. App. p. 361 (1825: N. part of Southampton Laiitll; J. C. Ross, Parr if s 3rd Voy. App. p. 105 (18211); id. Parry* 4 th Voy. App. p. 196 (1828: Walden I ; not X. of 82°|; jr«wr, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 34 (1828); Swains. 4" Bitk. Faun. Bor,- Amer., Birds, p. 430 (1831); Gould, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 1 ^ < (Wwv<: first record in Grt. Britain) ; Nutfall, Mam. Orn. ii. p. 317 f K\4); Jenyns, Brit. Vertebr. p. 283 (1835); Audubon, Orn. Biwtr tii. p. 470 (1835 [chiefly]); Eyim, Cat. Brit. B. p. 52 (l^Bj; 6W//, .#. JSto\ v. pi. 442 (1837); JSjp. Comp. List B. Eur. f X Amer. p. t*3 (1838) ; J.w^5. Synopsis, p. 333 (1839); Tfejmn. AT*/*. #f ©r/i, 2 « ed. 4me pte. pp. 493 & 501 (1840); E. L. Meyer, III Brit. B. iv. pi. (1843); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 192, pi tilt [1*41 i: Giraud, B. Long Id. p. 364 (1844); MaegilL Brit. Ii. v. p. 50;) (1852); Licht. Nomencl. AD. p. 99 (1854); S. L. Meyer, HI Brit. B. Tii. p. 174, pi. 314 (1857); E. Adams,. Ibis, 187b, p. 4IL (X. W. America); Rodd, B. Cornwall, p. 174 (1580). Oeeanus crepitatus, Koch, Syst. baier. ZooL p. 381 (1810). Stercorarius longicauda, Vie ill Nouv. Diet Hist. Wet. xxxIL p. 157 (1819); Newtonj Ibis, 1865, p. 511 (Spitsbergen); Deql. # Unfa. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 399 (1867); GUM, Urn, 1870, p.407(Nnvava Zemlya); Gould. B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 81 (1873); Eaton, '//»,L s. s. p. 3813 (1874: Spitsbergen) ,* A. EL. Cocks, Zoo!. im4$ p. 232 (Spitsbergen); Baird, Brewer, <§• Ridgw. Water-IL N. Amen ii. p. 339 (1884); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158 (Nearer islands Alaska); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29? p. ^7 (1885: romander Is.); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 125 (mam ltK\); A. O. U. Clieck-l. N. Amer. B. p. 85 (18861; AlUun, Omi\ lHsi\f p. 422 (Dobrudsclia, once) ; Turner, Contr. N. II Alaska, p. 12**1 2 . STEECOEARirrs. -Amer BS £ ^ ft ?C !-\h-- P--(1887); Nehon, Hep. N. 1*92, p. 14i (Melville Bay); ^fc*, Avk, 1893, p. 123 (distri bution): /«tl« 1.Jic.pWi(fjsnil j ^ , ^ E Acadvp21S (1895: Montere KfiSj. ;% Cak----y> SteTWOTrias ceppW ZM«S, Zfowwm'* ^MB. of Bhilos. xiii. p. 61 |1*10>: a. vi iW Toy. Baffin B. 4to ed. App. ii. p. lvi (1819); xd.pp.ctt. &.o ed. n p 163 (1819); Stepk. in Shaw's Gen. Zoo. p 10/ (1544: partim); tf. <%„. jj. ffi. p. 6g 3 (jg ^ j P^lzMT ornJ or. JJ ien, x. p. 210 (1886: Jan Mayan I.); tamsl. Clarke, Zool. IdijOj p. 48. Le*tm crejiidata Uce 5^^ , ^ 6-'m.)? J?^w * «2*/. ^r . «. I i^elk. in, p H,l (1822); Brehm, Lehrh. Naturg. p. 747, andZusat. p !I|H (isj/4); i/Z Im, 1830, p. 993; itf. Tog. BeutscJd. p. 724 s :^7l/ i '^ \//^^ « *. P-33i, pi. 274(1840); £>r&. /AI/IM. lv////. p. .i4,, taf. xlm. (1852); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; «/. I vnptyiMj, p. 330 (lb55). J Lertri* bn&iim, itoV, 2«s, lb22, p. 562; Meyer $ Wolf. Tasch. iii. LlJc' K r Z\~l'\P^*21 ; MA™1-- ii- P. 364 (1828) ; ztf. C W £iA L« Lur. &r N ,4wz7^«, Zoo/. 1879, p. 8 (Cambridge Bay; H M.S. 'Enteiprtee'); Taezan. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 341 (Kamtsciiatkaj; Bunge, MM Biol. xii. livr. 1, p. 51 (1884); Bomeyer, Orwi«, 18&5, p. 80 (Germany); Gr&ndal, op. eit. 1886, p. 370 (Iceland, rare); Keller, Orn. Carinthim, p. 300 (1890); Glithe, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 590 (1891) ; id. B.FLeligol (Eng. transU, D 567 (18U5). J * Stercorarius buffoni, Kattp, Naturl. Syst. pp. 46-47 & p. 195 (1829) ; Xteinhardt, Ibis, Ibtil, p. 16 (Greenland); Newton in BaringGmld's Ireland, p. 419 (1863); Coues, Fr. Phiktd. Acad. 1863, p. 136 (critical); Malmgr. (Efv. Fork. Ah. Stock/i. 1864, p. 391 (Spitsbergen); Doll § Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 304 (1869: Alaska); Couett, Key N. Amer. B. p. 310 (1872); id. B. iV".Went, p. 615 (1874) ; id. Elliotts Bep. Frybilof Group, no 542 (1874); Irby, Orn. Sir. Gibralt. p. 216 (1875); Kumlien, Bull. U.& Nat Mm, no. 15, p. 95 (1879 : Davis Strs.); Elliott, Seal Is Alaska, p. 132 (1882); Coues, Chech-l K Amer. B. p. 120 (1882); Seebohm (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Kanin Penins.; breeds); id Xbk, 1884, p. 176 (Kuril Is.); Coues, Key N.-Amer. B. 2nd ed* p. 738 (1884); Stearns, Fr. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 122 (1884: lAbwdor); Baichelder, Auk, 1884, p. 97 (Vermont); Collins, t. c. p. 237 (Grand Bank); Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 358 (1885); ^ 336 STERCOBARIID-E. Seebohm (Bungs), Ibis, 1888, p. 349 (Gt. Liakoft Is.); Taczaa. Ornis, 1888, p. 509 (Poland, juv.). ^ n o Lestris iicrorkynclios, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 : id. *Wj>*A ^t%. ni- P- 120 (1839) ; /SWte, JEwrop. Ifaaw. p. 391 (1840). ^ r' + n™ r*— Stercorariu '±1"~~ * <* Cbllett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 206 (IS. > Markham's Polar Becom. p. 335 (18S1: Xovaya Zeinlya, br^ d~ ing) ; JR/d^w. j?«K. Z7.& Nat Mus. no. 21, p. oh (1^1); tf. E. Clarke, Faun. Yorks., Birch, p. 84 (1881); J\V W'< P- '^ (eleven near Lisbon); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 077 U v^t; Giglioli, 1° JResoc. ^(f. IW. p. 651 (18S9); *V. 2» IcV^. p. Wl (1890: Italy to Syracuse): Stemamn ^ tiatthtr. 2?._.VwV/*, iii. Saunders, Ibis, 1892, p. 183 (numbers on Brit. coa*t*j; Maiphrs. Faun. Lakeland, p. 441 (1892); B'Urban $ Matheit, II Jb^ua, p. 397 (1892); Lilford, B. Northampt.^All (1503); Math-v\ B. Pemhrokesh. p. 109 (1894); Cbllett, Nyt Mag. Nature. Bl. xxxv, p. 302 (1894: Norway) ; Irby, Orn. Str Gibr. 2nd ed. p. SO;) \ 1VJ5). Lestris cephus, Keys. \ ii. p.209 (1857); Jaub. et B-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p.;*** {!<)?}: Schl Bier. Nederl Fogels, p. 233, pi. 33. fiff. 8 (Infill; Jto/ttr, Vidensh. Meddel 1862, p. 65 (1803: Faeroes): Sunder. Sc. Fot/L pi. 51. ftg. 4 (1863) ; Fritsch, Fog. Eur. p. 479, tar. **fe. tltrl 3 (1870); Cottett, Fork. Selsh. Christ. 1873, p. 301 fX Norway); Sundev. CEfv. Ah Fork. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen); Jacket ZK Bias. Fog. Bayerns, p. 354 (1891). Cataractes longecaudatus [sic], MacgilL Man. Brit, Orn. pt. ii. p. 258 (1842). Buffon's Skua, Yarrell, Brit B. iii. p. 494 (1843). Lestris longicaudata, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. v. (1830); id. Nat. Syst. Fog., Longip. p. v. (1852); Thornps. Nat. Hist IreL iii. p. **)99 (1851); Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. m (Novaya Zemlva); JRwwrA, Ferh. z.-b. Wien, p. 879, pi. 277 (N.W. Siberia); BootA, Rvugh Ndm, iii. (1857). Lestris hardyi, Bp. C B. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Ctrntj). Av. ii. p. 210 (1857 : " between Philippines and Sandwich LO)*. * Type in Berlin Museum examined. 2 . STBECOJEAEITJS. 337 Stereoraxnis longicaudatus, Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 156 (1842); Z%1.-J.?«• %>: u. p 298 (1849) ; Xewton, Arctic Manual, p. 107 a**o)i&tlde*Ibu, 1877, p.409 (Smith Sound); teis, i^ri/fc. -)ordj>ol-JE.iped. P- 312 (1879, i#J. Norwegian fell-, June 3SOU (A.$JB.Xeicfon). Ki^trand, Poraanger Fiord, X. Norway, June 20 (If. Spitsbergen. Slniberfc Bay, Xovaya Zerolya, Aug. 4 (^Itimiral JL H. Markham). Stanavialaehta, IVtrhnmRiver, June (StrioAm 4* JE-Brotrn). Alexievka,lVtehuraR.,Julv Dvonick. Lower IVtchora, Jvlj 22 {& b &-B-). Schtschut«chja Tundra, Vest Siberia, J it I v. Amurland (Dr. Sfiddrn Kurile Islands, Mav to Jnlv (H. J. J&KW). Northern mouth of Yuk^n, Alaska, May l£. If; 3Hstm). St. Michael's Ala&ka, Mayto Aug. {JEL ir. Xelion |* X. 3/. Turner), Kotzebue Sound. X.W.America{Capt.CuUin#> «, i?.X). 82° 50' X., Aujr. 8, 1*70(Co/. -HI jr. J'lifr/ra). 82° 27'X., June, July (J5T. W. Jl). * Floeherfr Beach, June (IL Discovery Bay, June, Jul? (H.a Hart). • Eepulse Bay, Melville Peninsula. Duke of York Bav, Southampton Island,&P W N.fAug. 17,1821. K^V ~o T. W **er. Eli S»*^1 l«*IVJ. -S**'* hni & H. * ••?* hm roll. S»;>, 'n-4 rodziMtn Poll. Bahiu-imjimmm Coll. Cupt K#dlHt A: Lt. W«#*fl» If.X. P."\ V».y. H.M.S. * *'Kf. * Alert' Kxpni. H.M.S. * Alfrt' H.M.S. 'Diflcmrerr' Exfi*^ J I Jr. Juhn lift© 1 M " J Ca?it. Sir R, Parrr* IS.X. **P \ " o'. Ad. sk. d . Ad. sk. e . Ad. st. f\ y \ Ad. sk* ~h , JUT. ak. i'. Ad. -k. J: -I". Ad. et imm. m -y\ Sterna, 2 . STESCOEi^HJS. Davis Strait ? (Br. Robertson). i-rreenlaod Sea, Aug. (R. May, S3.' Arctic 5J. " Northern Sea." Hudson Bay Territory. North Labrador, Aug. f llitrmomj'). Labrador (C. Linden). Lat 7o3 N., lono*. 10° 80' W. Eumpe. The Admiralty [P.]. Col. H. W. Feilden [P.l Hudson Bay Co. [P.]. H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders CoU. Salvin-Godman Coll. Capt.DavidGrayjT.]. Purchased. z2 TUBHTARBS. Order XIV. TUBINARES. (By OSBEKT SALYEf.) The late William Alexander Forbes's memoir, entitled "Keport on the Anatomy of the Petrels (Tubinares) collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. ; Challenger/ " * gives by far the most complete account of the anatomy of this Order, discusses the relationship of a large number of species representative of many genera, gives a good resume of the literature of the subject, and the author's views as to the relationship of the Order to other Orders of the Class Aves. ^ As the whole of the spirit-specimens possessed by me at the time were placed at Porbes's disposal and were used in compiling his Memoir, I have little to say on this branch of the subject beyond pointing out that I have ventured to depart to some extent from Forbes's classification in the present Catalogue. In doing so, I have to a great extent returned to the older plan of keeping the Albatroses distinct from the rest of the Petrels, and in restoring Forbes's Oceanitidce to the neighbourhood of the genus ProceUaria. That such an arrangement is more convenient can. hardly be doubted, and I think it can be justified. Regarding the position of the Tubinares in the System a Avium much difference of opinion has existed, and the final disposition, of the Order is hardly yet established. Most authors placed it in juxtaposition to the Laridce, but this allocation was objected to by Garrod and Forbes, who asserted that the Steganopodes and Herodiones, as understood by them, are its nearest allies, thus confirming the suggestions to that effect advanced by THerminier, Milne-Edwards, and Huxley. Forbes (op. cit. p. 60) briefly defines the Tubinares as:— "Holorhinal schizognathous birds with a large, broad, depressed, pointed vomer, and truncated mandible; with the anterior toes fully webbed, and the hallux either very small and reduced to one phalanx, or absent; with a tufted oil-gland and large supra-orbital glands furrowing the skull ; with the external nostrils produced into tubes, usually more or less united together dorsally; with an enormous glandular proventriculus and small gizzard of unusual shape and position, and with the commencing duodenum ascending j with a completely double great pectoral muscle, and a well-developed pectoralis tertius; with ihefemoro-caudal and semi-tendinosus muscles always present, and the ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal only exceptionally absent." * Beport of the Scientific Besults ot the Voyage of* H US. * Zoology, YoL iv. Part xi. (1882). TTTBIirARES. 341 In Dr.Furbrmgers classification (' Untersucti. zurMorph. und Syst. [1888J> th e fi i 1 V?* P *-i° 8 8 Procellariiformes ( = Tubinares) follow the Ciconnformes (Phcenieopteri, Pelargo-herodii, Accipitres, Steganopodes), and the Impennes, followed by the Charadriiformes {Jjaricke, &c.), come next in succession Be6hohm (\9lassificatioi x *!?*% of Birds,' p. 34 [1390]) defines the Tubinares as follows: ^External nostrils produced into tubes. Nasals holorhinal. Dorsal vertebra? heterocoelous. Hallux absent or reduced to one phalanx, the other toes directed forwards. Young fed by the parents for some time tufted" father-tract well defined on the neck. Oil-gland He places the Order between his Galliformes and Impennes, not far from the Gulls, but some way from the Steganopodes and Herodiones. The Procellariiformes (=Tubinares) in Dr. Sharpe's arrangement << Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds/ p. 71 [1891]) are placed between the Sphenisciformes and Alciformes near the Dariformes, butfar^from the Pelargiformes and Pelecaniformes. , The characters he gives are tbose of Mr. Seebohm. Dr. Gadow (F. Z. S. 1892, pp. 239, 240), in his comprehensive paper on the Classification of Birds, places his Procellariiformes (==Tubxnares) between his Sphenisciformes and Ardeiformcs, the latter a group including Steganopodes, Herodii, and Pelargi. He thus agrees with Forbes as to the position of the Petrels as regards their neighbours on one side. He defines the Procellariiformes as— uCosmopolitan. Marine. Nidicolous. Zoophagous. Nestlings downy; downs complex. Oil-gland tufted. Aquinto-cubital, Neck with lateral aptaria. Schizognathous. Rhanrphotheea compound. Large supraorbital glands. Nares impervious, tubular. Hallux small or rudimentary. Front toes webbed. Hypotarsus complex, or with several grooves. Coraco-humeral groove shallow. Ectepicondylar process large. Tracheobronchial muscles attached to 7th or 5th bronchial rings. Tongue mostly rudimentary." The Charadriiformes, including the Gaviae, he places far from the Petrels, and next the Columbiformes on the one side and the "Gruiformes on the other. Fossil remains of Tubinares have been discovered in several parts of the world, but mostly in superficial deposits. Diomedea anglica, however, is known from the Red Crag (Upper Pliocene) of Norfolk. See Lydekker, Cat. Fossil Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 189. The external structure of the bill is very characteristic of the Order, so much so that a Petrel can at once be recognized by this feature. Dr. Coues describes the bill (Key to 1ST. Am. Birds, revised edition, p. 773) as epignathous, its covering discontinuous, consisting of several horny pieces separated by deep grooves. In size the members of the Order range from that of a large Swallow {Mirundo) to an Albatros, which has the widest stretch of wing of any existing bird. _ 342 TUBEtfABES. The majority of the species lay their single egg in holes Wowe d in the ground, often on the lofty summits of oceanic islands. Others make a nest in the open. The egg of each species is wholly white, or with the addition ot an indistinct zone of small reddish freckles near the end. The voung are helpless till folly grown, and are covered with thick down, amongst which the feathers gradually appear. The sexes are alike in the colour of their plumage.. In some species considerable variation of colour exists in different individuals without apparent reference to age or sex. In a few species, such as the true Diomedea exulcms and D. attaints, the young are very differently coloured from the adult. Synopsis of the Families. a. [Nostrils united externally above the culmen ; margin of the sternum even; no pterygoid processes; manubrium of furcula long; coracoids long, comparatively narrow across the base and slightly divergent; 2nd pri- ["p. 343. mary the longest .. 1. ProceEariidse, h* ETostrila united externally, or nearly so, above the culmen; margin of the sternum uneven; distinct pterygoid processes; manubrium of furcula very short; coracoids short, wide at the base and divergent; 1st primary the [p. 308. longest, or not shorter than the 2nd — . 2. tu&mim, ternum with a large fenestra; tarsi iwi tlly covered in front with a single shield, or with transverse short scutes; claws usually very flat; outer and middle [p. 358. toe-, snbequal; secondaries 10 2. OCEANITINM, Subfamily I. PROCELLARIIKffl. Key to the Genera* a. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw; tail not distinctly forked. a\ Tail rounded or nearly even 1. PBOCELLABIA, p. 343. h\ Tail ouneate 2. HALOCYPTENA, p. 346. h. Tarsus not distinctly longer than the middle toe and claw -Tail distinctly forked 3. OCEANODBOMA, p. 347. » 1. PEOCELLARIA. Typ0< Procellaria, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 212 (1766); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1864, p. 79 P. pelagica. Hydrobates, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ..: P. pelagica. yM fcn Thalaraidroraa, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 405 (1825) .. P. pelagica. Mange. Atlantic Ocean (chiefly north of the Equator), and Paciflc Ocean in the neighbourhood of the Galapagos Islands. Key to the Species. a Tips of the longer upper tail-coverts sooty-black.... pelagica, p. 843. b. Upper tail-coverts wholly white tethys, p. 346. 1. Procellaria pelagica. Peterel, JDampier, Voy. iii. p. 97; Albin, N. H Birds, m. p. 87, pi. 92 Storminck or Pittrel, Catesb. Nat Ilist Carol n. p. 14, pi. 14 (1743); Perm. Brit. Zool. n. p. 434, pi. 91 (1768). Little^eteril, Edw. Nat. Hist Birds,• P-W, pL ^ fig. 1 (1747). Le P6trel, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 140, ph.13.:hg. 1 O-'W-# L'Oiseau de Xempete, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots. x. p. 164 (1786); D Aub. PL Phi x. pi. 993. PBOCEHABIID-ZE. 344 Brit. Birds, ii. p. 249 (1804) ; Temm. (1822); Av. ii. "r. -v~ v~v-_,, .-. m ;5kw's £erc. ^ooJ. xiii. p. 220 (1826); ,. -p„,7; *«. pi. 2(3 (1827); Xeswn, Afo*. (TOrw. ii. p. 34b (182&), tfaifcw £ W W k Ore. p. 96 (1848); Jacq. ^Pif.foy. Pole Sud,Zool iii. pp. 140, 142 (1853); SM&U8.P.-B., YI Procell. p. 7(1803); Coues, Pr. Ar. PMad. 1864, pp. ^f; f op. cO. tf. Am. Birds, ed, 2, p. 781 (1884); Loche JSxpL Set. ^g^Ots. ii p. 171 (1867); Chapman, Trav. in S.Afr. UyA-PP-P- 4io (J858); -E/iw, i& , 1869, p. 28; v. Broste, J.f.O.n. 1869, p. 881; Mwes $ Buckl Ibis, 1870, p. 336; Fritsch, Vog .Eur. pi. 61 % 4 (1870); GtarJ. Jtaw. Fer*. Oce^o, p. 36 (18/0); id. \ mag. 'Magenta; pp. 25, 977, 978 (1875); id. Ibis, 18*1,..p. 217 ; tfafcitf. Familial, Ucc. p. 300 (1871); tfray, JSzweW. m. p. 108 (1871); Gurneg in Anders*. Birds DamararL. p. 3ol (18/2); /S7mr^, Ibis, 1872, p. 74; jftw?/. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 13/3 (1873); tfofor, 2&w, 1874, p. 75; B. O. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 196 (1882); Salv. Cat. Stricld. Coll. p. 628 (1882); Steams, New Engl Bird-Life, ii. p. 381 (1883); Sound, ed. Tarr. Brit. Birds, iv. p. 42 (18841; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 392; id. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 727 (1889); Baird, Brew. fyRidgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 403 (1884); Seek Hist Brit. Birds, iii. p. 438, pi. 56 (1885); Turner, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 253 (1885) ; A. 0. U. Check-l N. Am. Birds, p. 104 (1886): Booth, Rough Notes, iii. pi. 49 (1887); Sharpe, ed. Lmjard's Birds S. Afr. p. 76o (1887); Ridgw, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 70 (1887); Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 371 (1890); Borrer, Birds Sussex, p. 286 (1891); Turk, Ibis, 1891, p. 11; Buckl. Sr Same-Brown, Vert Faun. Orkn. p. 241 (1891); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 82; id. op. cit 1892, p. 57; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206. Procelkria pelagina, Kuhl, Beiir. p. 139 (1820). Hydrobates pelagicus, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 562; C. L. Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 804 (1831). Thalassidronm pelagica, Vigors, Zool Journ. ii. p. 405 (1825); JarcUne's ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 381, pi. 60. fig. 1 (1832); Schinz, Naturg. Vog. p. 399, pi. 136 (1832); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 310 (1838); id. Birds Am. pi. 340; id. op. cit. 8vo ed. vii. p. 228, pi. 461 (1844); Bp. Oomp. List, p. 64 (1838); Gould, Birds Eur. v, pi. 448 (1837); id. Birds Gt Brit. v. pi. 86 (1873) ; Keys. <$r Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xciii (1840); Naum. V'dq. DeutschL x. pi. 275. fig. 1 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 499 (1840); Selys, Faun. Beige, p. 157 (1842); Gray, List Anseres Brit Mus. p. 160 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); Semite. Eggs Brit. Birds, ii. p. 460, pi. 131.fig. 3 (1844); Sehl Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. exxxiii (1844); id. Vog. Nederl i. p. 582, pi. 330 (1854); id. Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 35. fig. 2 (1861); Thompson, Nat. Sisf. Irel, Birds, iii. p. 418 (1851) ; Kjmrb. Orn. Dan. pi. 51 A. fig. 4 (1851); Reich. Av. Syst. Nat, Natatores, pi. 16. figs. 779, 780, pi. 19. figs. 2725-26; 1 . PROCELLAMA. 345 Macgill Hist. Brit. Birds, v. p. 460 (1852); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296; id. Yogelf. p. 353 (1855) ; Jauh. # Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. FT. p. 383 (1858); Later. Birds N. Am. p. 831 (1860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 357; Wright, Ibis, 1863, p. 438; id. 4)p. cit. 1864, p. 154; id. op. cit 18G9, p. 251; Newton, in Baring Gould's Iceland, p. 419 (1863) ; D. Walker, P. Z, S. 1863, p. 379; Gray, Cat Brit. Birds, p. 224 (1863); Salvad. Atti JSoc. ltd. So. Nat. vi. p. 151 (1864) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 458; Button, Ibis, 1867, p. 190; Degl. 8? Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 364 (1867) ; Tumhdl, Birds of E. Lothian, p. 35 (1867) ; Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 76 (1868); Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 203; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 459 ; Borggr. Vogelf. p. 240 (1869); Saund. Ibis, 1869, p. 171; id. op. cit. 1871, p. 4*01; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 229 418G9) ; F. Boie, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 98 ; Tacz. J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 55 ; Finsch §• Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 814 (1870); It. Gray, Birds W. Scotland, p. 507 (1871); Broole, Ibis, 1873, p. 348 ; Dresser, Birds Fur. viii. p. 491 (1874) ; Irby, Birds Gibraltar, p. 217 (1875); id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 309 (1895); JDanf. $ H.-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 433; Rowley, Orn. Misc. i. p. 133 (1876), ii. p. 110 (1877); Maynard, Birds E. N. Am. p. 491 (1879); Coppinger, Cruise of the 'Alert,1 pp. 13,17 (1882); Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 98; Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 95; Arevalo, Aves de Esp. p. 407 (1887); A. Koenig, J. f. Orn. 1890, p. 464; Lilford, Birds Northamptonshire, p. 418 (1893). Hydrobates faeroensis, C. L. Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 803 (1831). Thalassidroma melitensis, Schembri, Orn. del Gruppo di Malta, p. 118, pi. (1843); Strv'H. Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. adv. p. 348 (1844); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); Beich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores, pi. 16. fig. 778. Procellaria lugubris, Natterer, Acta Ital. Mediol. 1844 (fide Bp.); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 197 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); Corns, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 80. Procellaria minor, Kjcerb. Orn. Dan.,Supp>l.y\. 7. fig. 2 (1854). Thalassidroma minor, L. Brehm, Nanmannia, 1855, p. 296. Thalassidronia tenuirostris efc albifasciata, L. Brehm, Navmannia, Procellaria"meiitensis; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 81,90; Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 251. The Storm Petrel, Yarrell, Brit. Birds, iii. p. o24 (1843). Adult male. Sooty-black, rather paler and browner on the forehead and under surface ; margin of the greater wing-coverts greyish white; ramp and upper tail-coverts (except their tips) white; .concealed portion of the under tail-coverts white ; rectrices sooty- black white at the base, the shafts black; middle under wmgeoverts white: bill, tarsi, and toes black. Total length about 6-5 inches, wing 4-7, tail2-2, bill from gape 0-62, tarsus 0-9, middle toe 0-82, outer toe 0*88, inner toe 0-65. Female. Similar to the male. Young. Entirely covered with uniform sooty down, paler and greyer than the plumage of the adult. m Hob. North Atlantic Ocean southwards to West Africa; Mediter ranean Sea. a b Ad sk. Orkney Islands (J. Dunn). Salvii>Godman Coll. c Ad sk Stromness (J. Dunn). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], %t Ad. sk. Shetland. Purchased. 346 PB0CELLARIID.3I. f,g. Pull. st. Great Britain Hleebolm,Esq.[P.I. h, * Pull sk. Scotland (J. Dunn). R > g, J j. Pull. sk. Orkney Islands. -p-, c h,l cjad.sk. Lincolnshire coast, Nov. 10. H Seehotoi, Esq. m. Ad. sk. English Channel. £ Gould,.Esq [PA rc. Ad.st. To^uay, Devonshire. C. Comngham, Esq. o. 2 ad. sk. North Atlantic, lat. 40° 20' N., Yoy.H.M.S.'Herald.' Ion?. 9° 58' W., June lo, 18-32 (J1. 3/. Rayner). . j, . Ad. sk. Malta. H.E.Stacklaud.Esq. £*. ^JTi^ 3^ . zxv. p. 422 (1817) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. P*oceHp. 3 (1683); G W ^wW . iii. p. 104 (1871); Cordeaux, Ibis, 187o, p. 188; i&^. F^&. ilfJ?. Kjob. 1881, p. 187; Blakkt. *&**%.T™™* f^^^f x. p. 105 (1832)?; J?. 0. Z71 Zirf Brit Birds, J. 196 (}&&)> BucH. $ Harvie-Broimi, Vert Faun. Orkn. p. 242(1891); .Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206; Irby, Birds Gibr. ed. % p. 310 (1895). Procellaria leachi, Temm. Man. cTOm. ii. p. 812 (1820); Kuhl, Beiir. p. 137 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Palmip. pi. 27; 2?/?. J". Ad. sk. Bay of Fundy, N.B. (G. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. Boardman). *> Ad sk Nova Scotia. Old Coll. qltiLBkl Newfoundland {C. H. Mer- Salvin-Godman Coll. riam). * Pull sk C&scoBw,M&me(W.Brewster). Salvin-Godman Coll. rlad.sk. Bermuda, May (C. H. Mer- Salvin-Godman ColL riam). TKOCELLAKIID-E. 350 t-v. 3 ad. ; w. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 5° N., Voy. II. M.S.' RattleAd. hk. long. 22° 20' \V., Jau. 7 (J. snake.' Mticf/iUirrtii/). t\ 5 ad. sk. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 2° N., Voy. H.M.S' RattleIon- 21° 50' AV., Jan. 12 (J. snake.' M ac(/ill iway), y. d ad. sk. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 0° 12' N., Gould Coll. lono-. 21° AV., Mar. 23. «. $ ad. sk. Hanusake, Japan, May {Blah-Seebohm Coll. iston). a'. § ad. sk. Sliikotan, E. Yeso, Japan, T. Blakiston Esq. June 23. [P.]. b'. Ad. sk. Tvurile Is. (Snow), Seebohm Coll. c'. Ad. sk. Old Coll. d'. Ad. fet. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 2. Oceanodroma cryptoleucura. Procellaria sp., Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 105. Cymochorea cryptoleucura, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. rv. p. 337 (1882). Oceanodroma cryptoleucura, Baird, Brew. Sf Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 406 (1884); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat.Mus. x. p. 78 (1887); Wilson, Axes Hawaiiemes, part i\T. (1893). Adult. Similar to O. leucorrlioa, but with the longer upper tail- coverts broadly tipped with black; the rectrices, except the central pair, white at their base for about a fourth of their length ; tail less deeply forked. Total length about 7 inches, wing 6-1; tail, central rectrices 2-75, lateral rectrices 3*1; bill 0*8, tarsus 0*82, middle toe 0*9, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 0*7. "Pour adult males collected in the Galapagos Archipelago by Mr. C. H. Townsend seem to bo identical with the Hawaiian examples collected by Mr. Y. Knudsen, though slight differences are apparently observable. They arc perceptibly darker in colour, though this may be clue to their fresher condition; the black tips to the longer upper tail-coverts average rather narrower; the bill is a little thickor, and the tarsi and toes quite decidedly shorter (-83 and -82 respectively against *S0 and *85 in Hawaiian specimens), It is possible, however, these slight differences would disappear if a larger number of specimens were compared." (Ridgw ay in Hit.) Hob. Hawaiian Islands; Galapagos Islands ; S. Atlantic Ocean, and as far north as Madeira. a. Ad. sk. Kauai, Hawaiian Is. (Knudsen). Prof. Collett [P.]. b. $ ad. sk. Porto Santo I., Feb. 12, 1895. AV.R.Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. i P.I. e. $ ad. sk. Great Salvage I., April 4,1895. AV.R.Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. fP.]._ d, e. <$ 5 a^. sk. Porto Santo, June 1895. E. Schmitz I / . £ ad. sk. Funehal, Aug. 17,1894. E. Schmitz f > (j. 6; h* $ ad. sk. Deltas, June 22, 1895. E. Schmitz V. Pull. sk. Deseitas, Aug. 22; 1805. E. Schmitz [__,. j, h. Ad. sk. St. Helena (Hudson Janish). Salvin-Godman Coll. /. Ad. sk. St. Helena (Melliss). H. Saunders, Esq. 3 . OCEANODKOMA. 351 m. Ad. sk. [Australia.] Sliarpe Coll. n. Sternum. Desertas. ~W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. LP.]. 3. Oceanodroma macrodactyla. Oceanodroma leucorrlioa, W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Ac. 8c. ii. p. 276. Oceanodroma leucorrlioa macrodactyla, TV. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Ac. >$c, ii. p. 450. Oceanodroma macrodactyla, A.O.TJ. Check-list N. Am. Birds, 1889, p. 12, no. 106. "$£>. char. Similar to 0. leucorrlioa (VieilL), but with much longer and more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter bill, and very broad dusky tips to the upper tail-coverts. " Adult male (No. 2566, coll. Walter E. Bryant, Guadalupe L, March 1886 : W. E. B.\ Head, neck, and back dark sooty greyish, paler on anterior portion of head, the forehead tinged -with brown, darker and inclining to smoky plumbeous on hind head, hind neck, and back; rump similar to back but darker; middle portion of lesser wing-covert area and uppermost lesser3 middle, and greater wing-coverts dull sooty blackish ; greater and middle wing-coverts, tertials, and anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area pale greyish brown or drab; remiges (except tertials), primary-coverts, and alula dull black; upper tail-coverts white, broadly tipped with dull blackish, these blackish tips very sharply and regularly denned and nearly 0*60 of an inch in extent on longest feathers; tail dull slate- blackish. Lower parts (except chin and throat) uniform deep greyish brown, the axillars similar but more greyish ; under wing- coverts light greyish brow7n. Bill and feet entirely black. Length (skin) 8-40 inches, wing 6'40, tail 3*90 (forked for 1-00), culmen 0-60, bill from anterior end of nasal tubes 0-38, tarsus 0*93, middle toe with claw 0*93, outer 0-98. " Hah. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. " This fine species is very distinct from O. leucorrhoa, from which it is at once distinguished by its longer and much more deeply forked tail, with narrower and more tapering lateral feathers; much larger feet, shorter bill, and certain very decided differences of coloration. Of the last, the most obvious character consists in the very broad and sharply defined blackish tips to the npper tail- coverts, reducing the white to a narrow curved or crescent-shaped band, about 0*40 of an inch wide. The black is also appreciably more strongly tinged with slaty, and the underparts are somewhat darker. 44 The blackish tips of the upper tail-coverts recall 0. cryj)toleucura, Eidgw., of the Sandwich Islands ; but the latter is small, has the" tail very much shorter and so little forked as to be almost truncated, and the coloration of the wings much more uniform, while the feet are even smaller than in O. leueorrTwa." The above description and note were sent * me by Mr. Eidgway, who compiled them from one of the types. There is no specimen in the British Museum Collection. PBOCEIL ABUDJA 352 4. OceaEodroma socorroensis. Oceanodroma socorroensis, C. H. Toionsend, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 134 (1890). "Sp.cJiar. Similar to 0. homochroa, Coues, but shorter lateral upper tail-coverts chiefly greyish white (producing a distinct spot on each side of the rump), longer upper tail-coverts smoky grey, and under wing-coverts same colour as underparts of the body, instead of being broadly margined with greyish white. "Adult male (type, no. 117497, U.S. Nat. Mus.; Socorro Island, off west coast of Mexico, March 3, 1880 ; C. E, Toivmencl). Above plain dark sooty-brown (almost c clove' brown), becoming much paler (light greyish brown or drab) on anterior portion of head, including entire lores and forehead; middle wing-coverts (old feathers) also light greyish brown or drab; greater coverts (new feathers) smoke-grey ; edges of innermost secondaries (not lertials) passing through smoke-grey into greyish white terminally (new feathers) or through drab into brownish white (old feathers); tertials, outermost secondaries, primaries, primary-coverts, &c. sooty-black; lateral upper tail-coverts (except longer feathers)' greyish white (pure white basally), with concealed portion of inner webs brownish grey ; longer upper tail-coverts uniform smoke-grey; tail sooty slate-black, the feathers whitish at extreme base; underparts, including under wing-coverts, plain deep sooty-grey, paler (light greyish brown or drab) on chin and throat, darker on under tail-coverts; bill, legs, and feet entirely black. Total length (skin) 6*80 inches, wing 5-55, tail 2-85, forked for 0*40, exposed culmen 0*58, nasal tube 0*27, tarsus 0*82, middle toe with claw 0*85. " Hab. Socorro I., coast of Mexico. " This species is about the same size and proportions as O. homochroa, and resembles it very closely in general coloration, but may readily be distinguished by the very different coloration of the upper tail-coverts and under wing-coverts. The shorter median upper tail-coverts are apparently wanting, and it is possible that specimens having these feathers present would show a continuous greyish- white band across the basal portion of the upper tail-covert region: in other words, what are in the type two lateral patches may in perfect plumaged specimens have these two patches united." Mr. Eidgway has kindly furnished me with the above description' and note, there being no specimen of the species in the Museum Collection. 5. Oceanodroma fuliginosa. Sooty Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 409 (1785). Procellaria fuliginosa, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 562 (1788); Lath. Ind. Oro. ii. p. 825 (1790); Vieill N. Diet. cVJBCist Nat xxv. p. 418 (1817); id. Bnc. Moth. p. 76 (1823). Daption ? fuliginosum, Bteplu in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 248 (1826). Thalassidroma fuliginosa, Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844): id. Cat Birds Prop. Is. Pae. p. 59 (1859). Oceanodroma fuliginosa. Stem. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. xvi. p. 620 (1893). * 3 . 0CEA3ST0DR0MA. 35 3 "Adult (No. 1555, Science College Museum, Tokyo; Torishima, Japan, 1891; Y. TanaTca). Crown, occiput, hind neck, back, scapulars, and upper rump uniform dark sooty-slate, darker and more sooty on posterior scapulars, the longest feathers of which are distinctly paler at ends, with a narrow terminal margin of brownish white; lesser and uppermost median and greater wing-coverts sooty-black; rest of wing-coverts and tertials light greyish brown (between ' broccoli' and ' hair-brown') ; alula, primary-coverts, and remiges uniform sooty-black; lower rump light greyish brown; upper tail-coverts and tail sooty-black, like remiges, &e. Anterior portion of head, all round, silky deep sooty-grey or greyish brown, deepening gradually into the darker colour of occiput, &c.; underpays uniform sooty-greyish brown (much like colour of greater wing-coverts), the under wing-coverts rather lighter and more tinged with brown: bill and feet black. Total length (skin) about 10-00 inches, wing 7-50, tail 4-45, forked for 1*60, culmen 0*70, depth of bill just before nasal tubes 0*25, tarsus 1*10, middle toe with claw 1*10. " Hab. Japanese Seas. " In coloration this species much resembles O. JiomocTiroa, but is darker. Its very large size is, however, its most obvious distinctive character.'*' The above description has been supplied to me by Mr. Eidgway. I believe Mr. Stejneger is right in referring the bird described above to the hitherto unrecognized Procellaria fuliginosa, Grm. The application of the specific name fuliginosa to this species involves the rejection of it for every other species of Petrel except Phcebetria fuliginosa. 6. Oceanodroma melania. Procellaria melania, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 662 (1854). Thalassidroma melania, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 196 (1856); id. Compt. Mend. xlii. p. 769 (1856). Cymochorea melania, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 76; id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 1, p. 329 (1872), ed. 2, p. 781 (1884); id. Chech-l N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882); id. Auk, 1884, p. 81; Elliot, B. N. Am. ii. pi. 61. fig. 1 (1867); Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,' p. 113 (1883) ; Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 534 (1883); id. Auk, vi. p. Il l (1886); Baird, Breio. fy Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 411 (1884); Cooper, Auk, 1886, p. 125; A. O. U. Chech-l N. Am. Birds, p. 105 (1886). Oceanodroma melania, Bidgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 70 (1887). Thalassidroma scapulata (?), Brandt, fide Bp. Oceanodroma townsendi, Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 687. Adult Sooty-black, uniform above, rather paler on the under surface; greater and median wing-coverts pale greyish sooty-brown; tail forked; rectrices uniform sooty-black: bill and legs black. Total length about 9 inches, wing 7 ; tail, central rectrices 2*3, lateral rectrices 3*5; bill 0*82 (exposed culmen 0*6), tarsus 1*21, middle toe and claw 1*2. {Type in Mus. Paris.) VOL. xxv. 2 A. 354 PR0CELLARIIB2E. Tho difficulty surrounding this species has been removed by tho kind transmission, by the authorities of the Paris Museum, of tho type to London for comparison with the allied forms. Having also before me two of the specimens recently described by Mr. Bidgway as 0. townsendi, I am able to make a thorough examination of the two birds, and find them to belong undoubtedly to the same species, the very slight differences in measurement being quite within the range of dimensions given by Mr. Bidgway of 0. townsendi. It thus appears that Dr. Coues's original determination of Bonaparte's ProceUarla melania was quite correct, notwithstanding Pucheran's erroneous measurements, that 0. townsendi is a synonym of 0. melania, and that 0. markhami is a distinct species, as is also the bird from Japan in Canon Tristram's collection attributed to 0. melania by Mr. Seebobm. Ilab. Coast of Lower California and Gulf of California. 7. Oceanodroma markhami. Cymochorea markhami, Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 430 ; Tacz. Orn. P4r. iii. p. 462 (1886). Oceanodroma markhami, Uidgw, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887). See Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 621 (1893). Adult female. Sooty-brown, nearly uniform, entire head tinged with plumbeous; greater and median wing-coverts paler sooty; tail deeply forked; the rectrices uniform sooty-black: bill and legs black. Total length about 9 inches, wing 7; tail, central rectrices 2-45, lateral rectrices 3*75; bill 0*9, tarsus 0*95, middle toe 0*95, outer toe 0*92, inner toe 0*8. Hab. West coast of Peru. a. $ ad. sk. Coast of Peru, lat. 10° 40' S., Salvin-Godman Coll.) long. 75° W. (Copt A. S. I Marliham). [ b. $ ad. sk. Coast of Peru, lat. 23° S., long. Salvin-Godman Coll. J 73° W. (A. H. M.). (Types of the species.) 8. Oceanodroma tristrami. Procellaria melania, Seek (nee Bp.) Birds Jap. Emp. p. 270 (1890). Oceanodroma markhami, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 621 (1893). Oceanodroma tristrami, Stejn. MS. "Adult male (No. 9781, coll. H. B. Tristram - Sendai Bay, Japan, July 1874). Anterior portion of head, all round, sooty-greyish brown (decidedly darker than in O. Jwmochroa), changing gradually to sooty-blackish slate on binder crown, occiput, and hind neck, and to deep greyish sooty-brown on fore neck and chest; rest of underparts light greyish sooty-brown, each feather indistinctly tipped with darker (colour of chest), producing a very faint transversally mottled appearance, the under tail-coverts, however, uniform, though the colour gradually becomes darker towards ends of the longer feathers; under wing-coverts uniform light greyish sooty 3 . OCEANODROMA. 355 brown, those along edge of the wing much darker, with pale margins; back, scapulars, and upper rump sooty slate-colour, each feather with one or two very indistinct darker bars, and tipped with a more decided slaty hue; lesser wing-coverts and tertials darker greyish sooty-brown, the longer of the latter narrowly margined with paler; middle and greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries light greyish brown, the margins of the secondaries and approximate coverts sooty-blackish; lower rump light greyish brown (like large wing-coverts) ; upper tail-coverts and tail dark greyish brown (much paler than remiges), each feather showing a subterminal broad transverse spot of a darker shade of the same colour: bill and feet black. Total length (skin) about 9 inches, wing 6-20, tail 3*78, forked for 1-60, culmen 0*70, depth of bill through middle 0*20, tarsus 1-10, middle toe with claw 1-12. "Hah. Japan. " Apart from an indistinctly mottled appearance, particularly of the underparts, which I am inclined to consider an abnormal feature, this species comes very near to O. monorhis (Swinh.) in coloration. The latter, however, lacks the lighter rump-patch, and also has the light-coloured wing-area more restricted, occupying, as if does, much less of the innermost secondaries and not the whole (as in this species) of the greater coverts. There is still greater difference between the two in form; the present bird having the tail far more deeply forked, and the primaries remarkably short and pointed, their shape being, in fact, quite unlike that in any other species of the genus that I have been able to examine." Mr. Ridgway sent me the above description of Canon Tristram's type, together with the name suggested for the bird by Mr. Stejneger, which I adopt. The latter writer at one time considered that the specimen was referable to my O. markhami, but this proves, on comparing the two birds, not to be the case. They are, however, very closely allied ; the tarsus of O. markhami is slightly shorter, and the colour of the head and mantle more plumbeous. The wing-feathers of the type of O. tristrami are not quite folly grown, so that I cannot compare the wings of the two birds for their respective lengths. The dimensions otherwise seem to be nearly the same. 9. Oceano&roma homochroa. Thalassidroma melania, Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 830 (1860); id. Atlas, pi. 99. fig. 2 (Jde Coues). Cymochorea homochroa, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 77, 90 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 1, p. 329 (1872), ed. % p. 781 (1884); id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882); Elliot, Birds N. Am. i. Introd. (1869) ; Baird, Brew. # Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 411 (1884); Bidgw. Auk, hi. p. 267 (1886); A. O. If. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 105 (1886). Oceanodroma homochroa, Bidgw. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 356 (1885); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887). Advlt Uniform sooty-black with a tinge of plumbeous ; edges 2A2 PKOCELIASIIDJS. 356 of the greater coverts pale sooty: greater under wing-coverts variegated with dirtv wMte; bill and feet Mack. Total length about 7*50 inches, wing 5-3; tail, central rectrices 2-2, lateral rectrices 3*1; bill 0*75, tarsus 0*9, middle toe 0-^5, outer toe G-S3, inner toe 0-7. Hal. Coast of California. a. Arl.sk. San Miguel I , California {Ctipfum Suiun-Godman Cull. S. Forney: Htushaw Coll.}. 10. Oceanodroma monorMs. I Plat** II. I Thalassidromd monorhi-, Siriah. -R/% WJ7, p. #*#>, iHiii p. 54^; &/, P. 2. 6'. Ib7i, p. 422; Ztart*'/ ^* Oimt. Oh, Chin*, p. 515 'l*77t; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Xat. Mit*. x. p. 414 ? 1637/. Oceanodroma nionurkis.tf-V/rt. Pr. U.»S. Xat. Mm. .\vi p. ti£i i'l&93>. Procellaria sp. inc., Rkketf, Ibh, 1*94. p. *2"2~x Procellaria nionorhib, H. H. Mater, Ik\ 1*94, p. 22i). Adult fetnale. Similar to O. 7ioia*jchva^ bat a little larger : greater and median wing-coverts pale ashy, the edges of the former nearly white: head plumbeous, the face paler; under wing-eoTerte uniform sooty. Total length about 7*0 inches wing 6 ; tail, central rectrieas 2-2,"lateral 2*9 ; bill 0*b, tardus i\% middle toe <*-$), outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 0*7. Ob*. There is a specimen of this species in the Tokyo Museum. Hah. Coast of China and Japan. a. 2 ad. &h Amuy, China, NOT. 1 SOU {JR. SVeWkii Cull. (Ttpe Sicinlme). of the ^ipdei.j 11. Oceanodroma honibyi (Plate III.; Procellaria hombji, Gray, P. #. *S*. 1&5B, p. 155; i& Ummtl-L B. ill p. 105 (lfc71). Oceanodroma hornbyi, Pp. tfamp. Ai\ ii. p. 193 fl^'flf; wff. €hmp(» Mend. slii. p. 7U9 (IfcuOj; Cozu£; Pr. .4c. Phil. IM4, pp. 75, $Al; «/. Xey JV. .4»*.. Pi>&? p. 829 (1872Js ed. % p. 7*2 fli^4|; i& Check-lid y. Am. Birds, p. 127 fibb2j; PaiV^ i^wr, *|* Jjf%if. Water-Birds K. Am. ii. p. 415 (1884); lUdyv, Man. X, jjjw. jfcwfe, p. 70 (lb87). Thala&idionia honibu, Lmcr. Birds X* Am. p. #29 (IbOOj. Adult Upper surface dusky brown, paler and greyer on the upper portion of the back ; hind neck greyish white, forming with the white throat a cervical collar; oeeiput, nape, and regioa round the eyes black; forehead, lores, and under surface white; a dark cinerous peeturai band; wing* black ; greater and median coverts gmish sooty; under wing-coverts pale greyish sooty; tail duuky brown : bill and legs black. Total length about b-8 inches, wing 0*7; tail, central rectrices 2*7, lateral rectrices 3-9 • bill 0-9, tarsus 0-95, middle toe 0*95, outer toe 0*92, inner toe f>79. Hob. Korth-eastern Pacific Ocean. a. Ad. fk. N."V\\ America. ML** Hornby Y.]. (Type of th* specleft.f 3 . OCEASODSOMA. :]37 12. Oceanodroma farcata. F» rk-tailed Petrel, Pean. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 255, no. 463; Lath. Gen. 3Ji/«. P.-J?., Ti/ProcelL p/ 3 (1803); <2>w/, JHimd-/. iii. p 105 «Ki2); i«a;r. j&z>e& X Am. p. 829 (1860); IteJ/, Notes Aiif. AhuLh. p. 13(1574). f tewiwtroina furcata, £/>. C'onsp. Av. ii. p. 194 (1856); id. Compt. IfrwL xlii. p. 7t)U {L85G); Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 74, 89; id. K*ii X Am. Birds, p. 329 (1872), eel. 2, p. 782 (1884); id, (%*k-lut X Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882)• Swinh. iJw,1867, p. 387; AV/jwi, *>«&* *0/nnVp . 113 (1883); J?aznZ, J?rew. # P%«>. M^iirt-Bmh X .4?«. ii. p. 413 (1884); 2Ww , Auk, ii. p. 158 f 1 *. 70 (lfe87); Blah. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. ix. p 655 I 1**7 J; %/«. Pr. C.& Nat. Mus. x. p. 125 (1887); id. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 29, p. 98 (1885); Palmer, Pr. Cal Ac. Se. (2) ii. p. 88 | imBl; Tacs. Mem. Ac. Imp. St Pttersb. xxxix. p. 1068 (1893). Proct'llaria orientally Pall. Zoogr. J&oss.-As. ii. p. 315 (1811) {of. Omt% Pr. Ac. Phil 1864, p. 74; Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 387; Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 29? p. 98). Adult mah. Cinereous, scapulars and wings outwardly greyish. black; wing-coverts edged with greyish, white; area below the eye Mack; under surface pale grey, throat and under tail-coverts nearly white; under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish black, edged with white ; tail grey, darker towards the tip, the outer web of the outer rectrix on either side white nearly to the tip: bill and feet likifk. Total length about 8 inches, wing 6'2; tail, central rectrices 2-iJ5T lateral rectrices 3*4; bill 0*85, tarsus 1*02, middle toe 1-06, outer toe 0*08, inner toe 0*82. Hah. Xorth Pacific Ocean as far south as Oregon. a Ad.sk N.W. America. Capt. Belcher [P.]. k r. Ad. sk. Sitka. O. Barclay [P.]. d 9 ad. 8k. Sitka, May (F. Bischof). Salvin-Godman Coll. t. Ad. sk. Sitka. Oould Coll. f 2 ad sk. Alaska, 'Nov.(B.W. Nelson). Salvin-Godman Coll. aii h. 6 ad. sk. Vd.sk Ad, st. St. Michael's, Alaska, Oct. (K ^.Nelson). Vancouver's I. Aleutian Ts. Salvin-Godman Coll. Dr. Lyall [P.J. *> r ° h f edA „ L, j ; /-«. $ ad. Kurile Is., June (H. J. Snow). Seeoohm CoU. * rf'ad. sk. Kurile Is., May (Blakiston). Seebohm Coll. PR0CELLARIID-2E. Subfamily II. OCEANITINJE. Key to the Genera. a. Basal phalanx of the middle toe normal or only slightly flattened, less than the remaining joints and claw. a'. Claws sharp, apatulate, not much flattened. a". Scutellae of the" "front of the tarsus obsolete 4. OCEANITES, p. 358. b". ScutelloB of the front of the tarsus distinct 5. GARRODIA, p. 361. b'. Claws flattened and wide. c". 1st primary much shorter than the [p. 362. third 6. PELAGODROMA, d". 1st primary longer than the 3rd 7. PELEA, p. 364. b. Basal phalanx of the middle toe much flattened, equal to or longer than the remaining joints and claw 8. CYMODBOMA, p. 364. 4. OCEANITES. Type. Oceanites, Keyserling $• Blasius, Wirb. Eur. ii. pp. xciii, 131, 238 (1840) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 82 ; Forbes, Voy. Chall, Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 56 (1882) 0. oceanicus. Range. Whole Southern Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, into the North Temperate Zone. Key to the Species. a. Larger: abdomen sooty oceanicus, p. 358. b. Smaller: middle of abdomen white gracilis, p. 361. 1. Oceanites oceanicus. Procellaria pelagica, Wils. Am. Orn. vii. p. 90, pi. 60.fig.6 (1813) (nee Lmn.). Procellaria oceanica, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 136 (1820), ex Banks's Icon. no. 12; Bp. Jour. Ac. Phil iii. p. 233 (1823); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 223 (1826); Bp. Zool Jour. iii. p. 89 (1827); Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 6 (1863); Pollen $ Van Dam. Faun. Mad., Ois. p. 145 (1868); Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104 (1871); Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74; id. in Bayard's Birds S. Afr. ed. 2, p. 765 (1884); Gurney, in Anderss. Birds Lamar a Land. p. 351 (1872); Scl <$• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 75. Procellaria wilsoni, Bp. Jour. Ac. Phil. iii. p. 231, pi. 9 (1823) ; id. Zool. Jour. i. p. 425 (1824); id. Comp. List, p. 64(1838); Steph. in Shazo's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 224 (1826); Nutt. Man. Water-Birds N. Am. p. 322 (1834); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 486, v. p. 645 ; id. Birds N. Am. pi. 270; id. 8vo ed. viii. p. 106, pi. 460; Temm. Man. iv. p. 512 (1840); Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. exxxiii (1844); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296 j id. Vogelf. p. 354; Burm. Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras. iii. p. 446 (1856) ; Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 251 (1856); Jaub. fy Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 384 (1858): Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 831 (1860); Fritsch, Vbg. Fur. pi. 61. fig. 3 (1870); Butl Sir. F. v. p. 291 (1877); Rowley, Orn. Misc. ii. p. 110 (1877); Layardjbis, 1878, p. 264; Mayn. Birds E. N. Am. p. 491 (1879) j Samuels, JV. <§• F. Birds, p. 553 (1883). 4. OCEANITES. 359 Wilson's Stormy Petrel, Nutt. Man., Water-Birds, p. 322 (1834). Oceanites wilsoni, Keys. § Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. xciii, 238 (1840); Bp. Co?isp. Av. ii. p. 199 (1856); id. Compt. Rendus. xlii. p. 769 (1856); Borggr. Vogelf. p. 140 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Uce. p. 301 (1871); Gundl Orn. Cuba, p. 223 (1876); Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 539, 544; Seed. Hist Brit. Birds, iii. p. 449 (1885). Thalassidroma oceanica, Schinz, JSurop. Faun. i. p. 397 (1840); Gould, Voy. l Beagle,' ii. Birds, p. 141 (1841) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 161 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 648 (1844); id. Cat Brit. Birds, p. 225 (1863); Peak, U.S. Expl. Bap. viii. p. 337 (1848); Reich. Syst. Av., Suppl Longip. pi. xi. fig. 783 (1852); Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 359 (1867) ; Degl. # Gerbe, Ois. Fur. ii. p. 386 (1867); Sutton, Ibis, 1867, p. 190; Pete. Reise < Novara,' Zool. i. Tog. p. 144 (1869) ; Legge, Stray F. iii. p. 375 ; Earth Tog. Madag. p. 372 (1877) ; Milne-Fdw. Ann. So. Nat, Zool. 1882, p. 18; M.-Fdw. $ Grand. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 676, pis. 299, 300 (1885); Arevalo, Aves de Fsp. p. 409 (1887); Reichenow, J.f.O.n. 1890, p. 107. Wilson's Petrel, Yarr. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 516 (1843). Thalassidroma -wilsoni, And. Birds Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 223, pi. 460 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit Ois. Fur. p. exxxiii (1844) ; Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 65 (1846); Reich. Natat. pi. cclxvii. figs. 2237-8 (1850); Grill, Zool Anteckn. pp. 12, 57 (1858) ; Jones, Nat Bermuda, pp. 55, 92 (1859); Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 831 (1860); Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 249; D. Walker, F. Z. S. 1863, p. 379; Godm. Ibis, 1866, p. 104; id. Nat Hist. Azores, pp. 40, 42 (1870). Oceanites oceanicus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 199 (1856); id. Compt Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat vi. p. 132 (1864); Coues, Pr. Ac. PMlad. 1864, pp. 82, 90; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 329 (1872); id. op. cit ed. 2, p. 784 (1884); id. Chech-list N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 478 (1865); Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 37 (1870) ; id. Viagg. i Magenta] see index (1875); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 348; Allen, Bull. Mus. Co?np. Zool. Cambr. ii. p. 365 (] 874) ; Coues fy Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 2, p. 30 (1875); Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 3, p. 16 (1876); Sah. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 735; id. Voy. Chall, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 141 (1881); id. Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 628 (1882); Hume Sr Dav. Str. F. vi. p. 490 (1878) ; Dresser, Birds Fur. viii! p. 505, pi. 614 (1878); Butl. Str. F. vii. p. 178 (1878); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 132 (1879) ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11; id. ed. Layard?s Birds S. Afr. p. 763 (1884) ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 1056 (1880); Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164; id. ed. Yarr. Brit Birds, iv. p. 48 (1884); id. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 729 (1889); Cory, Birds Bah. Is. p. 218 (1880); id. Auk, vi. p. 80; id. Birds W. Ind. p. 281; B. O. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 197 (1882); Stearns, New-Fngl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 383 (1883); Oates, Handb. Birds Burnt, ii. p. 437 (1883); Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 416 (1884); Brewst Pr. Bost Soc. N. H. xxii. p. 364; Turner, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. p. 253 (1885); Wells, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. ix. p. 632 (1886); Tacz. Orn. PSr. iii. p. 463 (1886); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 105 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 397; Fuller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 250 (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst xxv. p. 81 (1893); Cory, Auk, v. p. 80 (1888) ; Butcher, Auk, vi. pp. 128,132,197 (1889); Palmer, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. xiii. p. 258 (1890) ; Macph. Ibis, 1891, p. 603 ; Borrer, Birds Sussex, p. 287 (1891); Cory, Cat West Ind. Birds, p. 84 (1892); PROCELLARIIDiE. 360 Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 200; Set. Ibis, 1894, p. 498; Irby, Birds Gibr. ed. % p. 310 (1895). Adult male. Sooty-black, forehead and under surface rather paler; greater wing-coverts greyish; upper tail-coverts white ; under wing- coverts sooty; tail black, shafts of the lateral rectrices towards the base and the portion of the inner web adjoining white: bill black; legs black, inner portion of the webs between the toes yellow. Total length about 6*8 inches, wing 6-1; tail, lateral rectrices 2#7, central rectrices 2*45 ; bill 0*7, tarsus 1*37, middle toe 1-1, outer toe 1*08, inner toe 1. Female. Similar to the male. llab. Atlantic Ocean as far north as the British Islands and the coast of Labrador, and thence southwards to the Ice-barrier in the Antarctic Ocean, Kerguelen Land, &e.; Indian Ocean from the Ifekrai Joast southwards; Australian Seas and New Zealand. a. Ad. sk. b, c. <$ $ ad. sk. d, e. Ad. sk. /. J ad. sk. g. Ad. sk, h. Ad. sk. ifj. Ad. sk. k. Ad. sk. 1. <$ ad. sk. m. Ad. sk. n. $ ad. sk. o. Ad. sk. p. Ad. sk. q. Ad. sk. r. Ad. sk. s. Ad. sk. t. $ ad. sk. u. <$ ad. sk. v-x. <$ ad.; y. 2 ad. sk. 3, a'. $ ad. sk. b\ 2); Owes, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, p. 192; Sah. in Row&fs Orn. Mm. 1. p. 228 (1876); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 736; id. Voy. ChaU., Zool. ii. pt viii. p. 142 (1881); Ridgw. Aukf ii. p. 386; id. Man. N. Am, Bird®, 6 . PEIAGODKOMA. 36 3 p. 72 (1SS7); A. O. U. Cheeh-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 106 (1886) ; B'uMer, Birds X Zeal ed. 2, ii. p. 248 (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. XST. p. 81(1898)5 Cheesetnan, Tr. K Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 226 (1891) ; S. A. JIacph. Ibis, 1891, p. 602; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 207; H. O.Forbes,Ibis, 1893, p. 542; ApUn, Ibis, 1894, p. 212. Thalassidroma hypoleuca, yioquin-Tandon in Webb & Berth. Orn. Can, p. 45 (1850 ?) ; Bolle, J.f.O.n. 1857, p. 346. Pelagodroma fresrata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 198 (1856); id. Compt. Bead. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 88, 91; Govld, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 482 (1865); Gigl. Faun. Vert. Ocermo. p. 33 (1870); id. Viagy. 'Magenta,' p. 736 (1875). Procellaria fregata. Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 5 (1863) (nee Linn. I: Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104 (1871). Thalassidroma fregata, Butter, Birds JST. Zeal. p. 321 (1873) ; id. Ibis, lb74, p. 121; Mutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 42; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1874, p. 212; Sandager, Tr. X. Zeal. Int. xxii. p. 293 (1889). Procellaria sequorea, Solander (cf. Salv. in Bowlegs 0?*n. Misc. i. p. 23*). Adult. Cpper surface slaty-brown, back paler and greyer, th e feathers narrowly edged with white; rump and upper tail-coverts clear crimson, edged with white and with a narrow subterminal darker line to each feather ; larger and median wing-coverts brown, the latter tipped with dirty white; forehead, an elongated superciliary stripe, the entire under surface, and under wing-coverts white ; sides and tips of the under tail-coverts grey with white fasciae; tail brownish black, basal half much paler : bill black; tarsi and toes black, the webs yellow with a dark edge. Total length about 8 inches, wing 5*8; tail, central rectrices 2*75, lateral rectrices 3*15 ; bill 0*9, tarsus 1*6, middle and outer toes 1*35, inner toe 1*1. Bab. Seas of the Southern Hemisphere, north to the Canary Islands, and accidental in Great Britain and the coast of Massa chusetts, a-e. &; d-lsk. J ad. Great Salvage I , April 1895. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. [P.]. m. (S a&* sk. n-p. Ad. sk. q. J ad. sk. r. Ad. sk. s. PaH. sk. Orotava, Tenerifie, Mar. 20, 1887 (S. G. Reid). Nightingale Island; Oct. 17, 1873. Enderby Island. South Indian Ocean, lat. 37° 30' S., long. 42° E., Jan. 7. Wallaby L, Houtmann's Abrolhos, W. Australia, Shelley Coll. Voy. H.M.S. - Challenger.' Mr. Oakley [P.]. J. Macgillivray [C.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. t. PuH. st. Jan. 1843 (J. Gould). Wallaby L, W. Australia, Gould Coll. Jan. uf v. $ ad.; Pull. St. x. (S &$* sk. y, Ad.sk. s. 5 ad. sk. a'. Ad. sk, b\ Ad. sk. w. Island off Cape Leeuwen, W. Australia, Dec. 1842. Otago, New Zealand, Oct. 1875. [New Zealand.] Chatham Islands {Trovers). Auckland Islands. Gould Coll. Hume Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Sharpe Coll. Antarctic Exped. Salvin-Godman Coll. c%$. Skeletons. e'-f. Skeletons. Australia. Great Salvage I. W. B. Ogilvie-Grant, PttOCEXIARIIDiB. 304 7. PEALEA. Type> Pealea, Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 334 (1886); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 56 (1887) P. lineata. Range. Certain islands of the Central Pacific Ocean, 1. Pealea lineata. Thalassidroma lineata, Peale, US. Expl. Exp. viii. pp. 293, 337, pi. 79 (1848); Cabsin, U.S. Expl. Eip. viii. ed. % p. 403, pi. 59 (1858); Gray, Cat. Birds Trap. Id. Pac. p. 57 (1859); Finsch $ llartl Orn. Centralp. p. 241 (1867); Zai/ard, P. Z. S. 18767 p. 498. Oceanites lineata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 200 (1856) ; id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769(1856); Corns, Fr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 83, 91. Pealea lineata, Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 334 (1886). " Male. Head, neck, breast, and entire tipper parts, except the upper tail-coverts, dark fuliginous, nearly black on the head above and back, lighter on the breast; upper tail-coverts white, every feather having a longitudinal and terminal line of dark fuliginous; feathers on the throat white ; trf. Chech-list N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882); id. Auk, L p. M (18-4); Gould, Eandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 480 (I860); Gigh Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 38 (1870); &*/r. z« Boicleys On*. Misc. i. pp. 22!tf 238 (1876); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 735 : id. Voif. Chall, 2W . ii. pt. viii. p. 141 (1881); Salrad. Orn. Pap. ii. p. 459 (1^-2 J; Xelstm, Cruise < Corwin; p. 113 (1883). Thalassidroma segethi, Phil. 4* Landb. An. Univ. Chile ^ xviii. p. 29 (1861) ; iid. Wiegm. Arch.f. Xaturg. 1800, p. 282. Oceanites segethi, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 84* 91. Oceanitis leucogaster, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's Birds S. Afr. p 7137 (1884). Cymodroma grallaria, Baird, Brew. $ Bidgw. Wnter-Bird* X Am. "ii. p. 419 (3884); A. 0. U. Cheek-L X. Am. Birds, p. 100 f18-^f; Bidgio. Man. X. Am. Birds, p. 72 (1887); Towns. Pr. I'M. XoL Mus. xiii. p. 142 (1890). The following references may belong to this sjMties :•— Procellaria fregata, Linn. Syst. Xat. L p. 212 (1760); Gm. Sysf. Xat. i. p. 561 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. it p. 826 (!790J ; Vieill. X. Diet. dEist. X. XXT. t>. 418 (1817); id. Enc. Meih. p. 78 (1823); see Salv. in Pauley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (187(1). Pachyptila fregatta, Sieph. in Shaic's Gen. ZmL xiii. p. 254 (l£2f»). Procellaria oceanica, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. ZmL xiii. p. 223f 1820 J: cf. Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1806, p. 196. Thalassidroma fregetta, Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. p. 117 f 1851). Fregetta lawrencii, Bp. Camp. Av. ii. p. 198 (1856); id. Ctotnpt. Bend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) -Later. Birds X. Amer. p. 832 (1*60); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 87, 01; id. op. tit. 18% p. 192 Elliot, Birds X. Am. i. Introd. (1869). Procellaria melanogaster, Schl. Mm. P.-P,, YL Procell. p. 0 (18®) (partim) j Scl P. Z. S. 1867, p. 336. Adult male. Sooty-black; back and scapaiarB greyiKh, and each feather edged with white; rump, upper tail-coverts, and inaex 8. CXM0DE01IA. 3(3^ tail;C°Verts as Io°S as a soo"- taf S ? W^) £dT e ^trices, Female, bimuar to the male a* . Seaof the Southern he^phere.norfh to the coast of Florida. a.*. Ad.sk. ^?0^1atJ7o 3 0'S. ) long . J. Macgillivray [0.]. c. Ad.it. S. Australia. ' ' o:„ r f . rt> 1 d. Ad. «k. S. Australia. | & £ ,% P & "• 2 ad.; ^ S °Ut h Pacifi° °CeaB' *•"•*«• 'SSiS S f E'ied. A_2ad.sk. S.Pacific Ocean opt . Ambrose I , Voy. of H.M.S. / U.-k. * ( C °^^ er ) ' Alert.' Salvin-Godman Coll. 3. Cymodroma albigularis. P^Sri!s: &^fr&$p*4 (1855) (w*c Gould); xlu. > , M 11,^6) («« GW<2) ; doues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 85. f I T,'lT ?rq'if117 ?rW>£™M. iii. p. 104 (1871) (««, Jf4«.). llMiia^pIfiiinaaibogiilarls, Macgill. MS J IWilam *l%ulaas, JW, P. Z. 6'. 1877, p. 722; Pamsay/Pr. Lmm, *5#^, A. & IF. vii. p. 113 y ; Fr^rtta ajloinilaris, Syfr. P. Z k 1879, p. ISO; W. A. Forbes, Voy. ,*j0; II tgletworth, Abk. 7c. Zool Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 79 Cymodroma tropica, Bidgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 72 (1887). Mult male. Sooty-black, the greater wing-coverts a little paler; tipper tall-coverts short, white, forming a narrow transverse band across the ramp; throat and abdomen white; a broad pectoral band, a few spots on the tanks, and the ends of the longer under tail- coverts soot}'; under wing-coverts sooty-white: bill and legs black. Total length about 8-75 inches, wing 8 ; tail, central rectrices 3-25, lateral rectrices 4-25; bill 0-8, tarsus 1-75, toes (nearly equal) 1*25. Hah. South Pacific Ocean : New Hebrides, Phoenix Is., &c. a,h S aii.sk. Aneiteuim New Hebrides, Jan. J. Macgillivray [C.l e. . claw of hallux small . 5. MAJAQUEUS, d". Bill shorter, stout, black; unguis large; nasal opening directed slightly upwards ; [p. 397. claw of hallux small 6. GESTBELATA, e". Bill slender, black; nasal tube high; unguis slender; claw of hallux large ,. 7. PAGGDBXMA, d\ Tail long, cuneate ; nasal tubes fleshy at the [p. 419. end, openings separate and directed forwards and upwards . . 8. BUI/VVEBIA, p. 420. 1. PUEFINTJS. ^ Type. Puffinus, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 131 (1760); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1864, p. 127; id, op. cit. 1866, p. 192; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887). P. puffinus. Nectris, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 144 (1820); Coues. Pr. Ac. Phil 1864, p. 123. I Thyellas, Gloger, in Fronts Notizen, xvi, p. 279 (1827); 8al». Ibis, 1888, p. 353. Thiellus, Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 78 (1840); Bp. Cmsp. Av. ii. p. 200 (1856); Corns, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 122 P. gravis. Cymotomus, Maegill Man. Brit B. p. 13 (1842). P. angloram. Ardenna, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat p. iv (1852). 1 . PTTFFItfUS. 369 Thyellodroma, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 93 7P6* (1888) .. P# sphenurug, Zaiias, F. Meine, Nomencl. Mus. Jffein. t>. 362 (1890) (vice Thiellus). Shearwater, Newton, Enc. Brit. ed. 9, xxi. i?cm^. Generally distributed throughout the seas of the whole world. Key to the Species, a. Tail long, euneate. a\ Under surface white ; feathers of the head, sides of neck, and upper plumage generally sooty, edged conspicuously with white .. leucomelas, p. 370. U. Under surface white ,• feathers of the head t and upper plumage not edged with white. a". Back, greater wing-coverts, and primaries entirely sooty cuneatus, p. 371. b". Back and greater wing-coverts grey; outer half of inner webs of primaries white bulleri, p. 371. e\ Entire plumage sooty-brown chlororhynchus, p. 372. k Tail shorter, rounded. d'. Under surface white. c". Larger; wing 12*5 inches and upwards. a'". Back and upper tail-coverts conspicuously edged with light dusky; head above darker than the back of the neck. a1. Sides of the neck distinctly defined ; flaiks spotted; middle of the abdomen dusky **.... gravis, p. 373. bl. Sides of the neck mottled j flanks and middle of the abdomen white Jaihli, p. 375. b"\ Upper surface nearly uniform, including the upper tail-coverts; sides of the head mottled ,.......: creatopus, p. 376. d".* Smaller: wing 9 Inches and under. cm. Primaries wholly dark beneath. c4. Larger. # * a5. Blacker above; axillaries white, subterminally black; flanks and under tail-coverts mostly white.. anglorum, p. 377. bs. Lighter above; axillaries, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts mostly pale sooty yelkouanm, p. 379. c5. Under tail-coverts deep sooty-black. a*. Paler;flanks and axillaries dusky opisthomefas, p. 380. be x . Darker; flanks and axillaries ^ white auricularis, p. 380. dl . Medium size: axillaries blackish or dusky. dK Under tail-coverts pure white; axillaries sooty. gavia, p. 381. ®>. Under tail-coverts sooty on the sides; axillaries blackish towards the end , persicw, p. 381. e\ Smaller: axillaries white -. obscurus, p. 382. * B VOL. xxv. 370 PUFFI5IDJC. d'". Primaries "beneath white on the inner edge of the inner web * assimihs, p. 384. e'. Plumage generally sooty. il c^-t 2 «". Larger: wingiS-5 inches and upwards. ' e"\ Under wing-coverts sooty; bill, except at the tip, flesh-colour " earneipes, p. 385. /"'. Under wing-coverts ashy white with dark shafts; bill dark griseus, p. 386. /" . Smaller : wing 10*4 inches and under. g'". Under surface greyer; tarsi and toes longer tenuirostris, p. 388. k"r. Under surface darker brown; tarsi and toes shorter natimtatis}f. 389. 1. Puffiims leucomelas, ^VO u \i OVAV I Puffinus leucomelas^SVwwn. PI Col. 587 (1836); Temm. $ SchL Faun. v Jap. p. 181, pi. 85 (1842) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit Mm. p. 160 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844); id. Rand~l iii. p. 102 (1871); Meich. Ac. Syst Nat., JSuppL Longip. pi. ix. %. 767 (1850); Jacq. fy Puch. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 138 (1853); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 203 (1856); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 330; Corns, Pr. Ac. Phil 1864, pp. 130, 144; GigL Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 33 (1870) ; id. Viagg. 'Magenta; pp. 331, 332 (1875) ; David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 515 (1877); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 16 ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 144 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.1881, p. 800; Blaki&t $ Pryer, Trans. As. 8oc. Jap. x. p. 106 (1882); Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 461 (1882) ; id. op. cit. Suppl. p. 213 (1891) ; Blahist Amended List Birds Jap. pp. 10, 35 (1884); id. Pr. TJ.8. Nat Mus. ix. p. 655 (1886); Bleske, Bull. Ac. Petersb. xxix. p. 539 (1884) ; Seebokm, Ibis, 1884, p. 176; id. Birds Jap. Emp. p. 264 (1890); Midgic. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 62 (1887). Thiellus leuconielas, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856). Procellaria leucomelas, 8chl. Mtts. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 24 (1863). Adult male. Upper surface brown, the feathers of the "body and wings with paler dusky edges ; anterior portion of the crown, forehead, sides of the head, and neck white, each feather with a dark disc, which is narrow on the forehead and sides of the head and neck, giving a streaked appearance; entire under surface white; under wing-coverts white, the interior ones with dark shafts, those near the edge of the wing with dark discs; axilkries pure white; tail brown, the inner webs of the lateral rectrices near the "base white; primaries hlack throughout: bill horn-colour; feet fleshcolour, the outer toe a little darker. Total length about 19 inches, wing 13 ; tail, outer rectrices 4, central* rectrices 5*6. Female. Similar to the male. Hob. Seas of Japan and Corea and thence southwards to the Philippine Islands, N. Borneo, the Moluccas, and the N. coast of Australia. a. rf ad. sk. Port Hamilton, Corea, May (G. EL Saunders, Esq. Stephen). [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Japan (H. J. Snow). Seebohm Coll. c. d. d', e. $ ad. Hakodate, Japan (H. J. Snow). Salvin-Godman, sk. Tweeddale* and Seebohm Colls. * Puffinus elegans comes here. 1. FCTJFFINUS. 37 1 /. Ad. sk. Cataguan, Philippine Islands. H. Cumincr [0.1 g. Ad. sk. Sandakam N. Borneo (H. B. Salvin-GodnU Coll. Fryer), h, L Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (H. B. Seebohm Coll. Fryer). j. Ad. sk. Coast of N.E. Australia ( Cock- Salvin-Godman Coll. erell). 2. Puffinus cuneatus. Puffinus cuneatus, Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 353 (July); Seed. Ibis, 1891, p. 191; Stejn. Fr. U.S. Kat. Mus. xii. p. 377 (1890); Wiglesworth, Ahh. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 80: Wilson. Aves Hazmiimses, part vi. (1892). Puffinus knudseni, Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xl p. 93 (1888, Nov. 8). Adult. "Upper surface brown; crown, lower back, lesser wing- coverts, and primaries darker; feathers of the anterior part of the back broadly edged with paler brown ; greater wing-coverts towards the margin tinged with grey ; under surface white• sides of the neck mottled with grey ; under tail-coverts dusky• under wing- coverts greyish white, edge of the wing dark; asillaries dusky grey: bill dark horn-colour; tarsi and toes yellowish, the outer toe darker. Total length about 17 inches, wing 11*8; tail, central rectrices 5*4, lateral rectrices 3*6 ; bill 2*2, tarsus 1*9, middle toe 2*32, outer toe 2*2, inner toe 1*9. One of the types is greyer beneath, especially over the breast, flanks, and lower abdomen. The other type is exactly like the specimen In the Museum from the Sandwich Islands. Hah. North Pacific Ocean from the Sandwich Islands to Yolcano Island south of Japan. a, b. Ad. sk. Krusenstern Island, N. Pacific, Salvin-Godman & spring of 1883 (II. J. Snozo). Seebohm Colls. (Types of the species.) c. 2 ad. sk. Sulphur I., Bonin Is., June 8, Seebohm Coll. 1890 (P. A. Hoist). d7 e. Ad. sk. Hawaii (K?iudsen). Prof. Collett [P.]. 3. Puffinus bulleri. Puffinus bulleri, Sdvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 354; Fuller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 240, pi. 41. fig. 2 (1888); id. Tr. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 42 (1891). Puffinus zealanicus, Sandager, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 291 (1890). Adult. Upper surface dark grey, crown and back of the neck sooty-black, the lores and region below the eyes mottled with greyish white ; lesser wing-coverts sooty-black; larger coverts grey and bordered with white; primaries outwardly black, two-thirds of the inner web white; under surface and under wing-coverts white; under tail-coverts white, with a grey edge; tail blackish, outer rectrices tinged with grey: bill dark horn-colour, the mandible beneath fleshy; tarsi and toes yellowish, outwardly dusky. Total length about 16*5 inches, wing 11*3; tail, central^ rectrices 5*2, 372 YUFFINIDM. lateral rectrices 3-5 ; bill 2-6, tarsus 2, middle toe 2*35, outer toe 2-3, inner toe 2. Bah. New Zealand. a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman Coll. (One of the types of the species.) 4. Puffiiras cMororhync&us. Puffinus chlororhynchus, Less. Traite d'Om. p. 612 (1831): Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 244: id. Band-L iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Puck. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 633; E. Sewtvti, Ibis, 1861, p. 181, 1867, p. 359; Hartl Yog. Madag. p. 369 (1^77); Skarpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 467 (1879) ; Legge, Birds Ceyl p. 1054 (1880); Oates, Bandb. Birds Burma, ii. p. 430 (IS^Cj; Milne-Edw.$ Grand. Eist.Madag., Ois. p. 680, pis. 297,29b (1SS3); Bidgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. &2 (1887); Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. So2; Butter, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 235 (1888); Cheesema/u Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 226 (1891); Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 300 ; Wiglesworth, AbJi. h. ZooL Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 0, p. &0; Button, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 749; Btdler, Tr. N. Zeal hut* xxxii. p. 125 (1895). Puffinus sphenurus, Gould, Ann. fy Mag. N. B. xiii. p. 365 (1844); id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 58 (1848) ; Gray, Cat. Birds X. Guin. p. 63 (1869) ; id. Hand4. iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Finsch $f Hartl Orn. Centralpol. p. 245 (1807) ; Sahad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 465 (1882); id. op. cit. JSuppl. p. 213 (1891); Pleshe, Bull. Ac. Pitersb. xxix.p. 539 (1884) ; Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 268; Ridqxc. Man. JN. Am. Bird*, p. 62 (1887). Le Petrel chlororh vnque, Jacq. fy Puch. Toy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 138 (1^53 J, Nectris gama, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 202 (1850). Thiellus chlororhynchus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (185U); id Consp. Av. ii. p. 201 (1856); Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 123,142. Thiellus sphenurus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); id. C'o/tsp. Av. ii. p. 201 (1856); Coues,^ Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 122, 142; Gould, Bandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 466 (1865). Majaqueus sphenurus, Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 256 (1863). Proeellaria sphenura, iSchl. Miis. P.-P.,vi. Proeell. p. 2D (1863). Procellaria chororhyncha, Schl.Mus. P.-B., vi. Proeell. p. 25 (1863). Puffinus ?, Legge, Stray F. iii. p. 374 (1875). Puffinus earneipes, Cheeseman, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 226 (1891) (apud Button). Adidtmale. Sooty-brown, the crown, hind neck, and wings darker; forehead and throat paler and greyer; entire under plumage, including under wing-coverts, paler sooty-brown: bill flesh-colour, the tip dark; tarsi and toes flesh-colour, the outer toe darker, especially at the joints of the phalanges. Total length about 17 inches, wing 11*6 ; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rectrices 3*35; tarsus 1-8, middle and outer toes 2-25, inner toe 1*9. Female like the male. Bah. Indian Ocean, Australian and New Zealand Seas, and northwards to the Society Islands, Central Pacific. a. Ad. sk, Praslin, Seychelles. Salvin-Godman Coll. b. 6 juv. sk. Bird Island, Seychelles, March Toy. H.M.S. 'Alert.' (Dr. Coppinger). 1 . PUFFINUS. y?3 c. J ad. sk. Seychelles. Shelley Coll d e. 3 ad. sk. Mauritius (de Robillard). ShelleV ColL J-.*?. 6 2 ad. sk. Mauritius (Beivshire). Shelley Coll. A(h f . i ^auntms. Gould ColL * 7 Ad sk. Mauritius. Sharpe ColL lourbon , ;Sn „ T- E. Wilson [P.]. /. m. d o ad. sk. Fouquet, Rodriguez I. (H. H. Transit of Venus Slater). Exped /?, o. tf o ad. sk. Rake's [slet, N. Australia, J. Macgiilivray ("0.1 J L J June 20.7;. Ad. sk. Raine:s Islet. J. B. Jukes [P.]. y. Ad. *k. Bird Islet, N. Australia, Gould Coll. /•. *. o S ad. sk. Lord Howe's I., Sept. {Sydney Seebohm Coll. Mus.). f. 2 ad. sk. Lord Howe's I., Sept. (J. Mac- Gould Coll. gillivray). if Ad -- sk Norfolk I. ( W. M. Croivfoot). Salvin-Godman ColL /•. Ad. sk. Norfolk I. E. Saunders [C.l tc. Ad. sk. rAustralia.] Sharpe ColL .#•, y. Ad. sk. [New Zealand.] Salvin-Godman ColL z. Ad.sk. Eimeo, Society Is. (J. L.Green). Salvin-Godman ColL n% //. Skeletons. Rodriguez (JT.^T. Slater). Transit of Venus Exped. e\ Skull and leg- Rodriguez (H. H. Slater). Transit of Venus bones. Exped. 5. Puffinus gravis. ? Shearwater Petrel, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 407 (1785). Procellaria gravis. O'Reilly, Voy. to Greenland Sec. p. 140, pi. 12. fig. I (1818). Procellaria major, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 56 (1822); Schl Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 27 (1863). White-faced Petrel, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 185 (1824). Puffinus cinereus, Nutt. Man., Water-Birds, p. 334 (1834); Aud. Om. Biogr. iii. p. 555 (1835); id. Birds N. Am. 8vo ed, vii. p. 212, pi. 456 (1844); id. Birds Am. pi. 283. Nectris cinerea, Keys. §• Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840) (partim). Puffinus major, Temm. Man. WOrn. iv. p. 507 (1840); W. Thompson, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1842, ix. p. 433; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 158 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds,iil p. 647 (18&4) ; id. Hand-L iii. p. 102 (1871); Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. exxxii (1844); Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Suppl. Longip. pi. ix. fig. 770 (1850); Ejcerb. Orn. Ban., Suppl. (2) pi. 7. fig. 1 (1854); Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. p. 407 (1851); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296; id. Vogelf. p. 356; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 203 (1856) ; id. Compt. Bend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); Heioits. Eggs Brit. Birds, ii. p. 516, pi. 144.fig.3 (1856); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 250 (1856); Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 833(1860); JD. Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 165; | Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 16; Bree, Birds Eur. iv. p. 112, pi. (1863): Newton in Baring Gould's Iceland, p. 419 (1863); Coties, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 132,144; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2, p. 785 (1884); id. Cheek-list N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882); Begl. % Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 376 (1867) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1869, pp. 388, 391; v. Droste, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 382; Gurney in Anders. Birds Damara-L. p. 350 (1872); Scl § Salv. Nomencl p. 149 (1873) ; GmM, Birds Qt. Brit. v. pi. 88 (1873) ; Allen, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. ii. p. 365 (1874); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 187; 374 PUFFINIM). id. Cat West Lid Birds, p< 83 (1892): Salv. Cat. Strickl Coll p. 030 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit Birds, p. 198 (1883); Irhif, Ibis, 1853, p. 190; Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1882}; id. Xeic Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 383 (1883); Saunders, ed. Tarr. Brit Birch, iv. p. 12 (1884); id. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 715 (1889|: Baird, Brew. 8f Ridgw. Water-Birds^ X. Am. ii- p. 380 (1&S4* ;Jhili/ff Auk, ' for 1882 S. xxii. (1885) j Seeb. Hist Brit. Birds, iii. p. 417, pi. 56 (1553); Maqih. Br. R. Phys. Soe. Bdinb. ix. p. 141 (1886); Sicinbvrne< Pr. It Phys. Soc. Bdinb. ix. p. 196 (1886); A. O. V. Chich-L X. Am. Birds, p. 100 (1886); Ridgw. Man. X. Am. Birds, p. 50 < 1SS71; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 139 (1890); Tait, Ibis, 1857, p. 39^; Lilford, Coloured Fig. Birds Brit. Is. pi. Tiii. (lsSS); Palmer, Pr. U.S. Xat. Mus. xiii. p. 256 (1890). The Greater Shearwater, Tarr. Brit Birds, iii. p. 502 (1843). Adult male. Upper surface brown, crown darker, nape paler; the feathers of the body edged with pale brown, the ends of the lonpre>t tail-coverts whitish ; under surface white, middle of the abdomen, some spots on the flanks, and the under tail-coverts sooty, the List edged with whitish; under wing-coverts white, the feathers near the edge of the wing dusky next the shaft on the outer web ; quills white towards the base on the inner web; axillaris white, with dusky ends and white tips: bill dark horn-colour; tarsi and toe* yellow, outwardly hazel. Total length about 19 inches, wing 12*7; tail, central rectrices 4*65, lateral rectrices 3-75; tarsus 2-3, ihiddle toe 2*75, outer toe 2*6, inner toe 2-25. Female like the male. Bab. Atlantic Ocean from the Faeroe Islands and Greenland southwards to the Cape of Good Hope and the Falkland Islands. a. 2 ad. sL Faeroes, June 12,1875 (&. C. E. Hargitt [C.]. Muller). b. Ad, st. Torquay, Devonshire. C. Coningbani, E*q. [P.J, c. Ad. sk. Polperro, Cornwall. D. W*. MitclieE. Ebq. d. S ad. sk. Fiskensesset, Greenland. June[P.J. E. Harsitt FC."7 . 28. e. $ ad. sk. f9 g. Ad. sk. h. Ad. sk. Lat. 44° 14' N., long. 58° 03' "W., Aug. 2 {Collins: Men- sham Coll.). N. America. S. Atlantic, lat. 36° 50' S., Salvin-Godman Coll Hudson's Bay Co. [PJ. J. Macdllivrav , rC.\ i. Ad. sk. ;. Ad. st. h. Ad. st. l- Ad. sk. long. 27° 5'W., Feb. 13. Cape of Good Hope. Cape of Good Hope. Falkland Islands. S.-African Museum. Sir A. Smith [P.]. Antarctic Exped"! Salvin-Godman Coll. m-p. Sterna. "Europe." Purchased. 1. PTJFFOTJS. 375 6. Puffinus kuMi. ^ -*¥^ n cendr<^ ^e Briason, Orn. vi. p. 134 (1760). Le Puffin, Buff. PL Enl 962. ProceUaria puffinus Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 805 (1820); KuhL Bettr. p. 148 (1820). ProceUaria kuMi, itee, J ^ 1835, p. 257. cineiIS? G°uld Birds Eur PU/?oToS, r>- PL 445 ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 64 (1838); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 500(1840): Werner. Atlas, juppLPahmg. pi. 36; Oeapow, Ora. Gard, p. 498 (1840): Gray, ?• 647 (1844^ 5 ^ ?-f^£irdi'rm' -^ ^ - Ow. Bur. p. cxxxii . (1844); Macgill Hist. Brit. Birds, v. p. 438 (1852); Brehm, Naum 1855 p 296; id. Vogelf. p. 356; Bolle, J. f. Orn. 1857, p. £$44; Jaub. $ Barth.-Lapomm. Pick. Orn. Fr. p. 381 (1858); Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 54 (1859); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 357; Drouet, Faun. Agor. p. 127 (1861); Wright, Ibis, 1863, p. 436,1864, p. 153; Bree, B. Fur. iv. p. 109, pi. (1863); Krupev, J.f.O.n. 1863, p. 336; Locke, Expl. Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 174(1867); Begl $ Gerbe, Ois. Fur. ii. p. 375 (1867) ; Boderl Avif. Sicil. p. 228 (1869); Flwes $ BUGH. Ibis, 1870, p. 336; Sound. Ibis, 1871, p. 401; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 348; Arevalo, Aves de Fsp. p. 405 (1887). Xectris cinerea, Keys. fyBlas. Wirb. Fur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840) (partim); Mukk, Orn. Griechenl p. 135 (1844); Linderm. Vogel Griechenl. p. 170 (1860); Borggr. Vogelf. p. 140 (1869). ProceUaria flavirostris, Gould, Ann. fy Mag. N H xiii. p. 365 (1844); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844). Puffinus kuMi, Bp. Comp. Av. ii. p. 202 (1856); id. Compt. Rend. adii. p. 769 (1856); Corns, Pr. Ac. PHI. 1864, pp. 128, 143; id. Fey N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2, p. 784 (1884); id. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882); Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital So. Nat. vi p. 132 (1864); id. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 298 (1871); Pekehi, Voy. Novara, Zool. i. Fog. p. 142 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l iii. p. 102 (1871); Shelley, Birds Egypt, p. 311 (1872); Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1367 (1873); Irby, Birds Gibr. p. 217 (1875); id. op. eit. ed. 2, p. 308 (1895); Dresser, Birds Fur. viii. p. 513, pi. 615 (1877); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 374; Sharpe, Phil Trans, clxviii. p. 122 (1879); Baird, Brew, fy Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 377 (1884); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 392; Turner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 253 (1885) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 398; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 59 (1887); Beid, Ibis, 1888, p. 80; LiJford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 ; Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 444; Koenig, J.f.O.n. 1890, p. 461; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 267 ; SeL Ibis, 1894, p. 107. Adamastor flavirostris, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855). Nectris macrorhyncha, Heugl. Syst. TJeb. p. 68 (1856). (Estrelata flavirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). ProceUaria cinerea, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Proceli. p. 24 (1863). Puffinus major, Godman,Ibis, 1866, pp. 103,107; id. Nat. Hist. Azores, pp. 39, 42 (1870) ; Loche, Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 173 (1867). Puffinus borealis, Cory, Ball. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 84 (1881); Job, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 244 ; Stearns, New Engl. Bird- Life, ii. p. 384 (1883); Coues, Key N. Am, Birds, ed. 2, p. 784 (1884); Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 379 (1884); Baird, Auk, iv. p. 72 (1887); A. O. U. Check-l N. Am. Birds, p. 100 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 59 (1887); Swinburne, Pr. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ix. p. 193 (1886); Chadbume, 376 TOFFINIDiE. Auk, v. p. 203 (1888) ; Butcher, Auk, v. pp. 170,173 (1888), vi. p. 128; Maynard, Quart. Jour. Bost. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 53; Hives, Auk, v. p. 108 (1889). Cinereous Puffin, Nutt. Man., Water-Birds, p. 334 (1834). Adult male. Greyish brown, darker and more uniform on the crown ; the feathers of the back edged with paler grey, the longer upper tail-coverts whitish or mottled: wings and tail dark brownish black; tinder surface white, the cheeks and sides of the neck pale grey, mottled with white; under tail-coverts white, mottled at the edge; under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing dark greyish brown; axillaries nearly pure white: bill yellow, the tip yellowish horn-colour; tarsi and toes yellow, darker outwardly. Total length about 20 inches, wing 14; tail, central rectrices 5*35, lateral rectrices 3*9; bill 2*7, tarsus 2-3, middle toe 2-9, outer toe 2-85, inner toe 2*4. Female like the male. Hal. Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic Ocean from Madeira and Canaries to the coast of Massachusetts ; Kerguelen Island. a. Ad. sk. Sea of Marmora (Rdbson). Tweeddale Coll. b. Pull.sk. Cyclades (Dr. Eimper). Seebohni Coll. c. Pull. sk. Cyclades (Dr. Kriiper). Baron A. von Httgel. d. e. Ad. sk. Italy. Purchased. f. Ad. sk. Corsica." J. Whitehead, Esq. [P.]. g. (S ad. sk. Malaga (F. Menu). Col. Irby [P.]. h. <3; i. $ ad. Deserta Grande, May 4, 1890. W. E. Ogilvie-Grant, sk. • Esq. [P.]. j-m. 6 9. ad. sk. Great Salvage I., April 23-26, W. E. Ogilvie-Grant. 1895. Esq. [P.]. n. $ ad. sk. Lime I., Porto Santo, April 11, W. E. Ogilvie-Grant, 1895. Esq. [P.]. o. $ ad. sk. Off Gay Head, N. Am,, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. (JET. W. Henshaw). p. d1 ad. sk. Chatham, Mass., Oct. 11 (C. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. Cory). q-s. 2 ad. sk. Wood's Holl, Mass., Sept. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. W. Henshaw). t. Ad. sk. Azores (F. D. Godman). Salvin-Godman Coll. u, v. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. Antarctic Exped. w. Ad. sk. Purchased ? x-b'. Skeletons Great Salvage Is. W. E. Ogilvie-Grant, & various bones. Esq. [P.]. 7. Pufanus creatopus. Puffinus creatopus, Coues, Fr. Ac. Fhil 1864, pp. 131, 144; id. op. ' tit. 1866, p. 192; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2, p. 785 (1884); id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882): Elliot, B. N. Am. i. Introd. (1869); Salv. Bis, 1875, p. 376; id. F. Z. S. 1S83, p. 431; Fidgw. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 230; id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 59 (1887); Baird, Brew. $ Fidgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 383 (1884); Cooper,Auk, iii. p. 125; A. O. U. Check-l. N.Am. Birds, p. 101 (1886); Loomis, Fr. Cal. Ac. So. ser. 2, v. p. 217 (1895). Adult male. Upper surface dark greyish brown, nearly uniform, the feathers of the back being very indistinctly edged with a paler 1 . PTTFFIOTS. 377 shade of colour; upper tail-coverts uniform with the back ; under surface white, sides of the neck and flanks mottled with grey, under tail-coverts greyish brown; under wing-coverts white mottled with grey ; axillaries grey, white at the base and tipped with white: bill yellowish, the tip horn-colour; tarsi and toes yellow, rather darker on the outside. Total length about 20 inches, wing 13; tail, central rectrices 4-4, lateral rectrices 3-8; bill 2-5, tarsus 2-15, middle toe 2-6, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 2*2. Female like the male. Hab. West coast of America from California to the coast of Chili. a. tf ad. sk. b. S ad. sk. c-g. Ad. sk. Corral, Chili, Nov. 6 (A. A. Lane). Coquimbo Bay, Chili, Nov. (A. H. Marhham). Juan Fernandez I , coast of Chili{& C. Reed). H. Berkeley-James, Esq. [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll Salvin-Godman Coll. 8. Piiflmus anglonim. . ? 4 Procellaria anglorum, Ray, Syn. p. 134 (1713) j Briss. Om.vi.y. 131 (1760); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 806 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Pahnip. pi. —; Hewits. Eggs Brit. Birds, ii. p. 458, pi. 131. fig. 2 (1846); Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 28 (1863). The Puffin of the Isle of Man, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hibt iii. p. 313, pi. 359 (1764). Le Puffin, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 131 (17G0). Procellaria pufKnus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 29 (1764) ; Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 213 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 566 (1788) ; Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 824 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat. xxv. p. 421 (1817); Baxhie 8f Ileddle, Hist. Nat. Ore. p. 95 (1848). Shearwater, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 535; id. Brit. Zool. ii. no. 208 ; Bewick, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii. p. 246 (1804). Shearwater Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 406 (1785); Nutt. Man., Water-birds, p. 336 (1834). Le Petrel Puffin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 159 (1786); BAub. PI. Enl. 962. Mank's Shearwater, Lath. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 184 (1824). Nectris anglorum, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 146 (1820); Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840); Borggr. Togelf. p. 140 (1869). Puffinus anglorum, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 226, pi 26 (1826); Brehm, Vo'g. Deutschl p. 807 (1831); Schinz, Naturg. Tog. p. 400, pi. 136 (1832); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 620 (1835) j id. Birds Am. pi. 299; id. 8vo ed. vii.p. 214,pl. 457 ; Bp. Oomp.List, p. 64 (1838); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 203 (1856); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); Fritseh, Vog. Eur. pi. 61.fig.2 ; Gould, Birds Eur. v. pi. 443 (1837); id. Birds Great Brit v. pi. 84 (1873); Nordm. in Bemid. Toy. iii. p. 282 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 499 (1840); Selys, Faun. Beige, p. 157 (1842); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 159 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; id. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 223 (1863); id. Hand-l. iii. p. 102 (1871); Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Suppl. Longip. pi. ix. figs. 765-766 (1850); Thomps. Nat Hist. Irel. iii. p. 409 (1851); Macgill Hist Brit Birds, v. p. 441 (1852) ; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296: id. Vogelf. p. 356; Ear court, Ann. fy Mag. N H. 1855, xv. p. 435; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 834 (I860); Reink Ibis, 1861, p. 16; 378 PXTITIXIBJ:. Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 419 (1SG3): Cozies, Pr.Ac. Phil" ~ • '" " ~ " ' ~ ~ —— -P- Azores, pp/39, 42 (1870); Turnbidf,"Birds qf E. Lothian, p. 35 (1867); %/ . I- Gfcrfe, Onz. -Ear. ii. p. 378 (1567); Ehces, Ibi*9 1869, p. 35; Taylor, Ibis, 1809, p. 391; r. JDrosfr, J. f. Orn. 1&&, p. 382; R.'Gray, Birds W. Scotland p. 503 (15711: Irty, Birds Gibr. p. 217 (1875), ed. % p. 300(1895): tf.i&w, IS53,p.li*»; Dresser, Birds Eur. viii. p. 517, pi. f*15 11^701; R'dgw. Pr. £'.#. 2W. XVMS. iii. p. 230 (1881): B. O. U. LM Brit. Birds, p. 107 (1883); Stearns, New Engl Bird-Life, ii. p. :J84 ( 1**3) ; Bard. Brew, 4* Ridgic. Wider-Birds N. AM. ii. p. :^4 |I^4J ; Saunders ed. Tarr. Brit Birds, iv. p. 21 11^84 \; 2>Z. Ma/?. Brii. Birth, p. 719 (1889); Serb. Hist. Brit. Bird*, iii. p. 420, pi. 50 il^'t ; ttf. JJw. 1890, p. 408 ; Dt\ron. Ibis. 1^2, pp. ft4, ;>il; JRttW, Bt \ 1885, p. 254, l&feS, p. 80; 'Booth, Rough NJes Brit. Bird*, i L p. — (1880); Aricah, Aces de Esp. p. 400 (1 ^71; Tnit, Hi*. 1 ^7, p. 397; Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 305 | WXh; Kutttit/, J. f, Orn. 1890, p. 402; Borrer, Birds Sussex, p. 2^3 11^01 J; Ihiekl 4* //.Brown, Vert Faun. Orhi. p. 242 (1801); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, I*!rt>, p. 206 ; Lilford, Birds Northamptonshire, p. 412 (1»)3|. Puffinus arcticus, Falter, Prorlr. Id. Orn. p. 150 f lts22f; Brekmf Vwf. Dmtschl. p. 800 (1831); Navm. TV//. Deuhckl x. p. <>lb, pi 277. figs. 1, 2 (1840); &?/£ AVr. C>#. Ois. Eur. p. csx.\i 11^44); *V/. 7r<#. JYerfer/. i. p. 584, pi. 332; id. Di>r. Xederl Fog, pi. 33. Her, 4 (1801); Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. pi. 51A. lip-. 3 (1^511; Z»^. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 700 (18o6j ; Ato/i-acT. -4ft/ tfoc. /fa/. #r. 3tf/. \ I p. 133 (1864); Colletty Norges Fugle, p. 70 | JS^L Thalas&idroma anrrlorum, Sir. Clasdf. Birds, ii. p. 374 f 1*37 J. Xectris puffinus, Keys, fy Blasim, JFirb Eur. p. xeiv 11*40 f. Cyniotomus anglorum, Macgill. Man. Brii. Orn. ii. p. 13 jl>42l. Manx Shearwater, Tarr. Brit Bird** iii. p. 50S i!843|. Puffinus pufiimis, A. O. U. Cheek-l. X. Am. Birth, p. 100 |18Hif; Ridgic. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 00 (18^7j. Adult male. Fpper surface slaty-Mack, nearly uniform ; under surface -white, the sides of the neck and of the throat below the eye mottled grey and white, a few dark grey marks mi the Hanks ; the outer under tail-coverts outwardly dark; under wiiigcoverts white; asillaries white, dark towards the end, the tips white ; quills Mack : bill dark horn-colour; tarsus and toes fleshy, outwardly dark. Total length about 15 inches, wing 11; tail, central rectrices 3, lateral rectrices 2-6; bill 1-8, tarsus 1*75, middle and outer toes 1*8, inner toe 1*45. Female. Similar to the male. Young. Covered with greyish-brown down, becoming nearly white on the under surface. Bab. Xorth Atlantic Ocean south to the coast of Brazil. a. J ad. sk. Frisian Is, (B. Lurnford). Salvin-Godman Coll, h Pull. sk. Frisian Is. {B. D.). Sahm-0< dman Co!!. c. S ad. sk. Faeroe Is., June 8 (IL W. J. A. Harvie-Bniwn, Feildrn). Kau. [El d-f. Pull. sk. Faeroe Is., June (25T. C. Muller). E. lUrpt^Eaq. [P.l g-i Pull. at. Hoy, Orkney Is. Purchased 1 . PTTPJFINITS. 379 J; ; "* £4",% *' Orkney Is. (Dunn). Gould Coll. 1 wal. ^k. /. J cil *k. St Eilda, June 12 (C. Db»). Seebohm Coll. * M. Fad. st. Eigg I., W. Scotland. Rev. H. A. Macpher. _ T son [P.]. n. Ad. 5k. Hastings (i?. Swinkoe). Seebohm CoU. <>. A *. st. Torquay^ Devonshire. C. Coningham, Esq. [P."1. /». Ad nt. SciHv Islands. D. W*. Mitchell, Esq. rpi Ucc. p. 72 (1857); Eruper, J. f. Orn. 1863, p. —; Wright, Ibis, 1863, p. 438, 1KJ4, p. 153, 1874, p. 240; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454; id. Faun, f Fl. Palest, p. 138 (1884); Tacz. J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 55 ; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 401; Shelley, Birds Egypt, p. 311 (1872); Brmke, Iimf 1873, p. 348; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1370 (1S73); GigL Ibis, 1881, p. 217; Salv. Oaf. Strickl Coll p. 631 <1*82); Seek Ibis, 1883, p. 36; Badde, Orn. Came. p. 488 (1884). Puffinus sp. inc., Lilford, Ibis, 1887, p. 263, 1889, p. 349. A4MU male. Very similar to P. anglorum, the upper surface paler and browner ; the flanks and under tail-coverts usually dusky brown ; the axillaries brown towards their ends; the tarsi and torn longer. Total length about 15 inches, wing 9 ; tail, central reetriees 2-75, lateral reetrices 2-6 ; bill 1*9, tarsus 1*8, middle and oatar toes l*957 inner toe 1*55. link Mediterranean Sea. straying northwards to the coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall. 380 rtTFFlNIDJS. a. d ad. ak. Bosphorus, Mar. 9 (Robson). Tweeddale Coll. b,c. d; d,e. $ BoHpkoms, Mar. 18. Sharpe Coll. ad. ak. f, (/. Ad. sk. h.' d ; «. ? ad. sk. /. tf ad. sk. %k. d ad. sk. /. Ad. sk. m, n. Ad. at. o-t. Ad. sk. u. Ad. sk. v. Ad. sk. \o. Ad. sk. x\ Ad. ? sk. y. Ad. ? hk. z, a'. Ad. sk. Bosphorus ( W. Pearce). Vourla Bay, Nov. 16 (C. G. Danford). SmyrnaBay,Nov. 18(C.G.D.). Foot of Mount Carmel. Damietla, Egypt (Filijiponi). Egypt. Croatia. Corsica. Algiers, Feb. 24. Gran, Mar. 6. Torbay, Devonshire, Aug. 1875(J. %& Hartmg). Plymouth Sound, Devonshire, 1875 (J. Gould), [Mediterranean.] Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Seebohm Coll. Canon Tristram [C.]. Shelley Coll. Purchased. Prof. Brusina [P.]. J. Whitehead, Esq. [P.]. Shelley Coll. Shelley Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Purchased. 10. Puffinus opisthomelas. Puffinus opisthomelas, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 139, 144; id. Cheek-l N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 381 (1872), ed. 2, p. 786 (1884); Elliot, Birds N. Am. i. Introd. (1868). Puffinus gavia, Ridgw. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 12, 230 (1880) ; id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 60 (1887); Baird, Brew. § Ridqw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 389 (1884); A. O. U. Checkrl. N. Am. Birds, p. 101 (1886); W. E. Bryant, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. (2) ii. p. 87 (1890); Loomis, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p. 216 (1895). Upper surface, wings, and tail sooty-black (as in P. ohscurus); sides of the head dark far below the eye, and with no definite line of demarcation between the dark colour and the white of the under surface, the former becoming gradually greyer and more mingled with white; no white on either eyelid, and no light superciliary line ; under wing-coverts white, bend of the wing mottled with the colour of the back; axillaries blackish towards their ends; flanks sooty-black; under tail-coverts black: nasal tubes and culm en blackish ; sides of the bill yellowish or reddish, brown, the unguis light bluish white ; inner surface and part of the outer of the tarsus, middle and inner toes, and webs light yellowish flesh-colour, rest of the tarsus and toes brownish black. Total length of wing 9 inches, tail 3-75; bill, culmen 1*4, from gape 2; tarsus 1*8, middle toe and claw 2*1. Bob. Coast of California, Cape San Lucas. There are no specimens of this species in the Collection. The above description is compiled from that of Dr. Coues. 11. Puffinus auricularis. Puffinus auricularis, Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 133 (1890). Similar to P. opisthomelas in general appearance. Bill and feet 1. PUFFINUS. 381 smaller, upper surface darker, nearly black ; black of the sides of the head extending below the eye to a line with the mouth, the edge not sharply defined but blended by small dark spots ; flanks and axillaries pure white; under tail-coverts black. Total length about 12-S inches, wing 9-2, tail 3-15, bill from gape i'5, tarsus 1-8, middle and outer toes with claw 1*9, inner toe 1*6. Hah. Clarion Island, coast of Mexico. One of the typical specimens of this distinct species has been kindly lent me by the authorities of the United States National Museum. Though allied to P. opisthomdas, it seems to be separable by several characters. 12. Puffinus gavia. Procellaria gavia, Forst. Bescr. An. p. 148 (1844); Gray, Voy. Freb. $ Terror, i. p. 18 (1840); id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pac. p. 56 (1859); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 246; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373; Button, Ibi»K 1872, p. 83, 1874, p. 42. iEstrelata gavia, Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 154, 171; Gigl fy Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 56; Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 264. Puffinus gavia, Button, Ibis, 1867, p. 189 ; id. Cat Birds N. Z. p. 45 (1871); Butter, Birds N. Zeal p. 318 (1873); id. Ibis, 1874, p. 120; id. Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 236 (1888) ; id. Trans. N. Z. Inst xxiii. p. 42 (1891) ; id. op. cit. xxiv. p. 86 (1892); id. op. cit. xxv. p. 80 (1893); id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 124 (1895); Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1874, p. 208; Beischek, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 93 . (1886); Sandager, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 289 (1889) ; Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 356; id. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 627; Wiglesworth, Abh. k. Zool. Mm. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 81. Puffinus opisthomelas, Finsch, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 371. Adult Upper surface slaty-black, nearly uniform ; under surface, including the whole of the under tail-coverts, pure white ; sides of the head and neck mottled with grey, the region below the eye and the lores being dark; under wing-coverts white to the edge of the wing, axillaries dusky, whiter at the base and the tips white, quills dark throughout: bill dark horn-colour; tarsi inwardly yellow, outwardly dark, outer toe dark, the rest yellow. Total length about 12 inches, wing 8 ; tail, central rectrices 2*4, lateral rectrices 2-3 ; bill 1*9, tarsus 1*7, middle toe 1*8, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 1'5. Hah, New Zealand and Australian Seas. a. Ad. sk. Adelaide, Australia. Adelaide Museum. b Ad. sk. Victoria Park, Sydney, N.S.W. Prof. Anderson Stuart, M.D. (F J. Bourne). " [P.]. c. Ad. sk. Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Sir Walter Buller [P.]. 13. Puffinus persicus. (Plate IY.) Puffinus persicus, Hume, Stray F. I p. 5 (1873), v. p. 292 (1877), viii. p. 115 (1879): Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 215 ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893/ p. 175. Adult female. Closely allied to P. obscurus, but rather browner 382 PUJTINIDiE. on the upper surface, the bill longer and stouter, and the axillariea sooty for nearly the whole of their length, the tips being white. Total length about 12 inches, wing 7*8 ; tail, central rectrices 2-9, lateral rectrices 2-45; tarsus 1*5, middle toe 1*7, outer toe 1-65, inner too 1*4. Hah. Persian (jtilf. a. 5 ad. sk. Open sea between Gwadar and Hume Coll. (Type Muscat, Feb. 21, 1872 (A. of the species.) 0. II.). h. g ad. sk. Mekran Coast, May 17, 1877 Hume Coll. (Capt. Butler). 14. Puffiiras obscurus. Callow, Smith, Hist. Virg. (1629); Parchas, Pilgr. (1738). Dusky Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 416 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 197 (1824); Nutt. Man. Water-Birds N. Am. p. 337 (1834). Procellaria obscura, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 559 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 825 (1790); Bechst. in Lath. Uebers. iii. p. 364, iv. p. 500; Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. p. 423 (1817); id. Enc. Meth. p. 81 (1823); id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 230, pi. 301 (1825) • Temm. Man. dOrn. ii. p. 808 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Palmip. pi. —; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 147 (1820); Gould, Birds Eur. pi. 444; Jacq. 6f Pack Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 125 (1853); Schl Mm, P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 30 (1863); Bryant, Pr. Post. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 98 (1867); Pollen $ Van Lam, Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 144 (1868). Puffinus obscurus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 230 (1826); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 620 (1835); id. Birds N. Am. pi. 299; id. 8vo ed. vii. p. 99, pi. 458 (1844); Gould, Birds Eur. v. pi. 443 (1837) j JBp. Comp. List, p. 64 (1838); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 709 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 204 (1856); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 61. tig. 1; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 160 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; id. Cat Birds Trop. IsL Pac. p. 55 (1859); id. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 223 (1863); id. Hand-l iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Yarr. Hist. Brit. Birds, Suppl. p. 67 (1845); Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. exxxiii (1844); id. Vog. Nederl. i. p. 535, pi. 333 ; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296; id. Vogelf. p. 356 (1856); Harcourt, Ann. % Mag. N. H. 1858, xv. p. 436; Jaub. fy Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 382 (1858); Stev. Zool. 1858, p. 6C96 ; id. Trans. Norf. $ Norm. Nat. Hid. Soc. iii. p. 467; id. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 321; Jones, Nat. Bermuda, pp. 55, 93 (1859) ; Bryant, Pr. Post. Soc. N. H. %ii. p. 132 (1860); Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 835 (1860) ; Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 137, 144; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2, p. 786 (1884); id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882) ; Verr. in Vinson's Voy. Madag., Annexe B, p. 4 (1865); Godman, Ibis, 1866, pp. 104, 107; id. Nat. Hist. Azores, pp. 39, 42 (1870) ; Loche, Expl. Sci Alger., Ois. ii. p. 175 (1867)* JDegl. 6} Gerbe, Ois, Eur. ii. p. 380 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285; Finsch $ Hartl. Faun. Centralpol. p. 245 (1867); iid. P.Z.S. 1872, p. 110; E. Newton, Ibis, 1867, p. 359: Htitton, Ibis, 1869, p. 352; Peh. Ibis, 1880, p. 430,1881, pp. 109,113; Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 370 (1877); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 7t)5; Salu. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 131; id. op. cit. 1. PUPJFINUS. 383 1883, p. 431; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 357; Maynard, Birds E. N. Am p. 492 (1879); Cory, Birds Bahamas, p. 219 (1880); id. Birds Haiti, p. 184 (1885); B. 0. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 198 (1883): Milne-Edio. Sr Grand. Hist Madag., Ois. p. 683 (1885); launders, ed. Yarr. Brit. Birds, iv. p. 27 (1884); id. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 721 (1889); Seeb. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 425, pi. m (1885) j Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 61 (1885); Arevalo, Aves de Esp. p. 406 (1887); Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 238 (1888); Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 80; Sotithw. in Stevenson's Birds No?f. iii! p. 367 (1890); Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 444; Wiglesworth, Abh. k Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 79; Irbu, Birds Gibr. ed. 2, p. 309 (1895). Nectris obscura, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840); Milhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 136 (1844); ? Heugl. Syst. Ueb. p. 68 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. v- 171 (I860)?; Borggr. Vogelf. p. 140 (1869). Puffinus dichrous, Finsch fy Hartl. Faun. Centralpol. p. 244 (1867) iid. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 108; Einsch, J. Mus. Godeffr. viii. p. 44 (1875); Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 300. Puffinus ophisthomelas, var. minor, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 832. Puffinus opisthonielas, Finsch # Hartl. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 9, 118; iid. Cat. Mus. Godeffr. iv. p. 7 (1869). Puffinus auduboni, Finsch, P. Z. S.1872, p. Ill; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 12 (1880); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 60 (1887) ; Gundl. J.f.O.n. 1881, p. 400; Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. Water- Birds N. Am. ii. p. 386 (1884); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 101 (1886); Cory, List Birds West Ind. p. 34 (1885) ; id. Auk, v. p. 181 (1887), vi. p. 81 (1888); id. Cat. West Ind. Birds, p. 83 (1892) ; Butcher, Auk, vi. p. 173 (1888); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, pp. 60, 503; Lawr. Auk, 1889, p. 19. Puffinus tenebrosus, Natt., Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 47 ; Finsch, J. Mus. Godeffr. xii. p. 40 (1876); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 60 (1887); Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 142 (1890). Adult. Upper surface slaty-black, nearly uniform; under surface white, reaching nearly to the orbit of the eye, where the feathers as well as those of the sides of the neck are mottled; under tail-coverts blackish brown, tipped with white, the shorter central feathers white; under wing-coverts white, the margin of the wing dusky, quills black throughout; axillaries white (or sometimes slightly mottled near the end): bill dark hazel, paler on the mandible; outside of the tarsus and outer toe black, the rest yellow. Total length about 12 inches, wing 7*8 ; tail, central rectrices 3*2, lateral rectrices 2*7; bill 1*5, tarsus 1*5, middle toe 1*65, outer toe 1*6, inner toe 1*3. (Manua Is., Samoan Group.) Sexes alike. Specimens vary as to the amount of the dark colouring on the under tail-coverts, the darkebt specimens in this respect before me are those from the Pelew Islands. In none are they entirely white. I see no grounds for separating the birds from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, though various attempts have been made to discriminate them. The type of P< obscurus came from the mid-Pacific Ocean. Hab. Tropical and Subtropical Seas of the whole world. A rare 384 PUFJETNIDiE. straggler to the coasts of Great Britain, and not common on those of New Zealand. a. Ad. sk. [Said to have been shot in Salvin-Godman Coll. Devonshire (J. Gould).] b. <$ ad. sk. Bourbon I. c. $ ad. sk. Cousine I., Seychelles. Shelley Coll. d. Juv. sk. Aneiteum, N. Hebrides, Jan. 18. J. Macgillivray [C], e. Ad. sk. Pelew Is. (Cohen). Salvin-Godman Coll. /, g. Ad. sk. Pelew Is. — Cohen, Esq. [P.]. h. Ad. sk. Manua, Samoa Is. (T. Powell). Salvin-Godman Coll. i-m. Ad. et pull. Tau L, Samoa Group (Mrs. T. Salvin-Godman Coll. sk. B. Cusack-Smith). 7i. Ad. sk. [New Zealand.] Salvin-Godman Coll. o. Ad. sk. Charles Is., Galapagos Is., Feb. Salvin-Godman ColL 1880 (A. H. Markham). p. Ad. sk. Montserrat, W. Indies (Sturge). Salvin-Godman Coll. a, r. Ad. sk. Capt.Kellett & Lieut. Wood [P.]. s. Skeleton. 15. Puffinus assimilis. Puffinus assimilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 156; id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 59 (1848); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 159 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 244; id. Hand-l iii. p. 103 (1871); Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); Corns, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 192; Button, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. i. p. 161 (1808); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 248; id. P. Z. S. 1893, p. 750 ; Earth $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. Ill; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 49; Salv. Cat. Strichl. Coll. p. 631 (1882); Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 269; Beischeh, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 95 (18*86); Ridgw.Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 61 (1887); Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 357 ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 2;J9 (1888); id. Tr N. Zeal Inst. xxv. p. 80 (1893); id. op. eit. xxvii. p. 125 (1895) ; Sandager, Trans, N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 290 (1890); Cheeseman, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 226 (1891); lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 300; Wiglesworth, Abh. h. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 80. Puffinus nugax, iSolander MS., Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 205 (1856) ; Corns, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 141,144; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 458 (1865); Finsch $ Marti. Faun. Centralp. pp. 242, 280, pi. 3. tig. 5 (1867); Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (?); id. P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 498, 506; Moseley, Notes Nat. Chall. p. 522 (1879). Puffinus bailloni, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 205 (1856); Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 103 (1871). Procellaria nugax, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 31 (1863). Puffinus obscurus, Finsch, If. Orn. 1870, p. 370; Grant, Ibis, 1890, •n 444. Puffinus" ?, Eartl. 8? Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 112 ; Finsch, J. Mus. Godeffr. viii. p. 45 (1875). Adult female. Upper surface slaty-black, rather bluer than in P. obscurus; under surface, including the under tail-coverts, pure white, extending over the lower part of the lores and close to the orbit of the eye, the dividing line on the sides of the neck being more definite than in P. obscurus; under wing-coverts up to the edge of the wing and the outer portion of the inner web of the primaries white except towards the tip : bill black ; tarsi and toes blackish, the webs yellow. Total length about 10*5 inches, wing 7*4; 1 . PUFFINUS. 385 tail, central rectrices 2'65, lateral rectrices 2-6 ; bill 1*4, tarsus 1-5, middle toe 1*5, outer toe 1*62, inner toe 1-3. Sexes alike. Hob. Australian and New Zealand Seas, and northwards in the Atlantic Ocean to Deserta Grande near Madeira. a. A d. st. Madeira. R. T, Evers, Esq. [P.]. b, e. Ad. sk. Madeira. Gould Coll. d, e. <5 § ad. sk. Deserta Grande, May 4,1890. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. [P.]. f-l Juv. et pull. Porto Santo, May 7, 1890. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, sk. Esq. [P.]. ?n-p. Pull.sk. Lime L, Porto Santo, April 11, Hon. 0. Baring and 1895. W. K. Ogilvie- Grant, Esq. [P.]. q-to. c5 5 pull. sk. Great Salvage I., April 24-27, Hon. 0. Baring and 1895. W. R. Ogilvie- Grant, Esq. [P.]. x, y. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir Thomas Mitchell [P.]. z. Ad. sk. Australia, Gould Coll. a'. Ad. sk. W. Australia. A. J. Campbell, Esq. [P.]. b'. Ad. sk. Norfolk I. ( W. M. Crowfoot). Salvin-Godman Coll. c'. S ad.; d'. 2 Raoul or Sunday I., iter- J. Macgillivray [0.]. ad.sk. madec Group, July 1854. e'-ti. Skeleton & Great Salvage I. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, bones. Esq. [P.]. 16. Puffinxis elegans. Puirinus elegans, GigL § Scdvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 67; iid. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat xi. p. 457; GigL Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 32 (1870); id. Viagy. 'Magenta,' pp. 98,106 (1875); Salv. in Boioley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 256, pi. 34 (1876); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 61 (1887). " P. supra ex toto cinereo-plumbeis, plumis totis angustissime limbatis ; tectricibus alarum mediis, majoribus ac remigibus secundariis albo limbatis, fascias tres trans alam formantibus; subtus, tectricibus alse inferioribus remigibusque intus candidis ; capitis ac colli lateribus albo-cinerco mixtis; Cauda brevi ex toto cinereoplumbea; tarsis postice nigris, supra cserulescentibus, palamis albidis, unguibus nigris; rostro tenui, cserulescente, culmine et apice nigris; iride brunnea. Long, tota circa 11*5, ahe 7*3, caudse 2*7, rostri a fronte 1*07, a rictu 1*4, tarsi 1*7, dig. med. cum ungue 1*95." (Giglioli Sf Salvadori ut supra.) Hab. South Atlantic Ocean. No further information has transpired respecting this species. It is possible that it may be referable to P. assimilis, the type being a young bird. 17. Puffinus carneipes. Puffinus carneipes, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 57; id. Birds Aicstr. vii. pi. 57 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 176; id. Birds Jap. Bmp. p. 265 (1890); Blakiston, Amended List Jap. Birds, pp. 21, 36 (1884) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. VOL. xxv. 2 c PTJFF1NID2ID. 380 Mm. xiii. p. 635 (188G): Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 02 (1887); Sah. Ibis, 1888, p. 353 ; Butler, Birds N. Zeal, ed. 2, ii. p. 234 (18*8); id. Tr. N. Zeal List. xxv. p. 60 (1893); Wiglesworth, Abh. k. Zool Mm. Dresden, 1892, no. 0, p. 80. Nectris carneipes, Bp. Consp. Ai\ ii. p. 201 (1850; ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1804, pp. 120, 143; Gould, Eandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 465 (1865). Priofinns carneipes, Bp. Compt. Rend. xln. p. /69 (1856). Puffinus (Nectrib) carneipes, Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 139 (1877). ? Kuril Petrel, Lath. Gen. 8yn. iii. pt. 2, p. 399 (1785) ; id. Gen. Lli^t. Bink, x. p. 173 (1824). Procellaria raqumoctialis, var. ft Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 821 (1790). Adult. Dark sooty-brown, nearly uniform, slightly paler beneath and greyer on the throat; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform sooty-brown: bill flesh-colour, the tip horn; tarsi and toes flesh-colour. Total length about 19-5 inches, wing 12*5; tail, central rectrices 4*3, lateral rectrices 3-65 ; tarsus 2'25, middle too 2*7, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 2*2. Hah. Australian and New Zealand Seas, and northwards to the Japanese Seas. a,b. tfad.; c,d. Hakodate, Japan, May 19 Salvin-Godman and 2 ad. sk. (P. Ringer). Seebolim Colls. e. Ad. sk. Norfolk I. E. Saunders [P.]. 18. Puffinus griseus. Grey Petrel, Lath. Gen. Sun. iii. pt. 2, p. 399 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 174(1824). Nectris fuliginosa, 8olander, MS.; Parkinson, Leon. ined. no. 23 [?iec Procellaria fuliginosa, Ktdd, Beitr. p. 142=(Estrelata macroptera : cf. 8alv. in Roioley's O/n. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876)]; Keys. § Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 201 (1856); Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil 1864, pp. 123, 143; Elliot, Birds N. Am. pi. G2. fig. 1 (1868); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutsekl.-p. 140 (1869). Procellaria grisea, Gm. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 564 (1788); Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 821 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet dHist. Nat. xxv. p. 419 (1817); id. Enc. Mith. p. 75 (1823); KuM, Beitr. p. 144 (1820). Procellaria fuliginosa, G. Forster, Icon. ined. no. 94. Daption griseum, Staph, in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. p. 246 (1826). Puffinus fuligmosus, A. Strickland, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 129; SchL Rev. Crib. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxii(1844); Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 834 (1860) ; Begl 8f Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 381 (1807); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 102 (1871); Coues, Keg N. Am. Birds, p. 332 (1872), ed. 2, p. 787 (1884); id. Checklist N. Am. Bird*, p. 128 (1882); Blakiston fy Fryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 106 (1882); Stearns, New Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 385 (1883); id. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. vi. p. 122 (1883); Brewster, Pr. Bost. Soc. N H. xxii. p. 405 (1883). Puffinus cinereus, Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 444. fig. 2 (1837). Puffinus tristis, J. R. Forster, Descr. An. p. ^J2B44) ; Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 244; id. Hand-l iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 371; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 309; Button, Cat. Birds N. Zeal p. 45 (1871); id. Ibis, 1872, pp. 83, 248; Butter, Birds N. Zeal. p. 317 (1873); Hamilton, Tr. M Zeal Inst, xviii. p. 128 (1886); Sandager, Trans. N. Z. Inst xxii. p. 290 (1890). 1. PUFFINUS. 387 Puffinus major, Gray, Voy.< Ereb. $ Terr: i. Birds, p. 17 (1846). Nectris fuliginosus §$ chilensis, Bp. Consp. A v. ii. p. 302 (1856). Puffinus carneipes (nee Gould), Schl. Mus. P.-B., Procell. vi. p. 26 (1863); Scl. P.Z.S. 18(57, p. 336. Nectris amaurosoma, Coues, Br. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 124, 143; id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 787 (1884); Mliot, N. Am. Birds, pi. 62. %. 2 (1868); Scl. § Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 500; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Sutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 83; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 463 (1886). Puffinus amaurosoma, Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 34 (1870); id. Viagg.' Magenta; pp. 844, 861 (1875); Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 832 (1872j ; id. Cheek-list N. Am. Birds, p. 129 (1882). Puffinus gribeus, Finsch, Jf. Dm. 1874, p. 209; Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 236 (187(5); id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 431; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 355; Dresser, Birds Fur. viii. p. 523, pi. 616 (1877) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 12, 230, v. p. 534; id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 61 (1887); Bryant, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. (2) ii. p. 87; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 516 (1881); B. 0. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 198 (1883); Southwell, Ibis, 1883, p. 228; Sound, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 150 ; id. ed. Yarr. Brit. Birds, iv. p. 17 (1884); id. Man. Brit Birds, p. 717 (1889),-Baird, Brew., $ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 391 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Layards Birds S. Afr. p. 770 (1884); Blakiston, Amend. List Jap. Birds, pp. 21. 35 (1886); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 655 (1887); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 33; id. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 427 (1885) ; id. Birds Jap. Fmp. p. 266 (1890); Sioinborne, Pr. R. Phtjs. Soc. Fdinb. ix. p. 197 (1886) : A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 101 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 898; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 232 (1888) ; id. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xxiv. p. 66 (1892) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 124 (1895) ; Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 864 (1890); Borrer, Birds Sussex, p. 282 (1891); H. 0. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542; Aplin, Ibis, 1894,p. 212 ; Loomis, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p.217 (1895). Puffinus stricMandi, Ridgw. in Baird, Br etc. fy Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 390 (1884) ; Cooper, Auk, iii. pp. 125, 402; Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 267 (1886); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 61 (1887); Turner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 253 (1885) ; A. 0. U Check4. N. Am. Birds, p. 101 (1886); W. Palmer, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 257 (1890). Adult male. Sooty-brown, darker on the head, lower back, wings and tail, the feathers of the back very indistinctly edged with a paler shade ; greater wing-coverts a little greyer; under surface greyer, the throat and breast paler ; quills dark sooty-black; under wing-coverts greyish white, each feather with a dark shaft: bill horn-colour; tarsi and toes dark hazel. Total length about 18 inches, wing 12 ; tail, central rectrices 3*5, lateral rectrices 2*7; bill 2*1, tarsus 2-4, middle and outer toes 2-6^ inner toe 2*1. Female like the male. Hah. Generally distributed throughout the seas of both hemispheres from thePaeroe Islands in the North Atlantic and the Kurile Islands in the North Pacific to the Straits of Magellan and the Auckland Islands in the south. a. $ ad. sk. Faeroes, Aug. 1873 (II. C. Muller). E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Plymouth Sound, Devonshire Salvin-GJ-odman Coll. coast (J. Gould). 2c 2 PTTKP1NID-E. :m S.-African Mus. c. Ad. sk. P. Africa. d, *». Ad. sk. Kurile Islands (ILJ.Snow). Seebohni Coll. Kurilo Is. (if. /. tf. Blaki Seebohrn Coll. /, . Av. ii. p. 187 (1855J. Puffinus kukli, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1802, p. 327 {nee Bote). Procellaria adarnastor, Schleg. Mm. P.-B. vi., Procell. p. 23 (1803). Adamastor cinereus, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1804, pp. 119, 142; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 446 (1865); Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 390 • Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737; id. Vol/. *Chall.t9 Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 142 (1883); Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164; Lai/ard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 539, 544; Puller, Birds K Zeal. ed. 2, p. 241^(1888) ; id. Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiv. p. 69 (1892). Adamastor geiidus, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 121,142. (Estrelata hassitata, Hutton, Ibis, 1869, p. 352. Fulmarus geiidus, Gray, Hand4. iii. p. 106 (1871). Priofinus nielanurus, Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 330 (1872), ed. 2, p. 783 (1884); id. Check-l. M. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 209 (1880), iii. pp. 12, 230 (1880). Puffinus geiidus, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887). Adult male. Upper surface cinereous, rather darker on the crown, wings, tail, and rump; the feathers of the back with dark shafts ; under surface white ; the sides of the head and neck pale grey, blending into the white of the under plumage and the darker grey of the upper ; a few feathers on the flanks and the under tail-coverts grey ; under wing-coverts and quills grey: bill yellow, the nares and culmen black; tarsi and toes fleshy brown, the outer toe darker. Total length about 19 inches, wing 13; tail, central reefcrices 4*4, lateral rectrices 3*5; bill 2*4, tarsus 2*3, middle and outer toes 2*75, inner toe 2*35. Female like the male. Eah. Southern Oceans. a. Ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 38° Salvin-Godman Coll. S., long. 12° W. (Dr. A. B. b-d. Ad. sk. e. $ ad. sk. Meyer). S. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° 20' S., long. 9° 43' E. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 37° S., Earl of Crawford and Balcarres [P.]. Voy.ILM.8. 'Kattlelong. 53|° R, April 23,1847 snake/ / . J ad.; g. ad. sk. $ (J. Macgillivray). S. Indian Ocean, lat. 3o£° S., long. 85° E., June 2,1847 Voy.H.M.S'Rattlesnake.' h. Ad. sk. i. Ad. sk. (J. Macgittivray). Kerguelen Land, July 1893. Open sea off New Caledonia Capt. Moseley [P.]. Seebolim Coll. j . Ad. sk. k. Ad. sk. (E. L. Layard). New Zealand (ex Br. O. Finsch). S. Pacific Ocean, lat. 40° S., long. 137° W«, June 6, 1850 Salvin-Godman Coll. Voy.H.M.S' Battle- snake.' 1 Ad. sk. (J. Macgittivray). B. Pacific Ocean. J. F.Green, Esq. [P.]. m. S ad. ; n. ad. sk. $ S. Pacific Ocean, Nov. 5, 1875. Voy. H.M.S lenger.' 'Chalo. Ad. sk. Valparaiso, Chili. Capt. W. S. Brett p. Ad* sk. Antarctic Circle. [P-]. Sir G. Grev [P.]. a<)2 PUFFIN" IDJE. q. Ad. sk. r. Ad. sk. Antarctic Circle. South Seas. Old Collection. Salvin-Godman Coll. if. Ad. sk. t. Ad. wk. South Seas (21. King). South Seas. Salvin-Godman Coll. Old Collection. v. Skeleton. Off Cape Horn, May 1870. Salvin-Godman Coll. 3. THALASSCECA. T Thalassceca, Reich. Syst. Av. p. iv (1852); Coaes, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1800, p. 29 T. antarctica. Aeipctes, Forbes, Voy. 'Chall,1 Zool. iv. pt. xi, p. 59 (1882) * T. antarctica. Range. Antarctic Ocean. 1. Thalassceca antarctica. Antarctic Peteril, Cook, Voy. i. p. 257 ; Forster, Voy. i. p. 108; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 400 (1785); id. Gen. Hist x. p. 177 (1824). Le Petrel Antarctique ou Damier brim, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 151 (1786). Procellaria antarctica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 565 (1788); Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 822 (1790); Kuhl, Beitr. p. 145 (1820); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Kibt. Nat. xxv. p. 417 (1820); id. Fnc. Meth. p. 75 (1828); Gray, List Anseres Brit Mus. p. 163 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); Peak, U.S. Expl. Fvp. viii. p. 338 (1848); Reich. Av. Syst Nat, Natatores, pi. 22. fig. 790.(1850); Jacq. § Puck. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 139 (1853); Schleq. Mus. P.-B., vi.Procell. p. 15 (1863); Pelz. Reise Nov., Zool. I, tog. p. 147 (1869). Paption antarcticum, Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 242 (1826). Thalassceca antarctica, Reich. Syst. Av. p. iv (1852) j Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 192 (1855J; id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. I860, pp. 31,192 ; Scl # Sah. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Sab. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 736 ; id. Voy. < Chall.; Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 142 (1881); Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 4 (1887); Bailer, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 229 (1888); Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 498. Fulmarus antarcticus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 105 (1871); Bidgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887). Priocella antarctica, Sharpe, Voy. ' Ereb. 8? Terror,1 i. Birds, App., n. 37, pi. 33 (1875) ; Hector, Trans. N. Zeal. List ix. p. 464. Aeipetes antarctica, Forbes, Voy. 'Chall.,' Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 59 (1882). Adult female. Upper surface brown, the inner secondaries and larger wing-coverts white ; upper tail-coverts white, the central feathers brown at the tips ; quills outwardly brown, the shafts and inner webs white nearly to the tip; under surface white, the throat and sides of the neck pale brown, the bases of the feathers white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing brown; tail white, the tip brown : bill blackish horn-colour; tarsi and toes yellowish, the outer toe darker. Total length about 17 inches, wing 12, tail 4-2, bill 2, tarsus 1*7, middle and outer toes 2*3, inner toe 1*9. Sexes alike. Hab. Antarctic Seas. 4. PBI0CELL4.. 393 a. Ad. sk. Cape Horn. Salyin-Godman Coll. h. $ ad.; c, d. 2 Ice Barrier, June 14, 1874. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chalad. sk. lenger.' e,/. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas, Jan. & Feb. Dr. R. McCormick 1842. [P.]. #. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas, lat. 77° 49' S., Antarctic Exped. long. 181° 10' E. 7i. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. «-&. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. 1, m. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas. Salvin-Grodman Coll. n. Skeleton. o, p. Sterna. 4. PEJOCELLA. Priocella, Hombr, 8f Jacq. Compt. Rend, xviii. p. 357 (1844) ; Jacq. $ Pitch. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 148, t. 32. figs. 43-56 (1853) P. glacialoides. Tlialassceca, Cows, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, p. 29 (partim). Range, Southern Ocean, and in the Pacific north to the coast of California. 1. Priocella glacialoides. Procellaria glacialis, var. ft Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 563 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 823 (1790); Font. Descr. An. p. 25 (1844); 1). Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 378 ; Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 98. Fulrnarus antarcticus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 236 (1826). Procellaria tenuirostris (wee Temm.), Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 333 (1839) ; id. Birds Am. 8vo, ed. vii. p. 210 (1844); Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. p. 409 (1858) ; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 826 (1860). Procellaria glacialoides, S7nith, III. Zool. S. Afr.,Aves, pi. 51 (1840); Gould, Zool. Voy. ' Beagle,' ii. Birds, p. 140 (1841); id. Birds Austr. vii, pi. 48 (1848); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 162 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii, p. 648 (1844); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 246 ; Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. p. 338 (1848); Reich. Av. Syst. Nat, Natatores, pi. 21. fig. 789 (1850) ; Uutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 287,1867, p. 187; id. Cat. Birds N. Zeal p. 45 (1871) ; Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 361 (1867); Peh. Reise Novara, Zool i. tog. p. 146 (1869); Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 105; Buller, Birds N Zeal p. 301 (1873). Priocella garnoti, Uomb. <$* Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, iii. p. 148, pi. 32. figs. 43-56 (1844) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). Procellaria garnoti, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 648 (1844). Thalassoeca glacialoides, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 191 (1855) ; id. Compt. Rend, xlii, p. 768 (1856); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 30 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, g. 336; Elliot, Birds N. Am., Intr.; Goidd, Sandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 467 (1865); Gigl Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 47 (1870); id. Viagg. < Magenta' (see index) (1875); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Reed, Ibis, 1874, p. 82; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 736; id. Voy. c Chall,1 Zool ii. pt. viii. p. 142 (1881); id. Cat. StricU. Coll. p. 630 (1882); id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 431; Moseley, Notes Nat. * ChalV pp. 134, 253 (1879); Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 464 (1886); Buller, Birds N. Zeal ed. 2, ii. p. 228 (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal Inst. xxv. pp. 62, 80 (1893); Scl Ibis, 1894, p. 498. Thalassoeca glacialoides, a. polaris & b. tenuirostris, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 192 (1855). Thalassoeca tenuirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); Sharpe, 394 PTTFPIXID-B. Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 123 (1879) ;id. R Z. S. 1681, p. 11: id. ed. Bayard's Birds 8. Afr. p. 767 (1884). Thalassoica polaris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). Procellaria smithi, Schl. Mus. B.-B., vi. ProeeH. p. 22 (18(5-3); Finseh, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 373. Fulmaxus glacialoides, Grm/, Hand-L B. iii. p. 105 (1871); Litra\ Auk, iv. p. 4 (1887) ; A. O. U. Ckech-L N. Am. Birds, p. 100 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887). Fulmarus tenuirostris, Cones, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 328 (1872). Priocella tenuirostris, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 209 (1550). iii. pp. 12, 230 (1880) ; Coues, Check-list X. Am. Birds, p. 125 (1882) $ id. Auk, i. p. 80 (1884); id. Key X. Am. Birds, ed 2, p. 778 (1884); Stejn. Auk, I p. 233 (1884). Priocella glacialoides, Baird^ Brew., § Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 373 (1884). Adult male. Upper surface pale grey, paler on the head and back of the neck ; quills outwardly greyish black ; a dark spot in front of the eye; forehead, cheeks, and entire under surface white; flanks washed with pale grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, a few grey feathers on the edge of the wing; tail pale grey : hill yellow, the tip, middle of the culmen, nasal-covers, and ba*»e of the maxilla Hack: tarsi and toes pale flesh-colour, the outer toe darker. Total length about 18 inches, wing 12*15; tail, central rectrices 5*1, lateral reetrices 4-15 ; hill 2*1, tarsus 1"8» middle and outer toes 2-4, inner toe 2-05. Sexes alike. Rah. South Seas generally, northwards along the "West CV»as»t of America to Washington Territory. a. $ ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, iat. 40° H. Durnford, Esct. 43' S.« long. 58° 04' ^Y.f fLV. Aug. 14, 18?7. b. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiraliv ]T.\ c, S ad. sk. South Pacific Ocean,Iat. 44° S., TOY. H.M.S. * liattl**long. 110|° W., June 17,1850 snake.' (J. Macgillm'ay). d, e. Ad. sk. Valparaiso Bay. EL Berkeley James, &q. [P:. f. $ ad. sk. Valparaiso, Jul? 1882 (Capt. Salyin-Cjodaian Coll. A. S. Markkam). g, h. Ad. sk. Valparaiso {J. Young). H. Saunders Coll. i. d ad. sk. Valparaiso, Aug. 4,1879 (Br. Voy. H.M.S «Alert' Coppinger). j, h. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. Capt. Brett [P.]. I. <$ ad.; m. $ Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. 1881 Saivm-Godniaii Col 1. ad. sk. (Capt. A. H. Markkam). n. Ad. sk. Off Lobos de Tierra, coast of Salvin-Godman Coll. Peru, July 10, 1883 (/. R. Maefarlam). o. Ad. sk. Mazatlan, Coast of Mexico. Salvin-Godinaii Coll p. Ad. sk. Louis Philippe I., Southern Purchased. Ocean q. 6 ad. sk. Ice Barrier, Feb. 26,1874. Voy. H.MJ3. 'Challenger.' 5. MAJAQTJETJS. 395 r. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Andrew Smith Coll. s Ad. sk South Africa. (South S S ^ ' !; A A i gerguelen Laud, May 12,1840. Dr. McOormick [P.]. S5 TA Kerguelen Land. Antarctic Exped. v. Ad st. Kerguelen Land. Lieut. A. Smith [P.]. w-y; 6 ad.; z, Southern Ocean. Antarctic Exped. a. § ad. sk. r *'* f f * STk" Southern Ocean. The Admiralty [P.]. %' oTi x Southern Ocean. Salvin-Godman Coll. d. bkeleton. Off Cape Horn. Salvin-Godman Coll. 5. MAJAOTEUS. Majaqueus, Reich. Syst. Av. p. iv (1852): Coues, i Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 117. Oyniatobulus, F. Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 363 (1800) M. aquinoctialis. HaK Southern Oceans. Key to the Species. a. Larger: chin more or less white tequinoctialis, p. 395. b. Smaller: plumage, including the chin, sooty-black, parkinsoni, p. 397. 1. Majaqueus &Ad. sk. [Australian Seas.] Gould Coll. r. <$ acl. st. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. s. Ad. sk. [Australian Seas.] W. Golding, Esq. t. S ad. &k. New Zealand. Prof. T.J. Parker [P.]. u. ? ad. sk. Cequimbo, Chili, June 1882 Salvin-Godman Coll. {Captain A.H. MarJcham). V. c? ad.sk. * Valparaiso, Chili, Aug. 1879 Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' {Dr. Coppinger). w . r? ad. sk. Valparaiso, Aug. 12, 1879 {Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll. Coppinger, II.M.S. ' Alert J) X. Ad. sk. Southern Ocean. Indian Museum. y-Skeleton. Voy. H.M.S. < Chal lenger.' 2. Majaqueus parkinsoni. (Plate V.) Procellaria parkinsoni, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 245; Butter, Birds N. Zeal p. 302 (1873); id. Ibis, 1874, p. 121; Sutton, Cat. Birds X. Zeal. p. 46 (1871) : id. Ibis, 1874, p. 42 ; Finsch, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 373 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 207; Reischek, Tr. N. Zeal. hist, xviii. p. 87 (1886) ;> Sanduger, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 201 (1889). Majaqueus parkinsoni, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 192; Hutton, Ibis, 1869, p. 351; Butter, Birds N. Zeal ed. 2, ii. p. 242 (1888) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 122 (1895). Puffinus parkinsoni, Pelz. Reise Novara, Zool i. Vb'g. p. 144 (1869). Fulmarus parkinsoni, Gray, Hand-l iii. p. 108 (1871). Very similar to M. ceqainoctialis, but smaller; the bill not nearly so stout, and the entire plumage including the chin sooty-black. Total length about 18 inches, wing 13*2; tail, central rectrices 4*3, lateral rectrices 3*6; tarsus 2-2, middle and outer toes 2-65, inner toe 2-1. I fab. New Zealand Seas. a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Miss K. Stone. (Type of the species.) b. Juv. sk. W. Point, S. Island, New Zealand. Miss Smartt [P.]. 6. (ESTEELATA. Type> iEstrelata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, p. 137 GE. hesitata. Cookilaria, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 190 (1855) OS. leucoptera. Pterodroma, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 191 (1855) GE. macroptera. (Estrelata, Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277; Forbes, Voy. < Chali; Zool iv. pt. xi. p. 39, &c. (1882). Range. Temperate and tropical portions of the Oceans of the Southern hemisphere. In the Atlantic, northwards casually to the British Islands ; in the Pacific to Japan, &c. 398 PUFFINIDJE. Key to the tipecies. a. Exposed portion of the outer primary beneath more or less dark. a. Bill wide at the gape. a". Entire plumage sooty-brown. «'". Larger: bill stout, but not excessivelyV". Smaller: bill very stout... b". Under surface more or less v, bite. c'". AY hole head except region round the eye whited'". Crown more or less dark. aA. Upper tail-coverU white. a5. Back of the neck and under .surface white bz > Back of the neck and whole plumage sooty-brownbK Upper tail-coverts dark. c5. Under wing-coverts dark. «°. Throat and neck in front dark like the back; forehead dark. a7. Bark portion of the plumage rich soot\-brown. a*. Larger: wing 11 in. ... . V*. Smaller: wiiig 10 5 in. .. b1. Dark portion of the plumage greyish bh. Throat and neck in front, and forehead more or le**> white * . d5. Under wing-coverts inw ardly more or lens white, margin dark. cB. Largerdb. Smaller. ? lateral rectrices 4 ; bill 1*7, tarsus 1-65, middle and outer toes 1M', inner toe 1*9. (Specimen a.) Sexes alike. The bird from Tasmania is rather large (wing 13-0), and the face greyer. It was called Pterodroma macropUra (Smith) by Gould, and afterwards described by Hutton as (Esirtlatu gouldi, but the differential characters are not stable. Bah. Southern Oceans. S. Atlantic, lat. 31° 45' S., SaMn-Goilman Call. long. 5° 43' AY., Juiv SO, 183b (J. Gould). a. <$ ad. sk. b. 5 ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 35° 19r S-, Salvin-Gociman Coll. long. 10° 32' E., Aug. 6 (J, Gould). {Types of P. atlantica^ Gould.) G. Ad. sk. S. Atlantic {J. Gould), Salvin-Uodman Coll, Ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 36° *50' S., X Macgillivray [C.l d. long. 27° 50' W., Feb. e. J ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 34° 43' S., J. MacgilliFray [0.1 long. 4° "VV., Feb. Ad. sk. S. Atlantic. Ad. sk. S. Africa. Shelley Coll. h. ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 30° S., long. Sir George Grey f P.l. 6°47'E. " i. Ad. sk. S, Indian Ocean, lat. 40|° S« J. Macgillivray fCA long. 123° B., June. i. J ad. sk. Off Van Biemen's Land, Salvin-Godman Coll. Aug. 30,1839 (J. Gould). 6. (ESTRELATA. 401 k. Ad. sk. [Southern Ocean] (Sir J. Salvin-Godman Coll. Brooke). m" h i i f , rSouthem Ocean.] [Southern Ocean.] Sir E. Home. Indian Museum. n. Ad. sk. Ne w Zealand. Purchased. ©, p. bkeletons. S. Atlantic Ocean. J. Maogillivray [0.]. 2. (Estrelata aterrima. Pterodromaatemma, Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 191, xlii. p. 708 (1850); id. Consp.Av.il p. 191 (1855): Verr. in Vinson's Voy. Madag., Annexe B, p. 4 (1865). Procellaria aterrima, Sohleg. Mas. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 9 (1803); Poll. # Van Dam, Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 144 (1808); Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 875 (1877); Milne-Edio. § Grand. Hist. Madag., O'is. p. 071 (1885). /Estrelata aterrima, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1860, pp. 158,171; Gigl $ Sahad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66; Gigl. Distr. Fauna Vert Oceano, p. 39 (1870) ; Ridgiu. Man. N. Am! Birds, p. 67 (1887). Allied to (E. macroptera, but smaller, the bill much shorter but relatively very stout, the general colour slightly greyer; legs dark reddish-flesh-colour, the outer toe arid the tips of the rest and the webs between them black. Total length about 14 inches, wing 9-7; tail, central rectrices 4, lateral reotrices 3*1 ; bill 1*5, tarsus 1*5, middle and outer toes 1*8, inner toe 1*55. Hah. Western Indian Ocean : Mascarene Islands. There is no specimen of this species in the Museum. The only one I have seen has been kindly lent me by Professor Newton. It is labelled " J . St. Denys, Mauritius, 17 April 1890." 8. (Estrelata lesson! Procellaria vagahunda, Solander, MS. Procellaria lessoni, Garnot, Ann. Sc. Nat. vii. p. 54, pi. 4 (1826); Gould, Birds Austr. vii. t. 49 (1848); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mm. p. 163 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 648 (1844); Reich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 24. fig. 2605; ttdton, Ibis, 1867, p. 188; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 207; Butter, Birds New Zeal. p. 303, pi. — (1873) ; Cab. $ Beich. J.f.O.n. 1876, p. 329. Pufhnus sericeus, Lesson, Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 402 (1828) • Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) (cf. Salv. Ibis, 1875, p. 374). Procellaria leucocephala, Forster, Bescr. Anim. p. 206 (1844); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 18G6, p. 142 ; Peh. Beise Novara, Zool. i. Vog. p. 145 (1869). Puffinus lessoni, Beich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 20.fig*. 339. Jfthantistes lessoni, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). (Estrelata (?) sericeus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). iEstrelata leucocephala, Bp, Consp. Av. ii. p. 189 (1855); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 451 (1865). Adamastor sericeus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855); Coues, Pr.Ac, Phil 1866, pp. 122, 142. (Estrelata lessoni, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1862, p. 327; Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 396; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737; id. Voy. < Chall,1 Zool 2D VOL. xxv. ° ~ PUFFIiSIDJSu ii. pt. vm. p. 144 (1881); Moseley, Notes Nat Ckall p. 208 (1879); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 126 (1879); Butter, B. New Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 219 (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal Inst xxv. p. 78 (189:3). iEstrelata lepsoni, Coues^JPr.Ac. Phil. 1868, pp. 142, 170; Gigl £r $—. , U.S. Nat Mus. no. 3, p. 14 (1876) ; Ridgw. Man. X Am. Birds, p. 63 (1887). Fulmarus lessoni, Gray, Eand-l. B. ilL p. 107 (1871). Adult male. Upper surface grey, darker on the ramp, and becoming gradually whiter towards the crown, which is nearly pure white ; feathers of the hack edged with paler grey; nape and sides of the neck transversely mottled pale grey and white; wing^ and wing-coverts nearly black; upper tail-coverts and central rectrices pale grey, lateral rectrices nearly white; forehead ami entire under surface pure white, region below and in front of the eye black ; under wing-coverts dark grey, each feather edged witii white, quills grey, white at the concealed portion of the ba&p : "hill black; tarsi yellow, distal portion of the foes and web* and the outer toe wholly dark, the rest yellow. Total length about I S inches, wing 12*2; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rcctr-ier-a 3*7; bill 1-9, tarsus 1*8, middle toe 2*4, outer toe 2*$5^ inner foe 2*1. Hob. Southern Indian Ocean, Australian and Xew Zealand 8eas. a. Ad. sk. [Antarctic Seas.] Antarctic Exped. b, c. Ad. sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Land Transit of Venus Exped. {A. R Baton), d. <$; e,f. $ Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Land. Voy.II.Ai.S/Chalienger.T ad. sk. g, h, $ acl. sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 40f °S.7 Capt. Stanley TV. long. 12oi° E. * ~ *" " i. Ad. st. Cape Seas, lat 36° 39' S., Sir George frrev 'P.". long. 10° 3' E. " " ;. S ad. sk. S. Pacific Ocean, lat. 44° S., J. Macgillivrav "C". long. 110|° W. " " ' k. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey ]P,]. I. Ad. sk. [Antarctic Seas.] Sslvin-G adman "Coil. m, n. Skulls. 4. (Estrelata h&sitata. Procellaiia hjesitata, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 142 (1820); Temm. PL Col. 416 (1826); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); id. Cat Brit. Birds, p. 226 (1863); Yarrell, Brit. Birds, BuppL p. 63 {1845}; Gould, Birds. Austr. vii. pi. 47 (1845); Newton, ZooL 1852, p. 3691; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 372; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vL ProcelL p. 13 (1863); Degl § Gerbe, Ois. Bur. ii. p. 374 (1867J ; Cab. $ Mekhenmc, J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 329 ; Maynard, Birds B. N. Am. p. 489 (1879). Procellaiia diaboliea, Lafr. Bev. ZooL 1844, p. 168: Lawn Pi\ U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 451 (1879). Procellaria meridionalis, Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. T. iv. p. 47*5 (1848), v. p. 220, pi. 15 (1852); id. Birds N Am. p. 827 (1800). Procellaria xubritarsi, Gould, ZooL 1852, p. 3692. Puffinus hassitata, Beich. Syst. A v., Natatores, pi 20. fig. 336. 0. (ESTREIATl. 403 8 Com^ xlii p ia l? ^ £P' ^d-- P-768 (1856) j Coues, nl4?' vrr'M6' PP-139' 17°5 «• -^ & 4m. Birds, p. 328 l?lrds N' Am'iL 60 f x k • Uc£ P1--- (18G8J) j Gigl. $ Salvad. A A TTA?' r ' Scl * 6Wl'* Nomencl Av. Neotr. p.'149 (1873) ; •ATAm Bird*> P-102 K%^-3to Birdsi «i M o-lx--; -- -^ -^»i p. bt> {Ibbt); Cory, Auk, v. p. 81 (1888); id. Cat. West Lid. Birds > P/,f£= (1892); _F*to, 7V. 2toJ/- * -tow. #&. ifltf. ^c. v. p. 24 (1890); Lawi\ Auk, viii. p. 61 (1891). Jmhnarus meridionalis, J?jp. Com^. Rend. x]ii. p. 768 (1856). ztLstrelata diaboUca, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 189 (1855): id. Compt. Rendus. xlii. p. 768 (1856). r \ JI i (Estrelata hcesitata, Neiuton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277; Dresser, Birds Bur. -JUL p. 545, pi. 618 (1880); B. 0. U. List Brit Birds, p. 200 V,fcbo.); !Saund -ed* TarreWs Brit. Birds, iv. p. 8 (1884); id. Man Brit. Birds, p. 713 (1889); Baird, Brew., § Ridgw. Water- Birds JS Am. ii. p. 394 (1884) j Seehohn, Ibis, 1884, p. 202; tones, Check-l N. Am. Birds, p. 126 (1882); id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 779 (1884); Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 361, pi. 4 Fulmarus kasitatus, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 106 (1871). Diablotin, Later. Br. US. Nat. Mus. i, p. 68 (1878). Oestrelata, sp., Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 488 (1879). Adult Upper surface sooty brown, a little paler on the upper part of the back; crown black; back of the neck and the upper tall-coverts white, anterior lores and whole under surface white; forehead and region in front and below the eye black, mottled with white; under wing-coverts white, margin of the wing sooty-black ; tail black, white on the basal two-thirds and the shafts white : bill black; tarsi and toes yellow, the distal portion of the latter and the webs for the same distance black. Total length about 16 inches, wing 11*3; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rectrices 3*8; bill 1*7, tarsus 1*56, middle toe 2, outer toe a little shorter, inner toe 1*6. Hob. "West Indies : Haiti and Martinique. a. Ad. sk. Haiti (J. Heame). Zool. Soc. 5. (Estrelata jamaicensis. ? The larger dark Petterill or Shearwater, Browne, Jamaica, p. 482 (1789). Procellaria jamaicensis, Bancroft, Zool. Journ. v. p. 81 (1826). Blue-Mountain Duck, Gosse, Birds Jamaica, p. 437 (1847). Pterodroma caribkea, Carte, B. Z. S. 1866, p. 93, pi. 10. Oestrelata (Pterodroma) caribbaea, Gigl. fy Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p, 06. Fulmarus caribbasus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 107 (1871). Oestrelata caribbjea, Scl. $• Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873). (Estrelata jamaicensis, A. fy JS. Neioton, Ilandb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 117; Morris, Nature, 1881, xxv. p. 151. Oestrelata jamaicensis, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67; Cory, Auk, v. p. 81 (1888) ; id. Cat. Wett Ind. Birds, p. 84 (1892), Adult male. Sooty-brown, nearly uniform, a little darker on the back, paler on the under surface, greyer on the forehead and throat; upper tail-coverts dirty-white; tail sooty-black, the lateral rectrices dirty-white at the base, the shafts of the same colour: bill and feet 2 B2 404 prFFrsxD^E. black. Total length about 14 inches, wing II ; tail, central rectrices 4*5, lateral rectriees 3*5 ; bill 1-5, tarsus 1*43 middle and outer toes 1*9, inner toe 1*55. Sexes alike. Some specimens are much greyer than others, both on the back, lesser wing-coverts, face, and under surface, including the under tail-coverts. Both forms are found in Jamaica, apparently living together. Hah. Jamaica. c. Ad. sk. Jamaica (J. Hilt}. Salvin-Ofdman d ll b. Ad. sk. Jamaica. J.Taj.I*,!-;^. "!'_ c. S ad. sk. Cinchona Plant ition*. Jamaica, Salvin-ti*p. -lr. ii. p. !^!HIH"wi; f W##f /V. J*. PAi7.1886, pp. 144,170; W//. £ &rfo?/J. If e 1 *Wf p. M ; i>w < 26w, 1877. p. 3U& Ifc^, p. f>|4; 11 i . £ L. C. La^mf, lh\ ! ^\ p. 264; Ridgw. Man. X jim. itf/v/.*, p. 04 ll ***7i« Procellaria (^Estrelata) r^timta, Gray^ Cut, Birds Tr**p. Xi. Pttr. p. *#f# (1859). "Entire upper parts pure deep blackish brown* IfirliMliiig the under surface of the -wings and tail-feather*; e\*»rywh«*re of a nearly uniform tint, but a little darkest on the outer weba aacl tip* of the primaries, and somewhat lighter on the injur web*, «#[**ciaHy towards their bases. This colour of the upper parti extendi round the sides of the head, neck, and breast; but becomes on the chin, throat, and breast a little paler; and includes the sides under the wings, and crissum. Rest of the underparts, including the under tail-coverts, pure white; the latter, however, have a few isolated brownish streaks; the line of demarcation between the dark and light colours on the breast is not very trenchant. The bill is black. The tarsi are pale yellow; probably flesh-coloured in Me. A small space on the lower part of their external aspeett and the whole toes and webs (except a small yellow spot on the inner web near its base) are black Length about 14 iuchea, 'extent 39*5' (Peale); wing 11; tail 4-75. Bill along chord of caiman 1*37; height or width at base 0*66; nasal tubes §'25; from feathers on side of lower mandible to its tip, 1*2- Tarsus 1*75; middle toe and claw 2*25, outer toe and claw 2-12, inner toe and claw 1*8, hallux 0*25. From apes of longest secondary to tip of longest primary in the closed wing, 3-25.w (Coue$ in f¥. Ac. PHi* 1866, p. 145.) Hab. Central Pacific Ocean : Tahiti. The above description is that of Br, Cones, who tmk it from Peak's types in the United States National Museum. There are 6 . (BSTRELA.TA. 405 mo adult specimens in the British. Museum, but some are to be found IB that of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Mr. Layard's specimens are m down, and their determination is quite uncertain. a, k PuH. sfc. Wodin Pass, New Caledonia, March 11, Seebohm Coll. 1877 (E. L. Layard). 7, (Estrelata parvirostris. Proeeliaria parvirostris, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. pp. 298, 338, pi. +& (1848); Cass. U.S. Expl Exp. p. 411 (1858); Mtctton, Ibis, l^tjTy p. 188. Ithantistes parvirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). Priicwlaria f-Estrelata) parvirostris. Gray, Cat. Birds Prop.-Is. Fac. Oestrelata parvirostris, Canes, Br. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 146,170; Gigl. 4* Saimrl Ibis, 1869, p. G6; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64 GtNtrelata parviro&trL, Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 295, 300. Aro?imal half of the toes and webs yellow, distal portion of the two latter black. Total length about 15 inches, wing 10*5; tail, central rectrices 4-25, lateral rectrices 3*45; bill 1*5, tarsus 1*3, middle toe 1*7, outer toe a little shorter, inner toe 1-45. Hab. Central Pacific Ocean. a, (J ad* sk. Canton I., Phoenix Group, July J. J. Lister, Esq. 1889 (J. J. L.). [P.]. k 2 *d« sk. Canton L, Phoenix Group, July 2 Seebohm Coll. (J. J. Lister). 8. (Estrelata incerta. .Estrelata inerpectata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 189 (1855) (nee Forst.). < Estrelata inexpectata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). ProceUaria incerta, Sehl Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 9 (1863). -Estrelata incerta, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 147, 170; Gigl $ Sahrtd. JJiis, 1869, p. 66 ; Gigl. Distr. Fauna Vert. Oceana, p. 41 (lt*70); id. Viagg. c Magenta,1 pp. 94, 106, 975 (1875); Ridgw. Man. J\r. Am. Birds, p. 64 (1887;. (Estrelata incerta, Puller, B. New Zeal ed. 2, ii. p. 220 (1888). Adult male. Upper surface brown, darker on the ramp, paler on the back of the neek, the feathers of the back and the wing-coverts edged with a paler shade; sides of the neck and breast pale greyish brown, the middle of the throat nearly white; flanks, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quills dark brown: bill black, tarsus and proximal half of the toes and webs yellow, remainder of the latter blackish. Total length about 17*5 inches, wing 12*5; tail, central rectrices 5-5, lateral rectrices 4*2; bill 2, tarsus 1*7, middle and outer toes 2*4, inner toe 2. Mak South Atlantic Ocean, near the Cape of Good Hope. 4()t> pim^jfliDjrc. a. d ad. «k. Cape Seas, lat. 30° S., long. 10° E., \V. J. Brown, Esq. Aug. 25,1888. [P.]. />. Ad. sk. Capo Seas, lat. 39° S., long. 9° E., Salvin-Godman Coll. Sept. 8 (Dr. A. B. Meyer). c. Ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean. T. Parkin, Esq. [P.]. 9. (Estrelata mollis. Procellaria mollis, Gould, A?m. # Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 863; id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 50 (1848) j Reich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 25. tigs. 2606-7 j Harcourt, Ann. § May. N. II 1855, xx. p. 438 (Madeira); Bayard, Ibis, 1862, p. 98; id. op. cit. 1872, p. 337; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procel). p. 11 (1863); Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 186; id. op. cit. 1868, p. 340; Hutton, Ibis, 1865, n.287(?) ; id. op. cit. 1867, pp. 188,191; Pelz. Reise Novara, Zool. i. Vbg. p. 146 (1869). ./Estrelata mollis, Bp. Consp. AD. ii. p. 190 (1855); Coues, Br. Ac. BUI. 1866, pp. 150, 170; Gould, Eandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 453 (1865); Gigl. § Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66; Gigl. Fauna Vert. Oceano, p. 42 (1870); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 63 (1887). Eliantistes mollis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). Fulmarus mollis. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 107 (1871). (Estrelata mollis, Sab. Ibis, 1877, p. 480; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 738 ; id. Voy.'Chall.JZool. ii. pt. viii. p. 144 (1881); Sharpe, Phil. Trans. clxviii. p. 128 (1879); id. ed. Bayard's Birds 8. Afr. p. 766 (1884) ; Bayard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 539, 544 (?); Dalgleish, Ibis, 1890, p. 386.' (Estrelata philippi (nee Gray), Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164. ? Procellaria melanopus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 562 (1788) • Vieill Enc. Meth. p. 79 (1823); Gray, ListAnseres Brit. Mus. p. 164 (1844). ' Adult male. Upper surface slate-grey, the feathers of the forehead margined with white, those of the back with a slightly paler shade of grey; wings blackish brown, the greater coverts greyish and edged with whitish, a black patch in front of and beneath the eye ; lores, throat, and under surface pure white, sides of the neck freckled with grey, sides of the breast grey; under wing-coverts dark grey, the edge of the wing and the quills blackish; tail grey lateral rectrices freckled with white, under tail-coverts white: bill black; tarsi and proximal half of the toes and webs flesh-colour the remainder black. Total length about 14 inches, win°- 10-3 tail, central rectrices 4-4, lateral rectrices 3-2; bill 1-4, tarsus 1-4 middle and outer toes 1*7, inner foe 1°5 ' Female like the male. Eab. South Seas, northward in the Atlantic Ocean to Madeira In some specimens the grey of the sides of the breast meets 'in the middle ; m others the under surface is suffused with grey. ,,$ad.sl, Sti AK^ ea^?;\ 5 8|> SaMn-GodmanOollO (J. Gould). ' ' I b. cjad.sk. South AtlanticOeean,lat.29°45'S., Gould Coll i long. 15° 3' W., July 27,1838. j ..Ad.al, S. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35= 50' S„ xCrinSra^fci80 long. 27° 50' W., Feb. 13, 1847. 1M8lu"»y !>]• 6. (ESTEELATA. 407 (1. $ ad.bk. S. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 34° 43'8., J. Macgillivray [0.1. long. 4° 0' W., Feb. 24, 1847. c,/.Ad.bk. Nightingale Iti.;S. Atlantic; Oct. 14, Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal1873. lenger.' g. Ad. sir. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 37° 59' S., Earl of Crawford and long. 29° 18' E. Balcarres [P.]. h. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land? Antarctic Exped. i. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. Capt. Beckett [0.]. j-l. Ad. sk. S. Australia ? Sir G. Grey [P.], m. Ad. fc.k. South Seas (ex Gould). Salvin-Godman Coll. Ad.sk. [South Seas.] Salvin-Godrnan Coll. n,o. 10. (Estrelata magentas. ^Estrelata magentas, Gigl. §• Salmd. Ibis, 1869, pp. 61,66; GigI. Distr. Fauna Vert. Oceano, p. 41 (1870) ; id. Viagg. ' Mar/ent«,' pp. 843, 884 (1875); Rklgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64 (1887). (Estrelata magentas, Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 251, pi. 30. iw JE. supra intense fusco-nigra, plumis sub quadam luce pailide margin ads, alis, cauda, lateribus, subalaribus ac torque jugulari fusco-nigris; regione ante oculari intensiore ; fronto albido-sericea fere argenteo colore perfusa, lateraliter magis conspicue; gula, pectore abdomine albis; subcaudalibus lateraliter cinereo tinctis, scapis parte apicali fuscis; rostro nigro, pedibus carneis, digitis palmisque nigris excepta parte basali interna tarso concolori; iride brunnea. Long. tot. 0m-400, ala3 0m*310, caud. 0m*140, rostr. a fronte 0ni-043, tars. 0m-038, dig. med. cum ung. 0m-056." (Giglioli § Salvadori, Ibis, 1869, p. 61.) Hob. South Pacific Ocean, lat. 39° 38' S., long. 125° 58' W. of Greenwich. There are no specimens of this species in the British Museum. 11. (Estrelata phaeopygia. ? Procellaria alba, Bloxham in Byron's Voy. p. 252; Gray, Cat. Birds Trap. Is. Pac. p. 56 (1859) (partim). Oestrelata phseopygia, Salv, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 507, pi. 88.fig.1 (1876); Wilson, Aves Kaioaiienses, part v. (1894). Procellaria rostrata ?, Moseley, Notes Nat' ChalV p. 499 (1879) (nee Peale). JEstrelata sandwichensis, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat Mm. ix. p. 95 (1886); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. x, p. 77 (1887). ./Estrelata pkasopygia, Ridgw. Man. Birds N. Am. p. 65 (1887); id. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. xi. p. 104 (1888). Adult Upper surface brownish black, the concealed bases of the feathers white with black shafts, the feathers of the back indistinctly edged with grey ; forehead, lores, and whole under surface white, region round the eye black, a few indistinct hastate spots on the flanks; under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing and the quills black; tail black, the lateral rectrices towards the base and the shafts white: bill black; tarsi and proximal half of the inner and middle toes, and the webs between them yellow, the outer toe 403 PUPFINIUJE. and the distal portion of the rest black. Total length about 17 inches, wing 12; tail, central rectrices 5-5, lateral rectrices 3*5; bill 1*65, tarsus 1*6, middle and outer toes 1-9, inner toe 1*6. Uak Eastern North Pacific Ocean from the Galapagos to the Hawaiian Archipelago. a. b. Ad. sk. c. Ad. sk. Chatham I., GalapagosArch. Kaui, Hawaiian Arch. Capt. Kellett and Lieut Wood [0.]. (Types of the species.) Prof. Collett [P.]. (Knudsen). 12. (Estrelata brevipes. Procellaria brevipes, Peak, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. pp. 294, 337, pi. 80 (1848), apud Stejneger. Procellaria torquata, Macgillivray, Zool. xviii. p. 7133. Procellaria coolri, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 414 (1858) (nee Gray). Procellaria desolata, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 13 (1863). /Estrelata coold, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 152. /Estrelata desolata, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 155; Gigl. § Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66. Fulmarus aneiteimensis, Gray, Hantf-l Birds, iii. p. 107 (1871). (Estrelata leucoptera, Salv. Ibis, 1876, p. 393; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 16; Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 466 (1882). ? Procellaria cserulea, Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 498. /Estrelata leucoptera, Ridgzu. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 65 (1887) {nee Gould). (Estrelata torquata, Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 359; id. op. cii. 1891, p. 411, pi. 9; Ilarting, Zool. 1890, p. 454. /Estrelata brevipes, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. xvi. pp. 617-9 (1893). Adult male. Upper surface slaty-black, the middle of the back, larger wing-coverts, and the upper tail-coverts grey; forehead, cheeks, throat, and under surface white; sides of the breast slaty- grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, margin of the wing and quills black; tail greyish black, the lateral rectrices pale grey : bill black; tarsi and proximal half of the toes (except the outer one) yellowish, the rest black. Total length about 11*5 inches, wing 8*7 ; tail, central rectrices 3*9, lateral rectrices 2*7; bill 1*3? tarsus 1*1, middle and outer toes 1*3, inner toe 1*1. As in (E. mollis, some specimens have a complete grey band across the breast (whence Macgillivray?s name), whilst in others a grey tint suffuses the whole of the under surface except the throat. Hah. Western Pacific Ocean, New Hebrides, and Fiji Islands, to the Southern-Ice barrier, lat. 68° S. (Peale), and straying to the English coast. a. $ ad.; b. $ ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides Salvin-Godman Coll. (J. Macgillivray). c. $ ad.; d. $ ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides, J. Macgillivray ["C 1 e n , , Feb. & Mar. 1859. (Types of P. torquata.) e,f. ? ad. sk. Viti Levu, Fiji Is., May Godeffroy Mus. im{T.Kleinschnidt). //. Ad. sk. Near Aberystwith, Wales. W. Willis-Bund, Esq. [P.]. 6. (ESTHE LATA. 409 13. (Estrelata hypoleuca. (Estrelata hypoleuca, Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 359 ; Seeb. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 586, 1890, p. 105; id. B. Japan. Hmp. p. 269 (1890). Estrelata hypoleuca, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 617 (1893). ^ Adult. Similar to (E. torquata, but rather larger, the bill being distinctly stouter. The feathers of the back are more distinctly edged with grey, and there is less white on the under wing-coverts ; the under surface is wholly white. Total length about 13 inches, wing 9; tail, central rectrices 4*65, lateral rectrices 3-2; bill 1-3, tarsus 1-1, middle toe 1*35, outer toe a little shorter, inner toe 1*15. Hah. North Pacific Ocean. a. Ad. sk. Krusenstern Is., K Pacific Seehohm Coll. (Type (J5T. J. Snow). of the species.) b. Ad.; c. Pull. Nakaudoskima, Bonin Is., Seehohm Coll. sk. May 14, June 36, 1890 (P. A. Hoist). 14. (Estrelata nigripennis. (Estrelata cooki, Cheeseman, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891) {nee Gray, fide Hutton). (Estrelata nigripennis, Rothsch. Bull. Orn. Club, i. p. Ivii (1893); id. Ibis, 1893, p. 571; Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 750; Butter, T)\ N. Zeal. Inst, xxvii. p. 123 (1895). Adult Upper surface slaty-grey, with a dark patch on the rump, the feathers of the head and sides of the neck narrowly edged with white, the feathers of the anterior portion of the crown with black discs and white edges, the forehead and lores being nearly pure white, a superciliary spot white, area round the eye dark blackish grey; whole under surface pure white, the sides of the breast slaty- grey ; scapulars and wings black, the larger coverts grey, with very narrow white margin; under surface of the wings white, with a wide dark border, the outer primaries black, showing a little white on the exposed portion close to the coverts ; tail greyish black, outer rectrices white on their inner webs nearly to the tip, outer web mottled with grey. Total length about 12*5* inches, wing 8*7, tail 4*1, tarsus 1*2, middle and outer toes 1*3, inner toe 1*1. Hab. Kermadec Is., South Pacific Ocean. There are several specimens of this species in the Hon. Walter Rothschild's collection. a, b. Ad» sk. Kermadec Is. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.]. (Typical specimens.) 15. (Estrelata brevirostris. Procellaria lugens, Banks, Icon. nos. 21, 22 (apud Kuhl); cf. Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 235 (1876). Procellaria grisea, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. p. 144, f. 9 (1820) (nee Gm.) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 12 (1863). Procellaria brevirostris, Less. TraiU d'Orn. p. 611 (1828); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); id, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 163 (1844). 410 PUPFINIDJE. Rhantistes uuieolor, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlli. p. 768 \ 1^50 K Pterodroma macroptera, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 191 (lfeooj (»eo Smith) ; «YZ. Ciwwgtf. ife»d. xli. p. 191, xlii. p. 768. ^Estrelata grisea, Corns, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, pp. 14S, 170; Glgl $ Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66. Fulmarus griseus, Gray, Hand-l iii. p. 107 (1871). ^Estrelata kidderi, Coues, Forest $ Stream, Aug. 19, 1^75 ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 28 (Nov. 1875) ; Kidder, Bull U.S. Xat. Mus. no. 3, p. 15 (1876). Procellaria mollis, Cab. $ Reich. J.f.O.n. 1876, p. 329. (Estrelata brevirostris, Salv. in Rowleyfs Orn. Misc. i. p. 235; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 738; id. Voy. 'Chall.,' Zool Ii. pt. lili. p. 145 (1 ^1); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, cixviii. p. 124 (1879). iEstrelata brevirostris, Ridgw. Man. K. Am. Birds, p. 06 (15^7). Adult. Slaty-grey, nearly uniform, smaller wing-covert* brownish with grey edges, quills and tail darker grey; under surface a little paler; under wing-coverts grey, with dark shafts ; bill black; tarsi and toes dusky. Total length about 14*5 inches, wing 1* >; t ill, central rectrices 4*1, lateral rectrices 3*15; bill 1#4, tarsus 1*42, middle and outer toes 1*8, inner toe 1*46. Young. Covered with brown down, which is replaced by the grey feathers of the adult. Hob. South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans. a-c. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Ker- Antarctic Expecl. guelen Land. d, e. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. L t A. Sniltli^P.]. /• d> 0* ? Christmas Harbour, Ker-Dr. R. MeCbriiiick a^. s&. guelen Land, July 16, "P.". 1840. h. $ ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, July 15, Salvin-Godman Coll. 1840 (R. McCormiek). (Type of P. miico& r, (touid, MS.) i. $ ad. sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Transit of Venus Exp. Land (A. E. Eaton). j. Pull. sk. Kerguelen Land. Toy. H31.8. i Challenger/ h. Ad. sk. Tristan d'Acunha. Capt. Uarmicliael [P.]. 16. (Estrelata solandxi Procellaria melanopus, Watt, nee Gm. {fide Gould). Procellaria solandri, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 57; id. Ann. 4* Mag. X H. 1844, adii. p. 353; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 648 < 1-44). Cookilaria solandri, Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 100: ul. Consp. AP. iL p. 190 (1855). Pterodroma solandri, Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 450 (1805). /Estrelata solandri, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1806. pp. 1485 170 : GigL & Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66. Fulmarus solandri, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 107 (1871). Adult male. Dark grey, head dark brown, back and wing-coverts edged with dark brown; face and whole under surface greyish brown, the half-concealed bases of the feathers pure white; under wing-coverts dark greyish brown, the quills black, the bases of the 6. CES1RELATA. 411 mner webs ^hite : bill, tarsi, and toes black. Total length about lb inches, wing 12; tail, central rcctrices 5, lateral rectrices 3-8: bin l-b, tarsus 1*,, middle and outer toes 2-2, inner toe 1-85. Sab. Coast of Australia. a. <$ ad. sk. Bass's Straits, Mar. 13 (1839). Gould Coll. (Type of the species.) 17. (Estrelata externa. GEstrelata externa, Salv. Ibis, 1875, p. 373. JEstrelata externa, Ridgic. Man. N. Am. 'Birds, p. 68 (1887). Adult. Upper surface greyish black, the bases of all the feathers white, those of the back edged with pale grey ; the back of the neck white, each feather edged with very pale grey; wings outwardly black, the larger coverts edged with greyish white ; forehead and entire under surface pure white, cheeks mottled with dark grey; under wing-coverts almost to the edge of the wing and axillaries white* quills black, the bases of the inner webs white; tail greyish black, the inner webs of the lateral rectrices and the shafts adjoining towards the base white: bill black• tarsi and proximal half of the toes yellow, remainder black. Total length about 16 inches, wing 11*5; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rectrices 3*9 ; bill 1*8, tarsus 145, middle and outer toes 1*8, inner toe 1*55. Tomuj. Covered with brown down, whiter on the under surface. This is succeeded by the fully adult plumage. Bah. Coast of Chili, breeding on Masafuera I. a. Ad. sk. Masafuera I. {Leyhold). Salvin-Godman Coll. ) b. Pull. sk. Masafuera I. {Leyhold), Salvin-Godrnan Coll. f (Types of the species.) 18. (Estrelata cervicalis. (Plate VI.) (Estrelata cervicalis, Salv. Ibis, 1891, p. 192; Sutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 751 ; Butter, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst xxvii. p. 124 (1895). (Estrelata, sp., Ckeeseman, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891) (jfide Mutton). Adult. Similar to (E. externa, but much darker on the upper surface, the feathers of the back hardly showing grey edges; the under wing-coverts are less white, those of the edges of the wing being mingled black and white, the primaries have less white at the base of the inner web, the white portion being almost covered by the longest white coverts. Total length about 19 inches, wing 11-5 ; tail, central rectrices 5*2, lateral rectrices 4; bill 1*7, tarsus 1-5, middle and outer toes 1*95, inner toe 1-65. Hah. Kermadec Islands, South Pacific Ocean. a. Ad. sk. Kermadec Islands. Capt. Carpenter fP."|. (Type of the species.) 412 PUPJETNID^. 19. (Estrelata neglecta. ? White-breasted Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. ill- pt. 2, p. 400; id. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 186 (1824). Norfolk Island Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. Sitppl ii. p- 834= (1802). ? Procellaria alba, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 565 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 822 (17357; Vieill. N. Diet. aVHist Nat. xxv. p. 419 (1817); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844). ? Procellaria grisea, Vieill Ene. Meth. p. 75 (1823) (Norfolk I.); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 674 (1844). ? Procellaria variegata, Vieill. Ene. MWi. p. 78 (1823). Daption album, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 246 (1826). Rhantistes raoulensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 765 (descr. nulla). Procellaria (^Estrelata) alba, Gray, Cat Birds Trap. Is. Pacif. p. 56 (1859). Procellaria philippi, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 246. Procellaria neglecta, Sehl Mus. P.-B.7 vi. Procell. p. 10 (1863); Finseh, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 18. iEstrelata neglecta, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 147, 170; Gigl 4* Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66; Gigl. Distr. Fauna Vert. Oceano, p. 42 (1870); Bidgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67 (1887). Procellaria mollis, Finseh, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 373,1874, p. 207. Fulmarus albus, Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 106 (1871). (Estrelata neglecta, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 411 (1682); id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 465 (1882); Salv. P. Z. S. 18S3, p. 431; Butter, Birds New Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 224 (1888); id. Tr. JS\ Zeal Inst, xxiii. p. 41 (1890) ; id. op. tit xxvii. p. 132 (1895); id. P. Z. S. 1894, p. 653; Cheeseman, Tr. N.Z. Inst xxiii p. 225 (1601); Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 752. (Estrelata mollis, Bulkr, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 222 (1888) ; id. Trans. N. Zeal Inst xxiv. p. 85 (1892); Cheeseman, Tr. N. Zeal Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891). (Estrelata philippi, Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 755. (Estrelata leucoplirys, Button, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 752, pL 63; Buller, Tr. N. Zeal Inst xxvii. p. 123 (1895). (Estrelata neglecta, var., Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 754. Procellaria raoulensis; Gould, MS. Adidt male. Upper surface brown, the bases of the feathers white, top of the head darker, feathers of the back indistinctly edged with paler brown, lores and cheeks mottled with brows ; under surface white, sides of the neck and breast washed with pale brown; under tail-coverts brown, their bases white ; under wing- coverts and axillaries brown, primaries blackish brown, the bases of the inner webs and the shafts adjoining white : bill Mack ; tarsi and basal portion of the toes yellow, their tips black. Total length about 15-5 inches, wing 11*3; tail, central rectrices 4-1, lateral rectrices 3*7; bill 1-55, tarsus 1*5, middle and outer toes 1*9, inner toe 1-65. Female. Similar to the male. Great variation exists as to the colour of the under surface, some birds being nearly uniform greyish brown. Specimen % has rather greyer plumage than any of the rest of the series* Hah. South Pacific Ocean. a. Ad, sk. Kaoul L, Kermadec Group(J. MacgHlivray). Salvin-Crodmaii Coll. (Type of P. ramtknsm. Gould, MS.) 6 . CESTKELATA. 413 £ ^ S?* 5 aou l L> Jul y 13> 1854. J. Macgillivray [C." *, de. PU/ . dg, A. Ad. sk. H. sk ad. sk. Ad. sk. Baoul I. Raoul I. Kermadec Is. Joan Fernandez, coast of Chili, j . Macgillivray [0 / j . Macgillivray 10." J. Macgillivray [0. j Salvin-Godman Col. l. Mar. 1881 (A. H. MarWiam). t. Ad. sk. Eastern South Pacific Ocean Salvin-Godman Coll. (Lieut Macfarlane). 20. (Estrelata arminvjoniana. Procellaria sandaliata, Solander, Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); Sah\ in Bozvleys Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876). Rhantistes sandaliata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xlii p. 768 (1856). Estrelata arminjoniana, Gigl fySahad. Ibis, 1869, pp. 62, 66; QigL Distr. Fauna Vert Oceano, p. 42 (1870). (Estrelata arminjoniana, Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. pp. 234, 252, pi. 31 (1876); Bidgto. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64 (1887). (Estrelata mollis (nee Gould), Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164. Adult Upper surface brown, nearly uniform, the top of the head and the upper tail-coverts a little darker • under surface white, the chin, sides of the neck, and breast mottled with greyish brown, leaving the middle of the throat white, flanks and axillaries greyish. brown; under tail-coverts white, the sides mottled with grey• under wing-coverts brown, the primaries white at the base of the inner webs, the shafts brown : bill black ; tarsi and proximal half of the middle and inner toes and the webs between them yellow, the outer toe and the distal portion of the rest black. Total length about 16 inches, wing 11-1; tail, central rectrices 4*4, lateral rectrices 3-9 ; biR 1*5, tarsus 1*35, middle and outer toes 1*75, inner toe 1*45. Very similar to (E. neglecta, but a rather smaller bird and with smaller bill. Hab. South Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of the island of Trinidad. a. Ad. sk. Trinidad L, S. Atlantic, Aug. 21. Earl of Crawford and Balcarres [P.], 21. (Estrelata trinitatis. JEstrelata trinitatis, Gigl. Sr Salvad. Ibis, 1869, pp. 65, 66; Bidgto. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67 (1887). Pterodroma trinitatis, Gigl Faun. Vert Oceano, p. 40 (1870) $ id. Viagg. 'Magenta; p. 976 (1875). (Estrelata trinitatis, Salv. in Bowleg's Orn.Misc.i. p. 253, pi. 32 (1876). "JK. ex toto fuliginoso-nigra, subtus vix pallidior, remigibus mgricantioribus, basi intus pallidioribus; fronte ac capite supra plumis distincte griseo-marginatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris ; iridiums branneis. Long. tot. 0m*350, ate 0m*290~0m*295, cauda3 0m*130, rostr. a fronte 0m*028-0m*031, tars. 0m*034, dig med. cum ung. 0™-O46-Om*O5O." (Gigl & Salvad. I s. c.) Hah. South Atlantic Ocean, near the island of Trinidad. There are no specimens of this bird in the Museum from this locality. It is very questionable if the species is distinct from 414 PUTFIXTD-E. (E. arminjoniana, of which it is probably a dark form, analogous to what is found to be the case in the closely-allied (E. negheia in the Pacific Ocean. 22. (Estrelata herald ica. Procellaria leucoptera, Schl. Mus. F.-B., vi. Pro cell. p. 12 (1863) (UPC Gould). Fulmarus pkilippi {nee Gray), Gray, Hand-l ill. p. IGtj (1^71). (Estrelata keraldica, Sah\ Ibis, 1888, p. 357. Adult. Upper surface dark brown, the feathers of the back indistinctly edged with grey, forehead and cheeks white, minjleJ with brown; under surface white, breast (narrowlyK sides of the neck, flanks, and lateral under tail-coverts vermiculated with o-rey ; under wing-coverts mostly blackish, the longest white with dusk} tips, quills blackish -with dusky shafts, the inner web white for tw(* thirds of its length from the base, but not touching the <*hatt; tail blackish, the basal portion of the lateral rectrlee-* white; bill black. tarsi and proximal half of the toes yellow, the re&t black. Total length about 14 inches, wing 11*2; tail, central reetriri^ 4*3, lateral rectrices 3*05; bill 1*5, tarsus 1*4, middle and out+T tm^ 1*75, inner toe I'd. Bah. Western Pacific, Chesterfield Is. a. Ad.sk. b. Ad.sk. Chesterfield Is. (J. Macgittivray). Chesterfield Is. Salvin-Godman Pull (T\pt« of tile ^prdt1-. < J.% Maedllh ra\ _('. . 23. (Estrelata gularis. Procellaria inexpectata, Forst. Deser. A?iim. p. 204 (1844) {aim I Sutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 753). Procellaria gularis, Peale, U. S. ExpL Exp. p. 290 (1848). ^Estrelata gularis, Bp. Com.pt. Rend. xlii. p. 708 (I*oo'l; GiyL Jr Salmd. Ibis, 1869, p. Q6 j Giql. Dibtr. Fauna Vert. Ocernw. p. 4( I (1870); Brewster, Auk, i. p. 389 (1884); A. 0. U. Cherk-L X Am. Birds, p. 112 (1886); Ridgw. Man. 2Vr. Am. Bird% p. 07 flW). Procellaria mollis, Cass. U.S. ExpL Exp. p. 410 (I^JS; (apml Ridgw.). Procellaria affinis, Butter, Trans. N. Zeal Inst. vii. p. 213 (1^73f. (Estrelata affinis, Butter, Birds N. Zeal ed. 2, ii. p. 223, pi. 41. f. 1 (1888); id. Trans. N. Z. Inst xxiii. p. 41 -1*91): id. op", tit. xxiv. p. 84 (1892); id. op. at xxvii. p. 124 (1895). (Estrelata gularis, Coues, Keg N. Am. B. ed. 2, p. 730 (1^4); Baird, Brew. $ Ridgiu. Water-Birds W. Am. ii. p. 397 (1^4! - Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 358. " " Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half • wing more than 9 inches; shafts of the quills dark brown. Head, neck, and upper parts plain dark slaty (feathers of the heat! and neck white beneath surface, those of the back, &c, white at the base) ; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish ash-grey; lores, chin, throat, and under tail-coverts white, the first mixed with blackish ; breast, belly, sides, and flanks plain brownish plumbeoiw. the feathers pure white immediately beneath the surface • thighs ami 6. CESTRELATA. 415 chest white, irregularly barred or vermiculated with deep greyish. ^ ingJLO-U, tail 4-0 (graduated for -9), oulmon 1-02, depth of bill at base -o tarsus 1-2, middle toe with claw 1-55/*' (Bidaway, Man. N Am. Birch, p. 67.) J J* With Mr. Bothschild's permission, I sent a New-Zealand specimen of (E. affiais to Washington, to be compared with Peale's typo of (E. gularis. Mr. Eidgway writes to me concerning them as follows :— "* I hare carefdlly compared the bird (i. e. (E. apiis) with the types of (E. gidaris (Peale) and CE. fisheri, Ridgw., and have no doubt whatever as to its being of the same species as the former, as \ on supposed it to be. The type of (E. gularis has the plumage saturated with oil from the skin, and is therefore considerably discoloured ; the upper parts being much darkened, and the grey of the under parts browner than in the Rothschild specimen. Making due allowance, however, for this, the plumage is practically identical ; while the measurements (which were taken, the two specimens one immediately after the other) are as near the same as possible." Mr. Rothschild has several specimens of this species in his collection, including the type of (E. affinis (Buller). Hah. Antarctic Ocean {Peale); New Zealand Seas {Buller). a. Ad. sk. New Zealand Seas. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.]. 24. Oestrelata fisheri. iE-trelata fisheri, Ridgxo. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. v. p. 656 (June 18b:i), vi. p. 18 (1885); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 68 (1887); id. Auk, 1895, p. 319, pi. 4; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 103 (1880). Oestrelata fisheri, Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 780 (1884); Baird, Brew., $ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 396 (1884); Midgw. Br. TIM. Nat. Mm. viii. p. 18 (1885). 44 Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half; wing more than 9 inches; back uniform grey; top of the head white, spotted with greyish. Back and scapulars fine bluish grey or plumbeous; lesser wing-coverts slaty blackish ; greater and middle coverts slate-grey, broadly margined with white ; tail mostly white, irregularly barred and vermiculated with grey; lores, cheeks, chin, throat, middle of chest, and under tail-coverts immaculate pure white ; a blackish spot immediately beneath the eye ; sides of the neck and chest densely mottled and vermiculated with ash-grey and white, but the former prevailing; lower breast, belly, sides, and flanks smoky plumbeous superficially, but the feathers all pure white immediately beneath the surface. Wing 10-15, tail 4 (graduated for -9), culmen 1*0, tarsus 1-25, middle toe with claw 1-7." {Rirlgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67.) Hah. North Pacific Ocean, near Alaska. This species is only known from the type m the United btates National Museum at Washington. Mr. Bidgway has recently sent me the following comparison of (E. fisheri with (E. gularis:— . . -(E. fisheri differs conspicuously from trelata cooki, Gould, Bandb. Birds Austr. n. p. 4o6 (1865) j G-wJ. # &z/y^/. -Kis, 1869, p. 66. ? Procellaria velox, Petz. Beise Novara, Zcol i. Yog. p. 146 (1869). Fulmarus cooki, Gray, Hand-l iii. p. 106 (1871). (Estrelata ccoki, Butler, Birds N. Zeal ed. % ii. p. 21/ (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal Inst. xxv. p. 78 (1893). Adult Similar to (E. leucoptera and (E. clefilippiana, miieh greyer than the former, and with a more slender, usually longer bill than cither. Hal. New Zealand Seas. a. Ad. sk. New Zealand (ex J. Gould). Salvin-Godman ColL b, c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. H. O. Forbes Esq. [C.\ d. Ad. sk. New Zealand. N. Zealand Co. (Type of the species.) 29. (Estrelata longirostris. ./Estrelata leucoptera, Stejn. Br* US. Nat Mm. xiv. p. 490 (1891) (nee Gould). iEstrelata longirostris, Stejn. Br. US. Nat. Mm, xvi. p. 618 (189S). "Adult (type, No. 1583, Science College Museum, Tokyo, Japan ; Prow Mutsu, Japan). In coloration exactly like €S. brev'qus (Peale), except that the greater wing-coverts are lighter slate-grey, distinctly, though narrowly, margined with white; the feathers of back with paler (white) and more distinct terminal margins, the dusky border to underside of wing narrower and interrupted along outer margin, and inner webs of primaries with a conspicuous lengthened wedge of pure white. Proportions, however, very different from those of (E. brwipes, the bill being much longer and slenderer, and tail less graduated. Length (skin) about 9*75 inches, wing (primaries moulting), tail 3*80, its graduation 0"75, culmen 0*95, depth of bill through middle 0-25, tarsus 1*25, middle toe with claw 1*40. *• Another specimen from the same locality (No. 1584, Science College Museum, Tokyo) is quite identical in coloration, its measurements (except length of wing, the primaries being partly moulted) being as follows :—Total length (skin) about 0-30, tail 4*00, its graduation 0*90, culmen 0*98, depth of bill through middle 0*25, tarsus 1*10, middle toe with claw 1*S0.'? (Midgwatf, in lift) Ilab. North Pacific Ocean, Japanese coast. 30. (Estrelata axillaris. (Plate VII.) (Estrelata axillaris. Sab. Bis, 1893, p. 264; JH1 O. Forbes, lbkf 1893, p. 542• Buller, Tr. N. Zeal Inst xxvii. p. 123 (1805). Adult male. Similar to (Ty\m of the species.) c, d. Ad. sk. Chatham Is. Hon/W. Both.child [P.]. 7. PAGODROMA. Type> Pagodroma, i?/;.Consp. Av. ii. p. 192 (1855): Cones. Pr. Ac. Phil 18J6, p. 159 . P. nivea. Range. Antarctic Ocean, in the vicinity of the Ice Barrier. 1. Pagodroma nivea. Snowy Petrel, Cook, I tin. i. p. 33 j Forster, Itin. i. p. 96; Lath. Gen. Si/n. m. pt. 2, p. 408 (1785). he Petrel blane ou de neige, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ok. x. p. 153 (1786). PrwCHlLmanivea, Gm. Si/st. Nat.i.-p. 562 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 8i5 (1790) ; Vieill. Nat. Diet. d'Hist. 2?. xxv. p. 417 (1817) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 79 (1823); KM, Beitr. p. 145 (1820) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mm. p. 164 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); Peak, U.S. Erpl. Evp. viii. pp. 295, 338, pi. 81 (1848) ; Reich. Av. Sj/st. Nat., Natatory, pi. 22. figs. 791, 792; jacq. fy Piich. Voy. (m Poh< Sud, iii. p. 130 (1853); Casein, U.S. Expl. J&*p. p. 4i6 (1853); SchL Mus. P.-B., vi. ProceU. p. 15 (1863). Paption nheum, Steph in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 243 (1826). %Procellaria Candida, Peal-, U.S. Rvpl Exped., Birds, p. 295 (1848). Pagodroma nivea (a, major; b, minor), Bp. Consp. An ii. p. 192 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (185(>); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. (1879); 'ScL Ibis) 1894, p. 498. Pagodroma nsevia, Bp. Comnt. Bend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). Pagodroma novsegeorgica, V. Steinen, Deutsch. Exp. Int. Polarf. ii. p. 250. Procellaria nivea minor, Schl Mus. P.-B. vi. ProceU. p. 16 (1863). Ftilmarus niveus, Gray, Hand-l iii. p. 107 (1871). Adult. Pure white ; bill black ; feet yellowish. Total length about 14-16 inches, wing 9-8-11*1, tail 4*3-5*], bill 1'4-1*55, tarsus 1*3-1'5, middle and outer toes 1*6-1-9, inner toe 1*3-1*5. Specimens differ greatly in size as indicated in the above measurements. Huh* Antarctic Seas, a. Ad. sk Falkland Is., July 22, 1850 {J. Yoy. H.M.S. < Kat~ Macg llinray). tlesnake.' b Q ad. sk. Falkland Iblands. Antarctic Exped. c d. 2 ad. sk. Ice Barrier, Jan. 14,1874. Yoy. H.M.S. ' Chal * * lenger.' 2E2 420 rTJFFINIDiE. e. Ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Seas, Dr. R. McOormick [P.J Dec. 31,1840. r. d ad. sk. Louis Philippe Land, Jan. % 1843. Dr. R. McOormick [P.J. a Ad. sk. Off Mt. Erebus, Victoria Land, Feb. 17,1841. ' Dr. R. McOormick [P.], h Ad.&k. Nearest Magnetic Pole, Victoria Land, Feb. 18,1841. Dr. R. McOormick [P.]. i Ad. st;-Z. Ad. st. m, n. Ad. sk. o. Ad. sk. Lat. 77° S. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. Antarctic Exped. Antarctic Exped. Gen. Sabine [P.]. 8. BULWERIA. ^ Bulweria, Bp. Cat Met. Ucc. Fur. p. 81 (1842); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 194 (1856); Forbes, Voy. cChalV, Zool iv.pt. xi. p. 38 (1882) B. bulweri, iEstrelata (partim), Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 158. Key to the Species. a. Bill weaker ; wing-coverts paler and greyer .. bulweri, p. 420. b. Bill stouter; wing-coverts all uniform sooty- brown macgillivrayi, p. 42L 1. Bulweria foulweri. Procellaria anjinho, Ileinchen, in Brewst. Journ. 1829, p. 231; R. T. Zozve, Zool. Journ. v. p. 384 (1831). Procellaria bulweri, Jard.fySelb. III. Orn. ii. pi. 65; Jard. Fdinb, Journ. Nat. 8? Geogr. So. i. p. 245 (1830); Reich. Av. Syst Nat, Natatores, pi. 21. tig. 787 (1850); Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 9 (1863) ; Lilford, Coloured Figs. Birds Brit. Is. pt. vii.(1888). Puffinus columbinus, Webb fy Berth. Hist Nat Canar. ii. p. 44, pi. 4. fig. 2 (1836-44); Bolle, J.f.O.n. 1857, p. 345. Thalassidroma bulweri, Gould, Birds Fur. v. pi. 449 (1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 64 $688); Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xeiii, 238 (1840): Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); id. Cat Brit Birds, p. 224 (1863); Schl. Rev. Crit Ois. Fur. p. cxxxiv (1844); Macgill. Hist. Brit Birds, v. p. 449 (1852); FLeioitson, Fggs Brit Birds, ii. p. 522, pi. 145. fig. 3 (1856) ; Drouet, Faun. Acor. p. 127 (1861); Degl. § Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 388 (1867) ; Borggr. Vogelf. p. 140 (1869); Arevalo, Av. de Esp. p. 410 (1887); Grant, Ibis, 1890, pp. 443,445. Bulweria bulweri, Bp. Cat Met Ucc. Fur. p. 81 (1842); Baird, Brew., <$• Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 398 (1884); A. O. IT. Chech-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 103 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 69 (1887); Stejn. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 378 (1890); id. op. cit xiv. p. 490 (1891) ; Seed. Ibis, 1891, p. 192; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 620 (1893). Thalassidroma columbina, Reich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 19.fig. 2727. Bulweria columbina, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296,-id Vogelf. p. 354; Bp. Compt Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 194 (1856); Dresser, Birds Fur. viii. p. 551, pi. 614 (1878); B. O. U. List Brit Birds, p. 200 (1883); Saunders, in YarreWs 8. BULWERIA. 421 Brit. Birds, ed. 4, iv. p. 34 (1884); id. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 723 (1889); W. E. Clarke, P. Z. 8, 1887, p. 562; Koenig, J.f.O.n. 1890, p. 463 ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 207. ^Estrelata bulweri, Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 158, 171; Gigl. 8f Sahad. Ibis, 1869, p. 60 ; Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 230 (1881). Fulmarus bulweri & anjinho, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871). Procellaria macgillivrayi, Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 252 (?iec Gray). (Estrelata bulweri, Goues, Check-l. N. Am. Birds, 1882, p. 126; id. Key JV. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 780 (1884). Bulwer's Petrel, Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 513 (1843). Adult. Sooty-brown, nearly uniform; the greater wing-coverts and the cbin paler and greyer: bill black; tarsi and bases of the middle and inner toes yellow, the rest of the toes and webs black. Total length about 11 inches, wing 7*7 ; tail, central rectrices 4*1, lateral rectrices 3 ; bill 1*2, tarsus 1-05, middle and outer toes 1-2, inner toe 0*95. Sexes alike. Hah. Temperate Forth Atlantic and Temperate Forth Pacific Oceans. a. Ad. sk. Madeira. Jardine Coll. (Type of the species.) b. Ad. sk. Madeira. T. Hope, Esq. [P.]. e-e. Ad. sk. Madeira. T. Hope, Esq. [P.J. f-L Ad. sk. Madeira. Salvin-Godman Coll. /, k. Ad. sk. Madeira. Sharpe Coll. /. Ad. sk. Deserta Pequena. F. D. Godman, Esq. J?.]. m. $ ad. sk. Deserta Grande, May 4, 1890. W. E. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. [P.]. n, o. <3 $ ad. sk. Porto Santo, May 4,1890. "W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq. [P.]. p-s. cf $ ad. sk. Great Salvage I., April 24-25, Hon. C Baring and 1895. W. P. Ogilvie- Grant, Esq. [P.]. t. Ad. sk. Canaries {Mr. Webb). E.Wilson, Esq. [P.]. u-y. <$ $ ad. sk. Sulphur I., Bonin I., June Seebohm Coll. 8-10,1890 (P. A. Hoist). %. $ ad. sk. « Peel L, Bonin Is., Oct. 20, Seebohm Coll. 1890 (P. A. Hoist). a', b'. Ad. sk. Kaui, Hawaiian Is. (Knud-Prof. Collett [P.]. sen). e'. Ad. sk. Sir E. Belcher. d'-i'. Skeletons Great Salvage I. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, and various Esq. [P.]. bones. 2. Bulweria macgillivrayi. Thalassidroma (Bulweria) macgillivrayi, Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pae. p. 56 (1859). JEstrelata macgillivrayi, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 159,171. Thalassidroma macgillivrayi, Finschfy Hartl. Faun. Centralp. p. 242 (1867); Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393. Fulmarus macgillivrayi, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871). Bulweria macgillivrayi, Bidgw. Man. N. Aon. Birds, p. 69 (1887). PTJEPTNIDiE. Male. Similar lo B. bulweri, but with a stouter bill; the plumage uniform; the greater wing-coverts and chin the same colour as the rest of the body. Total length about 11-5 inches, wing 8; tail—central recti ices 3-35, lateral rectrices 2-8; bill 1*3, tarsus 1-4, middle and outer toes 1*55, inner too 1-35. Hob. Central Pacific Ocean, Fiji Islands. «. <$ ad. sk. Ngau, Fiji Is., Oct. 1855 (F. M. Bayner). Voy. H.M.S. ' Herald. (Type of the species.) Subfamily II. FULMARINiE. Key to the Genera. a. Size very large; nasal tube very long and stout; in terra mal space feathered throughout; rectrices 16 9. OSS1FRAGA, b. Size smaller; nasal tube shorter but well deve- [p. 422. loped ; in terrain al space bare ; rectrices 14. a'. Bill stout, rami of mandible strong, nasal tube large and high at the base, equal to the width of the latericorn ; taisi strong 10. FTJLMABTTS, b'. Bill more slender; rami of mandible weak ; [p. 424. nasal tube smaller, narrower and lower at the base, less than the width of the lateiicom; tarsi slender 11. DAPTION, c. Smallest; nasal tube short; rectrices 12. [p. 428. c\ Lamellae of the sides of the palate rudimentary ; first and second primaries sub- equal 12. HALOBJENA, d'. Lamellae of the sides of the palate well- [p. 431. developed; first primary longest 13. PBION, p. 432. 9. OSSIFKAGA. Typei Ossifraga, Hombr. fy Jacq. Compt. Rend. xviii. p. 356 (1844); iid. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 148, pi. 32. figs. 39-42 (1853); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 186 (1855); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 31; Forbes, Voy. 'Chalk1, Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42 &c. (1882) 0. gigantea. Mange. Southern Ocean. 1. Ossifraga gigantea. Quebrantahuesos, Bougainville's Voy. p. 63; Forst. VOXL ii. p 516 Osprey Petrel, Forst Obs. p. 202. Le ties-grand Petrel ou Quebrantahuesos, Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 157 (1786). M Mouton, Pernet. Voy. i. p. 15, pi. 8. fig. 3. Giant Petrel, lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 396, pi. 100; id. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 170, pi. 176 (1824); Nutt. Man. Water-Birds, p. 329 (1834). ProceJlaria gigantea, Gm. jSyst. Nat i. p. 563 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 820 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Mitt. Nat. xxv. p. 418 (1817) • id. Eno. Meth. p. 74 (1823); KuM, Beitr. p 140 (1820); Aud. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 330 (1839) ; id. Birds Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 202 (1844) z. Gould, Voy. 'Beagle1, ii. Birds, p. 139 (1841); id.BirdsAustr. viL 9. 0SSIFE1GA. 42S pi. 4o (1848); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 102 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 048 (1844); id. Voy. < Ereh. $ Terr.' I Birds, p. 17 (1846); id. Cat. Birds Trap. Is. Pac. p. 55 ^1859); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 245; Ford. Descr. Anim. p. 34.1 (L844) ; iW^, U.S. Expl Exp. viii. p. 338 (1848); Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatoi es, pi. 20. tig. 332, pi. 25. fig'. 2612; Zaw. ifo^fe tf. Am. p. 825 (I860) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164; Schl Mus. P.-B.% vi. Procell. p. 18(1863); D. TFa/ter, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 378; .Hwtam, Ibis, 18(55, p. 284, 1867, p. 186; Bayard, Ibis, 1802, p. 97,1867, p. 458, 1869, p. 460; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 360 (1867); Pollen f Van Dam, Faun. Madac/., Ois. ii. p. 145 (1868); Pelz. Reise Novara, Zool. i. Vog. p. 144 (1869) ; Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 293: 1872, p. 75 ; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 206; M.-Edio. # Grand. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. G70 (1885); Maofarlane, Ibis, 18S7, p. 208. Fulmams giganteus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 237 (1826); Gray, Haud-l iii. p. 105 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 327" (1872) ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 773. Procellaria ossifraga, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 343 (1844). Ossit'raga gigantea, Jacg. fy Pitch. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 139 (1853); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 186 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xiii. p. 768 (1856) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 354 (1855); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 443 (1865); Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, p. 32; id. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 125 Q882); id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 777 (1884); Elliot, N. Am. Birds, ii. pi. 59 (1869) ; Bias. Sf Bald., Nattm. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. pt. 2, p. 282; Hutton, Ibis, 1869, p. 352, 1872, p. 248; id. Cat Birds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871); GigL Faun. Vert. Oceana, p. 48 (1870); id. Viagg. ' Magenta' (see index) (1875); Gumey, in Anderss. Birds l)amara-L. p. 353 (1872); Scl. # Salo. homencl. AD. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Bullerf Birds N. Zeal. p. 297 (1873); id. ed. 2, ii. p. 225 (1888) ; id. Trans. N. Zeal Inst. xxiv. p. 85 (1892); Coues Sf Kidder, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 23 (1875); Kidder, Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 3, p. 13 (1876); Sa'v. in Roioleifs Orn. Miscell i. p. 238 • (1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737, 1883, p. 431; id. Voy. < ChalV, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 143 (1881); id. Cat. Strickl Coll p. 629 (1882) ; Cab. Sr Reichenow, J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 329; Hartl Vog. MaUag. p. 373 (1877); Moseley, Notes Nat. lChall! pp. 107,134, 137, 180, 183, 205, 254 (1879); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 142 (1879); id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11; id. ed. Bayard's Birds S. Afr. p. 765 (1881); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 165; Kirk, Trans. N. Zeal Imt. xvii. p. 60 (1884); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 517 (1884); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 57 (1887); id. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 230 (1881); Baird, Brew., # Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p, 363 (1884); Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887) ; H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542. Procellaria, sp. ?, Abbott, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390. Adult male. Uniform, dark chocolate-brown, the edges of the feathers everywhere a little paler than the discs: bill yellow; legs black. Total length about 34 inches, wing 20*5; tail, central rectrices 7, lateral rectrices 5*8; bill 4*2, tarsus 3*6, middle and outer toes 5*3, inner toe 4-4, Young birds are much browner .and often white about the head, but this plumage is changed for the uniform daik chocolate-brown of the adult. Nearly white individuals are not uncommon. Hal. Southern Seas, north to about lat. 30° S. 424 PUJMNLDJE. Fulmarus facialis pacificus, Cones, Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 125 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 778 (1884). Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, Stejn. Auk, i. p. 2.34 (1884); id. Bull U.S. Fat. Mus. no. 20, p. £1, pi. 6. figs. 1, 2 (1885); id. Br. US. Nat. Mus. x. p. 125 (1887); Baird, Breic, $ Ridgw. Water( IBfcO); Jtidffw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 57 (1887); id. Br. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 664 (1893); Tow?is. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiiL p. 14-2 (1890); Nikolshi, Ik de Sakhal p. 273 ; Tacz. Mem. Ac. St. Bitersb. xxxix. p. 1064 (1893); Loomis, Br. Cat. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v, p. 210 (1895). Adult. LigJii phase similar to F. glacialis^ and only to bo distinguished by the pale colour of the nasal tubes. Dark phase* Similar to that of F. glacialis, but darker. Bah. North Pacific Ocean, southwards on the American coast to- Western Mexico. a. Ad. sk. Petropaulovski. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. b. cJ ad. sk. Amurland, July 14, 1854 Seebohm Coll. (Dr. Schrenck). c. J ad.sk. Kurilels., July (Blakiston). Seebohm Coll. d. J ad. sk. Kurile Is., July. Capt. Blakiston [P.]. e. Ad. sk. Kurile Is. (H.*J. Snoio). Salvin-Godman Coll. /, g. Ad. sk. Kurile Is. (IT. J. Snow). Seebohm Coll. h. Ad. sk. Bering's Straits. Purchased. u $ ad. sk. San Diego, California Salvin-Godman Coll. (H. W. j&enshmv). 3, Fulmarus rodgersi. Fulmarus rodgersi, Cassin, Br. Ac. PMIASQ2, p. 290; Cones, Br. Ac. Phil 1866, p. 29 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 327 (1872), ed. % p. 778 (1884) ; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 125 (1882); Ball, Trans Chic. Ac. Sc. i. p. 303 (1869) ; Baird, Trans. Chic. Ac. Sc, L p. 323, pi. 34. fig;. 1 (1869); Mdgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus, iii. p. 223 (1880); Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. -vii. p. 329 (1884). 428 rinwiNiDJt). Fulmarus prlacialis, var. rodgerbi, Coues, Orn. Prybilov Is. CI874). Fulmams gliciah\/f. W. Elliot, Seal-Islands of Alaska, p. 131 (1882). Fulmarus glacialia rodgersi, Coues, Chcch-L N. Am. Bird*, p. 125 (1882): id. Keif N Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 775 (1884); Nelson, Cruise 'Corwiti,9 p. 112 (1883); eV/. J^ . Nat. Hist Alaska, p. 62, pi. 2. %. 2 (1888); Baird, Brew., $ Pidgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii p. 367 (1884); Pidgw. Man. N Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887) ; Loomis, JPr. Cal Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p. 21G (1895). -Wt(/f. Light phase. Similar to that of F. glacialis, but the back and rump distinctly mingled with white, the tail darker. No dark phase known. Hal. North Pacific Ocean, including Bering's Sea. a. d ad. &k. b. Ad. sk. St. George's L, Alaska(II. IV. Elliot). [N. Pacific Ocean.] Salvin-Godman Coll. (Compared with the type.) Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. 11. DAPTION. Type. Daption, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. p. 239 (1826) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 162 ; Forbes, Voy. C/iall., Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42 &c. (1882); Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 378 (1887) D. capensis. liauge. Southern Ocean. 1. Daption capensis. Pintado Petrel, Dam/pier, Voy. iii. p. 96; Forster, Voy. i. p. 489; Hawksw. Voy. i. p. 556; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 40 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 178 (1824). The White and Black-spotted Peteril, Edw. Nat Hist. ii. p. 90, pi. 90. f. 1 (1747). Le Pe'trel tachete" appele" vulgairement Damier, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 146 (1760). Le Petrel plane et noir ou Damier, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. x. p. 146 (1786); Pemet. Voy. ii. p. 72; DAub. PI. Bnl. 964. Procellaria capensis, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 213 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 565 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 822 (1790); Vieill N. Diet d'Hist Nat xxv. p. 423 (1817) ; id. Enc. Mith. p. 78 (1823); Kuhl, Beitr. p. 140 (1820); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 348 (1828); Halm, Voy. aus Asia, §c., Liefr. xix. (1836); Vigors in Voy. 'Blossom? Zool. p. 39 (1839); Gray, List Anseres Brit Mus. p. 164 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); id. Cat Birds Trop. Is. Pac. p. 56 (1859); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 246; Peale, U.S. Expl Ftp. viii. p. 338 (1848); Reich. Av. Syst Nat., Natatores, pi. 20. figs. 337-8 (1850) ; Jacq. 8? Pueh. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 138 (1853); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 12, 58 (1858); Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 14 (1863); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 372 (1867); Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 361 (1867) j Pollen $ Van Dam, Faun. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 346 (1868); Pelz. Peise Nov., Zool I, Vo'g. p. 145 (1869) ; Hutton, Cat Birds N. Zeal p. 45 (1871); Sperling, Ibis, 1872, p. 76; Hutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 249; Milne-Fdw. $ Grand. Hist Mad., Ois. p. 671 (1885). Daption capensis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 241, pi. 28 11 . DAPT10JST. 429 (1826); Gould, Voy. l Beagle,' ii. Birds, p. 140 (1841); id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 53 (1847); id. Hcmdb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 4G9 (1865); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855); id. Compt. Rendus. xlii. p. 768 (1850); Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 828 (1860); Layard, Ibis, 1862, p. 97, 1863, p. 245; D. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 379; Sutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 287,1867, p. 188,1874, p. 42 ; Cones, Br. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 162,171; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 328 (1872); Saunders, Ibis, 1866, p. 124; id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 438 ; id. Stray F. vii. pp. 442, 463 (1878), viii. p. 115 (1879) j Finsch $ Earth Tog. Ost-Afr. p. 816 (1870); Gigl Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 46 (1870) ; id. Viagg. 'Magenta" (see index) (1875) ; Gurney in Anderss. Birds Bamara-L. p. 353 (1872); ScLfySalv. No mend Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Butter, Birds N. Zeal. p. 299 (1873), ed. 2, ii. p. 215 (1888); id. Ibis, 1874, p. 121; Finsch, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 373,1874, p. 208 ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 309; Salv. Ibis, 1875, pp. 373, 376; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737 • id. op. cit. 1883, p. 432 ; id. Voy < ChalV, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 144 (1881) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 630 (1882); Cab. 8f Reichenoio, J.f.O.n. 1876, p. 329 • Hartl. Tog. Madag. p. 377 (1877); Moseley, Notes Nat. 1 ChalV pp. 134, 137,183, 229 (1879); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 118 (1879) : id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 ; id. ed. Bayard's Birds S. Afr. p. 767 (1884); Legge, Birds Ceylon, p. 1056 (1880); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 230 (1881); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 69 (1887) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 517 (1881) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 199 (1883) ; Oates, Handb. Birds Burm. ii. p. 436 (1883); Coppinger, Cruise of the l Alert,1 p. 87 (1883) ; Baird, Brew., §• Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 400 (1884); A. 0. XJ. Check-l. N Am. Birds, p. 103 (1886) ; Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 4 (1887); Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 378 (1887); Cheeseman, Tr. N. Zeal Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212; Scl.Ibis, 1894, p. 499. ^ Procellaria punctata, Fllman, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7473. Cape Hen, Chapm. Trav. in S. Afr. ii. p. 425 (1868). Fulmarus capensis, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 107 (1871). Calopetes capensis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 142. - Daptium capense, Coues, Check-l. N. Am. Bwds, p. 126 (1882;; id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 779 (1884); Stearns, New England Bird-Life, ii. p. 386 (1883); Saunde?-s, in Yarr. Brit. Birds, ed. 4, iv. p. 11 (1884); Meyer, Abbild. Vogel-Skel. pt. xi. (1886); Finsch, Ibis, 1888, p. 309. Daptrion capensis, Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 465 (1886). Adult. Upper surface white, each feather broadly tipped with dusky black, the feathers of the head and back of the neck black to their bases, the lesser wing-coverts wholly dusky, the median coverts with a white margin to the outer web; quills outwardly black; inner webs white nearly to the tip, the bases of the outer webs, except the outermost primary, also white; under surface white, the chin dusky, and the feathers of the throat and the under tail- coverts tipped with dusky; under wing-coverts white, margin of the wing and tips of the axillaries dusky; tail white, tipped with dusky: bill and feet black. Total length about 16 inches, wing 10-5, tail 3*9, bill 1'7, tarsus 1-9, middle and outer toes 2*3, inner toe 1*85. Hab. Southern Seas generally, north to Ceylon, and to lat. 5° 8. on the coast of Peru. PtFFlXIBJE. a. Ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean off H. Barcf JT&, Esq. X.". Cape Corrientes, Oct, 2Sf 1875. A. Ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, Int. H. Darnf *rd, E^q. ~Cf, 403 4:}* S., lunar. oS3 04T \\\ /*. Ad. sk. "Strait- of Magellan/ Capt Kin.; T^-I* d Ad.sk. Straits of Magellan/ 3fr-. E. >f." Elstw^od "IV. e. Jad.sk. South Pacific Oeein, off V/\\"fLM.>' Al*rt. TitoMonte-*- May 10, It>r0 (i>. ChppMffer). f-k. Ad. sk. Ta paraUo. Capt. Brp't "P.\ / Ad.sk* Valparaiso. ILnerLel*-* J Ha ^E*!. . ™p;: * j. Ad.sk. Juan Finland*-/ L {E. C, S\dbla-G droan foil. k. Ad.sk. 3Ja-ofiiera I. {LryhM)* SAlvin-Gtdraan I* it /. J ad. sk. Off S*t. Ambm*iX July S3, Vcy. H.M.S.* Alert/ 1979 (Dr. Coppmgrr). m. Jad.sk. OIF St. Ambrov l.f July id, Salun-Godmau CtJl l&7i> (Dr. Coppinyer)* n. Ad. sk. "W. c ia-4 of S. America, lat 2tahin~Godman Cdl. 23* S., Ions*. KF \V. f Capt A. II MarMmm). ^.Ad.sk. "W. toast of S America, lat. f^iihm4hnhmm CulL »JiP S., !»JHT.7I = \V.( Capt A. II Markham \. a$-sk p. 2 Coa^t uf Peru off Pavta, kt. Sa2iin~G du«dii (Ml *">z~/ S , 1 inf. *1" W., July 1 SNJ IZ/. JI J?. Matfnrlanie). q. Ad. sk. Cap*-* ui Citiud Hope. Purcha^i. /•, s. Ad. sk. Cap± 5*ea«. Sir Andrew Smith I*» , ^ «. Ad. sk. Cape Sea*. K. M. Lau/rw^rtby, £*§» »,«?. Ad. sk. Cape Seas*. Ca^t/Harrr [P,^ a:. Ad. sk. Cape .Sea* fZT. Z. Zat/ard). Hhvllw Cull/ y. Ad. sL Cape Seas iat. U* £i7f S.y O. Bit wltt E*. IV, Ioii?.2:P2fl'E. * * jf-&\ xld. sk. Southern Indian Owan, lat. Earl of Prawi K! fc«d i>3- #/&, Aug. 27. Rdtaurr*-* J'/. c'. Ad. sk. Between Ceylon and the Home Coli " mainland of India (Tkeo~ bald). d\ e*. Ad. sk. Off Kerjyueltm Land. Antarctic Exp*;A /.Ad.«i . Antarctic Seaaf April 1874 V»iy. !i,X.&. *©£&! linger/ //-f. Ad. sk. W. Australia, Sir CI, G w 1*»~'« / . Ad.sk. Australian Seas (Gockwii). $%iiMM4kiimmX\}t k\ Ad. sk. At seaf between Australia E. Newman, &f* (1*/, and New Zealand. /'. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Coknial Mas*. m'. Ad. sk. New Zealand (R Wr«Wiiitmi)« Salving, imm CML »'. d ; o!* $ Foveaux Straits, New X«t- Hiiat* CoE ad. sk. land, May 25,1875 (JR W. Huttm)* •',?'. Skeletons. r'. Sternum. 431 12, HA LOB JEN A. 12. HALOBfflTA. T Halcbaena, Is. Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, 1830,/&fe Bp. Consp. p" lm i^T C185°) 5 Coues, Br. Ac. Phil 1866, Zapriura, Cm, j&«h:"" 27.5?/^*/ Jfafwi." "xio/ 2," p." "si '!•=">; H. eserulea. Ihuije. Southern. Ocean. 1. Halobaeiia eseralea. Blue IVteL Fo/-s^r7 Toy. i. p. 91; Xa^. (?e». Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 415 O»*v*t; i/7. &, x. p. 196 (1824). A\mh**r Blue Peterll, Coofc's Foy. i. p. 32. Ft e»-H,i -la cemlea, Gto. %st Xtf. i. p. 560 (1788'); Latli.Ind. Orn. li. p. *i>7 i I7i»U); n<^. IY. Dta. cFffi&. iVa^. xxv. p. 421 (1817); (IM *); Imjard, Birds S. Afr. p. 361 (186V); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 89:?, 1*7*, p. 204: Button, Cat. Birds N. £e«Z. p. 47 (1871); J?«/fer, /;»>Wr. p. 275 (1811); Steph. in Sham's Biomedea, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 214 (1766); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, p. 175 ; Forbes, Voy. cChalL\ Zool iv. pt.xi. p. 42 &c. (1882) D. exulans. Phcebastria, Reich. Syst Av. p. v (1852) D. albatrus. Thalassarche, Reich. Syst. Av. p. v (1852) D. rnelanophrys. Range. Southern Ocean and North Pacific Ocean. Key to the Species. a. Larger: bill very strong; interscapular region and middle of the back white. a'. Head white. a''. Upper back with narrow transverse dark lines; wing-coverts dark slaty-black, the smaller coverts becoming nearly white towards the edge of the wing; exposed portion of the primaries beneath black. Young brown, the face white exulans, p. 441. b". Upper back without transverse dark lines; longer scapulars very irregularly marked with dark grey; wing-coverts dark grey, irregularly mottled towards the edge with white; exposed portion of primaries beneath black. Young white, from the downy nestling r^ct, p. 443. c". Upper back without transverse dark bands, the scapulars alone faintly banded ; wing- coverts nearly white, the middle coverts only variegated with black; exposed portion of the primaries beneath with a large white patch on the inner web ... . cMonoptera, p. 443. b\ Head buff albatrus, p. 444. h. Smaller; bill more slender. c'. Interscapular region and middle of the back sooty-black or brown. d". Abdomen dark, closely freckled with white irrorata, p. 445. e". Abdomen sooty-brown nigrvpes, p. 445. f. Abdomen white immutabilis, p. 446. 1. DIOMEDEA. 441 4'. Interscapular region and middle of the back slaty-black. *""" g". Bill yellowish horn-colourh". Bill, culmen, and lower edge of the mandible yellowish horn-colour; sides of the bill slaty melanophrys, p. 447. bulleri, p. 448. 1. Diomedea exulans. The Man of War Bird, Albin, Birds, iii. p. 76, pi. 81 (1740); Fdw. Nat. Hist Birds, ii. p. 88, pi. 88 (1747). Brown or Chocolate Albatros, Cook, Itin. pp. 116,150; Forst. Itin. i. p. 258. L'Albatros, Briss. Orn. yi. p. 126 (1760): Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 173 (1786). L'Albatros du Cap de Bonne Espe~rance, UAub. PL Fnl. 237. Wandering Albatros, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 506 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 304 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 48 (1824). Chocolate Albatros, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 308 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 52 (1824). Diomedea exulans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 214 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st Nat. i. p. 5Q6; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 789 ; Vieill N. Diet d'Hist Nat. i. p. 287 (1816); id. Gal Ois. ii. p. 234, pi. 293 (1825); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 259, pi. 30 (1826); Schinz, Naturg. Vog. p. 394, pi. 135 (1832); F. L). Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 78; G. Bennett, B. Z. S. 1834, p. 151; Nutt Man. Water-Birds, p. 340 (1834); Vigors, Voy. 'Blossom,' Zool. p. 39 (1839); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 166 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844); id. Voy. (Freb. $ Terr? i. Birds, p. 18 (1846); id. Birds Trop. Is. Pac. p. 57 (1859); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 247; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 109 (1871) ; Goidd, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 38 (1844); id. Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 427 (I860) ; Sundev. Svensh. Fogl. pi. lxxxi. %. 2; Peak, U.S. F.vpl Fvp. viii. p. 337 (1848); Reich Si/st Av., Natatores, pi. 27. %. 2616, pi. 29. figs. 801, 802 (1850); Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. Suppl. pi. 71. fig. 3 (1851); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 355; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 251 (1856); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855); id. Compt Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); Grill, Zool. Antechn. pp. 12, 57 (1858) : Blasius $ Bald. Naum. Vog. JDeufschl xiii. pt. 2, p. 278 (I860); Lazvr. Birds N. Am. p. 821 (1860) ; Bree, Birds Fur. iv. p. 115, pi. — (1863); Layard, Ibis, 1862, p. 97,1863, p. 248,1867, p. 460; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 363 (1867); Schl Mus. P.-B., yi. Procell.p. 31 (1863): Hutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 278; 1867, p. 185, 1872, p. 248; id. Cat Birds N. Zeal. p. 43 (1871): Saunders, Ibis, 1866, p. 124 ; id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 165 ; Coues, Pr'. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 175, 187; id. Auk, ii. p. 387 (1885); JDegl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 366 (1867); Scl $ Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Peh. Beise Novara, Zool. i. Vog. p. 147 (1869); Gigl. Faun. Vert Oceano, p. 49 (1870).; id. Viagg. Magenta' (see index) (1875); Sp>erling, Ibis, 1872, p. 75; Gurney, in Anderss. Birds JDamara-L. p. 355 (1872); Peh. Ibis, 1873, pp. 51,123; Butter, Birds N. Zeal. p. 289 (1873); id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 189 (1888) (partim); id. Tram. N. Zeal. Inst. xxiv. p. 69 (1892); id. op. cit xxv. p. 76 (1893); id. op. cit xxvii. p. 121 (1895); Finsch, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 375, 1874, p. 206; Salv. in Rowley1 s Orn. Misc. i. p. 237 (1876); id. Cat. Strichl Coll p. 632 (1882); Moseley, Notes Nat ChalL pp. 134, 171, 180, 183, 254 (1879); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 45 (1879) (partim); id. in Layard:s Birds S. Afr. p. 770 (1884); Bidqw. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 238 (1881); id. Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 51 (1887) ; Baird, Brew., fy Midgzo. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 347 (1884) j 442 DIOMEDErD-E. Hamilton, Tr. X. Zeal. Insi. xviii. p. 158 (1886) ; Lucas, Aukf iv* p. 1 (1837); Chapm. Auk, iv. p. o04 (18S7); Tacz. Orn. Fir. lit p. 461 (1886); Meisehek, Tram, X. Zeal. Inst acri. p. 158 (1889): ^Sanford, Zool. 1689, p. 588; Chte&eman* Tr. X. Zeal, last xxiiL p. 254 (1891); B. 0. Forbes, Ms, 189% p. 541; G. E. Verrill, Trans, Conned. Ac. ix. p. 437 (1895). Diomedea spadacea, Gm. fyst XaL i. p. o&8 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 790 (1790); FieilL X. Met. d'Bist. XaL ii. p. 587 (1818j; Sttph. in Shatc's Gen. Zool. siii. p. 5C1 (18501; Less. Man. eTOni* ii. p. 351 (1858); Gray, Gen. Birds, I1L p. 650 (1844). Diomedea exhulans, LesL Man. (TOm. ii. p. 350 |1S581. Diomedea epornophera, Less. Mem. d}0rn. ii. p. 351 (1525); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 185 (I&55). Diomedea albatros, Font. Descr. A aim. p. 27 {1844/ {nee Fail.}. Diomedea adusta, TscL J. f. Orn. 1656, p. 157; Bp. Cbntp. At. ii* p. 185 (1855). Adult male. IVhite, back from the base of the neck handed with Barrow transverse undulating dark lines (usually four lines on the terminal fifth of each feather); scapulars more strongly handed, the hands becoming broken up, and their general direction more parallel with the margin of the feather, the tips of the longest feathers slatyhlack; wings slaty-black, the lesser wing-eovert« mora or lee* white on the inner webs, the white increasing towards the edge of the wing; middle and greater covert* narrowly edged with white, the former towards the proximal end of the ulna becoming nearly white with a few transverse dark lines ; primaries black, the concealed portion of the shafts yellowish white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the concealed portion of the primaries olm white, the exposed portion black with light-col on rul shafts; tail white, a few irregular dark marks on both webs near the tip: bill yellowish horn-colour, the base of the cnlmen and the mandible orange; legs and feet flesh-colour. Total length about 4^ inches, wing (from carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary) 25"5, tail fc-3, bill from gape 7, from base of culmen 6*7, tarsus 4*d, middle and outer toes 6-5, inner toe 5*8. (/. . Southern Ocean. S. Australia. N.W. Australia, N. 8. Wales. IMcmrm p\" . P. C- Sturgeon, Esq. [P.]* Sir (L Gmj [P.X Capi, Ifeekelt [&,]. Australian Mtm / d ad. sk. New Zealand, April (F. W. Home Coll Button), g. Imm. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. h. Yix ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat, 34° Earl of Crawford ami S., long, 4° 29' E., Sept. 16. Balcaras [E l 1 . BTOMBDEA. 443 ,\ Imxo. sk. Cape Seas, R ^ L^ gworthy j zS'st ' ^ape Seas. Old Collection/ i. 6 JUT. st. At sea South Pacific Ocean, Voy. H.M.S. ' ChalV^° V- ^ ' 1876 «. tf. sfc- W'-' f-s. Skeletons. *-e. {skulls. 2. Diomedea regia. Diomedea ezTjaans, 5i*fler, Birds N. Zeal ed. 2, ii. p. 189 (partim) *r itf. lr. A. Zeal Inst. xxii. p. 340 (1890); Meischek, Tr. K Zeal Inst. xxi. p. 126 (1889). ? Diomedea regia, ^wZfer, Traws. # . ZeaZ. Inrf. xxiii. p. 230 (1891); id op. cit. xxiv. p. 08 (1892); id. op. cit. xxv. p. 76 (1893): id. op. aL xxvn, p. 120 (1895). r J^i/if. Similar to D. ecculans, but with the upper back destitute of fine transverse dark lines, the scapulars alone being mottled irregularly with dark grey; lesser wing-coverts mottled with grey; tail pure white, without subterminal marks; primaries dark beneath, without white on the inner webs on the exposed portion. Total length about 48 inches, wing 25-5, tail 8-2, bill from gape 6-8, from culmen G-6, tarsus 4-8, middle and outer toes 6*1, inner toe 5-5. Young described as white, from the downy nestling. limb* Mew Zealand Seas. *, kAd.sk. Enderby I., Auckland Is., Dr. E. McCormick [P.l. NOT. 30,1840. c. Ad. ak. New Zealand, April 24,1894. — Sutcliffe, Esq. [P.]. 3. Diomedea chionoptera. Diomedea exulans, Reich. Byst. An., Nataiores, pi. 26. fig. 344 ?; Cortes % Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 19 (1875); Kidderr Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 3, p. 11 (1876); Cab. 8? lleich. J.f.O.n. 1876, p. 328; Salv. P. Z. 3. 1878, p. 740; id. Voy. 'ChaW, Zool ii. pt. -viii. p. 147 (1881). Adult male. Similar to D. esoulans, but like D. regia destitute of fine transverse lines on the upper surface, the scapulars even being almost pure wrhite ; lesser wing-coverts along the edge of the wing and the proximal middle coverts nearly pure white, the upper surface of the wing being much whiter than in either of the allied forms; primaries beneath with the white of the base extending on the inner web far beyond the margin of the ^concealed portion. Total length about 48 inches, wing from carpal joint 25-5, tail 8*3, biH from gape 7'3, from base of culmen 6*6, tarsus 5, middle and outer toes 6*7, inner toe 6. (Kerguelen Land, Jan. 1874.) Hab. Southern Indian Ocean. a. Vix a f' <3 j > 9* April, June, July. lenger.' 2 juv. ? sk. h. Juv. ? sk. [N. Pacific Ocean.] Purchased. I Ad. sk. Hakodate*, Japan (Menson). Seebohm Coll. j. $ ad. sk. Amoy, China, April 1861 Seebohm Coll. (H. Sioinhoe). k. Skeleton. I, m. Skulls. 7. Diomedea immutaMlis. Diomedea exulans?, Kittl. Mus. Senckenb. i. p. 120 (1834). ? Diomedea melanophrys. Bean. Pr. U.S. Nat.Mus. v. pp. 170,173 (1882). r r ' Diomedea immutabilis, Bothsch. Bull Brit. Orn. Club, i. p. xlviii (June 1893); id. Ibis, 1893, p. 448 • id. op. eit. 1894, p. 548: id. Avif. ofLaysan, tyc. p. 57, pis. (1893). Adult. Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and whole under surface white, lores next the eye sooty-black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark sooty-brown, interscapular region paler, base of the 1. DIOMEDEA. 4-17 tail whitish; under wing-coverts blackish brown and white, irregularly mingled. " Bill grey, darker at the base, tip blackish brown, "base of the mandible pale yellow; iris brown ; legs and feet fleshy-pink (H. Palmer)" Total length about 32 inches, wing 18*5, tail 5-8, bill from gape 4*6, tarsus 3*3, middle toe 4, outer toe 3*9, inner toe 3*5. (Mus. Rothschild.) Young. Similar to the adult. Nestling. Covered with brown down. Hah, Laysan and some of the neighbouring islands. a. Ad. sk. Laysan Island (Palmer). Hon. "W. Rothschild [P.]. (A typical specimen.) 8. Diomedea melanophrys. Diomedea melanophrys, Bote in Temm. PI. Col. 456 (1828) ; SoHnz, Naturg. Vog. p. 395, pi. 135 (1832); Gray, list Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 166 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844); id. Hand-l iii. p. 109 (1871) ; Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 43 (1844) ; id. Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 438 (1865); Beich. Av. Syst. Nat, Natatores, pi. 26. fig. 346, pi. 28.figs. 797-8 (1850); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 185 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); Grill, ZoolAnteckn. pp. 11, 57 (1858); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165; Bayard, Ibis, 1862, p. 97,1863, pp. 245, 247, 1876, p. 393; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 364 (1867); Schl Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 33 (1863); Mutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 283, 1867, p. 185, 1872, p. 248, 1874, p. 41; Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 181, 188; Pelz. Beise Novara, Zool. i. Y6q. p. 148 (1869); Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 503; Finsch, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 375; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 206; Button, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. Birds Damara-L. p. 356 (1872); Sperling, Ibis, 1872, p. 75; Buller, Ibis, 1874, p. 119; id. Birds N. Zeal. p. 292 (1873); id. ed. 2, ii. p. 198 (1888); id. Tr. N Zeal. Inst, xxvii. p. 121 (1895); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 740; id. op. cit 1883, p. 430 ; id. Voy. l ChalV, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 148 (1881); id. Cat Strichl Coll. p. 632 (1882); id. Ibis, 1895, p. 273 ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 146 (1879); id. P.*Z. S. 1881, p. 12; id. ed. Bayard's Birds S.Afr. p. 772 (1884); Moseley, Notes Nat lChalV p. 254 (1879); Milne- JEdw. 8f Grand. Hist Madag., Ois. p. 669 (1881); Baird, Brew., fy Bidgto. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 357 (1884); Hamilton, Tr. N Zeal. Inst p. 128 (1886); Bidgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 52 (1887); Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887); Bvans, Ibis, 1891, p. 82; Cheeseman, Tr. N. Zeal Inst xxiii. p. 224 (1891); Chapm. Auk, v. p. 394 (1892); H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 541; 67. E. Verrill, Tr. Connect. Ac. ix. p. 441 (1893) ; Harvie-Brown, Zool 1894, p. 337; Andersen, VidensJc. Medd. Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1894, p. 241. Diomedea gilliana, Coues, Proc. Ac. Phil 1866, pp. 181,188; Bidgw. Man. N Am. Birds, p. 52 (1887). Thalassarche melanophrys, Gigl Faun. Vert Oceano, p. 57 (1870) ; id. Viagg. 'Magenta'* (see index) (1875). Adult White, a short slaty-black band on either side of the eye; back and wings brownish black; the interscapular region cinereous, shading into white at the base of the neck; tail slate-grey, the shafts of the rectrices white; under wing-coverts white, with a wide greyish-black border along the edges of the wing: bill yellowish horn-colour, the tip darker; legs and feet yellow. Total 448 DIOMEDEIDiE. length about 30 inches, wing 20, tail 7*3, bill from gape 5*2, tarsus 3*3, middle toe 4-8, outer too 4"6, inner toe 4-1. Hah. Southern Ocean, straying to N. Atlantic. I have very little doubt that D. gilliana, Coues, was founded on a young specimen of D. melanophrys, as already suggested by Mr. llidgway. a. $ ad.; b. $ ad. Christmas Harbour, Ker-Voy. H.M.S. < Chalsk. guelen Land. lenger.' c, Esq.. [P.]. n, $ ad. Corral, Chili, Oct. 24,1890. H. Berkeley James Esq. [P.]. o. Ad. sk. Tarapaca, Chili. H. Berkeley James, Esq.[P.]. tf ad. sk. Valparaiso, Aug. 13, 1879 Voy. H.M.S. < Alert/ P< (Dr. Coppmger). Ad. sk. Talcahuano Bay, Chili Salvin-Godman Coll. (Capt. A. H. Marhham). r. Skull. s. Trachea. 9. Diomedea bulleri. Diomedea culminata, Buller, Birds N. Zeal p. 295 (1873); id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 201 (1888); Finsch, J.f.O.n. 1874, p. 206. Diomedea bulleri, Bothsch. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, i. p. lviii (1893); id. Ibis, 1893; p. 572; Bidler, Tr. N. Zeal Inst xxvii. p. 121 (1895). Adult male. Similar to Thalassogeron culminata so far as the colour of its plumage is concerned. The bill is paler, the culminicorn at the base wider, almost touching the upper edge of the latericorn, and with a well-defined posterior margin; whole of the c olminieom yellow* under wing-coverts pure white; legs and feet red. Total length about 34 inches, wing 20*8, tail 7*7, bill from gape 5*1, from base of oilmen 4*7, tarsus 3*3, middle toe 4*7, outer toe 4*55r inner toe 4. Bab. New Zealand Seas. This species is somewhat intermediate between Diomedea and Thalassogeron, as the culminicorn does not expand at the base so- much as in more typical Diomedea, but there is no intervening skin, between it and the latericorn, as in Thalassogeron. a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.]. [ b. Ad. sk. Snares Is. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.]. \ (Typical specimens.) 2 . THALA.SS0GT3R0N. 2. THALASSOGERON *. Type. Thalassogeron, Ridgway in Baird, Breio,, $ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. pp. 345, 357 (1884) ... . T. culminatua. Thalassarche, Forbes, Zool.ChalL Exp. iv. pt. xi. p. 57 (1882) (nee Reichenbach). Diomedea, Reich, Syst. Av., Longip. pi. iii. (1852). Range. Southern Oceans. Key to the Sjpecies. a. Culmen in adult bright yellow, sides of the bill black. d. Culminicorn rounded posteriorly; lower edge of the mandible yellow culminatus, p. 451. b'. Culminicorn pointed posteriorly; base of the mandible yellow, but not the lower edge. chlororhynchus, p. 451. h. Bill generally pale, the sides not black, and the culmen not distinctly yellow. c\ Whole head and neck nearly pure white. a". Bill very stout; tarsi and toes longer.. cautus, p. 449, b''. Bill more slender; tarsi and toes snorter layardi, p. 450. d', Whole head and neck (except the white crown) grey salvini, p. 450. 1. Thalassogeron cautus. Diomedea cauta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 177 ; id. Ann. <$• Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 360 (1844); id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 40 (1844) ; id. Kandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 434 (1865) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844); Reich. Av. Syst., Natatores, pi. 29. figs. 799-800 (1850); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); JSchl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 34 (1863); Goues, Br. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 183, 188; Cab. $ Reichenow, J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 328; le Souef, Ibis, 1895, p. 413. Thalassarche cauta, Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 58 (1870) ; id. Viagg. 'Magenta; pp. 736, 800, 841 (1875). Thalassogeron cautus, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 53 (1887). Adult male. Head, neck, lower back, upper tail-coverts, whole * The following Albatros has recently been described by Mr. Or. E. Verrill from specimens obtained by Mr. Comer from G-ough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean:— THALASSOGERON EXIMIUS. Thalassogeron eximius, G. E. Verrill, Tr. Connect. Ac. ix. p. 440, pi. 8. figs. 1, 2 (1895). " Sp. char. Similar in plumage to T. chlororhynchus, but the lower mandible lacks completely the transverse yellow bar at its base, and is entirely black, except at the extreme outer end, where it is slightly tipped with light horncolour. The bright yellow of the culmen begins almost at its extreme base, and gradually deepens and brightens into orange in the middle, and finally into dull red on the unguis, growing paler towards the tip. Sides and back of head pale ash-grey, forehead white. No dark spot behind the eye. Tarsus, tail, and two outer toes longer than in T. chlororhynchus, and bill somewhat deeper at the base. Wing 19'25 inches, tail 8*5, tarsus 305-3*07, culmen 4-40-4-62, middle toe and claw 4*44-44:9, outer toe and claw 4-32-4*35." (0. E. Verrill, I. s. c.) G-ough L, breeding. In the paper the bird is described in greater detail. YOL. XXT. 2 & 450 DIOMEDEID^. under surface, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white; a greyish- black mark in front of the eye and extending over it, its edges not sharply denned, but passing into pale grey, which spreads over the face; back, wings, and tail greyish brown, the interscapnlary region ashy: bill (skin) pale horn-colour; legs and feet yellow. According to Gould, the bill is ct light vinous-grey or bluish horn-colour, except on the culmen, where it is more yellow, particularly at the base; the mandible is surrounded at the base with a narrow belt of blae£, which also extends on each side of the culmen to the nostrils; base of the mandible surrounded by a belt of rich orange, which extends to the corners of the mouth; feet bluish white; irides brown." Total length about 35 inches, wing 22, tail 9, bill from gape 6, tarsus 3*7, middle toe 5*7, inner toe 4*9. Hah* Coast of Tasmania. The single specimen in the Collection is of larger dimensions than either of those described by Gould and Bidgway. a. S ad. sk. Coast of Tasmania. Gould Coll. (One of the types of the species.) 2. Thalassogerou salvM. Diomedea cauta, Bidler, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst vi. p. 217 (1878) {nee Gould) ; id. op. ait. xxiv. p. 67 (1892)• id. op. cit. xxv. p. 76 (1893) j id. Birds N. Zeal ed. 2, ii. p. 203 (1888); Ckeeseman, Tr. N. Zeal Inst xxi. p. 125 (1889). Thalassogeron salvini, JRothsch. Bull Brit. Orn. Club, L p. Iviii (June 1893) ; id. Ibis, 1S937 p. 572. Diomedea salvini, Bidler, Tr. N. Zeal Inst xxviL p. 122 (1895), Adult Similar to 27. cautus, but the head, except the forehead and crown, greyer, the upper edge of the loral patch more clearly defined, and contrasting strongly with the white forehead and crown; the bill much more slender, less elevated at the base, and of a leaden colour; tarsi and toes shorter. Total length about 38 inches, wing from carpal joint 22, tail 8*6, bill from gape 5*9, from base of culmen 5*5, tarsus 3*6, middle toe §#35 outer toe a trine shorter, inner toe 4*5. (Mm. W. Bothsch&d.) Hah. New Zealand Seas. a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Hon. W. Bothsehild [P.]. (A typical specimen.) 3. Thalassogeron layardi. Allied to T. cautus and Tt mhini. From the former it differs In its more slender bill, shorter tarsus, and smaller feet; from the latter in its slightly smaller and narrower bill, shorter tarsus and to«$? and also its much whiter head and neck. Total length about 39 inches, wing 22, tail 8*5, bill from gape 6, from base of culmen 5*4, tarsus 3*5, middle toe 5*04, outer toe a trile shorter, inner toe 4*4. Hob. Cape Seas. a. Ad. sk. Cape Seas (R L. Zayard). SfaeHey Coll. (Type of speeieA.) 451 4. Thalassogerou culminates. Dioniedea chlororliynchos {nee Gm.), Audab. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 326 (1839); id. Birch Am. 8vo ed. \ii. p. !<)(> (1H44); Lawr. Birth K. Am. p. 822 (1860). Biomedea culminata, Gould, Ann. <$• Mag. N. II. xiii. p. 301 (1844) ; (1856); tfcM. Afe. P.-i?., vi. Proeell. p. 35 (1863); Coues, IV. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 183, 188 ; Layard, Birds tf. Afr. p. 364 (1867) ; Sutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-h. Ges. Wien, 1872, p. 270; Cab.Sf Reich. J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 328; Moseky, Notes Nat 'ChalL1™. 129,183 (1879); tiharpe.Phil. 'Iraw. elxviii. m. p. 230 (18>1); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 98 (1886); Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887) ; Buller, Trans. N. Zeal Inst. xxiv. p. 68 (1892). Thalassarche culminata, Git/l. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 59 (1870); id. Viagg. < Magenta,' pp. 841, 842 (1875). Thalassogeron culniinatus, Baird, Brew., § Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 358 (1884) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 52 (1887); Chamberl Auk, v. p. 107 (1888); Comeau, Auk, v. p. 318 (1888). Adult. Upper surface dark sooty brown, paler on the interscapular area; rump and under surface white ; head and neck whitish grey, a dark patch in front of and above the eye : tail dark greyish brown, the shafts white: bill blackish horn-colour, the culmen paler and yellowish, the tip whitish, ventral edge of the mandible yellowish: legs yellow. Total length about 36 inches, wing 20, tail 7*7, bill 5*2, tarsus 3*25, middle toe 4*9, outer toe 4*7, inner toe 4*1. Hah. Southern Oceans, ranging to the Pacific coasts of Central America. a. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. Hume Coll. b. Ad. sk. Indian Ocean. Old Collection. e. Ad. sk. South Seas. Antarctic Exped. d. Ad. sk. South Seas. J. 0. Sturgeon, Esq. [p.i. e. Imm. sk. Coast of Tasmania, Aug. 1839. Gould Coll. / . Ad. sk. Coast of Australia. Gould Coll. g. Ad. sk. Coast of Australia (Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll, h. Ad. sk. Coast of Panama. T. Bridges [C], 5. Thalassogeron cMororhynchus. Yellow-nosed Albatros, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 309, pi. 94 (1785); id. Gm. Hist. Birck, x. p. 52, pi. 169 (1824). Diomedea chlororhynchos, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 568 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 790 (1790); Vieill N. Diet a"Hist Nat. p. 287 (1816); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 262 (1826); Temm. PL Col 468 (1829); Schinz, Naturg. Fog. p. 395, pi. 135 (1832); 2Q2 452 DIOMEDEIDiE. Gould, Birds Andr. vii. pi. 42 (1844); id. Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 437 (M>5); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 166 (1844); id. Hand-!, iii. p. 109* (1871); Reich. Av. Syst., Natatores, pi. 2<*. h>. 347, pi. 28. %s. 794-5 (1850); Kjarb. Orn. Ban. pi. 7. f. 4 (1851); Brehn, Naum. 1855, p. 295 : Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 185 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); Zai/ard, Ibis, 1862, pp. 97, 254,1809, p. 377; id. Birds 8. Afr. p. 364 (1867): SchL Mus. P.-B., vi. Prooell. p. 35 (1863) ; D. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 378, 379; Bree, Birds Eur. iv. p. 123 (1863); Terr, in Vinson's Toy. Madag., Annexe B, p. 4 (1865); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, pp. 184, 188 ; Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. JSur.n. p. 368 (1867); Pollen 8? Van Dam, Faun. Madag. ii. p. 145 (1868); Pelz. Peise Novara, Zool. i. Vog. p. 149 (1869); Elliot. Birds N. Am. ii. pi. 58 (1867); Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 375 ; Sutton, Cat Birds N. Zeal p. 44 (1871); Butter, Birds N. Zeal. p. 294 (1873); id. op. cit. ed. % ii. p. 202 (1888) ; Cab. Sf Peichenow, J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 328; Salvin in jRowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876); Marti. Vog. Madag. p. 378 (1877); Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 165; Milne-Edic. $ Grand. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 668 (1881): Sharpe, ed. Bayard's Birds S. Afr. p. 772 (1884); Finsch, Ibis, '1888, p. 309. Diomedea chrysostoma, Forst. Descr. Anion, p. 24 (1844). Diomedea olivaceorhyncha, Gould, Ann. 8r Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 361 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844). Diomedea olivaceirostris, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 185 (1855); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil 1866, pp. 186,188. Diomedea profuga, Solander, MS.; Gray, Hand-l iii. p. 109 (1871); Salv. in Pauley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876). Thalassarche chlororhynchus, Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 59 (1870); id. Viagg.1Magenta? pp. 106, 725 (1875). Thalassogeron chlororhynchus, Pidgxo. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 53 (1887). Adult. Upper surface dark sooty-brown, the wings and scapulars a little darker, the middle of the back tinged with grey; rump and whole under surface white; the head and neck white slightly tinged with grey ; an indistinct dark grey mark in front of the eye ; tail dark grey, the shafts white, outer rectrix white next the shaft: bill black, oulmen yellow, passing into blood-orange at the tip, base of the mandible yellow, the tip also slightly yellow; legs fleshcolour. Total length about 33 inches, wing 18*8, tail 7*7, bill 5% tarsus 3*1, middle toe 4-2, outer toe 4, inner toe 3*55. Blab. Southern Oceans. a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. c. d. Ad. sk. Southern Indian Ocean, lat. Earl of Crawford and 84° 25' S., Sept. 14, andlat. 29° 45' S., long. 57° 39' Balcarres rP.l E., Oct. 24. e. $ ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. Voy. H.M.S. < Eattle/- A. Skulls. 23°47' S., long. ?' 10' W. (J. Macgillivrm)* snake.' 3 . PHGEBETKIA. 453 3. PHGEBETBJA. Type. Phoebetria, Reich. Syst. Av., Longip. p. v (1852); Cones, Pr. Ac, Phil. 1866, p. 186; Forbes, Voy. Chall, Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42 &c. (1882) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 53 (1887) P. fuliginosa. Diornedea (partim), Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855). Range. Southern Oceans. 1. Phoebetria fuliginosa. Albatros with a White Eyebrow, Cook, Voy. i. p. 38. Sooty or Brown Albatros, Forster, Voy. i. p. 91 ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 309 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 54 (1824). Great Black Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 333 (1802). Diomedea fuliginosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 568 (1788); Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat. i. p. 288 (18i6); Less. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 351 (1828) j Staph, in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 263 (1826); Terrm. PI. Col. 469 (1829); Schinz, Nature/. Voy. p. 395, pi. 135 (1832); Vigors, Voy. < Blossom^ Zool. p. 39 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844); id. List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 166 (1844); id. Cat B. Trop. Isl Pac. p. 57 (1859); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 247; id. Hand-l iii. p. 109 (1871); Peale, U.S. Fxpl Exp. viii. p. 337 (1848); Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 44 (1848); id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98; Reich. Av. Syst., Natatores, pi. 27 (1850); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 186 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1850) ; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 823 (1860); Layard, Lbis, 1862, p. 95,1863, p. 245,1867, p. 458; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 365 (1867); Schl Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 35 (1863); D. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 378; Hutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 284,1867, p. 186 ; id. Cat. Bi?-ds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871) ; Pelz. Reise Novara, Zool I Tog. p. 149 (1869); Finsch, J.f.O.n. 1870, p. 357; Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 326 (1872); Butter, Birds N. Zeal. p. 296 (1873) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 205 (1888); id. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xxiii. p. 40 (1891); id. op. cit. xxiv. pp. 68, 84 (1892); id. op. cit. xxv. p. 62 (1893) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 121 (1895); Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 740; id. Voy. < Chall.; Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 148 (1881) ; Cab. % Reichmuw, J.f.O.n. 1876, p. 328; Kempen, Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. xiv. p. 104; Moseley, Notes Nat 'ChalU pp. 180,183,254 (1879); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 148 (1879); id. ed. Layard1s Birds S. Afr. p. 773 (1884); Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 165; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 124 ; Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887); Cheeseman, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891); Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 498. Diomedea spadacea, Less. Man. $Orn. ii. p. 391 (1828); cf Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Diomedea fusca, Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 116 (1838); id. Birds N. Am. vii. p. 200, pi. 454 (1844); Bp. Comp. List, p. 63 (1838). Diomedea palpebrata, Forst Descr. Anim. p. 55 (1844). Phoebetria fuliginosa, Reich. Syst Av.,Longip.y.v (1852); Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 441 (1865) ; Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 186, 188 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 326 (1872); id. op. (it ed. 2, p. 776 (1884): id. Chech-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 125 (1882); Gig I. Faun. Vert. Oceana, p. 60 (1870); id. Viagg. lMagenta9 (see index) (1875) ; Coues # Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 2, p. 21 (1875); Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 3, p. 12 (1876); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. pp. 12, 454 DI0MCD1SIDJI. 230 (1880); id. Man. N. Am. Birch, p. o3 (1887) : Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 548; id. Vw/ 'Chad.,' Zool. iv. pt xi. p. 42 (1882); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p.*032 (18K2): Baird, Brew., $ Ridyic Water- Birds N Am. ii. p. 359 (1884); A. 0. U. Check-L N. Am. Birds, p. 98 (1880); Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887) ; Bidler, Tr. K. Zeal Inst. xxv. p. 70(1893). Diomedea fuliginoha, var. cornicoides, Hutton, Ibis, 1867, pp. 186, 192. Diomedea antarctica, Solander MS., cf. Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 237 (1870). Adult. Plumage generally sooty, a little paler on the interscapular area and on the under surface, a white ring (broken in front) round the eye : bill black, the groove on the mandible in life orange; feet dark hazel. Total length about 36 inches, wing 19*5 ; tail, central rectrices 10*5, lateral rectrices 7 ; bill 4*5, tarsus 3, middle toe 4*5, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 3*8. Hah. Southern Oceans. Individuals with a much greyer abdomen and back are not uncommon mingled with the ordinary form. Capt. Hutton has named them Diomedea fuliginosa var. cornicoides. If these birds can be traced to a definite breeding-place where they alone are found, it would be well to assign them specific rank. a. Ad. sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 37° 39' Earl of Crawford and b. <$ ad. sk. S., long. 29° 18' E., Oct. 10. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 38° S., long. 30° E., April 15, 1847 Balcarres [P.]. Voy. H.M.S. i Rattle- c. Ad. sk. d. Ad. sk. (J. Macyillivray). South Seas. South Seas. Antarctic Exped. Purchased. e. Ad. sk. South Seas. J. O. Sturgeon, Esq. /. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Kergue- PP]- Dr. R. McCormick [P.]. g. $ ad. sk. len Land, May 25,1840. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Capt. Inglis. Land. h. Ad. sk. i. minor (Oataracta), ill6. minor (Qhroieocephalus), an. minor ((Jirrhocephalus), 11)8. minor (Fulmarus), 420. minor (Laroides), 307. minor (Lams), 296. minor (Leucus), 290. minor (Procellaria), 345, 419, 426. minor (Rissa), 308. minor (Thalassidroina), 345. minuta (Gavia), 175. minuta (Hydroohelidon), 118. minuta (Sterna), 19, 40, 43, 52, 112, 116, 120, 122, 457. minuta (Sternula), 44, 114, 118, 120. minuta americana (Ster na), 123. minutus (Anotis), 145. minutus (Ohroicoceplia lus), 175. minutus (Chroocephalus). 175. minutus (Hydrocolceus), 175. minutus (Larus), 163,170, 173,185. minutus (Xema), 174,175. modestus (Chroieocepha lus), 224. modestus (Epitelolarus), 224. modestus (Larus), 160, 171,223. mcestissima (Cymodroma), 367. moestissima (Fregetta), 367. mollis (Fulmarus), 406. mollis (OEstrelata), 398, 406,412,413,455. mollis (Procellaria), 406, 410,412,414. mollis (Rhantistes), 406. moltke (Larus), 296. monorhis (Oeeanodro ma), 347, 356. monorhis (Procellaria), 356. monorhis (Thalassidroma), 356. Mouette blanche, 302. ALPIIABMTTCAL INDEX. Mouette brune, 136. Mouetle cendree, 207. Mouette condree, G raude, 277. Mouette cendree tachetee, 305. Mouette d'hiver, 305. Mouette grise, Petite, 207. Mouette rieuse, 194, 209. Mouette tachetee, 306. Mouton, 422. miilleri (Larus), 243. mystacalis (Inca), 132. Ncenia, 4, 132. neevia (Pagodroma), 419. nsevia (Sterna), 6, 17. naivius (Larus), 209, 243, 306. napoleonis (Gygis), 150. natalensis (Sterna), 120. nativitatis(Puffinus),370, 389. Nectris, 368. neglecta (OEstrelata), 399, 412. neglecta (Procellaria), 412. neglectus (Epitelarus), 300. neglectus (Procellarus), 300. nelsoni (Larus), 173, 284, 287, 288, 296. neptunus (Adelarus), 222. nereis (Garrodia), 361. nereis (Oceanites), 361. nereis (Procellaria), 361. nereis (Sterna), 43, 112. nereis (Sternula), 112. nereis (Thalassidroma), 361. niger (Anoiis), 137. niger (Hydroohelidon), 8. niger (Rhynchops), 154, 158. nigra (Hydroohelidon), 5, 8, 13, 17, 18, 21. nigra (Procellaria), 396, 455. nigra (Rhineops), 154. nigra (Rhynchops), 152, 153, 155, 156, 160. nigra (Sterna), 8, 17, 20. nigra surinamensis (Hy drochelidon), 21. nigra (Viralva), 19. nigricans (Hydrocheli don), 19. nigriIrons (Sterna), 72. nigripallus (Larus), 24 L nii^ripennis (OEstrelata), 398, 409. nigripennis (Pelecanopus), 91. nigripes (Diomeclea), 440, 445. nigrodorsalis (Laroides), 252. nigrotis (Larus), 175. nigrum (Hydroohelidon), 19,21. nilotica (Gelochelidon), 28. nilotica (Hydroohelidon), 13,28. nilotica (Sterna), 25, 28, 57. nitzschii (Sterna), 57. nivea (Gavia), 303. nivea (Pagodroma), 419. nivea (Pagophila), 304. nivea (Procellaria), 419. nivea (Rissa), 280, 312. nivea (Sterna), 150. niveum (Daption), 419. niveus (Fulmarus), 419. niveus (Larus), 279, 302, 308. Noddy, 136,137. Noddy Tern, 139. Noir Manteau, 243. novce-georgica (Pagodroma), 419. novas-hollandias (Gelastes), 236. novae-hollandise (Larus), 170, 171, 235, 236, 238. novse-hollancliai (Sterna), 90. novfe-hollandiae (Xema), 236. nubilosa (Sterna), 18,103. nugax (Puffinus), 384. nuttalli (Hydrocecropis), 28. nuttalli (Sterna), 27. oahuensis (Sterna), 108. obscura (Hydroohelidon), obscura (Nectris), 382. obscura (Procellaria), 382. obscurus (Puffinus), 369, 382, 384. occidentalis (Glauem), 257. occidentalis (Laroides), 257, 274. oocidentalis (Larus). 172, 255, 257, 270. oceani (Sterna), 64. oceanica (Procellaria), 358, 361, 364, 366. oceaniea(Thalassidrotna), 359. oceanicus (Oceanites), 358,359. Oceanites, 358. Oceanitinae, 343, 358. Oceanodroma, 343, 347. Ocean us, 322. (Estrelata, 363,397. Oiseau de Tempete, 344. olivaceorhynehus (Dio~ rnedea), 452. olivaeeorostris (Diome dea), 452. Onychoprion, 40. opisthomelas (Puffinus), 369, 380, 383. oriental] s (Procellaria), 357. orientalis (Rhynchops), 158. orientalis (Sternula), 118. Ossifraga, 422. ossifraga (Procellaria), 423. Pachyptila, 432. Pacific Gull, 297. pacifica (Procellaria), 427. pacifica (Sterna), 150. pacificus (Fulmarus), 427. pacificus (G-abianus), 297, 298. pacificus (Larus), 247, 297. pacificus (Puffinus), 399. pyocephalus (Larus), 240. Pagodroma, 368, 419. Pagophila, 161, 301. pallasi (Iohthyaetus), 178. pallida (Hydrochelidon), 19. pallida (Xema), 210. palpebrata (Diomedea), 453. palustris (Gelochelidon), 28. panaya (Haliplana), 103. panaya (Onychoprion), 102. panaya (Sterna), 102. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Panayan Tern, 10J. panayana (Sterna), 103. panayensis (Haliplana), panayensis (Hydrocecropis), 102. panayensis (Onycho prion), 103. panayensis (Sterna), 102. paradisea (Sterna), 72. paradisaea (Sterna), 62. parasita, var. camtschat ica (Oatarracta), 323. parasita (Catarraetes), 334. parasita (Lestris), 337. parasitica (Catharacta), 334. parasitica (Lestris), 323, 329, 330, 334. parasiticus (Oataractes), 330. parasiticus (Larus), 322, 328, 334. parasiticus, var. coprotheres (Lestris), 331. parasiticus (Oceanus), 329. parasiticus (Stereorarius), 320, 322, 328, 334, 336. parkinsoni (Fulmarus), 397. parkinsoni (Majaqueus), 395, 397. parkinsoni (Procellaria), 397. parkinsoni (Puffinus), 397. parva (Sterna), 112. parvirostris (GEstrelata), 398, 405. parvirobtris (Procellaria), 405. parvirostris (Rhantistes), 405, parvulus (Anous), 133. pauli de wurtemberg (Thalasseus), 77. payraudei (Larus), 272. pelagica (Procellaria), 343, 344, 346, 348, 358. pelagica (Thalassidroina), 344. pelagicus (Dorninicanus), 246. pelagicus (Hydrobates), 344. pelagicus (Larus), 247, 259. 47 L pelagina (Procellaria), 344. Pelagodroma, 358, 362. Pelea, 358, 364. Pclecanoides, 437. pelecanoides (Pelecanopus), 91, 135. pelecanoides (Sterna), 91, 93. peleeanoides(Thalasseus), 91. Pelecanoididse, 342, 437. Pelecanopus, 40. Pelodes, 5. persicus (Puffinus), 369, 381. personata (Gavia), 189. person atus (Chroicocephaius), 189. personatus (Larus), 189. Peterel, 343. Peteril, Antarctic, 392. Peteril, Blue, 431, 432. Peteril, Great Black, 395. Peteril, Little, 343. Petrel, 343. Petrel antarctique, 392. Petrel, Black, 395. Petrel blanc et noir, 428. Petrel blanc ou de neige, 419. Petrel bleu, 432. Petrel, Blue, 431. Petrel, BJ oad-billed, 432. Petrel, Brown-banded, 434. Petrel, Bulwer's, 421. Petrel eendr<§, 390, 425. Petrel chlororhynque, 372. Petrel, Cinereous, 390. Petrel, Diving, 437. Petrel, Dusky, 382. Petrel, Fork-tailed, 356. Petrel, Frigate, 362. Petrel, Fulmar, 425. Petrel, Giant, 422. Petrel, Great Black, 453. Petrel, Grey, 386. Petrel, Kuril, 386. Petrel, Norfolk Island, 412. Petrel, Osprey, 422. Petrel, Pintado, 428. Petrel-Puffin brun, 395. Petrel, Shearwater, 376. Petrel, Snowy, 419. Petrel, Sooty, 352. Petrel de St. Kilda, 425. Petrel, Stormy, 344. Petrel tachet6, 428. 472 Petrel triVs-grand, 422. Petrol, Vittafced, 432. Petrel, White and Black- spotted, 428. Petrel, White-breasted, 412. Petrel, White-faced, 373. Petrel, Wilsons, 359. Petterill, the larger dark, 403. Pewit Gull, 209. phieocepbala (Xema), 198. phaeocephalus (Larus), 198. phoeopygia (Oestrelata), 398,407. Phaethusa, 4, 23. Philadelphia (Ohroeocephalus), 186. Philadelphia (Larus), 170, 185,186, 187. Philadelphia (Sterna), 185. philadelphicus (Larus), 186. philippina (Sterna), 137. philippina (Thalasseus), loJ. phillipi (Fulmarus), 414. phillipi (Oestrelata), 406, 412. phillipi (Procellaria), 412. Phcebastria, 440. Phoebetria, 453. Pierre-garin, 55. pikei (Sterna), 04. pileata (Sterna), 137. pileatum (Xema), 210. pileatus (Anous), 139. pileatus (Ohloirocephalua), 211. pileatus (Chroicocephalus), 211. pipixcan (Ga"via), 192. pipixcan (Larus), 191. pipixcan (Xema), 191. placens (Sternula), 112, 114. Planetis, 40. Plautus, 169. plumbea (Anous), 21. plumbea (Hydrochelidon), 21/ plumbea (Sterna), 20. plumbeigularis (Anous), 139,141. plumbeus(Megalopterus), 133. plumbiceps (Cirrhocephalus), 198. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, plumbiceps (HjdrocoliBUS), 181. plumbiceps (Larus), 181, 195. plumiceps (Xema), 181. pyocephalus (Larus), 198. poiocephala (Xema), 198. poiocephalus (Cirrhocephalus), 198. poiocephalus (Larus), 198, 240. polaris (Thalassceca),393, 394. poliocephalus (Larus), 198,199. poliocerca (Sterna), 91, 92, 93. poliocerca (Sylochelidon), 91. poliocerca (Thalasseus), 91,92. poliocercus (Pelecanopus), 91. polionotus (Larus), 198. polios (Larus), 224. pollicaris (Eissa), 309, 310,313. polo-condor (Larus), 70. polo-condor (Eissa), 72. pomare (Eruchigavia), 235. pomare (Gavia), 233. pomare (Gelastes), 235. pomare (Larus), 233. pomarhinus (Lestris), 324. pomarina (Catarracta), 324. pomarina (Lestris), 323, 330. pomarina (Sterna), 57. pomarina (Sternula), 118. pomarinus (Cataractes), 324. pomarinus (Coprotheres), 324. pomarinus (Stercorarius), 316,324,325. pomarre (Gavia), 235. pomatorhinus (Coprotheres), 325. pomatorhinus (Lestris), 324. pomatorhinus (Stercorarius), 322, 324,458. Pomerine Skua, 324. pomerinus (Lestris), 324. Port Egmont Hen, 319. portlandica (Sterna), 64, 65. Prsedatrix, 322. Priamphus, 432. Priocella, 368, 393. Priofinus, 368, 390. Prion, 422,432. Procellaria, 343. Procellariida?, 342, 343. Procellariinge, 343. Procellarus, 299. procellosus (Laroides), 280. procellosus (Larus), 279. Procelsterna. 4, 133. Prcedatrix, 329. profuga (Diomedea), 452. Pseudoprion, 432. Pterodroma, 397. Puffin, 375, 390. Puffin cendre, 375,390. Puffin, Cinereous, 376. Puffin du Cap de Bonne Esperance, 395. Puffin of Isle of Man, 377. Puffin Petrel, 377. Puffinidae, 342, 368. Puffininse, 368. Puffinuria, 437. Puffinus, 368. puffinus (Nectris), 378. puffinus (Procellaria), 375, 376. puffinus (Puffinus), 368, 378. pulo-condor (Larus), 70. punctata (Procellaria), ' 428. pusilla (Sterna), 114. pusilla (Sternula), 114. pygmaeus (Larus), 175. quadricolor (Larus), 271. Quebrantahuesos, 422. raoulensis (Procellaria), 412. raoulensis (Ehantistes), 412. Eayador, 155. rectirostris (Sterna), 91. Eed-legged Gull, 209. regia (Diomedea), 440, 443. regia (Phsetusa), 81, regia (Sterna), 81, 82. regius (Thalasseus), 81, 82. Khodostethia, 161,167. Ehynchops, 152,457. Ehynchopsalia, 152. richardsoni (Larus), 167. richardsoni (Lestris), 330. richardsoni (Stercorals), 331. richardsonii (Cataractes), 331. Richardson's Skua, 331. ridibunda (Gavia), 209, 211. ridibunda phsenicopos (Gavia), 176. ridibunda (Xema), 210. ridibunduni (Xema), 210. ridibundus (Chrceocepha^ his), 211. ridibundus (Chroicocephalus), 210, 211. ridibundus (Chroocephalus), 211. ridibundus (Hydrocolseus), 211. ridibundus (Larus), 169, 171, 195, 204, 207, 211,212,240,457. ridibundus minor(Larus), 210. ridibundus (Xema). 209. riga (Larus), 307. risoria (Sterna), 27. Rissa, 161, 305. rissa (Laroides), 307. rissa (Larus), 305. rodgersi (Fulinarus), 424, 427,428. rosea (Rhodostethia), 163,167. rosea (Rossia), 167. roseata (Sterna), 37. Roseate Tern, 70, 72. roseiventris (Gavia), 204. roseiventris (Larus), 204. roseus (Larus), 167. Rossia, 167. rossii (Larus), 167. rossii (Prion), 436. rossi (Rhodostetbia), 167. rostrata (Oestrelata), 398, 404. rostrata (Proeellaria), 404. rostrata (Rhantistes), 404. rousseaui (Anous), 139. rubritarsi (Proeellaria), 402. rubriv entris ( Gelastes), 230. rufescens (Larus), 255. Rygchopsalia, 152. VOL. XXV. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Sabine's Gull, 163. sabini (G-avia), 163. sabinii (Cbema), 163. sabinii (Larus), 162. sabinii (Xema), 161, 162. salvini (Thalassogeron), 450. sancti-pauli (Sterna), 51. sandaliata (Proeellaria), 413. sandaliata (Rhantistes), 413. sandvicensis (Actochelidon) 78. sandvicensis (Sterna), 75. sandvicensis acuiavida (Sterna), 77. Sandwich Tern, 75. sandwichensis (CEstre lata), 407. saundersi (Chroieocephalus), 184. saundersi (Larus), 170, 183,184. saundersi (Sterna), 43, 112,120,121,457. scalaris (Oestrelata), 399, 416. scapulata (Thalassidroma), 348, 353. schillingi (Sterna), 34. schillingi (Sylochelidon), schimperi (Chroicoce phalus), 191. schimperi (Larus), 183. schistisagus (Larus), 172, 258, 259, 270. schleepi (Lestris), 330. scopulinus (Larus), 171, 238, 239. scopulinus (Lestris), 238. scopulinus major (Larus), 236. scopulinus, var. major (Larus), 235. scoresbii (Larus), 299. scoresbii (Leucophseus), 299,300. Sea Swallow, Greater, 54. Sea Swallow, Lesser, 17. Seena, 4, 37. seena (Sterna), 37. seena (Sylochelidon), 38. segethi (Oceanitis), 366. segethi (Thalassidroma), 366. sellovii (Phaetusa), 130. semi-alba (Sterna), 149. senegalensis (Hydrocecropis), 57. senegalensis (Sterna), 57, 64,69. senex (Anous), 139, 144, 146. senex (Sterna), 137. septentrionalis (Rissa), 283. sericea (Oestrelata), 401. sericeus (Adamastor), 401. sericeus (Puffinus), 401. serrana (Gavia), 189. serranus (Chroicocephalus), 191. serranus (Larus), 170, 188,189, 201. serrata (Haliplana), 108. serrata (Sterna), 108,109. serratus (Onychoprion), 108,109. Snearwater, 369,376,403. Shearwater, Greater, 376. Shearwater, Manx, 376, 378. Shearwater, var. A, 373. Silvery Gull, 252. similis (Hydrocecropis), 12. similis (Hydrochelidon), 13. similis (Proeellaria), 431. similis (Sterna), 11,15. Simple Tern, 23, 106. simplex (Sterna), 23. simplex (Viralva), 23. sinensis (Sterna), 43,113. sinensis (Sternula), 114. sinensis (Viralva), 114. Skimmer, Black, 154, 156. skua antarcticus (Buphagus), 320. Skua, Buffon's, 336. skua (Buphagus), 316, 317. skua (Oataracta), 315. skua (Cataractes), 316. skua (Catharacta), 315. Skua, Common, 316. Skua Gull, 315. skua (Lestris), 315. skua (Megalestris), 317. Skua, Pomerine, 324. Skua, Richardson's, 331. skua (Stercorarius), 316, 317. smithi (Proeellaria), 394. smithsonianus (Larus), 263. 2l ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 174 Hocorroensia (Oeeanodroma), 847, 352. aolandri (Cooldlaria), 410. bolanclri (Fulmarus), 410. s-olandri (Oestrelata), 398, 410. boiandri (Procollaria), 410. soianclri (Pteroclroma), 410. somalonsis (Hydrochelidon), 109. Sooty Tern, 106. Southern Tern, 50. hpadaeea(Diomedea),442, 453. spadacea,var.(Diomedea), 444. spadioea (Anous), 108. spadicea (Sterna), 107. spaeriuros (Lestris), 324. speculifera (Sterna), 23. speculifera (Sylochelidon), 24. sphaeriuros (Lestris), 324. sphenura (Procellaria), 372. sphenurus (Majaqueus), 372. bphenurus (Thiellus), 372. spinicauda (Lestris), 331. spinicauda (Steroorarius), 331. Stercoral re, 328. Stercoral re a longue queue, 334. Stercoraritis, 314, 322. Sterna, 4, 40. sterna (Lams), 54. Sternolophota, 132. Sternula, 40. Stolida, 130. stolida (Sterna), 132,136. stolidus (Anous), 13(5, 137,143. stolidus (Megalopterus), 137,143. Storm-fink, 343. strenua (Sylochelidon), 35. strenuus (Sylochelidon), striata (Gygis), 97. striata (Sterna), 97. Striated Tern, 97. striates (Lestris), 324. striatus (Steroorarius), 325. stricklandi (Puffin us),387. stubberica (Sterna), 77. subleucoptera (Hydrochclidon), 8. subleucopterus (Laroides), 29(5. subroseus (Larus), 231. subulirostris (Chroicocephalus), ISO. buckleyi (Larus), 280,283. bumatrana (Sterna), 114, 120,128. sumatranus (Onychoprion), 128. superciliaris (Sterna), 43, 123, 124. superciliaris antillarum (Sterna), 123. superciliaris (Sternula), 122,125. superciliosus(Anous),139, 141. Surinam Tern, 20. surinamensis (Hydrochelidon), 5, 20, 21. surinamensis (Pelodes), 21. surinamensis (Sterna), 20, 126. Sylochelidon, 32. Tarrock, 306, 307. tenebrosus (Puffin us),3S2. tenuirostris (Anous), 139, 144, 146, 148. tenuirostris (Fulmarus), 394. tenuirostris (Grelastes), 231. tenuirostris (Hydroeecropis), 144. tenuirostris (Larus), 230. tenuirostris (Megalopterus), 137, 144, 146. tenuirostris (Micranous), 143, 144, 148,457. tenuirostris (Nectris),389. tenuirostris (Priocella), 389,394. tenuirostris (Procellaria), 388, 393. tenuirostris (Puflmus), 370, 388. tenuirostris (Sterna), 72, 144,145. tenuirostris (Thalassidroma), 345. tenuirostris (Tlialassoeea), 393. tephras (Steroorarius), 331. tephrodes (Anous), 134. tereticollis (Anous), 133. tereticollis (Procelsterna), 133. teretirostris (Sterna), 133. Tern, African, 75. Tern, Arctic, 62, 64. Tern, Black, 17, 18. Tern, Brown, 106. Tern, Caspian, 32,34,89. Tern, Cayenne, 80. Tern, Chinese, 113. Tern, Cinereous, 6. Tern, Common, 46, 54, 55. Tern* Dusky, 106. Tern, Egyptian, 25. Tern, Greater, 54. Tern, G-ull-billed, 28. Tern, Hooded, 117. Tern, Lesser, 116. Tern, New Holland, 90. Tern, Noddy, 139. Tern, Panayan, 101. Tern, Boseate, 70, 72. Tern, Sandwich, 75. Tern, Simple, 23,106. Tern, Sooty, 106. Tern, Southern, 50. Tern, Striated, 97. Tern, Surinam, 20. Tern, Whiskered, 12. Tern, White, 149. Tern, Wreathed, 51. tethys (Procellaria), 343, 346. Thalassaea, 40. Thalassarche, 440, 449. Thalasseus, 32, 40. Thalassidroma, 343. Tbalnssipora, 40. Thalassites, 23. Thalassceea, 368, 392, 393. Thalassogeron, 449. Thiellus, 368. thuliaca (Lestris), 331. Thyellas, 378. Thyellodroma, 369. tibetana (Sterna), 58,457. tibetanus (Chrotocephalus), 216. tibetanus (Larus), 216. Tohaiki, 444. torquata (GEstrelata),408. torquata (Procellaria), 367,408. torquatus fLarus), 307. torresi (Pelecanopus), 87. torresii (Sterna), 87. torresii (Thalasseus), 87. townsendi (Oceanodroma), 353. tridactyla (Cheimonea\ 307." tridactyla pollicaris (Eissa), 309, 310. tridactyla (Procellaria), 438. tridactyla (Rissa), 305, 307, 308, 313, 458. tridactyla kotzebui (Rissa), 309. tridactylum (Xema), 308. tridactylus (Gavia), 307. tridactvlus (Laroides), 307." tridactvlus (Larus), 30-"), 308/ tridactylus, var. kotzebui (Larus), 309. rrinitatis (Oestrelata), 399, 413. tristis (Puffinus), 386. tristrami (Oceanodrorna), 347, 354. tropica (Cvmodroma), 367. tropica (Oeeanites), 365. tropica (Procellaria), 365, 367. tropica (Thalassidroina), 365. trudeaui (G-elochelidon), 130. trudeauii (Phaatusa), 130. trudeaui (Sterna), 43, 130. trudeaui (Thalasseus), 130. tschegrava (Sterna), 34. Tubinares, 340. turtur (Pacbyptila), 435. turtur (Prion), 435. turtur (Procellaria), 435, ALPHABETICAL INDEX. turtur (Pseud op rion), 435. typica (Halokena), 431. typus (Adamastor), 391. ungax (Procellaria), 384. umcolor (Anous), 139. unicolor (Rhantistes),410. unicolor (Sterna), 137. urinatrix (Halodroma), 437, 438. urinatrix (Pelecanoides), 43"/, 438. urinatrix (Procellaria), 437. _ urinatrix (Puffinuria), 438. yagabunda (Procellaria), 401. variegata (Procellaria), 412. varius (Larus), 262. Aegaa (Larus), 172, 269, 270. velox (Cookilaria), 417. velox (Gelochelidon), 28. velox (Pelecanopus), 91. velox (Procellaria), 418, 431. velox (Rhantisfces), 418. velox (Sterna), 90, 97. velox (Sylochelidon), 91. velox (Thalasseus), 91. verreauxi (Olupeilarus), 247. verreauxi (Dominicanus), 247. verreauxii (Larus), 247. vetula (Dominicanus), 247. vetula (Larus), 247. Viralva, 5. virgata (Sterna), 41, 50, 51, 53. vittata (Hydrocecropis), 51. vittata (Pachyptila), 433. vittata (Procellaria), 432. vittata (Sterna), 41, 50, 51, 456. vittatus(Prion),_432,435. vociferus (Dominicanus), 247. vociferus (Larus), 247. vulgaris (Oataractes), 310. Wagel Gull, 243. wamecki (Larus), 312. Whiskered Tern, 12 White GuU, 277. White Tern, 149. wilsoni (Hydrocecropis). 57. wilsoni (Oeeanites), 359. wilsoni (Procellaria), 358. wilsoni (Sterna), 53, 57. wilsoni (Thalassidroma), 359, 361. Winter Gull, 307. Winter Mew, 279. Wreathed Tern, 51. Xema, 161, 169. yelkouan (Procellaria), 379. yelkouan (Puffinus), 379. yelkuanus (Puffinus), 369, 379. Zalias, 369. Zaprium, 431. zealanicus (Puffinus), 371. zonorhyncnus (Larus), 273,274. PRnTTED BY TAYLOR ANI> FRANCIS, RED LION COT7RT, FLEET STREET. LIST OF PLATES. Megalestris luaccormickL p. 321 ...,.......,.., , , 1*1, L Oeeanodrouia monorhis, p. %M .................. . PI. II. Uceanodroiua bornbyi, p. 3o^> Pi. ill, Puffiuus persicus, p. 3S1 ............ ......... PL IV. IMajaqueus parfcinsoni, p. 3117 .......... , . . . . . . PA. V, (Estrelata cervlcalis, p. 411 PL V1. (Estrelata axillaris p. 413 PI. VII. Diomeclea irrorata, p. 44£ .................. ... . PL VIII. I R •S § •fe El fc^ ft a; 5: A 'I Cft i i i 'J s4 pq i 1 1 •3 i .ft ha books2ebooks.eu www.books2ebooks.eu Digitalisiert von / Digitised by eBooks von / from Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin eBooks on Demand