Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume XXVI 
1898 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
CATALOGUE 


OF THE 

BIRDS 


IN THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

YOLUME XXVI. 

LONDON: 
PRICED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
1898. 

[All rights reserved.] 

CATALOGUE $</& 


OF THE 

PLATALEJE, HERODIONES, STEGANOPODES, 
PYGOPODES, ALC.E, AND IMPENNES 


IN THE 

COLLECTION 

OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 


PLATALE.E (IBISES AND SPOONBILLS) 

AND 
HERODIONES (HERONS AND STORKS), 


BY 


E. BOWDLER SHARPE. 
STEGANOPODES (CORMORANTS, GANNETS, FRIGATE-BIRDS, TROPICBIRDS, 
AND PELICANS), PYGOPODES (DIVERS AND GREBES), 
ALCiE (AUKS), AND IMPENNES (PENGUINS), 


BY 


W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT. 
LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 


SOLD BY 
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER BOW, E.C.; 

B. QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY, W.; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUAEE, W. 
KEfiAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & Co., CHARING- CROSS ROAD, W.O.; 
AND AT THE 
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.\£. 
1898. 

PBINTED BY TAYLOB AND FEANCIS, 
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


PEEFACE. 


THE present volume, though not numerically the last, has been, 
owing to various delays in its production, the last to appear. 
Its publication completes the series, as originally projected by 
Dr. Giinther more than twenty-Eve years ago. The whole work 
consists of twenty-seven volumes, and it may fairly claim to be one 
of the most important aids to the study of Systematic Ornithology 
which has ever been produced. The first volume appeared in 
June 1874. The others have followed at intervals averaging 
rather less than a year. The publication of the work has therefore 
been very nearly coincident with Dr. Giinther's administration of 
the Zoological Department of the Museum. It is to nim that the 
general arrangement and supervision of the work is due, although 
each contributor has been allowed a considerable latitude in 
following his own views as to the details of classification and 

nomenclature. 

It was at first contemplated that Dr. E. Bowdler Sharpe would 
undertake the whole work, and the first four volumes were completed 
by him between the years 1872 to 1879. It, however, 
soon became apparent that continually increasing curatorial duties 
(which rapidly augmented, in consequence of the inflow of specimens 
mainly stimulated by the publication of these volumes) 
required very much of his attention, and notwithstanding the 

 PKEEACE. 

energy with which he threw himself into the work, it was manifestly 
impossible for him single-handed to complete the Catalogue within any 
reasonable time. The assistance of other ornithologists was hence 
invoked to take up certain groups, to the study of which they had 
been known to have specially devoted themselves. These were, in 
the order in which their aid was given, Mr. Henry Seebohm, 
Dr. H. Gadow, Mr. P. L. Sclater, Mr. 0. Salvin, Mr. E. Hartert, 
Mr. "W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, Mr. E. Hargitt, Captain Shelley, Count 
Salvadori, and Mr. Howard Saunders. The special contributions 
of each of these authors will be seen in the list of volumes and 
their contents. Dr. Sharpe, however, did not relinquish his 
labours on the Catalogue at the end of the fourth volume. Not 
only did he materially assist in many of the volumes produced under 
the names of other authors, but for seven more volumes (making 
eleven altogether) he is entirely, and for two others he is partly, 
responsible. Some indication of the amount of his share in the 
whole work may be gained by the statement that out of 11,548 

species described in the Catalogue 5181 are contained in Dr. Sharpe's 
portion, and 6367 in those parts written by the ten other authors. 
Acknowledgments of the liberal and ready assistance, either by 
the donation or loan of specimens or communication of information, 
rendered by numerous ornithologists, both British and foreign, 
during the progress of the work, will be found in the Prefaces and 
Introductions to the several volumes. 

The Catalogue is based, not only upon the immense collection of 
birds in the Museum, but also upon all other available material 
contained in public or private collections, or described in zoological 
literature. It therefore professes to be a complete list of every bird 
known at the time of the publication of the volume treating of the 
group to which it belongs. Under the heading of each species is 

(1) a copious synonymy : references being given to every mention of 
it which occurs in standard books or journals. This has been a work 
of prodigious labour, but it is hoped that, being fairly exhaustive, it 
PREFACE. 

Vll 

has been done once for all, as far as existing literature is concerned. 

(2) A full description of the external characters of both sexes, and, 
as far as possible, all stages of plumage. (3) A general account of 
the habitat of the species. (4) A list of every individual specimen 
in the Museum collection, with a statement as to the source from 
whence it was obtained and its original locality. Besides numerous 
woodcut illustrations interspersed in the text in many of the 
volumes, intended to show the principal structural modifications 
by which the minor groups are distinguished, the work contains 
altogether three hundred and eighty-seven coloured plates of species 
which had never been previously figured, or at all events not in an 
adequate manner. The specimens from which these drawings were 
made are in almost every case the types of the species, and altogether 
five hundred and forty have been figured. 
The vast increase of material for the study of the subject which 
has accrued since the commencement of the work may be estimated 
by the fact that the number of specimens in the Museum has, 
through the munificent donations of several large collections, notably 
those of Messrs. P. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, A. 0. Hume, R. Gr. 
"Wardlaw-Eamsay, and H. Seebohm, and the acquisition by purchase 
of others, scarcely less important, increased from about 35,000 in 
1872 to nearly 400,000 at the present time. It must be noted, 
moreover, that this increase has taken place notwithstanding the 
continual weeding-out of all absolute duplicates. The earlier 
volumes therefore represent a very inadequate idea, both of the 
present condition of knowledge of the subject and of the contents 
of the Museum collection. To remedy this defect it is proposed to 
issue a Supplement (probably in two volumes) which will contain 
references to every species described subsequently to the publication 
of the volume which treats of the group to which it belongs, and 
also such emendations as the progress of Zoology seems to require. 
When this is published, it will afford a complete list up to date of 
all known birds, either described in the Catalogue or elsewhere. 

viii PREFACE. 

A general Alphabetical Index both of the genera and species 
contained in all the volumes, including the Supplement, will then 
only be required to render the large mass of information contained 
in the work readily accessible. 

W. H. FLOWEB, 
Director* 

British Museum (Natural History), 
September 30, 1898. 

INTRODUCTION, 

OWIJTG to my temporary illness in 1896 and 1897, I found it 
impossible, amidst the press of other official work, to write the 
whole of the present volume, and the description of the last four 
Orders has, therefore, been undertaken by my colleague, Mr, "\V. E. 
Ogilvie-Grant, who wrote part of the seventeenth and the whole 
of the twenty-second volume of the c Catalogue of Birds.' 

The delay in the production of this final volume of the * Catalogue9 
is much to be regretted, but has been unavoidable, and I rejoice to 
see the completion of the work which I commenced twenty-six 
years ago. In 1872 the collection of ornithological specimens could 
not have been more than 35,000 in number, and the series now in 
the British Museum is about 350,000 skins of birds and 50,000 
eggs. This increase is principally due to the donations of Mr. Allan 
Hume, Messrs. Salvin and Godman, Major Wardlaw-Ramsay, the 
late Mr. Seebohm, Colonel Biddulph, and Dr. "W. T. Blanford; but 
amongst other notable collections acquired by the Museum during 
the past twenty-six years may be mentioned the following;— 

The Wallace Collection (Malayan). 

The Sclater Collection (American). 

The ShcEey Collection (African). 

The Sharpe Collection (African). 

The Gould Collection (General). 

The Gould Collection (Humming-birds). 

There are also a number of smaller collections of great value 
which have been presented to the Museum or purchased by it. 
The species of Platalece described in the present volume are 33 in 
number, of which all but 2 are in the Collection. 
120 species of Herodiones have been described, only 4 of which 
are wanting in the Museum cabinets. 
28 types belonging to these two groups are also recorded. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Besides the collections specially mentioned above, I have received 
assistance in the present work from the following friends, nearly 
all of whom have given valuable donations to the Museum :— 

The late Lord Lilford, Hon. Walter Eothschild (whose collection 
has always been at our disposal for comparison), Sir H. H. 
Johnston, K.C.B., Consul Alfred Sharpe, C.B., and the following 
gentlemen:—Ernst Hartert, W. D. Gumming, E. W. Oates, Howard 
Saunders, F. J. Jackson, J. J. Quelch, E. C. McConnell, Surgeon-
Colonel Jayakar, Surgeon-Captain E. H. Penton, Charles Hose, 

J. La Touche, C. B. Eiokett, E. W. Styan, Eev. H. H. Slater, 
Alex. Ery, and Colonel Swinhoe. 
E. BOWDLER SHAEPE. 
British Museum (N. H.), 
October 6,1898. 

INTEODUCTION. 

THE task of completing this volume was placed in my hands in 
April 1897 ; the Orders then remaining to be catalogued being the 
Sieganoj)odes, Pygopodes, Alcce, and Impennes. It is to be regretted 
that the many departmental duties demanding constant attention 
have greatly retarded the completion of the present work. 

The Steganopodes, comprising the Cormorants, Darters, Gannets, 
Erigate-Birds, Tropic-Birds, and Pelicans, include 72 species. Of 
these only three species are not represented in the British Museum 
Collection; two of this number, recently described from the Galapagos 
Islands and neighbouring seas, will be found in the ' Addenda? 

(p. 
655). 
Two species, Phalacrocoraos steward (p. 385) and Pliaethon ameri~ 
canus (p. 456), are described for the first time. 
Of the Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Mem (Auks and Puffins), 

and Impennes (Penguins), only one of the 73 species is not repre


sented in the National collection. 

 have been obliged to add one new generic name, Micruria 

(see p. 594), for two small species of Guillemot. 

In addition to the splendid material to be found in the British 

Museum, I have examined the fine series representing the above 

Orders in Mr. Rothschild's Museum at Tring, as well as numerous 

types and specimens contained in other Museums and private 

collections, and kindly forwarded for examination. 

I have to return my best thanks to numerous friends for assistance 
of various kinds. I wish particularly to mention Prof. R. 
Collett, Dr. H. 0. Eorbes, Mr. E. Hartert, Prof. E. W. Hutton, Lord 
Kensington, Mr. E. W. Oates, the late Sir John Campbell-Orde, 

Xll INTEODCCTIOy. 

Mr. "VV. P. Pyeraft, HOB. Walter Rothschild, Count Salvador!, 
Mr. G. A. St. Quintin, and Mr. J. I. S. Whitaker. 

The same symbols are employed as have "been customary in the 
previous volumes of the " Catalogue." " [P.] " means " Presented 
by " ; lc [C] " equals " Collected by " ; " [E.] " signifies " Received 
in Exchange." 

V . R. OGILYIE-GEAKT. 
Brit. Mus., N.H., 
6th October, 1898. 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Order XV. PLATA LE/E. 

Fam. I. TBiDiDiE. 
Page 

1. Ibis, Cuv 4 

1. Eethiopica {Lath.) .. 4, 264 
2. Bernieri, Bp 7 
3/meTariocep3iala (Lath?). 7 
4. abbotti, Ridgw 264 
5. molucca, Cuv 9 

2. CarjJEIEIs, Reichenb 11 

1. spinicollis (Jameson).. 11 

3. Inocotis, Reichenb 12 

1. paBiUQsua(2rT(smw.). 12, 264 

4. Graptocephalus, Elliot .. 14 

1. daviaoni, Hume 14 
4 a. Thaumatibis, Elliot. 

1. gigantea, Oust.. 14, note 

5. Nipponia, Reichenb 15 

1. nippoa (Temm.) .. 15, 265 

6. Cornatibis, Reichenb 16 

1. comata (Ehrenb.).. 16, 265 

7. G-eronticus, Wagl 17 

1. calvus (Bodd.) 17 

8. Bo&rychia, Reichenb 18 

1. carunculata, Rilpp. .. 18 

9. Hagedashia, Bp 19 

1. hagedash (Lath.).. 19, 265 

10. Theristicus, Wagl 21 

1. melanopis (6*?^.) .. 21, 265 
2, caudatus (Bodd ).. 23, 265 

11. Molybdophanes, Reichenb. 24 

1. caerulescens (Vieill) 24, 265 

12. Harpiprion, Wagl. 25 

1. cayennensis (Gm.) 25, 265 

13. Phimosus, Wagl 26 

1. infuscatus (Licht.) 26 

14. Lophotibis, Reichenb 27 

1. cristata (Bodd.) .. 27,266 

15. Cercibis, Wagl. Is 

1. oxycerca (Spix) 28 

16. Plegadis, Kaup 29 

1. falcinellus (Linn.). .29, 266 

2. guarauna (Linn.).. 34, 266 

3. ridgwayi (Aden) .. 37, 266 

17. Lampribis, Elliot 38 

1. rara, R, if., # K.. 38, 266 

18. Eadocimus, Wagl. 39 

1. albus (Linn.) .... 39, 266 

2. ruber (Linn.) ... . 41,267 

Fam. II. P L A T A L B ID M. 

1. Platalea, Linn 43 

1. leucerodia, Linn... 44, 2Q7 

2. regia, Gould 47 

3. alba, Scop 49 

4. minor, Temm. § Schl. 50 

2. Platibis, Bp 51 

1.flavipes,Gould 51 

3. Ajaja, Reichenb 52 

1. ajaja (Linn.) 52 

Order XVI. HERODIONES. 

Fam. I. A R D E i D JE. 

1. Phoyx, Stejn 60 

1. purpurea (Linn.).. 60, 267 

2. manillengjs (Megen) 63, 267 
|j< 2. ArdeaJTSw 66 

a. wurdemanni, Baird 
80, 269 

b. wardi, Ridgw. .. 80, 269 

1. goliath, Cretzschm. G®, 208 

2. sumatrana, Raffi... 68, 268 

3. insignia, Hume 70, 268 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

xiv 

Page 
Page 

4. liumbloti, Milne-Edw. /Id. Nycticorax, Rqfin 145 
fy Grandid 70 L nycticorax (Linn.) 146, 275 

5. rnelanocephala, Vigors 2. tayazu-guira (Vieill.) 
*fy C/nldr 70, 268 155, 275 

6. cocoi, Linn 72, 268 3. cyanocephalus (Molina)

7. cinerea, Linn 74, 268 
156,276 

8.fierodias,Linn 80, 269 4. lenconotus (Wagl.) 

9. occidentalis, Aud. .. .. 84 
157, 276 

3. Mesopboyx, Sharpe ... . 85 5. caledonicus (Gm.) 158, 276 

1. intermedia (Easselt) 85,269 a. crassiro^tris, Vig. 161, 276 

2. bracbyrhvnclia (Brehm) 6. mandibulars, Grant 
87, 269 161, 276 

3. plumifera (Gould) . 87, 270 7. manillensis, Vig.. .162, 276 

4. 
Herodias, Boie 88 17. Cancroma, Linn 163 
Lain (Linn.) 90,270 1. cocblearia, Lmn 163 

2. ejretta(TOs.).... 95,270 2. zeledbni, Ridgw 165 

3. tlmoriensis (Less.). 98, 270 18. Gorsacbius, Bp 166 
/6. Florida,"" Baird 100 1. melanolopbus (Baffl.) 

1. caerulea (Linn.).. 100, 271 
166, 277 

6. Melanopboyx, Sharpe 104 2. goisagi (Temm.).. 169, 277 

1. ardesiaca (Wagl) 104, 271 19. Syrigma, Ridgw.170 

2. vlnaceigula, Sharpe 1. sibilatrix (Temm.)* 
105, 271 170, 277 

7. Dicbromanassa, Ridgw. .. 106 20. Pilerodius, Bp 171 

1. mh(Bodd.) .... 106,271 1. pileatus (Bodd.).. 171, 277 

8. Notopboyx, Sharpe 109 -21. Buteride's," Blyth 172 

1. novse hollandiae (Lath.) 1. atricapilla (Afz.) 172, 277 
109, 271 2. Frevipes (Hempr. § 

2. padfica (Lath.) .. Ill, 271 Mr.) . „ 278 

3. ffavirostris, Sharpe* 3. striata (Linn.) .. 175, 279 
112,271 4. robinsoni, Ridgw.279 

4. aruensis (Gray).. 113, 272 5. jjyanica (Horsf.). 177,279 

9. Lepterodius, Heine 8f a. amiirensis (Schr.) 
Reichen 114 181, 279 

1. gularis (Bosc) .. 114, 272 /3. spodiogaster, Sharpe 182 

2. &$ha, (SyJces) ... . 116,272 6. stagnatilis (Gould) 183, 280 

10. Garzetta, Kaup 118 7. sundevalli, Reicken. 

1. garzetta(iM2w.).. 118,272 
185, 280 

2. mgmTes (Temm.) 122, 273 8. virescejas (Linn.).. 186, 280 

11. Leucopnoyx, Sharpe 124 9. antbonyi, Mearns .... 280 

1. candidissima (Gm) 22. Tigrornis, Sharpe 191 
124, 273 1. leucolopba (Jard.) 191, 281 

* 
12. Hydranassa, Baird 126 23. Zonerodius, Salvad. .... 193 

1. tricolor (P. L. S. Mull) *" 1. beliosylus (Less.) 192 
126 273 24. Tigrisoma, Stoains 193 

2. ruftcollis (Gosse) . 127,' 274 1. lineatum (Bodd.). 194, 281 
/l3. Nyctanassa, Stejn 130 

2. marmoratum (Vieill.) 

1. violacea (Linn.).. 130, 274 

195 281 

2. pauper (Sol. $• Salv.) 

3. babise, Sharpe .. 196*, 281 

134, 274 

4. fasciatum, Such .. 196, 281 

14. As:amia, Reichenb 135 

5..salmom, Scl fy Salv. 

1. agami (Gm.) .... 135, 274 

197, 281 

15. Demiegretta, Blyth 136 

25. Heterocnus, Sharpe 198 

1. sacra (Gm.) 137, 274 

1. cabanisi (Heine).. 198, 281 

* See Addenda, p. 654. 

fc.YSTEMA.TIC INDEX. 
Page J 

26. Erytlirocnus, Sharpe .... 200 Fam. IV. CicoNiiDiE. 

1. rufiventris (Sundev.).. 200 

27. Ardeola, Boie 201 

Sub-family CICONIINJE. 

1. ralloides (Scop.).. 202, 281 

2.'{&(&(Hartl.) .... 
206, 282 1. Abdimia, Bp 292 

3. graji (Sykes).... 207, 282 1. abdimii (Licht) 292 
4 taccjuis (5p.) .. 211, 282 2. Dissura, Cab 294 

5. speciosa (Ilorsf.) ... . 212 1. episcopus (Bodd.) 294 

28. Bubulcus, Bp 213 3. Euxenura, Bidgw 297 

1. lucidus (Bafin.).. 
213, 282 1. maguari (Gm.) 297 

2. coromandus (Bodd.) 4. Oiconia, Briss 298 
217, 282 t' 1. eiconia (Linn.) 299 

29. Ardetta, Gray 220 2. bcyciana, Sivinh 302 

1. minuta {Linn.) .. 222, 283 3. nigra (Linn.) 303 

2. podicipes (Bp.) .. 225,283 o. Anastomus, Bonn 306 

3. sinensis (6?w.) .. 
227, 283 1. oscitans (Bodd.) 306 

4. exilis (Gm.) ... 
231, 284 2. lamelligerus, Temm. ,. 308 

5. neoxena, Ctoy .. 
233, 284 6. Xenorhynchus, Bp 310 

6. erythromelas (Vieill.) 1. asiaticus (Lath) .... 310 
^34 284 7. Ephippiorhynclms, Bp. .. 312 

7. pusilla ( Vieill) ...*".. / 234 1. senegalensis (Shaw) .. 312 

8. mvolucns (Vieill.) 235,284 8. Mycteria, Linn 314 

9. cinnamomea (Gm.) 1. americana, Linn 314 
236,284 9. Leptoptilus, Less 315 

30. Zebrilus, Bp 241 1. dubius (Gm.) 315 

1. pumilus (Bodd.) 241 2. javanicus (Horsf.).... 317 

31. Nannocnus, Stejn 242 3. crumeniferus (Less.) .. 319 

1. eurythnius (Swinh.) 
242,285 


Sub-family TANTALUM. 

32. Ardeirallus, Sharpe 244 

1. z\mm\(Wagl) 244 10. Tantalus, Linn 321 

33. Pupetor, Heine <§* Reiehen. 246 1. loculator, Linn 321 

1. flavicoBis {Lath) 247,285 11. Pseudotantalus, Bidgw... 323 
±gml$i(Bp.) 249 1. leucocepbalus (Forst.) 323 
3. nesophilus (Sharpe) .. 250 2. cinereus (Baffles) 326 
4. melas (Salvad.) 251 3.ibis(£mrc.) 327 

34. Erythropnoyx, Sharpe .. 252 

1. woodfordi (Grant) .. 252 Order XVII. 

2. prsetermiaaa (Sharpe) . 253 | STEGANOPODES. 

35. Botaurus, Briss 253 I 

1. stellaris (Linn.) .. 
253, 285 ! Fam. I. 

2. capensis (ScM.) ...... 257 j PHALACEOCOBACIDil. 

3. 
poeciloptilus(Waal.) 
258,286 Sub-family I. 
PHALACBOCOBACnOE. 

4. lentigino&ns (Mont.) 
259,286 


1. Pbalacrocorax, Brisson .. 330 

5. pirrnatus (Licht.) 262 l.jjarbo (Linn.) 340 

2. nlamentosus (Temm. §• 

Fam. II. BAL^NICIFITID-2G. 

ScKfeg.) 350 

1. Bala&nieeps, Gould 287 3. lucidus (Licht.) 351 

1. rex, Gould 287 4. capensis (Sparrm.) .. 352 

5. gaimarjBL (Garnot) .. 353 
Fam. III. SCOPIDJS. i 6. punctatus (Sparrm,) .. 354 

7. fe^eWoni, Buller .. 356 

1. Scopus, Gm 288 

8. per&piciTIaius, Pallas .. 357 

1. unibretta, Gm 288 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page j 

9. bipristatus, Pallas 358 
10. y^&giciis^PaUas 360 
11. -peS^^Sa^Bj'andt). 363 
12. gracilis (Linn.) 364 
d7 desraaresti, Payraud. 
368 

13. chalconotus {G. P. Gr.) 369 
14. mvitns ^(Lesson) 370 
a. cincinatus {Brandt) 373 
15. neglectus (Wahlberg). 374 
16. fuscicoliis, Steph 375 
17. sulcirostrjs {Brandt).. 376 
IS.^miViellL) 378 
a. mexicanus {B?mandt) 381 
18 a. harrisi, Rothschild .. 654 
19. carunculatus Gmel.) .. 384 
20. onslowi, Forbes 385 
21. stewarti, Grant 385 
S2U(5Qlensoi, Puller 386 
"28. campbelli, Filhol ' ... 387 
24. bougaigxfllli (Lesson) . 387 
25. ^gellanicus {Gmel) . 388 
26. aE^e^pffi? 390 
27. albiven^r (Lesson) .. 392 
28. verrucosus (Cab.) .... 393 
29. varmF(T7weZ.) 394 
30. QduWX&alvad.) 396 
31. ifypoleucus {Brandt).. 397 
32. melanoleucus (Vieill). 398 
33. breyirostnsj Gould 400 
34. javanicus (Koi'sf.) 402 
35. pygmaeus (G?nel) .... 405 
36. &fiicm\is\Gmel.) 407 j 
Sub-fam. II. PLOTIN^E. 

2. Plotus, Linn 410 
1.rafiiSjJDaudin 412 
2. melanogaster. Gmel .. 414 
3. novae-hollandise, Gould 417 
4. anhingaj_i«ww 419 
Fam. II. SULID^. 

1. Sula, Brisson 423 
1. basgajia^Z^tt.) 425 
2. SSrrfim, G. P. Gray .. 428 
3. ca2gjjgia.(XzoAt) 429 
4. cgmogf^Sundevafl) .. 430 
5. piscator (Linn.) 432 
5 a. weEs^eri, Rothschild. 655 
6. v&i'iegerta, (Tsehudi) .. 434 
7. nebouxi, Milne~Edw.«. 435 
8. aula (Linn.) 436 
9. fJrewsteri, Goss ...... 440 
Fam. III. FBEGATID^. 

Page 

1. Fregata, Brisson 442 
1. aquila (Linn.) 443 
2pS55et (Gould) 447 
Fam. IV. PHAETHONTIDJE. 

1. Phaethon, Linn 450 
1. rubricauda, Bodd 451 
-• ]^^E^^au^n ' -- ^53 
3. ^mus, Brandt 455 
4. americanus, Grant. ... 456 
5. setTiefeusTXe^w 457 
6. i^TciiijMmne 459 
Fam. V. PBLECiKiDffl. 

1. Pelecanus, Linn 460 
1. onocrotalus, Linn. ... 462 
2. roseus, Gmel ........ 4(56 
3. crispus, Bruch 468 
4. pliilippensis, Gmel .. 471 
5. ruf escens, Gmel 474 
6. fuscus, Gmel. 475 
a. californicus, Bidc/iv. 478 
7. thasus, Molina 480 
8. erythrorhynchus, Gmel 481 
9. conspicillatus, Temm.. 483 
Order XVIII. PYGOPODES. 

Fam. I. COLYMBIDJB. 

1. Colymbus, Linn 486 
1. septentrionalis, Linn... 487 
2. arcticus, Linn 492 
a. pacificus, Laior 494 
3. glacialis, Linn 496 
4. adamsi7 G* P. Gray .. 500 
Fam. II. PODICIPEDID.'D. 

1. Podicipes, Lath 502 
1. fluviatiHs, TwistaU .. 507 
a. pbilippensis (Bonnat.) 
511 
2. capensis, Licht. .. 513 
3. tricolor, G. P. Gray .. 517 
4. albescens, Blanf. 518 
5. pelzelni, JSartl 518 
6. novse-bollandiae, Steph. 519 
7- dominicus (Linn.) .... 520 
8. poliocephalus, 
Jar dine 
$miy 522 
SYSTEMATIC IKDEX. 

xvii 

Page 

9. rufipectus, G. P. Gray. 523 
30. americanus, Garnot .. 524 
11. rollandi, Quoy fy 
Gaimard 526 
12. auritus (Linn.) 527 
13. nigricollis, Brehm .... 532 
14. californicus, Heerm. . . 535 
15. calipareus, Lesson .... 536 
a. juninensis, Ber'
lepschfyStolzm 538 
16. taczanowskii, Berlepsoh 
fyStokm 538 
17. micropterus, Gould .. 538 
18. griseigena (Bodd.) 539 
a. holboelli, Bernhardt 
542 
19. cristatus (Linn.) .... 544 
2. iEcbinopboras, Coues .... 549 
1. major (Bodd.) 549 
2. occidental!s (Laivr.) .. 551 
3. Polilymbus, Less 553 
1. podicipes {Linn,) .... 553 
Order XIX. ALCJE. 

Sub-fain. I. ALCINJE. 

1. Plautus, Brunn 562 
1. iiupennis (Linn.) .... 563 
2. Alca, Linn. . 564 
1. torda, Linn 565 
3. Alle, Link 569 
1. alle (Linn.) 569 
4. Uria, Brisson 572 
1. troile (Linn.) 573 
2. lomvia (Pallas) 577 
3. grylle (Linn.) 580 
4. mandti, Licht 584 
5. columba (Pallas) .. •. 586 
6. snowi (Stejn.) 588 
7. carbo (Pallas) 588 
5. Brachyrliamphus, Brandt. 590 
1. marmoratus (Gmel) .. 590 
2. perdix (Pallas) 592 
3. brevirostris (Vigors) .. 593 
6. Micruria, Grant 594 
1. bypoleuca (Xantus) .. 594 
2. craven (Sahad.) .... 595 
Pa#e 

7. 
Synthliborhamplnis, 
Brandt 595 
1. antiquus (Gmel) .... 590 
2. wuraizusuine ( Temm>) 5^% 
Sub-fain. II. FBATERCULINJE. 

8. Ptychorhamphus, Brandt. 599 
1. aleuticus (Pallas) .... 599 
9. Symorhynclius, Merrem. . 600 
1. cristatellus, Pallas .... CO I 
2. pygmseus (Gmel.) 603 
3. pusillus (Pallas) 605 
10. Phaleiis, Temm 607 
1. psittaculus (Pallas) .. 607 
11. Cerorliyncha, Bonap 609 
1. monocerata (Pallas) .. 609 
12. Lunda, Pallas 611 
1. cirrbata (Pallas) .... 012 
13. Fratercula, Brisson 615 
1. arctica (Linn) QMi 
2. corniculata (Nawn.) .. 620 
Order XX. IMPENNES. 

1. Aptenodytes, Forst 62^) 
1. forsteri, G. P. Gray .. 626 
2. patagronica, Forst 627 
2. Pygoscelis, Wagl 030 
1. papua (Forst) 631 
2. adelise (JSombr. fy 
Jacq.) m2 
3. antarctica (Forst.) .... 634 
3. Catarrhactea, Brisson .... 635 
1. clirysocome (Forst.) .. 635 
2. pae'byrbynchus (G. B. 
Gray) 638 
3. sclateri (Buller) 640 
4. chrysoloplius, Brandt. 641 
5. schlegeli (Finsch) .... 643 
4. Megadyptea, Milne-Edtc.. 644 
1. antipodum (Homhr. 8? 
Jacq.) 644 
5. Eudyptula, Bonap 645 
1. minor (Forst.) 646 
2. albosignata, Finsch .. 648 
6. Spheni&cus, Brisson .... 648 
1. demersus (Linn.) .... 649 
2. bumboldti, Meyen 650 
3. magellanicus (Forst.).. 651 
4. mendiculus, Sundev. .. 653 
TOL. XXYI. 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

BIRDS. 


THE following table indicates certain of the leading characters 
by which the birds treated of in the present volume can be 
differentiated. Further characters will be found under the separate 
headings of some of the Orders. 

A. Palate desmognathous. 
a. Nasals schizorhinal 
PLATALEiE, p. 1. 
h. 
Nasals holorhinal. 
a'. Hallux free, not united to the other [p. 56. 
toes by a web HERODIOKES, 
b'. 
Hallux united to the other toes by 
a web STEGANOPODES, 

B. Palate schizognathous. [p. 329. 
c'. Wing-feathers developed into re-
mi ges. 
af'. Cnemial process of tibia produced 
forward in a remark- [p. 485. 
able degree PYGOPODES, 

Z>". Cnemial process of tibia not 
produced ALCJS, p. 559. 
d'. Wing-feathers not produced infco 
remiges IMPENNES, p. 623. 

Order XV. PLATALEiE. 

Palate desmognathous. 
Nasals schizorhinaL 
No basipterygoid processes. 
Spinal feather-tract not defined on back. 
Posterior angle of mandible recurved. 
Occipital foramina present. 


VOL. xxvr. 
B 

IBIDID-3E. 

Edge of cranium above the orbits truncate, indicating the position 

of the nasal glands. 
Sternum with four posterior notches. 
Accessory femoro-caudal muscle present. 

"Nest in trees or in reed-beds. 
Eggs greenish white, with spots, in Plaialea ; in the llhliclce, 

green, white, or spotted. 
Key to the Families. 
a. Bill much curved; nasal groove linearproduced nearly to the tip of the billb. Bill flattened, -narrow in the middle and wiing out into a spoon-shaped end 
andden[
p. 2. 
1. Ibi&idae, 
[p. 43. 
2. Platalei&ae, 

Family I. IBIDID^E. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Anterior aspect of tarsus reticulated, with 
rumevous hexagonal scales. 
a'. Inner secondaries ornamental, dependent, 
with the webs of the feathers disconnected 
; entire head, throat, and neck all 
round bare 1. IBIS, p. 4. 

.#'. Inner secondaries ordinary, not ornamental. 
a". Entire head "bare: throat bare ; hind-
neck feathered to nape. 

<as. With elongated stiffened shafts of 
a -yellow colour on the fore-neck; 
no nuchal crest; no papillse on 
crown 2. CABPHIBIS, p. 11. 

>b3. Shafts ordinary on the fore-neek. 
<ai. No elongated nuchal crest or ruff; 
throat feathered nearly to end of 

•rami of lower jaw. 
'U5. Crown covered with papillae or 
coral-like granulations ..... . 3. INOCOTIS, p. 12. 
h5. Grown smooth; no papillae 4. GBAPTOCEPHALTJS, 
¥. A crest or ruff of elongated feathers [p. 14. 
on the nape. 
c5. Throat feathered to chin, the 
median line of feathers reaching 
to the level of the end of the 
rami of the lower jaw; crest-
feathers very long and dependent 
5. NIPPONIA, p. 15. 

d5 

. Entire throat bare. 

a6. Nuchal crest composed of 
elongated narrow feathers, 
greatly developed ; head bare. 6. COMATIBIS, p. 16. 

b*. Nuchal crest of soft plumes, 
not greatly elongated; cranium 
rounded and swollen 7. GEBONTICUS, p. 17. 

IBIDTDiE. 

b". Head feathered. 

c3. Lores feathered; nape very strongly 
crested; a fleshy wattle in the centre 
of the throat 8. BOSTRYCHIA, p. 18. 

<r. 
Lores bare ; no fleshy wattle in 
centre of throat. 
c4. Chin feathered like the throat; [p. 19, 
some warty papillae on lores 9. HAGKEDASKIA, 
di. Chin bare. 
e5. Forehead feathered. 
c6. Lores with some warty papillae. 
a7. Eegion of eye bare; sides 
of chin and upper throat 
bare; no crest of dependent 
feathers on nape 10. THERISTICUS, p. 21. 

b7. Region of eye feathered; 
sides of chin only bare; 
a large nuchal crest of [p. 24. 
lanceolate feathers 11. MOLYBDOPRANES, 

d&. Lores bare, with no warty 
papillae ; chin and line down 
sides of throat bare; a slight 
nuchal crest of metallic [p. 23. 
plumes 12. HARPIPRION-, 

f5. Forehead bare like the lores, 
both having warty papillae; 
no nuchal crest; chin and 
base of cheeks as well as 
region of eye bare 13. PHIMOSUS, p. 26. 

b. Anterior aspect of tarsus plated; with 
distinct transverse scales. 
c'. Head enormously crested; lores and region 
of the eye bare; chin feathered, extending 
nearly over the whole of the inter-
ramal space 14. LOPHOTIBIS, p, 27. 
d\ Head moderately crested, not very perceptibly, 
c". Tail very long, more than half the 
length o*f the wing, and exceeding the 
outstretched feet; lores, region of the 
eye, as also the chin, upper throat, 
and sides of throat bare 15. CEECIBIS, p. 28. 
d" Tail short, not half the length of the 
wing, and exceeded by the outstretched 
feet. 
e3. Throat feathered as far as the inter-
ramal space; chin only bare ; lores 
and base of cheeks bare, but the 
latter feathered to beyond the 
anterior line of the eye. 
e*. Toes strong, the claws sharp and 
pointed, that of the middle toe 
nearly straight 16. PLEGUDIS, p. 29. 

/*. 
Toes weaker, the claws small and 
curved 17. LAMPRIBIS, p. 38. 
B2 

4 
IBIDIDJS. 

/ 3 . Upper throat entirely hare, like the 
chin; lores, sides of face, space 
behind and above the eye and 
forehead bare IS. ETTDOCIMUS, p. 39. 

Ibia, Cuvier, Regne An. i. p. 483 (1817) I. asthiopiea. 
Thresldornis, Gray, List Gen. £., A pp. p. 13 (1842) .. I. asthiopica. 

Range. Africa generally and Madagascar; India, China, and 
Japan, as well as the Lido-Malayan Subregion to Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Head and neck bare. (Adult males and females.) 
a'. No elongated plumes on fore-neck. 
a". All the quills broadly tipped with greenish 
black ; ornamental plumes of secondaries 
with purplish gloss; iris brown . . cethiopica, p. 4. 

b". All the quills white; inner secondaries 
ashy ; iris white bemieri, p. 7. 
b'. With elongated plumes on the fore-neck. 


c". 
No black tips to primaries; ornamental 
secondaries pearly grey: inner secondaries 
not mottled or barred melanocepliala, p. 7. 

d;> 

. Primaries with a broad tip of blue-black; 
ornamental secondaries black; inner 
secondaries barred and mottled with 
purplish black molucca, p. 9. 

b. 
Head and neck feathered and streaked with 
black and white. (Young of all species.) 
1. Ibis aethiopica. 
Abou Hannes, Bruce, Trav. Abyss, v., App. p. 172, pi. 35 (1790). 
Tantalus sethiopicus. Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 706 (1700). 
Numenius ibis, Cuvier, Ann. die Mm. iv. p. 116, pis. 52-54 (1804); 


Savign. Hist. Nat. de VIbis, p. 15, pis. 1-3 (1805). 

Ibis religiosa, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 483 (1817); Tieill. N. Diet. 
d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 9 (1817); Temm. Man. dOrn. ii. p. 599 (1820, 
note); Audouin, Expl. Somm. Planches Hist, de VEgypte, p. 301, 
pi. 7. fig. 1 (1825); Wagler, Syst. Av., Ibis, sp. 2, p. 368 (1827): 

Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 25 (1827); Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 519 
(1829); Less. Traite, p. 568 (1831); Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1231 ; 
Rilpp. Neue Wirb., Tog. p. 49 (1835-40); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. 

p. 391 (1840); ? Nordm. in Dimid. Vm/. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 258 
(1840); SeU. Mus. Paijs-Bas, Ibis, p. 12 (1863 : Senaar; Nubia; 
Gold Coast); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 31; Kirk, t. c. p. 33* 
(Zambesi); Antin. Cat descr. Ucc. p. 107 (1864: Blue Nile); 
Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 326 (1867) ; Loche, Expl Sci. 
Alger., Ois. ii p. 152 (1867); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 614 
(Cameroons); Roche, Bull Soc. Philom. 1889, pp. 119, 120. 
Ibis aethiopica, 
Rlipp. Syst TJebers. p. 122 (1845); Vierth. Naum. 
1853, p. 22, 1857, p. 107; Hevgl Syst TJebers. p. 61 (1856); id. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 347 (Isl. of Dahalak; Abyssinian coast); Gurnet/, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 219 (Natal); id. Ibis, 1868, p. 259; Fritsch, VSg. 

1. IBIS. 5 
Eur. tab. 43. %. 9 (1870); Finsch § Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 733 
(1870: Mozambique) j Scl. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 381, 382; Gumey, 
in A?iders$. B. Dam. Ld. p. 297 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 261 
(1872); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1135 (1873: C. & S. 
Nubia; Takaii; Senaar; Kordofan ; Tana Lake; mouth of Sobat, 
Jan.); Antin. # Sahad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 152 (1873: Barka Valley; 
near Kassala; Gulf of Adulis); Aijres, Ibis, 1874, p. 105 (Transvaal) 
; Reichen. J. f 0. 1877, p. 151; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, 

p. 485; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 372 (Lake Menzaleh); Scl. t. c. 
pp. 449, 451, pi. xii. (breeding); Fischer Sf Meichen. J.f 0. 1878, 
p. 248; Fischer, t. c. p. 295, 1879, pp. 295, 296 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 600 (Usambara Hills); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 459 
(1881: Rio Coroca; Humbe); Cory, Beautiful fy Curious #. pt. viii. 
(1882); Butler, Feilden, Sf Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 423 (Newcastle, 
Sept.); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 534 (Rabba); Sahad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 234 (1884: Lake Cialalaka, Shoa); 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 736 (1884 : Berg- R.; Dyer's IsL; 
breeding); Either, J. f. O. 1885, p. 117 fOsi-Tana mouth; Wapokomoland) 
; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Kroonstadt) ; Reichen. 
J. f. O.I8S7, p. 48 (Simiu R.; Victoria Nyanza ; E. of Kagehi); 
Matschie, t. c. p. 145 (Marungu); Salmd. Ana. Mus. Civic. Genov. 
(2) vi. p. 316 (1888: Antoto) ; Meyer, Abbild. Vogelsh. pi. 134 
(1890); Reichen. Vog. Deutseh-Ost-Afr. p. 56 (1894: Bagamoyo; 
Wuolaba, Usambara, JVIeru Mt., Sigorari; Victoria Nyanza); 
Shelley, Ibfc, 1894, p 477 (Palombi R., Nyasaland). 
Ibis egretta, Temm. Man. iv. p. 391 (1840: Ashantee); Bp. Consp. 

ii. p. L"l (1855); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 232 (1857). 
Threskiornis asthiopicus, Gray, List Gen., App. p. 13 (184-2); id. 
List Gratia Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1844); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 153 
(Ibadan); id. Ibis, 1865, p. 275 (Natal). 

Geronticus sethiopieus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 5(56 (1847); Lrvyard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 320 (1867: Zoetendal's Vley, Dec.; Cape Town; 
Lake Ngami); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 40, no. 10221 (1871) ; 
Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 211 (Potchefstroom; Mooi River; Bloemfontein; 
Pretoria); Holub § Peh. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 292 
(1882: Transvaal). 
Geronticus religiosus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 231 (1857: Oasamance); 
id. J.f O. 1861, p. 271 (Bissao). 

Threseioxnis religiosus, Cass. Proc. Philaa*. Acad. 1859, p. 174 
(Gamma River); Hartert, J. f O. 188J, p, 607 (Loko, April; 
Sokoto). 

Ibis sacer, Bohm, J.f. 0.1886, p. 432 (Likulwe R.). 
Ibis melanocephala(nee T.),Sharpe,Ibis, 1891, p. 118(err.: Fao, Oct.). 


Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above and below 
pure white, including the wings and tail, the long scapulars and 
secondaries shaded with clear grey towards the ends, with a terminal 
bar of purple on the former; the secondaries purple along both 
webs, all these decorated plumes being very loose in texture, and 
with the webs decomposed ; quills white, with steel-blue tips ; the 
sides of the chest and of the lower surface covering the wing-bones 
vermilion: " bill very dark brown ; bare skin of head and neck 
black, but with a pink spot under the eye; eyes black; iris dark 
brown, with a reddish outer ring; naked space under the wings 
bright brick-red" (C. J. Andersson). Total length 25 inches, 
culmen 6*4, wing 14*5, tail 5'5, tarsus 3-8, middle toe and claw 3*6. 

IBIDID.aE. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. Total 
length 24 Inches, culmen 5*8, wing 14*6, tail 5*7, tarsus 3*5, middle 
toe and claw 3*6. 

The series in the British Museum is insufficient for me to determine 
all the changes of plumage in this species; but I conjecture that 
the winter plumage follows the same rule as in I. melanocephala, 
and that the bird loses the ornamental plumes of the scapulars and 
inner secondaries, which will be found to be black with a greenish 
gloss, but without the decomposed webs which characterize the 
breeding-plumage. 

Young birds appear to have the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills tipped with black, more or less irregular in shape on 
the latter; the head and neck streaked with black, and in some 
examples the throat is also streaked with black : the long inner 
secondaries uniform dusky brown, with more or less white at the 
base: "bill, legs, and skin of throat black; iris dark brown" 

{T. Ayres). 
Mr. Ayres gives the following description of the soft parts of a 
female specimen killed in winter plumage:—" Bill, tarsi, feet, and 
bare skin of neck black: iris blackish brown, with an outer ring of 
dark crimson." 

Mr. Andersson says that in young birds the ling round the iris is 
whitish instead of reddish, the pink spot under the eye is livid, and 
the naked space under the wing is paler red. 

Hah. Africa generally, extending rarely to Egypt, Algeria, and 
as far east as the Persian Gulf*. 

®. Juv, sk.
b. Juv. sk.
c. Juv. &t.
d. Ad. sk.
<?. Pull. st.
/ . (S ad. sk. 
Fao; Persian Gulf, Oct. 26. 
Egypt. 
Egypt. 
Egypt. 
Egypt. 
Damietta, Egypt, Nov. {Filip\
V. D. Cumming, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Old Coll. 
Old Coll. 
Major Denham [P.], 
Purchased. 
Shelley Coll. 
po?ii). 
€/. Juv.sk. Usambara Hills, East Africa(Sir J. Kirk). 
Shelley Coll. 
i,u 6 ? ad. Palombi Eher, Shirwa Plain, Sir H. H. Johnston, 
bk.
7c. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
Nvassa-land, Oct. 23 (A*
Whyte). 
Zambesi (Dr. Bradshato). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
[P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
m. £ ad. sitn. $ ad. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
A.Foresman,Esq. [P.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 

* Pallas speaks of a Numemus ibis (Zoogr. ii. p. 165) as found cm the Black 
Sea and the Caspian Sea, but not reaching the mouth of the Volga. Von Nordmann 
never met with the bird himself, but appears to credit its occasional 
occurrence in South Bussia, as he enters it in his book. Bogdanoff believes 
that the species should be eliminated from the list of the birds of the Caucasus; 
but Dr. Radde considers this to be premature at present, as he believes that 
the species may oeeur, and he enters the name of Tantalus ibis, Linn., in his 
book. If any white Ibis occurs in the Caucasus^ it will most probably be 
I. esthiopim, whicli we know extends to Southern Persia. 
1 . IBIS. / 
o. 2 ad. sk. Kroonstad, Orange Free State, Guraey ColL 
June 2 (F. Symonds). 
p. Ad. sk.
q. Juv. st.
r. Skeleton. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Earl of Derby [P.]. 
Sir A, Smith [C.j. 
Purchased. 

2. Ibis bernierL 
Ibis bernieri, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 151, note (1850); Schl fy Poll Faune 
Madag., Ois. ii. p. 126 (1868); Scl. P. Z &. 1870,, p. 381, cum 
%.; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 40, no. 10223 (1871); Reichen. 

J.f. 0. 1877, p. 151; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 487"; Sibree, Ibis. 
1892, p. 117. 
Ibis religiosa (nee Savign.), Hartl Faun. Madag. p. 77 (1861) : Schl. 

P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425. 
Ibis sethiopiea, var. bernieri, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1868, 
p. 1; Milne-Edwards # Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 531, 
pis. 218-221 (1882: S.W., W., and N.R Madagascar). 
Threskiornis bernieri, Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 317 (1877). 

Adidt. Allied to Ibis ctlhiojnca, and' having no elongated plumes 
on the fore-neck. It differs, however, in having the white plumes 
extending higher on the neck, in its white iris, in its pure white 
quills, and in its ashy-grey inner secondaries: " bill and neck 
black; feet dark brown; iris white" (A. Ghrandidier). Total 
length 21 inches, culmen 4-9, wing 14, tail 5*4, tarsus & 

M. Grandidier says that, during the breeding-season,, the colour of 
the body becomes bright red-
Young. Differs from the adult in- having the- head feathered as 
well as the neck, both these parts* streaked with black and white. 
Hob. Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Zoological Society. 
b. Juv. sk. " Between the two* forests, Rev. J. Wills [0.]. 
E. Madagascar.M 
3. Ibis melauociepliala.. 
Black-headed Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. SappL i. p. 241 (1787). 
Tantalus melanocephalus, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 709* (1790). 
Tantalus de Mace", Cuv. Ann. Mus. Paris, iv. p. 125 (1804). 
Ibis melanocephala, Vieill N. Diet. dHist Nat. xvi. p. 23 (1817); 

Jard. Sf Selby, III. Oni. iii. pi. 120 (c. 1837): Bp. Consp. ii. p. 151 
(1855); id. C. It. xl. p. 724 (1855); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibi?, 

p. 15 (1863: Java); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 359 (1874); Blyth, B. 
Burm. p. 158 (1875: Arakan); Elliot, P. Z. & 1877. p. 488; 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 452 (1877: Cochin China; N. of 
China; ? Manchuria); Hume # Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 484 (1878 : 
0. Tenasserim); Davidson Sr Wenden, Str. F. vii, p. 91 (Deccan; 
? breeding); Cripps, t. c: p. 310 (Faridpur: cold weather;; 
'Hume, t.c. p. 491 (Calcutta); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1106 (1879: 
breeding) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 144 (1879) ; Doig, t. c. p. 372 
(E. Narra: breeding); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 71 (1879); 
id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 85 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p 91 
(1880: S. Konkan: cold weather); Butler, t. c. p. 435 ; Reid,Str. 
F. x. f. 77 (1881: Lucknow: cold weather); Oates, Str. F. x. 
8 
IBIDIDJE. 

p. 244 (1882); Davidson, t. c. p. 324 (1882: W. Khandeish, 
cold weather) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 268 (1883 : ? breeding); 
Barker, Ibis, 1883, pp. 194, 195 (Ceylon: breeding); Swinh. § 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 13G (Mhow) ; Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 232 
(1890 : Yokohama); Oates, ed. Humes Nests § Eggs, iii. p. 226 
(1890: Jhansie: breeding) ; Be la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 490 
(Foochow and Swatow). 
Ibis leucon, Temm. BL Col. v. pi. 481 (1829: Java). 

Ibis macei, Wagler, Syst. Av , Ibis, p. 368, sp. 3 (1827). 

Ibis bengala, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 520 (1829); Less. Trait e, p. 568 

(1831). 
Ibis religiosa (nee L.), Syhes, B. Z. S. 1832,^ p. 160. 
Ibis aimolene, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 79 

(no. 865); id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844: Nepal Terai). 

Geronticus melanocephalus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 90 

(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 56Q (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 40, 

no. 10222 (1871). 

Threskiornis 
melanocephalus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 137 (1846); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 275 (1849 : 
Assam) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 243 (Oudh) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, 

p. 318 ; Jerd. B, Ind. iii. p. 768 (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 174; 
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 399 (Julpigorie; Maunbhoorn, March ; 
Mcmlmein, Oct.); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 175; Hokhw. P. Z. S. 1872, 
p. 479; Godwin-Austen, J.A.S. Beng. xli. p. 143 (1872; Mymensing); 
Hume, Nests # Eggs Ind. B. p. 632 (1873) ; id. Str". F. i. 
pp. 106, 257 (1873: Sind) ; Adam, t c. p. 400 (Sambhur); Hayes 
Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 419 (Kathiawar) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 436 
(18*74); Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 347 (1875); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 25 
(1876: N. Guzerat) ; Bingham, f. c. p. 213 (Oawnpore: breeding); 
Fairb. t.c. p. 264 (Deecan); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 231 (1878: 
Ganges—Godaveri); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,f. 278 (1884: 
Sind, breeding). 
Ibis propinqua, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 428; id. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 411 (Talienwan; Canton River) ; Bldkist. § Fryer, B. Japan, 
p. 117 (1882: near Tokio); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 35, 1888, p. 473 
(Yeclo) ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (svn.) ; Blakist. Amended List B. 
Japan, pp. 24, 40 (1884: not in Yezo); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. x. p. 274 ^1887). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to I. cethiopica, being 

white all over like that species, but distinguished by its pure white 

quills, which have no black tips, by having the long inner secondaries 

pearly grey, and by having a ruff of elongated feathers round the 

neck descending in a tuft of long plumes on the fore-neck: " bill 

black; whole head and neck, and edges of eyelids dark bluish 

black; legs and toes glossy black ; claws dull black " (E. W. Oates): 

"bare skin of wing-bones blood-red" (F, Ball). Total length 

24 inches, culmen Q-5, wing 14*5, tail 5, tarsus 4*3, middle toe 

and claw 3*9. 

Adult on ale in winter plumage. Distinguished by the absence of 

the elongated plumes on the fore-neck, and the want of the de


composed feathers on the inner secondaries, the latter being ordinary 

rounded quills of a grey colour. 

From the varying amount of black feathers on the neck of winter-

plumaged birds, I imagine that at the last-named season of the year 

1 . IBIS. 
9 

the neck of the adult bird is more or less completely clothed with 
feathers up to the nape. There is such a specimen in the British 
Museum, from the Deeean, and that the bird is fully adult is proved 
by its white quills. Many other adult birds have remains of white 
feathers on the neck. The black marking on the primaries is 
extremely irregular, and is mostly developed in immature birds; it 
is sometimes represented by a black tip to the quills, at other times 
by a broad black line along the end of either web. Occasionally 
immature birds may be recognized by the black shafts to the 
primaries, although they have otherwise the bare head and neck of 
the adults 

Young birds have the head and neck blackish, more or less streaked 
with white, and have a good deal of blackish at the ends of the 
bastard wing-feathers, primary-coverts, and quills, the latter always 
with black shafts : " bare skin along wing-bones black " (V. Ball). 

Hah. Indian Peninsula generally and Ceylon, Burmese Countries, 

and China to the southern islands of Japan. Java. 

a. Juv. sk. India. 
Old Coll. 
b. Juv. head. Roree, Upper Sindh, Nov. 19 Hume Coll. 
(A. 0. H.). 
c. Ad. sk. Simla. 
Hume Coll. 
d. (S juv. sk. Delhi, Oct. 13 (C. R. Bingham). Hume Coll. 
e. <$ j uv. sk. Sulfanpur, Gurgaon district, Hume Coll. 
Jan. 20 (PF. K. Chill). 
f. Juv. sk. Kurnal, Punjab, Feb. Hume Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. Etawah. 
Hume Coll. 
h. Juv. sk. Oudh, Jan. Hume Coll. 
i~p. Ad. et juv. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
sk. (Types of I. aimolene.) 
q, r. Ad.; s, t Raipur. Hume Coll. 
Imin. sk. 


u. $ ad. sk. Mhow, Feb. 10. Colonel Swinhoe [P.], 
r, w, x. Ad. bk. Deccan (Sgkes). India Museum. 
y. d juv. sk. Ceylon, March 25. Colonel Legge [P.]. 
s. Ad.sk. Assam {A. W. Chennett). Tweeddale Coll. 
a', //. d ad. et Pegu, Jan., March (JG. W. 0.). Oates Coll. 
imm. sk. 
c'. $ 
ad. sk. Sittang River, Feb. 5 ( W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
son). 


d. Ad. sk. Yedo, Hondo IsL, Japan, Seebohm Coll. 
(Blakiston). 
e'. Ad. &k. Yokohama (H. Fryer). Seehohm Coll. 


/' . Ad. sk. Myrnensing, Assam. Godwin-Austen Coll. 
g'-i'. Skeletons. India. Purchased. 

4. Ibis molucca. 
Ibis 
molucca, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 520, note (1829); Less. 
Traite d'Orn. p. 508 (1831); Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, 

p. 373 ; Ilartl. J.f. 0.1855, p. 421; Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 151 ; 
tialvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 337 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia, 
iii. p. 380 (1882 : Ceram; Salawati; Sorong; Fly River); Nehrk. 
/. / . 0. 1885, p. 35 (Waigiou); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii 
p. 209 (1891). 
10 1BIDIDJE. 

Ibis leucon, pt., Less. Co7npL Buff. Ois, p. 691 (1838). 
Ibis strictipennis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 106 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 151 
(1855); id. C. R. xl. p. 724 (1855); Sclil. Mvs. Pays-Bas, Ibis, 

p. 14 (1863 : Ceram); Rosenb. J.f. 0.1864, p. 136 ; Jerd. B. hid. 
lii. p. 769 (1864); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865) ; Sol. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 663 ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467, 638 ; Scl. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 361 ; D1 Albert. Ann. Mus. Genov. x. p. 20 (1877); Salvad. t. c. 
p. 165 (Sorong); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 190 
(1876 : New South Wales; N. Australia; Queensland; Victoria) ; 
Rosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 324 (1878-79); I)"Albert. $ Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 146 (1879) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1107, 
note (1880). 
Threslriornis strictipennis, Gould, B.Austr. vi. pi. 46 (1848); Reichenb. 
Grallatores, Taf. cxlii. figs. 1007-1008 (1848; ; id. Yog. Neuholl. 

p. 23 (1850;: MacgilL Narr. Voy. 'Rattlesnake? ii. p. 358 
(1852); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, 
p. 62 (1859) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 284 (1865); Ramsay, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 86 (Port Denisun); id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 600 (Clarence 
River); Myth, Ibis, 1867, p. 174, 1870, p. 176; Biggies, Orn. 
Austr. ii. pi. 102 (1877); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 
p. 385 (1876), ii. p. 198 (1877); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 340 (Fitzroy 
River; Herbert River); id. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 172 
(1887: Derby, N.W. Australia); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 
(1888); Cox $ Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. K. S. W. (2) iv. p. 420 
(1890: Mudgee District); North, Rec. Austr. Mus. i. p. 118 
(1891); Campbell, Vict. Nat. 1891, pp. 73, 74. _ 
Geronticus melanocephalus, pt, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. ^GQ (1847). 
Geronticus strictipennis, Gray, Gen. i?. iii. p. 566 (1847); id. Hand-L 

B. iii. p. 40, no. 10224 (1871). 
Ibis stricticollis (err.), Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 768 (1864). 
Ibis sethiopica, pr., Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 485. 
Adult. Everywhere white, including the tail and wings; inner 
secondaries mottled irregularly with purplish black, this mottling 
vanishing towards the innermost secondaries, which have the webs 
disconnected and entirely purplish black; the primaries broadly 
tipped with blue-black, the bulk of the secondaries pure white ; on 
the fore-neck some elongated, narrow, drooping plumes: " head 
and upper half of the neck bare, and, with the bill, of a deep slaty 
black; back of the head and neck crossed by ten narrow distinct 
bands of rose-pink, and on the crown of the head a series of oval 
spots, arranged in the form of a star, of the same colour; thighs 
and knees deep purple; tarsi and feet light purple; iris dark 
brown " (J. Gould). Total length 30 inches, culmen 7*5, wing 14*5, 
tail 5*1, tarsus 4#3. 

" I have observed considerable differences in the transverse rose-
pink markings at the back of the neck; in some specimens they are 
very conspicuous, while in others they are scarcely apparent" 
(Gould). 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller in size (Gould). 

Young birds, for the first, and perhaps for the second, year of 
their existence, have that part of the neck which is bare in the 
adult partially clothed with white feathers like the rest of the "body 

(Gould). 

2. CAKPHIBIS. 
Hob. Nearly the whole of Australia; New Guinea; Salawati; 
Waigiou; Ceram. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Boioyer Bower), LP.]. 
h. Ad. sk. N. Ceram, 
Wallace Coll. 
2. CAEPHIBIS. 
Type. 

Carphibis, Peichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852) C. spinicollis. 

Range. Confined to Australia, where it is widely distributed. 

1. Carphibis spinicollis. 
Ibis spinicollis, Jameson, Edinb. Neio Phil. Journ. xix.p.213 (1835); 

Jard. 8f &?%, Ill.Or?i. [N.S.] pi. 17 (1837); SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, 

Ibis, p. 12 (1863); Peicheu. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 150. 

Ibis laniellicollis, Lafr. Mag. de Zool 1836, p. 57. 

Geronticus spinicollis, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847); Govld, B. Amtr. vi. pi. 45 (1848) ; 
Pamsay, P. Z. JS. 1867, p. COO (Clarence River); Gray, Hand-L 

B. iii. p. 39, no. 10220 (1871); Pamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
(2) ii. p. 172 (1887 : Derby); id. Tab. List Amtr. B. p. 20 (1888); 
North, Nests 8f Eggs Austr. B. p. 312 (1889); Cox $ Hamilton, 
Pr.Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) iv. p. 420 (1890: Mudgee Distr.). 
Carphibis 
spinicollis, Peichenb. Grail. Taf. lxxxii. figs. 1109-10 
(1848); Bonap. Consp. ii. p. 152 (1855); id. C. P. ad. p. 724 (1855); 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 282 (1865); Pamsay, Ibis, 1866, 

p. 335 (Port Denison); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 340 (Lower Herbert 
K.); Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 491; North, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
(2) i. p. 1061 (1887: Hilston, N. S. W.; breeding). 
Adult male. General colour above black, glossed with different 
colours, steel-green on the upper back and mantle and purplish on 
the scapulars and wings, the whole of the upper parts barred 
across with black; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
black, with scarcely any gloss ; the long upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers pure white; wing-coverts and quills black, externally 
bar*red "with black and bronzy purple; primaries black, with a 
steel-green shade externally ; crown of head and fore part of throat 
bare, surrounded by a ruff of white feathers, which extends almost 
to the nape from the middle of the hind-neck, descends the sides of 
the latter and joins on the fore-neck; lower hind-neck dusky 
blackish, with scarcely any gloss; centre of fore-neck white, with 
long straw-coloured plumes on each side; the sides of the neck and 
sides of the chest black, with a beautiful green and purplish gloss, 
the latter overspreading the mantle; breast and abdomen, as well 
as the axillaries, pure white; under wing-coverts and quill-lining 

12 
1BIIJ1DJS. 

blackish: " Lead and fore part of neck naked and of a dull inky 
black ; bill dull black, crossed at the base by irregular transverse 
bars of yellowish brown ; thighs crimson : legs blackish brown, the 
two colours blending at the knee; iris dark brown " (J. Gould). 
Total length 29 inches, culm en 8, wing 14-7, tail 5*4, tarsus 3*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller. Total 

length 27 inches, culm en 5*35, wing 14*2, tail 5*3, tarsus 3*2. 

Young. General colour above uniform sooty-black, with none of 
the gloss of the adult; head and neck feathered, the crown and 
sides of face dusky blackish or striated with white; the hinder 
neck white, like the entire under surface of body ; the sides of the 
chest slightly blackish, but not glossed with purple as in the adult. 

Hal. Australia, except the western portion. 

a, b. Juv. sk. Australia. 
Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Major-Gen. Hardwicke 
[P.J. 
d. Ad.; e. Juv. sk. N. S. Wales. Hume Coll. 
/. 
Juv. st. N. S. Wales. Australian Museum 
[p.]. 

g. Juv. st. IN. S. Wales. Zoological Society. 
h,i. Ad.etjuv.sk. Queensland (J". T. Cuckerelt). Sab in-Godman Coll. 
k. 
Juv. sk. N.W. Australia (T. H. Boicyev Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Bower). [P.]. 
3. INOCOTIS. rr 
Type. 
Inocotis, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852) I. papillosus. 
Pseudibis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) .. I. papillosus. 
Range. Confined to the Indian Peninsula. 

1. Inocotis papillosus. 
Ibis papillosa, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 304 (1824); Less. Traits, p. 5Q8 
(1831); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 162 (Deccan); Schl. Mus. Paijs-
Bas, Ibis, p. 11 (1863: Dusan Biver, Borneo); Bekhen. J.f.O. 
1877, p. 149. 

Ibis papillata, Wagler, Syst. Av., Ibis, sp. 10, p. 371 (1827). 
Ibis (Pseudibis) papillosa, Hodgs. Icon, ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallte, 
pi. 78 (no. 629); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Geronticus papillosus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1844) ; 
id. Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 137 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 566 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 275 (1849) ; 
Licht Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 154 (1855); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 243 
(Oudh: cold weather); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 769 (1864); Blyth, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 174; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 400 (Manbhum); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 89, no. 10219 (1871); Hayes Lloxjd, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 419 (Kathiawar); Hume, Nests $ JSggs Ind. B. p. 633 (1873); 
id. Str. F. i. p. 257 (1873); Adam, t. c. p. 400 (Sambhur: breeding): 
Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 436 (1874); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 360 (1874) ; 
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 158 (1875 : Arrakan); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 25 
(N. Guzerat); Hume, t. c. p. 25, note ; Fairb. t. c. p. 264 (Deccan) ; 
Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 231 (1878: Ganges—Godaveri); Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 278 (breeding). 
Inocotis papillosus, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 154 (1855) ; id. C. R. xl. p. 724 

3 . iNOGOTia. 1J5 
(1855); Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 492; Davidson $ Wenden, Str. F. 

vii. p. 32 (1878: Deccan; breeding-); Doig, t. e. pp. 1)72, 377 
(E. Narra; breeding:); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); Butler, 
Cat. B. Sindetc. p. 71 (1870 ; Sind ; Outcb ; Guzerat; Kathiawar); 
id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 85 (1880: not in Konkan or near 
Belgaum); id. Str. F. ix. p. 435 (1881); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 77 
(1881: Lucknow; resident); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 324 (1882: 
TT. Khandeish); Davison, Str. F. x. p. 417 (1883: Wynaad; 
? breeding-) ; Sivinh. # Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 136 (Mkow); 
McGregor, Str. F. x. p. 442 (1887: S. Mahratta country; cold 
weather); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests & Fags lad. B. iii. p. 228 
(1890). 
Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, with a 
shade of steel-blue, principally on the rump and upper tail-coverts; 
wing-coverts black, glossed with steel or purplish blue, the quills 
also externally of the same colour, excepting the inner secondaries, 
which are olive-brown like the back; on the inner coverts adjoining 
the scapulars a large patch of white feathers, some of which have 
purplish-blue spots near the ends; tail steel-blue, shaded with 
purple, and steel-green below ; face, throat, and crown bare, the 
hinder crown covered with papillae; neck all round and under 
surface of body dark earthy brown; he under wing-coverts and 
axillaries blackish brown, glossed with steel-blue or steel-green; 
inner aspect of quills bronzy green ; under tail-eoverts also washed 
with oily or bronzy green : " bill greenish leaden; legs and feet 
brick-red; iris dull orange-red'7 (T. C. Jtrdon). Total length 27 
inches, culmen 6*1, wing 15*7, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour and with the papillae 
on the crown equally developed: " bill greenish horny; legs and 
feet dusky red, the joints black; iris orange" (G. King). Total 
length 28*inches, culmen 5*6, wing 15*7, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*9. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by having the crown 

partially feathered, the brown feathers extending from the hind-

neck on to the centre of the crown in a point. The plumage is 

also varied with brown or sandy-coloured margins to the feathers. 

Hah. Indian Peninsula; Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Kutch (Dr. Stoliezka). Hume Coll. 

b, c. cS a(l* 7 d,- Sambhur, Nov., Dec, March Hume Coll. 
$ ad. et juv. sk. (_K. M. Adam). 


f. Juv. sk. Hissar, Oct. 2. Hume Coll. 
g, h. Ad. et imm. Sirsa, cold season. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
%. $ ad. sk. Kumaon Bliabur, March 25 Hume Coll. 
(G, King). 
k, I Ad. sk. Etawah, Nov. Hume OolL 


w. S ad. sk. Gondah, Oudk, Nov. 17 (R. Hume Coll. 
M. Adam). 
n. S ad. sk. Oudh, Dec. Hume Coll. 
o-s. Ad.sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll, 
t. Ad. sk. Darjiling [Pearson). India Museum. 
tt.Ad.sk. Bhutan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
vt w. Ad. sk. Deccan (SyJces). India Museum. 
14 
1B1DIDJE. 

x, y, z. tf ad. sk. Ahmeduuggur, Dec. (S. B. Tweecldale Coll. 
Fairbank). 
a'. Bones of trunk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

4. 
GRAPTOCEPHALUS *. 
Type. 
Graptocephalns, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 490 G. davisoni. 
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Graptocephalns davisoni. 
Geronticus davisoni, Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 300 (1875). 
Geronticus papillosus (nee Ternm.), Oates, Sfr. F. iii. p. 847 (1875). 
Inocotis papillosus (nee Temm.), Oates, Sir. F. v. p. 169 (1877). 
Graptocephalns davisoni, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 490 ; FLwne $ 


Davison, 8tr. F. vi. p. 485 (1878: S. Tenasserini); Hume, Sfr. F 

viii. p. 114 (1879); Oates, Sir. F. ix. p. 300 (1880), x. p. 244 
(1882); id. Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 269 (1883: S. Pegu, 
between Pegu and Sittang R.). 
Geronticus karmandi, Oust. Bull Soc. Philom. 1877, p. 28 (Siam: 
Upper Mekong in Cambodia). 
Ibis davisoni, Eeichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 275. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-brown 
with a slight greenish wash; upper tail-coverts and tail purplish 
blue; wings black, glossed with purple or bronze; the inner 
wing-coverts white, forming a large shoulder-patch; the inner 
secondaries brown like the back; head bare; neck and under 
surface of body, from the lower throat downwards, dark brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, glossed with purplish 
blue; the quills bronzy green below; under tail-coverts washed 
with steel-green ; tail steel-blue below: " bill bluish; naked skin 
of head and neck blackish brown; a pure white band encircling the 

neck at its junction with the head, tinged with blue on the nape; 
feet pale coral-red ; claws brown ; iris orange-red" (E. W. Oates). 
Total length 32*5 inches, oilmen 7*5, wing 16*6, tail 8*1, tarsus 3-5. 


Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage, but smaller. 
Total length 29*5 inches, culmen 6-2, wing 15*5, tail 7*4, tarsus 3. 


Young. Only differs from the adult in having the feathering 
continued to the occiput, and in having brown margins to all the 
feathers: " bill slaty blue, tinged with plumbeous at the base; 
head dull black, with no warts; ring round the neck dirty white; 
legs and feet dirty white; scut as dull black; iris pale grey-brown " 

(A. L. Hough). 
Hal. Cochin China and Siam to Southern Pegu and the extreme 
south of Tenasserim and Tonka. 

a. $ juv.; 5. Ad. Lower Pegu, April (E. W. Oates Coll. 
sk. O.). 
c, d. $ ad. sk. Pakchan, Tenasserim, June Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). (Types of species.) 
* Somewhere near this genus -will probably come Thaumaiibis of Elliot 
(type Ibis gigantea, Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 25 (1877), from Cochin 
China. I have nofc seen a specimen of this species. 
O. NIPPONIA. 4 
15 
e. 2 
ad. sk. Taroar, Tonka, Feb. 11 (J. Hume Coll. 
Darling). 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Siam, opposite Mergui Distr., Hume Coll. 
May 5 (W. Davison). 
5. NIPPONIA. 
Type. 
Nipponia, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852) N. nippon. 
Range. Eastern Siberia, Corea, and the Japanese Islands, ex


tending throughout the greater part of China. 

1. Nipponia nippon. 
Ibis nippon, Temm. PI. Col v. pi. 551 (1835); id. $ Schl Faun. Jap. 
p. 117, pi. 71 (1850); BlahUoyi, Ibis, 1862, p. 331 (Northern 
Japan); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 318; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 410 
(Formosa) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 9 (1863) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 411 (China in winter to Hainan); David, N. Arch. vii. 
Bull p. 12 (1871: Pekin); Oust. op. cit. viii. p. 136 (1872); Swinh. 
Ibis, 1873, p. 249 (Ningpo); id. Ibis, 1875, p. 455 (Hakodadi) ; 
Tacz. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 256 (Mouth of UsMiri R., breeding); David 
fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 453, pi. 116 (1877: Corea; Manchuria); 
Blakist. Sr Prijer, Ibis, 1878, p. 223 (Tokio Bay, Yezo, breeding); 
Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. p. 12 (1884); Seeb. B. Jap. Emp. 
p. 232 (1890); Stycm, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 493 (Lower Yangtze, 
resident; Ningpo, breeding); Campbell, Ibis, 1892,p. 244 (Corea). 
Geronticus nippon, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1844); id. 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 40, no. 10232 (1871). 
Nipponia temmincki, Reichen.. Av. Syst Nat. p. xiv (1852); id. 
Grail Taf. 141. fig. 538 (1851); Bonap. C. B. xl. p. 725 (1855). 
Nipponia nippon, Bonap. Consp. ii. p. 152 (1855); Tacz. Bull. Soc. 
Zool France, i. p. 258 (1876); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x.p.272 
(1887: Hondo; Corea); Tacz. M6m. Imp. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) 

xxxix. p. 967 (1893). 
Ibis (Geronticus) nippon, Madde, Reis. Sibir. ii. p, 341 (1863: Kasatkina, 
April). 
Ibis sinensis, David, C. JR. lxxv. p. 64 (1872); Oust. Nouv. Arch. viii. 
Bull p. 129 (1872); David, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) xix. Art. ix. p. 3 (1874). 
Ibis nippon, var. sinensis, David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 454, pi. 117 
(1877: S.E. of Chekiang). 
Ibis temmincki, Beichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 152, 


Adult. General colour above and below white, tinged with pinkish-
salmon colour on the quills and tail-feathers ; shafts of the primaries 
somewhat more orange ; on the nape and neck some drooping white 
plumes; axillaries white, tinged with salmon colour, which is very 
strongly shown on the inner aspect of the wing : " lores, forehead, 
and chin orange-vermilion, the colour lighter on the chin, intensified 
around the base of the bill; eyelid golden yellow ; bill black, mottled 
with red at the tips of both mandibles ; the nail yellow; nasal 
grooves red; tarsi, toes, and naked tibiae light red ; iris orange " 

(P. L. Jouy). Total length 29 inches, culmen 6-1, wing 15-4, tail 
h% tarsus 2-8. 
Young. With the plumage grey instead of white. 
Abbe David has separated the Chinese Ibis from that of Japan on 

account of its grey plumage, which he considers to be a constant 

If) 
TBTDIDJE. 

feature in the Chinese bird, distinguishing it from the Japanese 
representative. On the other hand, the late Consul Swinhoe appears 
to have had no doubt that the grey plumage was that of the young 
bird. The whole subject has been carefully treated by Dr. Stejneger 
(I. c.) in 18S7, but even he was unable to arrive at a definite 
conclusion on the subject; and so far I myself have not been able to 
decide the question, but I incline to the belief that the grey birds 
are the young, and that they retain this phase of plumage for some 
time before assuming the white plumage of the old bird. 

Hah. Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, and Japan, to China, Formosa, 

and Hainan. 
a. Ad. sk. Japan. Leyden Museum. 
b. Ad. st Japan. Purchased. 
c. J ad. sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Shanghai. Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Shanghai. J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
f. S imm.sk. Shapooshan Distr., Che-Tweeddale Coll. 
kiang Prov., May ( W. 
Fryer), 

6. COMATIBIS. 
Type. 
Comatibis, Reichenh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852) C. coinata. 

Range. Asia Minor; Eed Sea to Abyssinia; interior of Northeastern 
Africa. 

1. Comatibis comata. 
Ibis 
comata, Bhr. Mus. Berol.; Bilpp. Keue Wirb., Tog. p. 49 
(1835-40) ; ScJil Mus. Pay-Bas, Ibis, p. 9 (1863); Heugl Orn. 
N.O.-Jfr. ii. Abth. i. 'p. 1144 (1871: Qonfudah, Arabia, 
19° N. lat.); Beichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 149; Dresser, B. Bur. vi. 

p. 329, pi. 408 (1880); Oustalet, Ami. Sol Nat. xiii. Art. 7, 
pp. 3, 7 (1882). 
Geronticus comatus, Gray, List Grallce Brit. 3fus. p. 90 (1844) ; 
Ritpp. St/st. Uebers. p. 122, pi. 45 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 
(1847) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 61 (1856: Abyssinia, breeding; 
Woggara; Abvssinian Coast in winter); Liclit. Nomencl. Av. 
Berol p. 91 (1854); Bp. C. R. xl. p. 725 (1855); Tristr. Ibis, 
1860. p. 78 (Sahara, near Laghouat); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 40, 
no. 10231 (1871); Banf. Ibis, 1880, p. 88 (Biledjik, Asia Minor); 
Sel. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 356. 

Comatibis comata, 
Reichenh. Grail. Taf. cexci. figs. 2383, 2384 
(1848); Bp. Consp. ii p. 153 (1855); Loche, Bxpl Sci. Alger, ii. 

p. 153 (1867); Blliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 493; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 231 (1884: Cialalaka, Shoa) ; id. op. cit. (2) vi. 
p. 316(1888: Antoto). 
Ibis calvus (nee Bodd.), Levaill Jim. Bxpl. Sci. Alger, pi. 12 (1850); 
Bresser, Bis, 1893, p. 377. 
Ibis (Geronticus) comata, Blanf. Geol. § Zool. Abyss, p. 436 (1870: 
Senafe* Highlands and Antalb). 
Geronticus calvus, Banford, Ibis, 1880, p. 88. 
Inocotis comata, Skarpe, Bull B. O. Club, iii. p. v (1893: Suakin). 

Adult female. General colour above black, glossed with dark 

/ . UERONTICUS. 

17 

green with slight purple reflections; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back ; median coverts glossy bronze, with green bases and an intermediate 
shade of purple; greater coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
black, glossed with dark green; crown of head bare, "greenish 
black, with a median hourglass-shaped patch of orange "; sides of 
face and throat also bare; on the hind-neck and sides of neck a 
frill of elongated narrow plumes, which are greenish black like tbe 
rest of the under surface; under tail-coverts more distinctly glossed 
with green; under wing-coverts black, with a steel-green gloss: 
"bill and feet red; iris rufous" (von Heuglin) : "iris orange'' 

(H. E. Wliiie). Total length about 30 inches, culmen 54, wing 16, 
tail 7*4, tarsus 2'Q. 
Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour. Total 
length 22 inches, culmen 5, wing 15-5, tail 7, tarsus 2*6. 
Young. Differs from the adults in having the head feathered and 
covered with grey down, the feathers being ashy whitish streaked 
with black. The rest of the plumage very similar to that of the 
adults, but with purple edges to the feathers of the upper surface, 
while there is no sign of the coppery wing-patch of the adult. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

«. Head of adult. Mogador. Howard Saunders, Esq, 
[P.]. 

b. $ ad. sk. Ain Tarsilt Pass, Interior Herbert E. White, 
of Marocco *. Esq. [P.]. 
Juv. sk. Tunis. Mr. L. Eraser [C.]. 

c,

d. 
Ad. sk, Suakin, Red Sea. Capt. R. H. Penton 
[p.]. 
e. 
2 ad. sk. An^alo, TigrS, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq, 
7000 feet, May 11,1868. [0.]. 
f. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [CI. 
7. GEROKTICUS. Typ e 
Geronticus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232 
G. calvus. 

Range. Confined to South Africa. 

1. G-eronticus calvus. 
L'Ibis, Briss. Orn. v. p. 347 (1760). 
Courly a tete nue du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Daubent. PL JEnl viii. 
pi. 867. 
L'Ibis noir, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. viii. p. 17 (1781). 
Black Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 112 (1785). 
Bald Ibis, Lath. t. c. p. 116 (1785), 
Tantalus calvus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 52 (1783). 
Tantalus niger, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 650 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 707 
(1790). 
Ibis calva, Vieill N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat xvi. p. 23 (1817); WagUr, 
Syst. Av., Ibis, p. 372, sp. 11 (1827); id. Isis, 1829, p. 761; tichl. 
Mus. Pays~Bas, Ibis, p. 11 (1863); Reichen. J.f.O.1877, p. 149. 
Ibis gonocephala, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 761. 

* Nesting in a hole of a cliff, about 50 feet high. 
VOL. XXVI. 

18 
IBIDID33. 

Geronticus calvus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232 ; Gray, List Gralla 
Brit. Mm. p. 90 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p 566 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. 


ii. p. 153 (1855); id. C. R. xl. p. 725 (1855); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1800, 
p. 219 (Natal); Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 321 (1867: Caledon; 
Eastern Cape Colony) ; Gray, Hahd-L B. iii. p. 39, no. 10218 
(1891); Gurnet/, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 297 (1872: Orange 
River); Belz. 'ibis, 1873, p. 39; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 494; 
Butler, Feilden, $ Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 424 (Newcastle j Buffalo 
River) j Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 738 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above dark metallic green, with a 

•slight bluish-purple gloss ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
like the back; tail-feathers dark steel-green ; wings also glossy 
green like the back, with purplish reflections, the greater number of 
the median coverts coppery purple, forming a large patch; head, 
nape, and throat bare, with a ruff of elongated steel-green feathers, 
somewhat lanceolate in shape and overhanging the lower throat; 
remainder of under surface black, slightly glossed with steel-
green and purple; the sides of* the body and axillaries more distinctly 
glossed with green ; under wing-coverts black, glossed with 
green, as also the inner lining of quills: " top of head bright red; 
bill and feet duller red; skin of neck and round the eye greenish 
white " (T. Ayres). Total length 26 inches, cuimen 5'2, wing* 15, 
tail 6-6, tarsus 2*7. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 26 inches, 
cuimen 5*35, wing 14*7, tail 7*2, tarsus 2*85. 
Bab. The same as that of the genus. 

a,b. S 2 ac*- sk. Zulu-land (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 

c. Ad. sk. Cape. 
Purchased. 
d. Skeleton. Cape. 
Purchased. 
8. 
BOSTRYCHIA. 
Type. 
Bostrychia, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852).. B. carunculata. 

Range* N.E. Africa. 

1. Bostrychia carunculata. 
Ibis carunculata, Riipp. Netie Wirb., Tog. p. 49, Taf. xix. (1835-40); 
DesMw*s in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 163 (1845: Tigre; Sem en); 
Schl Mu$. Bays-Bas, Ibis, p. 10 (1863) : Finsch, Tr. Z. S vii. 

p. 298 (1870: Senafe"; Goongoona; Facado); Reugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1139 (1873: Abyssinia, 5000 to 11,000 feet): 
Reichen. J.f 0.1877, p. 155. 
Ibis (Harpiprion) carunculata, Blanf. Geol fy Zool. Abyss, p. 437 
(1870: Senaf6 * Lake Ashangi; Wadela and Dalanta Plateaux). 
Harpiprion carunculatus, Gray, List Grallm, p. 92 (1844: Abys


sinia) ; Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 122 (1845); Reugl. Syst. Ueb&rs. 

p. 61 (1854). 
Geronticus carunculatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847): id. 
KandA. B. iii. p. 40, no. 10227 (1871). 
Bostrychia 
carunculata, Reichenb. Grallce, Taf. Ixxxiii. fig. 1011 
(1851); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 152 (1855); id. C. R. xl. p. 725 (1855): 
Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 501 j Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Cfmov. (2) 

i. p. 23 (1884: Shoa); id. op. cit. vi. p. 317 (1888: Antoto), 
9. HAGEDA.SHIA.. 
19 

Adult male. General colour blackish, glossed with olive-green; 
tail-feathers blackish, slightly glossed with steel-green; wings 
parti-coloured, with a large patch of white on the inner edge of the 
lesser and median series, the rest of the coverts blackish in the 
centre, with broad white margins or tips, giving a mottled appearance 
to the wings ; the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish, glossed with blue, the secondaries with green, the inner 
ones exactly like the back; head very much crested and the neck-
plumes elongated to a certain extent, the feathers of these parts 
being dusky with hoary-grey margins ; sides of face uniform dusky 
brown, the ear-coverts washed with hoary grey; remainder of under 
surface dusky brown, slightly shaded with hoary grey; the under 
wing-coverts and axillaries dusky with a greenish shade, more 
distinct on the quill-lining: l< bill and caruncle on throat dusky 
red ; feet pure red; iris pearly white, with a red ring " (Heuglin). 
Total length 28 inches, culmen 4*7, wing 13*9, tail 5*4, tarsus 2*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 25 inches, 
culmen 4*7, wing 14, tail 6, tarsus 2*4. 
Bah. The same a3 that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Dr. Riippell [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Facado, Abyssinia, May 2 (W. 
Shelley Coll. 
c. 6 ad. sk. Senate, April 23 ( W. Jesse). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
d. J ad. sk. Angolala, Shoa, June {Sir W. 
India Museum. 
C. Harris). 
e. S ad. sk. Ankober, Feb. {W. C. IT.). India Museum. 
f,g. Ad. sk. Shoa (W. C. H). India Museum. 
9. HAGEDASHIA. 
Type. 
Hagedashia, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 152 (1855) H. hagedash. 
Parnopio, Heine, in Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl. Mm. 

Hein. p. 314 (1890) , II. hagedasli. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

1. Hagedashia hagedash. 
Hagedash, Spamn. Voy. i. p. 280. 
Tantalus hagedash, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 709 (1790). 
Tantalus cafi'rensis, Lieht. teste Bp. 
Ibis hagedash, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist Nat xvi. p. 19 (1817); Licht. 


Verz. Doubl. p. 75 (1823) ; Wagler, Syst. Av., Ibis, p. 186, sp. 16 
(1827) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 760; Less. Traite, ii. p. 567 (1831); Biipp. 
Neue Wirb., Vbg.y. 49 (1835-40); Grill, ZooL Anteckn. pp.11, 54 
(1858: Knysna); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 10 (1863: 

S. Africa; Senaar); Cab. in Von der Deck. Beis. iii. p. 47 (1869 : 
Aruscha; Osi River); Finsch § Hartl Vbg. Ostafr. p. 735 (1870: 
Mozambique); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. n. 1141 (1873); 
W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 523 (Loko, Nov.) ; Jbischer, Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. i. p. 386 (1884: Great Aruscha; Lake Naivascha); 
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 230 (Taveta); id. Ibis, 1885, p. 415 
(Somali-land); Fischer, J.f O. 1885, p. 117 (Osi-Tana Mouth; 
Wami River); Bbhm, J.f O. 1885, p. 38 (Ugalla River); id. 
J.f. 
0.1886 (Kiranda, W. of Tanganyika), p. 418 (Lufuku R.), 
c2 
20 iBiDmae. 

p. 431 (Likulwe River); Biittik. Notes Leyden Mm. vii. p. 242 
(1885: Liberia), xi. pp. 127, 136 (1889); Beichen. J.f 0. 1887, 
p. 146 (Kinandu Bay); Schalow, t. c. p. 226; Sliarpe, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 542 (Victoria Nyanza). 
Ibis chalcoptera, Vieill N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 9 (1817: 
Senegal); id. Gal Ois. ii. p. 123, pi. 246 (1834); Wagler, Syst 
Av., Ibis, p. 185, sp. 9 (1827); Jard. Aim. $ May. KaL Hist. xvii. 
p.\(1846: Old Calabar River). 

Harpiprion bagedash, Gray, List Grallm Brit. MILS. p. 92 (1844: 

R. Gambia): Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 122 (1845); Heugl. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 61 (1856: Blue and White Nile). 
Geronticus hagedash, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847); Hartl Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 231 (1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 174 
(Gamma River); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 248 ; Hartl. J.f.O. 1861, 

p. 270 (Bissao); Antin. Cat. deser. TJcc. p. 103 (1864: Senaar; 
Eordofan; White Nile); Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 274 (Natal); 
Bayard, B.S.Afr. p. 320 (1867: Knysna; Zambesi); Gurney, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 260; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 40, no. 10228 (1871); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 266 (Vaal River); Sharpe fy Boutier, Bull. 
Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 79 (1878: Quilo); Fischer, J.f. 0.1879, 
pp. 295, 296; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 600 (ITsanabara Hills); 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 460 (3881: Oabinda; not S. of Congo); 
Butler, Feilden, fy Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 423 (Newcastle; Colenso, 
breeding); Hartert, J.f O. 1886, p. 607 (Samfara; Loko). 
Hagedabhia caffrensis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 152 (1855); Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 298 (1872: Lake Regions ; R. Teoughe, 
breeding; R. Botletl<§). 

Phimosus hagedash, Reichenb. Grattm, Taf. Ixxx. tig. 530 (1851). 
Bostrycbia hagedash, Bp. C. B. xi. p. 725 (1855). 
Hagedashia chalcoptera, Flliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 500. 
Ibis caffrensis, Beichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 12 (Loango), p. 155. 
Ibis (Hagedasbia) chalcoptera, Oust. N. Arch. yius. (2) ii. Bull. 


p. 117 (1879: LopS, July). 
Hagedasbia bagedash, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 739 
(1884: E.London). 
Theristicus caffrensis, Beichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 1887, p. 43 (Simiu 
River; Victoria Nyanza; Ugaia). 
Parnopio bagedash, Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 314 
(1890). 
Theristicus leucocephalus, Beichen. Yog. Beutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 54 
(1894: Usambara; Ugalla; Aruscha; Teita; Victoria Nyanza). 

Adult female. General colour above dark olive-green, "with indistinct 
edges of darker green; the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts blackish, with a slight gloss of steel-blue ; tail dark 
purplish blue, with a slight greenish shade near the end; wing-
coverts metallic green, changing under certain lights to rosy purple, 
the greater series externally coppery bronze; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills purplish black, the secondaries more decidedly 
purple, the inner ones dark green like the back; head and neck 
clothed with feathers of a dusky ash-grey, the head and sides of face 
uniform, but the feathers of the nape and hind-neck with ashy-whitish 
margins; the sides of the face and ear-coverts rather darker grey 
than the head, as also the throat; along the upper cheeks a band 
of whitish feathers; remainder of under surface of body ashy 
brown, with pale sandy-eoloured margins to most of the feathers, 
especially on the fore-neck and chest; under tail-coverts dark green 

21 

10 . THDE1ST1CUS. 
near the vent, the longer ones purplish blue like the under tail-

feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, glossed with pur


plish blue; inner aspect of quills bronzy steel-green : " bill black, the 

culmen crimson towards the base; 
tarsi and toes dull red; iris very-

dark brown, with a narrow outer 
ring nearly white " (T. Ayres)* 

Total length 23 inches, culmen 5, wing 13*6, tail 5*7, tarsus 2*75. 

Bah. Confined to Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Senegal (D'EinviUe). Eiocour Coll. 
(Type of Ibis chalcoptera.) 
b. Ad. sk. Gambia. Governor Kendall [C.]. 
<?. Var. sk. Denkera, Ashanti. Sharpe Coll. 
d,e. cS $ ftd. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
sk. 

/, g. Ad. et South Africa. Purchased. 
pull. St. 

h. Ad. sk. Port Natal. 
Shellev Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Natal. 
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.l 
k. 2 ad. sk. Zulu-land, July (Got*dge). Shelley Coll. 
1. 
Ad. sk. Usambara Hills (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. Taveta, 300 ft. H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
C.B. [P.]. 
n. Skeleton. S. Africa. 
Eyton Coll. 
10. 
THEKISTICUS. rp 
Type. 
Theristicus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1231 T. caudatus. 
Range. Confined ta South America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat and breast orange-rufous; abdomen only 
black melanopis, p. 21. 
b. Throat whitish; fore-neck rufous; entire breast 
as well as abdomen black ccmdatm, p. 23. 
1. Theristicus melanopis. 
? Le Petit Courly d'Amerique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 337 (1760). 
? Grey Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 110 (1785). 
? Tantalus griseus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 653 (1788). 
Black-faced Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 108, pi. lxxix. (1785). 
Tantalus melanopis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 65S (1788). 
Manduria 6 curucau, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 189 (1803). 
Ibis albicollis (nee Gm.), Vieill Nouv. Diet a"Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 17 


(1817) ; Neumed, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., Vog. iv. p. 69$ (1S3P1; 0 
Burmeist. Reise La Blata-St. ii. p. 510 (1861: Parana, Mendoza, 
Tucuman). 

Ibis melanopis, 
Wagl. Syst. Av., Ibis, p. 373, sp. 17 (1827); Tschudi 
Sf Cab. Faun. Peruan. pp. 51, 298 (1845-46); Burm. Th. Bras. 
hi. p. 421 (1856); Sol 8r Sato. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 600 (Pitumarca); 
Buds. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro, Patagonia); Reichen. 

J.f. 0.1877, p, 154. 
Ibis alba, Less. TraiU d'Orn. p. 567 (1831). 
Theristicus melanopis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1232; Darwin, Voy. 
1Beagle,"' Birds, y. 128 (1841: Patagonia); Gray, List Grail. Brit. 
Mus.-g. 91 (1844: Africa!; Straits of Magellan; Chili); Marti. 

22 I BIDED JE. 

Index Azara, p. 23 (1847)• Bp. Camp. ii. p. 155 (1855); Schl 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 7 (1863 : pt.); Cunningham, Ibis, 1866, 

p. 126 (Elizabeth Is., breeding) ; Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 502; 
id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 156, pi. iv. %. 8; Sol $ Salv. Nomencl. 
p. 127 (1873: pt.); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 190 (Buenos Ayres, 
winter) ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Sengel R., Nov.; Chupat Valley) ; 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. o&2 (Junin); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, 
p. 436 (Sandy Point) ; iid. Toy. Chall, Birds, ii. p. 106 (1880) ; 
Bumf. Ibis, 1880, p. 424 (Tucuman ; Salta, June); Barrows, Auk, 
i. p. 272 (1884: Lower Uruguay). 
Tantalus melanopis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 653 (1788). 
Theristicus melanops, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Interior of 
Chili). 
Tantalus melanops, Forster, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. pi. 117; id. 
Bescr. Anim. p. 332 (1844). 
Geronticus melanopis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847); id. Hand-l. 

B. iii. p. 40, no. 10233 (1871)-Suds. P. Z. S. 1871^ p. 261. 
Geronticus albicollis (nee Gm.), Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 307 (1871). 
Theristicus caudatus (nee Bodd.), Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 498, (pt.) ; 
Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 417 (1886); Scl.fySuds. Arg. Orn. ii. 

p. 110 (1889: cold weather visitor); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, 
p. 270 (R. Pilcomayo); Oust. Miss. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 330 (1891) ; 
Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 (Fortin Page, Dec.)* Holland, 
t. c. p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla, May to Aug.). 
Theristicus melanopes, Heine ty Peichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 313 
(1890). 
Ibis caudatus (nee Bodd.), Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordova, 
Arg. Rep.). 
Theristicus branicMi, Berl. fy Stolz. Ibis, 1894, p. 405. 


Adult female. General colour above silvery grey, with ashy-
brown, margins to the feathers, which are farther marked by a 
sub-terminal black bar, the innermost secondaries being coloured and 
marked like the back ,* wing-eoverts hoary grey, the outer ones 
white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, with a 
slight purple gloss, the inner secondaries externally grey; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black, with a bronzy-green gloss ; 
tail-feathers black, with a slight greenish gloss; head and neck all 
round, as well as the throat and breast, orange-buff, inclining to 
chestnut on the crown and hinder neck: throat bare, with a tuft of 
whitish feathers on the chin; on the sides of the chest a half-collar 
of grey feathers; remainder of under surface of body slaty black, 
the under tail-coverts black with a green gloss ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries black with a faint purplish gloss; quills bronzy 
green below : " feet carmine or scarlet; iris scarlet" (G. Darwin) : 
" bill, naked part of face, and throat black, the tip of the bill dull 
greenish; feet dark fleshy red; iris pale brown (Burmeister). 
Total length 26 inches, culmen 5*4, wing 14*1, tail 7#4, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having sandy-buff 
edges to the feathers of the upper surface, as well as to the feathers 
of the abdomen * patch of feathers on the chin more extended. 

Young (Pitumarca, Peru). Distinguished by its shorter bill and 
feathered throat, the cheeks only being bare; the head, neck, and 
breast whiter than in the adults, with orange-chestnut on the head 
and chest; the upper surface almost entirely pearly grey with a 

10. THERISTICUS. 
23' 
slight greenish shade, but with scarcely any indication of dusky 
margins to the feathers. 

The differences of plumage relied on by Count von Berlepsch and 
Mr. Stolzmann for the separation, of T. branichii seem to me to be 
only those of age or season. The feathered throat occurs in some 
of the Chilian birds, and, like the white abdomen, seems to be a 
sign of immaturity. On the other hand, T. caudatus would seem 
to lose the feathering of the throat, as our female specimen has the 
middle of the throat bare. 

Bab. South America, from the Straits of Magellan to Chili and 
Peru, Argentina and Uruguay; north to the province of Matto 
Grosso in Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. 
[S. America.] * Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. 
Chili. 
0. Crawley, Esq. 
c,d. <$ $ ad. sk 
Sandy Point, Straits of MagelVoy. 
H.M.S. 'Chal


lan. lenger.' 
e,f. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Antarctic Exped. 

y. 
$ juv. sk. Pitumarca, Peru, April 8 (B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
h. Skeleton. 
Chili. Purchased. 
2. Theristicus caudatus. 
Courly a col blanc de Cayenne, Daubent. PL JEnl. viii. pi. 976. 

Le Grand Courlis de Cayenne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 47 

(1781). 
Scolopax caudatus, Bodd. Tabl. PI. JEnl. p. 57 (1783). 
White-necked Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 109 (1785). 
Tantalus albicollis, Orn. Syst. Nat. i. p; 653 (1788). 
Geronticus caudatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847) ,* id. Hand4. 

B. iii. p. 40, no. 10234 (1871). 
Ibis albicollis, Cab. in ScJiomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 757 (1848). 
Theristicus albicollis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 155 (1855). 
Geronticus caudatus, Gray, Han&4. B. iii. p. 40, no. 10234 (1871). 
Theristicus melanopis (nee Gm), Scl. fy Sab. Nomencl. p. 127 
(1873: pt.). 
Ibis caudata, Beichen. J. f. 0.1877, p. 154. 
Theristicus caudatus, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 492 (pt.); Salvin, Ibis, 

1886, p. 171 (British Guiana). 

Adult female. Similar to T. melanopis, but darker; blackish 
above, distinctly glossed with oil-green, and not having the banded 
appearance of the fore-named species, the black of the under 
surface spreading over the whole of the chest, breast, and abdomen: 
"iris red" (H. WHtely). Total length 26 inches, culmen 5-9, 
wing 15, tail 7, tarsus 3*05. 

Hah. British Guiana. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Rupurumi River, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 15 (JET. Whitely). 
b. $ ad. sk. Aunai, April 1 (B. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
* " Interior of Africa " ! Major Denham: cf. Gray, Cat. Grallse, p. 91. 
2 4 
IBIDID-52. 

11. 
MOLYBDOPHANES. T _ 
lype. 
Molybdophanes, Reichenb. Av. Syst Nat. p. xiv (1852). M. cgerulescens. 
Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus. 

1. Molybdophanes caerulescens. 
Curucau aplomado, Azara, Apimi. iii. p. 195 (1803). ^ 
Ibis casrulescens, VieilL Nouv. Bid. dVHist. Nat. x*yi. p. 18 (1817) ; 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 9 (1863); Scl. $ Seek. P. Z. S. 1869, 

p. 635 (Conehitas); Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 155. 
Ibis 
plumbea, Temm. PI Col v. pi. 235 (1823); WagL Syst Av., 
Ibis, p. 372, sp. 14 (1827) ; Less. Traite, p. 567 (1831) ; Tsclwdi 
§ Cab. Faun. lev. pp. 51, 298 (1845-46); Burnt. Th. Bras. ni. 

p. 422 (1856: S. Brazil; Paraguay) ; id. Reise La Plata-St. ii. 
p. 510 (1861: Banda Oriental j JFntrerios). 
Harpiprion plumbeus, WagL Isis, 1832, p. 1232. 
Theristicus caerulescens, Gray, list Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1844: 
"Mexico"). 

Geronticus caerulescens, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 666 (1847); Hartl 

Index Azara, p. 23 (1847); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 40, no. 10226 

(1871); Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 307, 457 (1871: Caicara, Sept., Nov.). 

Molybdophanes caerulescens, Reichenb. Grail. Taf. 291. ligs. 2383. 
84 (1851); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 154 (1855); Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, 

p. 503. 
Ilarpiprion caerulescens, Scl. <§• Salv. Nomencl p. 127 (1873); Gtbso?z, 
Jbis, 1880, p. 155 (San Antonio); Taczan. Orn. Peroa, iii. p. 419 
(1886); Scl. $ Buds. Ary. Orn. ii. p. 112 (1889); Graham Kerr, 
Ibis, 1891, p, 270 (R. Pilcoinayo); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 145. 

Adult female. General, colour above hoary grey, mottled with 
sub-terminal markings of dusky brown, which has a greenish tinge; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series dusky, externally 
hoary grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
externally glossed with green or purple, the inner secondaries like 
the back; upper tail-coverts glossy olive-green, the tail-feathers 
dusky and glossed with darker green ; head and face fully feathered, 
of a dull ash-colour, with a frontal band of white, narrowing in 
the centre of the forehead; crest-feathers extremely long and 
narrow, like the feathers of the sides of the neck and lower throat, 
all of which are hoary grey with ashy centres ; throat dusky grey; 
remainder of under surface of body uniform hoary grey, darker on 
the under tail-coverts, which are freckled with dusky vermiculations ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries somewhat darker ashy; quills 
below dusky, with a wash of greenish bronze: " bill, lores, and 
naked chin black ; toes reddish yellow ; iris orange " (Burmewter). 
Total length 30 inches, culmen 5-6, wing 15-2, tail 6*5, tarsus 3*1. 

Hah. Central Brazil to Paraguay and Argentina. 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Villa Maria, Matto Grosso, Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Brazil, Sept. 4 (J. Natterer). 
b. Ad. sk. Chili. 
Old Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. S. America. 
Purchased. 
d. e. Skeletons. S. Aniericat 
Purchased, 
12 . HAEPIPKION. 
12. HARPIPRION. 
Type. 
Harpiprion, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232 II. cayennensis. 

Range. Prom Panama to Colombia, Ecuador, and British Guiana, 
ranging southward to Southern Brazil. 

1. Harpiprion cayennensis. 
Courly vert de Cayenne, Daubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 820. 

Le Courlis des bar*, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 43 (1781). 

Cayenne Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 107 (1785). 

Tantalus cayennensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 652 (1788). 

Tantalus cayenensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 704 (1790). 

Ibis sylvatica, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 16 (1817); 

Nemoied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 702 (1831: R. Itabapuana; 

Prov. Bahia; Itahype ; R. Catole). 

Ibis dentirostris, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ibis, p. 370, sp. 7 (1827). 

Ibis cayennensis, Less. Traite, p. 567 (1831) ; Cab. in Schomb. Beis. 

Guian. iii. p. 757 (1848); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 423 (1856: 

Central and Northern Brazil); Beichen. J. f. 0.1877, p. 154. 

Harpiprion 
cayennensis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232; Schl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 8 (1863); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. p. 327 (1873: 
Panama to Brazil); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 306; Taezan. Orn. Pirou, 

iii. p. 420 (1886); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 172 (Bartica Grove; 
Camacusa). 
Harpiprion cayanensis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Chili) ; Gray, 

List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 92 (1844); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 155 (1855); 

Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 502. 

Geronticus cayanensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847). 

Geronticus 
cayennensis, Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 40, no. 10225 
(1871) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 307 (1871: .Mattodentro ; Ypanema; 
Irisanga; Cuyaba; Caicara); id. Ibis, 1873, p. 39. 

Adult male. General colour above dark bronzy grass-green, including 
the lesser and median wing-coverts; rump and upper tail-
coverts like the back, the latter slightly glossed with steel-blue; 
tail steel-blue, with purple and greenish reflections; greater coverts, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, externally purple or purplish blue 
with a slight bronzy appearance, the inner secondaries dark green ; 
forehead and fore part of crown, sides of face, cheeks, and throat 
dusky slate-colour; the chin and fore part of malar region, the 
hinder crown and hind neck spangled with glossy green, with rosy 
purple reflections; the sides of the neck also spangled in the same 
manner, but much less distinctly ; under surface of the body 
blackish, with a gloss of dark olive-green; the under tail-coverts 
glossy grass-green ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, glossed 
with purple, the under surface of the quills glossed with steel-green 
and purple: " bill, lores, and naked part of face greenish grey; the 
hinder part of face lead-colour, in very old birds bluish ; feet 
greenish grey, but paler than the bill; iris brown" (Burmeister). 
Total length 22 inches, culmen 4*9, wing 4*8, tail 6*2, tarsus 2-3. 

Bah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. Major-Gen. Hardwicke. 
h. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [C.]. 
26 IBIDIDJE. 
c. S ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British GuiSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
d, e. Ad. sk.
ana, Dec. 30 {H. Whitely). 
Rio Cotapaza, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
f. Ad. sk.
Buckley). 
Interior of New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 3 ad. sk. Nichi, U.S. Colombia (T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
hj L Ad. sk.
K. Salmon), 
Lion Hill, Panama {J. McSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
Leannan). 

13. PHBIOSUS. w 
Type. 
Pkirnosus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1233 P. mfuscatus. 
Range. Colombia to Central and Southern Brazil and south to 

Argentina. 

1. PMmosus infuscatus. 
Crimean afeytado, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 201 (1803). 
Ibis infuscata, Licht. Vers. Doubl. p. 75 (1823); Neimied, Beitr. 
Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 699 (1832); Cat. in Schomb. Reis. Girian. iii. 

p. 756 (1848); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 422 (1856: Rio Janeiro; 
San Paulo ; Paraguay); id. Heis. La Plata-St. p. 511 (1861: Rio 
Parana); ScM. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 8 (1863 : Brazil; Colombia) 
; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 (Lake Paturia); Reichen. J.f. 0. 
1877, p. 153. 
Ibis nudifrons, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 69, pi. 86 (1824); Wagler, 
Syst. Av., Ibis, p. 370, sp. 6 (1827); Less. Traile, p. 567 (1831), 

Pliimosus infuscatus, 
Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1233; Reichenb. Grail. 
Taf. 140. fig. 529 (1851); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 156 (1855); Scl 
$ Sate. Nomencl. A v. Neotr. p. 127 (1873); Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, 

p. 495 ; Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 63 (Buenos Ayres, breeding); Salmn, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 363 (Salta, June), 1886, p. 171; BerL J. f. O. 1887, 
p. 32 (Pilcomayo); Scl. $ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 113 (1889); 
Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 (Timbo R.; R. Paraguay ; 
Mouth of Pilcomayo R.); Holland, t. c. p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla, 
May to Aug.). 
Harpiprion nudifrons, Gray, List Gfrallcs Brit. Mus. p. 92 (1844). 

Geronticus 
infuscatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847); JELartl. 
Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847); Gray, JEand-l B. iii. p. 41, no. 10235 
(1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 307 (1871: Rio Parana, May; 
Caicara, Nov.). 

Adult male. General colour above Mack, with a steel-green gloss, 
more distinctly seen on the wings, which are more strongly glossed 
with coppery green and rosy purple; the greater coverts and the 
quills dark steel-green with a slight coppery gloss, the inner 
secondaries like the back; tail also glossy steel-green; forehead, 
fore part of face, and chin bare, of a pink colour in life, with carunculations 
on the forehead and cheeks; neck all round and under 
surface of body black, glossed with reddish purple on the former 
and with dull green on the latter; under wing-coverts and axiLlaries 
more distinctly glossed with steel-green, the lower greater 
coverts and the quill-lining being metallic bronzy green: " bill 
dingy white; feet pale pink; iris light brown" (H. Bumford). 
Total length 20*5 inches, culmen 5*1, wing 11*3, tail 4*8, tarsus 2*6. 

14 . LOPHOTIBIS. 
27 

The only specimen in the British Museum retaining any trace of 
young plumage has several brown feathers about the head. 

Two specimens in the Salvin-Godman collection from Colombia 
have no papillae on the forehead, but merely some transverse corrugations. 
Their faces appear also to have been red in life, whereas 
all the specimens from more southern localities retain a yellow face. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Salta, Argentine Republic, H. Durnf ord, Esq. [C.]. 
Aug. 7. 
b. Imm. sk. Belgrano, Buenos Avres, H. Durnford, Esq. [C.]. 
April 14. 
c. S ad. sk. Rio de la Plata. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Caicara (J. Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Interior of Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
14. LOPHOTIBIS. 
Type. 
Lophotibis, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852) L. cristata. 
Range. Confined to the forests of Eastern and North-eastern 

Madagascar. 

1. Lophotibis cristata. 
Le Courly hupe" de Madagascar, Daubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 841. 
Le Courlis hupp6; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 38 (1781). 
Tantalus cristatus, Bodd. Tall. PI Enl p. 51 (1783); Gm. Sgst. Nat. 


i. p. 650 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn.ii. p. 709 (1790); Shaw $ Nodder, 
Nat. Misc. xvii. pi. 72. 
Crested Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 118 (1785). 
Ibis cristata, Vieill. N. Diet. xvi. p. 19 (1817); Wagl. Syst Av., Ibis, 

p. 372, sp. 13 (1827); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 6 (1863); id. 
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 ; Grand. Rev. k Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 1; • 
Schl Sf Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 127 (1868); Reichen. J.f. 0. 
1877, p. 156; Milne-Edwards § Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. ii. 
p. 536, pis. 222-225 (1882). 
Eudocimus cristatus, Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 277. 
Geronticus cristatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 666 (1847); id. Hand-l. B. 
iii. p. 40, no. 10230 (1871); Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68. 
Bostrychia cristata, Reichenb. Grail Taf. 83. fig. 637 (1851). 
Lophotibis cristatus, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 154 (1855); Hartl. Faun. 
Madag. p. 76 (1861); Roch &> E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 171 (Foule 
Point) ; E. Newt. t. c. p. 457 (Tranomaro); A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, 

p. 837,- Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 499; Hartl Tog. Madag. p. 318 
(1877); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 117. 
Adult female. General colour above chestnut or cinnamon-brown; 
wings entirely white, except the innermost secondaries, which are 
like the back ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black, 
with a slight purplish gloss : head with a fine drooping crest, the 
central feathers of which are sandy buff, the lateral ones glossy steel 
or purplish blue like the sides of the neck; sides of face bare; cheeks 
and throat blackish, with a few steel-green feathers on the latter; 
remainder of under surface of body from the fore-neck downward 
dull cinnamon, lighter on the abdomen; under wing-coverts an| 


28 
IBIDIDiE. 

axillaries, as well as the under tail-coverts, black, with a slight gloss of 

purple ; all the coverts round the bend of the wing, primary-coverts, 

and quills below white : u bill green ; bare skin round the eye bright 

red; feet dark red ; iris reddish " (A. Grandidier). Total length 

28 inches, culmen 4*6, wing 12-7, tail 5*5. tarsus 2*8. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by the brown or sandy-
brown edges to the coverts and quills ; the latter also freckled with 
brown. The bare space round the eye more restricted and the 
feathers of the sides of the face dusky cinnamon; the head crested, 
as in the adults, but the feathers of the crown more or less distinctly 
centred with black. The disposition of the black plumes on the 
head appears to vary with individuals, as in one bird the feathers 
of the crown are almost entirely steel-blue, whereas another specimen 
has the coronal feathers sandy buff. 

Bab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. 
Purchased. 
b. Imm. sk. Central Madagascar. H.Seebohm,Esq.JT.]. 
€. $ 
juv. sk. Forest of North Senbendra, M. A. Majastre £(£]. 
Madagascar, Dec. 4. 

d. $ juv. sk. Biy of Bombatoc (Pollen ty Shelley Coll. 
Van Dam). 
e. J ad. sk. Ankafana Forest, June (Deans Shelley Coll. 
Cowan). 
f. Skeleton. . Madagascar. 
Mr. J. Crossley [C.]. 
15. CEECIBIS. 
Cercibis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232 C. oxycerca. 
Range. Colombia to British Guiana and the Bio Negro in Upper 
Amazonia. 

1. Cercibis oxycerca. 
Ibis oxycercus, Spix, Av. Bras. p. 69, pi. 87 (1824); Wagler, St/st. 
Av. p. 376, Ibis, sp. 15 (1827); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. 
in. p. 756 (1848); Bum. Th. Bras. iii. p. 424 (1856: Upper 
Amazon; Eio Negro); 8chl Mus. Pays-Bos, Ibis, p. 8 (1863) ; 
Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 153. 

Cercibis oxycerca, 
Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 156 
(1855); Scl Sf JSalv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 127 (1873); Elliot, 

P. Z. JS. 1877, p. 497; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 171. 
Geronticus oxycercus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847); id. Kand-l. 
B.m iii. p. 41, no. 10236 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 307 (1871 : 
Rio GuaporS). 
Adult male. General colour above black, with only a slight 
green or purplish gloss, the latter more apparent on the wings and 
tail; the crown of the head feathered as well as the sides of the 
face and ear-coverts, but the lores and all the region of the eye 
bare, as well as the throat; the feathers of the hind-neck crested 
and glossed with purple, changing to green on the sides of the neck; 
the feathers on the fore part of the crown hoary whitish, as likewise 
a broad cheek-stripe; under surface of body dull black, with 
scarcely any gloss, the feathers ascending in a narrow line to a 

16 . 
PLEGADIS. 29 
point on the throat; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, with 
a purple gloss: " bill and naked face clear flesh-colour in life, the 
gape and region of the eye darker, the bill yellowish, with light 
brown tip; feet fleshy yellow " (Burmeister). Total length about 
34 inches, culmen 6-5, wing 16, tail 11, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length about 34 inches, 
culmen 6, wing 15*6, tail 10*5, tarsus 2*75. 
Rob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Rupurumi River, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April 25 (H. Whitely). 
h. 
J ad. sk. Aunai, British Guiana, Aug, 6 Salvin-Godmau Coll. 
(JEC. W.). 
c. 9 ad. sk. Forte do Rio Branco, April 10 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Natterer). 
d. Ad. sk. Interior of Colombia (Croiother). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. S. America. 
Old Coll. 
16. PLEGADIS. 
Type. 
Plegadis, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 82 (1829) P. falcinellus. 
Tantalides, Waaler, Isis, 1832, p. 1231 P. falcinellus. 
Falcinellus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1811, p. 87 {nee VieilL 

1816) P. falcinellus. 
Plegadornis, Brehm, Nauru. 1855, p. 290 P. falcinellus. 

Range. Nearly the whole of the temperate portions of the Old 
and New "Worlds, extending to Africa, India, and Australia, as well 
as South America. 


Key to the Species. 

a. 
With no streaks of whitish on the head and 
neck. (Adults in summer plumage.) 
a'. Under surface of body deep rufous or 
cbesnut-brown, as also the head and neck, 
mantle, and scapulars. 


a". "With no white mark on the forehead 
and fore part of cheeks and chin ; lores 
blackish in skin, greenish in life falci?iellus, p. 29. 

b". With a white band across the forehead, 
behind the eye, joining on the chin: 
lores reddish in skin, carmine-red in 
life guaruana, p. 34. 

b'. Under surface purplish black; head and 
neck reddish brown, not extending to the 
scapulars or mantle ridgzoayi, p. 37. 

b. With the head and neck streaked with whitish. 
(Young birds or adults in winter plumage.) 
1. Plegadis falcinellus. 
Le Courly verd, Briss. Orn. v. p. 326, pi. 27. fig. 2 (1760). 
Le Courly marron, Briss. t. c. p. 329. 
Tantalus 'falcinellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 241 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. 


i. p. 648 (1788). 
Courly d'ltalie, Daubent PL Enl viii. pi. 819. 
30 IBIDIDJ3. 

Scolopax rufa, Scop. Ann. i. p. 93 (1769). 
Numenius igneus, S. G. Gm. Reis. Sibir. i. p. 166 (1770). 
Numenius viridis, S. G. Gm. t. c. p. 107 (1770). 
Tantalus castaneus, P. L. S. Midi. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 112 (1776); 


Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 246. 
Le Oourlis vert ou Courlis d'ltalie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 29 

(1781). 
The Bay Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 113 (1785). 
The Bay Ibis, var. A, Lath, t c. p. 114. 
Green Ibis, Lath. t. c. p. 114. 
Glossy Ibis, Lath. t. c. p. 114; Tarr. Br. B. iii. p. 505 (1843). 
Tantalus viridis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 048 (J 788). 
Tantalus igneus, Gm. t. c. p. 648 (1788). 
Ibis sacra, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 385 (1815). 
Ibis falcinellus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hi&t. Nat. xvi. p. 23 (1817); 

Temm. Man. d?Orn. ii. p. 598 (1820); Wagler, Syst. Av., Ibk, 

p. 367, sp. 1 (1827) ; Roux, Orn. Provenc. pi. 309 (1825) ; Werner, 
Atlas, Gralles, pi. 4 (1827); Less. Traite, p. 566 (1831); Menetr. 
Cat. rais. Cauo. p. 50 (1832); Bp. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 23, pi. 23. 
fig-, 1 (1833); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 88 (1834); Naum. Vog. Deutschl 
viii. p. 339, pi. 219 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 301 (1837) ; 
Aud. B. Amer. pi. 387 ; id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 008 (1838) ; Crespon, 
Orn. Gard, p. 402 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 217 (1840) ; 
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Muss. Merid. p. 256 (1840: Odessa, May, 
Sept.) ; Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 131 (1842: accidental); 
Audub. B. Amer. vi. p. 50, pi. 358 (1843) ; Schl. Reo. Grit. p. c. 
(1844); Eodgs. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 77 (no. 571); 
id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Hewits. Eggs Br. B. ii. 
p. 283, pi. 78 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. mo (1847); Gould, 
B.Austr. vi. pi 47 (1848); Lembeye, A v. Cuba, p. 87 (1850); 
Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. Ib2 (1850) ; Macg. Br. B. iv. p. 493 
(1852); Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. pi. xxxiii.tf. fig. 4 (1852) ; Schl. Tog. 
Nederl. pis. 201, 202 (1854): Sale. Ibis, 1859, p. 359 (Zana) ; 
Bartl Faun. Madag. p. 77 (1861); id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 270; 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bos, Ibis, p. 2 (1863, pt.: Hungary; Sarepta; 
Senegal; Sennaar; Lake Tana ; Java; Borneo ; N, Celebes); 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 144 (Malta, migrant); Sperling, t. c. 

p. 287; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 182 (1865); Ramsay. Ibis, 1866, 
p. 335 (Pt. Denison); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 319 (18(37); Sunder. 
Svensh. FogI. pi. lxxviii. tig. 3 (1867) ; Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 
1868, p. 4; Schl. $ Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 128 (1868); Smith, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 454 (Portugal) j Finsch 8f Bartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 730 
(1870); Gray, Eand-l B. iii. p. 39,no. 10214 (1871); Swinh. P.Z.S. 
1871, p. 411 (Shanghai; Ningpo); Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. 1871, 
p. 361 (Florida); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 394 (S. Spain, breeding); 
Barting, Eandb. B. Gt. Br. p. 54 (1872); Gould, B. Gt. Br. iv. pi. 47 
(1872) ] Shelley, B.Egypt, p. 262 (1872) ; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
ii. pt. 1, p. 1132 (1873 : Egypt; Nubia; Kordofan; Senaar; Abyssinia 
; Tana Lake); Antin. ty Salvad. Viagg. Logos, p. 152 (1873 : 
Anseba, Aug.); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873) ; Brooke, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia, winter); Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 419 
(Kathiawar); Thiellens, MSm. Soc. Eainault, (3) iii. p. 335 (1873: 
Belgium); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 59 (1875: Ras Doura); Danford $ 
Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 426 (Transylvania); Dresser, Ibis, 
1876, p. 236 (Turkestan, breeding); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 298 
(1876); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 455 (1877); Bartl Tog. 
Madag. p. 316 (1877); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 52 (Ala-Kul); Ramsay, 
Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 198 (1878); Maynard, B. East 
If). PT/EGADIS. 

N Am. p. 402 (1879); Milne-Edtv. 8f Grandid. H. N. Madacj., 
Ois. ii. p. 259 (1882); Holab 8? Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 21)1 
(1882); Sim, Scot. Nat. vi. p. 13 (1882: Scotland); Stearns, New 
England Bird Life, ii. p. 254 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 
(Caucasus) j Irby, t c. p. 188 (Santander, May); Seebohm, Kist 
Brit. B. ii. p. 520 (1884); Tristr. Faun, f Flor. Palest, p. 112 
(1884: occasional); Saunders, ed. Tarr. Brit. B. iv. p. 231 (1884); 
£a?7imy, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (1888); Saunders, Man. 
Brit. B. p. 379 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 344 (Cyprus); 
North, Pr. Limi. Soo. N. S. W. (2) v. p. 142 (1891: Yandembah, 

N. S. W., breeding); Madardsz, Ausst. Ungar. Tog. p. 107 (1891) j 
^ Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 116 (1891). 

Nunienius chichi, JDumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 253 (1818). 

Tantalus bengalensis, Licht., teste Bp. 

Tantalus mexicanus, Ord, Journ. Philad. Acad. i. p. 53 (1817 : New 

Jersey). 
Numenius falcinellus, Fall Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 165 (1811: 
Caspian Sea; Black Sea, breeding). 
Plegadis falcinellus, Kaup, Natilrl. iSyst. p. 82 (1829); Bp. C. P. xl. 

p. 725 (1855); Fritsch, Tog. Bur. tab. 43. fig. 3 (1870): Salvad. 
Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 247 (1871); Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 335, pi. 409 
(1878); Ltgge, B. Ceylon, p. 1109 (1879); W Albert. Sf Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 146 (1879); Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
iii. p. 198 (1880); Scl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 828 (Hampshire); Salvad. 
Orn. Papvasia, iii. p. 382 (1882 : Fly River; Torres Straits) ; 
Coues, Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 105 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 
& 
& 
224 (Astrakan, breeding); Parker, Ibis, 1883, p. 194 (Ceylon, 
ov., Feb., breeding); Baird, Breioer, fy Bidgio. Water-B. 
N. Amer. i. p. 94 (1884); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 147 
(Obedska Bara, breeding); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 649 
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 231 (1884: Daimbi, 
Shoa, Nov.); Beid, Ibis, 1885, p. 250 (Marocco, breeding); Ayres, 
t. c. p. 349 (Transvaal, March); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 374 (Portugal); 
Guillem. Ibis, 1888, p. Ill, 1889, p. 215 (Larnaka, Cyprus, 
April) ; St. John, t. c. p. 178 (S. Afghanistan) ; Beichen. Syst 
Verz. Vog. Beutschl. p. 42 (1889); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat) 
p. 74 (1890) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests # Eggs, iii. p. 231 (1890) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland); Sibree, t c. p. 117 (Madagascar) 
; Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 477 (Palombi R.). 

Ibis castanea, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 006 (1831). 
Ibis cuprea, Brehm, t. c. p. 1018 (1831). 
Tantalides falcinellus, Wagler, Ms, 1832, p. 1231. 
Ibis ordi, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. q N Amer. p. 49 (1838); Baird, 


Cass., 8f Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 685 (] 858); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. 
viiL p. 292 (1866: New York). 

Falcinellus igneus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 87 (1841); id. List Grallm 
Brit. Mus. p. 92 (1844); Bilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 122 (1845) ; Gray, 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 136 (1846); Gould, B. 
Austr. vi. pi. 47 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 274 (1849 : 
Calcutta); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 24 (1850); Bp. Consp. ii. 

p. 158 (1855); Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 62 (1856); Gray, P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 197; id. Cat Mamm. § B. New Guinea, p. 62 (1859); 
Tristr. Fbis, 1860, p. 163 (Lake Halloula, breeding); Irby, Ibis, 
1861, p. 243 (Oudh) ; Simpson, t. c. p. 371 (Dobrudscha); Jerd. 
B. Ind. ii. p. 770 (1864); Bosenb. J.f.O. 1864, p. 137; Newt. 
Ibis, 1864, p. 133 (S. Iceland); Kirk, t. c. p. 334 (Zambesi) ; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 286 (1865); Gigl Ibis, 1865, p. 60 
(Pisa, April; San Rossore, May) ; Gurney, £. c. p. 272 (Monocusi 
32 IBIDIDJ3. 

River); Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 335 (Pt. Denison); Degl. $ 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 329 (18(57); Locke, JELvpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. 

ii. p. 154 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282; Drake, t. c. p. 430 
(Tetuan) : Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 326; Biggies, Orn. Austr. ii. 
pi. 103 (1868) ; Ehves fy Bucklexj, Ibis, 1870, p. 335 (Danube); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 266 (Transvaal); Walden, Tr. Z. S. \m. 
p. 101 (1872: Gorontalo; Macassar); Hume, Nests §• Eggs 
Bid. B. p. 635 (1873); id. Str. F. i. pp. 120, 257 (1873 : Sind) ; 
Ball, Str. E. ii. p. 436 (1874: CLota Nagpur); Salvad, TJcc. Born. 
p. 360 (1874) ; Blyth, B. Burn. p. 158 (1875); Butler § Hume, 
Str. F. iv. p. 25 (1876: Sind; Kathiawar; Outch.; Jodhpur); 
Butler, Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877: Deesa) ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 503; Davidson § Wenden, Sir. F. vii. p. 92 (1878: Deccan); 
Butler, t. c. p. 188 (E. Nassa); Ball, t. c. p. 231 (Rajmehal 
Hills; Maunbhoom); Cripps, t. c. p. 310 (Faridpur) ; Hume, 
t. c. p. 419 (Calcutta); id. Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879) ; Doigr 
t. c. pp. 372, 377 (E. Narra, breeding) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. 
p. 72 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 85 (1880); Hume, Str. F. 
ix. p. 259 (1880: Cacliar; Sylhet); Peid, Str. F. x. p. 78 (1881: 
Lucknow) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 458 (1881: Huilla ; Humbe); 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 289 (Gilgit) ; C. Swi?ihoe, t e. p. 123 
(Afghanistan, May ; Quetta); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 279 
(1884: breeding); Swinh. fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 136 (Mnow); 
Everett, Tr. As. Soc. Straits Branch, 1889, p. 191 (Borneo); 
Bennett, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iv. p. 1059 (1890: Lower 
Lachlan, breeding); Reiser, Vogels. Mm. Sarajevo, p. 109 (1891). 
Falcinellus bengalensis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 158 (1855 : ex Licht. MSS.). 
Falcinellus peregrina, Bp. t. c. p. 159 (1855 : ex Mull MSS. inMus. 
Lugd.). 
Falcinellus ordi, Bp. t, c. p. 159 (1855); Brewer, Proc. Bosi. Soc. N. H. 

vii. p. 3C8 (1860: Cuba) • Gundl. J.f.O. 1875, p. 318 ; id. Ann. 
Soc. Esp. Hist Nat vii. p. 366 (1878: Porto Eico). 
Plegadis bengalensis, Bp. C. P. xl. p. 725 (1855). 
Plegadis peregrinus, Bp. C. P. xl. p. 725 (1855). 
P]egadornis falcinellus,) 
Plegadornis major, > Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 290. 
Plegadornis minor, j 
Falcinellus erythrorhynchus, Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 349 (Cuba); 

Gundl. J.f.O. 1882, p. 84. 
Ibis peregrina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 364. 
Falcinellus autumnalis, Doderl. Avif. Sicil p. 220 (1869). 
Ibis falcinellus, var. ordi, Coues, B. N-West, p. 517 (1874) ; id. Key 

N. Amer. B. p. 263 (1872). 
Ibis (Falcinellus) igneus, Mamsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 340 (N.E. Queensland). 
Ibis falcinellus, var. peregrina, Bruggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, 

v. 5. 98 (1876). 
Ibis igneus, DAlbert. Ann. Mus. Genov. x. p. 20 (1877: Fly 
Biver). 
Falcinellus rufus, Peichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 146. 
Falcinellus falcinellus, Sharpe, ed. LayarWs B. S. Afr. p. 741 (1884 : 

Zeekoe Vley,nr. Cape Town); Peichenow. Vbg.Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 

p. 55 (1894: Tanganyika; Ugalla). 
Plegadis autumnalis, Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist iv. p. 160 (1885) * 
A. O. TJ. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 132 (1886); Pidgw. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 124 (1887); Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 242 (1889): id. Cat, 
B. W. Ind. p. 88 (1892). 
16 . PLEGADIS. 
Adult. General colour above black, with varying glossy reflections, 
either bronzy purple or green ; upper mantle deep maroon-chestnut, 
as also the lesser wing-coverts and scapulars, the latter having bronzy 
tips ; median and greater coverts duller and more oily green, with 
bronze or steel-green reflections ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills entirely glossy green, the secondaries with purplish reflections ; 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail all black, with various 
reflections of purple and oily or bronzy green; head and neck all 
round, as well as the under surface of the body, deep maroon-
chestnut, somewhat lighter on the chest and breast; forehead and 
fore part of crown glossy green, as also the base of the cheeks and 
a slight shade below the eye ; under tail-coverts and under wing-
coverts and axillaries black, with metallic reflections of green and 
purple, the quill-lining similarly glossed: " bill dark brownish 
olive; feet also dark brownish olive; iris brown" (Guillemard). 
Total length 22 inches, culmen 5-2 wing 11*2, tail 3*9, tarsus 4*2. 

The female is similar to the male in plumage, but is smaller in size 
and with a somewhat smaller bill. 

The winter plumage would appear to be adopted after the bird 
has left for its winter-quarters, as a male killed in Celebes on the 
20th of August is still in full red plumage. The winter plumage of 
the adults appears to consist in the entire loss of the chestnut 
plumage of the head, back, and scapulars; the rest of the plumage 
remains metallic with the same varying shades of green and purple, 
but the wings are rather more bronzy and the wing-coverts brighter 
metallic green. The head and neck are entirely streaked with black 
and whitish, and in the spring the red feathers of the summer 
plumage are gained by a moult. 

Young birds are similar to the winter plumage of the adult, but 
are more of a metallic oil-green, without the beautiful shades which 
distinguish the adults at all seasons. The head is dusky brown, with 
a certain amount of white striping on the head and throat, but not 
so much as in the adult winter plumage. 

Hab. Southern Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Accidental 
to the northward, ranging east to Persia, Turkestan, and 
Afghanistan to the Indian Peninsula, China, and Siam, south 
to Borneo, Java, Celebes, New Guinea, and Australia. In Africa, 
found in Egypt, throughout north-east Africa to Shoa, Senegambia, 
and South Africa. Eastern United States to Elorida. 

a. Ad. sk. South Spain. Lord Lilford [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Spain. 
Purchased. " 
c. Ad. sk. Hungary, April. Hungarian National 
Museum [P.]. 
d. Juv. sk. Tangier (Drummond Hay). Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Isiand of Cerigo, Mediterra- Gould Coll. 
neanSea (Capt. T. Graves). 
/, g. Ad, st. Athens. Consul Merlin [P.]. 
/*. S ad. sk. Larnaka, Cyprus, April 3. Lord Lilford [P.]. 

i. S ad. sk. Egvpt, April 22 (6?. E. 8.). Shelley Coll. 
/. 
Juv. sk. Gambia. Rev. D. E Morgan 
[P.]. 

VOL. XXVI. 
*> 

34 IBIDIDJE. 

k. Juv. sk. 
1, V. c?ad.;$ juv. 
sk. 

m. 5 ad. sk. 
w. Juv. sk. 
o,p. <$ ad.; q. $ 
imm. sk. 
r, s. Juv. sk. 
£. Juv. sk. 


u. Juv. sk. 
t1, ID. Ad.; #. Juv. 
sk. 

y. <$ ad. sk. 
z. <S ad. sk. 
«'. Juv. sk. 
i'. 3 juv. sk. 
c'. 3 ad. sk. 

d\ e', f. 3 ad. ; 

_ g',h'. $ad.sk. 
zv. Juv. sk. 
k'~m'. $ imm. 

sk. 
n', o'. Ad. sk. 
p'-u'. Ad. sk. 
«?', w', x'. Ad. sk. 
y'. 2 juv. sk. 
z'-b". Ad. sk. 
c", d". Ad. sk. 
*",/". Ad. sk. 
g". Ad. sk. 
h", i". 6 $ ad. sk. 
k". $ ad. sk. 
1". Ad. sk. 
$%". J ad. sk. 

n", o". Ad. et 
juv. sk. 
p". Ad. sk. 
q", r". Ad. et 
imm. sk. 

s", t". 3 9 imm. 
sk. 

u", v". Ad. sk. 

w", x". Sterna. 

Angola. 
Palombe River, Nyasa-land, 
Oct. (A. Whyie). 
Potchefstroom, Transvaal, 
July 10 (T.Aijres). 
South. Africa. 

N.E. Madagascar. 
N.E. Madagascar. 
Persia. 
Mesopotamia (Commander 
Jones). 
Afghanistan {Griffith). 

Candahar, April 22. 
Cushdukhan, Afghanistan, 
May 2. 

Quetta (0. T. Duke). 
Pishin, Aug. 27. 
Sind, Feb. (Dr. If. Gould). 
Larkhana, Upper Sind, 


Jan. 8 (A. 0. H.). 
Sukkur, Nov. 26. 
Gurgaon Distr., Mav, July. 

Sept. (W.N. Chill). 
Etawah. 
Oudh, Jan., March. 
Nepal. 
Cachar, Sept. 27 (J. Inglis). 
Dacca. 
Calcutta. 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Khandeish (J. Davidson). 
Madras. 
Coimbatore, Oct. 31. 
Dai Mountains, Siaro, Dec. 6. 
Ayer Pannas, Celebes (Von 

Rosenberg). 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). 

Port Essington. 
South. Australia. 

Coffee Mill Hammock, Florida, 
Jan. 15 (W. JE. JD. 
Scott). 

Do Soto Co., Florida (W. 
JR. Dean). 

Algeria. 

Monteiro Coll. 

H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
C.B. [P.]. 
Gurney Coll. 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 

Messrs. Pollen & Van 

Dam [C.J. 

Shelley Coll. 

Kenneth Loftus, Esq. 

[p.]. 

India Museum. 

India Museum. 


Hume Coll. 
ColonelS winhoe [P.]. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Gould Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hodgson Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume CoU. 


Hume Coll. 


M. E. Pierre [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Chambers [P.I. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Purchased. 

2. Plegadis guaraxma. 
Le Courly brun d'Amerique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 330 (1760). 
?Le Courly variS du Mexique, Briss. t c. p. 333 (1760). 
Scolopax guarauna, Linn. 8. N i. p. 242 (1766). 
PI/Acalot, Bvff. Mist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 45 (1781). 

16 . PLEGADIS, 
35 
? Mexican Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 108 (1785). 

Brazilian Whirnbrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 125 (1785). 

Tantalus niexicanus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 652 (1788). 

Numenius guarauna, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 712 (1790). 
Curucau cuello jaspeado, Azara, Apunt iii. p. 197 (1805). 

Nunienins chihi, Vieill. N. Diet, d'fflst. Nat. viii. p. 303 (1817, ex 
Azara). 
? Ibis mexicana, Vieill. N. Bid. aVHist. Nat. xvi. p. 9 (1817). 
Ibis guarauna, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 75 (1823: Montevideo) ; Wagler1 

Syst Av., Ibis, p. 185, sp. 8 (lb27); id. Isis, 1829, p. 759 ; Hartl. 
Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 565 (1847); Cabot, 
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii. p. 313 (1850, pt.); Licht. Nomencl. Av. 
Mus. Berol p. 91 (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 425 (1856) ; 
Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 302 (1858: Chili) • id. in Baird, 
Cassin, $ Lawr. B. N. Amer. pi. 87 (1858); Baird, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 271; Ridgw. Am. Nat. viii. p. 110 (1874); Hensh. Hep. Zool. 
Expl. 100th Merid. p. 463 (1875 : Arizona); Allen, Bull. Mus. C 
Z. iii. p. 356 (1876); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 39, no. 10215 (1871) ; 
Brewer, Ibis, 1878, p. 116 (Rio Grande, breeding). 

Tantalus chalcopterus {nee V.), Temm. PL Col v. pi. 51 (1830). 

Tantalus guarauna, Wayler, Isis, 1832, p. 1231. 

Ibis ervthrorhyncha, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 127 (Haiti). 

Ibis (Falcinellus) ordi, Danoin, Voy. ' BeagkJ p. 129 (1841: Rio 
Negro; Bahia Blanca ; Buenos Ayres). 

Falcinellus guarauna, Gray, List Gralke Brit Mus. p. 93 (1844: 
Mexico, Valparaiso); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 159 (1855); Allen, Bull. 
Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 356 (1876); Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 505; Bennett, 
Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 56 (1878). 
Ibis brevirostris, Peale, U.S. JExpl. E.iped., Birds, p. 219 (1848: 
River Rimac, Peru). 

Plegadis guarauna, 
Bp. C. R. xL p. 725 (1855); Merrill, Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. i. p. 163 (1878),-Beldin<j, t. c. p. 443 (California); Gibson, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 160 (Buenos Ayres, resident); Ridgw, Pr. U.S. Nat 
Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880); Cones, Check-list N Amer. B. p. 105 
(1882); Belding, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. v. pp. 545, 548 (1883: Lower 
California) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 649 (1884); Baird, 
Brewer, Sf Ridgw. Water-B. N Amer. i. p. 97 (1884); Cory, List 

B. W. Ind. p. 27 (1885); Brew, Auk, ii. p. 25 (1885 : Colorado); 
Holterhoff, Auk, ii. p. 311 (1885 : San Diego); Ferrari-Perez, Pr. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 171 (1886: Puebla, Tlaxcala); A. O. U. 
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 132 (1886); Everm. Auk, iii. p. 91 (1886 : 
Ventura Co.) ; Scott, t. c. p. 385 (Arizona); Brewster, t. c. p. 481 
(1886: breeding on St. John's River, Florida); Stejn. Pr. U.S. 
Nat Mus. x. p. 84 (Kauai); Totons. t. c. pp. 196, 234 (N. California, 
1000 ft.); Beckh. t c. pp. 641, 648 ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 124 
(1887: Texas and Lower California to Oregon); Withington, Ibis, 
1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora); Cory, B. W. Bid. p. 243, note 
(1889); Scl. 8f Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 109 (1889); Holland, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 425; Meams, Auk, vii. p. 51 (1890: Mormon Lake, 
Arizona); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 145 (River 
Pilcomayo, Sept.); Goss, Auk, viii. p. 112 (1891: Kansas); Holland, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 205 (Est. Espartilla, resident); Cory, Cat. B. W. Bid 
pp. 88, 137 (1892) ; Attwater, Auk, ix. p. 345 (1892) ; Anthony, 
t. c. p. 360 (1892: Apache). 
Ibis ordi (nee Bp.), Cass, in Baird, Cass., # Lawr. B, N. Amer. 
p. 6S5 (1858); Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 165 (Ft. Whipple); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 96 (Matamoras, Aug.); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 271. 
D2 

36 IBIDIDJS. 

Ibis chaleoptera (nee F.), Bttrm. La Plata Rets, ii. p. 511 (partial). 

Ibis falcinellus (nee £.), &hl. Mus. Paijs-Bas, Ibis, p. 2 (1868, pt.: 

Chili, Mexico, Brazil) ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 799 (breeding 

at Gualicho, 170 miles S. of Buenos Ayres); Pelz. Orn. Bran. 

p. 306(1871: Ypanema* Oct: Pansecco, June; Caicara, March, 
April; Lagoa de Campina, May to Oct.;. 
Fdlcinellufc ordi, Coues, Proa. PJdlad. Acad. 1866, p. 96 (Xew 
Mexico, Arizona, Colorado). 
Ibis falcinellus, var. ordi, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 263 (1872); 
id. B. X-JTest, p. 517 (1874). 
Falcinellus igneus (nee Gm.), Scl. $ Salv. Komencl. An. Keofr. 

p. 126 (1673, pt.); Bumf. Ibis, 1^76, p. 162 (Buenos Ayre&); id. 
Ibis. 1877, p. 189 (Buenos Ayres, resident). 
Ibis thalassina, Ridgiu. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 110 (1874); Allen, Bull 
Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 356 (1876); Hensh Rep. Zool RvpL ICOih 
Merid. p. 464 (1875 : Arizona). 

Falcinellus thalassiims, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 507. 
Plegadis falcinellus (nee £.), Barrows, Auk, i. p. 272 (1884: Lower 
Uruguay). 

Adult male. Similar to P. falcinellus, but distinguished by the 
reddish lores and reddish base of chin (these parts being lake-red in 
life), and by the white facial band, which forms a sort of mask 
across the forehead, round the eye, and along the fore part of the 
cheeks and across the chin: " bill dusky, sometimes tinged with 
reddish; lores, eyelids, and naked skin of chin lake-red or pale 
carmine; legs and feet varying from greyish brown to deep lake-
red ; iris crimson " (Ridgzuay). Total length 21 inches, culmen 5*4, 
wing 10'7, tail 3*6, tarsus 4*1, 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller, and with a shorter 
bill. Total length 20 inches, culmen 4*1, wing 9*8, tail 3*7, 
tarsus 3*2. 

Winter plumage and young plumage are exactly analogous to 
those of Plegadis falcinellus. The young birds are uniform green 
above, with very short bills, and the commencement of the finer 
plumage is noticeable in several examples from Southern Brazil, 
procured in the winter habitat of the species. The wing-coverts, 
as pointed out by Mr. Eidgway, have no chestnut in the immature 
birds, and the bill is " pale greenish horn-blue, blackish terminally 
and dusky basally ; legs and feet deep black; iris hazel." 

Hab. Southern United States and Mexico, to Oregon on the west 
coast, to Texas and the St. John's Eiver in Florida on the east; 
Southern Brazil, Chili, and Patagonia; St. Domingo, and Sandwich 
Islands. 

a. c? juv. sk. Warner Lake, Oregon, Sept. 6 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. W. Henskaw). 
b, c. <3 ad. sk. Washoe Lake, Nevada, May, Salvin-Godman Coll 
June (H. W. Henshaio). 
d, e,f. Ad. sk. Texas (F. B. Armstrong). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g-n. c?ad.; o,p,q. Brownsville, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll 

$ ad, sk. April, May (F. B. Armstrong). 
r, s. $ ad. sk. Corpus Christi, May (F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Armstrong). 

t, u. S ad; v. J 
ad, hiem. sk. 
v\ Ad. hiem. sk. 

u: Juv. st. 
V, z-6 $ ad. 

hiem, sk. 
«'. Ad. hiem. sk. 
b'. J ad. hiem. sk. 

c'. J juv. sk. 

d'. $ ad. hiem. sk. 

e\ S ad. hiem. sk. 

/' . Ad. hiem. sk. 
(/'. Ad. hiem. st. 

/*'-&'. Ad. asstiv. 
sk. 
I'. Juv. sk. 

m'. Skeleton. 

16 . PLEGADIS. 
Corpus Christi, Oct., Dec.

(P. B. Armstrong), 
Mexico {White). 
Mexico. 
Presidio, Mexico, Jan., Feb. 

(A. Forrer). 
Buenos Ayres (Withington). 
La Plata, Buenos Ayi'ds, Nov. 
[R. W. White). 
Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres, 
Feb. 26 (R. W. White). 
Salta, Arpr. Bep., Oct. 22 

(R, W. White), 

Pelotas, Bio Grande do Sul 

(Joyner). 

Bio de Janeiro. 

Valparaiso. 

Central Chili. 

Straits of Magellan (Capt. 

King). 

Chili. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
John Taylor, Ebq. 
[p.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

M. Hardy [0.]. 
Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Purchased. 

3. Plegadis ridgwayi. 
Ibis ordi (nee Bp.), Tschudi fy Cab. Faun. Beruan. pp. 51,298 (18454G: 
Peru). 
Ibis falcinellus {nee R), 8cl. § Salv. B, Z. 8. 1869, p. 156 (Tungusaca). 
Falcinellus igneus {nee Gm.)} Scl.tySalv, Nomencl.Av, Neotr. p. 126 
(1873, pt). 
Falcinellus 
ridgwayi, Allen, Bull Mm. C. Z. iii. p. 355 (1876: 
Lake Titicaca) ; Elliot, B. Z. 8. 1877, p. 506; Taezan. Orn. PSrou, 

iii. p. 416 (1886: Junin). 
Falcinellus ordi (nee Bp.), Tacz. B. Z. 8.1874, p. 562. 
Adult male. General colour above glossy purple, with greenish 
reflections, the wing-^overts almost entirely metallic grass-green, 
the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries dark steel-green ; 
the secondaries more purplish, like the back and scapulars; tail 
dark green, with purplish reflections ; head and neck all round dull 
reddish brown, with no white on the forehead; the hind-neck more 
dusky, and merging into the purple of the back; the entire under 
surface of body from the fore-neck downwards purplish black; the 
under wing-coverts, axillaries, lower aspect of quills, and tail-
feathers glossy green, with purplish reflections: "bill reddish 
slate-colour ; legs and toes black; iris crimson lake" (H. Whitely). 
Total length 22 inches, culmen 5, wing 11*3, tail 4*4, tarsus 3*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length 
18-5 inches, culmen 3*4, wing 10*4, tail 4*1, tarsus 2*5. 

Winter plumage. Possesses all the bright colours of the adult, 
except on the head and neck, which are heavily streaked with white 
and blackish brown. 

38 
IBIDID2E. 

Young. Similar to the winter plumage of the adult, the head and 
neck being streaked with whitish, and the purple of the under 
surface with a slight admixture of reddish here and there; the 
thighs distinctly reddish: "bill paler brown than in the adults; 
iris dark brown." 

Eab. Peru and Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. [Peru.] Old Coll. 
b S hiem. sk. Tungasuca, Peru, May 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{H. Whitely). 
c,d. (S 2 ad. sk. Langui, Peru, Feb. 22 (H. Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
Whitely). 
e,/. 2 ad. sk. Junin, Peru, May (Jelski). Warsaw Museum [E."]. 

g. Ad. hiem. sk. Boh via {Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
17. LAMPRIBIS. 
Type. 
Lampribis, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 507 L. olivacea. 

Range, Porest districts of "West Africa. 

1. Lampribis olivacea. 
Ibis olivacea, Du Bits, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1837, p. 10*5 : id. Esq. 
Orn. i, tab. 3 (1845); Reichen. J.f.O.1877, p. 507 ; Buttik. Notes 
Ley den Mus. vii. p. 243 (1885: Liberia), x. p. 101 (1888), xi. 
pp. 127,136 (1889). 

Hagedashia olivacea, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 153 (1855). 

Geronticus 
olivaceus, Marti Orn. W-Afr. pp. 231, 275 (1857: 
Muni Kiver) ; Cass. Proa. Philad. Acad] 1859, p. 174 (Moonda R.; 
Gamma E.); Marti. J. f. O. 1861, p. 271; Dohm, P. Z. S. 1866, 

p. 330 (Prince's Isl.). 
Bostrychia ochracea, Bp. C. P. xl. p. 725 (1855). 
Lampribis olivacea, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 507, pi. Ii. 
Comatibis olivacea, Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 145 (1879). 
Theristicus olivaceus, Reichen. J. f. O. 1890, p. 108 (Upper Cameroons, 
breeding). 

Adult. General colour above dark grass-green; the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts black, washed with, bluish green; 
tail purplish black, washed externally with green; lesser and 
median wing-coverts rosy purple/ with green reflections; greater 
coverts and quills black, glossed with purple, the inner secondaries 
green, like the back; crown of head dusky green, the long crest-
feathers centred longitudinally with cinnamon-buff; lores and 
region of the eye bare; sides of face, cheeks, and upper throat 
dusky brown; sides of neck, hind-neck, and under surface of body 
cinnamon-brown, all the feathers broadly edged with dull green 
or greenish brown; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and 
axillaries black, glossed with green, the latter with purplish reflections 
; lower surface of quills bronzy brown : " naked parts of 
head black; feet dirty yellow; iris dark brown" (If. Dohrn)* 
Total length 19 inches, culmen 4*7, wing 10, tail 4*3, tarsus 2*1. 

Young. Similar in plumage to the adult, but much duller in 
every respect, the cinnamon streaking not so strongly pronounced. 

18 . ETTDOCIMTTS. 
3 9 
Hah. West Africa, from Liberia to Gaboon; Prince's Island. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. R. Orfee, Denkera, Ashantee, Shelley Coll. 
Nov. 5 (H. T. Ussher). 
c. Ad. sk. R. Orfee, Denkera (Aubinn). Sharpe Coll. 

18. EUDOCIMITS. 
Type. 

Eudocimus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232 E. albus. 
Guara, Reichenh. Av. Syst Nat. p. xiv (1852) . E. ruber. 
Leueibus, Reichenh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852) E. albus. 

Range. Southern United States, seldom found to the northward 
(to Indiana and Connecticut), 

1. Eudocimiis albus. 
The White Curlew, Catesby, N H. Carol i. p. 82, pi. 82 (1731). 
Le Courly blanc du BreVil, Briss. Orn. v. p. 339 (1760). 
Tantalus albus, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 242 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat i. 


p. 651 (1788); Ord in Wilson, Amer. Orn. viii. p. 43, pi. 66. fig. 8 
(1814). 
Courly blanc d'Amerique, Bauhent. PI. JEril. viii. pi. 195, 
Le Courlis blanc, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 41 (1781). 
Scolopax alba, Bodd. Tahl PI. Bnl. p. 55 (1783). 
Tantalus coco, Jacquin, Beitr. p. 13 (1784). 
White Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. Il l (1785); Nutt. Man. ii. 

p. 86 (1834). 
Tantalus griseus, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 653 (1788). 
Ibis alba, Vieill. N. Bid. xvi. p. 16 (1817); Jard. ed. Wilson, Amer. 
Orn. iii. p. 64, pL m. %. 3 (1832); Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 222; id. 
Om. Biogr. iii. p. 173 (1835), iv. p. 593 (1839); id. B. Amer. vi. 

p. 54, pi 360 (1843); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 565 (1847); Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 (Jamaica); 
Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 86 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p,426 (1856: 
Amazon, Rio Negro); Cass, in Baird, Cass.,fy Lawr. B. N. Amer. 
p. 628 (1858) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 313 (Belize); id. Ibis, 
1862, p. 201 (Florida); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas* Ibis, p. 5 (1863); 
March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 65 (Jamaica); Salvin, Ibis, 
1865, p. 192 (Guatemala) ; Gundl Rep. Soc. Phys. Nat. Cuba, i. 
p. 352 (1866); Bresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 32 (S. Texas) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 39, no. 10212 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 264 (1872); Scl. <$• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873); 
Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 58 (1878: Rio Grande); 
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 164 (1878: S. Texas). 
Ibis longirostris, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 760; Gray *§• Mitchell, 
Gen. B, iii. pi. 152 (1847); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 39, no, 10212 
(1871). 

Eudocimus longirostris, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1232; Bp. Consp. Av. 

ii. p. 157 (1855). 
Eudocimus albus, 
Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 156 
(1855); Sck $ Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 402 (Lake Yzabal); Brewer, 
Proc. Bost Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Hill, Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 65, note (Jamaica); Mliot, P. Z. S. 1877, 

p. 508; Gundl. An. Soc. Esp. H. N vii. p. 364 (1878: Porto Rico); 
40 
IBIDXDJ3. 

Ridqw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880); Cones, Check-l 2V. 
Amer. B. p. 105 (1883) ; Nuttinq, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 407 
(1882 : Costa Rica); Belding, t. c. p. 545 (Lower Cal.) ; Cutting, 

• 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 379 (1883 : Nicaragua); Baird, Brewer, $ 
Ridgway, Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 89 (1884); Cory, B. San Domingo, 
p. 150 (1884); Cones, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 051 (1884); 
liidgw. Auk, i. pp. 239-240 (1884) ; Salem. Bis, 1835, p. 370 
(Cozumel) ; Taezan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 415 (18S6: TumbezJ ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1887, p. 376 (Cozumel). 
Leucibis alba, Reichenb. Grallaiores, Tar. 141. fig. 520 (1851). 
Falcinellus albus, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 148. 
Guara alba, Stejn Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 9 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-l 


p. 131 (1880); Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 171 (lfcfetf: 
Vera Cruz, Jalapa) ; Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 123 (lfcb7); 
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 15 (1889: Florida); Cory, B. W. 2nd. p. 242 
'(1889: 
Greater Antilles); Brewst. 4* Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 137 
(1891: Suwanee Paver) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 9 (1892: Jamaica); 
Cory, Cat W.-Ind. B. p. 88 (1892). 

Adult male. Everywhere pure -white, above and below, including 
the under wing-coverts and axillaries; wings also pure white, excepting 
the ends of the primaries, which, for the terminal third, are black 
with a steel-green and bluish gloss; head with a very evident compressed 
nuchal crest: " bill, bare skin of head, legs, and feet bright 
carmine in the breeding-season, at other times paler or orange-red; 
iris fine pearly blue " (Audubon). Total length 25 inches, culmen 6, 
wing 12*2, tail 4*2, tarsus 4*3, middle toe and claw 3*7, 

Audubon's notes on the change in the colours of the soft parts 
should be consulted : they are too long for quotation here, but are 
interesting, and are reproduced by Mr. Bidgway in the ' History of 
North-American Birds.' 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but much smaller. 
Total length about 23 inches, culmen 4*8, wing 10*9, tail 3*6, tarsus 
3*3, middle toe and claw 2*9. 

Young birds. Brown above; the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts white; the quills dusky brown, with a slight gloss of 
oily green and white towards the base of the inner webs; tail-
feathers brown, white at the base, especially on the centre feathers, 
which are glossed with oily green; the head and neck mottled and 
streaked, the ground-colour being ashy whitish, with longitudinal 
brown centres to all the feathers, these streaks being broad on the 
head and hind-neck, somewhat narrower and lighter on the throat 
and fore-neck, and paler and scarcely perceptible on the chest; 
remainder of under surface, from the chest downwards, white. 

The colour of the face, in a series of skins, varies from yellow to 
blackish even in adult birds, and young birds of the year become 
very much paler about the head and neck during the first autumn; 
they then moult into a brown plumage, but this time there is a 
certain admixture of white plumes; it seems quite certain, however, 
that the bird does not attain its full plumage in the first year, 
as a male killed by Mr. Scott in July has plentiful remains of young 
plumage. 

18 . EUDOCIMTTS. 
41 
Hah. Southern United States, occasionally to Connecticut, Indiana, 
and the Great Salt Lake, ranging through Eastern Mexico to Guatemala 
and Costa Eica. The Greater Antilles; occurring also in 
Lower California, and extending to Peru arid Amazonia. 

«, b. § imm. sk. Florida (Hensh. Coll), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e-r. S ad. et juv.; Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. et juv. sk. April, June to Sept., Nov. 

(W. E. D. Scott). 
s, t, n. <$ ad.', v. J Brownsville, Texas, Marrli, Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. April (F. B. Armstrong), 

m. 3 imm.; x-c'. Corpus Cbrivti, Texas, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. et imm. sk. (P. B. Armstrong). 
d'i*'• [ 2 ] i mm-sk. San Patricio, Texas, Dec. 12 Salvin-Godman Cull. 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
/'. Ad. sk Texas (F. B. Armstrong). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g\ Ad. sk. Mexico. Uapt. Kellett and 
Lieut. Wood [P.]. 

h\ i'. S imm.; V, Presidio, Mexico, Jan. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I'. $ ad. et imm. Forrer). 
bk. ^ 

m'. 
<$ imm. j n'} o'. Tampieo, Feb. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g ad. sk. Richardson). 
p'. Ad. sk. Tamesi, March (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson). 
q1, r', s'. Imm. sk. La Antigua, Vera Cruz, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(M. Trujillo). 
t'-z'. Ad.: a", b". Cozumel Isl. (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll 
Imm. sk. 
<i"9 d". 6 imm. et Grassy Key, Turneff Land, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. British Honduras, May 20 


(0. S.). 
e". Ad. sk. Cliiapam, Guatemala (0. S.), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/" . Imm. sk. Nicoya, Costa Eica (E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coil. 
°g". Imm. sk. Momotombo, Nicaragua ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. Richardson). 
h", i". Skeletons. Mexico. Purchased. 
2. Eu&ocimus ruber. 
The Bed Curlew, Catesby, N. ILCarol i. pi. 84 (1731). 
The Lesser Ibis, Edwards, Nat. Hist. Gleanings, iii. pi. 850 (1704). 
Le Courly rouge du Bre&il, Briss. Orn. v. p. 344, pi. 29? figs. 1, 2 


(1760); WAubent. PL Enl viii. pis. 80, 81. 
Tantalus ruber, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 241 (1766) ; Gm. Syd. Nat. i. 

p. 651 (1788); Wils. Amer. Orn. viii. p. 41, pi. 60. fig. 2 (1814). 
Tantalus fu&cus, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 242 (1766). 
Tantalus minutus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 241 (1766). 
Scolopax rubra, Scop. Ann. i. p. 93 (1769). 
Le Courlis rouge, Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 35 (1781). 
Scarlet Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 106 (1785). 
Ibis rubra, Vieill. N. Diet. dJIIist. Nat. xvi. p. 22 (1817); Jard. ed. 
Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 63, jpL 06. fig. 2 (1832) ; Avdub. Orn. 
Biogr. v. p. 62 (1839); IfOrbign. in Ramon de la Sagra, Mist. 
Nat. Cuba, p. 228 (1840); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 53, pi. 359 
(1843); Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1844: British Guiana) 

42 
IBIDID2E2. 

id. Gen. B. iii. p. 565 (1847); Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 
(Jamaica) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 348 (1847); Bunn. Th. Bras, 

iii. p. 425 (1856: N. Brazil; Amazon); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Brit. 
Guian. iii. p. 756 (1858); Cassin in Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 683 
(1858: S. America) ; Schl. Mas. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 6 (1863: 
Surinam, Cayenne); March^ Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 65 
(Jamaica) ; K C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 (Rio Orinoco); Coues, 
t c. p. 159 (Rio Grande) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 32 (Matamoras); 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 38, no. 10211 (1871); Pels. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 306, 456 (1871: Paranagua, Jan.; Rio Boraxudo ; Cajutuba, 
Dec); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 264 (1872); Scl $ Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873); Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 121. 
Ibis leucopygus, Spiv, Av. Bras. p. 70, tab. 88 (1825). 
Eudocimus ruber, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1232 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 157 
(1855); Gundl. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 13 (Cuba) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 

p. 206; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 198 (1880); A. fy E. 
Newt. Handb. tlamaica, p. 112 (1881); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. 
B. p. 106 (1882); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer, 
i. p. 87 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 651 (1884) ; 
Ridgw. Auk, i. p. 239 (1884); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 171 (British 
Guiana); W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317 (British Guiana). 
Guara rubra, 
Peichenb. Av. Syst Nat. p. xiv (1852); Stejn. Stand. 
Nat. Hist iv. p. 9 (1885); A. O. XT. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 123 
(1867) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1887); Cory, B. W. 
Ind. p. 242 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 15 (1889: Florida); id. Auk, 

ix. p. 9 (1892: Jamaica); Cory, Cat B. W. Ind. p. 88 (1892 : 
Greater Antilles). 
Falcinellus ruber, Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 147. 

Adult. General colour above and below brilliant scarlet, the shafts 
of the quills white ; the four outer primaries purplish black at the 
ends ; base of forehead, lores, region round the eye, fore part of 
cheeks, chin, and upper throat bare, yellow in skin, " fleshy red in 
life ; bill blackish brown, fleshy red at the base; feet fleshy red" 

(H. Burmeister). Total length 19 inches, culmen 4*9, wing 9*7, 
tail 3-2, tarsus 34 . 
Young. Brown above, with lighter brown edges to the feathers ; 
quills dark brown, with a gloss of oily-green ; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts white, the latter washed with dusky edgings ; 
basal half of tail dull white, mottled with brown, the terminal half 
of the tail light brown, with bands of darker brown; head and 
neck all round light brown, with darker brown streaks ; sides of 
face more isabelline brown; remainder of under surface of body dull 
white. 

Hah. British Guiana; Rio Negro; occurring also in the Greater 
Antilles and occasionally in Texas and Florida. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 
b. Juv. st. South America. Purchased. 
c. Juv. st.
d. Juv. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
British Guiana. 
Berbice. 
Brazil (J. Natterer). 
Sir R, Schomburgk [C.]. 
J. J. Quelch, Fsq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

PLATALEID.2E. 

. Family II. PLATALEID^. 

Key to the Genera, 

a. Head partially "bare; auricular orifice covered 
with plumes. 
a'. Nostrils elongated ovals and situated in a 
shallow depression, which loses itself about 
the commencement of the narrowed part of 
the bill, and is continued in the narrow 
sub-marginal line, which runs to the tip of 
the bill; a full crest in breeding-plumage ; 
no tuft of ornamental plumes on the breast. 1. PLATALEA., p. 43. 

b\ 
Nostrils elongate and situated in a deep 
depression, very marked, with lateral 
ridges; no crest; ornamental breeding-
plumes on fore-neck; inner secondaries 
with decomposed j>lumes as in an Ibis „ „ 2. PLATIBIS, p. 51. 

b. Head entirely bare, with auricular orifice exposed 
; no ornamental plumes on head or 
neck, but some rosy feathers on the fore-neck; 
plumage tinged throughout with rosy 3. AJAJA, p. 52. 
1. PLATALEA. 
Type. 
Platea, Briss. Orn. v. p. 351 (1760) P. leucerodia. 
Platalea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 231 (1766) P. leucerodia. 
Spatherodia, Reichmb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852) .. P. regia. 
Leucerodia, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852) .. P. alba. 

[Cf. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 32-58.] 

Range. Nearly cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat bare, truncated on its lower margin. 
a'. Plumes of crown extending in front of the eye, 
and reaching nearly to the base of the culm en; 
bare throat yellow, as well as the bare space 
round the eye; bill black, with yellow 
niotilings or corrugations (adult), or yellowish 
{young) leucerodia, p. 44. 

b'. Plumes of crown not extending so far as the 
line of the eye, the whole forehead and region 
of the eye bare. 


a". Bare skin of face and throat always black; 
feet black; bill black regia, p. 47. 
b". Bare skin of face and throat red; feet and 
bill red, or yellow in skin alba, p. 49. 

b. Throat bare, but with a triangular projection of 
the feathers of the lower throat, extending in 
a point towards the chin minor, p. 50. 
PLATALEID-E. 

1. Platalea leucerodia. 
La Spatule, Briss. Orn. v. p. 352 (1760); B'Aubent PI. E?il. viii. 
pi. 405 (fig. inacc.); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 448, pi xxiv. 
(1780). 

Piatalea leucorodia, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 231 (1766); Gm. Syst 
Nat. i. p. 613 (1788) ; Ball. Zoogr Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 162 (1811: 
Selenga R.; Angunj); Temm. Man. cTOm. ii. p. 595 (1820); 
Roux, Orn. Prou. pi. 310 (1625); Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 3 
(1827); Less. Traite d'Om. p. 579 (1831); Menetr. Cat Rah. 
Cam. p. 50 (1832 : Terek R., Lenkoran); Gould. B. Eur. IT. 
pi. 286 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N Amer. p. 4S {1838}; 
Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 400 (1840); Nordm. in Bemicl. Toy. Ri/st>. 
Merid. iii. p. 265 (1840 : Black Sea); Selys-Longch. Favn. Belg. 

p. 134 (1842); Mithle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 118 (1844;; Stlil. 
Rev. Or it p. ci (1844); Gray, List Grail Brit Mm. p. 86 (1844); 
id. Cat. Mamm. tyc. Nepal pres. Modgs. p. 135 (1846); Meivits. 
Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 283, pi. lxxvii. (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 599 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 276 (1849 : Calcutta) 
; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 178 (1850); Macgill. Brit B. iv. 
p. 503 (1852); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, fab. xxxiii.a. fig. 1 (1852); 
8chl. Vog. Nederl pi. 198 (1854); Bp. Comp. Av. ii. p. 147 
(1855); Jaab. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 370 (1859) j 
Mengl. Ibis, 1859, p. 346 (Red Sea) ; Liuderm. Vog. Griechenl. 
p. 154 (1860); 8ioinh. Ibis, I860, p. 65 (Amov); Poicys, t. e. p. 348 
(Ionian Islands); 8chl. Bier. Nederl. Togels^l. xx. fig. 1 (1801); 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 244 (Qudk and Kuinaon); tiwinh. t. c. p. 344 
(N. China); Gray, List Brit. B p. 151 (1863); Wright, Ibh, 
1864, p. 144 (Malta); Radde, Pels. 8ibh\, Tog. p. 345 (1803 : 
S. Dauria; Amur); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 763 (1864) ; 8chl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Ciconias, p. 19 (1864) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 434 
("breeding-range in Gt. Brit.); Godm. Ibis, 1866, p. 101 (Azores); 
Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 321 (1867) ; Loehe, ErpL 8cL 
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 149 (1867); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70; 
Blyth, t c. p. 173 : Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 326 (Palestine) ; Smith, 
t c. p. 454 (Portugal); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 32 (1868); 
Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 219 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 183 
(S.Spain) j Broste, Toqehc. Borkum, p. 257 (1869); Stevens. B. 
Norf. ii. p, 184 (1870); Ehces # Buchley, Ibis, 1870, p. 334; 
Fritsch, Tog. Eur. Taf. 42.fig. 6 (1870); timid. 8i>. Fogl. pi. 77. 
fig. 2 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 247 (1871); Gray, 
Mand-l. B. iii. p. 37, no. 10199 (1871); R. Gray, B. West SeotL 
p. 286 (1871); Saunders, Ibis. 1871, p. 394 (S. Spain); Martina, 
Bandb. Brit. B. p. 54 (1872); Moldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 478; 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 264 (1872); Severtz. Turhest Jevotn. p. 68 
(1873: breeds); Brooke^ Ibis, 1873, p. 341 (Sardinia); Mages 
Lloyd, t c< p. 419 (Kathiawar); Meur/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, 
p. 1122 (1873: Egypt; Central and Southern Nubia; Soina'i 
Coast; Jeddah and Baklak Archip., breeding); Mume, Nests & 
Eggs Ind. B. p. 628 (1873) ; id. Str. F. i. p. 256 (1873: Punjab 
rivers); Adam, t. e. p. 399 (Sambhur, rainy season); Sailni, 
B. Shetl. p. 188 (1874); Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. p. 192 (1875*) 
Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 404 (S. Ceylon); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 164 
(1S75); ^Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 326 (Turkestan); Blanf. East. 
Persia, ii. p. 298 (1876: Bampur, Baluchistan; Caspian); Butler, 
Sir.F. iv. p. 24 (1876: Mount Aboo and Guzerat); Ball, t. c. 
p. 237 (Mahanadi); Fairb. t. c. p. 264 (Deccan); Prjev. in Rowley's 
1. PLATALEA. 
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 51 (1877: Lake Hanka; Ussuri); Scl $ W. A. 
Forbes, Ibis, 1877, pp. 412-410 (Holland, breeding) ; Hume, Str. 
F. vii. p. 67 (1878: Jodlipur); Davidson Sf Wenden, t. c. p. 91 
(Deccan); Ball, t. c. p. 231 (Orissa; Kaipur) ; Hume, t. c. p. 491 
(Calcutta); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix. p. 249 (1879: 
Sassyk-Ala-Kul); Hume, Str. F viii. p. 114 (1879); Doit/, t. c. 
p. 372 (E. Narra); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 71 (1879:'Sind; { 
Cutch; Kathiawar; Guzerat; resident in some districts, migratory 
in others); id. Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 84 (1880); Legge, B. 
Ceylon, p. 1096 (1880: breeds); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 91 (1880: 
S. Konkan) ; Butler, t c. p. 435 (Deccan); Held, Str. F. x. p. 77 
(1881: Lucknow, winter); Scl. & Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 173 
(Socotra); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 212 (Italy): Simson, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 93 (Dacca distr.); Seebohm, t. c. p. 226 (Astrakhan), p. 370 
(Japan), p. 382 (Archangel, Dec.); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 324 
(1882: Khandeish, winter); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Caucasus, 
migrant); Irhy, t c. p. 188 (Santander); Parker, t. c. p. 194 
(Ceylon, nesting Feb., March); B. O. TI. List Brit. B. p. 113 
(1883); Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pi. 16 (1881-87); Saunders, ed. 
YarrelVs Brit. B. iv. p. 237 (1884); Blahist. Amended List B. 
Japan, pp. 10, 40 (1884); Tristr. Faun. 8f Flor. Palest, p. 112 
(1884: occasional); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 147 (Obedska 
Bara; breeding); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 119 (1884); 
Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42, 406 (1884: breeds; rare near Tiflis in 
winter); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 277 (1884); Seebohm, 
Hist Brit B. iii. p. 514 (1884) ; Swinh. § Barnes, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 136 (Mhow distr.) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 22 (Aden); Gigl. 
Avif. ItaL p. 288 (1886); Salvad. Flenco Ucc. Pal p. 249 (1886); 
Ta'it, Ibis, 1887, p. 374 (Portugal, winter); Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 78 
(Teneriffe); Chapm. t c. p. 449; Koenig, J. f. O. 1888, p. 272 
(Tunis); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 381 (1889); Sharpe, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. (2) Zool v. pt. 3, p. 90 (1889: Kalla-i-maur, Badghis); 
Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 35-47; Gigl. Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. 
p. 450 (1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 658 (1890), 3rd Resoc. p. 515 (1891); 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 229 (1890); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit 
B. part xii. (1890); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests fy Fggs Ink. B. iii. 

p. 217 (1890); Buckley ty Harvie-Broton, Vertebr. Faun. Orkneys, 
p. 163 (1891) ; Madardsz, Erl'dut. Ausst TJngar. Fog. p. 107 (1891); 
Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 115 (1891); Reiser, Vogels. Mns. 
Sarajevo, p. 108 (1891); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 112 (Fao); Macph. 
Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, p. 231 (1892); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, 
pp. 174,181 (Aden); Meade- Waldo, t c. p. 199 (Fuerteventura). 

Platea leucopodius, S. G. Gmelin, Reis. Russl. i. p. 163 (1770). 
White Spoonbill, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 13 (1785); Yarrell, 
Brit.B. p. 449(1843). 

Platea leucorodia, Leach, Syst. Cat Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mus. p. 33 
(1816: Devonshire); Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 319, pi. 407 (1873). 
Plataba nivea, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 482 (1817: iuv.) ; Brehm, Vog. 

Deutschl. p. 600 (1831). 

Platalea leucerodius, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ix. Taf. 230 (1834); 
Keys Sr Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxxi, 221 (1840); Borggr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutschl. p. 125 (1869); Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. 
Hein. p. 313 (1890); Olphe-Gall. Contr, Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. 
fasc. xv. p. 46 (1891). 

Platalea pyrrhops, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Gall. pi. 68, 
no. 144; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Platalea major, Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Jap, p. 119, pi. lxxv. (1850); 

PLATALEIDJS. 

Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 147 (1855); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Oieoniae, 

p. 21 (18«4); Gray, Iland-l B. iii. p. 37, no. 10200 (1871); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 411; Tacz. Bull Soc. ZooL France, i. p. 258 
(1876); David 8? Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 451 (1877); Prjev. in 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 51 (1877: Dalai-nor,* Hoangho Valley) ; 
Blahist. # Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 223 (Japan); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, 
p. 27 (Japan); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 494 (Kiukiang ; 
Shanghai). 
Platalea leucerodia, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 159; Fischer § Beichen. 

J.f. 0. 1878, p. 248 (Obi-Tana); Fischer, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 117 
(FormosaBay, Zanzibar); Uartwig,J.f. 0.1878, p. 457 (Madeira); 
Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vbg. Deutschl p. 42 (1889) ; Brusina, Motr. 
etc. (Orn. Croat.) p. 74 (1890) ; Beichen. Vo'g. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 
p. 5$ (1889: resident; coast; Ugalla River ; Masai Steppe*). 
Platalea minor (err* pro P. major), Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. 
p. 120 (1884). 
Spoonbill, Bucklei/ 8f Harvie-Broion, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides, 
p. 247 (1888: South Uist). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Entirely white above and 
below ; quills and tail-feathers also white• a large nuchal crest of 
pointed and drooping plumes ; on the fore-neck a shade of tawny 
or cinnamon-buff: "bill deep slate-colour, irregularly barred with 
black, and having a yellow patch, on the underpart; feet black; 
iris crimson" (G. E. Shelley). Total length 38 inches, culmen 8*1, 
wing 14*9, tail 4*7, tarsus 5*7. 
Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but 
wanting the crest of drooping plumes: " bare face before the eye 
flesh-colour or greenish yellow ; eyelid yellow " {von Heuglin). 
Nestling. Covered with white down; the throat and loral region 
bare, as in the fully adult birds ; bill yellow. 
Young. Entirely white above and below, but without any nuchal 
crest; primary-coverts and quills black-shafted, and the outer 
primaries blackish along their outer webs and at their tips ; bill 
yellow. A female killed by Major Bingham near Delhi, in March, 
had the bill " pale inky black, mottled with yellow at the tip * bare 
skin of chin yellow; feet and claws black; iris red." 
Hah. Central and Southern Europe, east to Central Asia and 
China; the Indian Peninsula ; Africa, on the East coast as far south 
as Zanzibar. Everywhere local. Mr. Ogilvie Grant, in his excellent 
paper on the genus Platalea, has fully discussed the question of the 
relations of P. major and P. leucerodia^ which he regards as Eastern 
and "Western races of the Common Spoonbill. Prom the measurements 
which he has given, and which I have mostly adopted in the 
list of specimens given below, there seems to me to be such an 
absolute intergradation between the two, that I cannot separate 
them specifically. 

a. 
Ad sestiv. st. England. Mr. J. Baker 
[c.7-5;t.6-5]. 
1. Ad. sk. [c. 7*0; Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
t. 6-21 
c. Bill [c. 7-0]. Pomney Marsh, Sept. Dr. Gordon IIo<w 
1 . PLATALEA. 
d. 2 iram. sk. Holland, Aug. 24. 
e. § ]uv. sk. Holland. 
t) g. Pull. sk. Holland. 
h, i, k. Ad. gestiv. South Spain. 
sk. [c. 6-9-81; 

t. 5-1-57]. 
I Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
iuv s^«

n. 5«
[t. 5*4].
o. JLIV. sk.
^;. <$ ad. sk.
[c. 9*0; t. 6-1].
q, r. 
(5 ad. sk. [c.
8-4-9-0; t.6-1].

s. <$ imm. sk.
[c.8-2; 
t.6-1]. 
$~ ' " "~

t. ad. sk. [c
7-0; t. 5-3]. 
it, v. <$ 2 a<l. s^. 

[c. 8-5-7-2; 
t. 5-8-5-1]. 
w. 
$ ad. sk. 
[c.8-5; t.6-1]. 
x. 
6 ad. sk. 
[c.8-6;t. 6-0]. 
y. 
Juv. sk. 
2. Juv. sk. 
a',b'. Ad. et juv.
ak.[c.8-3;t.5-7]. 
e'. Juv. sk.
d'. Ad. sk. [c.

8-8; t. 5-8]. 
e'. $ ad. sk. [c.
7-5 ; t. 5-5]. 

f. Ad. sk. [c.
7-8; t. 5-5], 
a'. <$ imm. sk.

[c. 7-5 ; t. 5-4]. 
h'. d ad. sk.
[c.8-4;t.5-8"J. 
i'. $ juv. sk.

[c. 7'3; t. 5*2]
h'. Skeleton, mtd. 

V. Skeleton.
m\ Skeleton. 
nr9 o'. Two skulls. 
p'. Sternum of 
female. 
q'. Sternum. 

 Egypt (Q. E. &). 
Socotra. 

 Mesopotamia {Commander 
Jones), 

 Fao, Persian Gulf. 
Kila Maur, N. Afghanistan 

(Dr. Aitchiso?i). 

 River Indus, above Sukhur, 
Sind, Nov. 16 (A. 0. H.). 
&. Chenab, Dec. 9 (A. 0. IT.). 


 Sambhur, July 27 (22. If. 

Adam). 

Delhi, March (C. T. Bingham). 

Near Ajmere, Jan. 8 (.4. 0.1?.). 

Jodhpur, Sept. 5 {G. King). 

Jhansie, April. 

Etawah. 

 Oudh. 

 Nepal, 

 Saugor. 

 Seoni. 
Putlam, W. Ceylon, Jan. 


 Yokohama, Japan (Blakiston). 


 Hakodadi, April (Blakiston). 


 Tamsui, Formosa, March (B. 


Swinhoe). 

 India. 

2. Platalea regia. 
47 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 


Shelley Coll. 
Prof. I. B. Balfour 


LO.T. 

India Museum. 

W. D.Cumming, Esq. 
pp.]. 

Afghan Boundary 
Commission, 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Walter Deed, Esq. 

pp.i. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Purchased. 

Purchased. 

Purchased. 

Purchased. 

A. D. Bartlett, Esq. 
[P.]. 
John Kay, Esq. [P.]. 

Platalea regia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 106; id. St/n. B. Austr. 
part iv., App. p. 7 (1838); id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 50 (1842) ; Gray, 

4 8 PLATA LEIDJS. 

List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 559 (1847); 
jReic/ienb. Toy. Neaholl. p. 26 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. 

p. 287 (1865); Finsch, Kelt-Guinea, p. 182(1865); Ramsay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 190 (1877); Bidler, Trans. New Zeal. 
Inst. ix. p. 327 (1877) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. K. S. W. (2) i. 
p. 1100 (1887: N.W. Australia), (2) ii. p. 172 (1888: Derby). 
Spatherodia melanorhynchos, Reichenb. A v. Syst., Gall. Taf. 145. 
figs. 1018-19 (1852). 
Platalea melanorhyncha, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 148 (1855) ; Scld. 
Mus. Pays-Bus., Ciconice, p. 23 (18t>4: Moreton Bay); Gray, 
Eand-l. B. iii. p. 37, no. 10204 (1871); Reichen. J. f, 0.1877, p. 2 57; 
Castehi. <§• Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. JV. S. W. i. p. 385 (1877: 
Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria) ; Ramsay, op. cit. ii. p. 198 
(1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 (18&8: nearly the whole of 
Australia); Bidler, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 144 (1888); Oyilne-
Grant, Ibis, 1889, p. 48, pi. 1. figs. 1 a, 4, 5; Cox § Hamilton. 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iv. p. 420 (1890 : Mndgee distr.). 

Platalea latirostrum, Bllman, Zool. 1861, p. 7469. 
Platalea intermedia, Oyilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1889, p. 52, pi. i. figs. 2. 2 a 
(Port Moresby) ; Rvereft, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, 

p. 191 (Borneo); Salvad. Ay a. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 209 
(1891). 
Adult Entire plumage white, with a very full erest on the crown 
and occiput; a tinge of sandy buff on the fore-neck; forehead to 
behind the line of the eye, fore part of cheeks, and upper throat 
black (in skin), with a yellow spot just above the eye, and sometimes 
a small patch of yellow on the throat: " bill, face, legs, and 
feet black; on the crown of the head and over each eye a triangular 
mark of orange; iris red" (J. Gould). Total length about 34 
inches, culmen 8, wing 15, tail 4*6, tarsus o-o. 

Young. "White like the adults, but with a much shorter bill and 
no crest, and having the primary-coverts and quills black-shafted, 
the primaries with a good deal of brown at the ends, the outer ones 
also brown along the outer webs. 

Hah. The greater part of Australia, and probably the Moluccas. 
I have come to the conclusion that Platalea intermedia of Ogilvie 
Grant must be referred to this species. Prof. W. Blasius has recorded 
a Spoonbill from Celebes (J. f. 0. 1883, p. 126), which he 
calls P. luzoniensis. Mr. Biittikofer also supplied Mr. Grant with 
details of two examples from Borneo in the Leyden Museum, and 
the latter writer believed them to be the same as his P. intermedia 
from New Guinea. 1 myself do not doubt that birds from Borneo, 
Celebes, and New Guinea are all referable to P. regia, but a further 
comparison of specimens is desirable. 

a, b. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum 
c. Juv. sk. New South Wales.
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
d. e, f. Ad. et 
juv. sk. 
g, %. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerell).
Moreton Bay.
Port Essington. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. Chambers [P.]. 

1. PLATALEA. 
49 
7c. Ad. sk N. W. Australia (T. H. Boivyer Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Bower). [P.]. 
/. Head & feet. S.E. New Guinea (H. Romilly). Lord Walsingham 
[P.]. (Type of 

P. intermedia, Grant.) 
3. Platalea alba *. 
La Spatule blancne de l'isle de Lucon, Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. p. 89, 
pi. 51 (1776). J V * 
La Spatule hupee de l'isle de Lucon, Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. p. 90, 
pi. 52(1776). * 9 
Platalea alba, Scop. Bel. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92 (1786: ear 

Sonn. pi. 51) ; Ogiline Grant, Ibis, 1889, p. 47. 

Platalea cristata, Scop. Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92 (1786: 
ex Sonn. pi. 55); Reichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 158; Sahad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 2.32 (1884: Shoa), vi. p. 317 (1888). 

Platalea leucorodia, yarr. ft y, Gm. S. N. x. p. 614 (1788). 

Platalea 
tenuiiostris, Temm. Man. $Om. i. p. ciii (1820); Gray, 
List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1844) ; Rilpp. St/st. Uebers. p. 121 
(1845 : Senaar) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 559 (1847); Bp. Consp. ii. 

p. 148 (1855) ; A. E. Brehm, J.f. 0. 1856, p. 471; Hartl. Orn. 
W. Afr. p. 226 (1857 : Bissao ; Gaboon); A. F. Brehm. J.f 0. 
1858, p. 326; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 270; Gumey, Ibis, 1861, 
p. 134 (Natal) ; Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 89 (Benguela); Antin. 
Cat descr. Ucc. p. 106 (1864: White Nile); Bayard, B. S. Afr. 
p. 313 (1867); Grandid. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1868; p. 1; Fiiisch 
f Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 718 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 37, 
no. 10201 (1871); Gumey in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 295 (1872 : 
Damara ; Gt. Namaqua-ld.); Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afri ii. pt. i. 
p. 1126, pi. 50. fig. 1 (1873 : Tropical Nile districts ; Khartoum ; 
E. Kordofan; egg),-Vssher, Ibis, 1874, p. 73 (Gold Coast);. 
Ayres, t c. p. 105 (Transvaal) ; Hartl. Voy. Maday. p. 314 (1877) ; 
Milne-Fdw. 8r Grandid. H. N. Maday., Ois. p. 524, pis. 215-217 
(1879-82); Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 456 (1881: Mossamedes ; 
Humbe); Holub fy Felz. Beilr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 290 (1882) ,« 
Butler, Fellden, $ Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 345 (Natal); Sharpe, ed. 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 742 (1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 350 
(Mooi River): Matschie, J.f.O. 1887, p. 146 (Qua Mpara, July); 
Schalow, t. c. p. 277; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 48 (Lado); Sibree, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 117 (Madagascar). 
Platalea nivea, Burch. Trav. S. Afr. i. p. 501 (1822: Klaaswater). 

Platalea chlororhynchos, Brap. Bid. Class, xv. p. 531, pi. 72. fig. 2' 
(1829); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconii, p. 22 (1864); id. $ Pott. 
Faune Maday. p. 128 (1868). 

Platalea 
telfairii, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 41, 1832, p. Ill; Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 559 (1847); Hartl. J.f.O. 1860, p. 168; id. Faune 
Maday. p. 76 (1861); Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425. 

* Mr. Ogilvie Grant argues for the adoption of Scopoli's name of P. alba, 
founded on Sonnerat's plate. Although the bird is said to have come from 
Luzon, it is well-known that many of Sonnerat's species were obtained in 
Africa, and set down in error as being from the Philippines. That this has 
been the case with the present species hardly admits of a doubt, as both 
species of Spoonbill from Luzon are said to have the legs yellow or red, 
which can only apply to the African bird. Dr. Oustalet reports that he has 
seen a specimen of a Spoonbill killed in Luzon by M. Baer, but I agree with 
Mr. Grant that this was probably P. 
minor. 
VOL." XXTI. E 

PLA.TALEIDJE. 

Platalea nudifrons, Less. Traite, p. 579 (1831: ex Cuv. Mus. Paris); 

Pucker. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1851, p. 376. 

Platalea leucorodia 
(nee £.), JDesjardins, P. Z. S. 1832, p. Ill; 

Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 419 (1868 : Lake Ngami). 

Leucerodla nudifrons, Peickenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852). 

Platalea luzoniensis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 148 (1855). 

Adult female. Pure white above and below, with a full nuchal 
crest. The amount of bare skin on the throat is about the same as 
in P. leucerodia, but there is decidedly a larger bare patch on the 
forehead, the whole region o£ the eye is bare, and the feathers on 
the sides of the face do not extend further forward than the line 
of the hinder part of the eye; the bill and feet (in skin) are reddish: 
" fore part of the head bare and of a bright vermilion *' (E. L. 
Laijard); " forehead and chin naked and smooth, the former bright 
red, merging on the sides of the gape into yellow, which is also the 
colour of the chin; upper mandible livid, except the base and a 
narrow space along the edges, which are reddish; lower mandible 
slaty-black, with small yellow spots and yellow edges: feet and 
toes bright scarlet" (0. J.Andersson) ; u iris white or pearly grey" 
(Heuglin). Total length 28 inches, culmen 7, wing 14*8, tail 5*1, 
tarsus 5*4. 

Young. Distinguished from the adult by the blackish shafts to 
the quills and primary-co verts, the primaries blackish brown at the 
tips and along the outer webs of the outer ones; the bare face 
light yellow and the bill dull yellowish ; u bill yellowish fleshcolour, 
the lower mandible dusky reddish, the forehead and bare 
face tinged with pale violet; the feet dusky with a fleshy tinge; 
iris umber-brown " {Emin Pasha). 

Another young bird, collected by Hr. Monteiro in Benguela, has 
the whole of the outer primaries brown, all the quills, and even the 
secondaries and some of the greater coverts, with dark brown 
shafts ; crown streaked with blackish brown, especially on the forehead 
* bill dusky yellowish horn-colour (in skin)*. feet blackish. 

Hab. Africa generally, and Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Gambia. Sir Edward Sabine 
[P.]. 
b, o. Ad. sk. Gambia. Governor Rendall 
[0.]. 

d. $ ad.sk. Angolala, Shoa {SirW. Harris). India Museum. 
e. $ juv. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Jan. Emin Pasha f"P.l 
12. 
/ . 
J ad.sk Mooi River, Transvaal (T. Gurney Coll. 
Ayres). 

g. 
Juv. sk. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
'i. Juv. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 
4. Platalea minor. 
Platalea trinor, 
Temm. # Schl Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 120, pi. 76 
(1850); Hp. Consp. ii. p. 148 (1855); Swinh. Ibis, 1864, p. 364 • 
BlahisU 8f Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 223 * Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 27 

2 . PLATIBIS. 
51 

(Japan); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 4,281 (1887); Ogihie 
Grant, Ibis, 1889,p. 54,pi. i.figs. 3, 3 a,fy 6; Olphe-Galliard,Contr. 
Faun. Eur. Occid. fasc. xv, p. 467, note (1891); Styan, Ibis^ 1891, 
pp. 327, 494 (Shanghai, Nov.)• De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 490 
(Foochow; Swatow). 

Platalea major, part., Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconii, p. 21 (1865); 
Gray, Mand-L B. iii. p. 37, no. 10200 (1871). 
Platalea japonica, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 159. 

Adult male. Entirely white, and similar to P. leucerodia, with 
a, small but full nuchal crest; bare forehead black, the bare skin 
extending just behind the eye and occupying the sides of the face, 
fore parts of cheeks, and upper throat, on which the white feathers 
impinge in a triangular form in the centre ; a yellow spot in front 
of the eye: " bill slate-colour, transversely barred with black, the 
bars broken and disconnected on the spatule; apical edge black, 
succeeded by a patch and scattered spots of orange-ochre over the 
spatule, which is also freckled with light slate-colour; inside of 
mouth deep indigo-black; inside of nostrils ochreous; bare skin of 
face black, with a bright yellow-ochre patch before the eye, 
extending over the under-lid, and a thin line over the upper lid ; 
legs purplish black; iris blood-red" (R. Swinhoe). Total length 
27 inches, culmen 7#2, wing 14*6, tail 4*2, tarsus 4*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male : "bill flesh-coloured, longitudinally 
streaked and speckled with blackish, and mottled and 
freckled with slate-eolour, chiefly about the spatule, the former 
being slate-colour; bare skin of face dull purplish brown; feet 
purplish black; iris yellowish brown " (B. Siuinhoe). Total length 
26 inches, culmen 7*3, wing 14, tail 4, tarsus 4*7. 

Young. Differs from the adults in having a more yellowish bill, 
.and blackish shaft-stripes to the quills, the outer primaries blackish 
at the ends of the outer webs. 
Hob. From Corea and Japan to Fokien and Swatow in China • 

Formosa. 
a, b. <$ ? ad. sk. Tamsui, Formosa, March 17 Seebohm Coll. 
c. Juv. sk.
(B. Stvinhoe). 
Fokien, China. Gould Coll. 
d, e. Sternum of Formosa. K. Swinhoe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

2. PLATIBIS. 
Type; 
Flatibis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 149 (1855) P. navipes. 

Mange, Australia. 

1. Platibis flavipes. 
Platalea flavipes, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p, 106; id. Syn, B. Austr. 
pt. iv, App. p. 7 (1838); id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 49 (1842); Gray, 
Ite Grail Brit Mus. p. 87 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 559 (1847); 
Meichenb. Vog. Neuholl p. 26 (1850); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. 
Berol p. 90 (1854); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconii, p. 24 (1864); 

E 2 

PLATALEIDJE. 

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 37, no. 10203 (1871); Reichen. J.f.O. 
1877, p. 158 : Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N S. W. i. p. 190 (1877), 

ii. p. 198 (1878), vii. p. 54 (1883); Bennett, t. c. p. 324; North, 
op. cit. (2) i. p. 1172 (1887); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 20 
(1888: Rockingham Bay; Wide Bay District; Richmond & 
Clarence Rivers ; N. S. W.; Interior; Victoria & S. Australia); 
Cox 8f Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) iv. p. 426 (1890 : 
Mudgee Distr.). 
Platibis flavipes, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 149 (1855) ; id. C. R. Ix. p. 724 
(1855); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 288 (1865) ; North, Nests 
§ Bggs Austr. B. p. 313 (1889). 

Adult male. General colour white above and below, with a dense 

tuft of elongated feathers on the fore-neck of a light straw-colour; 

no visible crest; forehead, region in front of and behind the eye, 

and upper throat yellow, like the bill, this yellow portion of the 

face separated from the white 
plumage of the head by a narrow 

line of black all round; inner secondaries with disintegrated black 

webs on the outer web: " bill primrose-yellow, passing into fleshy-

pink at the base ; legs and feet yellow, nails black; iris straw-

white ?: (J. Gould). Total length 38 inches, culmen 9, wing 16*5y 

tail 6*8, tarsus 5*5. 

Adult female. Smaller than the male. Total length 36 inches, 

wing 14-8. 

Young, Similar to the adults, but without any ornamental plumes, 

the primaries with the shaft black towards the end ; the bill and bare 

face yellow, but without the black line separating the latter from 

the plumes of the head: the nostrils are placed in rather a deep 

sulcus, which becomes smooth in the adult bird. 

Hah. Confined to Australia. 

a. 2 ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.], 
b. Juv. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 
c. c? ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
. Sternum (imp.). Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

3. 
AJAJA. 
Tyne. 
Ajaja, Reichenh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852) A. ajaja. 
Mystrorhamphus, Heine, in Heine 8f Reichen. NomencL 
Mus. Hein. p. 313 (1890) A. ajaja. 
Range. Confined to America. 

1. Ajaja ajaja. 
La Spatule couleur de rose, JBriss, Orn. v. p. 356, pi. xxx. (1760). 

La Spatule rouge, Briss. Orn. v. p. 359 (1760). 

La Spatule couleur de rose de Cayenne, B1Anient PL Enl. viii. 

pi. 165. 
Platalea ajaja, Linn. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 359 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 614 (1788); Wilson, A>mer. Orn. vii. p. 123, pi. lxii. fig. 1 
(1813); Cm. Regne An. i. p. 482 (1817); Audub. B. Amer, 
pi. cccxxi. (c. 1826); Less. TraiU d'Orn. p. 599 (1831); Jard. ed. 
3 . AJAJA. 53 
Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 26, pi. xliii. ftg. 1 (1832); Nemoied, 
Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 668 (1833); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. 

p. 188 (1838); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N Amer. p. 48 (1838); 
D'Orbign. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 216 
(1839); Audub. B. Amer. Svo, vi. p. 72, pi. 362 (1843); Gray, 
List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1844); TschudiSf Cab. Faun. Peruan,, 
Aves, pp. 50, 298 (1845-46) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 559 (1847); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 346 
(1847) j Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 755 (1848); Bp. 
Consp. ii. p. 146 (1855); Burm. Tk Bras. iii. p. 427 (1856); 
Gundl. X f. 0.1856, p. 347 (Cuba); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Amer. 

p. 686 (1858); Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 467 (Duefias) : Bryant, Proc. 
Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); Brewer, t. c. p. 308 
(1860: Cuba); Salv. $ Sol. Ibis, 1860, p. 402 (Guatemala); 
Burm. Raise La Plata-St. ii. p. 511 (1861); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, 
p. 157 (Falkland Is.); G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1862, pp. 129, 201 
(Florida; ; Albrecht, J.f. 0. 1862, p. 206 (Jamaica) ; March, Pr. 
Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 65 (Jamaica); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Ciconii, p. 214 (1865: Surinam); Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 285 
(British Honduras), 1865, p. 191 (Guatemala); LSot. Ois. Trinid. 
p. 438 (1866); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Lower Ucayali); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 33 (S. Texas); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 145 (Conchitas); Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 304,456 (1871: Sapitiba, 
Feb.; "Ypanema, March, April; Rio do Boraxudo, Dec.; Cuyaba, 
May; Villa Maria, Aug.; Caicara, Nov.; Kio Guapore, July; 
Forte do Rio Branco, April, May; Cajutuba) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
iii. p. 37, no. 10205 (1871); Coues,KeyN. Amer. £.p.264 (1872); 
Scl. 8r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 127 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, 
p. 306 (Ucayali and Santa Cruz); Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. U. ii. 
p. 309 (1874: Mazatlan); Gundl. J.f. 0.1875, p. 311 (Cuba); Lawr. 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 48 (1876: Tehuantepec); Hudson, 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 15 (Buenos Ayres); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 746 
(Santa Luzia, Peru) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 190 (Buenos Ayres); 
Bennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 58 (1878); Merrill, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 164 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas); Lawr. t. c. 
p. 275 (Grenada IsL), p. 451 (Guadeloupe); Cory, B. Bahamas, 
p. 164 (1880); Gibson, Ibis, 18S0, p. 156 (Cape San Antonio); A. 
% B. Newt. Eandb. Jamaica, p. 112 (1881); Tristr. Ibis, 1884, 
p. 168 (S. Domingo); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 272 (1884: Bahia 
Blanea); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 186 (Cozumel), 1886, p. 172 (British 
Guiana); Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 412 (1886: Tumbez) ; Berl 
J.f.O. 1887, pp. 33, 124 (Pilconiayo); Cory, B. Bahamas, 2nd 
ed. p. 164 (1890). 
Roseate Spoonbill, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 16, pi. 73 (1785); 
Nutt. Man. ii. p. 79 (1840). 
Espatula, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 128 (1805). 
Platea mexicana, Gambel, Journ Philad. Acad. i. p. 222 (1849). 
Ajaja ajaja, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852); Ridgw. Man. 

N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1887); Beckham, Auk, iv. p. 304 (1887: 
Bayou Sara, La); id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 641, 648 (S.E. 
Texas); Chapm. Auk, v. p. 269 (1888: Florida); Cory, B. W. 
Ind. p. 243 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 14 (1889: Cape Romano, 
Florida); Cory, Auk, viii. p. 351 (1891: Inagua); Scott, Auk, ix. 
p. 211 (1892; Florida); Cory, Cat. B. W. Ind. p. 88 (1892); 
Allen, Auk, x. p. 132 (1893); A. O. U. CheckA. N. Amer. B. 
p. 66 (1895); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 122 (1896). 
Platalea ayaya, Licht. Nomend. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90(1854). 
PXATALEIDJE. 

Platalea aja, Gundl Orn. Cuba, p. 160 (1876), 

Platalea rosea, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 167. 

Ajaja rosea, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 10 (1880) ; CouesT 

Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 106 (1882) ; Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. v. p. 407 (1882: Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica), vi. p. 370 
(1883: Nicaragua); Baird, Brewer, 8r Bidgiu. Water-B. N. Amer. 

i. p. 102 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 651 (1884) ; 
Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 28 (1885); Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
ix. p. 627 (1887: Grenada) ; Scl. fy Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. 
p. 114 (1889) ; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450 (CostaRica). 
Mystrorhamphus ajaja, 
Heine in Heine § Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. 
Hein. p. 313 (1890: Chili; Caracas; Jalapa). 

Adult male. General colour white, with a beautiful rosy tinge, 
inclining to crimson on the bend of the wing; the quills and tail 
more distinctly rosy, with bright red shafts to the feathers; the 
head, neck, upper back, throat, fore-neck, and chest white, becoming 
gradually beautiful rose-colour on the breast, abdomen, under wing-
coverts, and quill-lining: " bill yellowish grey at the base, mottled 
with brownish black, in the rest of its extent pale greenish blue, 
light on the margins; base of margin of lower mandible greenish 
yellow; feet pale lake, claws brownish black; iris bright carmine • 
head yellowish green• space around the eye and gular sac orpimentorange 
; a band of black from the lower mandible to the occiput" 

(J. J. Audubon). Total length 25 inches, culmen 6-5, wing 13*8, 
tail 3*7, tarsus 4*2. 
The above description is taken from an adult bird killed in July, 
but still not in the fullest plumage. In the full breeding-plumage 
bright crimson plumes are developed on the lesser wing-coverts, 
upper tail-coverts, sides of flanks, and under tail-coverts, while the 
tail becomes saffron-yellow. There are also a few crimson plumes 
on the back of the neck, and a tuft of curly feathers on the fore-
neck. 

Adult female. Resembles the male in colour, but is smaller. 

Total length 21 inches, wing 13*3. 

Young. Whiter than the adults, with only a little rosy shade, the* 
shafts to the quills blackish, and the outer primaries dark brown at 
the tips and on the outer webs. 

Hah. S.E. United States and Florida, occurring in suitable 
localities through Central and South America as far south as the 
Argentine Republic. 

a, b. c? ad.; c, d. Corpus Christi, Texas, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. to Aug. (F. B. Armstrong). 

e. Juv. sk. Florida. J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
f. Ad, sk. Florida (Henshaw Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
9t h-<$ ? juv. sk. St. John's River, Florida Salvin-Godman Coll.(
Henshaw Coll.). 
i, k. 
$ ad. et juv. Be Soto County, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Nov. {TV. H. Bean). 

1. 
S ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 15 ( W. E. L. Scott). 
3. AJAJA.
mf n. (51 $ juv. sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Nov. Salvin-Godman ColL 

(A. Forrer). 
OJP' 6 2 ad. sk. Tamesi, Tampico, March Salvin-Godman ColL 
(W. B. Richardson). 
q. 2 Juv* s^* Santa Anna, Jalisco, March Salvin-Godman OolL 
(W.Lloyd), 
r. s. Ad. sk. Oozumel Islsnd (G. F. Salvin-Godman Ooll 
Gaumer). 
t. 
S ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(O.S.). 
u. Ad. sk. Huauiuchal, Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Ooll. 
(0. S.). 
v. Ad. sk. Veragua (K ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w, x. Juv. st. British Guiana. Sir K. Schomhurgk 

y, z. Ad. sk. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Quelch & F. V. 
McOonnell, Esqrs. 

a'. A ad. sk. Espartilla, Argentine Ee- A. H. Holland, Esq. 
public, July 4. [0.]. 
b'-d'. 6 ad. et Uruguay, Oct. Alan Peel, Esq. [0.]. 
juv. sk. 
e'. Ad. sk. Eio de Janeiro. J. Miers, Esq. [P.], 

AKBElD-aE. 

m 

Order XVI. HERODIONES * 

Key to the Families. 

€,. Hind toe on the same plane as the other toes. 

a'. Culmen rounded or ridged; bill notched, -with 
no dertral hook at the end ; outer toe with 
a broad basal web, obsolete at base of inner 
toe; powder-down patches present; loral 
space bare; middle claw pectinated Ardei&se3 p. 56, 

b'. Culmen flattened and grooved, broad at the 
base of the forehead and narrowing 
towards the end, which has a distinct 
dertral hook ; two powder-down patches ; 
lores bare; no web at the base of the [p. 287. 
inner and outer toe BalsenicipitidsB, 

c\ Culmen narrow and ridged, with the nasal 
groove extending the whole length of the 
bill; a distinct dertral hook at the tip; 
no powder-down patches ; lores feathered ; 
a distinct web at the base of both inner [p. 288. 
and outer toe, larger on the latter Scopidae, 

b. 
Hind toe elevated above the plane of the other 
toes; no powder-down patches; bill not 
hooked at the tip; both toes webbed at the 
base, the outer one especially; no pectination [p. 290. 
on middle claw Ciconii&ae, 
Family I. ARDEIDiE. 

Key to the Genera. 

«. Tail-feathers 12. 
a\ Bare portion of tibio-tarsus equal to or exceeding 
the length of inner toe and claw. 
a". Middle toe very long, equal to the 
tarsus in length ; claw of hallux more 
than half the length of the hallux 
itself, and only slightly curved 1. PHOYX, p. 60. 
b". Middle toe shorter, the tarsus longer 
than the middle toe and claw; the 
claw of the hallux always curved and 
not equal to half of the hallux itself. 
az. Edge of mandibles distinctly serrated; 
a very faintly indicated 
notch before the tip of the upper 
mandible, often obsolete. 
a4. Head crested, the nape-feathers 
elougated and ornamented ; 
plumes of fore-neck long, but not 
disintegrated; no dorsal train .. 2. ARDEA, p. 66. 

* For Appendix, see p. 264. 
AEDEIDJ3. 

Z>4. Head crested, but without ornamental 
plumes; fore-neck with 
disintegrated plumes; an immense 
dorsal train 3.

b3. Edge of mandibles not serrated, but 
with a distinct sub-terminal notch in 
the upper inaudible. 
c1. Bill long, but the culmen not exceeding 
the length of the middle 
toe and claw. 
a5. No crest-plumes; a well-developed 
dorsal train 4.
b5. Crest-plumes long; elongated 
ornamental plumes on breast; 
dorsal plumes of adult reaching 
far beyond the tail: young 
white 5.
c5. Elongated plumes present on 
the crest and on the breast; 
ornamental plumes on back not 
reaching beyond the tail 6.
d%. Bill long, the culmen exceeding the 
length of the middle toe and claw. 
d5. Tarsus longer than bill; ornamental 
plumes varying in form 
as detailed below. 
aQ. Tarsus very long, equal to 
tvvice the length of the outer 
toe and claw; nuchal crest 
and neck-frill composed of 
lanceolate feathers, very long, 
like the ornamental plumes 
of the breast; dorsal train extending 
far beyond the tail.. 7.
¥. Tarsus only moderate, not 
twice the length of the outer 
toe and claw. 
a7. Dorsal train composed of 
lanceolate plumes not extending 
beyond the tail; 
breast-plumes lanceolate. 
a8. A full ciest, but no 
elongated pair of nape-
plumes 8.

b8 

. Oiest less full, with two 
elongated drooping nape-
plumes 9.

b7. Dorsal train very dense, 
reaching a little beyond 
the tail, and consisting 
entirely of decomposed 
feathers; plumage white. 

c8. No crest on the head, but 
with drooping nape-
plumes ; breast with 
lanceolate white plumes. 10.

d8 

. An enormous crest of 
decomposed feathers, 
covering the crown as 

57 

 MESOPHOYX, p. 85. 

 HERODIAS, p. I 

 FLOEIDA, p. 100. 

[p. 104 
MELANOPHOYX, 
[p. 106. 
DICKROMANASSA, 
NOTOPHOYX, p. 109 

[p. 114. 
LEPTEBODITJS, 
GAKZETTA, p. 118. 

58 AEDEID^. 

well as the nape; no 
elongated nape-plumes; 
breast-plumes decom- [p. 124, 
posed, not lanceolate .. 11. LEUCOPHOYX, 

e\ Bill longer than tardus; nape 
crested, and continued into the 
neck-frill; crest-feathers of nape 
very broad, as also the ornamental 
feathers of the fore-
neck; dorsal train extending 
beyond the tail for some [p. 126. 
distance 12. HYDEANASSA, 

b'. Bare portion of tibio-tarsus less than the 
length of the inner toe, the feathering 
sometimes extending nearly to the heel. 


c". Bill enormously long, the culmen equal 
to the length of the tarsus and middle 
toe and claw combined 14. AGAMIA, p. 135. 

d". Bill only moderately long, never equal 
to the middle toe and claw combined 
with the tarsus. 


c3. Bill without serrations in either mandible; 
the upper mandible with a 
distinct notch just before the end. 


e4. Culmen longer than tarsus, the [p. 136r 
latter longer than the middle toe . 15. DEMIEGBETTA, 
/*. Culmen and tarsus about equal. 
f5. Bill slender, higher than broad. 

c6. Tarsus about equal to middle 
toe and claw; two or three 
ornamental nape-plumes.... 16. ISYCTiC0EAX,p.l4!>«r 

d6. Tarsus longer than middle 
toe and claw; a long crest of 
nuchal plumes ; dorsal 
plumes greatly developed .. 13. NYCTANASSA,P.130, 

ff5. Bill flattened, broader than high. 17. CANCBOMA, p. 163. 

g*. Culmen shorter than tarsus. 
A5. Tarsus reticulated in front 18. GORSACHIUS, p. 166.i5. 
Tarsus plated in front 19. SYBIGMA, p. 170, 

dz 

. Bill with distinct serrations near 
the end of the mandibles, sometimes 
only the upper one serrated; 
the sub-terminal notch in the bill 
obsolete. 


h. Bill moderately long, exceeding 
the length of the middle toe and 
claw. 
7c5' Throat entirely feathered. 
ce. Tarsus reticulated in front 
with hexagonal scales. 


c7. Foot strong, the tarsus 
longer than the culmen; 
ornamental nape-plumes 
very long, 4 in number, 
white, and depending over 

the centre of the back .. 20. PILEBODIUS, p. 171r 
cF. Foot weak, the culmen 
longer than the tarsus ,* 

AKDEIDiE. 
59" 

ornamental nape - plumes 
numerous, lanceolate, but 
not reaching beyond the 
hind-neck. 

eB. Fore part of cheeks 
feathered; ornamental 
dorsal plumes lanceolate 
; plumage streaked 
or spotted 21. BUTORIDES, p. 172. 

f8. Fore part of cheeks bare ; 
no ornamental dorsal 
plumes; plumage barred. 22. TIGRORNIS, p. 191. 

/ 6 . Tarsus transversely scaled in 
front; crest-plumes full and 
rounded at their ends 23. ZONERODITTS, p. 192. 

f\ Throat feathered in the centre, [p. 198. 
but bare at the sides 25. IIETEROCNTJS, 
m5. Throat entirely bare 24. TIGKISOMA, p. 193. 

ft. Bill equal to middle toe and claw; 
neck-frill very full, but without 
long ornamental plumes; no dor- [p. 200. 
sal train 26. ERYTHROCNUS, 

&4. Bill equal to middle toe and claw; 
long ornamental nape-plumes; 
dorsal train well developed 27. ARDEOLA, p. 201. 

/4. Bill shorter than middle toe and claw 28. BUBULCTJS, p. 213, 

b. 
Tail-feathers 10: bill serrated. 
c\ Middle toe and claw about equal in length 
to the tarsus. 
e". Tibio-tarsus feathered right down to 
the tarsal joint or heel. 
£3. Orest pointed, but no frill hiding 
the bare neck; the area behind the 
eye feathered 29. ARDETTA, p. 220. 

fz. Orest very full, in fact enormous, 
and entirely hiding the bare neck j 
plumage waved; a bare patch behind 
the eye 30. ZEBRILUS, p. 241. 

f'\ Tibio-tarsus bare for some little distance 
before the heeL 


^3. Bill very short and thick, the culmen 
equal to the tarsus, which 
again is equal to the middle toe. 


w4. Wing more pointed, secondaries 
much shorter than the primaries. 31. NANNOCNUS, p. 2421 
vft. "Wing rounded, secondaries equal 
to or longer than the primaries.. 32. ARDEIRALLUS, 

A3. Bill much longer, exceeding the [p. 244. 
length of the tarsus as well as that 
of the middle toe and claw, which 
are equal in length to the tarsus .. 33. DUPETOR, p. 246. 

d'. Tarsus far exceeding middle toe and claw 34, ERYTHROPHOYX, 

e\ 
Middle toe and claw far exceeding length [p. 252.of 
tarsus; bill serrated; culmen about 
equal to inner toe with claw; hind claw 
very long, nearly equal to the hallux in 
length * 35. BOTAURTJS, p. 253r 

-60 
ARDElDiE. 

J.JJJC. 

Phoyx, Stejneger, Broc. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 311 .... P. manillensis. 
Range. The temperate portions of Europe and Asia; Africa; 
Indian Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Fore part of throat and neck streaked with black. purpurea, p. 60. 
b. 
Pore part of throat and neck uniform rufous, not 
streaked manillensis, p. 63. 
1. Plioyx purpurea. 
Le 
Heron pourpre', JBriss. Orn. v. p. 420 (1760); Buff. Hist. Nat. 
Ois. vii. p. 369 (1781). 
Le Heron pourpre hup£, Brtss. Orn. v. p. 434, pi. xxxvi. fig. 2 (17C0); 
Baubent. Bl. Enl. viii. pi. 788. 
? Le Grand Butor, Briss. Orn. v. p. 455 (1760) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

vii. p. 422 (1781). 
Le Crabier marron, Briss. Orn. v. p. 468 (1760); Biff. Hist. Nat 
Ois. vii. p. 390 (1781). 
Ardea purpurea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 236 (1766); Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-
Asiat. ii. p. 119 (1811); Vieill. Nouv. Bid. d'Kist. Nat xiv. 
p. 420 (1817); Temm. Man. dOrn. ii. p. 570 (1820); Roux, Orn. 
Prov. pis. 312, 313 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 24 (1827); 
Wagl. Syst. Av. Ardea, sp. 6, p. 175 (1827); Menetr. Cat. rais. 
Cauc. p. 49 (1832); Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 274 (1837); Naum. 
Fog. Deutschl. ix. p. 63, Taf. 221 (1838); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 
fy N. Amer. p. 47 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 381 (1840) ; 

Keys. fyBlas. Wirb.Eur. pp. Ixxix, 218 (1840); Nor dm. inDemid. 
Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 259 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. 

p. 
132 (1842); ScM. Bev. Crit. p. xcvii (1844) ; Muhle, Orn. 
Griechenl. p. 112 (1844); Gray, List Grail, in Brit. Mus. p. 76 
(1844, pt.); Bupp. Syst TJebers. p. 120 (1845); Hewits. Eggs Brit. 

B. ii. p. 271, pi. lxxiv. fig. 2 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 555 
(1847); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 155 (1850); Macgill. Brit. B. iv. 
p. 453 (1852); Schl Vog. Nederl. pis. 188, 189 (1854); Bp. Consp. 
Av. ii. p. 113 (1855); Heugl. Syst. TJebers. p. 59 (1856); Hartl. 
Orn.^ W.-Afr. p. 220 (1857: Gambia; Oasamance; Ashantee; 
Mozambique) ; Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 345 (Massowa); Jaub. et 
Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 359 (1859); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. 
p. 148 (1860); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 77; Gurney, t. c. p. 220 
(Natal); Bowys, t. c. p. 345 (Epirus, breeding); Hartl. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 269 (Bissao); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 145 (1863); Schl 
Mus. Bays-Bas, Ardeae, p. 8 (1863, pt.); Boch fy E: Newton, Ibis, 
1863, p. 170 (Madagascar); E. Newton, t.c. p. 455; Wright, Ibis, 
1864, p. 143 (Malta, spring and autumn); Kirk, t c. p. 332 (Zambesi, 
breeding in February); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa, breeding) 
; Godm. Ibis, 1866, pp. 101,107 (Azores); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 
1867, p. 70 (Egypt); JDeyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 290 (1867); 
Locke, Expl. Sci. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 130 (1867): Layard, B. S.Afr. 
p. 306 (1867: throughout the Colony; Zambesi); Sundev. Sv. Foal. 
pi. 77. fig. 1 (1856-72); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 325 (Palestine); 
Gurney, t. c. p. 468 (Natal); Schl. § Boll. Faune Madag., Ois. 
p. 123 (1868: Mayotte); Bettoni, TJcc. nidif. Lomb. ii. pi. 39 
(1865-70); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 121 (1869); Drake, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 154 (Tangier); Saunders, t c. p. 181 (Spain); Ayres, 
t c. p. 302 (Transvaal); Layard, t c. p. 376 (eggs); Doderl. Avif. 
Sicil. p. 210 (1869); Godman, Azores, p. 33 (1870); Elwes % 
1. PHOYX. 
61 

Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 333 (Bulgaria); Fritsch, Vda. Fur. tab.xliii. 
figs. 1, 6 (1870); Finsch $ Marti. For/. Ostafrl p. 670 (1870); 
Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 240 (1871); Maunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 390 
(Seville, breeding) ; JR. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 276 (1871: Caithness 
and Aberdeenshire); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 27, n. 10102 
(1871); Hurting, Handb. Br. B. p. 55 (1872); Gnmey inAnd&rss. 
B. Bam.Ld. p. 286 (1872: Okavango K.; LakeN'gami); Shelley, 
B. Fyypt, p. 266 (1872); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 21 (1873); 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia, migrant); Antin. fy Salvad. 
Viagg. Bogos, p. 114 (1873: Anseba); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 
Abth. i. p. 1051 (1873: Ked Sea; Somali coast; Abyssinia, 60009000 
ft.; Blue and White Niles); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 390 
(Transvaal, breeding); Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 217, pi. 396 (1875); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1875, p. 142 (Algiers); Banford fy Harvie-Brown, 
t. c. p. 424 (Transylvania, breeding); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 160 
(1875); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 182 (1875); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 210 
(Orange Free State and Transvaal); Blanf. Geol. and Zool. Fast. 
Persia, ii. p. 296 (1876); Sharpe <§• Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
i p. 313 (1876: Chiloango); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 159 
(1877: Poland); Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 13 (Loango Coast); 
id. t. c. p. 266; Rartl Vdg. Madag. p. 296 (1877); Banford, Ibis, 
1878, p. 34 (Asia Minor) ; Boeaye, Orn. Angola, p. 438 (1881: 
Loanda; Humbe) ; Milne-Edwards fy Grandid. H N. Madag., Ois. 

p. 543 (1882); Holub §• Felz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 271 (1882); 
Butler, Feilden, $ Reid, Zool 1882, p. 344 (Buffalo River); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 225 (Astrakhan); B. O. U. List Brit B. 
p. 108 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Caucasus); Forbes, t. c. 
p. 524 (E. Niger) ; Saunders, ed. Yarrelh Brit B. iv. p. 172 
(i884); Seebohm, Hist Brit B. ii. p. 473 (1884); Chapman, Ibis, 
1884, p. 74 (Spain, breeding) ; Eagle Clarke, t. c. p. 146 (Obedska 
Bara; Dobanovci); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42, 397 (1884: 23006300ft.); 
Tristr. Faun. andFlor. Palest, p. 109 (1884); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 44 (Corsica); Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 294 (Potehefstroom): 
Sharpe, t c. p. 490 (Fao, breeding), p. 498 (Bushire); 
Gigl Avif. Ital p. 277 (1886); Salwd. Elenco Ucc. Ital p. 242 
(1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 373 (Portugal, breeding) j Collett, 
Vidmsk. Forhandl Christiania, 1887, no. 8, p. 8; Saunders, Man. 
Brit. B. p. 357 (1889); Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vdg. Dsutschl. p. 41 
(1889); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 4 (Canary Is.); Guillem. 

t. c. p. 215 (Larnaka); Lilford, t c. p. 343 (Cyprus); Brusina, 
Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat.) p. 72 (1890); Reiser, Vogels. Mus. Sarajevo, 
p. 110 (1891); Madard&z, Erlaut. Ausst. TJngar. Vogelf. p. 105 
(1891); Frivaldsky, Av. Hmg.y. 128 (1891); Sharpe,Ibis, 1891, 
•p 112 (Fao): Dresser, t c. p. 369 (Erzeroom): Gdtke, Vogelw. 
Helqol. p. 450 (1891); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland); 
Sartert, t. c. p. 512 (E. Prussia) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 12 
(Bukome, Oct.); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 198 (Canary Is.); 
Reichen. JB. Hamb. Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 8 (1893: Qua-qua R.); 
id Vdg. Beutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 65 (1894: Ugalla; Tonga; Bukome); 
Sjdstedt, Mitth. deutsch. Schutzgeb. viii. p. 15 (1895: Cameroons). 
Ardea rufa, Scop. Ann. i. p. 87 (1769), 
Axdea variegata, Scop. t.c. p. 88. 
Ardea caspia, S. G. Gmehn, Reis Russl u. p. 193 p 14 (17/4); 


Leach, Syst. Cat Mamm. Sfc. Brit. Mus. p. 33 (1816); Brehm, 

Vdg. Deutschl. p. 581 (1831). .. 
Crabier roux, Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. yii. p. 390 (1/81). 
? Greater Bittern, Lath. Gen. Syn. in. pt. l. p. 5b (1785). 
Hrpqfpd Heron, lath. t. c. p. 95. 
The Purple Heron, Lath. te. p. 96; YarreO, Brit. B. ii. p. 450 (1843). 
ilufous Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 99. 

^ 2 ARDEHXaE. 

Ardea purpurata, Gm. Si/st. Nat i. p. 641 (1788). 
Ardea rufa, Gm. t. c. p. 642. 
Ardea botaurus, Gm. t c. p.. odb. 
Ardea badia, Gm. t. o. p. 644. „,,„„-


Ardea monticola, La Peyr. Me Waaler, Si/st. ^^'dea sp. 6 (1827). 
Ardea purpuraacens, J?re/wn, Vog. BeutscM p obS (1831). 
Ardea pharaonica, ifc. Gw«£ Av.n.*.U3 (18o5). 
Pliovx purpurea, fl^#«r, Proc. Z7.& JV#. JMto; x. p. 311 (1887) j 


fl/WA ^ J?. O. G'&a, in. P. xxxYiii (1894), v. p. xi (1895) ; 
«*. llandb. Brit. B. hi. p. 66, pi. lxv. (1896). 
uldwZ* male. General colour above dark slate-colour, with elongated 
narrow plumes of hoary grey and light rufous depending from 
the scapulars and inner secondaries; wing-coverts light slaty grey 
washed with reddish brown, and with maroon-brown on the lesser 
series and round the bend of the wing; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blue-black, the secondaries more grey externally 
and slHirly glossed with olive-green, the inner secondaries almost 
entirely grey; tail-feathers slaty grey ; crown of head crested, black, 
with two long plumes depending from the nape; sides of face and 
sides of neck bright chestnut, marked with black in the following 
manner: from the base of the bill a black line crosses on the ear-
coverts, unites on the nape, and runs down the hind-neck for half 
its length, the rest of hind-neck slaty grey,—a second line starts also 
from the base of the bill and runs down each side of the neck, 
forming a broad black line; cheeks and upper throat white; on the 
centre of the lower throat commence some black-streaked feathers, 
which, at first very small, become gradually more and more developed 
on the fore-neck, which is at the same time whiter than the 
throat; the lateral feathers on the fore-neck produced into elongated 
drooping plumes, which are slaty grey, inclining to white at 
the ends; on each side of the chest is a large patch of maroon-
chestnut, the feathers of which are slaty black externally as they 
approach the breast, which, with the abdomen, is also slaty black, 
the under tail-coverts being similarly coloured and mottled with white 
bases; sides of body slaty grey; thighs pale cinnamon; under wing-
coverts chestnut; axillaries and quill-lining slaty grey, the former 
with a slight wash of rufous: " upper mandible brownish black, 
lower mandible brownish yellow, yellow at tip ; cere greenish yellow; 
tarsi and feet black on anterior face, brownish yellow behind; bare 
part of thigh yellow; iris pale yellow " (F. H. H. Guillemard). Total 
length about 30 inches, culmen 4*8, wing 14*3, tail 5, tarsus 5-2. 
Advlt female. Similar to the male, but not so finely coloured, the 
black nuchal plumes shorter, and the streaked plumage on the fore-
neck not so strongly developed. Total length 34 inches, culmen 5*1, 
wing 13-2, tail 4*5, tarsus &5. 
Winter plumage of adults. Similar to the summer plumage, but 
without the two long black plumes on the nape, and the whitish 
elongated plumes of the scapulars and fore-neck less developed. 
Young. Much browner than the adults, all the feathers of the 
upper surface broadly bordered with sandy buff; the reddish 
scapular plumes very short and feebly developed: inner secondaries 
strongly glossed with oily green, and with sandy-buff margins ; the 
neck yellowish buff, slightly tinged with chestnut here and there; 

1. PHOIX. 
63 
ike lower throat minutely and the fore-neck broadly streaked with 
dmkj Drown ; forehead blackish; hinder crown dull chestnut; sides 
of face uniform yellowish buff: cheeks and upper throat white; 
sides of hreast reddish buff, mottled with grey bases to the feathers; 
centre of breast and abdomen huffy white, streaked with dusky. 

Bah Central and Southern Europe, occasionally visiting the 
British Islands; occurring eastwards to the Caucasus and Persian 
Gulf, and probably to Turkestan; wintering in most parts of Africa 
and Madagascar. 

ff, h. Ad. st [England.] Mr. J. Baker. 
<?. 2 a& sk. Fogaras, Hungary, Aug. 11 Hungarian National 
(ECzynk). " Museum [P.]. 
d7 e. Ad. sk. Athene Consul Merlin [P.]. 
/, ff. 6 2 ad. sk. Larnaka, Cyprus, April (F. Lord Lilford [P.]. 

B. B. Gvillemard).
hi I Ad. >k. Fayoom, Egypt {G. E. 8.). Shelley Coll. 
k. Imm. sk. Elmina (F.~H. Blisseti). Shelley Cull. 
1. Ad. 4c. Guld Coa^t. 
Shelley Coll. 
m, M. Juv. sk. Faotee {B. T. Ussher). ShelleV CoU. 
On Juv. sk. Tvlngwilliamstown. MajorTrevelyanfP.l. 
|i, ff Ad. fck. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 

r. 
Ad. »k. Transvaal {F. Oates). "W.E.&C.G. Oates, 
Esqs. [P.]. 
*. c? ad« sk. Transvaal (T. Ay res). A. Foresman, Esq. 
[p.]. 

t. § ad. bk. Potehefstroom, June 7 (T. A.), Gurney Coll. 
u, Juv, rfk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
if, c Juv. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Bradshaw). Shelley Coll. 
.r,y,Ad.<'timm.>jk. Zambesi [Dr.Bradshato). Shelley Coll. 
,«'. JUT. sk. Upper Shire* Kiver, Nov. (A. Sir H. H. Johnston 

Wkyte). [P.]. 
F, Juv. sk. Shoa (8ir W. Harris). India Museum [P.]. 
ef, <f. d $ Juv. Marshes of Babylonia {ComIndia 
Museum. 

sk, mander Jones). 
/ . Ad. s k Bu&hire. A. J. V. Palmer, Esq. 
[P.]. 
f7 g\ Ad. et juv. Fao? Persian Gulf. W. D. dimming; Esq. 
sk. [P.]. 

k'« Skeleton. Purchased. 
i\ k\ Steraaof S ? -Purchased. 
/ . Sternum. Europe. M. Lefehvre. 


2* Phoyx manillensis. (Plate I.) 

Arfea purpurea (nee Linn.)% Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 188 
(1821!; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pis. 59,60, no. 592 ; 
id. in Grafs Zool Mm. p. 86 (1844); Gray, List Grail, in Brit. 
Mm. p. 76 (1844, pt.); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847, pt.); Blyth, 
Cat, A Mm. As. Soc. p. 278 (1849: Calcutta) ; Bp. Consp. Av. li. 

p. US (1856, pt.); Motley $ Dillw. Nat. Bid. Lahmn, p. 34 
71865); Irby, Bis, 1861, p. 244 (Oudh); S6L P. Z. S. 1863, p. 222 
(BaBjennapang); Sehl. Mm. Pay^Bas, Ardera, p, 8 (18(53, pt.); f 
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 743 (1864); Pete. Reis. Novara, Vog. pp. 18, 
102 (1865); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 397 (Ganges); Hume, fins, 
I860, p. SS8 (Etawah, breeding); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 27, 
no. 10102 (1871. pt.); SicinA. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 411 (Hankow, 
Central China): Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 418 (Kathiawar) ; 
Sabad. me. Bom. p. 345 (1874); Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 148 (Port 
64 ARDEIDJS. 

Blair); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 190 (1875: Pegu); Blyth § Wold. 

B. Burm. p. 159 (1875); Wald. Tr. Zool Soc. ix, p. 236 (1875); 
Butler $ Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 23 (1876: N. Guzerat); Fairb. t. c. 
p. 203 (Deccan); Kume, Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877: N.E. Cacliar) ; 
Sharpe,Ibis, 1877,p. 24 (Bintulu); Tweedd. t. c. p. 323 (Sumatra); 
David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 438 (1877); Kume fy Davison, Str. 
F. vi. p. 472 (1878: Thatone; Khykehto ; Tavoy); Hume, Str. 
F. vii. p. 39 (1878: Travancore) ; Butler, t.c. p. 189 (E. Karra) ; 
Ball, i. c. p. 230 (Ganges to Godavery); Cripps, t. c. p. 307 
(Faridpur) ; Doig, t. c. p. 467 (Sindh," breeding); Hume, t. e. 
p. 490 (Calcutta); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); id. t. c. 
p. 159 (Tonka); Tidal, t. c. p. 173 (S. Konkan); Doig, t. c. p. 372 
(E. Nana) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1132 (1879;; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, 
p. 143 (N. Celebes; Tomini Bay); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 69 
(1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 82 (1880 : Katnigiri; Deccan ; 
Belgaum); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 88 (1880: S. Konfian); Butler, 
t c. p. 433 (S. Mahratta Country); Beid, Str. F. x. p. 74 (1881 : 
Lucknow); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 323 (1882 : W. Khandeish) ; 
Davison, t. c. p. 416 (1883: Nilghiris) ; Parker, Ibis, 1883, p. 95 
(Ceylon, migrant); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 269 (1884); 
Swinh. fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 135 (Mhow); Macyregor, Str. F. 
x. p. 442 (1887 : Bidi Taluka); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 332 (1888; 
Manipur); Everett, Journ. Straits Br. As. Soc. 1889, p. 189; Sharpe, 
Bis, 1890, pp. 146, 285 (Benkoka); Styan,Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 491 
(Lower Yangtse, migrant); De la Touche, t. c. p. 488 (Foot-how); 
Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 493 (1891); Hose, Ibis, 1893, 
p. 420 (Baram). 
Ardea purpurea, var. manillensis, Meyen, Acta Acad. Zeop.-Carol. 
xvi. Suppl p. 102; id. Beis. urn die Erde, iii. p. 226 (1831). 
Phoyx manillensis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. p. xxxviii (1894), 
T. p. xi (1895). 
Adult male. Similar to P. purpurea, but distinguished by its 
uniform chestnut lower throat and fore-neck:, which have scarcely any 
black streaking at all, by the much more distinct lateral black streaks 
on the neck, by the slaty-black colour of the chest, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts: " upper mandible dark brown, the margins 
dusky yellow as far back as the nostrils, produced to the eye; 
margins from nostrils to gape dark brown; anterior half of lower 
mandible clear yellow, the posterior half dull yellow; gape and 
facial skin greenish yellow ; edges of the eyelids yellow; feet and 
toes yellowish, the front of the tarsus and toes glossy brown; 
claws dark horn-colour; iris yellow " (E. W. Oates). Total length 
30 inches, culmen 6*2, wing 14*7, tail 5*4, tarsus 5*3 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so bright, and 
the black crest-plumes not quite so long. 

Nestling. Crown of head, quills, and tail lavender-brown ; throat 
and chin pure white; sides of head and upper neck rufous; lower 
neck rufous-grey, the feathers on the sides being centred, with 
brown; lower plumage rufescent, each feather more or less dark-
centred ; thighs plain rufous ; upper plumage brown, each feather 
edged with rufescent, more especially on the scapulars and tertiaries; 
upper and lower wing-coverts bluish brown, each feather broadly 
edged with rufous (E. W. Oates). 

Hah. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, eastwards to the Yangtse Eiver 
in China, and south through the Burmese countries, Malay Peninsula, 
Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, to Celebes and the Philippine Islands. 

1. psorx. 
a. Ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Guigaon Distr., Nov. ( W. N. Hume Ooll. 
Chill). 
c. S Juv. sk. N.W. Provinces, Nov. 16. Hume Coll. 
d. e. Ad. sk. Jhansie, April, June. Hume Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Kurnal, March. Hume Coll. 
g-k. Juv. sk. Etawah, Nov., Dec. Plume Coll. 
I Juv.; m. ad. sk. Oudk, Dec, April. Hume Coll. 

n. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll, 
o. Ad. sk Mundla Distr., April. Hume Coll. 
p. Imm. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 
j . <? ad. sk. Vellarney Lake, Travancore Hume Coll. 
June 21 (F. Bourdillon). 
r. Juv. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
*. Ad. sk. Calcutta. Hume Coll. 
t. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland), India Museum. 
u. $ ad. sk. Dipur Bheel, Assam, Dec. (A. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. Chennett). 
v. $ ad. sk. N. Kliasia Hills, March (A. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. Chennett). 
to. Ad. sk. Cachar (J. Inglis). Plume Coll. 
•*>y-<S $ ad.; 2. Pegu, Aug., Feb. {E. W. 0.). Oates Coll. 
juv. sk. 
a'. (S ad. sk. Logtak Lake, Manipur, Feb. 15 Hume Coll. 


(A. 0. H.\ 
b! 

. Imm. sk. Burma. Tweeddale Coll. 

c\ Ad. sk. Tonghoo, Nov. (22. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Ooll. 

d'. Ad. sk. 12 miles east of Rangoon, Hume Coll. 

June 10 (JE. W. Oates). 
e'. <$ juv. sk. Khykehto, Tenasaerim, Jan. 3 Hume Ooll. 
(W.Davison), 
f, g'. <$ ad.; h'. Thatone, Aug. (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 

i'. Juv. sk. Tavoy, April (W. Davison), Hume Coll. 

k',l'. $ ad. et Salang, Peb.; March (/. Hume Coll. 

juv. sk. Darling), 

m'. Ad. sk. Tapraw, Jan. (J. Darling), Hume Coll. 

n'-q'. Ad. et juv. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 

sk. 

r'. J juv. sk. Jerome, Salangore, Aug. 19 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison), 
s', t'. 2 ]mm' sk. South Andamans, Feb., Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
(JR. J. Wimberley). 
u'. S ad. sk. Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
Dec. 26 ( W. Davison). 
v'. $ ad. sk. Trinkut Is., Nicobars, Jan. 29 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JR. X Wimberley). 
w', x\ $ ad. sk. Mt. Sago, Sumatra, Sept., Oct. Tweeddale Coll. 


(C. Bock), 
y'-c*. S J ad. sk. Siedjonndjong, Sumatra, Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
(C. Bock). 
ds 

. Ad. sk. Java. Seebohm Coll. 
<e3, Juv. sk. Manila, Luzon (Maitland Tweeddale Coll. 
Heriot). 


f. S ad. sk. Palgayan, Baram River, Dec. C. Hose, Esq. [C.], 
gd. Juv. sk. Celebes. Salvin-Godman Coll 
h*. Ad. sk. Hankow (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Col1 
t3. Bones of trunk. Nepal. J Hodgson Coll. 
VOL. xxvi, P 

66 ARDEIDiE. 

2. AEBEA.
Ardea, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 283 (1766)

Typhon, Reicfaib. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852)

Ardeoraega, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 109 (1855)

Audubonia, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 113 (1855)

Megerodius, Heme, J.f. 0. I860, p. 200

Range. Nearly cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Plumage particoloured in adult and young". 
a'. Head and crest-feathers chestnut; under 
tail-coverts also chestnut like the under 
surface of the body

b'. Head and creast-feathers ashy grey or 
slate-colour: the ornamental dorsal 
plumes pearly grey. 

a". Breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
slaty grey; ornamental plumes on chest 
pearly grey «

b". Breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
pure white; ornamental plumes on 
chest pure white

c'. Crown of head black or slaty black. 

c". Throat and under surface of body dark 
slaty grey, including the under tail-
coverts

d". Throat white, the lower throat mottled 
with black and white. 

a'". Sides of neck black like the hind-
neck ; ornamental plumes on fore-
neck pearly grey; remainder of under 
surface, including the under tail-
coverts, ashy grey; under wing-
coverts white

b'". Sides of neck white, like the hind-
neck; underparts black, broadly 
streaked with white, the under tail-
coverts white; sides of face white, 
like the sides of the neck and the 
ornamental plumes of the fore-neck..

dr 

. Crown of head white, black on the sides 
and the nape-crest. 
eu» Thighs white; edge of wing white or 
creamy white/" . Thighs light chestnut, as also the edge 
of the wing

b. Entirely white above and below, in adult and 
young
1. Ardea goliath. 
Ardea goliath, Cretzschm. in Eiipp. Atlas, 
T}pe> 

 A. cinerea. 
... . A. sumatrana. 
A. goliath. 
A. occidentals. 
A. goliath. 
goliath, p. 66. 

sumatrana, p. 68, 

insignis, p. 70. 

humbloti, p. 70. 

melanocephala, p. 70. 

cocoi, p. 72. 

cinerea, p. 74. 

herodias, p. 80. 

occidentalis, p. 84. 

 p. 39, pi. 36 (1826); 
Tenim. JPL Col v. pL 474 (1829); Blyfh, Ann. N. H. ziii. p. 176 
(1844); Hilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 120 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 555 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 278 (1849: 
Calcutta); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (1856); Hartl. Orn. W.~ 
Afr. p. 219 (1857: Senegal); Keugl Ibis, 1859, p. 345 (Red Sea) 
2. AEDEA. 
Cass, Proc. Phil Acad. 1859, p. 173 (Camma River); Gumey, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 220 (Natal); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeas, p. 3 
(1863); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 (Zambesi: Lake Nyasa) ; 
Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 305 (1867: Cotasberg); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, 

p. 2.36 (Natal); Schl $ Pollen, Faune Madag., Ois. p.' 122 (1868); 
Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 376 (Zoetendals Vley); Finsch $ Hartl. 
Vog. Ostafr. p. 674 (1870); Gray,Hand-l.B. iii. p. 27, no. 10107 
(1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld, p. 285 (1872: 
Okavango R.; Teoughe R.; Lake Ngami); IleuqL Orn. N.O.-
Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1048 (1873: Red Sea to 24° N. lat.; Gulf of 
Aden; Abyssinia to 6000 feet; Takah; Senaar; E. Kordofan; 
White Nile to Equator); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 193 (Lydenberg); 
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 295 (1876); Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 297 
(1877); Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 349 (Transvaal); Hume, Str. F. vii. 

p. 490 (1878: Calcutta); id. Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879); Parker, 
Str. F. ix. p. 486 (1880: ? in Ceylon); Butler, Str. F x. p. 149 
(1881: Natal, breeding) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 437 (1881: 
Humbe); Holub $ Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 273 (1882: West 
Griqua Land; Zambesi); Butler, Feilden, 8f Meid, Zool. 1882, 
p. 343 (Ingagani R.; Buffalo R., "breeding); Milne-Bdioards fy 
Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. p. 542 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 263 (Mashoona); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, pp. 505, 515 
(Niger); Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 118 (Osi River; Kipini); 
Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 116 (Madagascar); Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, 
iii. p. v (1893: Suakin); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 27 (Upper Shire 
River). 
Ardea nobilis, Blyth, Ann. § Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 175 (1844); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847); Peichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 268 ; id.J.f.O. 
1887, p. 50 (Ruwana River). 

Ardea gigantodes, Licht. Nomenel Av. Mus. Berol. p. 89 (1854). 
Ardeomega goliath, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 109 (1855). 
Megerodius goliath, Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 200; id. Sr Peichen. 

Nomenel. Mus. Hein. p. 306 (1890); Peichen. Vog. Deutsch-
Ost-Afr. p. 65 (1894: Bagamayo; Kingani; Ugalla ; Tanganyika). 
Ardea (Megalerodius) nobilis, Beichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 13 (Chinchonxo). 


Adult female. General colour above slaty grey, the scapular feathers 
pointed and elongated, the wing-coverts like the back, with a slight 
olive-green gloss; quills and tail-feathers dark slate-grey; crown of 
head much crested, of a deep vinous chestnut; sides of face, ear-
coverts, and neck clearer vinous red; the cheeks and upper throat pure 
white; the lower throat and fore-neck purplish black, slightly 
varied with white streaks or margins to the feathers; on the fore-
neck a large bunch of elongated white plumes, some with vinous-red 
margins, and all mesially streaked with black; on each side of the 
chest is a large patch of vinous maroon like the rest of the under 
surface of body; the under wing-coverts and axillaries slightly 
lighter maroon; the thighs maroon like the breast, but having the 
lower part slaty grey; bend of the wing varied with white and 
rufous, and here and there mottled with grey : " bill black, lower 
part of under mandible pale; bare skin round the eye yellowish 
green; tarsi, shanks, and feet black; iris bright gamboge-yellow" 

{T. Ay res). Total length 56 inches, culmen 7*4, wing 20, tail 8*4, 
tarsus 8*9. 
F2 

68 
ARDUID.E. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being much duller, the rufous 
of the head and neck not so bright, and all the wiug-coverts tipped 
with rufous or rusty buff; the breast is white, below broadly 
streaked with rusty edges to the feathers. 

The British Museum received from the India Museum in 1880 
an Indian specimen of A. goliath, which had doubtless been 
forwarded to England by Mr. Blyth when he procured the historical 
specimens, which are still the only ones known to have occurred 
within the limits of India. Mr. Hume (Str. E. vii. p. 490) relates 
that he not only watched the Calcutta market for some years in 
the hopes of obtaining a specimen of the Great Heron, but had 
even offered a large reward for one. He never succeeded in 
getting a specimen, nor could he find anybody who knew the bird at 
all. The specimen from the India Museum is a young bird, and is 
identical with another specimen in the Museum from South Africa. 

The Giant Heron from Suakin seems to me to be somewhat 
different from that inhabiting South Africa. It is much lighter and 
more pearly grey, and with the neck of a delicate vinaceous colour, 
quite different to the rufous or chestnut colour of the neck in the 
South-African bird. Total length about 50 inches, culmen 6*5, 
wing 20*5, tail 9*8, tarsus 8*1. 

Hal. Africa generally. Once recorded from India. 

a. Imm st. Africa. Zoological Society. 
b, c. Imm. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
d. 2 ftd. sk. Durban, Natal, Sept. (Gordge), Shelley Coll. 
e. 
j ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Sharpe Coll. 
Nov. 30 (T.Ayres). 
f. Ad. sk. Upper Shir6 JRiver (A. Whyte). H. H. Johnston.E&q., 
C.B. [P.J 
g. 5 ad- sk. Suakin, Feb. Capt. Curtis [P.], 
AImm.sk. Calcutta (Blyth). India Museum. 
i Skeleton (imperf.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. 
Skeleton. South Africa. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2. Ardea sumatrana. 
Ardea 
sumatrana, Rqffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 325 (1822) • Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 550 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. 

p. 278 (1849) ; Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 740 (1864) ; Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. ii. p. 296 (1865); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 387; Walden, 
Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 98 (1872) • Salvad. TJcc. Porn. p. 344 (1874) ; 
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 159 (1874); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. x. 
p. 165 (1877); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 198 
(1877) * Reichen. J.f. 6. 1877, p. 267 ; JELume, Str. F. vi. p. 469 
(1878), viii. p. 114 (1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. rviii. p. 332 
(1882). 
Ardea typhon, 
Temm. PL Col pi. 475 (1829): Less. Traite, p. 576 
(1831); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Taf. eclix. fig. 466; Gray, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 555 (1847): id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 363 (Batchian); Sckl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 3 (1863); Wall. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 487 (Flores); 
Finsch, Next-Guinea, p. 183 (1865); Schl. N. T. D. iii. p. 348 
(1866: Aru Isl.); Rosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 109, 278, 373 
(1878-79). 
Ardea 
rectiro&tiis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 22 (N. S. W.); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 54 (1848); 

2 . ARDEA. 
Reielienb. Grail Novit Taf. civ. fig*. 2671 (1851); Gray, P. Z.8. 

1858, p. 179- id. Cat B. New Guinea, p. 63 (1859). * 
Ardea robusta, Bp Consp. ii. p. 110 (1855, ex 8. Mull M88). 
Typlion temminclri, Reie7ie?ib. 8i/st. Av. Nat p. xvi (1852). 
Ardeoniega nobilis, Bp. Consp. 'iL p. 109 (1855); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, 

p. 36. 
Ardea goliatli (nee T.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 110 (1855, ex Celebes). 
Typhon robusta, Bp. Cotisp. ii. p. 110 (1855)*; id. C. R. xl. p. 722 
(1855). 
Typhon sumatrana, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 110 (1855); id. C. R xl. p. 722 
(1855). 
Typhon rectirostris, Bp. t. c. p. 110. 

Adult male. General colour above dull slaty grey, the lower back 
and rump paler grey; the upper tail-coverts more dusky; the 
scapulars with elongated plumes, which are pearly white at the 
ends ; wing-coverts and quills dark slaty grey, with a slight greenish 
gloss on some of them; the innermost secondaries elongated and 
tipped with pearly white, like the scapulars; tail-feathers dark 
slate-colour, slightly glossed with green; crown of head slauy grey 
and crested, the crest-feathers with dusky margins, and with some 
long drooping plumes on the nape, which are pearly white at the 
ends; sides of face and hinder cheeks pale vinaceous brown; fore 
part of cheeks and upper throat white ; neck all round slaty brown, 
the feathers mostly elongated, and with a mesial streak of white 
towards the ends, the plumes on the fore-neck similarly coloured, 
"but very much elongated; remainder of tinder surface slaty grey, 
paler on the abdomen, with longitudinal white centres to the 
feathers, these being indistinct upon the abdomen and under tail-
coverts ; on each side of the upper breast a large patch of slaty-
grey feathers, very slightly streaked with white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries slaty grey with white streaks ; the marginal feathers 
round the hend of the wing white: " bill black, the lower mandible 
yellowish white at the base : legs and feet black, soles faded yellow; 
iris pale orange" (H. O. Forbes). Total length about 45 inches, 
culmen 6^St wing 18*3, tail 6*1, tarsus 6*7. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having no elongated plumes, and 
being everywhere browner, the feathers of the upper surface tipped 
with a rufous or sandy-buff spot, the feathers of the neck and underpays 
vinaceous rufous with mesial streaks of white, the whole 
under surface very thickly streaked. 

Hab. From Aracan and Southern Tenasserim throughout the 
Malayan Peninsula to iLustralia. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. S imm -sk-
c. Ad. sk.
d. cS ad. sk.
e Juv. sk. 
Arakah (JE. Blyth). 
Mergui Distr., Nov. 9 (W.
Davison). 
Bankasoon, Feb. 18 (W.
Davison). 
Ivossoum, Malayan Peninsula, 
Jan. 18 \J. Darling), 
Island of Billiton. ' 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
f, g, h. Ad. et Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo. Gov. tKsher [C]. 
juv. sk. 

70 
ARDETDiE. 

i Imm. sk. Taguso, Palawan, Sept. 6. J. Whitehead, Esq. 
[P.]. 
h Ad. sk. Sanghir Islands. Tweecldale Coll. 

1. S ad. sk. Larut, Tenimber Islands, Frank Nicholson, 
Sept. 8 (H. 0. Forbes). Esq. [P.]. 
m. Ad. sk. Island of Goram. Wallace Coll. 
n. Juv., head only. Batchian. 
Wallace Coll. 
o. Juv. st. * Australia. 
Earl of Derby [P.]. 
p. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Sibbald [P.Jq. 
Juv. sk. Queensland (J". T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r, 
s. Ad. et juv. New South Wales. Imperial Institute 
sk. [P.]. 


3. Ardea insignis. 
Ardea insignia, 
Hodgs. Icon. ined. Grail, pi. 61, fig. 2, no. 645; id. 
in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Ardea nobilis [nee Blyth), Gray, List Gralla Brit. Mus. p. 75 
(1844); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 143 (1846). 

Adult. Similar to A. sumatrana, but larger, of a purer ashy grey, 
especially on the head and neck, the breast with beautiful lanceolate 
white plumes; the nuchal crest composed of delicate grey feathers ; 
the breast and abdomen, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and 
axillaries pure white• the thighs also white in front, slaty grey 
behind. Total length about 40 inches, culmen 6*1, wing 21*2, tail 
7*8, tarsus &5. 

Young. Much browner than the adult, and having none of the 

ornamental plumes, the upper surface streaked with light brown, 

but distinguished from the young of A. sumairana by its pure white 

breast and abdomen. 

Hab. Nepal and Sikhim in the Eastern Himalayas. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
c, d, e. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Jan., April (L. Man- Hume Coll. 
delli). 
/, g. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Hume Coll. 

4. Ardea humbloti 
Ardea humbloti, Milne-Edio. ty Grandid. Mist. Nat. Madag. Ois. 
p. 546 (1882). 
Adult. General colour all over dark slate-colour, including the 
wings and tail, some of the inner secondaries blackish; crown of 
head black; sides of face and throat, with a few black feathers 
intermixed: " upper mandible black ; lower mandible yellow, darker 
at the tip ; feet black; iris yellow " (A. Grandidier). Total length 
37 inches, culmen 5*2, wing 16*3, tail 5*7y tarsus 6-2. 

Hab. East coast of Madagascar. 

a. Vix ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
5. Ardea melanocephala. 
Ardea melanocephala, Vig. <$• Childr. in Denh. § Clapp. Voy. ii., 
App. p. 201 (1826: Lake Tchad; Bournou); Gray, List Grail in 
Brit. Mus. p. 76 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847) j Gerbe, 
Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 6 (S. Erance); Loche, JSxpl Sci. 

2 . AftDEA. 
71 

AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 129 (1867: accidental in Algeria); Degl. et Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 289 (1867: occasional in S. Europe); Finsch 
# Hartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 680 (1870); Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 225, 
pi. 397 (1871); Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 26, no. 10100 (1871); 
Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 284 (1872: Great Namaqua 
and Damara Lands ; Ondonga); Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. 

i. p. 1055 (1873: Khartoum; Berber; Taka; E. and Central 
Abyssinia to 9000 feet; Senaar; Kordofan; White Nile; west 
to KosangaJ; Beiclmi. J. f. O. 1877, p. 264; Oust. Nouv. Arch. 
Mus. (2) ii. Bull p. 118 (1879: BournS) ; Socage, Orn. Angola, 
p. 440 (1881: Rio Coroca; Quillengues; iliunbe); Sharpe in 
Oates's Matabele Land, App. B, p. 826 (1881: Pretoria) ; Gurney, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 128 (Mombasa); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 599 
(Usambara Hills); Milne-Edioards 8,-'Grandid. H. N. Mada</., 
Ois. p. 546 (1882): Butler, Feilden, $ Beid, Zool 1882, p. 343 
(Ingagani River); Sharps's ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 119, 708 
(1884); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Gen. (2) i. p 227 (1884 : Lake Cialalaka, 
Shoa); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 384 (1884: Pangani ; 
Maurui; Natron Lakes) ; i'd.J.f. 0.1885, p. 118 (Kingani River; 
Malindi; Kipini); Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 293 (Potcliefstroom); W. 
Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 63 (Umzeila's Country) ; Emm. J.f O. 1891, 
p. 345 ; Reichen.J.f 0.1892, p. 12 (Bukoba); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, 
p. 27 (Upper Shire River); Beiclien. Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 6o 
{1894: Usambara ; TCakoma). 
Ardea atricollis, Wagl Syst. Av.< Ardea, p, 174, sp. 4 (1827); Smith, 

III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. Ixxxvi. (1843); Des Murs, Iconogr. 
Orn. pi. xxx. (1846); Bonap. Consp. A v. ii. p. HI (1855); Hartl. 
J.f O. 1855, p. 361 (Ashanti); Hmgl Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (1856); 
Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 220 (1857 : * Senegambia; Gaboon); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 153 (Ibadan); id. Ibis, 1860, p. 220 (Natal); 
Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 269 (Bissao); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 332 
(Zambesi); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 103 (1864: Senaar; Kordofan 
; White Nile); Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 89 (Benguela); 
Schl. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 425; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 306 (1867: 
Cape Town: Colesberg; George; Verloren Vley); Grand. Mev. 
et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 419; Schl $ Poll Faun. Madaq., Ois. 
p. 122 (1888: Mayotte); Blanf. Geol Sf Zool Abyss, p. 434 
(1870: Adabagi, 8000 feet; near Adigrat); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 193 (Lydenberg); Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 295 (1877); Holubty 
Feb. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 271 (1882 : Bechuana Land to Pantama-
tenka Valley); Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 521 (Niger); Sibree, Ibis, 
1892, p. 116 (Madagascar). 
Adult male. General colour above blackish, with a strong* shade 
of ashy grey on the mantle and upper back ; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts clear slaty blue, the scapular feathers elongated 
into drooping plumes, slaty grey at the base, becoming hoary whitish 
towards the tips ; wing-coverts pearly grey, with white margins to 
the greater series, which are slaty grey internally: inner secondaries 
also slaty grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, with 
white bases, and externally slightly dusted w ith slaty grey; tail-
feathers black ; crown of head and hind-neck black, with a shade of 
slaty grey, especially on the nuchal plumes; sides of face from below 
the eye also black; cheeks and sides of face, in a line with the gape 
across the ear-coverts, white, as also the throat; the lower throat 
black, varied with white bases to the feathers, producing a streaked 

72 ARDEIDJS. 

or spotted appearance; the feathers of the fore-neck light pearly 
grey, the ornamental plumes whitish at the ends, the centre ones 
white with broad black streaks ; the long feathers on each side of 
the chest, the whole of the breast and abdomen, as well as the thighs 
and under tail-coverts, light pearly grey; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white: " bill dusky brown, the under mandible paler; the 
bare skin about the base of the bill and eye whitish buff: feet, toes, 
and bare part of tarsi black; iris tawny yellow, with an outer ring 
of dark umber" (T. Ay res). Total length 36*5 inches, culmen 4, 
wing 15*7, tail 6, tarsus b-2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the ornamental 
plumes less developed. Total length 30 inches, culmen 3-9, wing 
i(K5, tail 6, tarsus 5*1. 
*mmioimg. Differs from the adult in being more dingy and brownish 
grey; the head black, hind-neck slaty grey, as also the sides of face ; 
under surface almost entirely white, with a tinge of fawn-colour on 
the fore-neck, these parts being sparsely streaked with black; the 
patch on each side of the chest isabelline, with white in the centre. 

Hah. Africa, occasionally visiting Algeria and Southern Europe. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
st. 
c. $ j uv. sk. Pretoria, June 21 (F. Oates). W. E. & 0. G. 
Oates, Esqs. [P.]. 
d. (S ad. sk. 
*,/• 6 $ ad- sk. 
Potchefstroom, Transvaal, 
July 22 (T.Ayres).
Umziela's Country, May (W. 
Ayres). 
Gurney Coll. 
Gurney Coll. 
g. Juv. sk. 
h. Imm.sk. 
Upper Shire River, Nov. (A. 
WJiyte).
Usambara Hills, Pangani R. 
{Kirk). 
H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
C.B. [P.n . 
Shelley Coll. 
i. Ad. sk Mombasa. Rev. A. F. Buxton 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
/. Juv. sk. 
Adabaga, Tigre*, Abyssinia, 
7500 feet, May 20. 
Fantee, W. Africa (JET. T. 
Ussher). 
"W. Ti*Blanford,Esq. 
[C.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. 
n. Skeleton. 
o. Skull 
Benguela. 
S. Africa. 
Gambia. 
Monteiro Coll. 
Earl of Derby [P.]. 
Earl of Derby [P.]. 

6. Ardea cocoi. 
The Blew Heron, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 74, pi. 79 (1740). 
Le Heron hup6 de Cayenne, Briss. Orn. v. p. 400 (1760). 
Ardea cocoi, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 237 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 


p. 629 (1788) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 77 (1823: San Paulo) ; 
Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 598 (1833); Gray, List 
Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 76 (1844); id. Gm. B. iii. p. 555 (1847) ; 
Hartl. Lnd. Assam, p. 22 (1847); Gay, Faun. Chilm, i. p. 409 
(1847); Tschudi $ Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p. 50 (1845-46); 
Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 752 (1848); Bp. Consp. ii. 
p. 110 (1855); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 415 (1856); id. Beis. La 
Plata-St ii. p. 508 (1861; Parana; Tucuman: Cordova) ; ScM. 
Mm. Pays~Bas, Ardeae, p. 6 (1863) ; L4ot. Ois. Trinid. p. 401 
2. ARDEA. 73 
(1866); Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (Upper & Lower 
Ucayali); Scl P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 (Chili); id. $ Sale. P. Z. 8 
1869, p. 634 (Oonchitas) j Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 27, no. 10103 
(1871); Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 300,455 (1871: Sapitiba; Ypanema ; 
Ctryaba; Caicara; Matogrosso; Rio Branco; Barado; Rio Negro); 
ScL 8f Salv. Nomenel Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, 

p. 305 (Upper Amazons, universal); Hudson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 629 
(Buenos Ayres); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p, 198 (Buenos Ayres); 
W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 307; Pidgw. Bull. U.S. GeoL 
8urv. iv. no. 1, p. 244 (1878); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 158 (Cape 
San Antonio); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 47 (Corral, N.E. Peru) ; 
White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 41 (Cordova); Barrows, Auh, i. p. 271 
(1884: Entrerios); Baird, Brewer, # Ridgiu. Water-B. N. Amer. 
I p. 6 (1884); Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 390 (1886); ScL 8f Hudson, 
Argent, Orn. ii. p. 93 (1889); Berkeley James, New List Chilian 
B. p. 8 (1892: occasional visitor). 
Le Soco, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 379 (1780). 
Cocoi Heron, Lath. Gen. 8yn. iii. pt. 1, p. 98 (1785). 
Garza aplomada, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 148 (1805). 
Ardea caerulescens, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 413 (1817) 
Licht. Nomenel. Av. Berol. p. 89 (1854: Montevideo). 
Ardea coco, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 433 (1817). 
Ardea fuscicollis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 410 (1817). 
Ardea plumbea, Merrem, in Rrsch u. Grub. Encycl. v. p. 177 

(1820). 
Ardea raaguari, Spiv, Av. Bras. tab. xc. (1824), 
Ardea major, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Chili). 
Ardea palliata, u Illiger" teste Hartlaub (sed ubi?), Licht. Nomenel. 

p. 89(1854). ^ * \ 
Adult male. General colour above light slaty blue, with greatly 
developed scapular plumes, which are narrowed towards the ends, 
where they gradually become white ; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts uniform pale slaty blue; wing-coverts also slaty blue, 
the outer ones of all the series externally white; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black; inner secondaries externally 
slaty blue, and the innermost entirely slaty blue like the back; 
tail-feathers entirely slaty blue ; crown of head crested, blue-black, 
including all the feathers round the eye ; crest long and drooping on 
the nape; sides of face, ear-coverts, entire neck, and throat creamy 
white; the plumes of the fore-neck greatly elongated and pure 
white, the centre of the throat marked with a number of broad 
black-striped feathers; on each side of the chest a patch of blue-
black feathers; on the centre of the breast the white feathers 
edged with black, producing a streaked appearance; the sides of 
the breast and abdomen black; thighs and under tail-coverts white; 
sides of body and thighs light slaty blue, like the axillaries and 
under wing-coverts; the edge of the wing very conspicuously 
white. Total length about 36 inches, culmen 6*1, wing 18*5, tail 
7*1, tarsus 7*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with the 
elongated plumes not quite so strongly developed: "bill dark 
yellow, base black, lower mandible yellow; skin round the eye 
pale green; iris pale yellow " (PI Withington). Total length about 
40 inches, culmen h'6, wing 17*7, tail 7*2, tarsus 6*5. 

74 ARDEIB^!. 

Young. A little browner than the adults and, of course, devoid 
of all drooping plumes; the head much browner than the adults, 
or having the blackish feathers brown-shafted; under surface of 
body almost entirely white, with only a few black streaks on the 
breast: " lower mandible yellow, as also the lower edge of the 
upper one; iris light yellow " (F. Withington). 

Hah. South America. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
South America. 
South America. 
Lieut. Maw [P.]. 
Old Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. St, Joseph Bay, E. Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett & 
Admiral Fitzro^ 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
Straits of Magellan. 
Chili. 
[P.]. 
The Admiralty [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
/ . $ juv. sk. 
g, h. J ad. et 
Belgrano, Buenos Ayres, 
Dec. 2,1876. 
Lomas de Zamora, Buenos 
H. Durnford, Esq. 
[CI. 
Sclater Coll. 
juv. sk. Ayres, May, April (F. 
i. Ad. sk. 
k. S ad.'sk. 
Withington).
Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). 
Pebas, E, Peru, Oct. 17 (J. 
Hauxiuell). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

7. Ardea cinerea. 
The Heron or Heroushaw, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 64, pL 07 
(1738). 
The Common Heron, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 73, pi. 78 (1740} ; 
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 83 (1785); Yarr. Br. B. ii. p. 444 (1843). 
Le Heron, Briss. Orn. v. p. 392, pi. xxxiv. (17t>0); Daubent. PL 
Enl. viii. pi. 787. 
Le Heron kupe, Briss. Orn. v. p. 390, pi. xxxv. (1700); Daubent. PI. 

Enl. viii. pi. Too. 
Le Heron cendrS, Briss. Orn. v. p. 403 (1760). 
Le Heron tachete, Briss. Orn. v. p. 4-10 (1760). 
Ardea cinerea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 236 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 627 (1788); Pall. Zoogr. Rosw-A&iat. ii. p. 116 (1811); 
Temm. Man. d?Orn. ii. p. 567 (1820); Horsf. Trans. Linn. 6'oe. 
xiii. p. 188 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 23 (1827); 
Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl p. 580 (1831;; Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. 
p. 49 (1832); Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 273 (1837); Nauhi. Tog. 
Deutschl. ix. p. 24, pi. 220 (1838) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. # N 
Amer. p. 47 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 379 (1840); Keys. 
u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lxxix, 218 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. 
Voy. Puss. Mirid. iii. p. 258 (1840); Seh/s-Longch. Faun. Belg. 
p. 132 (1842); Schl. Bev. Grit. p. cxvi'(1844); Muhle, Orn. 
Griechenl. p. 113 (1844); Gray, List Grail, in Brit. Mus. p. 76 
(1844); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus., Grail, pi. 61. %. 1, 
no. 646; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Bupp. Syst. Uebers. 
p. 120 (1845); Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 133 
(1846); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 269, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 1 (1846) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. 
p. 278 (1849 : Calcutta); Temm. $ Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 114 (1850); 
Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 133 (1850); Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxxii. 
fig. 1 (1852); Macgill. Brit. B. iv..p. 440 (1852); Schl Vog. 
Nederl. pis. 186, 187 (1854); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 289; Bp. 
2. ARDEA. 75 
Consp. Av. ii. p. Il l (1855); Cass, in Perry's Bxped. p 244 
(1856: Loo Choo); Heugl. St/st. Uebers. p. 58 (1650); Hartl 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 219 (1857:' Gaboon); Grill, Zool Anteekn. 
App. ii. 55 (1859: Knysna); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 4G. figs. 3, 4 
(1856-72); Jmb. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 857 (1859); 
Schrenck, Reis. Amurl p. 434 (1859: Amurland); Tristr. Ibis, 
1859, p. 37 (River Jordan) ; E. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 50 (Egypt) ; 
Gurnet/, t. c. p. 248 (Natal) ; Linderm. Vbg. Griechenl p. 149 
(1860) ; Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 68 (Amoy, winter); Tristr. t. c 

p. 77 ; Gurney, t. c. p. 205 (Natal); Powys, t. c. p. 346 (Corfu; 
Albania; Montenegro); Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 9 (Greenland); 
Swinh. t. c. p. 51 (Hongkong); Irby, t. c. p. 244 (Oudh); Sioinh. 
t c. p. 343 (Pekin); Hartl J.f. 0. 1861, p. 269 (Bissao); Schl. 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Arde», p. 5 (1863); Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 417 
(Formosa); Newton in Baring-Goulds Iceland, p. 414 (1863: 
Grirnsey, September) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 145 (1863); Radde, 
Reis. Sibir., Yog. p. 343 (1863: Lake Baikal; Dauria); Jerd. B. 
Ind. iii. p. 741 (1864); Ada?ns,Ibis,lS64:, p. 31 (Egypt) ; Wright, 
t. c. p. 143 (Malta, spring & autumn); Swinh. t. c. p. 415 (Formosa) 
; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 20 (1865) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 36; Gigl. t. c. p. 59 (Pisa) ; More, t. c. p. 433; Gould, Handb. 
B. Austr. ii. p. 295 (1865: New South Wales); Godm. Ibis, 
1866, p. 100 (Azores, resident); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. 
p. 286 (1867); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 306 (1867: throughout the 
Colony) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70 (Egypt); Baird, t. c. 
p. 282 (Iceland & Greenland); Tymohitt Brake, t. c. p. 428 
(Tangiers) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 126 (1867); JDyb. 
8r Parv. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 337 (Dauria); Schl. $ Pollen, Faune 
Madag., Ois. p. 122 (1868: Madagascar & Mayotte) ; Sperling, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 292 (Mozambique k Zanzibar); Tristr. t. c. p. 325 
(Palestine); Beavan, t. c. p. 397 (Julpigoorie & Barrackpur); 
Smith, t. c. p. 453 (Portugal) ; Borggr. Yogelf. Norddeutschl 
p. 122 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 209 (1869); Layard, Ibis, 
1869, p. 876 (eggs); Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 42. fig. 3 (1870); 
Elwes §• Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 333 (Turkey); Swinh. t. c. p. 365 
(Hainan); Finsch fy Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 678 (1870); Godm. 
Azores, p. 33 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Itdl., TJcc. p. 239 (1871); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 411 (throughout China, Formosa, & 
Hainan); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 273 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 390 (Seville, breeding); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 27, 
no. 10102 (1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 55(1872); Gurney, 
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 284 (1872: Orange River ; Walviseh 
Bay; Ondonga); Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 221 (Teneriffe); G. C. 
Taylor, t. c. p. 232 (Constantinople ; Ismid; Crete); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 266 (1872) ; Heugl Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1053 
(1873 : Lower Egypt); Hume c?* Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 295 
(1873); Hume, Nest fy Eggs Ind. B. p. 610 (1873); id. Str. F. i. 

p. 253 (1873: Sindh); Adam, t. c. p. 399 (Sambhur); Brooke, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 340 (Sardinia, breeding) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 418 
(Kathiawar); Saxby, B. Shetl. p. 183 (1874); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 390 (Limpopo); Ball, Str.F. ii. p. 434 (1874: ChotaNagpur); 
Stoliczka, t. c. p. 463 (Leh); Salvad. TIcc. Born. p. 344 (1874: 
? Borneo); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 190 (1875 : Thayetmyo); Blyth, 
B. Burm. p. 159 (1875); Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 15 (Catania); 
Shelley, t. c. p. 86 (Cape & Natal); Swinhoe, t. c. p. 132 (Chefoo); 
Danford fy Harvie-Brown, t c. p. 424 (Transylvania, breeding); 
Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 207, pi. 395 (1875); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 183 
(1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 158 (1875); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, 
ARDEID-S. 

p. 27 (Corsica); Barratt, t. c. p. 210 (Orange Free State): Dresser, 
t. c. p. 325; Swinh. t c. p. 335 (Hakodadi) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. 
p. 23 (1876: Mount Aboo); Scully, t. c p. 196 (Kashgar; Yarkand) 
; Fairbank, t. c. p. 263 (Deccan) ; Hume, t. c. p. 465 (Laccadives); 
Blanf. F. Persia, ii. p. 295 (187G : throughout Persia) ; 
Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 349 (Tran&vaal) : David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 437 (1877 : Pekin, breeding) ; Re Men. J.f. 0. 18777 p. 265; 
Hartl. Tog. Madagasc. p. 295 (1877: Amirante ; Madagascar; 
Comoro Isl.) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zvol. France, ii. p. 159 (1877: 
Poland); Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 472 (1878: Palehan ; 
Thatone) ; Hume, Str. F. \ii. p. 07 (lfc78: Jodhpur) ; Butler, 
t. c. p. 189 (E. Narra, breeding); Ball, t. c. p. 280 (Gaimes to 
Godavery) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 307 (Faridpur); Doig, t. c. p. 4t>7 
(Sindh); Hume,t.c. p. 490 (Calcutta); Pr/ev. in Roicleys Orn. 
Misc. iii. p. 48 (1878: Dalai-nor; Hoansrho Valley: S.E Mongolia 
; Kansu ; Ussuri); Danford, Ibis, 1878, p. 34 (Aasia Minor); 
Blakiston ty Fryer, t. c. p. 223 (Tokio ; Yezo): Finsch. Terh.z.-b. 
Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 248 (1879: Sergiopol; Samarova, Central 
Ob) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879) ; Tidal, t. c. p. 173 
(8. Konkan) ; Doig, t. c. p. 371 (E. Xarra, breeding); Leqqe, B. 
Ceylon, p. 1127 (1879.); Butler, Cat. B. Rind etc. p. 08 (Tb79); 
id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 81 (1880); Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 88 
(1880: S. Konkan); Butler, t. c. p. 433 (Deccan; S. Mahratta 
Country); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 74 (1881: Lucknow); Rot age, Orn. 
Angola, p. 439 (1881: Bengo; Duque cle Bragan^a, Beiiguela ; 
Rio Coroca; Quillengues & Humbe); Biddulph, Ihi*, l&fcl, 
p. 99 (Grilait) ; Sudly, t. c. 591 (Gilgit) ; Booth, Rough Xotes, 
ii. pi. 50 (1881-87); Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 123 (Caixkhai) ; 
Seebohm, t. c. p. 224 (Astrakhan); Milne-Hd wards ^ Grand id. 
H. K Madag., Ois. p. 544 (1882); Holub £ Pelz. Beitr. Orn. 
Shdafr. p. 261 (1882: from S. Coast up to Zambesi); Butler, 
Feildm, $ Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 343 (Newcastle, Satal); Gates, Str. 
F. x. p. 243 (1882 : Pegu) ; Davidson, t c. p. 323 (Khandeish): 
Davison, t. c. p. 416 (Myr-ore); Oate<, Handh. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 243 (1883); B. O. U.List Brit. B. p. 107 (1883); Seelohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 31 (Caucasus); Severtz. t. c. y]\ 7'2? 82 (Alichur, 
Pamir); Irby, t. c. p. 188 (Santander) ; Barker, t. c. p. 195 
(Ceylon, migrant) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 398 (Dobrudscha, nestinsr) ; 
Ragle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 146 (Obedbka Bara, nesting; Dobanovci) 
; Seebohm, t. e. p. 268 (Kiukiang); C. H. T. Marshall, t. c. 
p. 424 (Chamba); Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. iv. p. 162 
(1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. ii. p. 468 (1884); Blakist. 
Amended List B. Japan, p. 12 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. 4" Flor. 
Palest p. 109 (1884); Murray, Tertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 269 
(1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42, 397 {1884: to 7000 feet 
breeding); Baird, Breicer, $• Ridgw. Water-Birds N. A?ne?\ 
i. p. 19 (1884); Coues, Keif AT. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 658 
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 227 (lfc84: Lake 
Cialalaka, Shoa; Falls of Duleecia); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. 
S. Afr. p, 708 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 43 (Corsica); 
Swinh. ty Barnes, t c. p. 135 (Mhow distr.); Reid, t. c. p. 250 
(Marocco)j Zaroudn. Ois. Transc. p. 71 (1885); Slater Sf Carter, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 49 (Iceland); Sharpe, t. c. p. 490 (Fao) ; Gigl. Avif. 
Ital p. 275 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 241 (1886); A. O. 
U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 185 (1886); Symonds, Ibis, 1887, 
p. 335 (Orange Free State); Tait, t. c. p. 372* (Portugal); Badde, 
Orms, iii. p. 497 (1887); Gates, Ibis, 1888, p. 73 (Bhamo) -f Reid, 
ARDEA.. 

t. c. p. 78 (Teneriile, r* breeding) ; Guillem. t. c. p. 110 (Larnaka, 
Cyprus); Ramsay, Tab. ListAustr. B. p. 21 (1888: Kichmondifc 
Clarence Rivers; N". S. W.; Victoria); Hume, Mr. F. xi. p, 332 
(1888: Manipur) ; tit. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 178 (S. Afghanistan); 
Lilford, t c. p. 343 (Cyprus); Eagle Clarke, t. c, p, 550 (East. 
Pyrenees); Rekhen. Syst Vers. Vdg. DeutscM. p. 41 (1889) ; 
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 335 (1889); Seebohn, Ibis, 1890, p, 404 
(Co. Waterford); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat) p. 72 (1890) j 
Seebohm, B. Japan.Emp.y. 215 (1891: all inlands); Gatke, Vogeho. 
Helgol p. 4')9 (1891); Madardsz, Aust. Ungar. Vbg. p. lOo (1891); 
Reiser, Vogels. Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 110 (1891) ; Frwaldsky, Av. 
Hung. p. 127 (1891); Turle, Ibis, 1891, p. 7 (Blasket Is., breeding:); 
Evans, t. c. p. 70 ; tiharpe, t. c. p. 112 (Fao); Styan, t. c. pp. 327, 
491 (Lower Yangtse, breeding); tiharpe, Rep."2ndTark. Miss., 
Aces, p. 124 (1891: Wooler Lake, Cashmere; Baramula); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland); Sibree, t. c. p. 116 (Madagascar); 
Campbell, t* c. p. 244 (Corea); Be la louche, t. c. p. 487 
(Foochow & Swatow); Hartert, t. c. p. 512 (E. Prussia); Barnes, 
Ibis, 1893, pp. 173, Ibl (Aden); Meade-Waldo, t c. p. 198 
(Canaries, ? breeding); Blagg, t. c. p. 354 (Noss, Shetlands, breeding) 
; tityan, t. c. p. 434 (Hainan) ; Reichen. Vdg. Deutsch-Ost-
Afr. p. 05 (1894: Kingani). 
Ardea major, Linn, tiyst. Nat.i. p. 230 (176G); Gm.tiyst.Nat. i. 

p. 627 (17b8); Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 400 (1817); 
Roax, Orn. Prov. pi. 311 (182o). 

Le Heron Commun, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 342 (1781). 

Johanna Heron, Lath. Gen. tiyn, iii. pt. 1, p. 100 (1785). 

Ardea johannse, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 029 (1788). 

Ardea shenana, Sander, Naturf. xiii. p. 195 (1779) j Vieill. Nouv. 

Bid. d'Hist. Nat xiv. p. 415 (1817). 

Ardea vulgaris, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 255 (1803). 

Ardea brag, Is* Geoffr. St.-Hil. in Jaequem. Voy. iv. Ois. p. 85, pi. 8 

(1844) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. Il l (1855); Tacz. J. f. 0. 1874, 

p. 330,-id. Bull. tioc. Zool. France, i. p. 258 (1870: Argun). 
Ardea leucophsea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 58. 
Ardea cineracea, Brehm, Vdg. Beutschl. p. 580 (1831). 
Ardea cinerea, major, minor, etc., A. E. Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. 
L. Brehm, p. 12 (1866: teste Dresser). 
Ardea 
cinerea, var. brag, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873: 
breeding). 

Adult in breeding-plumage* General colour above light ashy 
grey, the scapular plumes, as well as the parapteral feathers and 
innermost secondaries, elongated, and forming narrow drooping 
plumes of pearly grey or white ; the wing-coverts grey like the back, 
the outer ones pearly grey or white, the greater series dark ashy, 
the outer webs entirely white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills purplish black, the secondaries shaded with grey externally, 
the inner secondaries like the back; tail-feathers entirely grey; 
crown of head crested, white in the centre, with a broad band of 
purplish, black on each side, ending in a crest on the occiput, and 
having two elongated nuchal plumes ; entire sides of face, neck all 
round, and under surface of body white, with a creamy-lilac shade 
on each side of the fore-neck and chest, which have drooping plumes 
of narrow elongated white feathers; the whole of the lower throat 

78 
ARDEIDJ3. 

and fore-neck varied with elongated black stripes, differing in 

breadth and situated on one side of the feather; on each side of 

the crop is a large patch of drooping plumes of purplish black, and 

continued along the sides of the body even as far as the vent; sides 

of body light ashy grey; thighs and under tail-coverts white; 

under wing-coverts ashy grey : " bill yellow, with the ridge of the 

upper mandible brown towards the end; feet dull green; tibia 

yellow; claws black ; iris yellow ; bare space between the bill and 

the eye green " ( W. Macgillivray). Total length 30 inches, culmen 

5-1, wing 18, tail 7*2, tarsus 6-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male and equally beautifully 

coloured, but the black crest-plumes not so long, and the black 

markings on the chest not quite so pronounced. Total length about 

30 inches, culmen 4*9, wing 17*8, tail 6*7, tarsus 6*4. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being darker and not so pure 

grey; the head being dark slate-colour, with a small nuchal crest 

of purplish black, the neck rather lighter ashy; sides of face and 

ear-coverts also ashy grey; cheeks and throat white; the neck 

dark slaty grey, as 
also the sides of the body, under wing-coverts, 

and axillaries; lower throat, fore-neck, and chest very broadly 

streaked with black, the black very thickly developed on the throat, 

sparsely on the fore-neck, and represented by a few black streaks on 

the sides of the body : on each side of the chest the black patch of 

the adult is represented by a dusky patch of feathers, relieved by 

several broad white streaks ; on the bend of the wing a tinge of 

rust colour, which also pervades the black-streaked feathers of the 

throat and fore-neck. 

Eab. The greater 
part of Europe and Asia below lat. 60° 1ST.; 

seldom found north of this line, but extending occasionally to 

Iceland and Greenland. Found also in most parts of Africa, 

Madagascar, and extending its range in the east to the Malay 

Islands and Australia. 

a. Pull. sk. England. 
Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. C ambridgeshir e. Purchased. 
c. Juv. sk. Oundle, Northants, March. Sharpe Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Kingsbury Reservoir (/. E.H.). Harting Coll. 
e. Juv. st. Romney Marsh, Kent, Sept. Dr. Gordon Hos-ff 
I?.]. 
/, g. Inim. sk. Romney Marsh, Sept., Jan. Sharpe Coll. 
h, i. Juv. sk. Avington, Hants, Dec. (JR. Sharpe Coll. 

B. 8.). 
k, I. <$ ad. et juv. Cookham, Dec. (R. Tweeddale Coll. 
. Berks,
sk. B. S.). 


m. Juv. sk. St. Michael's, Azores, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. D. Q.). 
n. Ad. sk. Natal (T.Ayres). Gurney Coll, 
o. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
Sir A. Smith. 
p. 
c? ad. sk. Kroonstad, Orange Free State, Gurney Coll. 
April (E. F. Symonds). 
q. Ad. sk. Fort Dauphin, Madagascar. W.Scott Elliot, Esq. 
fP.l 
2. ABDEA. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s, t. Juv. sk. 

u, v. w. Ad. et 
juv. sk. 
.r. J ad.sk. 

y, s, ar. $ ad. sk. 

b'. Ad. sk. 

c'. Irani, sk. 

<#'. c? ad. sk. 

e'. 2 ad. sk. 

/'. $ ad. sk. 
g'. $ ad. sk. 

h'-k'. £ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
I'. Ad. sk. 

m'. Juv. sk. 

n', o'. 6 2 J1™". 

p'. Ad. sk. 
q'. Ad. sk. 
r'. Ad. sk. 
s', t'. Ad. sk. 

u. Ad. sk. 
»'. Ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 
A-'. $ ad. sk. 
2/'. c? ad.; z'-b". 

sk

6 S Juv-


c". $ ail. sk. 

d". 6 ad.; e", 

/" . PuU.sk. 
g". Juv. sk. 
h". Ad. sk. 

i". Ad.sk. 

Jc". $ ad. sk. 

Z", m", »". Ad. 

et juv. sk. 
o". Ad. sk. 
JK>". <$ juv. sk. 

#". Juv. sk. 

r". Ad.sk. 

$". Skeleton. 
t"j u". Sterna. 
v",w". Sterna. 
x",y", »". Skulls. 

Egypt. 

Marshes of Babylonia (Commander 
Jones). 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Jan. 

Gwader, Mekran Coast, Feb. 
19 (0. A. J3T.)-
Candahar, Dec, Jan., Feb. 

Quetta, Oct. 22 (Capt. Charles). 
Larkhana, Sind (Dr. Gould). 
Sukkur, Sind, Dec. 31 (A. 

0. H.). 
Sambhur, May 16 (JR. M. 
Adam). 
Jodhpur, Feb. 8 {A. O.H.). 
Burr, 49 miles from Ajmere, 

Jan. 9 (A. 0. II.). 
Gurgaon Distr., Aug., Sept., 
Dec. (W. N. Chill). 
Sirza, Punjab, Nov. 28 (A. 

0. H.). 
Seistan. 
Gilgit, May, Oct. 


Dehra Dhoon. 
Etawah, Dec. 28. 
Jhansie, April 28. 
Oudh, Dec, Jan. 
Mirzapur Distr., March (JR. 


Thompson). 

Khandeish. 
Travancore. 
Pegu, British Burma, Mar. 15. 
Thatone, Tenasserim, Nov. 


11-19 (W. Davison). 
Pakchan, Feb. 1 (W. Davison). 
Saigon, Cochin China, Nov. 

Baram Fort, Sarawak. 
Hong Kong, China. 

Amoy, Feb. (It. Swinhoe). 
Ningpo, March (22. S.). 
Kiukiang, Oct. 1. 

N.W. Formosa, April (22. &). 
S. Yezo, Japan, Aug. (Capt. 
Blakiston). 
Yokohama (If. Fryer). 
Corea. 

Scotland. 
England. 
Europe. 


S. Germanv. 
lion. C. Berkeley 
[p.]. 
India Museum. 


W. D. dimming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Colonel Swinhoe 

pp.]. 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Colonel Biddulph 

[0.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

F. Bourdillon [C.]. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Plume Coll. 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
C. Cox, Esq. [P.l 
Voy. of H.M.S. 
1 Challenger.' 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

F. W". Styan, Esq. 
[P.l. 
Seebohm Coil. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
C.W.Campbell, Esq. 

Mr. E.*Gerrard[P.]. 

J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
M. Lefebvre. 
Dr. Giinther [C.]. 
80 AEDEIPiE. 

S. Ardea lierodias *. 
The Ash-coloured Heron from North America, Edwards, Nat. Hist. 
B. iii. p. 135, pi. 135 (1740). 
The Largest Crested Heron, Catesby, Nat. Mist. Carol. App. pi. 10. 
fig. 1 (1743). 
Le Heron de la Baye de Hudson, Briss. Orn. x. p. 407 (1760); Buff. 
Hist Nat Ois. yii. p. 386 (1780). 
Le Heron hupe de Virginia, Briss. Orn. v. p. 416 (1760). 
Ardea herodias, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 237 (1766): Gm. Sy*t. Nat. i. 

p. 630 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. viii. p. 28, pi. 65. fig, 2 (1814) ; 
Temm. Man. (TOrn. ii. p. 566 (1820); Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccxi. 
(c. 1826); Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 173 (1827) ; Swains. $ Richards. 
Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 373 (1831); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. 
p. 87 (1835); id. op. cit. v. p. 599 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. 
p. 122, pi. ecclxix. (1839); dJ'Orbign. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. 
Nat. Ois. p. 199 (1839); Gould, in Darwin's V0y. 'Beagle,' Birds, 
* I have been unable to speak decidedly in reference to Ardea wurdemanni 
and A. wardi, for lack of material. The following is the synonymy of the 
two supposed species :— 
ARDEA WURDEMANNI. 

Ardea wurdemanni, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 669 (1858), pi. 86 (1860); 
Coues, Key K Amer. B. p. 267 (1872); May?iard, B. Bast. N. Amer. 

p. 407 (1879); Cory, Auk, iii. p. 408 (1886: S.W. Florida), iv. p. 169 
(1887: Cape Sable); Bidgw. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 128 (1887); Scott, 
Auk, vi p. 16 (1889: Cape Rornano and Cape Sable), ix. p. 211 (1892). 
Ardea occidentalis, part., Baird, Brewer, 6r Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. p. 6 
(1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 658 (1884). 

According to Mr. Ridgway (Man. p. 128), the adult has the " head entirely 
white, the forehead streaked with blackish." In the young, "the forehead and 
crown are dull slate-colour, narrowly streaked with white, the feathers of the 
occiput white, with dusky tips ; wing-coverts spotted with rusty, the lower and 
more posterior with large wedge-shaped white spots." Length about 50 inches, 
wing 20-21, eulrnen 5-95-6*5, tarsus 7*95-8*25. 

Hah. Florida Keys and Cape Florida. Accidental in Illinois. 
Specimens sent by Mr. "W. E. D. Scott to Messrs. Salvin and Godman, as 

A. wurdemanni, appear to me to be absolutely identical with A. herodias. 
Mr. Ridgway says that in the latter bird the lower parts are " black or dusky, 
broadly striped with white (the two colours in nearly equal proportion in young), 
and the tarsus does not exceed 8 inches; legs and feet black in adult." In 
A. wurdemanni the lower parts are " white, narrowly striped or streaked with 
black, the tarsus is more than 8'5 inches, and the legs and feet are olive in 
adult." 
ARDEA WARDI. 

Ardea wardi, Bidgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 5 (1882: S.E. Florida); 
Baird, Brewer, § Bidgway, Water-B. N. Amer. L p. 10 (1884) ; Ward, 
Auk, i. p. 161 (1884: Ectero Bay, &c.); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 658, note (1884); A. O. U. Check4. N. Amer. B. p. 135 (1886); 
Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 129 (1887); Scott, Auk, v. p. 183 (1888: 
Tarpon Springs), vi. p. 17 (1889 : Gulf coast of Florida), vii. p. 308 
(Bird Key, Dry Tortugas); Brewster $ Chapm. Auk, v. pp. 135,137 
(1891: Suwanee River); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 211 (1892). 
••Adult with occiput and sides of crown black, as in A. herodias, the forehead 
and middle of crown pure white. Length 48-54 inches, culmen 6*5-7, 
wing 2-2-5, tarsus 8 5-9." • 

Hdb. Western Florida. 

2. AKDEA. 81 
p. 128 (1841 : Galapagos); Gray, List Grail Bnt. Mus. p. 75 
(1844) j id. Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 346 
(1847); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 112 (1855); Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 668 (1858); Bryant, Broc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 120 (1859: 
Bahamas); Breioer, t. c. p. 308 (Cuba); Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 226 (Duenas); A. $ E. Newton, t c. p. 263 (St. Croix); G. C. 
Taylor, Ibis, 1861, p. 129 (Florida); Scl. B. Z. S. 1861, p. 81 
(Jamaica); Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Ardeae, p. 4 (1863); Blahist. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 129 (Minnesota); March, Broc. Bhilad. Acad. 1864, 
p. 63 (Jamaica); Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 193 (Guatemala); Leot. Ois. 
Trinidad, p. 404 (1866); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 31 (S. Texas) ; 
Coues, t c. p. 263 (Arizona) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 98 
(1866 : Sombrero); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 287 (Bermuda) ; Brown, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 429 (Vancouver Isl.); Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. 
Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 589 (St. Bartholomew); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y. ix. p. 210 (1869: Yucatan): Allen, Mem. Bost Soc. i. 
p. 501 (1869 : Western Iowa); Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. 
i. p. 289 (1869: Sitka); Scl. <$• Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable 
Isl., Galapagos); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 27, no. 10104 
(1871) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 358 (1871: E. Florida) ; 
Coues, Broc. Bhilad. Acad. 1871, p. 33 (Fort Macon, N. Carol.); 
Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. pp. 172,182 (Eastern Kansas; Great 
Salt Lake Valley); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 267 (1872); Scl. 
fySalv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 511 (Venezuela); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 125 (1873); Coues, B. N.- West, p. 517 (1874); Midgut). Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y x. p. 387 (1874: Illinois); Hensh. Bep. Zool. IWth Merid. 
p. 464 (1875: Camp Lowell, Arizona); Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. 
Survey, iv. p. 58 (1878: Corpus Christi); Bidgw. t. c. p. 237; Coues, 
t. c. p. 648 (Red River); Merrill, Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 164 
(1878: Texas, breeding); Lawr. t. c. p. 196 (St. Vincent), p. 236 
(Antigua), p. 240 (Barbuda), p. 274 (Grenada), p.*359 (Martinique); 
Belding, I. c. p. 391 (Murphy's), p. 443 (San Joaquim, breeding); 
Lawr. t. c. p. 451 (Guadeloupe); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 765 (Montserrat); 
Maynard, B. Bast. N. Amer. p. 405 (1879); Cooper, Broc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 251 (1879: San Diego, breeding); Bidgu. 
Broc. US. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 197 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 166 
(1880); A. 8f B. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 111 (1881); Coues, 
Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 106 (1882); Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
Club, viii. p. 36 (1883: Tucson); Bailey, t. c. p. 42 (Georgia, 
breeding); Nutting, Br. US. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 379 (1883: Nicaragua) 
; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 657 (1884); Bidgw. 
Br. US. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 177 (1884: Curacoa); Baird, Brewer, 
Sr Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. B. i. p. 13 (1884); Turner, Pr. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 245 (1885: near Fort Chimo; Moose 
Factory); Brew, Auk, ii. p. 17 (1885: Colorado, 5000 ft., breeding); 
Beckham, t. c. p. 143 (Puebla, Colorado); Loomis, t. c. p. 190 
(S. Carolina); Agersborg, t. c. p. 287 (S.E. Dakota); Emrmann, 
Auk, iii. pp. 91,197 (1886 : Ventura Co., Cal.); Seton, t.c. p. 150 
(Manitoba)j Anthony, t. c. p. 160 (Washington Co., Oregon); 
Scott, t. c. p. 385 (Arizona); A. O. U Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 135 (1886); Wells, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 626 (1886: 
Grenada) ; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 188 (1886); 
JDivight, Auk, iv. p. 16 (1887: Cape Breton Isl.); Scott, t. c. p. 136 
(S. Florida) ; Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 196, 294 (1887 : 
California) ; Shufeldt, t. c. p. 326 (S.E. Alaska, July); Beckham, 
t. c. p. 636 (Bexar County), p. 649 (Nueces Bay, breeding); Lloyd, 
Auk, iv. p. 185 (W. Texas); Cory, t. c. p. 323 (throughout the 
TOL. XXVI. <* 

$2 ABDEID^. 

West Indies) ; Ftidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 129 (1887); Kelson, 
Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 94 (1887); Merrill, Auk, v. p. 143 
(1888: Fort Klamath); Chapm. t. c. p. 269 (Gainsville, Florida); 
Evermann, t. c. p. 347 (Indiana) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 498 
(Barbados); Shufeldt, Journ. Comp. Med. Sr Surg., July 1889; 

F. E. Allen, Auk, vi. pp. 70, 78 (1889: JN'ew Hampshire); 
Easbrouck, t. c. p. 236 (Brown Co., Texas); Pindar, t. c. p. 312 
(Kentucky); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 244 (1889); Ridgtc. Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 114, 120 (1889 : Duncan Isl, Galapagos); 
Loomis, Auk, vii. p. 35 (1890: S. Carolina); Cherrie, t. c. p. 332 
(Costa Ptica); Mortimer, t. c. p. 337 (Florida); Northrop, Auk, 
viii. p. 77 (1891: Andros Isl.); F. FE. Allen, t. c. p. 165 (Cape 
Breton); Cory, t. c. p. 294 (New Providence), p. 295 (Berry Isl.), 
p. 296 (Bimini Isl), p. 297 (Inagua); Palmer, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
xiii. p. 259 (1891: Perce Rock, Canada); Thompson, t. c. p. 489 
(Manitoba) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 9 (1892 : Jamaica); Later, t. e. 
p. 43 (Gray's Harbour); Atticater, t. c. p. 232 (S. Antonio, Texas); 
Cherrie, t. e. p. 329 (San Jose, Costa Pica); Cory, Cat. B. West 
Lid. p. 89 (1892); Dvright, Auk, x. p. 8 (1893 : Prince Edward 
Isl., breeding); White, t. c. p. 223 (Mackinac Isl.) ; FLartert, Ibis, 
1893, pp. 311, 325 (Curacoa). 
Ardea hudsonius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 238 (1766: ex Edwards); 
Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 632 (1788); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 566 
(1820). 

Le Grand Heron dAmerique, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. vii. p. 385 (1780). 
Great Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 85 (1785) : Nutt. Man. 
Orn. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 42 (1834). 
Bed-shouldered Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 42 (1834). 

Adult male. General colour above slaty blue, the scapulars and 
innermost secondaries with elongated plumes of lighter grey, 
shading off into ashy or hoary white towards their ends; the lower 
back and rump rather lighter than the rest of the back; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers slaty grey; wing-coverts like the back, 
the greater series dusky on the inner webs and slaty grey on the 
outer ; the inner secondaries slaty grey like the back; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, externally dusted with slatecolour 
; head much crested; forehead, crown, and eyebrow white, 
with a broad black band running from just before the eye along 
the sides of the crown and meeting on the nape, where it is produced 
into a long pointed crest; sides of face white, like the cheeks 
and throat; neck dusky vinaceous brown, the lower throat and 
fore-neck minutely streaked with black and white, the feathers of 
the fore-neck elongated, of a dull ashy colour, becoming white 
towards the ends, the middle feathers white, broadly streaked with 
black, the feathers being margined with black or grey; sides of 
breast with a large patch of black drooping feathers having broad 
white centres, with an inner shoulder-patch of white feathers 
tinged with cinnamon; remainder of under surface of body white, 
with black marginal markings, producing a striped appearance; 
under tail-coverts pure white; on each side of the abdomen a broad 
line of black, some of the feathers streaked with white and some 
white on the outer web; sides of the body, axillaries, and under 
wing-coverts slaty blue; edge of wing cinnamon-coloured; thighs 

2. AKDEA. 
8 3 
vinous cinnamon : c upper mandible black, paler or horn-coloured 
on the tomium; lower mandible pale sea-green, deepening into 
clear horn-yellow on the terminal half; eyelids and horizontal space 
on lores light apple-green; tibias and soles of toes apple-green; 
rest of legs and feet black; iris gamboge-yellow" (Bidgway). 
Total length about 40 inches, culmen 5*5, wing 18*5, tail 7*2, 
tarsus 6*1. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having a slaty-black head, with 
a little white loral streak, all the wing-coverts edged with rusty, 
and with a tinge of rusty on the ear-coverfcs, and mixed with the 
black and white feathers on the front of the neck; the fore-neck and 
under surface of the body broadly streaked with rufous; thighs very 
pale vinous. 

It is evident that the adult plumage in this species is not fully 
assumed until the second year, for in the Museum there are specimens 
from British Columbia which have the elongated plumes of 
the adult, but still retain a considerable amount of brown on the 
forehead, have a fulvescent tint behind the eye, and the ear-coverts 
lighter slaty brown, while the black and white streaked feathers on 
the lower throat are strongly tinged with cinnamon. 

Specimens from Florida, sent as A. wurdemanni, seem to me to be 
inseparable from A. Tierodias. 
Hab. North America generally, south to Central America, the 
West Indies to Venezuela, U.S. Colombia, and the Galapagos. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
b. Imm. sk. N.W. America. 
c. $ ad. sk. Quatsimough Harbour, West Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
coast of Vancouver Island, 
Sept. 
•d. Ad. sk. Saturna Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
e,f,#. Juv.sk. Fraser Elver, British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
h. 
Juv. sk. 49th Parallel (G. Daiuson). North Amer. Boundary 
Commission 
[p.j. 
i. Juv. sk. Big Moose Lake, Hamilton Co., 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

New York, July 23 (C. H. 
Merriam: Hensh. Coll). 

#. Imm. sk. Locust Grove, N. Y., Aug. 6 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. H. Merriam: Hensh. 
Coll). 
I $ juv. sk. Lyon's Falls, N. Y., Aug. 18 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. Dayan: Hensh. Coll.). 
m,n. Ad.etimm. Adirondack Mts., N. Y. (C. H Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Merriam: Hensh. Coll). 

o. <5 ad. sk. Cyprus Swamp, Knox Co., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Indiana, April {R. Bidgway: 
Hensh. Coll). 
p. Ad. sk. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Capt. Savile Reid 
[C.]. 
Bermuda, Nov. Capt. Savile Eeid 

q> Juv. sk. 

fc.]. 

r. Ad. sk. Florida. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
G2 

84 
AEBEIDJE. 

s~crr. c? ad. et Tarpon Springs, Florida, Feb. Salvin-Godman ColL 
juv.;rf"-o".$ to May and Nov. [W. E. D. 
ad.etjuv.;2?", Scott). 
q". <$ pull. sk. 

r'W. 3 ad. sk. Corpus Cbristi, Texas, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Jr. B. Armstrong). 
to". Juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
a", y". $ juv. Presidio, Mexico, Feb., April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

sk. [A. Forrer). 
a", a\ S ? ad. Bolanos, Jalisco, March 11 ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. B. Bichardson). 
b\ Ad. sk. Jalapa, "Vera Cruz {Ferrari-Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Perez). 
c3. Juv. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Oct. (0. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin). 

<P. Juv. sk. San Gerdnimo, Vera Paz, Dec. Salvin-Godman ColL 
(0. Salvin). 
e3, f3. Juv. sk. San Jose", Costa Rica (A. von Salvin-Godman Coll* 
Frantzius). 

^3. $ irnm. sk. Port Lemon, Costa Rica. Capt. W. H. Milner 
[P.]. 
hd. Juv. sk. Island of Montserrat, West Salvin-Godman ColL 
Indies {Sturge). 
id 

. imm. sk. S. Vincent, Jan. (D. W. Smith). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

&3 

. Juv.sk. Merida, Venezuela, May 15 (A. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Goering). 

Z3. (51 ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Galapagos, Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Oct. 6 (Dr. Habel). 
m3, w3. 2 ad. et Indefatigable Island, Aug. 30. Dr. Habel [C.]. 
imm. sk. 

9. Ardea occidentalis. 
Ardea occidentalis, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 281 (c. 1826); id. Orn* 
Biogr. iii. p. 542 (1839); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. 

p. 47 (1838); Audub. 6rn. Biogr. v. p. 596 (1839); id. B. Amer, 
8vo, vi. p. 110, pi. 368 (1843); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 75 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 82 
(1850); March,Proc. Philad.Acad. 1864, p. 63 (Jamaica); Gray7 
BLand-L B. iii. p. 27, no. 10105; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 125 
(1872); ScL fy Salv. Nomencl. Av.Neotr. p. 125 (1873) ; Maynard, 
B. Bast. JSI. Amer. p. 408 (1879); A. § E. Neioton, JSandb. Jamaica, 
p. Il l (1881); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 106 (1882); id. 
Key K Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 568 (1884); Baird, Breiaer, § Bidgio. 
Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 6 (1884); Cory, List B. West Ind. 
p. 28 (1885); A. 0. U. Ckeck-L K Amer. B. p. 135 (1886); Cory, 
Auk, iii. p. 408 (1886), iv. p. 159 (1887: Porto Rico ; Cuba ; 
Jamaica); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 128 (1887); Cory, B. 
West Lnd. p. 245 (1889); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 16 (1889), vii. p. 222 
(1890: Florida); Cory, Cat. B. West Lnd. p. 89 (1892); Scott, 
Auk, ix. p. 9 (1892: Jamaica), p. 211 (Florida); Cory, t. c. p. 272 
(Cuba); Allen, Auk, x. p. 141 (1893: Valley of the Rio Grande). 

Audubonia occidentalis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 113 (1855); id. C. B. 

xl. p. 422 (1855); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Amer. p. 670 (1858); 
Gundl. Bepert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 348 (1866); id. J. f. 0. 
1874, p. 313 (Porto Rico); id. Anal Soc. Esp. Kist. Nat. vii. 
p. 354(1878: Porto Rico). 
Herodias 
occidentalis. Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 
(1860: Cuba, resident). 

3 . MESOPHOYX. 
Adult. General colour above and below pure white, with elongated 
•ornamental plumes on the fore-neck: " bill entirely yellow; feet and 
naked space in front of eyes greenish ; iris yellow " (C. J. Maynard). 
Total length about 58 inches, culmen 6*2, wing 19, tail 7, tarsus 7*9. 

Young. Pure white like the adults. 
, Hah. Southern Florida, chiefly on the eastern side (Bldgway). 
^Greater Antilles. 

a. Ad. sk. Florida. 
J. J. Audubon, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Florida. 
The Duke of Sussex [P.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Arsenica Key, Florida, Feb. 15. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. 
Pull. sk. Three Sister Keys, Florida, Salvin-Godman OolL 
January 1883. 
3. MESOPHOYX. 
Type. 
Mesophoyx, Sharpe, Bull Brit Orn. Club, iii. 


p. xxxviii (1894) 
M. intermedia. 
Range. Africa and India to China, and south to the Malayan 
Archipelago and Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

.a. Bare part of tibio-tarsus black in skin; bill black 
or yellow; bare face yellow intermedia, p. 85. 
Jb. Bare part of tibio-tarsus yellow, contrasting with 
the black tarsus; bill always yellow *. 
a'. With a completely yellow face, no blackish [p. 87. 
loral patch brachyrhyncha, 
b'. With a distinct blackish loral patch plmnifera, p. 87. 

1. Mesophoyx intermedia. 
Ardea intermedia, Uasselt, MSS. (teste Schlegel), Wagler, Isis, 1829, 
p. 659 (Javat); Layard, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hkt. xiv. p. Ill 
(1854) ; Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Ardea, p. 19 (1863: part.); Hume, 
Nests Sr Eggs Ind. B. p. 615 (1875); Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 273 
(pt.); Dresser, B. Bur. vi. p. 238, note (1880); Seeb. B. Japan, 
Bmp. p. 217 (1890). 
Ardea melanopus, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 659 (Java). 
Ardea putea, Fratnkl P. Z. S.1831-32, p. 123. 
Ardea nivea, Cuv. Mus. Paris; Less. TraitS, p. 575 (1831) ; Pucker. 


Beo. et Mag. de Zool 1851, p. 376; Marti. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 42L 
Ardea nigrirostris, J. B. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 19 (1831); id. in 
Kardxo. Ill Ind. Zool pi. 49. i%. 2 (1832). 

Ardea egrettoides (nee Gtn.), Temm. Man. Orn. iv. p. 314 (1840; 
Sicily!),- Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 6; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 555 
(1847). 

Herodias intermedia, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 279 

* This seems to be a perfectly constant character, and is accompanied by the 
4orsal train in both the African and Australian birds. The Indian bird seems 
to have the bill dark in summer and yellow in winter. 
t I have taken it for granted that the Oelebean bird will turn out the same 
as the Australian. The birds from Java and the Philippines are the same as 
the species from India and China. It has been difficult to locate all the 
synonyms. 

86 
AKDEIDA 

(1849); Sivink Ibis, 1861, p. 344; id. F. Z. S. 1863, p. 319, 1870, 

p. 427, 1871, p. 412 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 348 (1874)-Walden, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 148 (Andamans); Tiueedd. Tram. Z. S. ix. p. 237 
(1875) ; David § Oust. Ois. Chine, ?. 440 (1877); Blakist. $ Fryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 114 (1879) ; mime, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); Zegge, 
B. Ceylon, p. 1141 (1880) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ora. Works 
Tioeedd. p. 660 (1881) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Br. As. Soc. Beng* 
1889, p. 189 (Sarawak; Taguso); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 60 
(Palawan). 
Egretta egrettoides, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. Ho (1855). 
Egretta rnelanopus, Bp. t. c. p. 116 (1855). 
Egretta nigrirostris, Bp. t. c. p. 117 (1855). 
Egretta intermedia, Bp. t. c. p. 116 (1855): Blakist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 


1878, p. 224 (Tokio; Yezo); Seek Ibis, 1871), p. 27. 
flerodias egrettoides, Swiiih. Ibis, 1861, p. 261; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 

p. 745 (1864). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Pure white above and "below; 

the head crested, but having no drooping plumes; the long orna


mental plumes of the back immensely developed, being 17 inches in 

length• the feathers on the fore-neck beautifully developed, 8 inches 

long, the webs entirely broken up ; bare part of tibia entirely black 

like the tarsi and toes: " bill black• facial skin green ; iris yellow ; 

feet and toes black " (E. W. Oates). Total length about 26 inches, 

culmen 2*9, wing 12-5, tail 5*4, tarsus 4*5, middle toe and claw 3*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the ornamental plumes 

not so much developed. 

Adults in winter plumage. Pure white, but losing the ornamental 

plumes altogether: "bill yellow, with blackish tip " (K W. Gates). 

Young. Entirely like the adults in winter plumage; the texture of 

the plumage soft and downy, and devoid of ornamental plumes. 

Hah. Indian Peninsula, extending east to China and Japan, and 

south to the Malayan Archipelago. 

a, b, c. <$ sestiv.; Gurgaon Distr., Aug. to Oct. Hume Coll. 

d. Juv. sk. (W. N. Chill). 
e,f. ^Estiv. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
g, h. iEstiv. et Eaipur. Hume Coll. 
hiem. sk. 

i. J hiem. sk. Seoni. 
Hume Coll. 
k. Hiem. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
I, m. iEstiv. sk. Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 
n, o. tf sestiv. sk. Euttehgurh, June 25 (A. Hume Coll. 
Anderson). 

p. 
Hiem. sk. Darjeeling Terai, Jan. (Z. Hume Coll. 
Mandetti). 
q. Hiem. sk. Dilkusha, Cachar. Hume Coll. 
r. $ Hem. sk. Pegu, Aug. 29 (E. W. Oates). Oates Coll. 
s, t. Hiem. sk. Penang (JD?\ Cantor). India Museum. 
u. S hiem. sk. S. Andamans, Feb. 28 (F. Tweeddale Coll. 
G. W. F.). 
vfw (S 2 hiem. sk. S. Andamans, April, May (F. Hume & Tweeddale 
J. Wimberley). Colls. 
x, y. <$ hiem. sk. Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
April, Dec. (W. Davison). 

3 . MESOPHOYX. 
87 

z. d hiem. sk. Java (Dww<3). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a. ^Estiv. ; 5'. Java. Gould Coll. 
Hiem. sk. 
c\ <$ Mem.sk. Zarnboanga, Mindanao, March Tweeddale Coll. 


(A. H. Everett), 
d'. Ad. sk. Japan. Seebohm Coll. 
e'. J3stiv. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, April 26. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
f-i'. Ad. et juv. Yokohama (H. Fryer : E. Seebohm Coll. 
sk* # JELenson). 
h'. JEstiv. sk. Hamilton Island, Corea. A. G. Wildey, Esq, 

[P.]. 
l\ d ad. sk. Canton, April (R. Siuinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
m\ $ ad. sk. Hongkong, April (JR. &). Seebohm Coll. 
o'. Ad. sk. Formosa (R. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
p'. Mstiv. sk. Canton. Tweeddale Coll. 
q'. Juv. sk. Hankow, winter (R. 8.). Seebohm Coll 
r'. Hiem. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.], 

2. Mesophoyx brachyrhyncha. 
Egretta flavirostris (nee Temm.), Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 116 (1855). 

Ardea intermedia, Finsch u. JEartl. Vog. Ostafr. iii. p. 615 (1870) ; 
Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1065 (1873: Kordofan; 
Lower White Nile ; Blue Nile). 

Herodias brachyrhynchos, Brehm, J.f. 0. 1858, p. 471. 
Ardea egretta (nee Gm.), Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 308 (1867: Zeekoe 
Vley). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage* Similar to M. intermedia, but 
with the bare part of the tibiae yellow, contrasting with the black 
tarsus and toes ; bill entirely yellow, with a black patch in front of 
the eye (in skin): " bill orange-yellow, darker at the tip of the upper 
mandible, the lower mandible and the lores greenish yellow; orbits, 
lores, and iris yellow; feet black, the tibia yellowish" (Heuglin). 
Total length about 25 inches, culmen 3, wing 12*5, tail 3*5, tarsus 
4*25, middle toe and claw 3*9, ornamental plumes of back 17. 

Hah. South Africa, extending to N.E. Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. Kroonstadt, Orange Free State, Gurney Coll. 
March (E. F. 8ymonds). 
c. Ad. sk. Africa. Massena Coll. 
3. Mesophoyx plumifera. 
Herodias pluiniferus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 221 (N.S.W.); id. 
B. Austr. vi. pi. 57 (1848) ; Macgill. Voy. Eattlesn. ii. p. 358 
(1852: Torres Straits); Rosenb. Reis naar Zuidoostereil. p. 53 
(1867). 
Egretta plumifera, Bp. Consp. Av. ii./p. 115 (1855); JRosenb. J.f.O. 
1864, p. 136. 
Ardea plumifera, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. B. New 
Guin. p. 62 (1859). 
Herodias egrettoides (nee Gm.), Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 39& 
(1865); Ramsay, P. Z. S.1877, p. 341. 

S3 AliDEID^J. 

Ardea intermedia (nee Wagh), Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 183 (I860); 
Schl. N. T. Dierk. iii. p. 348 (1860: Am Isl.; Little Kei) ; 
Rosenb. Malay. Arch, pp. 220, 278 (Celebes), p. 373 (Aru Isl.; 
Kei Isl.), p. 696 (Salawati), p. 563 (New Guinea). 

Herodias intermedia (nee Wagl.), Ramsay, Proa. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

ii. p. 139 (1877); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 667 (1879: 
Kei Isl.); id. op. cit. xviii. p. 333 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia, etc. 
iii. p. 352 (1882 : Ternate ; Aru Isl.; Mafor); Mamsay, Tab. List 
Austr. B. p, 21 (1888). 
Herodias melanopus (nee WayI.), Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 

ii. p. 199 (1877); d'Alb. Ami. Mus. Genov. x. p. 20 (1877); id. $ 
Salvad. op. cit xiv. p. 146 (1879). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to M. bracliyrhyncha 
from Africa, and having the bare part of the tibia yellow, the bill 
-entirely yellow as well as the bare skin of the face: " bill and 
orbits yellow; feet and lower part of tarsi black; upper part of 
tarsi inclining to flesh-colour " (J. Gould). Total length 25 inches, 
tollmen 3*1, wing 11, tail 5*4, tarsus 4*05, middle toe and claw 3*7. 

Hal. Australia, New Guinea, and the Moluccas, probably as far 

as Celebes. 
a. Ad. sk. New South "Wales. Australian Museum. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. Ceram. Wallace Coll. 

4. HEBODIAS. 
Type. 
Herodias, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 559 H. egretta. 
Egretta, Bp. Oss. Regno Anim. p. 97 (1830) H. egretta. 
Casmerodius, Gloger, Handb. p. 412 (1842). H. egretta. 

Range. Nearly cosmopolitan. 

Although the series of the Great White Egrets in the British 
Museum is a very large one, it does not contain a sufficient number 
of carefully sexed specimens to settle the question of the different 
races of these birds with any attempt at finality. The series of 
European birds is much too small to allow of definite conclusions, 
with regard to it and the Indian form; but it would appear, even 
from the small amount of material at command, that the European 

H. alba is much larger, and that this large form extends at least to 
Afghanistan, the tarsus measuring more than 7 | inches. I t would 
appear also to visit India in winter, as Mr. Hume obtained a male 
in the Ajmere district in January which had a tarsus of 8*1 in., and 
Major Bingham procured a specimen at Delhi with a tarsus of the 
same length. At the same time it is extremely difficult to draw 
the line between this larger form and the smaller race, which 
appears to inhabit the tropics. Thus, on the same day that Mr. 
Hume procured a specimen with the tarsus 8*1 inches, he also shot 
another male in the same place with the tarsus only 6*35 inches; 
again, Major Bingham procured two females near Delhi, in June, 
which had the tarsus 5*25 and 6*7 respectively. We are confronted, 
therefore, with a difference in the length of the tarsus in these large 
Egrets of nearly three inches. A great deal of difference in the 
4 . HUEODIAS. 
length, of the tarsus is probably due to the immaturity of the 
specimens, as it is extremely difficult to distinguish between young 
birds and adults in winter plumage; but it will be noticed that these 
differences in the length of the tarsus occur in perfectly adult birds 
in breeding-plumage, and, even allowing for a certain superiority 
in the size in the male, the difference in the length of the tarsus 
between the largest and smallest of the Indian birds must be 
admitted to be enormous. The following is a summary of the 
extreme measurements of the tarsus noted of the series in the 
British Museum:— 

Summer plumage. Winter plumage. 

Southern Europe to in. in. in. in. 

Afghanistan 
7*75—8*2 

Kashgar 
6*8 —7-8 

Africa 
5-4 —6*8 5*55—6*8 

India 
5-25—6*9 5*3 —8'1 

Burmese Countries 5-5 —6-4 5-65—6*3 

China and Japan 
5*9 5*4 —6*6 

Malay Archipelago 5*35 —6*6 5*7 —6*6 

Australia 
5*2 —6*0 5*5 —6*0 

New Zealand 
5*2 —6*4 

It will be noticed, in the measurements given below in the list of 
specimens, that, on leaving out of consideration the extremely large 
birds with the tarsus over 8 inches, we find that no Indian bird has a 
tarsus of more than 7*5 inches. This certainly exceeds the length of 
the tarsus of the smaller birds from Kashgar, which are supposed to 
belong to the larger race. The bulk of Indian specimens, however, do 
not reach 7 inches in the length of the tarsus. Burmese, Australian, 
and New-Zealand birds apparently have 6*4 inches as the tarsal limit. 
As, therefore, there seems to be a perfect gradation in the length of 
the tarsus, which is shortest in Australian and New Zealand birds 
(5*2), and as much as 8*2 in Indian aud European examples, it is 
difficult to found any worthy distinction on the tarsus; but the 
colour of the bill and tibia appears to me, as it did to Mr. Eidgway, 
to offer a character by which the different races can be distinguished. 
I have considered the African specimens of the Great "White Egret 
to belong to the same race as the European and Indian bird, which 
has the bill black in summer and yellow in winter. The African 
specimens examined by me have all had yellow bills and black 
tibiae; but as none of them have been in full summer plumage, I must 
wait for further material before being able to decide that the 
African bird has a black bill in summer. From the remarks here 
given, and those which follow under the headings of the species 
themselves, it will be seen that the identification of the Great 
White Egrets requires a prolonged study. 

Taking the breeding-plumage only, we have the following 

Key to tlie Swedes. 

a. 
Bill black in summer, yellow in winter; tarsi 
and tibiae black in winter, the latter fleshcoloured 
in summer alba, p. 90. 
90 AEDEID^. 

b. Bill yellow in siminier and winter. 
a\ Larger; with an immense train of decomposed 
feathers reaching far beyond the 
tail; tibise black like the toes egretta, p. 95. 

br. Train of decomposed feathers short, and 
scarcely reaching beyond the tail,* tibias 
light-coloured ; tarsi and toes dark ti?norienst(s, p. 98. 

1. Herodias alba. 
Le Hebron blanc, Briss. Orn. v. p.428 (1760): Daubent. PL Enl.\nl 
p. 886; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 365 (1780). 
Ardea alba, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 239 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 
p. 639 (1788); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 414 (1817) ; 
Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 120 (1826); Gould, B. Eur. iv. 
pi. 276 (1837); Keys $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixxix (1480); Sehjs-
Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 132 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crib. p. xcvii 
(1844); Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Grieche?il. p. 112 (1844); Hewits. 
Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 274, pi. 75.fig.1 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 555 (1847) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl pi. 190 (1854); Linderm. Yog*. 
Griechenl. p. 149 (1860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 346 (Epiras); Schl. 
Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 19.fig.6 (1861) ; Haril. Faun. Madag. 
p. 74 (1861); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardea, p. 16 (1863); Gray, 
List Brit. B. p. 146 (1863;; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 31 (Egypt); 
Wright, t. c. p. 143 (Malta); Tristr.Ibis, 1868, p. 325 (Palestine) -r 
Schl. # Pollen, Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 123 (1868) ; Saunders, Ibis, 
1869, p. 181 (S. Spain); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutsckl p. 122 
(1869); Godman, Azores, p. 34 (1870); Ehoes $ Buckley, Ibis, 
1870, p. 333 (Macedonia); Finsch $• Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 686 
(1870); Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 27, no. 10108 (1871); R. Gray, 

B. West Scotl. p. 277 (1871: Haddingtonshire) j FLarting, Handb. 
Br. B. p. 149 (1872) j G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 232 (Ismid: 
Crete) j Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1063 (1873: Tana 
Lake; Adowa ; Lake Menzaleh; Blue and White Niles); Severtz. 
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873); Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 148 (Andamans); 
JDresser Sf Blanf. t. c. p. 336; Buckley, t. c. p. 390i 
(Limpopo); JDanf. §- Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 424 (Transylvania) 
; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 325: Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 295 
(1876: Baluchistan); Reichen. J. f. 0/1877, p. 13 (Loango), 
p. 272 (crit.); Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 298 (1877); Finsch, Ver~ 
handl. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 248 (1879: Lake Alakul, May); 
Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 231, pi. 398 (1880); Milne-Edwards <$• 
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 548 (1882) ; HolubfyPelz. 
Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 273 (1882: Hart's Biver; Molapo Kiver); 
C. Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 123 (Candahar); B. O. TJ.List Brit. B. 
p. 108 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Caucasus) ; Eagle 
Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 146 (Hungary); Saunders, ed. Yarrett, Brit* 
B. iv. p. 177 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 477, pi. 38 
(1884); Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 110 (1884); Ayres, Ibis, 
1885, p. 349 (Transvaal); Emin, Scottish Geogr. Mag., June 1887, 
p. 276 (Albert Nyanza); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 178 (Candahar); 
IAlford, t. c. p. 343 (Cyprus) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 359 
(1889); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 116 (Madagascar). 
Ardea egrettoides, S. G. Gmelin, Reis. Sibir. ii. p. 193, Taf. 25 (1774); 
Doderl. Avif. Sieil. p. 211 (1869). 
Ardea garzetta major, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 55 (1783), 

4 . HERODIAS. 
91 

The Great White Heron, Lath. Gen. Sgn. iii. pt. 1, p. 91 (1785); 
Tamil, Brit. B. ii. p. 45-1 (1843). 

Ardea egretta, Bechst. Naturg. DeutscJiL iii. p. 41 (1793) ; Meyer $ 
Wolf,Taschenb. p. 335 (1810); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 366 (1815); 
Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 314 (1825) ; Bllpp. Mus. Senekenb. ii. p. 184 
(1837); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ix. p. 85, Taf. 222 (1838); Temm. 
Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 374(1840); Werner, Atlas, Gralles,yl. 31; 
Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 383 (1840); Nordm. in Dimid. Vog. 
Buss. Merid. iii. p. 259 (1840: Black Sea, March to Sept.) ; 
Lagard, B. 8. Afr. p. 308 (1867); Hume, Nests $ Fggs Ind. B. 

p. 613 (1873); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 160 (1875: rare visitor). 
Herodias egretta, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 559; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl 
p. 584, Taf. 30.fig.4 (1831). 
Lepterodatis flavirostris, Fhrenb. Sgmb. Bhgs. fol. m (1828). 
Ardea melanorhynchos, Wagl Isis, 1829, p. 659; Ilartl. Orn. 
Wes^Afr. p. 221 (1857 : S'enegambia); id. J.f.O. 1861, p. 269. 
Ardea modesta, J. F. Grag, Zool. Misc. p. 19 (1831) ; id. in Hardw. 

Illustr. Ind. Zool ii. pi. 49.fig.1 (1832). 
Ardea torra, Franhl P. Z. S.1831, p. 123. 
Herodias Candida, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 584 (1831). 
Egretta alba, Bp. Faun. Ital. Ucc. Intr. p. 14 (1832); Sivains. Classif. 

B. ii. p. 354 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 47 
(1838); Grag, Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847); Macgill Br. B. iv. 
p. 465 (1852); Licht. Pommel. Mus. Berol. p. 89 (1854); Heugl 
8gst. Uebers. p. 58 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. 
p. 360 (1859: very rare); Filippi, Viagg. Bers. p. 351 (1865); 
Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 294 (1867); Loche, Fxpl 8ci. 
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 132 (1867); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 42.fig.5 
(1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 240 (1871); Tacz. Bull. 8oc. 
Zool France, ii. p. 159 (1877: Poland) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. p. Ill 
(1884, pt.); Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 278 (1886); id. ibid. 1st Besoc. p. 433 
(1889), 2nd Besoc. p. 560 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 511 (1891). , 
Egretta orientalis, Bp. Faun. Ital Ucc. Intr. p. 14 (1832); Heugl 
8gst. Uebers. p. 58 (1856). 
Egretta nigrirostris (nee Gray), Bp. Comp. ListB. Fur. 8f N. Amer. 

p. 47 (1838); Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 460 (1852). 
Erodius victorias, Macgill. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 131 (1842). 
Erodius albns, Macgill Man. Brit B. ii. p. 134 (1842). 
Herodias alba, Gray, List Grail® Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1844: Nepal); 
Blgth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 279 (1849: Calcutta); Ilartl 

J. f. 0.1854, p. 159; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 77 (Algeria); Irbg, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 245 (Oudh); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 744 (1864, pt.); 
Blgth, Ibis, 1865, p. 37; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 397 (Lower 
Bengal) ; Doderl Avif. 8icil. p. 211 (1869); Gumeg in Anderss. 
B. Dam. Ld. p. 289 (1872: Ovarnpo); Shelley, B. Fggpt, p. 267 
(1872); Hume, 8tr. F. i. pp. 106, 253 (1873: Sind); Gould, B. 
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 22 (1873); Ball, 8tr. F. ii. p. 434 (1874: Chota 
Nagpur); Hume, 8tr. F. iii. p. 190 (1875: Pegu); Stoliczka, 
t. c. p. 220 (Kashgar); Irbg, Orn. 8trs. Gibr. p. 184 (1875: Has 
Doura); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 27 (Corsica); Butler, Str, F. iv. 
p. 23 (1876: Mount Aboo); Scully, t. c. p. 196 (Kashgar); 
Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Deccan); Butler, 8tr. F. vii. p. 189 (1878. 
E. Narra, breeding); Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 114 (1879) ; Scully, 
t. c. p. 360 (Nepal Valley); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1139 (1880); 
Beid, Str. F. x. p. 75 (1881: Lucknow); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 
p. 442 (1881: Benguela; Loango; Lobito ; Humbe); Sharpe, ed. 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 714 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc pp.42,309 
92 
AKDEIim 

(1884 : breeding) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 270 (1884) ; 
Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 188 (Ceylon) ; Salvad. Elenco Hoc. Hal. 

p. 242 (1887); Si/monds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Kroonstad); Oates ed. 
Humes Nest $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 237 (1890); Sharpe, Pep. 2nd 
Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 125 (1891). 
Herodias 
modesta, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1844)* id. 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 134 (1846). 
Herodias flavirostris, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 78 (1844: 
Gambia); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 249, I860, p. 205. 
Egretta modesta, Hodgs. Icon. inech in Brit. Mus. Grallce, pi. 65, 
no. 794; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); Bp. Consp. Av. 

ii. p. 117 (1855). 
Herodias latiefii et Herodias brackyrkynchus, Brehm, J.f. 0. 1854, 
p. 80. 
Egretta melanorkyncka, Bp. Consp. A v. ii. p. 117 (I860). 
Ardea magnifica, Terr, (ubi?) teste Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 116 
(1855). 
Ardea flavirostris {wee Wagl.), Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 220 (1857 : 
Gambia; Ashantee; Gaboon; Mozambique). 
Egretta flavirostris (nee Weigh), Cass. Proe. Philad. Acad. 1859, 

p. 173 (Camma River); Antin. Cat. descr. TJee. p. 103 (1864: 
Senaar; Kordofan; Gazelle R.). 
Ardea alba, /3. melanorhyncka, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873). 
Herodias torra, Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 69 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. 

S. Bomb. Pres. p. 82 (1880). 
Adidt male in breeding-plumage. Entirely pure white all over, 
with, a bunch of elongated plumes on the back, the feathers on the 
fore-neck and sides of upper breast also fully developed and forming 
a shield on the sides of the latter: " bill black ; lores and orbits 
pale green ; feet blackish, tibiae paler; iris yellow " (IT. Saunders). 
Total length about 44 inches, culmen Q-5, wing 15*8, tail 6-5, 
tarsus 7-75. 

Young. Everywhere white like the adult, but the plumage softer 
and more downy, and of course devoid of the ornamental plumes; 
bill yellow, dusky at tip (in skin). 

Winter plumage. White as in summer, but without the ornamental 
plumes and with a yellow bill. 

The series of specimens in the Hume collection from Delhi was 
collected by that well-known naturalist, Major C. T. Bingham. He 
very carefully measured the specimens in the flesh, and I find that 
his dimensions for the tarsus vary slightly from my own, which 
have been taken from the skins. A male procured by Major 
Bingham on the 28th of April had the tarsus 8*25 inches and the 
bill from gape 6'5. The bird is in full winter plumage with no 
ornamental dorsal plumes, and had the following soft parts: " bill 
yellow, orbital skin and skin of cheeks greenish yellow; legs, feet, 
and claws inky black, iris bright yellow" (G. T. Bingham). 

In June, Major Bingham collected three males and two females. 
One male, shot on the 17th of June, is beginning to don the 
ornamental plumes, but still has the bill yellow; in life, however, 
the bird was described as having " the upper mandible and orbits 
black, the lower mandible yellow, legs and feet black, and iris 
yellow. Tarsus 6*9, and bill from gape 5*5." Another male killed 

4 . HERODIAS. 
on the 24th of June, not only has the dorsal plumes well developed, 
but has the bill black, showing that it is in full breeding-plumage : 
u bill, legs, and feet black, bare part of tibia reddish, bare skin of 
face greenish blue, iris buff." Tarsus 6-6, bill from gape 5*8. 
Another male, procured on the 27th of June, had the tarsus 7*5, 
bill from gape 5'9 : " bill black, bare skin of face bluish green ; 
bare part of tibia fleshy, tarsus and feet black; iris buffy yellow n 

(G. T. Bingham). 
Both females procured in June are in breeding-plumage, with 
the train of ornamental plumes well developed. According to 
Major Bingham, the bird killed on the 13th had the tarsus 6*7, 
and the bill from gape 5*65, with the following soft parts: "bill 
black, skin of face bluish green; tibia fleshy, tarsi and feet black; 
iris buffy yellow." The other female, obtained on the 24th of June, 
is an extraordinarily small bird. I make the tarsus 5'25 inches, 
and even Major Bingham did not make it more than 5#4 when he 
measured the bird in the flesh. The soft parts were as follows : 
" bill, legs, and feet black; skin of face greenish blue ; iris buff." 

Three males from the Ajmere district vary very much in the 
measurement of the tarsus * they were procured in December and 
January, and are in winter plumage, without ornamental plumes, and 
have yellow bills. Two of them were shot on the same day at 
Kurran, about 70 miles from Ajmere, and the difference in size is 
enormous (tarsus 6*35-S'l) • in the flesh Mr. Hume measured the 
tarsi as 6*6 and 8*4. The soft parts of the smaller bird were as 
follows : "tarsi and feet black, greyer on the upper part of the tibia; 
bill yellow, base of both mandibles yellowish green; lores and orbital 
space green; iris pale yellow" (A. 0. H.). The larger male had 
the legs and feet blackish dusky, upper part of tibia yellowish 
horny: " bill and other soft parts the same as the other killed 
to-day" (J.. O.H.). 

Hab. Southern Europe, east to Central Asia, and south to Africa, 
the Indian Peninsula, and the Burmese countries. 

a. Juv. sk. Vors, Hungary, June. Hungarian National 
Museum [P.]. 
b* Ad. sest. sk. Damietta, Egypt (Filipponi). Shelle}^ Coll. 
c, d. Hiem. sk. River Gambia. Governor Kendall. 

[t. 5*81. 
e, f, 
g. Hiem. et Gold Coast. Shelley Coll. 
vix sestiv. sk. 

[t. 6-2-6-9]. 
h, Hiem. sk. Fantee (E. T. UssJier). Shelley Coll, 

[t. 5-3]. 
i* Hiem. sk. Denkera (U. T. Ussher). Shaipe Coll. 
[t. 6*05]. 
&. iEstiv. sk. Kabba, Kiver Niger (TV. A. Forbes Coll. 

F.).

TV'S-sk. Potckefstroom, Transvaal, Gurney Coll. 
I Q hiem. Sept, (T. Ayres). 

[t. 5-55]. ^ Kroonstadt, Orange Free State, Gurney Coll. 
m. Vix jestiv. sk. March (F A. Symonds). 
[t. 5-8]. Lower Shire* Valley {Sir J". Livingstone Expedin, 
o. Hiem. et Kirk). " tion. 
8estiv.sk.[t.6*8]. 

p. Iiiem. sk. 
[t. 6-4]. . 
q. 
$ vix aefativ. 
sk. [t. 5-4]. 
r. (S u yestiv. sk. 
[t. 7-75]. 
s. S sestiv. sk. 
[t. 8-2]. 
t, 
u. Vix sestiv. 
sk. [t. 6-8-7-8]. 

v. $ hiem. sk. 
w. ^ hiem. sk. 
[t. 6'6], 
x. S kiem. sk. 
[t. 8-1]. 
y, z, a'. S sestiv. 
sk.[t. 6-45-6-9]. 
5' c\ 2 sestiv. sk. 

[t. 5-2o-6-7]. 
<Z'.Juv.ak.[t.6"7]. 
ARDEID.2E. 

Usambara Hills (Sir J. Kirk). 

Angollala, Shoa, May (Sir W. 
Harris). 
River Volga, May (HenJee). 

Candahar, Feb. 24. 

Kashgar (Dr. Belleio). 

Kashgar, Dec. 6 (J. Scully). 

Karachi, Oct. 24 (E. A. Butler*). 
Delhi, April 28 (C. T. Bingham). 
Delhi, June (C. T. Bingham). 

Delhi, June (C. T. Bbzgham). 

Delhi, Oct. 10 (C. T. Bingham). 


e'~g'. <$ kiem. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon Distr., 

[t. 6-2-6*7]. Oct., Dec. ( W. N. Chill). 
h', i'. <$ $ sestiv. Sultanpur, Aug. 24 (W. N. 
[t. 6'8]; k'9 I'. Chill). 
9 sestiv. sk. 
m', w.tfhiem. sk. 

[t. 6-35-8-1]. 
o'. Hiem. sk. 
[t. 6-9]. 
p'. Hiem. sk. 
[t. 6'6]. 
q'. Hiem. sk. 
[t. 7-31 
r\ 
$', t. Hiem. 
et sestiv. sk. 

[t. 6-0-7-3]. 
u'} v'. Hiem. sk. 
[t. 6-6-6-8]. 
w\ iEstiv. sk. 
x'. iEstiv. sk. 

[t. 6-45]. 
y\ $ ad. sk. 
[t. 5-7]. 
3'. Vix sestiv. sk. 
[t. 5-6]. 
a". $ hiem. sk. 
[t. 6-45]. 
b'*. 6 kiem. sk. 
[t. 6-2]. 
c". Hiem. sk. 
<f'. c? aestiv. sk. 
t 6-8]. 

Kurran, 70 miles from Ajmere,
Jan. 6 (A. O. S.). 
Ajmere, Dec. 6 (A. 0. H.).
Etawah. 
Oudh, March. 
Oudh. 

Nepal Valley, Sept., Dee. (/. 

Scully). 

Nepal. 
Darjiling Terai, May (i . 

Mandelli). 
Assam (Montairo). 
Eaipur. 
Seoni. 
Mhow, Dec. 9, 
Colachul, Travancore, Jan. 

S.E. Coast of Ceylon, July. 
Shelley Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Colonel SwinhoejT.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel SwinhoejT.], 


F. W. Bourdillon. 
Esq.[C.]. 
Colonel Legge [P.]. 

4 . HERODIAS. 
95 

e". Hiem. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans (P. Hume Ooll. 

[t. 5-71 J. Wimberley).
/". 2 Mem. sk. S. Andamans (P. J. WimberTweeddale 
Coll. 
[t. 6-6]. ley).
g". S hiem. Lower Pegu, Aug., Sept. (E. Oates Coll. 
[t. e-2] ;r. $ W. 0.). 
asstiv. sk. [t. 5*5]. 
£"-Z". JEstiv. sk. Tonghoo. Tweeddale Coll. 


[t. 5-5-5-9]. 
w". $ sestiv. sk. Tapeng, Upper Burma, July 29. Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
n -p'. Hiem. sk. Kedai-Keglay, Tenasserim, Hume Coll. 

[t. 6-0-6-3]. Dec. 16 {W. Davison).
q". $ asstiv. sk. Thatone, Sept. 16 ( W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
[t. 6*4]. son).
r", s". $ Mem. Thatone, Nov., Dec. (W. I).). Hume Ooll. 
sk. [t. 5-65]. 
t". $ Mem. sk. Amherst, Jan. 14 (J. ArmHume 
Coll. 
[t.5-7]. strong).
u\ c? aastiv. sk. South of Yea (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
[*• 6-4]. 
a", tf Mem. sk. Crab Island, Tavoy Biver, Hume Coll. 


[t. 6-2]. April 30 ( W. Davison). 
w". Ad. sk. India. Old Coll. (Type of 
JEC. modesta.)
d\ Skeleton. Purchased. 


2. Herodias egretta. 
Le Heron Blanc, pt., JBriss. Orn. v. p. 428 (1760). 

La Grande Aigrette d'Ame'rique, Daubent. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 925. 

La Grande Aigrette, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 377 (1780). 

Great Egret, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 89 (1785). 

? Ardea galatea, Molina, Sagqio St. Chil. p. 205 (1786); Vieill. N 

Diet, d'Hist. Nat xiv. p. 409 (1817). 

? Ardea thula, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 629 (1788), 

Garza grande blanca con manto, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 151 (1802). 

Ardea egretta, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 106, pi. 61. fig. 4 (1813); 

Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 407 (1817); Wagler, Syst. Av. 

p. 176, Ardea3, sp. 7 (1827) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 386; Neuwied, 
Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 607 (1833); Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. 
p. 600 (1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 132, pi. 370 (1843); 
Tschudi fy Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 49, 297 (1845-46); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847) ; 
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii. p. 120 (1859: Bahamas); 
ScM. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 17 (1863: pt.); Leot. Ois. Trinid. 
p. 406 (1866); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. x. p. 257 (1866: 
Porto Bico); Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet-Akad. Fork. Stochh. 1869, 
p. 602 (Porto Bico); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 27, no. 10109 
(1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 300,455 (1871: Sapitiba; Ypanema; 
Rio de Boraxudo; Paranagua; Caicara; Matogrosso; B. Amazon); 
Ooues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 267 (1872); Scl. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 305; 
id. $ Salv. Nomencl.Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Coues, B. N-West, 
p. 519 (1874) ,* Dumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 189 (Buenos Ayres); Beid, 
Zool 1877, p. 479 (Bermuda); Gundl. An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 
viii. p. 355 (1878: Porto Bico); Hensh. Pep. Zool. Expl. V)0th 
Merid.?. 4:65 (1878: Utah); Dumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 399 (Chuput 
Valley); Gibson, t. c. p. 415 (Cape S. Antonio) ; A. ty E. Newt, 
96 
AHDEID-ZE. 

Handb. Jamaica, p. Il l (1881); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 438 
(Angostura); B avows, Auk, i. p. 371 (1884: Uruguay, breeding); 
Seton, Auk, ii. p. 336 (1885: Lake Nipissing); Bverm. Auk, Hi. 

p. 91 (1886: Ventura Co.); Scott, t. c. p. 385 (Arizona) ; Tacz. 
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 391 (1886: Junin); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. 
Nat Mus. ix. p. 169 (1886: Jalapa); A.O.U.Check-l.p. 136 (1886); 
Salvin, Bis, 1886, p. 169 (Bartica Grove) ; Bidgw. Man. p. 130 
(1887); Treat, Auk, iv. p. 78 (1887 : Connecticut); Scott, t. c. 
pp. 136, 215 (S. Florida); Cory, t. c. p. 324 (Bahamas); Scl. £ 
Hudson, Argent Orn. ii. p. 98 (1888); Bichm. Auk, v. p. 19 
(1888: Distr. Columbia); Merrill, t c. x. p. 143 (Ft. Klamath) ; 
Chapm. t c. p. 269 (Florida); Bverm. t c. p. 348 (Indiana); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p/376 (Cozumel); Feilden, t. c. p. 498 (Barbados) 
; Scott, Auk\vi. p. 17 (1889: Gulf Coast of Florida); 
Pindar, t c. p, 312 (Kentucky); Con/,B.Bahamas, p. 167 (1890); 
Balph Sr Bagg, Auk, vii. p. 230 (1890: New York); Cherrie, t c. 
p. 332 (Costa Rica); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425; Breiost. $ 
Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 137 (1891); Biker fy Chapm. t. c. p. 161 
(Santarera); Cory, t. c. p. 294 (Cuba) ; id. Cat B. W. Ind. p. 89 
(1892: Bahamas; Greater & Lesser Antilles) ; Graham Kerr, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 144 (Parana) ; Holland, t c, p. 204 (Estancia Espartilla) 
; Fisher, N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, p. 20 (1893 : Death 
Valley Exped.); Bichm. Proc. U.S. Wat. Mm. xvi. p. 527 (1893: 
Costa Rica; Nicaragua). 
Ardea 
leuce, Licht Vers. Doubl. p. 77 (1823, ex IUiger MSS.); 
Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 752 (1848); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 416 (1856: Lagoa Santa) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. 

N. H. xi. p. 97 (1867 : San Domingo). 
Egretta americana, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837). 
Ardea alba (nee X.), d'Orb. in JRamon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 
p. 191 (1839). 
Egretta leuce, Gould in Darwin's Toy.' Beagle,1 Birds, p. 128 (1841: 
Maldonado; Patagonia); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 346 (1847) ; Bp. 
Consp. ii. p. 114 (1855). 

Herodias egretta, Gundl. J.f. 0.1866, p. 341 (Cuba) j Baird, Brewer, 
$ Bidgto. B. N. Amer. p. 666 (1858); Scl P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 70,80; 
March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 63; Hensh. Bep. Zool. 100th 
Merid. p. 465 (1875 : Utah) ; Gundl An. Soc. Fsp. H. N. viii. 

p. 
355 (1878: Porto Rico) ; Sennett, Bidl. U.S. Geol. Surv. IT. 
p. 59 (1878: Brownsville); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. 
p. 164 (1878: Texas); Balding, t. c. p. 391 (California); Later, 
t. c. p. 241 (Barbuda) ; Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 406 
(1882: Nicoya); Belding, t c. pp. 544, 548 (Lower California); 
Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. vi. p. 379 (1883: Nicaragua); 
Baird, Breioer, fy Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 23 (1884): 
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 658 (1884). 
Herodias egretta, var. californica, Baird, Cass.,ty Lawr. B. N. Amer. 

p. 666 (1858); Xantus, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1869, p. 192. 
Herodias leuce, SalM, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 236 (S. Domingo). 
Herodias alba leuce, Bidgw. Bull. Essex Inst. 1874, p. 171; id. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. Hi. p. 197 (1880). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. White all over. Similar to 

H. alba, but with a very much more developed train, and having 
the bare part of the tibia always black, like the tarsi and toes. 
The bill is generally yellow, but many of the breeding birds get a 
good deal of black along the culmen: " bill and lores rich chrome
4 . HERODIAS. 
yellow (the latter sometimes tinged with green), the eulmon usually 
black near the tip, sometimes nearly the entire maxilla black; legs 
and feet entirely deep black; iris naples yellow" (R. lli&jwmj). 
Total length 38 inches, eulmon 4*4, wing 15-7, tail 6-3, tarsus 5*8. 
Dorsal train extending 9 inches beyond the tip of the tail. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, and having the greatly developed 
train of ornamental plumes, but the measurements somewhat 
smaller. Total length 36 inches, culmen 4*2, wing 14*7, tail 5*4, 
tarsus 5*6. Dorsal train extending 7 inches beyond the tip of the 
tail. 

Adult in winter plumaye. White as in summer, but without the 
ornamental plumes on the back. 

Young. Perfectly white like the adult, but the feathers are of 
a more downy texture; the bill entirely yellow except at the end, 
where it is a little blackish. 

Hab. America, from the temperate portions of Forth America 
southward, throughout the whole of Central and South America, 
with the West Indian islands, to Chili and Patagonia. 

fl.^Estiv. sk.[t.5*8]. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
[p.]. 

Mount Carmel, Illinois, July 

Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Juv. sk. [t/5*7], 
27 (JE. W. Nelson: Hensh. 

Coll.). 

Mount City, Illinois, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. 2 juv. sk [t. 5*4]. 
28 (JE. W. Nelson: Hensh. 

Coll?). 

Camp Bidwell, California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

d. (S juv. SK [_t 6*4]. 
July m(HW.Henshaio). 

e. d* sestiv.*/,^. $ Ocklawaha Biver, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sestiv. sk. [t. 6*0-April 20 ( C.HMerriam: 
5*4]. Hensh. Coll). 
h.tf sestiv. sk.[t.6*0]. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Jan. 15 {W. F.D.Scott). 
i, h. $ aestiv. [t. 5*8-Tarpon Springs, Feb. [W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

6*2]; I, m, n. $ JE. JD. Scott). 

£estiv.sk.[t.5-l-5-6]. 
o-r. $ sestiv. [t. 5*5-Tarpon Springs, March (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

6-0]; s, t. 2 sestiv. JE. D. Scott). 

sk. [t. 5*0-5*6]. 

u, v, <$juv. et 5 sestiv.Tarpon Springs, April, May Salvin-Godman ColL 
sk. [t. 6*0-5*9]. (W. F. D. Scott). 

w, .v. <$ 2 j uv -s^« Tarpon Springs, June, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[t. 5'0-5*5].' (W. JE. JD. Scott). 
y. 
Juv. sk. [t. 5*6]. San Antonio, Texas (H. JE. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dresser). 
s. 
2 sestiv. sk. [t. Brownsville, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5-7]. 12 (F. B. Armstrong). 
a'. S 
sestiv. sk. [t. Brownsville, April 12 (F. Salvin-Godman ColL 
6*4]. B. Armstrong). 

Brownsville. Salvin-Godman Coll.

A'. $ istiv.sk. [t.6'3]. 

Iv Brownsville, May 3 (F. B. Salvin-Godman ColL

c'. c?_9estiv.
.. sk 
sksk.
.. [t. 

6T3]. Armstrong). 
^.cJ»stiv.sk.[t.8*7]. Brownsville (F. B. ArmSalvin-
Godman ColL 
strong). 


VOL. XXVI. 

AEDEIDJS. 

*»''. Juv. sk. Ciudad Durango, Mexico Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

(A. Forrer). 
/' . 
? sestiv. [t. 6-3]; Presidio, Jan. 5 (A.Forrw). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g\ g Hem. sk. 

[t. 6-0]. 
h',i'. Ad. et juv. sk. Tamaulipas (W. B. Rich- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[t. 5*8-6*2]. ardson). 
k'. tf juv. sk. [t. 5-9]. S. Baltazar, Puebla, July 4 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. Ferrari-Perez). 
/'. tf juv. sk. [t. 6-3]. Santana, Guadalajara, Ja-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
lisco,Marchl5( W.Lloyd), 
m'. Ad. Mem. sk. Acapulco, March {A. H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[t. 6*3]. Markham). 
n',o'. Hiem. sk. Cozumel Island (G. F. Sabiii-Godman Coll. 
[t. 6*2]. Gaumer). 
/>'. Ad. sestiv. [t. 5*5- Lake of Duefias, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
6'6]; q'-s'. Hiem. sk. mala (0. Salviri). 
t'. Ad. hiem. sk. San Jos6, Costa Rica {J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[t. 5*6], Car?niol). 
u' v'. tf ad. sk. Momotornbo, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May 28 (W. B. Richardson) 
. 

w'. tf ad. sk. Escondido Kiver, Dec. 18 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(0. W. Richmond), 
v'. iEstiv. sk. [t. 5*91. Bay of Panama. Capt. Kellett& Lieut. 
Wood. 
y'. tfhiem.sk. [t. 5*7]. Bemba, Cuba, July (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
z'. Ad. sk. [t. 6-1]. Maroni Biver, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Kappler). 
a". $ juv. sk. [t. 5*65]. Bartica Grove, British Gui- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ana, Jan. 1 {JEL. Whitely). 
b". Hiem. sk. [t. 6*5]. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley), 
c".tf sestiv.sk. [t. 6*1]. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. 22 (F.BartleM). 
d". tf ad. sk. [t. 6*0]. Ypanema, Brazil, April 4, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1819 (J. NaUerer). 
e". iEstiv. sk. [t. 6*2]. East Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett & 
AdmLFitzroyfP.l 
f'. tf hiem. sk. [t. 5 *51. Chupat, Patagonia, April 8. H.Durnf ord,E&q.[C. J. 

y . 5 hiem. sk. [t.5*0J. Sacaya, Tarapaca, March Berkeley James Coll. 
18 (A. A. Lane). 
Ji", i". Hiem. sk. Central Chili. Berkeley James Coll. 

[t. 5*3-5*55]. 
3. Herodias timoriensis. 
Ardea flavirostris 
{nee Vieill.), Wagler, Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 177, sp. 9 
(1827, pt.). 
Ardea timoriensis, Cuv. Mus. Paris; Less. Traite, p. 575 (1831) j 
Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 377. 
Ardea longicollis, Meyen, Nova Acta C. L. C. Acad. Cur. xvi. Suppl. 

i. p. 104 (1834: Philippines); Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 236 (1875). 
Herodias flavirostris, Gray, Voy. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, p. 12 
(1843) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 235. 
Herodias 
syrmatophorus, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 56 (1848); Macg. 
Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852: Torres Straits); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, 

p. 36; Rosenk Reis naar Zuidoostereil. pp. 53, 82 (1867). 
4 . HEEODIAS. 99 
Egretta symiatophora, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 115 (1855); Bosenb. N. T. 
Kederl. Ind. xxv. p. 253 (1863); id. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 136. 
Ardea syrmatopliora, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197; id. Cat. B. New 
Guinea, p. 62 (1859); Puller, B. N. Zeal p. 236 (1873). 
Herodias egretta (nee Gin.), Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 64 (Anioy), 1861, 

p. 51; Walden, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 99 (1872) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. viii. p. 384 (1876 : Bourou), xi. p. 667 (1879: Kei Isl.). 
Ardea (Egretta) alba?, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 363 (Ternate). 
Ardea egretta, pt. (nee Gm.), SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeas, p. 17 

(1863); Finsch Neu-Guinea, p. 183 (1865); SchL N. T. D. iii. 

p. 348 (1866: Am; Kei); Itosenb. Malay. Archip. pp. 278, 373 
(1878-79); Buller, B. Neio Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 124, pi. xxxvi. 
%. 2 (1888). 
Herodias alba (nee L.), Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 417 (Formosa) ; Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 301 (1865); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 365 
(Hainan) ; D'Albert. Ann. Mus. Genov. x. p. 20 (1878); Salvad. 

t. c. note; David fy Oust Oi$. Chine, p. 439 (1877: China generally) 
; Bamsay. Proc. Linn. Soc. JV. S. W. ii. p. 199 (1877); id. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 341 (Queensland) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 434. 
Ardea intermedia (nee Wagl), Finsch, J.f. 0, 1867, p. 332. 
Egretta modesta (nee Gray), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 412 (China; 
Hainan; Formosa) ; Blahist. §• Pryer. Ibis, 1878, p. 224 (Tokio ; 
Yezo) ; Seek Ibis, 1879, p. 27. 

Herodias torra (nee FranJcl), Salvad. Uce. Bom. p. 347 (1874); Hume, 
Str. F. vi. p. 472 (1878); id. Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 333 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. 

p. 350 (1882); Meyer, Sitz. Abk Ges. Isis, Dresden, Abth. i. p. 6Q 
(1884: Timor Laut; Ceram); PlesJce, Bull. Aead. St. Petersh. 
xxix, p. 537 (1884: Ternate); Salvad. Agy. Orn. Papuasia, iii. 
p. 206 (1891). 
Ardea alba, var. modesta, Briiggem. Abhandl nat. Ver. Bremen, 
v. p. 96 (1876). 
Ardea alba (nee L.), Seeb. Ibis, 1887, p. 182 (Loo Choo Isl.); id. 
B. Japan. Fmp. p. 216 (1890). 
Adult Similar to E. alba, but with the bill yellow in summer 
and winter; the train of dorsal plumes not very long and scarcely 
reaching beyond the tail: " bill beautiful orange; naked space 
before and behind the eye fine greenish yellow; legs above the 
knee pale dull yellow, this colour continued down the centre of the 
inner part of the tarsi; remainder of tarsi and feet black " (J. Gould). 
Total length 30 inches, culmen -44, wing 15, tail 6-3, tarsus 5*26-
4 

Bah. From Japan and N. China, south through the Malayan 
Archipelago to Australia. 

a. rfsestiv. sk. [t. 5*9]. Nagasaki, Japan, April 22. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.] 
b. Hiem. sk. [t. 5*4]. "R^o^dii(Capt.Blakiston). Seebohm Coll. 
c. Hiem. sk. ft. 5-41 China. J. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Hiem. sk. ft. 5*41. China (Capt. Tuclzett). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. <5 hiem. sk. [t. 6*7]. Chefoo, Sept. 29 (JR. Swin- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe), 
f Hiem. sk. [t. 5*81 Ningpo, Aug. (B.Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
</. Hiem. sk. Tt. 5*4J. Canton (S. Bligh). Seebohm Coll. 

h. Hiem. sk. [t 6'6J. Canton. Tweeddale Coll. 
i. Hiem. sk. [t. 6-2]. Amoy, Nov. (B. Swinhoe), Seebohm Coll. 
Jc. Hiem. sk. [t. 6*1]. Fokien. Could Coll. 
n2 

100 AEDEIDiE. 

I. Hiem. sk. [t. 5-75]. Hainan, Feb. (E. Swmhoe). Seebohrn Coll. 
m. Hiem. sk. [t. 6-0]. Benkoka, JST. Borneo. J. Whitehead, Esq, 
[p.]. 

n. iEstiv. sk, :. [t 5-0 Java (Diard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o. (5Mem.sk. • p. e-o; Ayer Pannas, Celebes, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
16 (Von Rosenberg). 
p. Hiem. sk. [t. 5*6]. Sula Islands. Wallace Coll. 
q. Vix sestiv. sk. Morotai. Wallace Coll. 
[t. 6'6]. 
r. $ hiem. sk. [t. 5*7]. Ternate. Wallace Coll. 
s. 2 vix sestiv. sk. East Timor. Wallace Coll. 
[t. 5-35]. 
t, u. Vix sestiv. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
[t. 5-2-5-3]. 
v. dhiem.sk. [t.6'3]. N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Bowyer Bower). fp.]. 
w. Hiem. sk. [t. 5*8]. Queensland^ J. T. Cockerel!). 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

a\ Vix sestiv. sk. New South Wales. 

Imperial Institute 

[t. 6-0]. 
[P.]. 

y. ^Estiv. sk. [t. 5-3]. New South Wales. 
Gould Coll. 

z. JSstiv. sk. [t. 5-75]. Murray Biver, S. Australia, 
Capt. Sturt [P.]. 

Sept. 5. 
Hiem. sk. ft. 5*51. Port Lincoln, S. Australia. Hume Coll. 
^Estiv. sk. [t. 5-3]. Little Swan Point,Tas mania. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.], 
Hiem. sk. [t. 6*4J. New Zealand (O. Finsch). Dr.B.B.Sharpe[P.], 
Hiem. sk. ft. 5*9 New Zealand. 
Hiem. sk. ft. 5*2' New Zealand. Gould Coll. 

/' . Hiem. sk. [t. 5*8]. New Zealand. ColoniaDIuseumfP.]. 

5. FLORIDA. 
Type. 
Elorida, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 671 (1858) F. caarulea. 
Glaucerodius, Seine $* JReichen. Nome?icl. Mus. Hein. 

p. 307 (1890) F. c^erulea. 
Range. Temperate Eastern North. America, to Central and 
Northern South America. West Indies. 

1. Florida csernlea. 
The Blew Heron, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. pi. 76 (1731). 
Le H6ron cendre* du Mexique, B?iss. Orn. v. p. 404 (1760). 
Le Heron cendre* d'Ame'rique, Briss. t. c. p. 406. 
Le Crabier du Br&il, Briss, t. e. p. 479. 
Le Crabier bleu, Briss. t. a. p. 484. 
Ardea cserulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 238 (1766); Wilson, Amer. Orn. 


vii. p. 117, pi. 62. fig. 3 (1813); Audub. B. Amer. pi. cccvii. 
(c. 1826); Neuwied^ Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 604 (1833); 
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 58 (1838); JD'Orbign. in Bamon dela 
Sagra, Hist. Nat Cuba, Ois. p. 201 (1839); Audub. B. Amer. 
8vo, vi. p. 148, pi. 372 (1843); Benny, P. Z. & 1847, p. 36 (Jamaica) 
; Gh*ay, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Barm. Th. Bras. iii. 
p. 414 (1856) ; Bryant, Proc. Bosf. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 120 (1859: 
Bahamas); A. $ JB. Neioton, Ibis, 1859, p. 373 (St. Croix); 
Burm. Reise La Plata-Stat. ii. p. 509 (1861) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bus, Ardeas, p. 22 (1863); JE. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 (Trinidad), 
p. 171 (Porto Eico); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 410 
5 . FLORIDA. 101 
(1866) 5 Bryant, Proc. Bost Soc. N. II. x. p. 257 (1806: Porto 
Rico) ; Scl. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 280 (Blewfields R, Mos


•qiiitia Coast) ; iid. P. Z. S. I860, p. 252 (Lake Valencia, 
Venezuela); Sunder). CEfv. K. Vet-Akad. Fork 1869, p. 588 (St. 
Bartholomew), p. 602 (Porto Pdco) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 
(Veragua); Finsch, t c. p. 589 (Trinidad) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 
(LakePaturia; Cienaga, U.S. Colombia); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 301, 
455 (1871: San Paulo); Coues, Key N Amer. B. p. 268 (1872) j 
Scl $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 745; Laior. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 48 (1879: Dominica), 
p. 451 (Guadeloupe); Maynard, B. Fast. N Am. p. 414 (1879); 
Allen, Bull Nutt. Orn. Club. v. p. 169 (1880: Santa Lucia); A. 
& F. Neioton, Handb. Jamaica, p. Il l (1881); Cory, Bull Nutt. 
Orn. Club, vi. p. 155 (1881: Haiti); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 427 
(Acapulco, March); Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (S. Domingo) ; 
Cory, B. San Domingo, p. 154 (1885); id. List B. West Ind. 
p. 28 (1885); A. O. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1886) ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 169 (British Ghriana) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. 
p. 394 (1886 : Turnbez); Scott, Auk, iii. p. 308 (1886: Dry Tortugas) 
; Schick, t. c. p. 327 (New Jersey): Cherrie, t. c. p. 332 
(Costa Ptica); Cory, t c. p. 374 (Tortola) ; Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat 
Mus. x. pp. 637, 642 (1887: Bexar Co., Texas), p. 649 (San 
Antonio) ; Cliapm. Auk, v. p. 268 (1888: Gainsville, Florida) ; 
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 18 (1889: Tarpon Springs, Florida); Scl. $ 
Muds. Argent. Orn, ii. p. 99 (1889); Salv. Ibis, 1889, p. 376 
(Cozumel Isl.); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 246 (1889); id. B. Bahamas, 
2nd ed. p. 171 (1890); Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 62 (1890); 
Cory, Auk, viii. p. 47 (1891: S. Eustatius, W.I.); Northrop, t. c. 
p. 77 (Andros Isl.): Bretvst 8f Chapm. t. c. p. 187 (Suwanee 
River); Cory, Cat. B. West Ind. p. 90 (1892); Scott, Auk, ix. 
p. 10 (1892: Jamaica), p. 211 (Florida); Attwater, t. c. p. 232 
(San Antonio); Cory, t. c. p. 272 (Cuba); Cherrie, t. c. p. 329 
(San Jose, Costa Rica); McCormiek, t. c. p. 397 (Oberlin, 
3NT. Ohio); Allen, Auk, x. p. 132 (1893); Brimley, t. e. p. 243 
(Ealeigh, N. C); Butcher, t. c. p. 271 (Long Isl.); Aplin, Ibis, 
1894, p. 198 (Uruguay, Dec). 
H6ron bleu&tre de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PI. Fnl viii. pi. 349. 
Le Crabier cendrS, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 401 (1781). 
? Ardea thula, Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat Chili, p. 344 (1782); Fraser, 


P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Chili). 
Blue Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 78 (1785); Nuttall, Man. 
Orn. ii. p. 58 (1840). 
Blue Heron, var. A, Lath. t. c. p. 79. 
Little White Heron, var. B, Lath. t. c. p. 94. 
Cinereous Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 71. 
f Ardea ohula, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 633 (1788); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 556 (1847). 
Ardea cyanopus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 644 (1788). 
? Axdea'plumbea, Brown, Nat. Hist Jamaica, p. 478 (1789). 
Ardea c^rulescens, Lath. Ind, Orn. ii. p. 690 (1790); Licht Verz. 
Doubt p. 77 (1823: S. America); Wagl Syst Av., Ardea, p. 180, 
sp. 15 (1827); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p.753 (1848). ^ 
Ardea chalybea, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. pt. 2, p. 582 

(1819). 
Ardea ardesiaca {nee Wagl), Less. Traiti d'Orn. p. 575 (1831). 
Egretta cserulea, Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 20, pi. lxii. 

fig. 3 (1832); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <$• N Amer. p. 47 (1838); 

102 AEDETD^. 

Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 337 (1837); Licht. Notnencl Av. Mus. BeroL 

p. 89 (1854: Cayenne). 
Herodiaa caarulea, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 79 (1844: Island of 
Puna): Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 123 (1855); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. 

N. RviL p.308 (1860: Cuba); Gundl.J.f 0.1862,p. 83 (Cuba). 
? Egretta nivea, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 334 (1837). 
Herodias poucheti, Bp. Co?isp. Av. ii. p. 123 (1855). 
Florida caarulea, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 671 (1858); Scl. $ Salv, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 226 (Co ban, Guatemala) ; Moore, B. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 03 (Omoa; Belize) ; Scl. P. Z. S. I860, p. 253 (Mexico), 1861, 
p. 81 (Jamaica) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1862, p. 129 (Florida); 
Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, p. 205 (Jamaica); March, Proc. Philad, 
Acad. 1864, p. 62 (Jamaica); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 31 (Texas); 
Gimdl. Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 349 (1866) ; Allen, Bull. 
Rarv. Coll. ii. p. 359 (1871: Florida); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N 
R. ii. p. 310 (1874: Mazatlan); Gundl.J.f.O. 1875, p. 505 
(Cuba) ; id. Orn. Cubana, p. 153 (1876) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat, 
Mus. iv. p. 49 (1876: Tehuantepec); Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. 
Surv. iv. p. 61 (1878: Brownsville, Texas;; Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. i. p. 196 (1878: St. Vincent), p. 256 (Antigua), p. 241 (Barbuda), 
p. 274 (Grenada), p. 359 (Martinique), p. 487; Ridgw. <ypr 
cit. iii. p. 197 (1880) ; Coues, Clieck4. N. Amer. B. p. 107 (1882); 
Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 406 (1882: Nieoya, Costa 
Rica); Baird, Brewer, $* Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 43 
(1884); Cozies, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 661 (1884); Nutting, 
Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. vi. p. 379 (1884: Nicaragua). 
Ardea caerulea, var. alba, Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 204. 
Ardea caerulea, var. cyanopus, Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 264. 
Glaucerodius easruleus, Heine Sr Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 


p. 307 (1890). 
Nestling. Pure white, with the exception of the tips of the quills, 
which are shaded with blackish; the primary-coverts are also 
generally powdered with blackish, but this is not invariably the 
case. The colour of the feathery down on the head of the nestling 
varies somewhat, being sometimes greyish white, sometimes 
yellowish, sometimes light brown, and in one specimen in the Scott 
collection it is rufescent. The magnificent series of skins from 
Florida, in the Salvin-Godman collection, obtained by Mr. W. E. D. 
Scott, affords a very complete study of the changes of plumage 
undergone by the young birds. It is curious to remark that not a 
few nestlings have already a grey shade on the crown, and that the 
amount of black marking at the end of the quills also varies considerably, 
while in some of the young birds there is no trace of any 
shading on the primary-coverts or bastard-wing. The blackish 
marking, however, at the end of the quills is never absent, and is 
an unfailing character by which to distinguish the young of 

F. ccerulea from the other white American Herons. 
It appears that the young bird in its first autumn loses much of 
its blackish powdering on the primaries, while the markings on the 
primary-coverts disappear almost entirely. At the same time a 
shade of grey gradually pervades the head, and even the entire 
upper surface of the bird, being assumed by a moult. The wing-
coverts and quills, however, appear to be clean moulted, and several 

5. FLORIDA.. 
103 
specimens procured by Mr. Scott in May and June are in this 
curious parti-coloured stage. 

In autumn, according to Mr. Eidgway, " the bill is light plumbeous 
on the basal half, the terminal half being black; lores and 
eyelids very pale dull greenish; legs and feet uniform pea-green, 
darker at the joints; iris sulphur-yellow." 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above bluish 
slate-colour, the long ornamental scapular plumes of the same 
colour as the back; wings and tail also slaty grey; head and neck 
all round dark maroon, including the ornamental nape-feathers; the 
head washed with slaty grey, of which there is also a slight appearance 
on the throat; the long ornamental plumes on the throat and foreneek 
bluish slate-colour; remainder of under surface of body dingy 
slate-colour, lighter and more bluish grey on the under wing-coverts 
and axillaries: " bill ultramarine-blue at the base, the end black; 
lores and eyelids ultramarine-blue; tibia, tarsi, and toes black; iris 
pale yellow " (B. Eidgway). Total length about 22 inches, culmen 
3, wing 11, tail 4, tarsus 3*8, middle toe and claw 2*9. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male in colour, 
but the ornamental plumes not quite so long. Total length about 
21 inches, culmen 2*95, wing 10-7, tail 3*8, tarsus 3-5, middle toe 
and claw 2*6. 

Mr. Eidgway says that old birds are also sometimes entirely pure 
white. 

Hab. Central and Temperate portion of Eastern United States, 
south to the West Indies and Central America, to Guiana, Colombia, 
Ecuador, and Brazil. 

a. Juv. sk. Mound City, Illinois, Aug. 28 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll). 
b. 
<$ ad. sk. Bermuda, May 4. Capt. Savile Eeid 
IP-]. 
c. 
Juv. sk. Florida. W. B. Dismore, Esq. 
HP.]. 
d-g". <5,h"-v2. Tarpon Springs,Florida, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. et juv. to November (W. E. D. Scott). 
y3. $ juv. sk. Cedar Keys, Florida, Dec. 2 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Hensh. Coll). 
z3-eK cS ad.; /*, gK Brownsville, Texas, Feb., March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jad.etjuv.sk. April, Nov. (F. B. Armstrong). 
W-hK S juv. sk. Corpus Christi, March, Oct. (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. Armstrong). 
Z4.c?ad.; m% n\ Presidio, Mexico, Jan., Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
cJ $ juv. sk. (^L Forrer). 

04. <$ ad.; p4*. 2 Mazatlan, Nov., Jan. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Forrer). 
24. Juv. sk. Tonala, Chiapas, Dec. 6 (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sumiehrast). 
rK <$ ad. sk. Teapa, Feb. (D. W. Smith). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sK Juv. sk. Acapulco (A. H. Markham). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t\ <$ ad. sk. La Antigua, Vera Cruz, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(M. Trujillo). 
104 
AEDEIDiE. 

u\ $ juv. sk. 
vL-x\ d1 ad. sk. 
xf-d\ Ad.; es , 
Vega del Cazadero, Vera Cruz, 
Dec. (M. Tmjillo). • 
Tampico, Feb., March, June 
(W. B. Richardson). 
Cozmnel Island (G.F.Gaumer). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f>. Juv. sk. 
g5 . Ad. sk. 
A5 , i5 . Ad. et 
Belize, British Honduras (F. 
Blancaneaux). 
Dueiias, Guatemala (O, Salvin). 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. 
k5 . Ad. sk. 
Z5 . Ad. sk. 
m5 . Juv. sk. 
w3 , o5 . $ ad. et 
J juv. sk. 
p5 . $ juv. sk. 
q5 . $ juv. sk. 
r5, s5 . J ad. et 
Colban, Vera Paz, Jan. (O. S.). 
Chiaparn, Sept. (0. S.). 
Honduras. 
Escondido Paver, Nicaragua, 
Dec. (C. W. Richmond). 
Peje, Costa Rica, Feb. 29 (J. 
Carmiol). 
Punta Arenas, Costa Rica, Jan. 
(J. M. Dozv). 
Lion Hill, Panama (J. Mc-
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mr. C. Dyson [0.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. 
t\ Ad. sk. 
Leannan). 
Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u5 . Ad. sk. 
y5 . Juv.sk. 
w5-y5 . Ad. sk. 
35 , a6 . S hiem. 
{IllingwortE). 
Puna Island. 
Venezuela. 
Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). 
S. Vincent, Sept., Eeb. (£>. W. 
G.Barclay, Esq. [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
6G-^Gc?? ad. et 
Smith). 
Grenada, W. Indies, Feb. to Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. 
o6 . $ ad. sk. 
Nov. (Z>. W. Smith). 
Grenadines, W.I., May 29 (D. 
W. S.). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

6. MELAffOPHOYX. 
Melanophoyx, Skarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. &ub3 iii. 
p. xxxviii (1894) 
M. ardesiaca. 
Mange. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Throat and under surface of body entirely slaty 
black ardesiaca, p. 104. 
. 
Upper throat vinous rufous; underparts slaty 
grey, or slightly washed with vinous ... . vinaceigula, p. 105. 

1. Melanophoyx ardesiaca. 
Ardea ardesiaca, 
Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 189, sp. 20 (1827: Senegambia); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 566 (1847) ; GuSrin, Rev. etMag. 
de Zool. 1853, p. 291; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 222 (1857: 
Senegal) ; Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeae, p. 10 (1865) ; Schl $ 
Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 122 (1868); Finsch $• JBEartl. Tog 
Ostafr. p. 682 (1870); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 29, no. 10123 (1871) ] 
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 264 (Potchefstroom); Gurney, t. c. p. 264; 
Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 261; Hartl "Fog. Madag. p. 300 (1877) • 

105 

t>. MELANOPHOYX. 

Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 299; Mihie-Edw. 8? Qrandid. Hist Nat 
Madag., Ois. p. 547, pi; ccxxv. (1877-81); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. 440 (1881: Eio Ooroca; Humbe); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 18; 
Reichen. Vog. Beutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 65 (1894 : Bagamoyo) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 27 (Lake Shirwa). 
Ardea calceolata, JDu Bus, Bull. R. Acad. Brux. iv. p. 40, pi, 2 
(1838: Gulf of Guinea); Less. Compl Buf. ix. p. 457 (1837); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 222 
(1857: Guinea); id. J.f. 0.1861, p. 269 (Keta, Slave Coast). 

Ardea flavimana, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-AJcad. Fork. Stockh. 1850, 

p. Ill; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 307 (1867). 
Herodias ardesiaca, Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, pp. 290, 510, 513; Bp. 
Consp. ii. p. 122 (1855); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (White Nile). 
Herodias calceolata, Hartl J. f. O. 1854, pp. 290, 510, 513; Bp. 
Consp. ii. p. 123 (1855); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 333. 
Egretta concolor, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (1856: Sobat River). 
" Ardea puella, Wiirti." teste Heugl. J.f. 0.1867, p. 303. 

Adult male. General colour above and below dark slaty black, the 
long ornamental feathers of the back and scapulars, as well as those 
on the fore-neck, clearer slaty grey; fore part of crown clearer slatecolour, 
the hinder crown with a beautiful ornamental crest of slaty 
black feathers, these being lanceolate and elongated: the primaries 
shaded with slaty grey ; breast and abdomen clearer slate-colour: 
" bill black; tarsi and feet dull greenish yellow, bare part of thighs 
ashy ; iris bright yellow " (T. Ay res). Total length 17*5 inches, 
culmen 2-6, wing 9*7, tail 3*6, tarsus 3*1. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but without the ornamental plumes 
on the crest or fore-neck; the upper surface blacker, and without 
the long plumes of slaty grey; throat black like the rest of the 
under surface; tibiae and tarsi black; toes yellow. 

Hab. The greater part of Tropical Africa. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Potcliefstroom, Feb. 27 (T. Gurney Coll. 
Ay res). 
b. <$ juv. sk. Potchefstroom (F. A. Barratt). Sharpe Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. Lower Shire* Valley (Sir J. Livingstone Expedi-
Kirk). tion. 
d. e. Ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Nyassa-land, H. H. Johnston, Esq. 
Dec. (A. Whyte). O.B. [P.]. 
2. Melauophoyx vinaceigula. (Plate I. A.) 
Ardea ardesiaca, pt, Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 264; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's 
JB. S. Afr. p. 713 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to M. ardesiaca.but having the throat vinous 

red: "tarsi and feet greenish grey" (T. Ayres). Total length 

16*5 inches, culmen 2*25, wing 9, tail 3*65, tarsus 3*05. 

Two specimens of this apparently undescribed species are in the 

Museum, where they have been considered to be the young of 

A. ardesiaca. This, however, cannot be the case, because we have 
a veritable young bird of the latter also in the Collection, and it not 
only has the throat black, but the toes yellow, as in the adults. 
A.RDEID2E. 

Both examples of 31. vinaceigula are adult birds with well-developed 
crests and pra3pectoral plumes, as well as ornamental plumes on the 
back. One of them has the breast and abdomen washed with 
vinous, and in addition to the upper throat, the centre of the lower 
throat and some of the long praepectoral feathers are also vinous. 

Hob. Transvaal. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. cJ ad.sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ay res). 
Potchefstroom,
Ayres). 
May 30 (T. 
Gurney Coll. 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.]. 

7. DICHKOMABTASSA. 
Type. 
Dicliromanassa, Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Geol. <§* Geogr. Surv. Terr. 

iv. p. 246 (1878) ... > . D. rufa. 
Hydranassa (nee Baird), Heine j^^e^M^. Nomenol. Mus. 
Hein. p. 306 (1890) .. D. rufa. 
Range. Gulf States of N. America, north to Southern Illinois. 
Mexico and Central America as far as Guatemala. Jamaica; Cuba. 

1. Dicliromanassa tufa. 
? Little White Heron, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 77, pi. 17 

(1731) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 93 (1785). 
? Le He'ron blanc de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. v. p. 435 (1760). 
? Ardea asquinoctialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 240 (1766) *. 
1/Aigrette rousse de la Louisiane, JJAubent. PL JEnl. viii. pi. 902. 
L'Aigrette rousse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 378 (1780). 
Ardea rufa, Bodd. Tall. PL Bnl. p. 54 (1783); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 555 (1847); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 21 (1863); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 2% no. 10128 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 268 (1872); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873; ; 
Beichen. J. f. O 1877, p. 269; Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. 
p. 412 (1879); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 170 (1880),- id. Bull Nutt. 
Orn. Club, vi. p. 154 (1881): A. fy JE. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 
p. Ill (1881) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 458 (Yucatan); Cory, 
B. San Domingo, p. 152 (1885); id. List B. West 2nd. p. 28 (1885) ; 
A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 136 (1886); Bidgw. Man. N. 
Amer.B. p. 131 (1887); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 325 (1887: Bahamas 
& Antilles); Scott, Auk, v. p. 184 (1888: Florida); Cory, B. 
West 2nd. p. 246 (1889); id. B. Bahamas, 2nd ed. p. 170 (1890). 
Reddish Egret, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 88 (1785). 
Ardea rufescens, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 62S (1788); Vieill. N. Diet. 
d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 408 (1817); Audub. B. Amer. pi. eclvi. (c. 1826) ; 
id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 411 (1835) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 139, 
pi. 371 (1843); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 83, (1850) • Beckham, Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 636 (1887 : Bexar Co.; Texas), p. 649 (San 
Antonio); Scott, Auk, v. p. 184 (1888: Gulf Coast of Florida) j 
Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 77 (1891 : Andros Isl.); Cory, t. c. p. 296 
(Caicos Isl.); Bidgw. t. c. p. 335 (Abaco) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 10 
* This name is founded on Catesby's " Little White Heron," which is said 
to have a red bill. The only bird answering to this description seems to me to 
be the Reddish Egret (2). rufa). 
/ . DICHBOiTA^ASSA. 

107 

(1892: Jamaica); Corp, Cat. B. West Ind. p. 89 (1892): Allen, 
Auk. x. p. 132 (1898). 
Alien pealei, Bp. Ann. Lyc. X. T. II. p. 154 (1826); id. B. Amer. IT. 

p. 96, pi. 20. tig. 1 (1833); less. Traite d'Om. p. 574 (1831); Gray, 
Hand-L B. ill. p. 29, no. 10127 (1871); Bidgw. Man. X. Amer.B. 
p. 131 (1887). 
Earetta pealei. Bp. Obs. Cut. Begae An. p. 100 (1830). 
Esretta nilt^eeus, Bp. Comp. Li*t B. Em*. § X Amen p. 47 (1838;. 
Her* dla* rufe*cens, CT/Y/^, £Z& CY/Y//Z. J?nY. MUS. p. 79 (1844) ; Bp. 
Consp. Av. IL p. 123 (185.1); Brewer, Proe. Bost. Soe. X. BL. vii. 

p. 308 (1*60: Cuba); GvadL J.f. 0. 1862, p. 82 (Cuba). 
Ardna cuben*i*, Lembeye, Av. Cuba. p. 84, pi. 13. fig. 1 (1850), ex 
Gmull MSS. 
Demingietta jealei, Baird.B. X Amer. p. 061 (1858); March, Proe. 
Phifad. Ai&d. Ib04. p. fj3 <Jamaica); Bresser7 Ibis, 1866, p. 31 
(TfXit&j : Scdii/i, t. c. p. 196 (Guatemala) ; Gundl. Bepert Fisico-
Xaf. Cuba, i. p. 348 (lbOO); Allen, Bull Mus. 0. Z. ii. p. 358 
(1*71: Florida : Gundl J.f.O. 1875, p. 301 (Cuba); id. Orn. 
L'uhana, p. 140 (lb70); Later. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. IT. p. 49 
flViVt: Tfhuantepec). 

1> mi»'gretta rufa, tiai'rd, B. X. Amer. p. 602 (1858) ; Dresser, Ibtb, 
]M>j, p. 31 (TVxa*\): Salvin, t. c. p. 196 (Guatemala); Gundl. 
Iiejrrt. Fimo-Nat. Cvha, i. p. 348 (lbOO); Later. Mem. Bost. 
£V. X J7. si. p. 310 (1874: Mazatlan): 6W/ . J". / . 0. 1875, 
j>. :/J2 iCitba); LOUT. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. IT. p. 49 (1870: 
IVhuantfpw*). 

Herudiu-* pwilii, Brewer, Brae. j>W. Soe. X II. -\ii. p. 308 (1800: 

Cuba) ^ 6Vw<//. Jf O. 1802, p. 82 (Cuba). 
Alien nifa, var. pealei, Beiehm. J.f.O. Ib77, p 270. 
DicLromaaa-sa rufa, Bidgw. Bull. U.S. GeoL ty Geogr. Surv. Terr. iv. 

no. 1. p. 230 (1878); Sennett, Bull. U.S. GeoL Surv. iv. p. 60 
(1&78: Corpus Ohristi Pass); liidgiu. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 

p. 10 (1880) : Coues, Check-l X Amer.B. p. 107 (1882) ; Belding, 
Proe. U.S. Xaf. Mus. v. pp. 544, 548 (1883: Lower California) ; 
Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Water-Birds X. Amer. i. p. 33 (1884); 
Coues, Fey X Amer. B. 2nd ed. p, 661 (1884). 
Hvdranassa 
rufa, Heine §- Reichen. XomencL Mus. Hein. p. 306 
(1590). 

Advli male. General colour above ligbt slaty grey, with a hoary 
gloss on the ornamental breeding-plumes of the back and scapulars, 
the long scapular plumes whity brown at their ends; wings and 
tail dark slaty grey : head and neck all round vinaceous cinnamon, 
the long ornamental plumes more or less glossed with lilac, and the 
elongated feathers of the fore-neck with paler ends; remainder of 
under surface light slaty grey, including the under wing-coverts 
and axillaries : " terminal half of bill black, basal half including the 
eyes and eyelids pale flesh ; tarsi ultramarine-blue, the scutellae and 
claws Hack ; iris yellow or white " (J. J. Audubon). Total length 
2@ Inches, crimen 4, wing 13*5, tail 4-5, tarsus 5*8, middle toe and 
claw 3*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, slightly smaller, but 
the ornamental plumes not quite so much developed. Total length 
nbout 26 inches, crimen 3'8, wing 12, tail 3*9, tarsus 5*1, middle 
toe and claw 3-1. 

108 
AJRDEID^l. 

Young. General colour bluish, grey, lighter and more pearly grey 

below; the feathers of the upper surface with broad whity-brown 

tips and the breast-feathers washed with vinous, as also the neck; 

the throat and centre of fore-neck clear vinous. Some young birds 

are much more rufous than others and have the throat and sides of 

the face very strongly washed with cinnamon, a shade of whicb 

is also apparent on the crown. 

In the i Water-Birds of North America ' Messrs. Baird, Brewer, 
and Bidgway have reviewed the remarkable facts connected with 
the two phases of colour of this Heron. Audubon believed the 
white bird to be the young of the rufous bird; bat this seems to 
be disproved at once by the Texan birds in the Museum, which 
have fully-developed breeding-plumes in the white phase as well 
as in the rufous. The above-named authors write :—" In Florida, 
where A. pealei (white phase) and A. rufa breed abundantly, both 
forms have been found in the same nest attended by parents either 
both reddish, both white, or one in each of these stages of plumage; 
other circumstances at the same time leading irresistibly to the 
conclusion that the two phases are not only specifically distinct, 
but that they have nothing to do with sex, age, or season/' In the 
Salvin-Godman Collection there is a specimen from Cozumel which 
is in the full plumage of D. rufa, but has one of the quills white. 
Mr. Salvin shot a specimen at Chiapam which has the whole of 
the neck hoary whitish, but this may be due to the presence of 
young feathers. Most of the immature birds have a good deal of 
white at the base of the quills. 

Eab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Grey phase. 
a, b. S ad.; c-i Tarpon Springs, Florida, May Salvin-Godraan Coll. 
$ ad. sk. {W. F. D. Scott). 
h, I. S ad. sk. Corpus Olmsti, Texas, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(P. B. Armstrong). 
m. (S ad. sk. Brownsville, May (F B. ArmSalvin-
Godman CoU. 
strong). 

n. 
$ ad. sk. Aransas Bay, June (F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Armstrong). 
o. 
$ ad.; p, q. Presidio, Mexico, Dec, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
S ? juv. sk. (A. Forrer). 
r. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
s-y. 
Ad.; s-f. Cozumel Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Juv. sk. Gaumer). 

(J. $ ad. sk. Istan, Guatemala, Jan. 1863 Salvin-Godman Coil. 
(o. s.y.
h'. Juv. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

b. White phase. 
a. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
[P.]. 
b. § acLsk. Punta Kussa, Florida, May 10 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W.F. JD. Scott). 
c. d. 
(S ad.; <?. $ Brownsville, Texas, April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. May (F. B. Armstrong). 
8 . NOTOPHOYX. 
10 9 
fj 9i h- d ad.; *. Corpus Christi, May, Aug. (F, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. B. Armstrong), 

k. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island, June (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
I, m. Ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(0. S.). 
8. NOTOPHOYX. 
Range. Australia, probably to New Guinea, and certainly to New 
Zealand, Few Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, and the Moluccas. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Size larger: bill black, lighter on the lower 
mandible. 
d. 
No white streaks on the breast and abdomen 
; axillaries grey or vinaceous grey; 
elongated dorsal plumes grey, with no 
maroon feathers; sides of chest vinaceous; 
head and neck grey, the forehead, eyebrow, 
and throat white novce hollandice, p. 109. 
b\ 
Breast and abdomen with large lanceolate 
streaks of white; axil]aries slaty blackish 
like the under wing-coverts; many of 
the elongated dorsal feathers maroon with 
slaty-grey ends; a large maroon patch of 
feathers on the side of the chest; head 
and neck vinaceous or white, with some 
black markings on the lower throat.... pacifiea, p. 111. 


b. Size small: entire bill yellow. 
c'. Crown, crest, and sides of face black; 
cheeks, throat, and neck white picata, p. 112. 
d'. 
Head and neck all round, as well as the 
entire under surface of the body, white . aruensis, p. 113. 


1. Notophoyx novae hollaudiae. 
White-fronted Heron, Phillip, Voy. Bot. Bay, p. 163 cum tab. (1789: 
Port Jackson); Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 304. 

Ardea novse hollandise, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 701 (1790) ; Vieill. N. 
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 417 (nee 436) (1817); Stephens in Shaw's 
Gen. Zool. xi. pt. 2, p. 561 (1819); S. Mull Verh. Land-en Volkenk. 

p. 110 (1839-44: Moluccas); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 53 (1847); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847) ; Reichenb. Voy. Neuholl. p. 36 
(1849); id. Grail. Novit. tab. 154. figs. 2398-99 (1850); Macgill. 
Narr. Voy. Rattlem. ii. p. 358 (1852: N.E. coast Australia); 
Sehl. Mas. Bays-Bas, Ardese, p. 28 (1863: Australia; Timor; 
Sumbawa); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 299 (1865); Finsch, 
Neu-Guinea, p. 183 (1865) ; Sehl. Nederl Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. 
p. 348 (1866: Aru; Little Kei; Manuvolka); Sutton, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 394 (Manukan Harbour); Gray, Kand-l. B. iii. p. 28, no. 10117 
(1871); Buller, B. New Zeal p. 231, pi. 24. fig. 2 (1873); Belz. 
Ibis, 1873, p. 120; Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, p. 195 (New Zealand); 
Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 118 (1875); Reichen. J. f. 0. 
110 ARDEIDJB. 

1877, p. 263; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 341 (Queensland); id. 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 198 (1878) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. 

p. 373 (1878-79: Aru; Gi-oram), p. 563 (New Guinea); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. G67 (1879), xviii. p. 332 (1882); id. 
Om, Papuasia etc. iii. p. 342 (1882); Meyer, Zeifschr. ges. Orn. 
i. pp. 196, 216 (1884: Timor Laut); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N.S.W. (2) i. pp. 1096, 1164 (1887: Derby, N.W. Austr.); id. 
op. tit. ii. p. 172 (1888); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888 : 
nearly the whole of Australia & Tasmania); Bidler, B. New 
Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 134 (1888); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 
(2) iii. p. 1778 (1889 : Cumberland Co., X.S/W.); id. Nests § Eggs 
Austr. B. p. 318 (1889) ; Coxfy Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 
(2) iv. p. 420 (1890 : Mudgee distr., breeding): North, t. c. p. 1025 
(Roeburne) ; Sahad.Agq. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 205 (1891); North, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N S. W. (2) viii. p. 238 (1894: Norfolk Island) ; 
Meyer § Wiqlesw. Abh. k. zool. Mus. Dresden, 1894-95, no. 4, 
p. 2(1894: Kema). 
Ardea leucops, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 181, sp. 17 (1827). 
Herodias novas hollandias, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1844); 
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 120 (1855); id. CR. xl. p. 722 (1855) ; Verr. 
et JDes Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 436 (New Caledonia) ; 
Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870: N. Caledonia); 
JE. L. $ L. L. C. Layard, Ms, 1880, p. 232 (Loyalty IsL). 

Egretta novae hollandise, Licht. Nome?wl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 89 (1854: 
Australia). 
Demiegretta novae hollandiae, Meyer, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, 1881, 

p. 767 (Sumba). 
Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, with long ornamental 
lanceolate plumes on the back and scapulars; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts lighter slaty grey; wing-coverts entirely slaty 
grey, as also the inner secondaries, the latter being pointed at the 

•ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, shaded with 
slaty grey; head and neck darker slate-colour, inclining to black on 
the crown, the nape-feathers forming an elongated crest; forehead, 
•eyebrow, feathers behind the eye, cheeks, and throat white, the 
latter ending in a point; ear-coverts dusky grey like the sides of 
the neck and lower throat; the plumes of the fore neck greatly 
elongated and lanceolate and of a vinous tint; the long feathers at 
the sides of the upper breast grey, with vinous tips; abdomen, 
thighs, and vent pale vinous isabelline; the sides of the body, under 
tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries light grey with a 
slight vinous tinge: " orbits and base of bill in some pale grey, in 
others deep lead-colour; base of lower mandible flesh-colour; iris in 
some lead-colour, in others yellow, in others pale buff " (J. Gould). 
Total length about 26 inches, culmen 3*15, wing 12-5, tail 5*2, 
tarsus 3*75. 
Young. Differs from the adult in being uniform grey above, many 
of the feathers with light brown at the ends, the head uniform grey 
like the back, the eyebrow and sides of face light ashy, the cheeks 
and upper throat white ; the rest of the under surface as in the adult, 
but without the long ornamental plumes on the fore-neck. 

Considerable difference exists in a series of specimens with regard 
to the colour of the face, some having the whole of the face white, 
including the ear-coverts and greater part of the crown. As far 

8 . itfOTOPHOYX. H I 
as I can judge, the differences are individual, as both white and 
black-eared birds occur in the same locality. It may be that the 
white-eared birds are very old individuals. 

Hah. Australia to the Celebes and the Moluccas, probably to New 
Guinea; le w Caledonia; Loyalty Islands ; Few Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk.
Z>. <$ ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Spring Bay, Tasmania. 
Tasmania, April 23. 
Australia. 
Maitland Somerville, 
Esq. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. f, g. Ad. etjuv. *k.
h, i. Ad. et juv.
,k.
k. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
New South "Wales. 
New South Wales. 
New South Wales. 
Hume Col]. 
Imperial Institute 
[P.]. 
Australian Museum 
[p.]. 
Australian Museum 
/, m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk. 
South Australia (J. Gould). 
South Australia.
[p.]. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
C. D. E. Fortnum, 
o, p. Ad.sk.
q. S ad. sk.
r, s. Ad. sk. 
Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). 
E. Timor. 
E. Timor.
Esq. HP.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wallace Cull. 
Wallace Coll. 
t 2 ad. sk. N. Caledonia, Nov. 13 (K L. Seebohm Coll. 
Layard). 
2, Notophoyx pacifica. 

Pacific Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 305 (1801: Australia). 
Ardea pacifica, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. lxv (1801); Jard.tySelbi/, 

III. Orn. pi. 90 (1830); Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1844: 
S. Australia; W. Australia j King George's Sound); id. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 555 (1847); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 52 (1847); Reichenb. 
Vog. Neuholl. p. 35, no. 324 (1849) ,• id. Grail, tab. 154. fig. 2400 
(1849); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 112 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, 
p. 197 (N. Australia) ,• SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeas, p. 7 (1863: 
Australia; Tasmania); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p.' 297 (1865); 
Gray, JSand-l. B. iii. p. 27, no. 10101 (1871); Reichen. J. f. O. 
1877, p. 263; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Son. N. S. W. i. p. 191 (1877) ; 
Casteln.fy Ramsay, t. c. p. 386 (Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria) 
Ramsay, op. cit. ii. p. 198 (1878: Australia generally) ; Bennett, 
Rroc. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. vii. pp. 324-328 (1883); Ramsay, op. cit. 

(2) i. p. 1100 (1887 ; Derby, N.W. Australia), (2) ii. p. 172 (1888); 
id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888 : the whole of Australia except 
Cape York, and Tasmania); North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) 
iii. p. 1178 (1889: Cumberland Co., N. S. W.); id. Nests fy Eggs 
Austr. B. p. 317 (1889); Cox $r Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. 
(2) iv. p. 420 (1890: Mudgee Distr.). 
Ardea bullaragang, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 175, sp. 5 (1827). 
Adult male. General colour above glossy olive-green, the long 
ornamental feathers slaty grey; the scapular plumes maroon, with 
slaty-grey tips; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts slaty grey, 
glossed with olive-green; wing-coverts glossy green, all those round 
the tip of the wing white, as also the edge of the wing; the primary-
coverts and primary-quills blackish, externally slaty grey ; secondaries 
glossy green ; tail-feathers dark slate-colour, blackish towards 
the ends; head and neck pale vinous isabelline; throat white in the 

112 
ARDEIDiE. 

centre, with a few black spots, the feathers of the fore-neck elongated 
and pointed, with white at the ends: remainder of under surface 
blackish, with broad longitudinal streaks of white; sides of body 
and flanks, as well as the under wing-coverts and axillaries, uniform 
dark slate-colour ; on each side of the upper breast a patch of dark 
maroon feathers, some of them mesially streaked with white: "upper 
mandible black, lower part of under mandible yellowish olive in 
some specimens and yellowish horn-colour in others ; upper part of 
tarsi yellowish olive, feet black; orbits greenish yellow, becoming 
more yellow immediately before and round the eye; iris in some 
specimens rich primrose-yellow, and in others very dark brown" 

(J. Gould). 
Winter plumage. More green above than in the full plumage, and 

not showing the slaty-grey ornamental plumes or maroon scapulars 

characteristic of the latter. 

Young, More dingy in colour than the adults, the head grey, and 
the neck thickly spotted with black ; under surface dusky grey, 
streaked with white in the centre of the body. 

Mr. Gould mentions that some specimens of this Heron have the 
neck wholly white. One such bird is in the Museum Collection, 
and I think it probable that this may be the dimorphic form of the 
species. 

Hal. Australia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Imperial Institute [P.]. 

c. Juv. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Depot, interior of Australia, Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
lat. 29° 40', May. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h, Ad. sk. N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower 

Boioyer Bower). [P.]. 

3. Kotophoyx picata. 
Ardea 
(Herodias) picata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 62 (Port 
Essington). 
Herodias picata, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 62 (1846) ; Reichenb. Yog. 
Neuholl p. 38 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 120 (1855); id. C.R. 

xl. p. 722 (1855); Gould, Kandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 306 (1865); 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Sac. N. 8. W. i. p. 192 (1877: N. Australia), 
ii. p. 199 (1878: Port Darwin; Port Essington; Gulf of Carpentaria) 
; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888). 
Ardea picata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 25 (1849); id. P. Z. S. 1858, 

p. 197; id, Cat. Mamm. § B. New Guin. p. 63 (1859); Sehl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Ardea3, p. 10 (1863: Port Essington); Finsch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 183 (1865: N. Australia; Port Essington; Torres 
Straits); Gray, Handrl. B. iii. p. 28, no. 10118 (1871); Reichen, 
J.f.O. 1877, p. 262; Rosenb. Malay. ArcMp. p. 278 (1878-79: 
Celebes), p. 373 (Aru Isl.) ; JDAlb. Ann. Mus. Gen. xiv. p. 131 
(1879: Fly It.); ScM. Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 114 (1879: Australia 
; Amboina ; Celebes) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 332 
(1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 343 (1882); B'uttik. Notes 
Leyd. Mtis. viii. p. 67 (1886: Tenimber Isl.); Salvad. Agg. Orn. 
Papuasia, iii. p. 205 (1891). 
8. XOTOPHOYX. 
Agamia picta (pt.), Reichenb. Av. Si/st. Nat. p. xvi, lab. xx^ii. 
figs. 2401-2402 (1852). 

Adult. General colour above slaty black, with the long ornamental 
plumes on the back and scapulars clearer slate colour; wings and 
tail slaty black; quills clearer slaty black externally; crown of 
head, including the long ornamental nuchal plumes, the feathers of 
the hind-neck, and sides of neck slaty black; cheeks and a collar 
round the hind-neck, as well as the entire throat and fore-neck, 
white; the feathers on the fore-neck elongated and pointed, and 
where they join the black ornamental feathers on the sides of the 
neck they are parti-coloured, being white in the middlo, with the 
margins blackish slate-colour; remainder of under surface, from the 
fore-neck downwards, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries, 
blackish slate-colour: " bill, legs, and feet greenish yellow; iris 
yellow " (J. Gould). Total length 19 inches, culmen 2-55, wing 8*7, 
tail 3, tarsus 2*8. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being browner, and with scarcely 
any ornamental plumes anywhere, the head dusky, the under surface 
also dusky, longitudinally streaked with white. 

Hab. Northern Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Northern Australia. Gould Coll. 
b-o. Ad. et imm. sk. Northern Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.], 
q. dad.sk. N.W.Australia. J.KElsey,Esq.[P.]. 
4. Notophoyx aruensis. (Plate I. B.) 
Ardea aruensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 188,197 (Aru Isl.); id. Cat 
Mamm. 8? B. New Gum. pp. 51, 02 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, 

p. 438 (Louisiade Isl.) ; tichl. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierh. iii. p. 348 
(1866); Gray, Kand-l B. iii. p. 28, no. 10119 (1871); Salvad. 
Ucc. Born. p. 347 (1874); Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 274; Sakad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 332 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. 
p. 344 (1882). 
Herodias aruensis, Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xxv. p. 253 
(1863) ; id. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 136 (New Guinea) j id. Reis naar 
ZuidoostereiL p. 53 (1867). 

? Ardea landsbergi, Schl. Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 113 (1879: Celebes). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dingy slatecolour, 
browner on the lower back and rump; quills and tail black, 
with a small white spot at the end of all the inner secondaries ; head 
and neck all round, as well as the entire under surface of body 
white ; sides of body, flanks, thighs, under wing-coverts, and axillaries 
dull slate-colour; edge of wing conspicuously white. Total 
length 18*5 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 8*8, tail 3-2, tarsus 2'85. 

This is the species evidently referred to by Gould in his ' Handbook 
' as the young of N. picata, when he says :—" The young 
birds differ in having the whole of the under surface white." Neither 
of the specimens in the Museum appear to be immature, as they 
have full crests of white plumes, and further, we know that the young 

VOL. xxvi. ' x 

114 
ARDE1DJE. 

of M. picata is different. There is a specimen in the Salvin-Godman 
collection, which shows that the young of that species is very like 
the adult (vide supra), and quite unlike N. amends, which I consider 
to he a good species. 

Hab. Northern Australia to the Am Islands and probably to 

Celebes. 
a. J ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Aru Islands. 
Port Darwin, N. Australia, August. 
Wallace Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
Gould Coll. 

9. LEPTERODIUS. 
Type. 
Lepterodas, Hempr. fy JShr. Syrnb. Phi/s. fol. i. {1832) L. gularis. 
Lepterodius, If erne $• Reichen. NomencL Mus. Hein. p. 306 

(1890) L. gularis. 
Mange. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Smaller: culmen 3*0-3*3 inches; colour dark, blackish 
slate-colour gularis, p. 114 
b. Larger: culmen 3-4-3*9 inches; colour light slaty 
grey, the decorative plumes pearly grey asha, p. 116. 
1. Lepterodius gularis. 
Ardea gularis, Bosc, Actes de la Societi dHist. Sat. Paris, i. p. 4, 
pi. 2 (1792); Wagler, Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 181, sp. 19 (1827) ; id. 
Isis, 1829, p. 661; Gray, Gen. B. ill p. 556 (1847) ; Hartl Orn. 

W.-Afr. p. 220 (1857: Senegal; S. Thomas; Aguapim); id. 

J. f. 0. 1861, p. 269 (S. Thomas); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Arde®, 
p.*23 (1863: Eio Boutry; Eed Sea); Dokrn, P. Z. S. 1866, 
p. 330 (Prince's Isl.); Scl. t c. p. 425; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, 
p. 827 (Zanzibar); Schl. fy Poll. Faune Madag.7 Ois. p. 123 (1868): 
Finseh $ Hartl. Yoq. Ostafr.^. 691 (1870); Gray, Hand-L B. iii 
p. 29, no. 10122 (1871); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1059 
(1873 : Coast of Eed Sea and Gulf of Aden, north to the bays of 
Akabah and Suez); Antin. $ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 147 (1873: 
Massowa, April); Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 299 {1877); Iteichen. 
J.f.O. 1877, p. 270; K rfezvton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 302 (Mayotte); 
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 678 (Grand Comoro); Milne-JEdw. $ 
Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. p. 551 (1879-82) ; Scl. $ Hartl 
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 173 (Socotra); Hartert, J.f.O. 1886, p. 605 
(Cassa Isl.; Tumbo; Tamara). 
Ardea albicollis, Vieill N*. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 409 (1817) * id 
Gal. Ois. ii. p. 136, pi. 253 (1825). 
Ardea jugularis, pt, Less. Traite, p. 574 (1831: Senegal). 
Ardea (Lepterodas) schistacea, Hempr. & JShr. Sumb. Phvs. Zool 

ii fol. i. Taf. 6 (1832). y 
Herodias schistacea, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 79 (1844) * 
Bp. Consp. ii. p. 122 (1855); Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 346 (Red Sea)/ 
Herodias amrris, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 79 (1844: W. 
Africa). 
Herodias gularis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1844) ; Bp. 
Consp. ii. p. 122 (1855); Reichen. JB. Hamb. Wissensek. Ami

p. 8 (1893 : Zanzibar). 
* * 
9 . LEPTERODIETS. 
Egretta gularis, Mpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 121 (1845). 

Ardea schistacea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Hartl Orn. 

W.-Afr. p. 221 (1857: Ashanti); id. Faun.Madag. p. 74 (1861); 

Brehm, Reis.Habesch, p. 406 (1863); Heugl. J.f 0. 1867, p. 283 

(Dahlak Archipelago): Sharpe. ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 712 

(1884: pt.). 

Ardea affinis (nee Horsf), HartL Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 40 (1852 : 

Gambia). 

Egretta affinis, Hartl J.f O. 1854, p. 290. 

Egretta schistacea, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (1856). 

Ardea calceolata (nee DuBus), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 307 (1867). 

Ardea (Herodias) cineracea (nee Brehm), Cab. J.f 0. 1868, p. 414. 

Herodias cineracea, Cab. in Von der Decken, Reis. iii. p. 49, Taf. 17 

(1869). 

Ardea (Demiegretta) gularis, Blanf. Geol & Zool. Abyss, p. 435 

(187<h Dissee IaL). 

Lepterodius gularis, Heine § Reichen. Nomenel. Mus. Hein. p. 306 

(1890). 

Adult male* General colour above and below dark slate-colour; 
the crown and long ornamental plumes of the nape and of the 
back, as well as those of the fore-neck, slaty blue; the chin and 
upper throat, as weU as the cheeks, conspicuously white: " bill 
orange-yellow ; lores and eyebrows yellow, the latter as well as the 
nasal region shaded with olive; feet olive-blackish ; lower part of 
tarsi and toes orange; iris sometimes white, sometimes yellow" 
(Von Heuglin). Total length 21 inches, culmen 3*8, wing 10*9, 
tail 3*5, tarsus 4*05. 

The non-breeding plumage is very much blacker than the full 
plumage, and the ornamental nape-plumes are wanting, although 
there are lengthened plumes upon the lower back and on the 
fore-neck. In the breeding-plumage the feathers become more 
slaty grey, and the elongated nuchal plumes are developed. The 
difference, however, between the African bird, D. gularis^ and 
the bird from the Mekran Coast and Sind, D. asha, is very appreciable 
on the comparison of a series. 

Young birds are much gre}rer than the adults, the general tone 
of the plumage being ashy brown, with a considerable amount of 
white on the abdomen. 

The pure white phase of the present species is accompanied by 
the same development of the ornamental plumage, as the grey phase. 
Interbreeding between the white and grey birds must undoubtedly 
take place, as many of the white-plumaged specimens have an 
intermixture of grey or brown feathers, while the dark-plumaged 
birds have often an admixture of white feathers, this generally 
taking place on the bastard-wing or primary-coverts. 

The length of the tarsus varies from 3-5 to 4-75 inches, a variation 

of more than an inch, even in fully adult birds. The individuals 

which have the tarsus 4*75 inches were procured by Surgeon-Capt. 

Penton at Suakin; but another specimen in his collection has the 

tarsus 4*3, which is the same size as in Mr. Blanford's Massowa 

birds, and therefore the idea that the Red Sea possesses a larger 

form of Beef Heron must be abandoned. 

Hob. Tropical Africa and Madagascar. From the Gulf of Suez 

116 
ARDEIM:. 

to Mozambique on the East Coast, and from Senegambia to Gaboon 
on the West. 

a. 
Ad. st, Senegambia. Governor Bend'all 
[C.]. 
b. 
(S ad. alb. sk. Buiisque, Senegal L. Laglaize |"C.]. 
[t 3'5]. 
c. d, e. ad. sk. [t. 3*6™ Accra, May, July (J. Shelley Coll. 
8-9J. Smith). 
f. Ad. sk. [t 3-5]. Biver Niger. Dr. Baikie [C.]. 
g. Juv. sk. [t. 3*51 Cameroons. Sir B. Burton [PJ. 
h. Juv. sk. [t. 3*1J. Biver Ogowe*, Gaboon. H. T. AnselL Esq. 
i. Ad. sk. [t. 3-9]. S.E. Madagascar, March. Shelley Coll. 
k. Juv. sk. [t. 4*1]. Madagascar (Bewsher). Shelley Coll. 
/, w. 
$ ad. sk. [t. 4-3- Dissee Island, Annesley W. T/Blanford, Esq. 
4-6]. Bay, Aug. 30. [C.]. 

n. ? alb. sk. [t. 4*1]. Massowa, Aug. 25. W. T. £lanford,Esq. 
[0.1. 
o. § ad. sk. [t. 3-95]. Massowa, Aug. 26 (W. Tweeddale Coll. 
p, q. Ad. sk. [t. 4-3- Stiakin. Surgeon-Capt. B, H. 
4-751. Penton [P.]. 

r. Ad. sk. [t. 3-9]. Jeddah {Zorhab). Shelley Coll 
s. Imm. sk. White Nile. Sir F. Galton [P.]. 
2. Lepterodius asha. 
Ardea asha, tykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 157 (Deccan); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 556 (1847); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 38. 
Herodias asha, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p, 280 (1849: Indian 
Penins.). 
Demiegretta asha, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 747 (1864); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 477 (Ceylon); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 418 (Kathiawar); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 490 (Fao), 1891, p. 112. fc 

Ardea sacra (pt.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 28, no. 10120 (1871). 
Ardea gularis (nee Bosc), Hume, Nests §* Eggs Ind. B. p. 617 (1873); 
Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii. p. 296 (1876: Gwadar); Legge, B. Ceylon, 

p. 1136 (1880). 
Demiegretta 
gularis {nee Bosc), Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 45, 138, 254 
(1873 : Karachi Harbour; Mekran Coast), iv. p.23 (1876: Coasts 
of Sind and Kutch) ; Fairbank, t c. p. 263 (Deccan); Hume, t c, 
pp. 414, 421, 465 (Laccadives); Butler, Sir. F. v. p. 224 (1877: 
Mandavee); Davidson fy Wenden, Sir. F. vii. p. 95 (1878: 
Deccan); Hume, t c. p. 453 (Mandavee); id. Str. F. viii. p. 114 
(1879); Vidal, t. c. p. 173 (S. Konkan); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc 

p. 69 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 82 (1880: Belgaum) ; 
Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 89 (1880: S. Konkan); Butler, t. c. p. 434 
(1881) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 271 (1884); Sharpe 
Ibis, 1886, p. 168 (Muscat), p. 490 (Fao); Gates, ed. Hume's Nests 
8f Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 244 (1890: Mekran Coast). 
Adult male. Similar to L. gularis, but much paler and more 
slaty blue above and below, the decorative plumes on the fore-neck 
and on the lower back inclining to pearly grey, as do also the two 
long ornamental feathers of the nape: " bill yellow, brownish on 
the upper mandible ; legs black; feet greenish ; iris pale yellow " 

9. LEPTERODIUS. 
(A. 0. Hume). Total length about 24 inches, oulmen 4, wing 11-3, 
tail 4*1, tarsus 4*15. 
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male and having the 

same decorative plumes : " bill pale orange, fleshy at base of lower 

mandible; legs and feet greenish yellow below tarsus at joint, 

upwards blackish slate; iris pale straw-colour" (E. A. Butler). 

Total length about 22 inches, culmen 3*8, wing 11*3, tail 3*7, 

tarsus 3*9. 

As with L. gularis, the winter plumage is much darker and more 

slaty black than the summer plumage. 

The white phase possesses just the same ornamental plumes as 

the grey phase : " upper mandible wood-brown, the lower one dull 

yellow ; feet yellow, the base of the tarsi and some patches greenish 

yellow ; lores slaty greenish-yellow; orbital space more hoary; iris 

bright yellow v (& A. Butler). 

Young birds are very much paler and more pearly grey than the 
adults, and have of course no ornamental plumes on the lower back 
or on the nape. In addition to the white chin and upper throat, 
the centre of the lower throat is mottled with ashy white, and the 
long feathers of the fore-neck are ashy with white centres ; there is 
also a good deal of white on the abdomen, and the bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts are for the most part white. One specimen 
collected by Colonel Butler at Mandavee is of a beautiful slaty blue, 
with the ornamental feathers well developed, and yet has one wing 
with the fourth and fifth primaries entirely white like the primary-
coverts and bastard-wing. " Bill brown above, yellowish fleshcolour 
below; feet and half the tarsus green; upper part of tarsus 
and thigh black; orbital skin yellowish green; iris pale strawcolour 
" (K A. Butler). 

Hah. Western coast of the Tndian Ocean from the Persian Gulf 
to Sind, and south to Ceylon and the Laccadive Islands. 

a. Juv. sk. [t. 4*3]. Fao, Persian Gulf. W. D. Cumming, Esq. 
IT.]. 
b~e. 
Ad. etjuv. alb. Fao, Oct. W. D. Cumming, Esq. 
sk. [t. 3-85-4-31. [P.]. 

f. 
gjuv.sk. [t. 3-, Muscat, Colonel Mills [P.]. 
Mandavee, Jan. 25 (JS. A. Hume Coll. 
g, j ad. sk. [t. 3-4 Butler). 
Sonmiani, Mekran Coast, Hume Coll. 

h. 2 ad. sk. [t. 3-4]. Feb. 2 (E. A. Butler). 
G wader, Mekran Coast, Hume ColL 
i. 
$ ad.sk.[t.3-9]. Feb. 18 (A. 0. JET.). 
k-o. 
6 ad. [t. 3-8-Karachi, Sind, Feb. (A. Hume Coll. 
4-15] ; ;p-u. 2 0. H.). 
ad. et juv. sk. 


[t. 3-45-3-8]. 
v. 2juv.sk.[t.4*l]. Karachi, Aug. 7 (JE. A. Hume Coll. 
Butler). 
w. <$ imm. sk. 
Karachi (Dr. Gould). India Museum. 
[t. 3-85], 
.r.Imm.sk.[t.3*7]. 
? Deccan (Sykes) India Museum. 
(Type of D. asha.) 

118 
AKDEID-E. 

y. 
2 *&>• sk. [t. Bombay Harbour, Feb. 2 Hume Coll. 
3-4]. (A. b.IT.). 
z. Juv. sk. [t. 3*95]. Tinevelli Distr., S. India India Museum. 
(Sykes). 

10. GARZETTA. Ty e 
Garzetta, Kaup, Naiurl. Syst p. 76 (1829) G. garzetta. 

Range. Southern and Central Europe, throughout temperate Asia 
to China and Japan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Toes with more or less yellow on them garzetta? p. US. 
b. Toes perfectly black: no yellow on them nigripes, p. 122. 
1. G-arzetta garzetta. 
L'Aigrette, 
Briss. Orn. y. p. 431 (1760); dJAubent. BL Enl viiL 
pi. 901; Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. rii. p. 372, pi. 20 (1780). 
Ardea garzetta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 237 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat i. 

p. 628 (1788); Temm. Man. W Orn. p. 368 (1815); Vieill N. 
Diet. drMist Nat xiv. p. 405 (1817); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 315 
(1825): Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 122 (1811); Sykes, B. Z. S. 
1832, p. 157; Gcmld, B. Eur. iv. pi. 277 (1837); Nawn. Fog. 
Deutschl. ix. p. 101, Taf. 223 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 384 
(1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxix, 219 (1840) ; Nord?n. 
in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 260 (1840: Bessarabia; Black 
Sea); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 133 (1842) ; Sell Bev. Crit. 
p. xcyii (1844); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechml p. 114 (1844); 
Mewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 276, pi. 75. fig. 2 (1846); Gray, Gen. 
B. iii. p. 555 (1847); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 156 (1850); Sehl. 
Vog. Nederl pi. 191 (1854); Marti Orn. W.-Afr. p. 221 (1857); 
Linderm. Vog. Griechml. p. 150 (1860) ; Boteys, Ibis, 1860, p. 346 
(Epirus); Sehl Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 19. fig. 5 (1861); Sartl 

J. f. O. 1861, p. 269 (Bissao); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 146 (1863) ; 
Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 31 iEgypt) j Wright, i.e. p. 143 (Malta); 
Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 308 (1867); Chapm. Trav. S.Afr. ii. p. 418 
(1868: Lake Ngami); Sehl $ Boll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 123 
(1868); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 325 (Palestine); Borgqr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutsehl. p. 122 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 181fe, p. 181 
(S. Spain) ; Godman, Azores, p. 34 (1870); Elwes $* Buckley, Ibis, 
1870, p. 334 (Danube); Finsch § Marti Tog. Ostafr. p. 687 
(1870); Gray, Sand-l. B. iii. p. 28, no. 10113 (1871); Marting, 
Mandb. Brit B. p. 148 (1872); Mextgl Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, 
p. 1067 (1873); Mwme, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 616 (1873); Dan/, 
fy Marvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 425 (Transylvania); Fallon, Ois. 
Belg. p. 161 (1875); Blanf. East. Bers. ii. p. 296 (1876: Ispahan, 
5000 feet, April); Beichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 13 (Loango Coast), 
p. 271 (crit.); Marti Vog. Madag. p. 298 (1877); Sharp* $ 
Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 80 (1878: Landana); Danf. 
Ibis, 1878, p. 34 (Asia Minor); Doig, Str. F. vii. p. 467 (1878 : 
E. Narra); Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 239, pi. 399 (1880); Milne-
Edwards 8r Grandid. Nat Mist Madag., Ois. ii. p. 549 (1882) ; 
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 108 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 
(Caucasus), p. 398 (Dobrudscha, breeding); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 
1884, p. 146 (Sclavonia, breeding); Seebohm, t c. p. 268 (Kiu
10. GARZETTA. 
119 

bang); Saunders, ed. YarreWs Brit B. iv. p. 182 (1884); Seebohm, 
Hist Brit. B. ii. p. 481 (1884); Tmtr. Faun. 8f Flor. Palest. 

p. 110 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 44 (Corsica); Swinhoe 8f 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 136 (Mhow); Beid, t. c. p. 250 (Marocco) ; 
Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 372 (Portugal) ; Guillem. Ibis, 1888, p. 113; 
Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 343 (Cyprus); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. 
p. 316 (1889); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 116 (Madagascar). 
Ardea nivea, S. G. Gmelin, Beise d. Bussl. i. p. 164 (1770); id. N. 
Comm. Imp. Petrop. xv. p. 458, Taf. (1771). 
The Little Egret, Lath. Gen. Sim. iii. pt. 1, p. 90 (1785) ; Yarrell, 
Brit. B. ii. p. 458 (1843). 
Snowy Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 92 (1785). 
Ardea xanthodactyla, Bajin. Caratt. p. 5 (1810). 
Herodias garzetta, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 559; Brehm, Yog. Deutschl 

p. 586 (1831); Gray, List Grallce Brit Mus. p. 78 (1844: Nepal); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 279 (1849: Calcutta); Tristr. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 77 (Algeria); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 245 (Oudh) ; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 417 (Formosa); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 746 
(1864); Boderl. Avif. Siail. p. 213 (1869); Gould, B. Gt Brit iv. 
pi. 23 (1870); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 365 (Hainan); Blanf. Geol §• 
Zool. Abyss, p. 435 (1870); Shelley, B. Egijpt, p. 268 (1872); 
Gumey in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 290 (1872); Iloldsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 477 (Ceylon); Ball, Str. F. i. p. 87 (1873); Hume, t e. 
p. 253 (Sinclh); Adam, t c. p. 399 (Sambhur); Hume, t c. p. 462 
(Acheen, Sumatra); id. Str. F. ii. p. 304 (1874: Andamana); 
Ball, t c. p. 434 (Oliota Nagpur); WaU. Ibis, 1874, p. 148 
(Andamans); Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 184 (1875); Hume, Str. 
F. iii. p. 190 (1875: Pegu); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 159 (1875); 
Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 22 (1876 : Deesa); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Deccan); 
Hume, Str. F. v. p. 46 (1877 : Cachar); Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 349 
(Transvaal); David 8? Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 440 (1877: Central 
and S. China); Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 476 (J 878) ; Tiraut, 
Bull. Agrie. et Industr. Cochin Chine, 1878, p. 150 (Cochin China); 
Davids, fy Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 91 (1878 : Deccan); Butler, t c. 
p. 189 (E. Narra, breeding); Ball, t. c. p. 230 (Ganges to 
Godavery); Cripps, t. c. p. 307 (Faridpur); Hume, t c. p. 490 
(Calcutta): id. Str. F. viii. p. 71 (Malacca), p. 114 (1879); Vidal, 
t. c. p. 173 (S. Konkan); Scully, t. c. p. 360 (Nepal Valley); Doig, 
t. c. p. 372 (E. Narra) ; Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 69 (1879); id. 
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 82 (1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1144 
(1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 88 (1880: S. Konkan); Ayres, Ibis, 
1880, p. 269 (Transvaal); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 443 (1881); 
Beid, Str. F. x. p. 75 (1881: Lucknow); Blakist Sf Pryer, B. Jap. 
p. 119 (1882); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 323 (1882 : W. Khandeish); 
Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 193 (Singapore); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. 
Burm. ii. p. 248 (1883); Hume, Str. F. x. p. 416 (1883: S.W. 
Mysore); Parker, Ibis, 1883, p. 194 (Ceylon); Blakist. Amended 
List B. Jap. p. 24 (1884: not in Yezo or Kuriles); Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 270 (1884); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 

p. 716 (1884); Sahad. Flenco Ucc. Ital. p. 243 (1886); Hume, 
Str. F. xi. p. 333 (1888: Manipur); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests fy 
Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 242 (1890); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 492 
(Lower Yangtse); De la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 488 (Foochow & 
Swatow); Hartert, t c. p. 512 (E. Prussia). 
Ardea 
orientalis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 20 (1831); id. fy Hardiv. 
Illustr. hid. Zool. i. pi. 65 (1831); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Fur. 
pp. lxxix, 219 (1840). 

J 20 AKDEIDJ2. 

Heiodidb jubata, Biehni, Vog. Deutschl. p. 58(5 (1831). 
Egretta garzetta, ti wains. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837); Bp. Camp. 
list B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 47 (1838) ; Macgill. Brit B. iv. 

p. 471 (1852); Brehn, Naum. 1855, p. 290 ; Heugl Syst. Uebers. 
p. 58 (1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 3(31 (1859); 
Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 351 (1865); Degl. ei Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. 
p. 295 (1867); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 42. % . 2 (1870) ; Salvad. 
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 421 (1871); Blakist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 224; Gig I. Avif. Ital. p. 279 (lb86); id. 1st Re>oc. p. 435 
(1889), 2nd Resoc. p. 650 (lb90), 3rd Besoc. p. 511 (1891). 
Egretta oiientalis, J?p. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 47 (1838); 
Heugl. tiyd. Uebers. p. 58 (1856). 
Erodius garzetta, Macgill. Mem. Brit. B. ii. p. 135 (lb42). 
Egretta nigrirostris (nee Gray), Hodgs\ Icoti. ineel in Brit. Mus., 

Grallce, pi. 63. not. 639, 641 ; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 86 
(1844). 
Herodias orientalis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 78 (1844: 

Nepal)• id. Cat. Mamm. $-c. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 134 (1846). 
Egretta lindermayeri, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 290. 
Egretta jubata, Brehn, Naum. 1855. p. 290. 
Garzetta egretta, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 118 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. 

xl. p. 722 (1855); Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 133 (1867); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 412 (Southern China; Hainan; Formosa); 
Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 112 (1884: Black Sea; Crimea; 
Caucasus; Aralo-Caspian distr.; Thian Shan). 
Garzetta orientalis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 119 (lboo); id. Co7npt. 

Rend. xl. p. 722 (1855). 
Ardea egretta, Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 210 (Lydenburg). 
Garzetta nivea, Tacz. Bull. iSoc. Zool. France, ii. p. 159 (1877: 

Poland). 
Garzetta garzetta, Radde, Orn. Caiw. pp. 42, 402 (18fe4). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Everywhere snowy white, with 
two elongated plumes depending from the nape, the dorsal plumes 
enormously elongated into a beautiful tuft of feathers, which reach 
a little beyond the tail and are recurved at the ends; on the fore-
neck some elongated narrow plumes : " bill black ; hare skin ahout 
the eye and base of bill, whitish fulvescent; tarsi and shanks 
black, feet greenish yellow, joints of toes spotted with black on the 
upper surface; iris pale ashy yellow, with an outer circle of 
brownish red" (T. Ay res). Total length about 20 inches, culmen 3*3, 
wing 10-5, tail 2-75, tarsus 3*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the ornamental plumes 
not quite so much developed. Total length 22'5 inches, culmen 3*45, 
wing 11*3, tail 3*9, tarsus 3-75, middle toe and claw 3*65. 

Adult in winter plumage. Differs from that of the summer 
plumage in the want of all the ornamental plumes. 

Young. Eesembles the winter plumage of the adult. 

Hah. Southern Europe, across to China and Japan, south to the 
Burmese countries and the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon; Philippine 
Islands ; Malay Peninsula; the whole o£ Africa. 

a. JEbtix. sk. CWica. J. Whitehead, Esq. 
[P.]. 
h. 6 ®strv. sk. Tunis, Feb. 18, 1857 (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. S ycfcttv. fat. Athens. Consul Merlin [P.]. 

10. GARZETTA. 
J2L 
d, e. $ sestiv.; 
/ . J sestiv.sk. 


(j. iEstiv. st. 
h. c? 33stiv. sk. 
i. Hiem. sk. 
k. Hiem. sk. 
L Hiem. sk. 
m. d sestiv. sk. 
n. J aestiv. sk. 
o. $ sestiv. ; 
p. Juv. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. iEstiv. sk. 
s, t. Ad. sk. 
u. iEstiv. sk. 
v, to. <5 J sestiv. 
sk. 

x. (S sestiv. sk. 
y. S 83stiv.sk. 
z, a'. $ 2 sestiv. 
sk. 
b'-d'. S aestiv. j 
e',f. $ sestiv. 
sk. 

g', iEstiv. sk. 
V, i'. ^Estiv. sk. 
k\ t. jEstiv. sk. 
m', ft', JEstiv. sk. 
o'. iEstiv. sk. 


y . J sestiv. sk. 
^'. iEstiv. sk. 
r', sr. <$ $ sestiv. 

sk. 
£', w'. iEstiv. sk. 
v'. iEstiv. sk. 
w'. S sestiv. sk. 


x'. iEstiv. sk. 
y'-b". iEstiv.sk. 
c". Juv. sk. 


d", e". Hiem. sk. 

f. Hiem. sk. 
g". 3 sestiv. sk. 
h", iEstiv. sk. 

i". iEstiv. sk. 
&". £ hiem. ; 
/". iEstiv. sk. 
m". $ sestiv.sk. 


Egypt, April, May (G. .#. &). 

Senegarnbia. 

Angolala, Shoa, May (/SVr W. 
Harris), 
Dakar, Senegal (L. Laglaize). 
Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 
Benguela. 
Transvaal. 

Potchefstroom, Transvaal (T. 
Ay res). 

Potchefstroom, Jan., Aug. (7*. 

Ay res). 
Makalaka Country (Bradshaw). 
Durban (T, Ay res). 
Cape Colony. 
West of Antananarivo, Mada


gascar, July. 
Mesopotamia (Commander 

Cumba, Upper Sindh, Jan. 7 

(A. O. H) 
Sambhur, Nov. (R. M.Adam).
Delhi, June, Sept. (C. T.
Bingham). 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Aug.,
Nov. (W.N. Chill). 

Umbala (C. H. T. Marshall). 
Etawah. 
Oudh. 
Oudh. 
Nepal. 
Khandeish, April 20 (J. David


son). 

Kamptee. 
Seoni. 

Deccan (Sykes). 
Deccan (Burgess). 

N.E. 
coast of Ceylon (W. V. 
Legge). 
Ceylon. 
Nepal. 
Tippook, Assam, March 24 


(J. Cockbum). 
Assam (McClelland). 
Dilkoosha, Cachar (J. Inglis). 
Boori Bazar, Manipur, 
March 12 (A. 0. H). 
Logtak Lake, Manipur, 

March 15 (A. 0. H). 
Bhamo, "Upper Burma, Feb. 
Pegu, Jan. 27 (E. W. 0.). 

Pegu, May 26 (K W. 0.). 

Shelley Coll. 

Governor Kendall 

[C]. 
India Museum. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

Livingstone Exped. 

Monteiro Coll. 

A. Foresman, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Gurney Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Sir A. Smith. 

Gould Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Pinwill Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Dr.R.B.Hinde[P.]. 
Plume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Gould Coll. 
Dr. E. B. Sharps 

[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
Oates Coll, 

Hume Coll. 

122 AEDEIDJE. 

?i". J hiem. sk. 

o". <J re&tiv. sk. 
p",q"' <$ sestiv. 

sk. 
r". J oestiv. sk. 
5". § hiem. sk. 

t". /Estiv. sk. 
u". Hiem. sk. 
v". ^Estiv. sk. 
w". JEstiv. sk. 
x'\ y". zEstiv. 

sk. 
z", Hiem. &k. 
a3. $ ae&tiv. sk. 
b3. Ad. asstiv. sk. 
c3. Ad. hiern. sk. 
d3. Ad. hiem, sk. 
e3. Hiem. sk. 
/3-Z3. JEstiv. et 

hiem. sk. 
m3. jEstiv. sk. 
w3-^3. Hiem. sk. 
r3, s3. $ $ hiem. 

sk. 

f. Hiem. sk. 
u3. Hiem. sk. 
v3. Hiem. sk. 
to3. iEstiv. sk. 
.r3. Hiem. sk. 
y3. Hiem. sk. 

z3. $ hiem. sk. 

«4, ¥. JEstiv.; c4, 
c?1. Hiem. sk. 
el. tf hiem. sk. 

/4 . Sternum. 
y4. Sternum. 

Sal ween River, Tenasserim, 

Dec. 20 (W.Zimborg). 
Pahpoon, Dec. 29 (JF. Davison). 
Thatone, Sept., Dec. (W. 

Davison). 
Tavoy, Nov. 29 ( W. Davison). 
Amheivt, Dec. 15 ( W. Davi


son). 

Siam. 
Saigon, Cochin China. 
Hainan, Feb. (R. Swinhoe). 
Japan. 
Fokien, China. 


Ningpo, Nov. 1 (R. Sivinhoe). 
Shanghai. 
Foochow (R. Swinhoe). 
Hankow (R. Swinhoe), 

S.W. Formosa. 
Yezo, Japan. 
Yokohama (H. Fryer). 
Malacca, July. 
Malacca {Dr. Mamy ay). 
Phoenix Bay, Andamans, Dec. 

20 (W. Daiison). 
Port Blair (R. J. Wimberley). 

S. Andamans, Dec. 17 (R. G. 
W. R.). 
Trinkut, Nicohars, Jan. 29. 
Acheen, Sumatra. 
Labnan. 
Manila, Luzon (Maitland 


Heriot). 

Sibulan, Negros, March 7 

(R Z. Moseley). 

Monte Alban, Luzon, March 

(A. IT. Everett). 
Talibon, N. Bohol, Oct. {A. H. 
Rverett). 

Algeria. 
Algeria. 

2. Garzetta nigripes. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

H. Veitch, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Steere Expedition. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

M. Lefebvre. 
M. Parzudaki. 
Ardea nigripes, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 376 (1840: Tnd. Arch.). 
Herodias immaculata, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 58 (1848) ,• Reiehenb. 
Vog. NeuholL sp. 326 (1851); id. ITandb., Grail. Taf. clxi. 
figs. 2405-6 (1851); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 371; Ramsay, Proc. Zinn. 
Soo. N. S. W. i. p. 395 (1876: Port Moresby); Salvad. Ann. Mm, 
Genov. xviii. p. 334 (1881); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 356 
(1882: Ramoi); Meyer u. Wiglesw. Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894-95, 
no. 4, p. 3 (1894: Kema). 

Ardea immaculata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 555 (1847); id. P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 197; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, p. 62 (1859); Eartl. § 
Finsch, Vog. Ostafr. p. C89 (1870). 

10 . GAKZETTA. 123 
Herodias garzetta, pi, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 239 
(1849) ^ Ba??isay, Proc. Linn. Soc. JV. S. W. iv. p. 102 (1879: 

3.E. New Guinea, Louisiades, Duke of York and Solomon 
IsL). 
Garzetta imniaculata, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 119 (1856); id. C. B. xL. 

p. 722 (1855); Bosenb. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 136. 
Garzetta nignpes, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 119 (1855). 
Egretta melanopus, Bp. C. B. xl. p. 722 (1855). 
Ardea garzetta, pt, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardea, p. 12 (1863) ; id. 
A7. T. D. iii. p. 348 (1866: Am IsL); Bosenb. Malay. Arch. 

p. 373 (Aru), p. 376 (Salawati), p. 563 (N. Guinea; Soek; 
Jappen). 
Herodias melanopus {nee Wagl), Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 304 
(1865); Bamsay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i. p. 191 (1876), 

ii. p. 619 (1877). 
Herodias immaculatus, Bosenb. Beis naar Zuidoostereil. p. 53 (1867 : 
Aru). 
Herodias nigripes, pt., Salmd. Ann. Mus. Genov. x. p. 165 (1877); 
J)1 Albert. Kuova Guinea, p. 582 (1880). 
Ardea nivea, pt., Beichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 271. 
Ardea melanopus, Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 243, note (1880). 


AdvlU Similar to G. garzetta, and having the two elongated 

nuchal plumes depending from the nape, and similar ornamental 

plumes on the hack and "breast, the latter elongated and narrow as 

in G. garzetta, the dorsal plumes slightly recurved as in the allied 

species, but distinguished by the totally black feet and toes ; the 

bill black, with the base dull yellowish grey (in life). Total length 

about 22 inches, culmen 3*4, wing 10*7, tail 3-5, tarsus 3*7, middle 

toe and claw 2*7. 

Winter plumage pure white, as in summer, but without the 
ornamental plumes, the yellow on the lower mandible much more 
pronounced and the base of the culmen also yellow. 

Hah. Prom Java, throughout the Moluccas to Australia. 

a. JBstiv. sk. Java. Seebohm Coll. 
h, c. iEstiv. sk. Java (Diard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. iEstiv. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
e. JEstiv. sk. Sula Islands. Wallace Coll. 
f. Hiem. sk. Togian Islands (A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 
g. <$ aestiv. sk. East Timor. Wallace Coll. 
k MstiY. sk. Victoria River, North Australia, J. R. Elsey. Esq. 
May 26. [P.]. 
*. Hiem. sk. Derby, N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Bowyer Bower). CP-]h, 
I, m. JBs&v.; Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

n. Hiem. sk. 
o. iEstiv. sk. Moreton Bay. Gould ColL 
p. JEstiv. sk. Interior of N. South Wales. G-ould Coll. 
q. Hiem. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
r. Ad. hiem. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.], 
124 
ARDEIDJS. 

11. LEUCOPHOYX. _ 
Type. 
Leucophoyx, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. in. p. xxxix 
(1894) L. candidissima. 
Mange. North and South America. 

1. Leucophoyx candidissima. 
Ardea 
nivea {nee S. G. Gmelin), Jacq. Beitr. p. 18 (1784); Lath. 
Inch Orn. ii. p. 696 (L790, pt.); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guia?i. iii. 

p. 753 (1848); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p 417 (1856). 
Little White Pleron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 93 (1785). 
Little Egret, Lath. t. c. p. 90 (1785J. 
? Thula, Molina, Saggio St. ChiL p. 205 (1786). 
Ardea candidissima, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 633 (1788); Wilson, Amer. 
Om. vii. p. 120, pi. Q2. fig. 4 (1813); Wagl Syst. An., Ardea, 

p. 178, sp. 11 (1827) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 242; Nemcied, Beitr. 
Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 612 (1833) ; Nutt. Man. ii. p. 49 (1834) ; 
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 317 (1835), v. p. 606 (1839); D'Orb. in 
Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 196 (1839); Audub. 
B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 163, pi. 374 (1839) ; Tschudi § Cab. Faun, 
Peruan. pp. 50, 297 (1845-46); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. ooo (1847) ; 
Hartl. Lid. Azara, p. 22 (1847) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 
vii. p. 120 (1859); SeM. Mm. Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 15 (1SU3); 
Leot Ois. Trinkl p. 408 (1866) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 
xi. p. 97 (1867 : San Domingo); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 26, 
no. 10114 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 300, 455 (1871: Sapitiba; 
Marambaya; Ypanema; Caicara; Rio Branco) ; Coues, Key 
X. Amer. B. p. 267 (1872); Scl §' Salr. Nomencl. Av. Neofr. 
p. 125 (1873); Cozies, B. N.-West, p. 125 (1874); Reid, Zool 1877, 
p. 479 (Bera uda) ; Reichen. J.f.O. 1«77, p. 273; Tacz. P. Z. S. 
J 877, p. 745 ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 189 (Buenos Ayres) ; Gibson, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 415 (Cape San Antonio) ; Scl. P. Z. S. Ib79, p. 765 
(Montserrat); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 158 (San Antonio, breeding); 
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 167 (1880); A. fy E. Newt. Handb. Ja?naicaf 
p. Ill (1881); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 355 (Parahyha Purer); 
Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 438 (Angostuia); Cory, B. Haiti, p. 153 
(1884); Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (S. Domingo) ; Barrows, Auk, L 
p. 271 (Uruguay, breeding); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 136 
(1886); Tacz. Orn. Perov, iii. p. 393 (1886: Tumbez); Ferrari-
Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 169 (1886: Tlaxeala); Wells, 
t. c. p. 626 (Grenada) ; Fverm. Auk, iii. p. 91 (1886: Yentura Co.) ; 
Scott, t. c. p. 385 (.Arizona) ; Dutcher, t. c. p. 435 (Long IsJ.); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 169 (Bartica Grove); Ridqw. Man. p. 130 
(1887); Scott, Auk, iv. p. 136 (1887: S. Florida); Lloyd, t. c. 
p. 185 (W. Texas); Scott, t. c. pp. 215, 219; Cory, t. c. p. 324 
(Bahamas); Chapm. Auk, v. p. 269 (1888: Texas); Scl. $ Hudson, 
Argent Orn. ii. p. 99 (1888); Scott9 Auk, vi. p. 18 (1889: Gulf 
Coast of Florida); Cory, B. W. hid. p. 245 (1889); Jeffries, Auk, 
vi. p. 223 (1889: Santa Barbara); Pindar, t. c. p. 312 (Kentucky) 
; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 (Cozumel) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, 
p. 167 (1890); Holland, Ibis,. 1891, v. 16; Brewster $ Chapm. 
Auk, viii. p. 157 (1891: Suwanee River); Cory, t. c. p. 351 
(Inagua); id. Cat B. W. Ind. p. 89 (1892 : Bahamas ; Greater 
Antilles ; Lesser Antilles ; Antigua); Graham Xerr, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 144 (Parana); Holland, t. c. p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla). 
] 1 . LETTCOPHOYX. 

125 

Garza chica blanca con manto, Azara, Ajpunt. iii, p. 153 (1802). 
Ardea carolinensis, Ord, ed. Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 125 (1825). 
Ardealactea, Cuv. Mus. Paris, Less. Traite,^. 575(1831: Cayenne). 
Egretta candidissima, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 336 (1847); March, 

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 63. 

Garzetta candidissima, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 119 (1855); Baird, Cass., fy 
Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 665 (1858J; Scl P Z. S. 1861, p. 81 
(Jamaica); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (Ucayali), 1873, 

p. 305 (Santa Cruz); Gundl. An. Soc. Bsp. H. N. vii. p. 357 
(1878: Porto Eico) ; Bennett, Bull. U.S. Geo!. Surv. iv. p. 59 
(1878: Brownsville): Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 164 (1878 : 
S. Texas); Lawr. t. c. p. 66 (Dominica), p. 196 (St. Vincent), 
p. 236 (Antigui), p. 274 (Grenada), p. 487; Beldmg, t. c. p. 422 
(Stockton) ; Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 197 (1880); Cones, 
Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 106 (1882); Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat 
Mus. vi. pp. 379, 396 (1883: Nicaragua); Beldmg, t. c. p. 548 
(S. Jose", Cal.); Cones, Check-l N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 660 (1884); 
Baird, Breioer, 8f Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 128 (1884); 
Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. uii. p. 581 (1885: Cozumel). 
? Garzetta thulse, Bp. Consp, ii. p. 120 (1855). 
Herodias candidissima, Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 236; Brewer, Proc. 
Bost Soc. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Entirely white above and below, 
with, a train of long ornamental dorsal plumes distinctly recurved; 
on the nape a very distinct tuft of long ornamental plumes, as well 
as on the fore-neck: " bill black, the basal portion of the lower 
mandible (sometimes one half) yellow or light-coloured; tibia 
and tarsi black, the lower posterior portion of the latter, with the 
toes, yellow; claws blackish; lores, iris, and eyelids yellow" 

(R. Ridgway). Total length 20*5 inches, culmen 3*25, wing 9*8, 
tail 3-4, tarsus 3*7. 
Adult female in summer plumage. Similar to the male in every 
respect, but the ornamental plumes not quite so developed. Total 
length 20 inches, culmen 3*05, wing 9*4, tail 3*8, tarsus 3*25. 

Adult in winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but 
without the ornamental plumes, and with a distinct patch of yellow 
at the base of the bill. 

Young, Similar to the adults, slightly crested, but without any 
of the ornamental plumes of the adult. 

Hah. Temperate and Tropical America, from the northern United 
States throughout Central and South America to Argentina and 
Chili. 

a. 5 gestiv. sk. Cedar Keys, Florida, Nov. 14 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. H. Merriam: Hensh.Coll). 
b. <$ sestiv. sk, Ocklawaha River, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April 20 (C. H Merriam : 
Mensh. Coll,). 
c-k. $ ad. * l-v. Tarpon Springs, April to Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Juv.; w-a'. 2 {W.E. D. Scott). 
ad sk. 


V, c'. d1 ; d', e\ Brownsville, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/'. 2 ad. sk. (P. B. Armstrong). 

g. 
<$ ad.; h', i'. Tarnpico, Mexico, June (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5 ad. sk. Richardson). 
126 ARDETDJ3 

h\ cJliieni.sk. llmimsco}Aug.(2<hTari--l>erez). Salvin-Godman Ooll, 
/'. Ad. hiem. sk. 
M'JH', J $ hiem. Mazatlan, Dec, Jan.(-4. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 


sk. 
o\ Ad. sk. Presidio, April (A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p'. Ad. sk. Cozurael Maud (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
</. Juv. sk. Merida, Yucatan, May 15 (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gaumer). 
r'. /Estiv. sk. Belize, British Honduras (JFT. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Blancaneaux). 
*'. Iliem. sk. Dueilas, Guatemala (0. Salvin), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t', /Estiv. sk. Coban, Guatemala (0. Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v!. Iliem. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. (0, Salvin-Godman Ooll. 

Salvin). 
v'. (S asstiv. sk. Lion Hill, Panama (J. McLean-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
nan), 
w,' x'. iEstiv. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(llling worth), 

y. Ad.hiem.sk. Haiti. Baron Maltzam [C.]. 
z\ Hiem.sk. Montserrat, West Indies(/Sf wye). Salvin-Godman "Coll. 
a". $ juv. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 29 (JET. Whitehj). 
b". Hiem. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Sehomburgk 
[0.]. 
c". -ZEstiv. sk. Cayenne. H. H. Rothery, Esq. 
[P.]. 
d", e". Ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Prov. Rio de Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Janeiro (J. Youds). 

/",</". ^Estiv.sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wue.herer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h". $ hiem. sk. Pausuco, June 20 (J. Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i". jEstiv. sk. Lajan Bridge, Oampana RailW. 
Durnford, Esq. 

way, Buenos Ayres, Dec. 24. [C.]. 
k", I". Ad. hiem. Central Chili. Berkeley James Ooll. 
sk. 
m". $ ssstiv. sk. Sitani, Tarapaca, Jan. 19 (A. B. Berkeley James Coll. 
Lane), 
n". S hiem. sk. Sacaya, Tarapaca, April 6 (A.B. Berkeley James Coll. 

Lane). 
o". Skeleton. Chili. Purchased. 
P"i <?"> **"• Skele- S. America, Purchased. 

tons. 

12. HYDRANASSA. 
Type-

Hydranassa, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 660 (1858) H. tricolor. 

Range. Temperate Eastern North America, to the West Indies, 
and throughout Central America to Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil. 

1. Hydranassa tricolor. 
Ifeon bleuatre a ventre blanc, de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL Enl viii. 
pi. 350. 

Ardea tricolor, P. L. S. Mull S. N., Anhang, p. Il l (1776); Cass. 
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 245; Gray, Band-l, B. iii. p. 29, 
no. 10130 (1871: Cayenne); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 169 (British 
Guiana); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307 (Araba). 

La Demi-Aigrette, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 378 (1780: Cayenne). 

12 . HYDRANASSA. 
127 

Ardea leucogaster, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl p. 21 (1783); Gm. Si/st Nat 

i. p. 628 (1788: Cayenne) ; Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 179, sp. 14 
pt (1827;; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Gilian. iii. p. 753 (1848); Sckl. 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeee, p. 9 (1863 : S. America); Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 301, 455 (1871; Cajutuba); Scl. 8r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 125 (1873); Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 269. 
Demi-Egret, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 88 (1785: Cayenne). 
Egretta leucogastra, Lickt. Nomenel. Av. MILS. BeroL p. 89 (1854: 
S.America). 
Herodias leucogaster, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 124 (1855). 
Hydranassa leucogastra, Seine fy Reiahen. Nomencl. Mus. Sein. 

p. 307 (1890: Guiana). 
? Hydranassa ludoviciana (pt.), Seine fy Reichen. t. c. p. 307 (Venezuela). 


Adult. Said by Mr. Bidgway to be similar to S. ruficollis 
(described in fall below), but very much smaller, decidedly darker, 
the neck being in some specimens plumbeous black, in others dark 
plumbeous, and the ferruginous colour of throat very deep. 

Hah. Guiana and Brazil, and probably extending to Venezuela. 

I have not seen a specimen of what Mr. Riclgway considers to be 
the true B. tricolor, and derive my characters from his observations 
in the % Water-Birds of North America.' 

2. Hydranassa ruficollis. 
Ardea ludoviciana {nee Gm.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. viii. p. 13, pi. briv. 
%. 1 (1814); Vieill. N. Bid. dSist Nat. xiv. p. 430 (1817: N. 
America); Audub. B. Amer. pi. cexvii. (c. 1826); id. Orn. Biogr. 

iii. p. 136 (1835), v. p. 605 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 156, 
pL 373 (1843); Scl. 8r Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873: 
Mexico; Guatemala; Antilles); Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 269; 
Mayn. B. East N. Amer. p. 413 (1879); A. § E. Newt Sandb. 
Jamaica,^. Il l (1881); Salvin,Ibis, 1889,p. 376 (Cozumel Island); 
W. Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 70 (incubation). 
Louisiana Heron, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 51 (1834). 
Egretta ludoviciana (nee Gm.), Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. 
p. 47 (1838). 
Ardea leucogaster (nee Gin.), IfOrbign. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. 
Nat. Cuba, iii. Ois. p. 144 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 
(1847). 

Herodias leucogaster (nee Gm.), Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 79 
(1844: N.America). 
Egretta ruficollis, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 338, pi. 93 (1847 : young); 
Albrecht, J. f. 0.1862, p. 205 (Jamaica). 
Egretta leucoprymna, Licht Nomencl. Av. Mus. BeroL p. 89 (1854: 
Mexico). 
Herodias ludoviciana (nee Gm.), Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 124 (1855); 
Brewer, Proc. Bost Soc. N E. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba). 

Demiegretta ludoviciana [nee Gm.), Baird, B. N. Aimr. p. 663 (1858); 
Scl P. Z. S. I860, p. 253 (Mexico); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1864, p. 63 (Jamaica); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 36 (San Antonio, 
Texas); Salvin, t. c. p. 196 (Guatemala); Allen, Bull. Sarv. Coll. 

ii. p. 358 (1871: Florida). 
Herodias ruficollis, Gundl. J.f.O. 1862, p. 83 (Cuba). 
Demiegretta ruficollis, Gundl. Repert. Eisico-Nat. Cuba} L p. 348 
128 
ARDEID.E. 

(1866); id. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 303 (Cuba) ; id. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist 

Nat. vii. p. 356 (1878 : Porto Bico)^ 
Ardea leucoprynma, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 29, no. 10129 (1871). 
Ardea leucogastra, var. leucoprynma, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 568 

(1872) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 168 (1880), 2nd ed;p. 168 (1890). 
Deiniegretta leucoprynma, Laior. Mem. Bod. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 310 
(1874: Mazatlan; Manzanilla Bay)^ 
Demiegretta leucogastra, var. leucoprimna, Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. iv. p. 48 (1870 : Tehuantepec City). 

Hydranassa tricolor (nee P. L. S. Mull.), Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. 
"Suru. iv. p. 60 (1878: Brownsville, Texa&: breeding); Cones, 
Chech-l N. Amer. B. p. 106 (18S2); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 660 (1884). 
Ardea cyanirostris, Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 108 (1880); Allen, Bull. 
Nutt Orn. Club, vii. p. 21 (1881) ; Cory, List B. West hid. p. '28 
(1885); id. B. Bahamas, 2nd ed. p. 168, pi. 5 (1890). 

Hydranassa tricolor ludoviciana, Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. v. 
pp. 544, 548 (1882 : Lower California); Nutting, op. cit vii. p. 379 
(1884: Nicaragua); Ridgw. op. cit. viii. p. 355 (1885). 

Ardea 
tricolor ruiicollis, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. p. 355 
(1885), ix. p. 169 (1886) : Cory, Auk, iii. p. 502 (1886: Grand 
Cayman) ; A. O. U. CheckA. N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1886); Ridgw. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 131 (1887); Cory, Auk, iv. p. 183 (1887 : 
Old Providence), p. 327 (Bahamas); Beehh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. 

x. p. 636 (1887: Bexar Co., Texas), p. 649 (Matamoras: iSan 
Antonio J ; Chapm. Auk, v. p. 269 (1888: Gainsville, Florida) ; 
Scott, Auk, vi. p. 18 (1889; Gulf Coast of Florida); Cory, B. West 
Ind. p. 248 (1889); Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 77 (1891: Andros Isl.); 
Brewst. $* Chapm. t. c. p. 137 (Suwanee Biver); Cory, t. c. p. 2i)o 
(Berry Isl., Bahamas), p. 297 (Caicos Isl.) ; Ridgw. t. c. p. 337 
(Watling's Isl.); Cory, Cat. B. West Ind. p. 89 (1892); Scott, 
Auk, ix. p. 10 (1892: Jamaica) ; Cory, t c. p. 48 plarasruana 
Isl.); Scott, t. c. p. 211 (Florida); Allen, Auk, x. p. 132 (1893) ; 
Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 527 (1893: Escondido 
Biver, Nicaragua;. 
Ardea tricolor {nee P. L. S. Miill.), Cory, List B. West Ind. p. 28 
(1885); id. Auk, iv. pp. 327, 328 (1887: Bahamas & Greater 
Antilles). 

Hydranassa ludoviciana, Heine 4* Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Rem. 

p. 307(1890: Texas; Central America). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above slaty grey, 
with a gloss of purplish, lilac on the feathers, the whole of the upper 
surface having somewhat of a hoary appearance, the long ornamental 
scapular plumes of a brown or whity-brown colour; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the latter slaty grey at the 
ends; wings and tail entirely slaty grey, the latter with white 
shafts near the base; head and neck dark slate-colour, the lanceolate 
feathers on the sides of the neck glossed with purplish lilac ; a nuchal 
crest of purplish-lilac plumes, with the long central ones white; 
lores and feathers on the sides of the face blackish; chin and upper 
throat white, the lower throat rusty rufous, with a line of rufous 
and white plumes forming a streak down the centre of the throat, 
the overhanging feathers on the sides of the chest being partly white 
and some of them half grey and half white; the remainder of the 
under .surface pure white, including the under wing-coverts and 

12 . HYDRANASSA. 
axillaries, the under 
tail-coverts white, with slaty-grey tips: " bill 

black for the terminal third or more, the rest sky-blue, shading into 

lilac at the base, the latter colour extending to the eye; feet slate


colour; iris red" (C. B. Cory). Total length about 24 inches, 

culmen 3*8, wing 10*2, tail 3, tarsus 3*9, middle toe and claw 3*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length about 

24 inches, culmen 3*8, wing 9-8, tail 3, tarsus 3'4, middle toe and 

claw 2-9. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being darker slate-colour above 

all the feathers washed with maroon or chestnut; lower back, rump, 

upper tail-coverts, and base of tail white; the crown of the head 

(which has the remains of sandy-buff down) slaty brown, as also the 

sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck; cheeks and throat white, 

washed with maroon on the lower part and varied with small dusky 

streaks, the lateral patch on the sides of the chest blackish, with 

broad white edgings to the feathers, the longer feathers externally 

marked with blackish, as also some of the breast-plumes. 

The full-grown young birds preserve the characters mentioned 

above, but the rufous colour gradually disappears and the central 

line of the lower throat and fore-neck becomes strongly marked, the 

feathers being maroon with white bases. 

The winter plumage of the adults only differs from the summer 
plumage in the want of the ornamental plumes ; the scapulars grey 
and only slightly elongated; the nuchal crest is also absent, and 
the beautiful purple on the neck is not developed to any extent: 
" bill brownish black on the greater part of the upper mandible, 
and on the sides of the lower mandible towards the point, the rest 
yellow, as is the bare space before and around the eye; feet light 
yellowish green, the anterior scutellse dusky, as are the claws; iris 
bright red " (J. J. Audubon). 

Hab. Prom Few Jersey and Indiana, south through temperate 
Eastern North America to Central America and the West Indies; 
Cape S. Lucas (Bidgivay). 

a. Juv. st. North America. Purchased. 
b. (S ad. sk. Hilton Wood, South Carolina Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Br. W. Prentiss: Hensh. 
Coll). 
c. 5 ad. sk. Oklawaha River, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April 20 (C. H. Merriam : 
Hensh. Coll.). 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Cedar Keys, Nov. 8 (H. W. Salvin-Godmau Coll. 
Henshaw). 
e. <$ ad. sk. Arsenica Key, Florida, April 26 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
( W. Brewster: Hensh. Coll.). 
f. 
Juv. sk. Tampa, Florida, June 28 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Henshaw Coll.). 
a-h. <$ ad.: I 2 Tarpon Springs, Florida, Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad.sk. May, July, Aug. (W. JE. D. 
Scott). 
m-e\ <5 iuv. sk. Tarpon Springs, June, August Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. E. B. Scott). 
VOL. XXVI. 
K 

f'-z\ V iuv.flk. Tarpon Spring, June, Julv, Salvin-(Joclman Coll. 
Auff., Oct. (tr. K 1). 8a>H). 

«". c? ad.; &"V. Punta ftaswn, Florida, Mav Salvin-Godman Coll. 
? ml. ak. (Jf/".7i?. />. *W/). 
/" . Juv.sk. San Antonio, Texan (//. J£ Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dresser), 
g". <$ ad. ak. Corpus Christi Pass, May 21 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(i*1. />'. Armstrong). 
h"-n". (S ad. ak. Aransas Bay (2<T.ii. Armstrong). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o"ip". d,q". 2 Presidio, Mexico, Jan., May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ad. sk. (A. Forrer). 
r"-u". $ ad. sk. Tampico, June 1 (Jr. Z>\ Salvin-Godman Coll. 

v", ?£'". Ad. sk. Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(M. Tmjillo). 
x". Juv. sk. South Mexico {Salle). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y"-e\ Ad.; / 3 , Cozumel Island, Yucatan (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
#3, A\ Juv. sk. JF. Gaumer). 
r\ Juv. sk. Turneff, Belize, British Hon- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
duras, May (O. &). 
&3. Ad. sk. San Jose* de Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(0. 8.). 
/3. Ad. sk. Huamuchal, Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(0. 8.). 
m3. 6* juv. sk. Lion Hill, Panama (J*, ilfc- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Leannan). 
w3, o3. 6% pz. 5 Momotombo, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. May 21 (TV. B. Richardson). 
qz. Juv. st. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 
(Type of A., ruficollis.) 
r3. d ad. sk. Grenada, W. I., April 17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(D. W. Smith). 
13. 
EYCTANASSA. 
Type. 
Nyctlierodius, Reichenb. Av. Nat. Syst. p. xvi (1852, nee 
MacgilL) N. violacea. 
Nyctanassa, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 295, note 
(1887) N. violacea. 

Range. Warm temperate Eastern North America, Central America, 
West Indies, Northern South America to Brazil. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Crown of head white or ochreous brown; sides of 
head and throat black, with a white band along 
the ear-coverts violacea, p. 130. 
b. Crown black like the sides of the head, with a rufous 
band across the ear-coverts paupei*, p. 134. 
1. Nyctanassa violacea. 
The Crested Bittern, Cateshy, Nat. Hist Carol, i. pi. 79 (1731), 
Le Crabier de Bahama, Briss. Orn. v. p. 481 (1760). 

18. NYCTANASSA, 
Ardea violacea, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 238 (1766); Gin. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 631 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. viii. p. 26, pi. lxv. iig. 1 (1814); 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. cccxxxvi. (c. 1826); id. Orn. Bioqr. iv. p. 290 
(1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 89, pi. 304 (1843) I Barm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 407 (1856): Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 61 (1863 : 
New Jersey; Mexico; S.America; Cayenne; Surinam); Smidev. 
Ofv. K Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1869. p. 589 (St. Bartholomew), 
p. 603 (Porto Rico). 
Biboreau de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl viii. pi. 899; Buff. Rid. 
Nat. Ois. vii. p. 439 (1780). 
Le Orabier gris-de-fer, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 339 (1780). 
Cayenne Night Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 56 (1785). 
Yellow-crowned Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 80 (1785). 
Ardea jarnaicensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 625 (1788). 
Ardea cayennensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 026 (1788). 
Ardea sexsetacea, Vieill. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1130 (1823). 
Nycticorax violaceus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 979 ; LfOrbign. in Ramon 

de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 213 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 558 (1847); Lenny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 (Jamaica); Cab. in 
Schomb. Peis. Guian. iii. p. 754 (1848); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. 
N. H. vii. p. 120 (1859: Bahamas); Brexoer, t. c. p. 308 (Cuba) ; 
Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 70, 81 (Jamaica); Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 357 
(Guatemala); JE. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 (Trinidad); Salvin, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 191 ; Leotaud, Ois. Trinid. p. 433 (1866); Baird, Ibis, 
1867, p. 285 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, p; 273 (Santa Lucia); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 303, 456 (1871: Sapitiba; Paranagua; Cajutuba); 
Semper, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 652 (Santa Lucia); Peh. Ibis, 1873, 
p. 121 (Cayenne); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 126 (1873); 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 746 (W. Peru); A. fy B. Newton, Handb. 
Jamaica, p. Il l (1881); Tacz. # Berlepsch, P. Z. S. ]885, pp. 119, 
124 (Babahoyo); Cory, Auk, iii, p. 502 (1886 : Grand Cayman) ; 
Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 170 (1886: Tlixcala; 
Vera Cruz); Grant Wells, t. e.p. 027 (Grenada, breeding) ; A. O. U. 
CheckA. N. Amer. B. p. 138 (1886) ; Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 405 
(1886); Scott, Auk, iv. pp. 136, 281 (1887: Gulf Coast, Florida); 
Pidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 133 (1887); Cory, Auk, v. p. 48 
(1888: West Indies); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 (Cozumel Is.); 
Cory,B. West Ind. p. 249 (1889) ; Scott, Auk, v. p. 18 (1889; 
Tarpon Springs, breeding) ; Shufeldt, Jour. Comp. Med. fy 
Surg. July & Oct. 1889; Scott, Auk, vii. p. 308 (1890: Dry 
Tortugas, breeding); Cherrie, t. c. p. 337 (Costa Rica, Aug. to Oct.); 
Toionsend, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. xiii. p. 135 (1890: Socorro Is.) ; 
Cory, Auk, viii. p. 47 (1891 : St. Croix), p. 48 (St. Kitts); Northrop, 

t. c. p. 78 (Andros Is.); Brewst. fy Chapm. t. c. p. 137 (Suwanee 
River); Gundl t. c. p. 190 (Cuba); Cory, t. c. p. 295 (Berry Is.) ; 
Pidgw. t. c. p. 339 (Concepcion Is., Bahamas); Cory, t. c. p. 351 
(Inagua); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 10 (1892: Jamaica); Cory, t. c. p. 48 
(Maraquana); Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Oaloosahatchie Region); Attivater, 
t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texas) ; Cherrie, t. c. p. 329 (San Jose, 
Costa Rica); Hatch, B. Minnesota, p. 96 (1892); Allen, Auk, 
x. p. 132 (1893); Brimley, t.c. p. 243 (N. Carolina); Butcher, t.c. 
p. 266 (Long Is., April). 
Ardea callocephala, Wagl. Syst. Ax., Ardea, p. 189, sp. 34 (1827). 
Nyctiardea violacea, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 33, no. 10179 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 

p. 269 (1872); Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 275 (1878 : Grenada), 
p. 
460 (Guadaloupe); id. op. cit iii. p. 257 (1880: Dominica) ; 
ic2 
132 ABDEIDJS. 

Allen, Bull. Nutt. Oni. Club, v. p. 169 (1880: Santa Lucia); Cory, 

B. Bahamas, p. 173 (1880) ; id. ListB. West Indies, p. 28 (1885); 
id. Auk, iv. p. 96 (1887: Martinique) j Sol P. Z. S. 1889, p. 326 
(Dominica), p. 395 (Santa Lucia). 
Nyctherodius violaceus, Beickenh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852); Bp. 
Co?isp. Av. ii. p. 142 (1855) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 679 (1858) ; 
Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 63 (Omoa); A. $ B. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 

p. 262 (St. Croix); Cass. Froc. Phil. Acad. 1860, p. 379 (St. 
Thomas) ; March, op. cit. 1864, p. 65 (Jamaica); Dresser, Ibis, 
1866, p. 32 (S. Texas); Gundl. Bepert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 351 
(1866); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 98 (1867: Sombrero); 
Gundl. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 311 (Cuba); id. Anal. Soc.Bsp. Hist. Sat. 
vii. p. 363 (1878: Porto Rico) ; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. 
p. 165 (1878: Fort Brown, Texas, breeding); Bidgio. Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iii.p. 179 (1880) ; id. Bull. Nutt Orn, Club, vii. pp. 18, 
22 (1882 : Indiana, breeding): Belding, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 
p. 544 (1882 : Lower Cal.), p. 548 (San Jose); Bailey, Bull. NuU. 
Orn. Club, viii. p. 42 (1883: Georgia, breeding); Nutting, Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. vi. p. 379 (1883 : Nicaragua) ; Baird, Breicer, $ Bidgio. 
Water-Birds N. Amer.i. p. 61 (1884); Zeledon, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
viii. p. 113 (1885 : Costa Rica); Drexo, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885 : Colorado) 
; Wells, List B. Grenada, p. 9 (1886) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, 
p. 170 (British Guiana). 
Nycterodius violaceus, J. PC. Blasius, Ibis, 1861, p. 294; Coues, Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 107 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 663 (1884). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above slaty blue, 
all the feathers of the upper surface longitudinally centred with 
black, including the elongated scapular plumes, some of the dorsal 
feathers inclining to hoary grey on the margins; lower back and 
rump uniform slaty blue ; upper tail-coverts dusky with slaty-grey 
margins; wing-coverts slaty blue centred with black, inclining to 
hoary grey on the median and greater series; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark slate-colour, the former with narrow whitish 
edgings ; inner secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers dark slatecolour, 
narrowly margined with hoary grey ; head crested ; centre of 
crown pure white; rest of the crown, cheeks, and upper throat black, 
joining on the nape and extending a little way down the hind-neck; 
the elongated feathers on the nape black, but having two long white 
plumes also ; a broad white band from below the eye across the ear-
coverts; under surface of body from the middle of the throat downwards, 
as well as the neck, slaty blue, inclining to whitish on the 
abdomen and lavender-grey on the thighs and under tail-coverts; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts slaty blue : " bill deep black, the 
lower basal portion of the mandible in some specimens greenish 
yellow; lores and eyelids greenish yellow; feet dull yellowish 
green, the large scutelke and the claws dusky; iris pale orange" 

(B. Bidgway). Total length 22 inches, culmen 3, wing 11*6, tail 4*4, 
tarsus 3-8. 
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but somewhat 
browner, and with all the long nape-plumes white: " bill and 
naked lores wholly slate-black, the eyelids similar, but tinged with 
green anteriorly; feet pale olive-buff, the large scutellae of the tarsus 

13 . NTCTAKASSl. 
and toes deep brownish.; iris Mars-orange " (B. Bidgway). Total 
length about 19 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 11-6, tail 3-9, tarsus 3-9. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
chiefly in wanting the long plumes of the nape; the scapular plumes 
also not so developed. 

The tawny or brown shade upon the head seems to me characteristic 
of the birds of the second year, as the white band on the 
sides of the head is also tinged with tawny buff, and there is a 
certain amount of rufous on the feathers of the throat and chest. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being brown and having small 
triangular spots of rufous-brown or buff to all the feathers of the 
upper surface; the head and crest black with longitudinal brown 
centres to the feathers; sides of face and sides of neck brown, strongly 
streaked with white ; throat white ; rest of under surface of body 
white, with an ochreous tinge and thickly streaked with black, less 
distinctly on the abdomen, which is thickly marked with ovate spots: 
" bill greenish black, the lower and basal part of the lower mandible 
greenish yellow, as are the eyelids and bare space before the eye ; 
legs and feet dull yellowish green, the scutellse and scales in front 
as well as the claws dusky ; iris pale orange " (J. J. Audubon). 

Hab. The same as that given above for the genus. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Wheatland, Indiana, May 3 Salvm-Godman Coll. 
(B. Bidgway. Senshaw 
Coll.). 
b, c. 2 a(l-s^* Wabash Co., Illinois, April 30 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J". L. Bidgxoay: Henshaw 
Coll.). 

d. 
Juv. sk. Bermuda. Capt. Savile Keid 
fc.]. 
e, f. 6 ad.; g. Tampa, Florida, Jan. 6,1883 
Juv. sk. (Hensh. Coll). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h} i. J ad. et juv. Palm Key, Sarasota Bay, 
sk. Florida, March 3 (W. S. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dickenson). 
k, I. $; m-q. $ Tarpon Springs, Florida, July, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Aug. {W.JS.JD. Scott). 
r, s. Ad. et juv. San Antonio, Texas (H. JS. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Dresser). 
t, u,v.<3; Wj x, Nueces Co., Texas, June (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. B. Armstrong). 
y, s. 6 2 ad.; a'. Presidio, Mexico, March, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5 juv. sk. Nov. (A.Forrer). 
b',c'. £ 2 ad. \d\ Mazatlan, Nov., Dec. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<$ juv. sk. Forrer). 
e'. (S ad. sk. Tampico, Tamaulipas, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. B. Btchardson). 
/', g'. S ad. et La Antigua, Vera Cruz, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. (M. Trujillo). 
h\ Ad.sk. South Mexico (A. Salle). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i'-s'. Ad.; if-w'. Cozumel Island (G% F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

juv. sk. Gaumer). 

*',y'.Ad.;*>", Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b". Juv. sk. (0. 8.). 
c". Ad. sk. Guatemala. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

134 AKDE1DJE. 

d". Ad. sk. Costa Kica (27. Arce). Salvin-Godmau Coll. 

e". Ad. sk. Panama. Capt. Kellett and 

Lieut. Wood [C.]. 
/". $ juv. sk. Bemba, Cuba ((r.i^, Gaumer). Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
g". Juv. sk. Santa Lucia (J. Semper). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h". g juv. sk. Santa Lucia, March 26. J. Raniasre, Esq. TP.\ 

i". <$ ad.; k". 2 Dominica, Feb. J.Rainage,E&q.fP/. 

juv. sk. 

/". Ad. sk. Nevis. W. Cottle, Esq. [P.]. 

m". d ad. sk. Ymrin Gorda, Dec. 7 (C. #. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

H 7/^c/i: Cory Coll.). 

7i"-u". Ad. et S. Vincent, Julv-Nov. (B. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

imm. bk. Smith). 

v"-z". Ad. et Grenada, March, June (B. IV. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

imm. sk. Smith). 

a3. 2 ad. sk. Mustique Isl., June 3 (B. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Smith). 

&3 

. <5 hum. sk. Grenadines.May (D. W.Smith)., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e\ Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Br. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d\ $ ad. sk. Santa Catar'ma, Brazil (JS. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Royers). 
e*. Skeleton. North America. Purchased. 
f*. Skeleton. Purchased. 

2. Hyctanassa pauper. (Vhto I.e.) 
Nycticorax A iolaceus (nee B.), Gould in Bandit's Toy. 'Beagle] Birds, 
p. 126 (1841: Galapaeos). 
Nycticorax pauper, St I. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 823, 327 (Indefatigable 
ltd.) ; iid. NomencL A v. Keotrap. p. 126 (1873) ; Salv. Trans. 

Z.S. ix. pp. 464, 41-18 (1876: Indefatigable LI) ; Ilidgtc. Proe. 
U.S. Kat. Mus. xii. p. 114 (1889 : Hood 1*1.; Indefatigable JsL). 
Ardea violacea var., hmidev. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 1*25, 128 (Galapagos;. 


Jlale (not quite adult) (type of species). Similar to iV. violacea, 
but very much darker, so that the Mack centres to the feathers of the 
upper surface are scarcely visible; crown of head black, with a 
little rufous above the lores and a rufous streak across the ear-
coverts, the remainder of the sides of the face being black; fore 
part of cheeks and chin streaked with black, less distinct on the 
throat; remainder of under surface rufous buff, with broad dusky 
blackish centres to the feathers, those of the breast being dark 
grey, streaked with white down the centre. Total length about 
16 inches, culmen 2-7, wing 10*1, tail 4*9, tarsus 3*2. 

Young. Similar to the young of JS\ violacea, but much darker 
and the spots on the upper surface much smaller. 
Hob. Galapagos Archipelago. 


a. <3 imm.; Indefatigable Island, Galapagos, Salvin-Godman Coll 
b. Juv. sk. Aug., Dec. (Mabel). (Types of the species.) 
14. A.G1MIV. 135 
14. AGAMIA. 
Agamia, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat p. xvi (1852)
Type. 
A. ao-ami. 
Doryphoras, Reichenow, J.f. 0. 1877, p. 259 A. agami." 
Doriponus, Reichencw, in Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. 
Rein. p. 308 (1890) A. agami. 

Range. From Mexico throughout Central America and South 
America to Southern Brazil. 

1. Agamia agami. 
He'ron brun de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL JSnl. viii. pi. 858 (youn^). 

Le Heron Agami de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL JSnl. viii. pi. 859. 

Le He'ron Agami, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 383 (1780). 

Agami Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 97 (1785). 

Ardea agami, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 629 (1788); Vieill N. Diet. 

d'Rist. Nat. xiv. p. 404 (1817); Wac/L Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 182, 
sp. 21 (1827) ; Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1844: Cayenne; 
British Guiana); Tschudi fy Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 50, 297 
(1845-46); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. 
Reis. Guian.iii.^.7Q3 (1848); Burm. Th.Bras. iii. p.414 (1856); 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeae, p. 11 (1863: Cayenne; Surinam ; 
Mexico); ScL $ Sato. P. Z. S. 1866, j . 567 (Ucayali), 1867, p. 754 
(Yurimaguas); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 29, no. 10131 (1871); 
Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 301,455 (1871: Villa Maria, Aug;.; Caicara, 
Jan. j Matto Gros&o, Aug., Oct., Nov.; Barro do Rio Negro, Sept., 
Oct.); ScL § Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 303 (Nauta); iid. NomeneL 
Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 (IgaripS, 
Para) : Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 47 (Yurimaguas); id. Orn. Perou, 

iii. p. 396 (1886); Salmn, Ibis, 1886, p. 170 (British Guiana). 
Ardea fusca, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 700 (1790 : Cayenne); Vieill. N. 
Diet. dHist. Nat. xiv. p. 410 (1817). 
Brown Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 304 (1801). 
Egretta gamia, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837). 
Agamia picta, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi, tab. 158. figs. 1026-27 

(1852); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 127 (1855); ScL P. Z. S. 1862, 

p. 369 (Mexico). 
Herodias agami, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 89 (1854: 
Brazil; Guiana). 
Doryphoras agami, Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 259. 
Doriponus agami, Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 308 

(1890). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy dark green, the scapulars 
with a certain amount of chestnut on their outer webs; wing-coverts 
like the back, inclining to grey at the ends, which are slightly 
recurved; feathers in the centre of the lower back slaty blue, with 
broader long ornamental plumes of pearly grey; quills slaty black 
on the inner web, slaty grey externally, the inner secondaries dark 
green like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark 
green, the latter powdered with slaty grey ; tail-feathers dark 
slate-colour, lighter slaty grey externally, and slightly washed 
with green; crown of head, eyebrow, and ear-coverts black, extending 
in a broad band down the sides of the neck; the forehead and 
crown shaded with slaty blue, gradually merging into the clear 
slaty blue of the hinder crown and crest, which is strongly developed 

136 
AEDEID.ZB. 

on the hinder neck; throat and feathered part of the cheeks white, 
the white extending down the throat, and being divided down the 
centre by a broad line of maroon chestnut, which gradually 
becomes merged in the dark chestnut-brown colour of the fore-
neck ; all the feathers of the latter tipped with shaft-stripes of 
slaty blue, which are somewhat recurved; fore-neck slaty blue, 
with a broad central line of dark slate-colour, varied with white on 
the upper part and chestnut on the edges of the lower feathers; 
under surface of bodv7 orange-chestnut, including the thighs, the 
whole of the breast overshaded with deep maroon, which is the 
colour of the overhanging plumes on the side of the breast; under 
wing-coverts like the breast; quills slaty grey: " upper mandible 
blackish brown, the lower one, as well as the lores and bare region 
of the eye, yellow; iris yellow" (B. Burmeister). Total length 
32 inches, culmen 5*7, wing 10*4, tail 4, tarsus 3*75. 

Young. Different from the adult, wanting entirely the ornamental 
grey plumes of the latter. General colour above dark brown, 
including the feathers of the neck and sides of the head; crown 
dusky slate-colour, as also a few slightly lengthened nape-plumes ; 
quills and tail slaty black, the coverts and inner secondaries brown 
like the back; cheeks and throat white, with a median streak of 
chestnut ; remainder of under surface of body creamy buff, the 
lengthened feathers on the sides of the breast, the sides of the body 
and flanks, as well as the under wing- and tail-coverts dusky 
brown, with longitudinal white centres: " upper mandible horn-
brown, the lower one green ; feet olive-green ; iris orange " (E. L. 
Layard). 

Bah. South America, from Mexico to Peru and Brazil. 

a, b. Ad. sk. British Honduras {Blancaneaux). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. Ad. sk. Peten, Guatemala (JF. Sarg). Sakin-Godman Coll. 
d. Juv. sk. Yeragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. 
J juv. sk. Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. 28 {F. A. Simons). 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Takutu River, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. 25 (H. White'y). 
g. S imm. sk. Eiver Carimang, April 7 (JET. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
WMtely). 
h. 
2 a^. s k Camacusa, British Guiana, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
20 (H. W.). 
t. Ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Cavenne. Tweeddale Coll. 
I Juv. sk. Para, Oct. 16 (J2. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. Amazonia. 
Gould Coll. 
n. 
d* ad, sk. Yuriraaguas, R. Huallaga (B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Bartlett). 
o. Juv. sk. Barra do Rio Negro, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Natterer). 
15. DEMIEG-KETTA. 
Type. 

Demiegretta, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p, 372 (1S46).. D. sacra. 

Range. Coasts of Eastern Asia, from the islands of the Bay of 
Bengal to Australia and north to Japan and Corea. 

15 . DEMIEGKRETTA. 
1. Demiegretta sacra. 
Crabier de la Nouvelle Guine'e, Danbent. PI. EnL viii. pi. 926. 
Le Crabier noir, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 304 (1780). 
New Guinea Heron, Lath Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 71 (1785: New 


Guinea). 
Blue Heron, var. B, Lath. t. c. p. 79 (Queen Charlotte's Sound, 

N.Z.). 
Sacred Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 92 (Otaheile). 
Sacred Heron, var. A, Lath. t. c p. 93 (Otaheite). 
Ardea ceerulea, var. y, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 631 (1788). 
Ardea sacra, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 640 (1788: Otaheite); Lath. Lnd. 

Orn. ii. p. 696 (1790: Otaheite); Vieill N. Diet dRist. 'Nat 

xiv. p. 423 (1817); Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 572 
(1819); Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1121 (1823); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 556 (1847); Rartl. Archiv fur Nat 1^52, pp. 118, 134, 135 
(Samoa; Paiunotu; Fiji; Tonga); id. J f. 0. 1854, p. 169 
(Tonga Isl.); id. Ibis, 1864, p. 232; id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 831 
(Matelotas) ; Finsch $ Rartl Faun. Centralpohjn. p. 201 (1867); 
iid. P Z. S. 1868, pp. 8, 118 (Pelew Islands); Scl. P. Z. S. 1869, 
p. 123 (Solomon Islands) ; Dole, Proc. Post. Soc. N. R. xii. p. 303 
(1869: Hawaiian Is.); Hartl. $ Finsch, J.f.O. 1870, p. 136 
(Tonga Isl.); Finsch, t. c. p. 346; Potts, Trans. N. Z. Inst. iii. 
p. 97 (1870); Puller, t. c. p. 54; Rutton, Cat. N. Zeal. B. 
p. 27 (1871); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 28, no. 10120 (1871); 
Rartl. § Finsch, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 32 (Karotonga Isl.); Scl Ibis, 
1871, p. 360; Rartl $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 89, 104 (Pelew 
and Mackenzie Is.); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, pp. 33, 52 (Samoa), 
p. 172 (New Zealand); Butter, B. New Zeal. p. 228, pi. 24. fig. 1 
(1873) ; Finsch, Trans. N Zeal. Inst v. p. 208 (1873); Morton, 
t c. p. 226; Hume, Nests §• Eggs lnd. B. p. 618 (1873: Albanians 
and Nicobars); Finsch, J. f. 0.1874, p. 172 ; id. Journ. Mus. 
Godeffr. viii. p. 32 (1875: Pelew Is.); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. 440 (Fiji Is.), 1876, p. 497 (Samoa), p. 503 (Friendly Is.); 
Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. ty Terr., Birds, App. p. 31 (1875); Layard, 
Ibis, 1876, pp. 156, 393 (Fiji Is., breeding Nov.); Tristr. t. c. 
p. 265 (New Hebrides); Cab. £ Eeichen. J.f.O. 1876, p. 327 
(New Guinea); Bruqgem. Abliandl. nat. Ter. Bremen, v. p. 97 
(1876: Celebes); Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 80 (1877) ; 
Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 112 (Duke of York Isl), p. 555 (Admiralty 
Is.); Fmsch, P Z. S. 1877, p. 726 (Tongatabu), p. 737 (Matuka, 
July), p. 742 (Tahiti), p. 775 (Ena, Friendly Is., Aug.), p. 781 
(Ponape), p. 585 (Ninafou Isl., Oct.) ; Sharye, Journ. Lmn. Soc, 
Zool. xiii. p. 504 (1878: Port Moresby); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 271 
(Ellice Isl.); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 14 (Duke of York Isl.); 
Ea?nsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 115 (1879 : Hall Sound) ; 
Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 278 (1878-79) ; I)9Alb. $ Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 131 (1879); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. 
Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 688 (1879 : Port Moresby) ; Layard, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 221 (New Caledonia); Finsch, P. Z."S. 1880, p. 577 (Buk 
Isl., Carolines) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 79 (Kahalui, Pacific), 
pp. 220, 230, 232 (Marshall Isl.); Layard, t c. p. 297 (Duke of 
York Group); Finsch, t. c. pp. 432, 433 (Gilbert Is., Kingsmill 
Group) ; id. Ibis, 1881, pp. 105, 106, 109 (Kuahai), p. 115 
(Ponape^ p. 246 (Pleasant Isl.); Tristr. t c p. 251 (Marquesas 
Is.); Finsch, t. c. p. 540 (Matupi, New Britain); Meyer, Verh. 
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 767 (1881: Sumba); Scl Voy.' Challenger; 
ii. Birds, p. 31 (1881: Admiralty Is.); Tristr. Ibis, 1882, p. 144 
138 
ARDEXDiE. 

(Solomon Is.) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. vii. p. 42 
(1888 : San Christoval, Solomons); Finseh, Vbg. der Siidsee, p. 39 
(1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 176 (TbU-shima); id. Ibis, 1687, 

p. 180 (Liu Kiu Is.); duller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 129 
(1888) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1892, p. 297 (Solomon Is.) ; Wiglesw. 
Ibis, 1893, pp. 211, 215 (Gilbert Is.). 
Ardea sacra, var. ft Gm. Syst. Xat. i. p. 040 (1788). 

Ardea novse guineas, Gm. Syst. Xat. i. p. 644 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 685 (1790) ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1124 (1823); 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Reicheab. Grail tab. Ixxxix. 
tig. 472 (1846-48); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (New Guinea); 
id. Cat. Mamm. $ B. Xew Gum. pp. 51, 62 (lb59) ; id. P. Z. S. 
1861, p. 438 (New Guinea; Aru Is.); id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 29, 
no. 10124 (1871). 

Ardea caerulea, var. /3, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 689 (1790: New-
Zealand). 

Ardea 
rnatook, Vieill. X. Diet. dHist. Xat. xiv. p. 416 (1817 : 
Australia and Queen Charlotte's Sound); Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 235 
(Queen Charlotte's Sound, N.Z.); Finseh, J.f.O. 1867, p. 332 

(N. Z.); Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland). 
New Zealand Heron, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ix. p. 128 (1824). 
Ardea nigerrima, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 182, sp. 22 (1827; ex 
D'Aubent.). 
Ardea jugularis, Fo?'st. Icon. ined. tab. 114 ; Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, 

p. 181, sp. 18 (1827: New Zealand); Less. Traite J! Orn. p. 574 
(1831) ; Forst. Bescr. Anim. p. 172 (1844 : S. Pacific Is.) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. hm (1847); Bartl Archiu fur Xat. 1852, p. 135 ; 
id. J. f. O. 1854, p. 167 (Marianne L=.), p. 169 (Society is.), 
p. 170 (Marquesas Is.); id. J.f O. 1855, pp. 319, 421 (Nicobars); 
Mail. 4* Dilho. Contr. Xat. Hist. Labuan, p. o8 (lb55); Cass. 
U.S. Expl Eaped. p. 296 (1858); Grayt P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 
(N. Australia) ; id. Cat. Mamm. § B. Xew Guin. p. 62 (Ib59); 
id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 (New Guinea); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1862, p. 321 (Liu Iviu, Dec.); Schl. Mas. Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 25 
(1863); Finseh, Xeu-Guinea, p. 183 (1865) ; Pelz. Reise Xovara, 
Tog. p. 118 (1865: Nicobars; Puynipet: Tahiti); Schl. XederL 
Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 348 (1866 :* Aru; Kei) ; Hume, Str. F. i. 
p. 87, note (1873); Rosenb. Heist, naar Geelvinkb. pp. 8, 118 
(1875) ; Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 261; I)"Alb.Ann. Mus. Genov. 
x. p. 20 (1877); Bosenb. Malay. Archip.-p. 324 (1878-79: Ctram), 
pp. 373, 407, 563 (Salawatti); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. 
p. 667 (1879) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 516 (Christmas IsL, 
Indian Ocean) ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 528 (Christmas IsL); 
Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 220 (1890). 
Egretta nigerrima, Steams. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837). 
Herodias matook, Gray in Dieff'enb. Trav. X. Zeal ii. A pp. p. 190 

(1843) ; id. Voy. Freb. QTerr., Birds, p. 13 (1846). 
Ardea seqmnoctialis {nee Linn?), Forst. Bescr. Anim. p. 173 (1844). 
Ardea novae-hollandise {nee Lath), Forst. JDescr. Anim. p. 172, note 

(1844). 

Herodias 
greyi, Gray, List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 80 (1844: S. Australia) 
; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 61 (1848); Reicheytb. Grail, tab. 160. 
tig. 2072 (1851) ; Macgill. Xarr. Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852) ; 
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 122 (1855); Set P. Z. S. 1803, p. 223 
(Banjarroassing); Rose?7b. Xat. Tijdschr. XederL Ind. XAT. p. 253 
(1863); id. J.'f. O. 1864, p. 136 (N. Australia); id. Reis naar 
Zuidoostereil p. 53 (1867). 

15. DEMIEGttEJLTA. 
139 

Herudias jugularis, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1814: New 
Zealand); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 60 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 280 (1849: Arakan ; Nicobars); Wall P.Z.8. 
1863, p. 487 (Timor); Set. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 0 (Iluaheine, 
Society Is.). 

Demiegretta concolor, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 372 (1846: 
Arakan); Ball, op. cit. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 243 (1870: Port Blair). 
Ardea atra {nee Gm.), Cuv. in Mus. Paris; Pucker. Itev. et May. 


de Zool. 1851, p. 375 (Marianne Is.). 
Egretta jugularis, Licht. Nomencl Av. Mas. Berol p. 89 (1854: 

Sumatra). 
Egretta greyi, Licht. t. c. p. 89 (Tasmania). 
Herudias novas-guineae, Bp. Comp. Av. ii. p. 121 (1855); Scl. Joum, 

Linn. Soc. ii. p. 169 (1858: New Guinea); Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. 

Nederl. hid. xxv. p. 253 (1863); id. J.f.O. 1864, p. 136. 
Herodias atra, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 121 (1855). 
Herodias sacra, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 121 (1855); id. C. B. xl. 

p. 722 (1855); Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.W. i. p. 192 (1877); 
Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 232 (Loyalty Is.). 
Herodias concolor, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 121 (1855: Nicobars); id. 

C. B. xl. p. 722 (1855); Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. 183 (Andamans); 
Ball, J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 289 (1872: Andamans); 
id. Str. F. i. p. 87 (1873); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 160 (1875: 
Arakan). 
Ardea 
garzetta (nee Linn.), Mot I. <§• Dillw. Contr. Nat. Hist. 
Lahuan, p. 35 (1855). 
Ardea greyi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 (Louisiade Arcliip.); id. 
Cat. Mamm. $ B. New Gum. p. 62 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, 

p. 438. 
Ardea (Herodias) albolineata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 (Isle of 
Pines); id. Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean, p. 48 (1859; Isle of 
Pines; Fiji Is.). 

Ardea (Herodias) sacra, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean, 

p. 48 (1859). 
Ardea (Herodias) atra, Gray, t. c. p. 48. 
Herodias eulophotes, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 64, 429; David $ Oust. 
Ois. Chine, p. 441 (1877). 
Ardea cinerea (nee Linn.), Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7469 (New 
Zealand). 

Ardea albolineata, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 27 (1863: Japan; 
Halxnahera; Ternate); Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 183 (1865); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 28, no. 10121 (1871); Posenb. JReist. naar 
Geelvbikb. p. 8 (1875); id. Malay. Archip. p. 407 (1878-79). 

Ardea eulophotes, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 29 (1863). 
Ardea concolor, Pelz. Beise Novara, Vog. p. 122 (1865 : Nicobars). 
Demiegretta jugularis, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 307 (1865); 

Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 61 (1877: Fitzroy Isl.); 
Bamsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 342 (Northern Queensland) ; Walker, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 257 (Adele Isl., N.W. Australia). 

Herodias asha [nee Sykes), Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 305 (1865: 
Port Stephens, N.S. W.). 

Demiegretta greyi, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 309 (1865); 
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 307 (1873 : Ross Isl.); Masters, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 61 (1877: Low Isl., Trinity Bay); Walker, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 257 (Adele Isl., N.W. Australia). 

Herodias andamanensis, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 333 (Andaman Is.). 
Garzetta eulophotes, Swinh- P. Z. S. 1871, p. 412. 


140 AKDEIDJS. 

Demiegretta sacra, Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 318 (Andaman Is.) ; Hume, 
Str. F. ii. p. 304 (1874 : Andamans and Nicobars); Salvad. Ucc. 
Born. p. 346 (1874); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 323 (1875: Mergui) ; 
Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. £36, 551 (Cebu); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 323 

(S.E. Sumatra) ; Hume # Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 481 (1878^ 
Coast of Tenasserim); Hume, op. cit. viii. p. 114 (1879), p. 158 
(Kossoum); Tirant, Bull. Comite Agricole Cochinchine, (3) i. 
p. 151 (1879); Tweedd. Voij. 4 Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 24 (1881: 
Cebu); Nichols. Ibis, 1882, p. 70 (Cocos Is., Java); Salvad. Orn. 
Papuasia etc. iii. p. 345 (1882) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 52 (Timor 
Laut), pp. 195. 200 (Kirimoen); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. 
ii. p. 250 (1883) ; H 0. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 434; Pleske, 
Bull. Acad. Petersb. xxix. p. 537 (1884: Ternate): Nehrk. J.f O. 
1884, p. 35 (Waigiou); Meyer, Sitzb. u. Abh. Gesellsch. Isis, 1884, 
Abh. i. p. 56 (Siao, Ceram); Vorderm. N. T. Xederl. hid. xliv. 
p. 202 (1884: Java) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 274 (Sulu Is.), 
p. 420 (Cagagan, Sulu), p. 561 (Kema; Maim Bay, X. Celebes), 
p. 665 (Samatee, Salawdtti); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 
(1888: Port Darwin: Port E&sington ; Gulf of Carpentaria; Cape 
York ; Rockingham Bay ; Port Denison ; Wide Bav distr.^; North, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. IF". (2) ii. p. 445 (1888: Ovalau, Kji, Sept., 
breeding) ; Ogilvie Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 333 (Fauro, Solomon 
Is.), 1889, p. 187 (So-o, Solomons), p. 202 (Rubiana); North, Nests 
$ Eggs Austr. B. p. 319 (1889 : Island off Tasmania); Everett, 
Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1880, p. 189; Vorderm. N. T. 
Nederl. hid. xlix. p. 417 (1889: Sumatra); Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, 
pp. 146, 285 (Abai, Dec.): Oates, ed. Hu?ne,s Nests fy Eggs lad. 
B. iii. p. 246 (1890: Andamans and Xicobars); Wiglesir. Abhandl. 
k. tool. Mus. Bresd. 1890-91, no. 6, pp. vii-x, 67 ; Salvad. Agg. 
Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 205 (1891); Sharpe, Ibis, 1894, pp. 245, 
258 (Bongao; Sulu Archip.); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2) xiv. 
p. 601 (1894: Mentawei). 
Demiegretta Candida, Tytler, MSS.; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 307 (1874: 
Andaman IsL). 
Demiegretta brayi {error). Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 

p. 375 (1877 : Duke of York Is.). 
Ardea jugularis, var. concolor, Reichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 262. 
Ardea jugularis, var. novse-guineae, Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 262. 
Ardea jugularis, var. greyi, Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 262. 
Ardea jugularis, var. sacra, Reichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 262. 
Demiegretta ringeri, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 300 (1887 : 
Liu Iliu, Dec). 
Demiegretta aslia (nee Sykes), Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 
(1888: Wide Bay distr.; Richmond and Clarence Rivers: 

N. S. W.). 
Demiegretta nigra, Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 60 (Palawan). 
* Ardea jugularis greyi, Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 221 (1890). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above and below 
deep blackish slate-colour; the feathers of the head almost black ; 
the feathers of the upper breast elongated like those of the middle 
of the back, some of the latter decomposed ; the elongated feathers 
of a paler slaty grey, and those of the back reaching to the end of 
the tail; head crested and of the same colour as the back ; abdomen 
and vent-feathers tinged with ashy; a pure white streak down 
the centre of the throat. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2-8, 
wing 10, tail 3*10, tarsus 2-9. • 

15 . DEMIEGUEITA. 
141 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but the 
ornamental plumes slightly less developed. Total length 21 inches, 
wing1 10-2. 

Young. Paler and more soot}' brown than the adults, and 
bleaching often to a light earthy brown. No ornamental plumes 
on the head, back, and chest. 

Adult birds, either in winter plumage or perhaps in the second 
year, are blacker than in the summer plumage. Some of these 
blaek-plumaged birds have ornamental feathers, which looks as if 
they were fully adult, and therefore they may he birds of the 
second year, as it is quite evident that the greyer-plumaged ones 
are very old and perfect in livery. 

The white streak down the throat is often absent or reduced to 
a few spots. It appears to be absent equally in quite youug birds 
and in old ones also, and it may be the result of inherent melanism 
in the species. 

The white form is exactly similar in size to the grey form, and, 
when adult, has the same ornamental plumes. In the Pacific 
islands the two forms appear to interbreed, and produce white 
young ones mottled or streaked with slaty grey. I have been 
unable to recognize any of the many forms into which the Eeef-
Heron has been subdivided by naturalists. Some birds are larger, 
as will be seen by the measurements of the tarsi given in detail 
below, and these larger birds have a slightly longer wing and a 
heavier bill, but no specific distinctions can be founded on these 
variations, which are very slight. 

" The colour of the soft parts is excessively variable. In the 
adult the bare portion of the tibia varies from dark grass-green to 
greenish plumbeous; the back and sides of the tarsus and the 
greater part of the toes are generally pea-green, sometimes duller, 
sometimes yellower; the front of the tarsus and the first joint of 
the mid toe black, but sometimes these parts are green, only 
patched or mottled with black, and sometimes the black extends 
along the ridges of all the toes; the colour of the bill and bare skin 
in front of the eye varies from sienna-brown to chocolate; sometimes 
the bill is a sort of light mahogany colour, and the bare skin a sort 
of greenish brown; usually the bills are yellowish at the tips ; the 
lower mandible is generally lighter, sometimes brownish horny, 
sometimes yellowish horny; and in the breeding-plumage the whole 
lower mandible becomes apparently a very decided, though dull, 
yellow; the irides vary from bright to deep yellow. I suspect, 
though we have not been able to work it out, that these differences 
in colour are due both to age and to season." (A. 0. Hume.) 

It is with great hesitation that I have added the name of 

Demiegretta eulophotes to the long list of synonyms of D. sacra. 

Mr. Eickett has presented an adult specimen of D. eidqphotes to 

the Museum, and another one has been lent to me by the Eev. 

H. H. Slater. Both birds appear to me to be Eeef-Herons, and 
have fully developed ornamental plumes. The yellow bill would 
seem, at first sight, to constitute a specific character, but several 
other specimens of undoubted D. sacra in the Museum have 
142 
ARDEID.SE. 

yellow bills, more or less verging into black, and both Mr. Everett's 
white Reef-Heron from Labuan and the bird collected by Mr. Lister 
on Christmas Island are undoubtedly the same as D. eulophotes. 
The absence of grey Reef-Herons in those parts of the 
Chinese coast where D. etdophotes has hitherto been found argues 
in favour of the latter bird being a distinct species, and none 
of the other white Beef-Herons in the Museum collection have 
such a development of ornamental plumes as is shown by the two 
Chinese examples alluded to above. On the other hand, these may 
belong to an outlying colony of D. sacra, the members of which 
are all white. The question of the specific distinctness of D. euhpliotes 
can only be solved by naturalists residing in China, who must 

obtain a series of specimens at all seasons of the year. 

Hab. Coasts of Burma and the islands in the Bay of Bengal, by 

the Malay Peninsula and islands to Australia and the Pacific, ex


tending north to the islands in the Bay of Corea. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Oyster Island, British Burma. Oates Coll. 
[t 2-45]. 
b. Juv. sk. [t. 2*7]. British Burma. Oates Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Pagoda Rocks, KyoukPhyoun, Hume Coll. 
[t. 2*95]. April 18 (J. Armstrong). 
d. 2 a<l. alb. sk. Amherst, Jan. 14 (W. Demi-Hume Coll. 
[t. 3-1J. 
e. 
$ ad, sk. Mergui, Nov. 15 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
rt 2-9]. 
Little Coco Island, March 29 Hume Coll. 

/, g. ? imm. 

(W. Davison).
rt.2-7-2-9];&(? 

ad. [t. 2*8] sk. 

Great Coco Island, March 24 Hume Coll. 

i J imm. sk. 

(W. Davison),
[t. 2-95], 
k-lo. <S J" ad. et South Andamans, Sept., Dec. Tweeddale & Hume 

juv. sk.[t.2-35- to Mav (R. G. W. R. § Colls. 

2-95]. R. J. Wimberleij). 
x-b'. Ad. sk. Port Blair, Aug., March (JR. G. Tweeddale & Hume 

[t. 2-4-2-85]. W. R. § R. J. Wimberley). Colls. 
c', d'. Juv. sk. Ross Island, Dec. 20 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
[t. 2-9]. W. RX 
e. ($ imm. sk. Phoenix Bay, Dec. 20 (W. Hume Coll. 
[t. 2*5]. Davison). 
f'.S ad. sk, Haddo, Andamans, Jan. 4 Hume Coll. 
[t. 2-8]. (W. Davison), 
g', ti. S 2 ad. sk. South Button IsL, March 21 Hume Coll. 
[t. 2-7-2-75]. (A. 0. H.). 
i'. § alb. sk. Chatham, Andamans (A. de Hume Coll. 
[t. 2-6]. Roepstorf). 
k', I'. S ad. Tt. 2*75 Camorta IsL, Nicobars, Eeb. Hume Coll. 

-8-5] ; m, ri. ? (W. Damson). 

ad.[t.2-6-2'65]sk. 

o\ p'. Ad. et juv. Camorta, Feb. 11 (R. J. Wim-Tweeddale Coll. 
st. [t.2-7-2:75]. berley). 
q', rf. S ? ad. sk. Great Nicobar, Jan., March Hume Coll. 

[t. 2-8-2 9]. (W. Davison), 
s'-w'. 6 ad. [t. 2-9] Trinkut IsL, Jan., March (W. Hume Coll. 
5 ad. et juv. Davison). 
alb. [t. 2-75] sk. 

x'. Ad. sk. [t. 2-9].

y', z\ <$ ad. sk.

[t. 2-8].
a"7b". tfjuv., $
ad. sk. [t. 2-52-
65]. 

c". $ juv. ak.

[t. 2-6]. 
d". S ad. sk.
ft 2-851 
e". $ ad. sk.


[t. 2-7].
f". tf ad. sk.
[t. 2-7].
y'', h". $ ad. sk.
[t. 2-75-2-9].
i". g ad. sk.
[t. 2-7]. 
k". Imm. sk.
[t. 2-95]. 
I". Ad. sk. [t.
2-9o].
m". Imm. alb. sk.
n", o". (S ad.;

p". 5 &&• s^


[t. 2-8-3-0]. 
a", r". Imm. sk.
[t. 3-0]. 
s". Ad. sk. [t. 2*8].
t"-v". Ad. sk.
[t. 2-8-2-9]. 
to . J ad. alb. sk.
[t. 2-65].
x"~ Ad. sk. [t.
3-15].
y". Ad. alb. sk.

[t. 3-0].
z". S ad. sk.
[t. 3-05].
a3, b3, S $ ad. sk.
[t. 2-9-3-01.
c3. cJ ad. alb. sk.
[t. 3-4].
d?. Ad. sk. [t.
2-9]. 
ez-cf. Ad. sk.

[t. 2-9-3-2].
hz 

. 
$ imm. sk.

[t. 2*7].
i*. $ imm. sk.
[t. 2-85].
7c?, /3. Imm. sk.
[t. 2-7-2-75]. 
m3. Ad. sk. [t
3*3]. 
n3. Ad. alb. sk.

[t. 3-0]. 
15. DEMIEGRETTA. 
Trinkut Isl., Jan. (R J. Wimberley). 
Pulo Melu, Jan. 29 (W. Davison). 
Preparis Isl., March 25 (W. 
D.). 

 Teressalsl., Jan. 18 (JF. &.).

 KatchuUIsl., Feb. 10(W.I).).

 Katchull, Feb. 1 (R J. Wim~ 
berley). 
Nancowry Isl., Feb. 12 (R

 J. W.). 
Nancowry Isl., Dec, Feb.

 ( W. D.). 
Bompoka Isl., March (W.D.). 
Siam.

 Kossoum, Malay Peninsula,

 June 15 (J. Darling), 
Tonkah, Jan. 24 (J". Darling). 
Jerome, Salangore, Aug. (W.

 Davison). 

 Malacca (Dr. Maingay).

 Sumatra (Raffles). 
Billiton.


 Christmas Island, Indian 
Ocean. 
Labuan.


 Labuan, March.

 Cebu, Philippine Islands.

 Bongao Isl., Sulu Archip., 
July. 
Foochow, May 4.

 Liu Kiu Islands (H. Fryer).

 Tsu-shima (F. Ringer fy A. 
Hoist). 

 Negrie-lama, Celebes, Sept. 24

 (Rosenberg), 
Foe^ Celebes, Oct. 9 (Bosenberg). 


 Celebes.

 Sanghir Islands (A. B.Meyer).

 Morotai Island.

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 M. Mouhot [CI. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Capt. Maclear [P.]. 
Governor Ussher 

 [C,]. 

 A. 
H. Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Vov. 
H.M.S. < Ckallonger.' 


 A. 
H. Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
C B. Rickett, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godraan Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 


144 
ABPEID^. 

o3. 2 ad. sk. 
[t 2-6]. 
p3. <$ ad. sk. 
[t 2-8]. 
q3. Ad. alb. sk. 

[t. 2-8]. 
r3. (S ad. sk. 
[t. 3-05]. 
s3. Ad. alb. sk. 
ft. 3-0]. 
ts. d juv. si. 

[t. 2-7 j. 
w3. Ad. alb. st. 
3}

v, w. Ad. alb. st. 

.r3. Inim. sk. 

[t. 2-8], 
y\ Ad.sk. [t. 2'9]. 
s3. Ad. alb. sk. 
[t. 2-55]. 
«4-e4. Juv. sk. 
[t. 2-7-2-75]. 
d*-mK Ad. sk. 
[t. 2-6-2-9]. 
nl. Imm. sk. 
[t. 2-3]. 
o*. Imm. sk. 
[t. 2-95]. 
p\ gK Ad. sk. 
rK Ad. alb. sk. 
[t.2-75]. 
s\ Ad. sk. 


*l-t>*. Ad. sk. 

[t. 30~3-l].f 
w\ x4. Ad. et juv. 
sk.[t.2-65-*9]. 
y*. Ad. [t. 2-9]; 
s*. Ad. alb. 
O 2-8]. 


a', 
d ad. sk. 
[t 2-25]. 
6\ Imm. sk. 

[t. 8-4o]. 
c\ Ad. alb. st. 

[t. 8-85]. 
d5 

. d &d. a^« st. 
e5. Ad.sk. ft. 2*83-
25]. 
/ 5 . tf juv. sk. 

[t. 3-4 
a5, h5. $ alb. sk. 

[t. 2-8-3*2]. 
i5 

. d ad. sk. 
[t.3-4]. 

k5 

. ? ad. sk. 

[t. 3-0]. 
East Timor. 

Larat, Tenimber Islands, 
Aug.10. 
Louisiade Islands. 

Admiralty Islands. 

Port Moresby. 

Thursday Island, Torres Straits 

(Dr. Coppinger). 

Hope Island, Torres Straits. 
Australia. 

Australia. 

Port Jackson. 

Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). 

Queensland (J*. T. Cockerell). 

Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). 
Storage Bay near Port Denison 

(J. T. Cockerell). 
Moreton Island, Oct. 19 

(J. Macgillivray). 
PL Essington. 
Pt. Essington. 


New South Wales. 

New Zealand. 

New Britain (J. Brazier). 

Duke of York Island (6% 

Broicn). 

Island of Rubiana, Solomon 
Group, Aug. 10. 
Isle of Pines, New Caledonia 

(J. Macgillivray). 
Isle of Pines, New Caledonia 

{J. M.). 
New Caledonia. 
Fiji Islands. 

Fiji Islands, Nov. 3 {E. L. 
Layard). 

Suva, Fiji, Feb., March 

(B. L. Layard), 
Isl. of Matuka, Fiji, Aug. 

(F. M. Rayner). 
Matuka, July 24. 

Wallace Coll. 

Dr. H. O. Forbes 
[C.]. 
Oapt. Owen Stanley 
LP.]. 
Toy. H3I.S. l Challenger.' 


0. d Stone, Esq. 
Toy. H.M.S. 'Alert/ 

Capt. Stanley [P.~. 

J. B. Jukes. Esq. 
[P.]. 
Imperial Institute 

Australian Mus [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Voy.H.M.S/Rattle


snake.' 
Capt. Chambers [P.l. 
Capt. Chambers [P.]. 

Australian Museum 

[p.j. 
Colonial 
Museum, 
Wellington \ EJ. 


P. L. Sclater, Esq. 
Tweeddiue Coll. 

C. 
M. Woodford, 
Esq. [C.]. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Rattlesnake/ 
(Type of 

I), albolineata.) 

Voy. H.M.S.' Rattle


snake/ 
Purchased. 
Sir A. B. Gordon 

[p.i 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Voy.H.M.S/Herald/ 
Voy.HJLS, 'Challenger/ 


16 . 
NYCTICORAX. 145 
l\ Alb. sk. Mbau Isl., Fiji, Aug. Brenchley Coll. 

[t. 3-15]. 
m5, n5. Ad. alb. Ellice Islands. Rev. S. J. Whitmee 
sk. [t. 2-7-2-8]. 

[O.J


o5.Ad.sk.[t.3-lj. Samoan Islands. Rev. J. B. Stair 
5 [C.J


p, q'\ Ad. sk. Samoan Islands. Gould Coll. 
[t 2-8]. 
r5, s5. Ad. et juv. Samoan Islands. Eev. S, J. Whitmee 

sk.[t. 2-7-2-75]. [0.1 
t\ u5. $ imm. sk. Tahiti. Voy. II.M.S. <Chal


[t. 2-8-2-9]. lenger.' 
v5. Ad. sk. Iluaheine. Gould Coll. 
[t. 3-0]. 
w5, cc5. Alb. sk. Borabora Island. Hume Coll. 
[t. 2-75-2-85]. 
y\ Ad. sk. Vavao, Friendly Islands. Purchased. 
a\ Ad. et juv. sk. Saltwater Lagoon, Tonga tabu, Brenchley Coll. 
July. 
*8, b*.rf$ alb. sk. Tongatabu. Voy. H.M.S. < Chal6 
lenger.7 

e. J alb. sk. Tongatabu, Nov. (Dr. Cop-Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 
pinger). 
d«. Skeleton. Aneiteum. J. Macgillivray [0.]. 
e%fQ. Sterna of Consul Swinhoe [P.]. 


-ZX eulophotes. 

16. NYCTICOEAX. 
Type. 
Nycticorax, Rafin. Analyse, p. 71 (1815) , N. nycticorax. 
Nyctiardea, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837) N. nycticorax. 
Scotgeus, Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxx, 220 

(1840) N. nycticorax. 
Nycterodius, Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 126 
(1842) N. nycticorax. 

Range. Nearly cosmopolitan, but not ranging very far north. 

Key to the /Species. 

a. 
Tail grey or slaty brown, not chestnut like 
the back. 
a'. No chestnut on neckj no white patch on 
the back. 
a". Base of forehead and eyebrow white; 
under tail-coverts white. 
«3, Under surface of body white, including 
the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries, with a delicate grey shade 
on the sides of the neck and chest.. nycticorax, p. 146. 

b3. Almost entirely delicate grey underneath, 
including under wing-coverts 
and axillaries; throat and abdomen 
white tayazu-g%iira, p. 155. 

b". No white band on forehead; under 
surface of body entirely dark slaty 
grey or slaty brown, as also the sides 
of neck and under tail-coverts; upper 
throat only white eyanocepkalus, p. 15G. 

VOL. XXVI. 
I" 

146 
ARDEIBJ:. 

b'. Neck bright chestnut; crown black, throat 
white ; with a large white patch on the 
back leuconotvs* p. 157. 

b. 
Tail chestnut like the general tone of the 
upper surface. 
c'. Back vinous rufous; the wings uniform 
with the back or a little darker; lower 
surface of wings more or less vinous. 


c". 
Ornamental breeding-plumes on nape 
white. 
c'\ Eyebrow white; thighs white, only , ,, i,,iMl:,n,. « i-;Q 

/.,.,,. -, '.,, *-« ' * caledomeus,v». loo. 

faintly tinned with rufous s • , • r,t 1^1 

,.. AT i • . v i £ - J. ) eratxirostris. p. iol. 

«a. No white eyebrow, only a faint * 
supraloral streak ; lower throat and 
chest chestnut; chin and upper 
throat white'; thighs strongly tinged 
with chestnut mandibularis, p. 161. 
d!'. Ornamental breeding-plumes on nape 
black : sides of face deep chestnut, as 
also the sides of the neck ; throat and 
centre of fore-neck lighter; no trace 
of an eyebrow manillensis, p. 102. 

d'. 
Back blackish slate-colour like the head ; 
lower surface of wings more or less grey, minahas&ce, p- 163. 

1. Eycticorax nyetieorax. 
The Night Heron. 
The Night Raven, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 62, pi. 67 (1733). 
Le Heron gris, Briss Orn. v. p. 412, pi xxxvi. fig. 1 (1700). 
Le Heron hupe du Mexique, Brm. Orn. v. p. 418 (1760). 
Le Bihoreau, Briss. Orn. v. p. 493, pi. xxxix. (1760) ; IS Anient. PI. 


JSnL viii. pis. 758, 759; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 435, pi. xxii. 
(1780). 

Ardea nyeticorax, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. 
I p. 624 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 101, pi. lxi. figs. 2, 3 
(1813); Horsf.Trans. Linn. iSbc.xiii. p. 189 (1820: Java); Temm. 
Man. aVOm. ii. p. 577 (1820); Bou.r, Orn. Prov. pi. 318 (1825: 
juv.); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 126 (1826); Auditb. B, 
Amer. pi. ccxxxvi. (c. 1826); Werne?; Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 27 (1827) ; 
MenStr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 50 (1832: Lenkoran); Andub. Orn. 
Biogr. iii. p. 275 (1835), v. p. 600 (1839); Naum. 'Tog. DeuUchl 

ix. p. 139, pi. 2'2o (1838) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. Lxxx, 220 
(1840); Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Puss. Merid. iii. p. 262 (1840); 
Au&ub. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 82, pi. ccclxiii. (1843); Schl. Rev. 
Crit. p. xcviii (1844); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl p. 116 (1844); 
HeiviU. JRffffs BHt. B. ii. p. 272, pi. lxxiv. fig. 3 (1846) ; Kjarb. 
Om. Dan. pi. xxxii. fig. 4 (1852); Schl. Tog. Nederl pis. 193, 
194 (1854): Linderm. Tog. Griechenl. p. 153 (1860); Schl Bier. 
Nederl, TogeU, pi. 19. figs. 8,9 (1861); id. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardese, 
p. 56 (1863: Europe and America); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 144 
(Malra, spring and autumn); Schl 8f Poll. Fatme Madag., Ois. 
p. 126 (1868); Borgqr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 123 (18C9); Sunder. 
(Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork 1869, p. 602 (Porto Kico); id. Svensk. 
Fogl. pi. ixxv. figs. 4, 5 (1856-72); Finsch § Hartl Tog. Ostafr. 
p. 709 (1870); Fhves fy Buckhy, Ibis, 1870, p. 334 (Bulgaria); 
Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 1086 (1873); Finsch, Terh. z.-b. 
Ges* Wien, xxix. p/248 (1879); Torderm. N. T. Nederl Ind. xlii. 
p. 233(1882: Java). 
16. NYCTICORAX. 
Ardea grisea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 239 (1706): Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 625(1788). 
Ardea kwakwa, S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petr. xv. p. 452, pi. 14 
(1771). * 
Ardea ferrugmea, S. G. Gmelin, t. c. p. 4 )6, pi. 16. 
Le Pouacre de Cayenne, D'Aitbent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 939. 
Le Pouacre ou Butor tack<5t<5, Biff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 427 

(1780). 
L'Hocti, Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. vii. p. 382 (1780). 
Ardea noavia, Bodd. Tabl. PL Bnl. p. 56 (1783). 
Night Heron, male, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 52 (1785). 
Night Heron, female, Lath. t. c. p. 53. 
Jamaica Night Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 54. 
Spotted Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 70. 
Gardenian Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 71. 
Dry Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 100. 
Ardea jamaicensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 625 (1788). 
Ardea hoactli, Gm. t. c. p. 630. 
Ardea gardeni, Gm. t. c. p. 645. 
Ardea rnaeulata, Gm. t. c. p. 645. 
Nycticorax europseus, Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 609 

(1819); Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 124 (River Ganges); Sykes, 

P. Z. S. 1832, p. 159 (Deccan); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 279 (1837); 
Dickson §* Boss, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 133 (Erzeroom); Biipp. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 121 (1845: Egypt; Red Sea); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 
p. 225 (1857: Senegambia; Cape Lopez); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 
1859, p. 51 (Egypt); 'Hartl J.f O. 1861, p. 270 (Bissao); Kirk, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 333 (Zambesi); JDeql. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 312 
(1867); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467, 637 (anatomy); Hartl. 
Vog. Madag. p. 310 (1877); Sharpe ty Bouvier, Bidl. Sou. ZooL 
France, iii. p. 78 (1878: M'boma, Congo); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 
1883, pp. 524, 533 (River Niger); Olphe-Gall Contr. Faun. 
Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. xv. p. 60 (1891). 

Ardea sexseticea, Vieill. Enc. MSth. iii. p. 1130 (1823). 
Nycticorax vulgaris, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. fol. m (1828); UOrbign. 

in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 208 (1839). 
Nycticorax brevipes, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. fol. m (1828). 
Nycticorax orientalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 592 (1831). 
Nycticorax badius, Brehm, Vog. JDeutschl. p. 592 (1831). 
Nycticorax meridionalis, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 592 (1831). 
Nycticorax gardeni, Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 5, pi. lxi, 

"figs. 
2, 3 (1832); Bjp. Comp. List B. Ear. # N. Amer. p. 48 
(i838) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 173 (1850); Macgill. Brit. B. iv. 

p. 433 (1852); Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 141 (1855); GmidL J.f O. 
1856, p. 346 (Cuba); Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (Omoa; 
Peten) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 313 (Fonseca Bay); Brewer, 
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); Adams, Ibis, 
1864, p. 31 (Egypt; Nubia); Sperling, Ibis, 1864, p. 287 (Malta; 
Filfola); Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (Upper and Lower 
Ucayali); P. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 281 (1871 : Kilmarnock); 
Scl. $ Salv. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873); iid. P.Z. S. 1879, 
p. 542 (Medellin); R. Gray, Proc. Boy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1880, 
p. 358; A. Sf E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. HI (188J) ; Salvin, 
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 428 (Acapulco); Berlepsch, J.f.O. 1884, p. 439 
(Angostura, Venezuela). 
Qua Bird or American Night Heron, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 54 
(1834). 
Ardea discors, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 54 (1834). 

148 ARDDIDJS. 

Nyctiardea europsea, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 355 (1837) ; Hodgs. 
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grail, pi. 66, nos. 636-637; id. in Gray's 
Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 

Nycticorax americana, Bp. Comp. list B. Bar. § X. Amer. p. 48 
(1838); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 344 (1847) ; Olphe-Gall. Confr. 
Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. xv. p. 62 (1801). 

Nycticorax ardeola, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 384 (1840) ; Cresjion, 
Orn. Gard, p. 391 (1840) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 163 (1875). 

Nycticorax griseus, Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 134 {1842: irregular 
"migrant); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1844); id. Cat. 
Mamm. §c. Sepal pres. Hodgs. p. 135 (1840;; id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 558 (1847) ; Benny, P. Z. S. 1&47, p. 39 (Jamaica); Blyth, Cat. 
B. Mus. As. Sue. p. 281 (1849: Calcutta); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. 
p. 140 (1855) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 366 (1859); 
Scl <§• Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (Omoa; Peten) : 8ah. t. c. p. 359 
(Lake of Bizerta) ; Tristr. Ibis, I860, pp. 77, 164 (Tuggurt, 
breeding) ; Sicinh. t. <?. p. 358 (Amor) ; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 53 
(Canton); Irby, t. c. p. 245 (Oudh); Sicinh. t. c. p. 344 (Pekin), 
p. 423 (Formosa); Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 75 {1661); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1863, p, 223 (Banjarmassin); Sici?iL t e. p. 320 (China & 
Formosa) ; Graij, Cat. Brit. B. p. 150 (1863); Jerd. B. 2nd. iii. 
p. 758 (1864);' Gigl Ibis, 1865, p. 60 (Pisa, May); Gurney, i. c. 
p. 272 (Natal); Swinhoe, t. c. p. 542 (Swatow); id. 2bis, 1866, 
pp. 293, 297 (Formosa); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70 (Egypt) ; 
Sicinh. t. c. p. 231 (Amoy); Brake, t. e. p. 429 (Tetuan); Bayard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 311 (1867 \ throughout the Colony); Grandid. Per. 
et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 420"; Loche* EJJJL ~Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. 
p. 143 (1867); Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 256 (Natal); Tristr. t. c. 
p. 325 (Palestine); Beavan, t. c. p. 398 (Maunbhoom); S?7nth, 
i. c. p. 454 (Portugal); Boderl. Avif. Sieil. p. 217 (1869) ; 
Saunders, 2bis, 1869, p. 180 (Spain); Hume, t. c. p. 238 (Agra, 
breeding) ; Fritsch, For/. Eur. tab. 40. tigs. 6. 7 (1870) ; Gould, 
B. Gt. Brit iv. pi 26 (1870); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 365 (Hainan); 
Salvad. Faim. Italy lice. p. 245 (1871): Saunders. Ibis, 1871, 
p. 372; Allen, Bull. Earv. Coll ii. p. 359 (1871 : E. Florida); 
Sharjpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 (Fantee); Hartl. § Fiasch, P. Z. S. 1872, 
p. 89 (Mackenzie Is.), p. 105 (lTap); lioldsw. t. c. p. 478 (Ceylon); 
Wold. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 100 (1872; Celebes); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 270 (1872); Flume § Benders. Lahore to Yark. p. 296 
(1873); Ball, Str. F. i. p. 88 (1873: Andamans); Brooke, 2bist 
1873, p. 341 (Sardinia) ; Sages Lloyd, t. c. p. 419 (Kathiawar) ; 
Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 73 (Gold Coast); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 435 
(1874: Chota Nagpur); Salvad. Uec. Born. p. 356 (1874); Irby, 
Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 187 (1875); Danf. § Harrie Bruwn, Ibis, 
1875, p. 425 (Transylvania); Wald. Tram. Z. S. ix. p. 238 (1875: 
Manila); Blyth fy Wald. B. Burm. p. 161 (1875); Barratt, Ibis, 
1876, p. 193 (Transvaal); Bhmf. East. Peisia, ii. p. 296 (1876: 
Isfahan ; Shiraz); Butler §~ Hume, Str. F. iv. pp. 24? 35 (1876 : 
Guzerat); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Ahmednug^ur); Hume, t. c. p. 415 
(Laocadives) ; Gates, Str. F. v. p. 168 (1877: Pegu, breeding); 
Sioinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 146 (Yeddo); Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 12 
(Loango Coast); id. t c. p. 237; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 834 
(Butuan); Blakist. $ Bryer, 2bis, 1878, p. 223 (Tokio; Yokohamaj 
Yamato; Tosa); A?iders. Itep. Yunnan Exped. p. 690 (1878: 
Bhamo); Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 484 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Davidson 
SfWenden, Str. F. vii. p. 91 (1878: Deccan); Ball, t. c. p. 231 
(Ganges to Godavery) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 309 (Fureedpur); Hume, 

t. c. p. 491 (Calcutta) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 269, pi. 402 (1879) 
16 . IsTTCTICOBAX. 
149 

Bogdanoff, B. Cam. p. 116 (1879: Crimea; Caucasus: Aralo-
Casp.; Thian Shan; Kussian Songaria); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. 
p. 70 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1165 (1879); Hume, Str. F. 
viii. p. 114 (1879); Scully, t. c. pp. 361, 366 (iNepal Valley, breeding) 
; Doig, t. c. p. 372 (Eastern Narra); Butler, Cat B. S. Bomb. 
Pres. p. 84 (1880); Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 91 (1880 : S. Konkan); 
JR.Gray, Proe. Boy. Phys. Soo. Edinb. 1880, p. 355 (Clackmannan) ; 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 99 (Gilgit, May); Scully, t. c. p. 59:3; 
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 435 (1881: Deccan); Beid, Str. F. x. p. 76 
(1881: Lucknow); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 449 (1881: Mosaamedes; 
JRio Ooroca ; Humbe); Milne-Edwards # Grandid. Hist. 
Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 564, pis. ccxxviii. & ccxxix. (1882); Butler, 
Feilden, $ Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 344 (Natal); Holub # von Pelz. 
Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 277 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 364 
(Mashoona-land); Blakist. $> Pryer, B. Japan, p. 117 (1882: 
throughout the Islands); Davidson, Sir. F. x. p. 324 (1882: 
W. Khandeish); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 110 (1883); Seebohn, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Caucasus, breeding); Parker, t. c. pp. 194, 195 
(Ceylon); Seebohn, t. c. p. 398 (Dobrudscha, breeding); Davison, 
Str. F. x. p. 417 (1883: Wynaad); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. 
p. 724 (1S84); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 229 (1884: 
Shoa) ; ScL P. Z. S. L884, p. 2 (Plumatead marshes, Kent); 
Saunders, ed. YarrelLs Brit. B. iv. p. 195 (1884) ; Eagle Clarke, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 146 (Obedska Bara; Dobanovci, breeding); Ayres, 
t. c. p. 233 (Potchefstroom) ; Seebohn, t. c. p. 268 (Iliukiang); 
Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. Ill (1884: Lakes Iluleh and 
Gennesaret); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 276 (1884); 
Vorderm. N. T. Nederl Ind. xliv. p. 202 (1884: Java) ; Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 44 (Corsica); Swinh. fy Barnes, t. c. p. 136 
(Mhow); Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 118 (Wapokomoland); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 491 (Fao), p. 499 (Bushire); Gigl. Avif. ltal. pp. 285, 
541 (1886) ; Salvad. Eleneo Ucc. Ital. p. 246 (1886); Reichen. 
J. f. O. 1887, p. 50 (Kagehi) ; Koenig, J.f.O. 1888, p. 275 
(Tunis); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 337 (1888: Manipur); Lilford, 
Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. vii. (1888); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 178 
(Caudahar); Lilford, t. c. p. 344 (Limasol, Cyprus); Gigl Avif. 
Ital., 1st Besoc. p. 444 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit. JB. p. 367 
(1889); Reichen. Syst Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 41 (1889); id. 

J. f. O. 1889, p. 268 (Quilimane); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederl. Lid. xlix. p. 417 (1889: Sumatra); Brusina, Motr. etc. 
{Orn. Croatica), p. 74 (1890) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 148, 285 
(Labuan); Koenig, J. f O. 1890, p. 313 (Madeira); Steere, List 
Mamm. § Birds Philipp. Exped. p. 27 (1890 : Luzon); Gigl. Avif. 
Ital, 2nd Besoc. p. Qo6 (1890), 3rd Besoc. p. 514 (1891); Sharpe, 
Sci. Pes. %ul York. Miss., Aves, p. 125 (]891); Sty an, Ibis, 1891, 
pp. 327, 493 (Lower Yangtse); Dresser, t. e. p. 369 (Erzerooin); 
Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 117 (Madagascar); De la louche, t. c. p. 487 
(Foochow and Swatow); Hartert, t. c. p. 512 (E. Prussia, breeding) 
; Shelley, Ibis, 1893, p. 29 (Mpimbi, Upper Shir6); Meade 
Waldo, t. c. p. 198 (Canary Is.); Hose, t. c. p. 420 (Lake Ansok, 
Baram, breeding); Sty an, t. c. p. 434 (Hainan). 
Nycterodius nycticorax, Margill. Man. JBrit. B. ii. p. 147 (1842). 
The Night Heron, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 485 (1843). 
Nycticorax naevius, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 558 (1847); LSotaud, Ois. 

Trinid. p. 431 (1860) ; ScL $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 305 (Upper 
and Lower Ucayali); Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 170 (British Guiana). 
Nycticorax nycticorax, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854); 
Seebohn, Hist Brit. B. ii, p. 496 (1884); id. Ibis, 1887, p. 181 

150 
AKDE1DJE. 

(Loo Choo Is.) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 295 (1887: 
Japan) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 222 (1890) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 
1894, p. 541 (Lawas River, March); Beichen. Tog. deutsch-Ost-
Afr. p. 63 (189J). 

Scotaeua m cticorax, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 59 (1856: Tana Lake, 
Abyss.) {Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 68 (lb73: breeding); Boyd. 
B/Caac. p. 168 (1879) ; Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42, 405 (1884: 
Tiflis to 6200 ft.; Lenkoran). 

Scotaeus guttatus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 59 (1&56). 
Nyctiardea gardeni, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 678 (1858); Very. Proc. 
"Essex Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862 : Maine, breeding) ; Allen, cp at. iv. 

p. 76 (1864: Maine); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 65 
(Jamaica); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 292 (IbOtJ: New 
York) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 32 (8. Texas); Coues, t c. p. 263 
(Arizona); id. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 95; id. Proc. Bast. 
Sue. N. H. xii. p. 123 (1868: S. Carolina) ; Allen, Mem. Bast. 
Sor. N H. i. p. 507 (1868: Illinois); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 428 
(Vancouver Isl.). 
Nyctiaidea 
nycticorax, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 413 (resident 
throughout China and Formosa) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 33, 
no. 10171 (1871); Hume, Nests $ Eggs 'hid. B. p. 624 (1873) ; id. 
Sir. F. i. p. 266 (1873), ii. p. 315 (1874: Nicobar*), iii. p. 192 
(1875: Pegu); Armstr. Str.F. iv. p. 350 (1876: Elephant Point, 
Rangoon); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 325 ; Daiid fy Oust. Ois. Chine, 

p. 444 (1877); Butler, Str. F. \ii. p. 189 (1878); Doiy, t.c. p. 467 
(East. Narra, breeding) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burin, ii. p. 259 
(1883); id. ed. Hume's Nests § Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 258 (1890) ; 
Frivaldshy, Av. Hang. p. 133 (1891) ; Madardtz, Erliiut Ausst. 
Ungar. tbgelf. p. 106 (1891). 
Nycticorax aegyptius, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 293 (1872 : 
Ondonga; Orange R.; Damara-land) ; Ayres, Ibis, lb74, p. 104 
(Transvaal). 

Nyctiardea 
grisea, var. naevia, Allen, Btdl Harv. Coll. iii. p. 182 
(1872: East. Kansas) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 269 (1872) ; 
id. B.N.-Wesi, p. 523 (1874); Hensh. Pep. Zool. Eupl. 100th 
Merid. p. 466 (1875 : Utah); Beid, Zool. 1877, p. 480 (Bermudas); 
Coues, Btdl. U.S. Geol. Survey. i\. p. 646 (1878: Moose R.); 
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 164 (1878: Ft. Brown, 

S. Texas); Baird, Brewer, Sf Pidgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. 
^ p. 55 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer, B. 2nd ed. p. 662 (1884). 
Nyctiardea 
naevia, Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 311 (1874: 
Mazatlan ; Rio de Coahuana); Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol 8urv. h. 

p. 61 (1878 :t & Texas, breeding). 
Nyctiardea grisea, var. gardeni, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 386 
'(1874: Illinois). 
Nyctiardea grisea, (3. naevia, Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 442 
"(1878: Stockton, Gal). 

Nyctiardea grisea, Maynard, B. East N. Amer. p. 416 (1879). 

Nyctiardea grisea naevia, Pidgio. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 197 

'(1880); Hart Merriam, Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 128 (1882 : 
New York); Batchelor, t. c. p. 151 (Upper St. John): Nehrling, 
t c. p. 223 (S.E. Texas, breeding) ; Breivst. op. cit viii. p. 36 
(1883: Tucson); Bailey, t. c. p. 42 (Georgia, April, breeding); 
Talbot, Auk, i. p. 96 (1884: Wall Lake, Dak.); Brown, t. c. p. 122 
(Texas); Hoffm. Auk, ii. p. 10 (1885); Zoomis, t. c. p. 192 

(S. Carolina); Agersb. t. c. p. 287 (Missouri R., S.E. Dakota). 
Nycticorax griseus nsevius, 
Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 406 
(1882 : Costa Rica); Belding11 c. p. 544 (Lower California). 

16 . NYCTICOHAX. 
Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius, Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. 

p. 113 (1885: Costa Rica); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
ix. p. 170 (1886: Puebla; Vera Cruz; Jalupa) ; Fverm. Auk, iii. 
p. 91 (1886: Ventura Co., Oal.); Seton,t.c. p. 150 (Manitoba, 
summer); Smith, t. c. p. 285 (Fort Collins, Color.); Fox, t. c. 
p. 319 (Tennessee); Scott, t.c. p. 385 (Santa Cruz, Ariz.j; A.O.U. 
Checkrl N. Amer. B. p. 138 (1886); Scott, Auk, iv. pp. 136, 281 
(1887: Gulf Coast of Florida); Chamberlain, t. c. p. 264 (St. 
John's, New Brunswick, Jan.); Mdgio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 133 
(1837); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 84 (1887: Kauai; 
Hawaii), xi. p. 102 (1888); Richmond, Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: 
District Columbia); Cory, t. c. p. 49 (Greater Antilles) ; Merrill, 
t.c. p. 144 (Fort Klamath, breeding); Chapm. t. c. p. 269 (Gainsville, 
Florida); Kamlien, t. c. p. 328 (Wisconsin) ; Everm. t. c. 
p. 348 (Indiana); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 18 (1889 : Florida); Cory, B. 
West Indies, p. 250 (1889); Thompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 
p. 491 (1890: Manitoba); Meams, Auk, vii. p. 51 (1890: Mormon 
Lake, Ariz.); Scott, t c. p. 308 (Dry Tortugas); Shick, t. c. p. 327 
(New Jersey, breeding); Northrop, Auk, \iii. pp. 6Q, 78 (1891: 
Andros Isl.); Brewst. fy Chapm. t c. p. 137 (Suwanee River); 
Ridyw. L c. p. 335 (Abaco, Bahamas); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 10 
(1892 : Jamaica); Lawr. t. c. p. 42 (Gray's Harbour); Scott, t. c. 

p. 212 (Caloosahatchie Region, Florida) ; Attioater, t. c. p. 232 
(San Antonio, Texas). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Black above, glossed with dark 
green, and with a slight shade of slaty grey on the mantle; upper 
scapulars like the back, the lower ones light ashy grey; wings 
entirely light ashy grey or dove-colour, with a slight shade of dull 
oily-green on the secondaries ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and tail clear grey or dove-colour; head crested, black, with a dark 
green gloss, and having two long nuchal white plumes; base of 
forehead white, extending above the eye to behind the latter; 
feathers below the eye, cheeks, throat, and underparts pure white; 
ear-coverts and sides of neck delicate isabellino-grey, extending 
in a collar round the hind-neck, and also to the sides of the body ; 
thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
very pale ashy. Total length about 18 inches, culmen 3, 
wing 10*5, tail 4, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male in colour, 
and having the same long white plumes on the napo: " upper 
mandible slaty-black with a whitish streak near the edges, central 
portion of lower mandible flesh-colour, greenish towards the base: 
skin round the eye pale green; tarsi and feet pale yellow; ins 
crimson " (T. Ayres). 

Adults in winter plumage. Similar to the breeding-plumage, but 
much greener on the head and back, and not having the drooping 
white plumes on the nape. 

Young. Brown above, varied with longitudinal triangular centres 
of rufous or buff to the feathers of the back and wing-coverts ; the 
quills and tail-feathers tipped with white ; the head blackish, the 
crest-feathers centred with rufous ; sides of face and under surface 
of body fulvescent, streaked with dusky black, with which the 
feathers are margined; the thighs streaked like the sides of the 

152 
AKKEIM!. 

body, as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries; throat 
whitish. 

The full-grown young bird is similarly marked to the nestling 
described, but all the streaks and spots are much paler, the throat 
and under surface of body being white, with a few dusky streaks. 
Judging from a specimen in the Tweeddale Collection from Canton, 
the adult plumage is assumed during the next breeding season, and 
even the white nape-plumes are put on, but the colouring of the 
head and back is not so bright as in older birds. 

Hah. Southern and Central Europe, throughout Africa, and 
across Asia to China and Japan in suitable localities, not extending 

far north, and ranging into the Moluccas.
Lesser Antilles, Colombia, and Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b, c. <5 ad. sk. 
d, e. (S ad. et juv. 
sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 

g. Ad. sk. 
h, 
i. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 

k. Ad. sk. 
I $ juv. sk. 
m, $ ad. sk. 

n. Imm. sk. 
o, p. d ad. sk. 

q. Juv. sk. 
r, s. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
t, u. Ad. sk. 

v. $ ad. sk. 
wt x* Ad, j y-b'. 
Juv. sk. 
c', d\ Ad. ; e'. 
Juv. sk. 
/'. Ad. sk. 

g'. Ad.sk. 

V. Ad. sk. 
i'. J ad. sk. 

7c'. (S juv. sk. 

I'. Juv. sk. 
m'. $ ad.; n'j o'. 
Juv. sk. 
p\ q'. Ad. sk. 

Halifax, Yorkshire. 
Hansag Marshes, Hungary, 
May 1821. 
Hungary, May, Aug. 

Athens. 
Tangiers (Sir J. D. Mat/). 
Fantee, Gold Coabt (II. T. 

Ussherfy H. F Blissett). 
Transvaal (T. Ay res). 
Potchefstrooru, Transvaal, 

Aug. (T. Ayres). 
Putchefbtroom, July 10 (T. 
Ay res). 
Elands Post (T. Atmore). 

Upper Shirs' River, Nov., 
Feb. (A. Whyie). 
Aden. 

Egypt, March. 

Cyprus (F II. II Guille


mard). 
Turkey, April 30 (T. Bobson). 
Bagdad. 

Fao, Persian Gulf. 

Bushire, Persian Gulf, April. 

Afghanistan (Griffith). 
Quetta, August. * 

Jacobabad, Sindh. Dec. 25 

(A. 0. H.). 
Karachi, 
Sept. 18 (E. A. 
Butler). 

Sindh, Jan. 8. 

Moultan, Oct. 29. 

Cashmere, 

 North America to the 

Old Coll. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

Hungarian National 

Museum. 
Consul Merlin rP.~. 
Shellev Coil. 
Shelley Coll. 

Shelley Cull. 
Gurney Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Dr. It. B. Sharpe 
[P.]. 
H." 11. Johnston, 

E*q., C.B. y:_. 

C. Chevallier. Esq. 
Shelley Coll. 

Lord Lilford [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

K. Loftus, Esq. [P.]. 
W. 
D. Cumming. 
Esq. IT.\ 
A. J. " VI Palmer, 
Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Colonel Swinhoe 

[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Pinwill Coll. 

16 . NYCTtCOBAX. 
*%\ ? ad. sir. 

a*. 2 juv. sk. 

*', a', »'. Ad.; w\ 
2 ad,; *•'. 5 

juv.sk. 
y'. Ad. sk. 
«'. $ ad. sk 

«", 5", <?". Ad.; 

tf". Juv. sk. 
«",/" tf ad, sk. 
g". $ ad. sk. 

A", i". tf ad.; jfc". 
Poll. sk. 
?',m'f. Ad. etjuv. 
sk. 
n"2 o". $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
f,4',r". dad.; 
s", t". $ ad. sk. 
w", ?/', w". Ad. 

et juv. sk. 
x". $ ad. sk. 
y", z". 6 2 ad. 

sk. 
a»-d$. Ad. etjuv. 
sk. 
e3. $ juv. sk. 

/*3. Juv. sk. 
>3, A3. >c? $ ad. sk. 
a3, c? juv. sk. 
F,*». Ad.sk. 

3 5 juv

w.«s^* 

?z3. c? ad. sk. 

t>3, p3. c? ad. sk. 
2'\ $ juv. sk. 


r3, s3. Juv. sk. 
t\ $ ad. sk. 
w3. $ ad.; v2. tf 

juv. sk. 
w?3. J ad. sk. 


A-3, y3. tf ad.; s3. 
$ ad. sk. 
a4. & juv. sk. 

J*. J imm. sk. 

c*. Ad. sk. 

Gilgit, July 8. 

Delhi, Oct. 5 (C. T7. 7?e>?y-

Sultanpur, Gurgaon Distr., 
March to May, Sept. (W. 

N. Chill). 
Jhansie, April. 
Etawah, Nov. 7 (W. E. 
Brooks). 

Etawah, Feb., Sept. 

Allahabad, Dec. 1. 
Futtehgurh, Aug. (A. Anderson) 
. 
Chumparun Distr., Oudh, 
Jan., April (JR. M. Adam). 
Nepal. 

Nepal Valley, Aug., Sept. (J. 
Scully). 

Nepal Valley, July, Sept. 

Darjeeling, Dec. to Feb. (L. 

Mandelli). 
Shillong, Aug. (J. Cockburn). 
Moirang, Manipur, March 

14 (A. 0. H.). 
Dacca. 


Faridpur, July (J. R. 
Cripps). 

Calcutta. 
Raipur, June 1. 
Sumbalpur, Jan. 14. 
Khandeish. 
Ahmednuggur, Feb. 7 (S. B. 


Fairbank). 

Mai van, S. Konkan, Jan. 19 

(G. Vidal). 
Isl. of Elephanta, Jan. 7. 
St. George's Isl., Lacca


dives, Feb. 5 (A. 0. HJ). 
Madras. 
Ceylon, July 28. 
Lower Pegu, Nov., Jan. (E, 

W. 0.). 
Sittang River, Sept. 18 (JR. 
G. W. JR.) 
Rangoon, Dec. (R. G. W. 
J?.). 
Yeaboo, Attaran River, Tenasserim, 
Aug. 9 (W. 
Davison). 

Gyne 
River, Aug. 8 (W. 
Davison). 
Malacca (Dr. Mawyay). 

Colonel Biddulph 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Colonel Legge [P.]. 
Oates Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

154 

d4. Juv. sk. 
e4. Juv. sk. 
fk. c? juv. sk. 
ffK c? ad. sk. 

h\ Ad. sk. 
z\ kK $ ad. sk. 
J1, ?>*4. Ad. et juv. 

sk. 
n \ o4. Ad. sk. 
p\q\ rK S ^d. et 

imm. sk. 
s*. Juv. sk. 
/*. Ad. sk. 
u*. Ad. sk. 
y4. Ad. sk. 
w*, :iA, yi. Ad. et 

imm. sk. 

z4, «5. Ad.; Zf5, c5, 
d5. Juv. sk. 
e5-^. Ad. et imm. 

sk. 
k5. Ad. sk. 
Z\ $ juv. sk. 


wz\ Juv. sk. 

n'\ J ad. sk. 

o\ c? ad. sk. 

p \ Juv. sk. 

q\ r*. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 


s'\ 2 a<i- sk. 

tf-xf. $ ad.etjuv.; 
z5-d6. 2 ad. et. 
juv.sk. 

e< $ ad. sk. 
fU\ S ad. sk. 

k% l\ S ad. et 
juv.; m6. $ imm. 
sk. 

7i*. £ ad. sk. 

o6. <J juv. sk. 


p. cj1 ad. sk. 
#6. Ad. sk. 

AKDElDiE. 

Penang (Dr. Cantor). 
Java [Leyden Museum). 
Mt. Kalulong, Sarawak, Feb. 
Aver Pannas, Celebes, Aug. 


"23 ( F<m Rosenberg). 
Celebes. 
Manila (Maitland Her lot). 
Canton, China. 

Foochow. 
Foochow, May (R. Sicinhoe). 


Shanghai, Dec. 10. 
Amoy, Feb. (JR. Swinhot). 
S.AV. Formosa, Aug. 
Formosa. 
Formosa, Nov., Dec. (R. 


Swinkoe). 

Nagasaki, Japan. 

Yokohama (H. Pryej-). 

North America (Hensh. Coll.). 
Treport, New York, Sept. 22 

(C. H. Merriam: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
Cambridge, 
Mass. (Hensh. 
Coll.). 

New Haven, Conn., April 

(A. J. Bay an : Hensh. 
Coll.). 
Logan, Illinois, April 17 
(Greene Smith: Hensh. 
Coll). 

Bermuda. 

Gainsville, Florida, April, 
May (J. Bell; Hensh. 
Coll.). 

Do Soto Co., Florida, Dec. 8 

(W.R.JDean). 

Tarpon Springs, Florida, 
July, Aug., Oct. ( W. E. 
JD. Scott). 

Brownsville,Texas, March 12. 
Corpus Christi, June, July. 
Presidio, Mexico, Jan., Feb. 

(A. Forrer). 
Tampico, Mexico, June ( W. 

B. Richardson). 
Aguas Calientes, Aug. ( W. 
B. Richardso7i). 
Colotlan, Jalisco, March 21 
(W* B. Richardson). 
Acapulco, March (A. H. 
Marhham). 

India Museum. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

C. Hose, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebolim Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
.Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
F. Ringer, Esq. ~P."\ 
Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-G odman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Savile Reid 

[q.;. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

16 . NYCTJOOIIAX. 15 5 
r6, sB. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
tb~io&. Ad. et imm. 
sk. 
a*, if. Ad. et 
imm. sk. 
s6. $ ad. sk. 

a7. Ad. sk. 

b7 

. Imm. sk. 

c7, d7, e7. Skeletons. 
f7 

. Boues of trunk. 
g7. Skull. 

h7 

. Skull. 

i7 

. Sternum. 

h7 

. Sternum. 

Ghoctum, Guatemala (0. 

Salvin). 

St. Vincent; West Indies, 
Sept. (I). W. Smith). 
Grenada, W. I., June, July 

(D. W. Smith). 
Medellin, U.S. Colombia (T. 
K. Salmon). 
Balzar Mountains, Ecuador 

filling worth). 
Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). 


Nepal. 

Wiirtemberg. 
Algeria. 
Jamaica. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin- Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Yarrell Coll. 
Dr. Gunther [C.]. 


M. Lefebvre. 
Gosse Coll. 
2. Nycticorax tayazu-guira. 
Garza parda chorreada, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 168 (1803). 
Garza tayazu-guira, Azara, t. e. p. 173. 
Ardea tayazu-guira, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 417 (1817). 
? Ardea nvcticorax, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg, Bras. iv. Abth. 2, 


p. 646 (1833). 
Nycticorax gardeni (pt.), Gray, List Grail Brit Mus. p. 85 (1844). 
Nycticorax americanus (nee Bp.), Tschudi fy Cab. Faun. Peruan., 
Aves, pp. 50, 297 (1845-46); Hartl. Ind. Azara, pp. 22,23 (1847); 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 555 (Junin). 
Ardea gardeni (nee Gm.), Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 405 (1856) j id. 
Beise'La Plata-St ii. p. 508 (1861: Parana). 

Nycticorax gardeni (nee Gm.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Berkeley 
Sound); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 (Falkland Is.); Pels. Orn. 
Bras. p. 303 (1871: Sapitiba; Ypanema j Rio de Janeiro; Curytiba; 
Irisanga; Cuyaba; Caicara); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 329 
(Peru); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 271 (1884: Lower Uruguay); Tacz. 
Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 407 (1886: Junin; Tumbez). 

Nycticorax obscurus (nee Licht.), Scl. Ifris, 1861, p. 312; id. P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 73 (Falkland Is.); Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Tyssen 
Isl., Falkland Sound); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 40 (Chuput Valley), 

p. 189 (Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 63 (Buenos Ayres), p. 399 
(Sengel); Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Falkland Is.); Scl 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (eggs: Falkland*); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, 
pp. 156, 158 (Cape San Antonio, breeding); White, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 624 (Buenos Ayres: Salta); Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 406 
(1886: Lake Titicaca); WUhington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de 
Zamora); Scl. fy Huds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 105 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 
1890, p. 425, 1892, p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla); Sel P. Z. S. 
1891, p. 136 (Sacaya; Tarapaca). 
Adult. Similar to A7", nycticorax, but larger, and having the entire 
under surface pervaded with grey except on the throat, lower 
abdomen, and vent, which are white; forehead and eyebrow also 
white : "upper mandible and tip of lower one black, remainder of 
lower mandible yellowish green; feet light pea-green, underside 

156 ARBEIDJE. 

with a tinge of yellow; iris dull crimson " (H. Durnford). Total 
length about 24 inches, oilmen 3*2, wing 13*3, tail 5-4, tarsus 3*5. 
Fab. South America, from the Falkland Islands to Patagonia 
and Chili, northwards to Peru and Central Brazil. 

a, b. $ ad. et juv.
sk.
c. tf ad. sk.
d. Juv. sk. 
Tinta, Peru, June, July (H. 
Whitely). 
Tinta, July 23 (F. Whitely). 
Lake Titicaca, Peru. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e,f. Ad. sk.
g-l. $ ad. et juv.; 
Bolivia (I). Forbes). 
Sacaya, Tarapaca, Jan. to 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Berkeley Jamea Coll. 
m. J ad. sk.
?>. § juv. sk.
o, p. Ad. sk. 
April. 
Lomas de Zamora, BuenosAyres, Sept (F. Withington). 
Falkland Islands. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q. 2 juv. sk.
r. $ ad. sk.
s. cj1 juv.; t.
ad. sk. 
2 
Falkland Islands. 
Falkland Islands. 
Falkland Islands, Nov., Dec. 
Toy. H.M.8. < Challenger.' 
Antarctic Exped. 
Antarctic Exped. 
u. J ad.; v. Juv.
sk. 
Berkeley Sound, East Falklands, 
Dec. 
Antarctic Exped. 

3. Nycticorax cyanocephalus. 
Ardea cyanocephala, Molina, Saggio St. Chili, p. 260 (1780). 
Ardea nycticorax (nee Linn.), KittU Kupf. Vog. pt. 3, p. 20, Taf. 35 
%. 1 (1833). 
Nvcticorax americanus (nee Up.), Gould in Dariuirfs Vog. * Beagle, 

"Birds, p. 128 (1841: Valparaiso). 
Nycticorax cyanocephalus, Fraser, F.Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Chili). 
Nycticorax gardeni (pt.), Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 85 (1844). 
Nycticorax ngevius {nee Bodd.), Gay, Faun. ChiL, Zool. i. p. 412 

(1847). 
Nycticorax obscurus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854 : 
Chili); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 141 (1855); id. Compt. Fend. xl. 

p. 723 (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 334,339 (Chili); JS'd. $ Salv. 
Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Oazy Harbour, Str. of Magellan); Feichen. 
J.f. 0. 1877, p. 238; Scl $ Salv. F. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Tom 
Harbour, Puerto Bueno): Sharpe, F. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 (Cockle 
Cove). 
Ardea obscura, Schl. Mm. Fays-Bas^ Ardese, p. 59 (1863). 
Nyctiardea obscura (pt.), Gray, FLand-l. B. iii. p. 33, no. 10176 
(1871). 

Adult male. Similar to N. nycticorax, but larger and everywhere 
darker, the wings dark slaty brown ; the sides of the face, neck, 
and entire under surface of body sooty-grey; no white on the forehead, 
and only a sooty-brown streak in front of the eye : " bill 
horn-colour * feet dark grey ; iris orange " (Dr. Qoppinger). Total 
length about 24 inches, culmen 3, wing 11*3, tail 4*6, tarsus 3*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male: "bill dark horn-colour; feet 
dark grey; iris orange " {Qoppinger). Total length about 24 inches, 
culmen 2*8, wing 12*8, tail 5, tarsus 3-3. 

Young. Similar to the young of 2V. nycticorax, but everywhere 

16. NTCTrcomx. 
157 

more coarsely spotted with oehreous above ; beneath reddish ochre, 

broadly streaked with black. 
Hub. From Chili south to the Straits of Magellan. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Frutillar, near Lake Llan- Berkeley James Coll. 
quehui, Chili, Dec. 6. 
b. d juv. sk. 
Rio Conta, Chili, Jan. 13. Berkeley James Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. 
Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
d. <$ juv.; e. J Cockle Cove, Straits of 
Vov.II.M.S. <Alert.' 
ad. sk. 
Magellan, Feb. 12 (Dr. 
Coppinger). 


f. 
Juv. sk. Neesham Cove, Trinidad Vov.II.M.S.'Alert.' 
Channel, Feb. 26 (Dr. 
Coppinyer). 
g. 
g juv. sk. Tom Harbour, Messier Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
Channel. lengerV 
h. 
§ juv. sk. Puerto Bueno, Jan. Voy. H.M.S. i Challenger.' 
4. Nycticorax leuconotus. 
Ardea leuconotus, Wagl. Si/st Av., Ardea, p. 189, sp. 33 (1827); 
Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 713 (1870); Heugl. Orn. A7.0.Afr.
ii. Abth. i. p. 1088 (1873 : Blue and White Niles : Fazogloa). 

Ardea 
cucullata, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 661; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
_ Ardea, p. 60 (1863: Gold Coast). 
Nyctiardea leuconota, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 355 (1837); Gray, 
^Hand-l B. iii. p. 33, no. 10178 (1871). 
Nycticorax leuconotus, Gray, Gen. B, iii. p. 558 (1847); Ayres, Ibis, 
"1885, p. 349 (Hex river, breeding:); Cab. in Von der Decken's Reis. 

iii. p. 50, Taf. xviii. (1870); Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 12 (Loango), 
p. 239 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 450 (1881: Humbe); Sharpe, ed. 
Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 724 (1884 : Kleinmont). 
Nycticorax cucullatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 558 (1847); Licht. 
"Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854: Senegal); Hartl. Orn. 
West-Afr. p. 225 (1857: Senegal: Rio Boutrv); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. (587 (We*t Africa). 

Ardea ocularia, Mutter, Naum. 1851, Heft iv. p. 29 (Senaar). 

Calherodius cucullatus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 139 (1855); id. Compt. 
Bend. xl. p. 723 (1855); Layard, Ibis, 1870, p. 443 (Kleinmont 
river-mouth). 

Buphus leuconotus, Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 59 (1856: Blue Nile). 

Adult. General colour above black, the long scapular plumes 
white or pure white along the inner webs, continuous with a large 
white patch on the upper back; lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, wings, and tail dusky slate-colour, with a slight greenish 
shade, the lesser wing-coverts washed with rufous brown; crown 
of head crested, greenish, with elongated nape-plumes ; lores white, 
extending above the eye, as also a small patch just below the latter; 
cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of face black; upper throat white, 
lower throat and neck all round bright orange-chestnut, with a line 
of black feathers extending down the hind-neck and joining the black 
of the upper mantle; centre of lower throat and fore-neck, as well as 
the centre of the breast, composed of dusky-brown feathers, white 

158 AKDEID^. 

on the outer web, producing a streaked appearance, which becomes 
less distinct on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, which are 
whiter; sides of body, flanks, and thighs, as well as the under 
wing-coverts and axillaries, vinaceous chestnut: " bill blackish, the 
base of the mandible yellow; lores and orbits bare, greenish 
yellow; feet orange; iris fiery yellow " (Von Heuglin). Total length 
about 2\l inches, culmen 2-6, wing 10*2, tail 4*1, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but much lighter and paler : 
" bill dark horn, lower mandible lightest; tarsi and feet yellow " 

(W. Lucas). Total length about 19 inches, culmen 2'6, wing 10*5, 
tail 4*3, tarsus 2-9. 
The adult male described is from the Gold Coast, and none of 
the other specimens have the line of black feathers down the hinder 
neck: the specimen in question seems to be in every way adult. 

Hab. Confined to Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Africa. Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
c. S «d. sk.
d. $ ad. sk. 
Gold Coast. 
Hex River, Ru^tenberg Distr.,
Transvaal ( W. Lucas). 
Shelley Coll 
Gurney Coll. 

5. ETycticorax cale&onicus. 
Caledonian Night-Heron, Cook's Voy. ii. pi. 50, p. Il l (1777); Lath. 
Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 55 (1785). 
Ardea caledonica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 626 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. 

ii. p. 679 (1790: New Caledonia) ; Vieill. N. Diet, d'Hist. Sat. 
xiv. p. 436 (1817) * Less. Traite, p. 571 (1831); Schl. Mas. Bays-
Bas, Ardese, p. 59 (1863: Hunter R., Australia; Timor; Morotai ; 
Halrnahera; Makassar; Tondano); id. Nederl Tijdseh. Diei-Jcm. 
p. 348 (1866: Aru) ; Rosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 873, 407, 563 
(1878-79: Ternate). 
Ardea maculata, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. lxiv (1801) ; Strickl. 
Ami. N. H. xi. p. 338 (1843). 
Ardea novas hollandise, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 436 (1817) ; 
Pucker. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1851, p. 565; Marti J. f. O. 1855, 

p. 421. 
Ardea australis, Vieill. E?ic. Mtth. iii. p. 1130 (1823); Pucker. Rev. 
et Mag, de Zool. 1851, p. 5(56, note. 
Nycticorax caledonicus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi, p. 613 (1819) ; 
Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mvs. p. 85 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 558 
(1847); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 63 (1848); Reichenb. Vdg. Neuholl 
pt. ii. p. 33, sp. 322 (1850); id. Grail tab. 155. figs. 2389-90 
(1851); Macgill. Voy. RaUlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852: N.E. Australia ; 
Torres Straits); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 139 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 197; id. Vat. Mam?n. fy B. New Gain. p. 62 (1859); id. 
Cat. B. Prop. Isl Pacif. Ocean, p. 49 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 166; id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 364 (Halrnahera) ; Verr. et Des Murs, 
Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1860, p. 439 (New Caledonia); Wall P. Z. S. 
1863, -p. 35 (Bouru); Rosenb. Tijdschr. Nederl 2nd. 1863, p. 253 
(Amboina; Timor); id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 136 (New Guinea); 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 183 (1865: Batchian) ; Gould, Handb. B. 
Avstr. ii. p. 311 (1865); Ra7nsay, Ibis, 1866, p. <}35 (Port 
Denison); Rosenb. Reis naar Zuidoostereil p. 53 (1867: Aru); 
16 . NYCTICORAX. 
159 

Hartl $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 118 (Pelew Is.); Marie, Actes 
Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvii. p. 328 (1870 : New Caledonia) j Wald. 
Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 100 (1872: Celebes); Buller, B. New Zeal 

p. 233 (1873); Button, Ibis, 1874, p. 41; Buller, t. c. p. 119; 
Roseiib. Reistocht. Geelvinksb. p. 8 (1875 : Ternate); Sharpe, Voy. 
Ereb. fy Terr., Birds, App. p. 31 (1875); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. 
vii. p. 681 (1875: Celebes); id. op. cit. viii. p. 384 (1876: Bouru); 
Cab. # Reichen. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 327 (Dana IsL); Briiggem. 
Abhandl.nat. Vet\Bremen,v. p. 98 (1876: Celebes); Masters, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 61 (1877: Darnley Isl.); Ramsay, t c. 
p. 192; Layard, Ibis, 1877, p. 363 (New Caledonia); Ramsay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N.8. W. ii. p. 199 (1877); Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 238; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. iii. p. 116 (1878: Katau), p. 300 
(1879: Port Moresby); D'Albert. Ann. Mus. Genov.x.-p. 20 (1877 : 
Fly River); Sahad. t. c. p. 166 (Kapaor); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 342 (Queensland); 8cl. t. c. p. 555 (Admiralty Is.); D'Alb. <$• 
8alvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 133 (1879 : Katau); Salvad. t. c. 
p. 668 (Kei Isl.); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 143 (Menado ; Limbotto); 
Set. Voy. 'Challenger,1 ii.'Birds, p. 30 (1881: Admiralty Is.); 
Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 771 (Luang); Bias. % Nehrk. 
op. cit. 1882, p. 431 (Amboina) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, p. 469 
(Cocos; Keeling Isl.); E. L. ty E. L. C. Layard, t. c. pp. 531, 544 
(New Caledonia); Sahad. Ann, Mus. (rencw.xviii.p.336 (1882); id. 
Orn.Pap. iii. p. 372 (1882: Bouru; Amboyna; Andai; KeiBandan; 
Great Kei; Aru; Salawatti; Waigiou); Blasius, J. f. O. 1883, 
p. 133 (Celebes); Meyer, Sitz. yes. Isis, Dresden, Abtb. i. 1884, 
p. 57 (Timor Laut); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 434 [l. c.); Pleske, 
Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xxix. p. 538 (1884: Ternate); Sharpe, 
Voy. 'Alert,' p. 28 (1884: Thursday Isl.); Nehh.J.f. 0.1885, 
p. S5 (Waigiou); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, n. 665 (Salawatti); 
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888); id. Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N. 8. W. (2) ii. p. 172 (1888: Derby) ; Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. 
ii. p. 139 (1888); North, Nests and Eggs. Austr. B. p. 320 (1889); 
Sahad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 827 (1891: Killerton Isl.); id. 
Agg. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 208 (1891). 
Ardea sparmanni, Wagl Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 188, sp. 32 (1827). 
Ardea ferruginea {nee Gm.), Forst. Icon. ined. pi. Ill; id. Bescr. 

Anim. p. 274 (1844). 
Nycticorax australasiae, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 558 (1847). 
Calherodius caledonicus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 723 (1855). 
Nyctiardea caledonica, Gray, Hand-l. B.iii. p. 33, no. 10172 (1871). 
Nyctiardea manillensis, pt., Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 33, no. 10173 

"(1871). 
Nycticorax manillensis {nee Vig.), Hartl. fy Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, 
pp. 89, 117 (Pelew Islands). 

Adult male. General colour above pale cinnamon or light chestnut; 
the wing-coverts like the back; quills a trifle more chestnut, with 
a dusky shade along the inner web of the first two primaries; tail-
feathers like the back, with whitish bases to the inner webs; crown 
of head, largely crested on the nape, black, with two long white 
nuchal plumes : a line of white extending from the base of the bill 
to behind the eye, forming a distinct white eyebrow; sides of face 
and ear-coverts, as well as the sides of the neck and hinder neck, 
pale cinnamon, extending down the sides of the fore-neck; the 
feathers below the eye and fore part of cheeks whiter; entire under 

160 ARDEIDiE. 

surface of body pure white, including the under wing-coverts ancl 
axillaries; quills below pale cinnamon, white towards the base of 
the inner web : " bill in some specimens black, slightly tipped with 
yellow, in others black with a streak of greenish yellow along the 
lower mandible, and a wash of the same hue along the lower edge 
of the upper one; feet jonquil-}ellow, claws black; iris orange: 
bare space surrounding the eye greenish yellow " (J. Gould). Total 
length 19-5 inches, culmen 3, wing 11-6, tail 3*6, tarsus 3*25. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 18*5 inches. 
culmen 2*9, wing 10*8, tail 3*9, tarsus 3*25. 

Young. Different from the adult, being everywhere thickly 
streaked and spotted with buffy u hite; crown of head and neck 
streaked, the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts with large ovate 
or triangular spots; quills dusky blackish, spotted with white at 
the ends and irregularly shaded with rufous; tail also rufous, 
tipped with white and irregularly barred or mottled with dusky 
blackish ; sides of face and under surface of body white, everywhere 
streaked with dusky blackish ; a distinct white stripe along the 
cheeks; throat and abdomen white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries streaked with blackish like the breast: " iris yellow " 

(J. Gould). 
Young birds after the first moult are much duller than the old 
ones, being perceptibly browner on the back, and everywhere 
duller in colour, with the ends of the quills dusky and the inner 
secondaries mottled with dusky. 

The two specimens from the Pelew Islands are smaller than the 
majority of the Australian examples, and are more dusky in tint, 
the inner web of the quills being dull chestnut. I do not see, 
however, that they can be specifically separated from the typical 
bird. 

Hal. Australia, to the Admiralty and Pelew Islands, and north 

to Celebes. 
a. Ad. sk. Australia. A. Thomson, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. xVd. et juv.
sk.
e. <$ ad. sk. 
Australia. 
New South Wales. 
New South Wales.
[P.]. 
Rev. A. Strong [P.]. 
Australian Museum 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
/ . Juv. sk.
gf h. Juv. sk. 
New South Wales. 
South Australia. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. Sturt [P.], 
i, h. S ad.et juv.
sk.
I. Ad. sk. 
South Australia. 
West Australia. 
Sir George Grey 
[P]. 
Sir George Grev 
m. Imm. sk. Derby, N.W.Australia (T. H.
Bowyer Bower). 
Capt.BowyerBower 
[P.]. 
7t, Ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes. Esq. 
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk. 
Queensland (J. T. Coekerell). 
Port Denison, Dec. 20 (E. P.
Ramsay). 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
q, S ad. sk. Moreton Bay (F. Stranr/e). E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 

16 . NYCTICORAX. 
161 

r. 
<$ ad. sk. Thursday Island, Torres Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert/ 
Straits, June 21 (Br. Coph 
finger*)* 
s, t. J 2 ad.; u. Admiralty Islands. Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal


d juv. sk. lenger.' 
v, w. Ad. sk. Pelew Islands (Cohen). Tweeddale Coll. 
x,y. Ad. et juv. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 


Subsp. a. Nycticorax crassirostris. 

Ardea caledonica (nee Gm.), Kittlitz, Kupf. Tog. iii. p. 27, pi. 35. 
fig. 2 (1833: Bonin Is.). h > U * V > V 
Nycticorax crassirostris, Vigors, Voy. 'Blossom,7 Zool p. 27 (1839 : 
Bonin Is.); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 558 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. 

p. 140 (1855); JSeebohm, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 586 (Bonin Is.) j id. 
Ibis, 1890, pp.106, 108 (Nakondo-SMma; Parry Is., June): id. 
B. Jap. Emp. p; 222 (1890). 
Calberodius crassirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 723 (1855). 
Nyctiardea crassirostris, Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 33, no. 10174 (1871). 
Adult (type of species). Similar to N. caledonicus, and only differing 
in its stouter bill: ubill black, greenish yellow at base; tarsi light 
yellow, with greenish scales in front; iris light yelloV (P. A. Hoist). 
Total length about 22 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 10*5, tail 4*2, tarsus 4. 

Mob. Bonin Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Bonin Islands. G-ould Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
6. Nycticorax mandibularis. 
Nycticorax manillensis, pt., 
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 140 (1855); Gray, 
List B. Trop. Isl. p. 49 (1859: Solomon Islands); 8cl. P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 119 (Solomon Is.) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. vii. 

p. 39 (1882 : Ugi); Tristr. Ibis, 1882, p. 140 (Solomon Is.). 
Nyctiardea manillensis, pt., Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 33, no. 10173 
„ (1871)


Nycticorax caledonicus (nee Gm.), Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 372 
(1882) ; Ogilme-Grant,P. Z. S.1887, p. 338 (Fauro, Solomon Is.). 
Nycticorax mandibulars, Ogilvie-Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 203 (Solomon 
Is.); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 208 (1891). 

Adult female (type of species). Similar to N. manillensis, and, like 
that species, not having a white eyebrow, but differing from it in 
having a pure white throat like N. caledonicus: " bill black, base 
of lower mandible and skin round the eye yellow; legs yellow; 
iris yellow " (G. M. Woodford). 

Hab. Solomon Islands, New Britain and Duke of York Islands. 
a Pad.sk. Aola, Guadalcanal', Solomon C.M.Woodford, Esq. 
Islands, May. [0.]. (Type of 
species.) 
b, c. d ? juv. sk. Aola, Guadalcanal-, April. C.M.Woodford, Esq. 

d. Ad. sk. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Duke of York Island, Feb. Dr. B. B. Sharpe 
(KleinscJi?nidt). [P«l/ 
. 
Juv. sk. Kabahadai, New Britain, Feb. Bev. G. Brown [0.]. 

VOL. XXVI. 

162 
ARDEIDJE. 

7. Mycticorax manillensis. 
Nyeticorax manillensis, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 93 (Manila); Gray, 
List Grail. Brit. Has. p. 8t> (1844: Mindanao): id. Gen. B. iii. 


p. 558 (1847); Eraser, Zool. Tijp. pi. 66 (1850); Bp. Consp. 
Av. ii. p. 140 (1855); Schi Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardece, p. 60 Qb63: 
Luzon); Martens, J.f.O. 1866, p. 28 (Samarj; JVald. Trans. 
Z. S. ix. p. 238 (1875: Manila); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 769 
(Cebu); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 288 (Dumaguete), p. 345 {Amparo); 
id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 73 (Basilan); Steere, LUt Ma mm. £f Birds 
Philipp. JSxped. p. 27 (1890: Mindanao; Siquijor: Maiinduque); 
Skarpe, Ibist 1894, P- 541 (Lower Pada* River) ; Bourne §-Worcester, 
Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad. i. no. 1. p. 32 (1&94 : fcJamar; 
Tawi Tawi, Tabias, Sibuyan, Panay, Masbate, biquijor). 
Ardea caledonica (nee Gin.), Meyen, Nov. Acta Acad. Cess. Zeop.


Eat. Cur. 1834, p. 103. 
Oalherodius manillensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 723 (1855). 
Nyctiardea manillensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 33, no. 10173 (1871), 

Adult male. Similar to X. Caledonians^ but darker and very 
much richer in colour, being of a deep maroon above; crown of 
head and crest-feathers, including the long nuchal plumes, greenish 
black, extending down the hind-neck on to the mantle; no white 
eyebrow; under surface of body white, but the throat pervaded 
with chestnut; the whole of the sides of the face and sides of neck 
chestnut, extending on to the sides of the breast; the under wing-
coverts, axillaries, and thighs for the most part chestnut, but with 
a good deal of white in the centre of the feathers: " bill black; 
feet pale oehreous white, brown in front and the upper part of the 
toes; orbital skin yellowish green; iris golden } ellow '} (A. B. 
Everett). Total length 25 inches, culmen 2*75, wing 12*5, tail 4*6, 
tarsus 3*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 22 
inches, culmen 3, wing 12*3, tail 4*85, tarsus 3*2. 

Young. Similar to the young of A7", caledonines, but much more 
rufous, the wings conspicuously chestnut, the spots and streaks on 
the upper surface deep rufous or light chestnut, and the breast very 
broadly streaked with black: " bill brown, lower mandible dirty 
yellowish; legs light greenish yellow, claws grey; iris golden 
yellow" (A. H. Everett). 

Hah. Philippine Islands, IT. Borneo. 

a, h. Ad. et juv. Philippine Islands (C. Cross). J. H. Guraey, Esq. 
sk. [P.]. 

<c. Ad. sk. Island of Luzon. Cuming Coll. 
d. 
2 imm* s&« Maiinduque, May 22 (E. L. Steere Expedition. 
Moseley). 
s^


e. 2 j liv - Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 9 Steere Expedition. 
(E. L. Moseley). 
f. g, h. o* ad. et Cebu, May {A. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. 
I Juv. sk. Mindanao. Cuming-Coll. 

k. Juv. sk. Mindanao (D. C. Worcester). Steere Expedition. 
I 
3 juv. sk. Dumaguete, Aug. (A. S. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett). 

17 . CLVNCROMA. 
163 
m. S ad. sk. Basilan, May (A. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
n. 6 ad. sk. S. Leyte, May {A. II Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
o. § ad. sk. Amparo, S. Leyte, July {A. Tweeddale Coll. 
H. Everett). 
p. 
2 juv. sk. Siquijor, Feb. 24 (D. C. Wor- Steere Expedition. 
cester). 
q,r. 
S 2 imm. Lower Padas Elver, N". Borneo, A, H. Everett, Esq. 
sk. my(A.II.E.). [P.]. 

s. 
(S ad. sk. Labium, N.E. monsoon. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[P.]. 
8. Fycticorax minaliassse. 
Nycticorax minahassss, Meyer §• Wiglesw. J.f. 0. 1894, p. 115. 

Adult. Similar to N. manillensis, but grey above, and with the 
inner aspect of the quills mouse-brown. 
Hah. K Celebes. 

17. CANCROMA. T 
Type. 
Cochlearius, Briss. Orn. v. p. 506 (1760) C. cochlearia. 
Cancroma, Linn. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 233 (1766) 0. cochlearia. 
Cymbops, Wagler, 8yst. Av., Cymbops, p. 143 (1827) . C. cochlearia. 

Range. Confined to Central and Southern America. 

Key to the Swedes. 

a. Throat and chest white 
cochlearia, p. 163. 
b. Throat and chest vinous or light tawny 
zeiedoni, p. 165. 
1. Cancroma cochlearia. 
La Cuilliere, Briss. Orn. v. p. 506 (1760). 
La Cuilliere brune, Briss. t. c. p. 509. 
Cancroma cochlearia, Linn. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 233 (1766); Neuwied, 


Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 660 (1832); Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 129, 
pi. 249 (1834); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 558, pi. 150. fig. 5 (1847); 
Cab. in 8chomb. Reis. Gman. iii. p. 755 (1848); Bp. Consp. Av. 

ii. p. 142 (1855); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 404 (1856) ; Sehl Mus. 
JPays-Bas, Ardeae, p. Q2 (1863: Surinam) ; LSot. Ois. Trinid. 
p. 436 (1866); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 589 (Trinidad) ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 34, no. 10182 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 303, 
456 (1871: Cuyaba, May-July; Engenho do Pari, June; Rio do 
Cabacal, Aug.; Caicara, Oct."; Matogrosso, Nov.; Borba, Aug. 
Rio Branco, June; Barra do Rio Negro, Oct.); Sol $ 8alv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 126, pt. (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, 
p. 305 (Cashiboya); iid. P. Z. S.1879, p. 542 (Remedios); Tacz. 
Orn. PSrou, iiu p. 409 (1886: Cashiboya); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, 
p. 171 (British Guiana); Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mus. vi. p. 82 
(1894: Trinidad). 
Cancroma cancrophaga, Linn. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 233 (1766). 
The Boatbill, Broion, III. Zool. p. 92, pi. 36 (1776). 
Savacou de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 38.^ 
Le Savakou hupe* de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 869. 
Crested Boatbill, Lath. Gen. 8yn. iii. pt. 1, p. 26, pi. lxxvi. (1785). 
Spotted Boatbill, Lath. t. c. p. 27. 
Brown Boatbill, Lath. t. c. p. 28. 

M.2 
164 
ARDEIM. 

Cymbops coehlearia, Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 144 (1827). 

Nycticorax cancrophagus, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 236 (Brazil) 

Cochlearius cochlearius, Stejn* Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 178 (1885). 

Oochlearius cancrophagus, Heine 8? Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. 

p, 310 (1890). 

Adult. General colour above delicate lavender-grey, the upper 
mantle with a broad band of black, tinged with maroon, extending 
a little way down the sides of the mantle; the wing-coverts grey 
like the back, but inclining to hoary grey on the greater series; 
quills hoary grey or whitish, dusted with slaty-grey towards their 
ends; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail hoary grey ; 
crown of head and nuchal crest blue-black; forehead white to above 
the eye; lores bare ; sides of face, throat, and chest white, with a 
delicate shade of lavender-grey on the sides of the neck and sides-
of chest; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dark cinnamon-
rufous ; sides of body and flanks black, as also the axillaries and 
inner lower wing-coverts, the outer ones white like the edge of 
the wing; thighs white, washed with bluish grey: "iris dark, with 
a small greyish-brown ring on the outer side; throat-patch dull 
yellow; bare space in front of the eye dark brown; eyelids greenish 
yellow; upper mandible dark brown, blackish on the culmen, and 
somewhat yellowish on the nasal grooves ; edges of upper mandible 
and entire lower mandible clear yellow, somewhat duller brown 
near the sides of the base; feet dull or dirty yellow, brownish on 
the soles, somewhat greenish on the sides of the tarsus; claws 
yellowish flesh-colour" (Heuivied). Total length 16 inches, culmen 
2-65, wing 10*8, tail 4-4, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 

19 inches, culmen 2*9, wing 11*6, tail 5*4, tarsus 3. 

Young. Different from the adults, and cinnamon-rufous above, 
darker on the back, and somewhat lighter on the wing-coverts; a 
slight shade of grey on the greater coverts and inner secondaries; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky grey washed with 
rufous ; tail-feathers grey, narrowly fringed and washed with 
rufous: crown of head black, but no nuchal crest; sides of face 
and under surface of body whitish, washed with grey on the face 
and with rufous on the sides of the neck and chest; the black 
patches on the flanks of the adult replaced by striped feathers, ashy, 
washed with rufous and having longitudinal white centres; axillaries 
similarly striped. 

Another young bird from Sarayacu has the primary-coverts and 
quills tipped with white, as in the rufous Mght Herons. 
Hah. South America from Southern Brazil, throughout Amazonia 
to Guiana, Colombia, and Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
Eiocour Coll. 
b. (S ad.; c. Juv. liio de Janeiro. Alex. Fry, Esq. [P.]. 
sk. 
d. 
J ad. sk. Engenho do Pari, Brazil, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
22 (J. Natter er). 
e. Ad. sk. Cayenne. JEL 0. Rothery, Esq. 
[p.]. 
17 . CAKTCROMA. 
105 

f. Ad. sk. Cayenne. 
J. E. liar ting, Esq. 
g+ d ad. sk. E. Takutu, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March 16 (JBT. Whitely). 

k. 
$ ad. sk. E. Carimang, March 30 (JT. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W.). 
i. S imm. sk. Eemedios, U.S. Colombia (T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
K. Salmon). 
7c. Ad.; £. Jnv. Saravacu, Ecuador (0. Pz*c/c- Salvin Godman Coll. 
sk. %). 

2. Cancroma zeledoni. 
Cancroma cochlearia (nee Linn.), Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 227; 
G. C. Taylor, Ibis, I860, p. 313 (Honduras); Salvin, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 387 (British Honduras) ; Scl. 8? Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 371 
(Panama); Murie, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 467 (1867); Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua); Scl. $ Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 126, pt. (1873); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, 
p. 458 (Eio Lagartos); Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 186, 1889, p. 376 
(Cozumel). 
Canchroma zeledoni, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 93 (1885), 
Cochlearius zeledoni, Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 178 (1885); 

Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. ix. p. 171 (1886 : Vera Cruz); 
Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem, p. 310 (1890); Richmond, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 527 (1893 : Eio Frio, Costa Eica; 
Escondido E., Nicaragu). 

Adult. Similar to (X cochlearia, but distinguished by the colour 

of the throat and breast, which are pale vinous or light tawny. 

Total length 18 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 11*3, tail 4*2, tarsus 3*3. 

Of the distinctness of the Central American Boatbill, there can, 

I think, be no question. In shade of grey there is much variation 

in a series, and I inclined at first to the opinion that the birds from 

certain localities were darker than those from other countries; but 

I find that light and dark-coloured specimens have been procured in 

the same districts, and it is possible, therefore, that the darkness of 

the grey tint may be a sign of immaturity or non-breeding plumage. 

Young. Never so rufons as the young of G. cochlearia, but other


wise similar, and having the flanks streaked with white. 

Rah. Central America from Mexico to Panama. 

a. 6 juv. sk. Tampico, Mexico, June (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson). 
b, c. Ad.; d. Imm. La Antigua, Vera Cruz, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
# sk. Sept. (M. Trujillo). 
.e. Imm. sk. Atoyac, Vera Cruz, May (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Smith). 

f. 
S juv. sk. Place del Eio, Jalapa, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Ferrari-Perez). 
g. 
(S ad. sk. Santa Ana, Jalapa, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Ferrari-Perez), 
h. J ad. sk. Tehuantepec, March 8 (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
P. Richardson). 
£, h. Ad. sk. N. Yucatan, June 10 (<?. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 

166 
AEBEIDJE. 

l-u. Ad.sk. Cozumel Island, Jan. (G. F. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Gaumer). 

v. 
2 ad. sk. Grassy Key, British Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May 20(0. 8.). 
w, x. Ad. sk. Las Salinas, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March (0. &). 
y, z, a!. Ad. sk. Moraotonibo, Nicaragua, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. B. Richardsori). 
b'. <$ iinm. sk. Escondido Biver, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Oct. 6 (C. W. Richmond). 
cr, d\ $ J ad. sk. Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Panama (F. Ajre). 

^ 18. GOESACEIUS. T^ 

Gorsakius, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 138 (1855) G. goisagi. 
Butio, Reichen. J. f. 0.1877, p. 246 G. melanolophus. 
Range. Southern India and Ceylon, Burmese countries to the 

Malayan peninsula and islands; Japan, Formosa. 

Key to the Sjjecies. 

a. Head black; axillaries barred with black and 
white; primaries with a whitish tip melanolophus, p. 166, 
b* 
Head vinous chestnut; axillaries rufous, barred 
with black; primaries rufous at the tip, the 
whitish tip obsolete goisagi^ p. 169. 

1. Gorsachlus melanolophus. 
Ardea melanolopha, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 326 (1822: 
Sumatra); Blyih, Ibis, 1865, p. 38 (Malacca, Araean). 
Nycticorax limnophilax, Temm. Ft. Cot. pi. 581 (1836: Java); Gray, 

Gm. B. iii. p. o58 (1847). 
Botaurus limnicola, Reichmh. Grail. Taf. 86. fig. 510 (1846). 
Tigrisoma melanolopha, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 281 

(1849: Ceylon; Sumatra); Layard, Ann. Isat. Hist. xiv. p. 114 

(1854: Ceylon). 
Tigrisoma limnicola, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852). 
Botaurus limnophilax, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 136 (1855) ; Salvad. Ucc. 

Born. p. 355 (1874); Reichenow, J. f. O. 1877, p. "241. 
Gorsachius typns, JPucJier.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 138(1855): id. C.R. xl. 

p. 723 (1855). 
Ardea limnophylax, Schl.Mus.Pays-Bas, Ardese,p. Bo (1863: Bangka; 
Java; Philippines); Rosenb.Malay.Arch. p. 278 (1878-79: Celebes). 
Ardea melalophos (lapsu), Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 758 (1864). 
Gorsachius melanolophus, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 38; id. Ibis, 1867, 

p. 173; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 478; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 355 
(1874); Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 312 (1874: Kicobais); Walden, Tr. 
Z. S. ix. p. 238 (1875); Sharpe,Ibis, 1879, p. 271 (Brunei; Lawas 
.River): Bourd. Str. F. viii. p. 524 (1879: Travancore) ; Hume, 
Str. F. viii. p. 71 (Malacca), p. 114 (Cat.) ; id. Str. F. ix. p. 230 
(1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1167 (1880). 
Ardea (Botaurus) philippensis, Martens, J.f* 0. 1866, p 28 (Philip^ 

18 . GOKSACHIIJS. 
167 

Nycticorax goisagi (nee Te?nm.), Earth § Finstfi, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 8 
(Pelew Is.). 
Nycticorax melanolophus, Flnsch. Journ. Mm. Godefr. vii. p. 35 

(1875 : Pelew Is.). 
Botaurus melanolophus, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 246. 
Butio kutteri, Cab. Orn. Centralbh no. 20, Oct. 1881, p. 159; id. 

J. f. 0. 1881, p. 425 (Philippines) j Betoken. 8f Schalow, J. f. 0. 
1882, p. 115. 
Butio (Gorsachius) kutteri, Kutter, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 178, Taf. iii. 
Gorsachius goisagi (nee T.), Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 336 

(1882); id. Orn. Fapuasia e delle Molucche, iii. p. 370 (1882). 
Adult male. General colour above uniform cinnamon-rufous, the 
wing-coverts and mantle with, a slight ashy shade and with a certain 
amount of indistinct freckling; bastard-wing feathers black or 
slightly mottled with rufous and having broad white tips; outer 
primary-coverts black, broadly tipped with white and rufous at the 
base; remainder of primary-coverts cinnamon-rufous slightly tipped 
with white; quills black, externally shaded with grey, broadly 
tipped with cinnamon-rufous, narrowly fringed with white at the 
ends; outer primaries with a large white terminal spot; the inner 
secondaries like the back; upper tail-coverts and tail dark slatecolour, 
with a slight rufescent tinge at the ends of the inner web; 
crown of head and long nuchal crest-feathers slaty-grey or black; 
a narrow line of feathers over the eye vinous cinnamon, broadening 
out above the ear-coverts arid occupying the sides of the crown, 
sides of neck, and sides of face; chin and centre of throat pale 
isabelline brown, streaked with black down the centre of the 
throat, the black markings on the feathers being lateral and somewhat 
irregular in shape, the inner webs paler and cream-coloured, 
imparting a rather broadly streaked appearance to the fore-neck; 
centre of breast and abdomen white or creamy buff, the feathers 
notched and barred with dusky, more distinct on the sides of the 
body; abdomen fulvescent and the under tail-coverts white, both 
of them scarcely spotted at all; the under wing-coverts white, 
regularly spotted and barred with dusky; the axillaries regularly 
banded with black and white; quills ashy grey below, with the 
same rufous and white tips as on the upper surface: " culmen 
black, the sides of the upper mandible and the lower one fleshy; 
legs and feet greenish, washed with brown on the front of the 
tarsus and toes; iris golden yellow, frosted or stippled with olive at 
the exterior; gape, orbital and loral skin greenish and slaty" 

(W. V. Legge). Total length 20 inches, culmen 2, wing 10-6, 
tail 4, tarsus 2*7. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. 

The sequence of plumages in these Night Herons is not very 
easy to follow, but the nestling from Mindanao clearly proves that 
the first plumage is spotted with white and that the quills have 
broad white tips. Both G. melanolophus and G. goisagi occur on 
Mindanao, but the latter is doubtless only a winter visitor, while the 
former bird is resident. The same thing occurs in the island of 
Formosa, as has been duly pointed out by Mr. Seebohm, in his 

168 
AKDEIDJ3. 

1 Birds of the Japanese Empire/ where the difference between the 

two species has been correctly given. 

In the Hume Collection there are several rafous-coloured birds, 

which have not yet entirely divested themselves of the wavy im


mature plumage, while a female from Dibrughur is beginning to 

put on rufous plumage, though it is still for the most part in the 

mottled dress of the young. The birds from the Nicobars are 

decidedly smaller and darker than birds from the mainland, and the 

wing does not exceed 9*5 inches. 

Young. Entirely different from the adult, being brown above, 

thickly mottled and freckled with dusky blackish, and with longitu


dinal ochraceous shaft-streaks to the feathers of the upper surface ; 

wings like the back; primary-coverts for the most part rufous, freckled 

with dusky, the quills black tipped with white; primaries with a 

sub-terminal shade of rufous; tail-feathers slaty black; crown of head 

and nape crested, the feathers black, with arrow-shaped spots or 

bars of white; sides of face and sides of neck regularly barred with 

ochreous brown and black, with mesial white spots on the feathers 

on the sides of the neck; chin and upper throat uniform white; the 

centre of the lower throat and fore-neck generally pale vinaceous 

buff, varied with black streaks and black mottling or bars, the 

feathers being browner laterally ; sides of the body like the breast, 

similarly mottled and streaked with white; under tail-coverts white, 

with scarcely any black markings; under wing-coverts white mottled 

with dusky; axillaries barred with black and white. 

Sab. Assam and the Burmese countries to the Xicobars and 

Andaman Islands, south through the Malayan Peninsula to Borneo 

and the Philippines, extending north to Hainan and Formosa. A 

visitor to Southern India and Ceylon during the X.E, monsoon. 

a. Ad. sk. Coorg (F. Bay). India Museum. 
K Ad. sk 20 miles from Belgaum (JE. Hume Coll. 
A. Butler). 
e. <3 imm. sk. Invercauld, Travancore, "2500 F. Bourdillon, Esq. 
feet, in forest," Jan. 3. [C.]. 
(L Imm. sk. Ceylon {Nevill). Tweeddale Coll. 


e. Juv. sk. Kandy Lake (A. Whyte). Tweeddale Coll. 
/. S juv. sk. Colombo, Nov. 10 (Hart). Hume Coll. 
g. $ ad. sk. Dipurbheel, Assam, May (A. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. CJiennetl). 
h. 
$ ad.; t. $ Dibrughur, Assam, July, Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Sept. (J. R. Cripps). 
h. Ad. sk. Dilkusha, Cachar (J. Ingtis). Hume Coll. 
I. Juv. sk. Pegu. Tweeddale Coll. 
m-q. Ad. et imm. Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 
sk 
r, s, t. Ad. et imm. Malacca, July, Sept. (W. Hume Coll. 
sk. Davison). 

u. Ad. sk. Malacca. 
PiuLwill Coll. 
v. 
$ ad.; w. $ Camorta, Nicobars, Feb., Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. March (W. Davison). 
^', y> 6 $ ad. sk. Katchal Island, Mcobars, Tweeddale Coll. 
Feb. (It. J. Winiberley). 

18. G0RSACHIU"S. 169 
«. $ juv. sk.
a. Ad. sk. 
Nancowry Island, Nicobars,
Jan. 28 (B. J. Wimberley). 
Nancowry, Feb. 10 (W. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Plume Coll. 
Davison), 
b'. $ imm. sk. Bompoka Island, Nicobars, Hume Coll. 
e'. Juv. sk.
d'. Juv. sk.
March 17 ( W. Davison), 
Labuan, Borneo. 
Sarawak, Borneo. 
Sir Hugh Low [C.]. 
Hume Coll. 
e\ <$ ad. sk. Kudat, N. Borneo, Jan. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[P.]. 
/'.•(? ad.; #', h*. $
., ad-sk- 
Palawan. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[P.]i'. 
Pull. sk. Mindanao, Philippines, Oct. Steere Expedition. 
(D. C. Worcester). 
2. GorsacMus goisagi. 

Nycticorax goisagi, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 582 (1836: Japan): Gray, 

Gen. B.ul p. 558 (1847). 
Tigrisoma goisagi, Reichenb. Grail. Taf. 86. &g. 509 (1846-48). 
Ardea goisagi, Temm.fySchl. Faun. Jap., Aves,y. 116, pi. 70 (1850); 

Schl. Mus. Pays-Pas, Ardeoe, p. 54 (1863); Swinh. Ibis, 1865, 

p. 358 (Formosa). 
Botaurus goisagi, Peielienb. Grallce, Novit. Taf. 149. figs. 2566-67 
(1851); id. Av. Syst Nat. p. xvi (1852). 
Gorsachius goisagi, Pp. Consp. ii. p. 138 (1855); Swinh. Ibis, 1866, 
pp. 122, 403. 
Nycticorax melanolophus (nee Bqffl.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 320. 
Nycticorax goisaki, Jerd. P. Bid. iii. p. 758 (1864). 
Aj&ea, melauocephala (lapsn), Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 359. 
Gorsachius melanolophus (nee Buffi.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 413 ; 

Blakist. # Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 223 (Japan). 

Adult Differs from G. melanolophus in its deep vinous-chestnut 
head, "which has a little shade of blackish on the forehead only; the 
mantle is browner, and the upper surface generally never seems to 
be free from dusky vermiculations; the axillaries are black and 
rufous instead of black and white, and there are no white tips to 
the outer primaries. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 
10*2, tail 3-7, tarsus 2-5. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being browner and more uniform 
.on the upper mantle and back, but with the wings much freckled 

•with rufous buff; crown of head dusky blackish, inclining to dark 
vinous on the neck. The young bird differs from the young of 
G. melanolophus by the rufous tips to the primaries. 
The description of the young bird is taken from a bird procured 
by Mr. Einger at Nagasaki, which still retains some of the 
nestling down on the head. Pull-grown birds, exactly similar in 
plumage, are in the collection from Luzon and Ayala in Mindanao: 
"bill green, culmen black; legs and feet green; iris yellow" 

(E. L. Moseley). 
Eah. Japan. Occurring as a winter visitor in Formosa and the 
Philippines. 

a. Ad. sk. Japan. O. Maries, Esq. [C.J. 
Jb-d. Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
170 
AEDEID^l. 

<?. Ad. sk. Nagasaki. Tv>eeddaie Coll. 
f,</- c? $ juv. sk. Nagasaki, Aug. 8. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.> 
/?. Ad. sk. Formosa. Seebolim Coll. 
i, h. Ad. et juv. sk. Manila, Luzon (Maitlcmd Tweeddale Coll. 

Heriot). 
L Pjuv.sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Dec. 12 Steere Expedition. 
(£. L. Moseley). 

19. SYBIOTA. 
Type. 
Syrigma, Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. # Geogr. Surv. 


iv. p. 247 (1878) S. cyanoceplialunL 
Syricter, Heine 8f Reichen. Komencl. Mus. Hein. 
p. 309 (1890) 
S. cyanocephalum. 
Range. Confined to South. America. 

1. Syrigma cyanoceplialtim. 
Flauta del sol, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 169 (1805). 
Ardea cyanocepkala, Molina, Vieill. JV. Diet. aVHist. Nat. xiv. p. 412 
(1817) ; id. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1114 (1823). 

Ardea sibilatrix, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 271 (1823); WagL Syst. Av., 
Ardea, p. 183, sp. 24 (1827) ; Reichenb. Grail. Taf. 91. fig. 465 
(1846); Earth 2nd. Azara, p. 23 (1847) ; Rurm. Th. Bras. iii. 

p. 407 (1856 : Brazil) ; Schl. Mus.Pays-Bas, Ardea-, p. 36 (18G3 : 
Brazil) j Scl. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 634 (Buenos Ayres); Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 301,455 (1871: Ytarare); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 30, no. 10143 (1871); Scl. $ Salv. Komend. Ar. Neotr. p. 125 
(1873) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 624 (Salta, Nov.) ; Barrows, 
Auk, i. p. 271 (1884; Lower Uruguay, Nov.); Scl. ty Ruds. Arg. 
Orn. ii. p. 100 (1889) ; Graham "Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144 
(Pilcomayo). 
Nycticorax 
sibilatrix, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 558 (1847); Bichtr 
Komencl. Av. Mus. BeroL p. 90 (1854: Montevideo); Reichen. 

J.f.O. 1877, p. 240. 
Bupkus sibilatrix, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 127 (1855), 
Syrigma sibilatrix. Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Geol. <§* Geogr. Surv. iv. p. 247 
(1878). 
Sirycter cyanocephalus, Seine § Reichen. NomencL Mies. Hein^ 

p. 309(1890: Brazil). 
Adult male. Upper back and scapulars ashy grey; lower backf 
rump, and upper tail-coverts, as well as the tail, creamy white ; 
wing-coverts reddish streaked with grey; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, the latter inclining to grey on the outer 
webs, the secondaries with white bases; head dark slate-colour, 
with a long nuchal crest, the feathers of which, are tipped with 
whitish; ear-coverts and sides of upper neck pale chestnut; throat 
white, tinged with rufous; neck all round, fore-neck, and upper 
breast isabelline ; lower breast grey, tinged with rufous ; remainder 
of under surface creamy white, including the under wing-covertsand 
axillaries. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2*6, wing 12y 
tail 4*5, tarsus 3*5. 

Hob, Southern Brazil and Uruguay. 

20. PILEEODIUS. 171 
a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk.
c $ ad. sk. 
South America. 
Paysandu, Uruguay, Aug. 
Santa Catarina, Brazil (II.
Rogers). 
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.], 
Alan Peel, Esq. [ C.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

20. PILERODIUS. 
Type. 
Pilherodius, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 139 (1855) P. pileatus. 
Range. Confined to South America. 

1. Pilerodius pileatus. 
Le Heron blanc du Bresil, Briss. Orn. v. p. 434 (1760). 
Le Heron blanc huppe de Cayenne, Daubent. PL Enl. viii. pi 907. 
Le Heron blanc a calotte noire, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. \ii. p. 380 


(1780). * F 
Ardea pileata, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl p. 54 (1783); Lath. Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 695 (1790) ; Wayl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 182, sp. 23 (1827); 
Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 617 (1833) ; Burm. Th. Bras. 
iii. p. 407 (1856). 
Black-crested White Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 92 (1785), 
Ardea alba, var. ft Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 639 (1788). 
Nyctiardea pileata, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 355 (1837); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 34, no. 10180 (1871). 
Herodias pileata, Gray> List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1844). 
Nycticorax pileata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 558 (1847); Cab. in 

Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 754 (1848); Sol. £ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, 

p. 749 (Nauta), p. 979 (Pebas); Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 302 (1871: 
Ypanema; Paritis; Cuyaba ; Caicara; Matogrosso; Manaqueri); 
iScl. Sf Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, 
p. 305 (Nauta; Santa Cruz; Pebas); Reichen. J", f. O. 1877y 
p. 240 j Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p, 408 (1886). 
Pilherodius 
pileatus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 139 (1855) j id. Compt. 
Rend. xl. p. 723 (1855). 

Adult male. Entirely white all over, including the wings and 
tail; the primaries with white shafts; on the neck, throat, and 
fore-neck a tinge of yellow, which is also seen on the primaries ; 
crown of head purplish, middle of the forehead white* on the nape 
some long white crest-plumes: " lores, bare skin round eye, and 
hill clear blue, the point of the latter slightly greenish ; feet leaden 
grey; iris greenish grey" (H. Burmeister). Total length about 
25 inches, culmen 3-2, wing 10*7, tail 4, tarsus 3*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, and having the same-
decorative plumes on the nape. Total length about 23 inches, 
culmen 3*4, wing 10*25, tail 4*2, tarsus 3*4. 

Hab. South America from Guiana to Upper Amazonia and 
Brazil generally. 

a, b. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Sckoniburgk 
[P.]. 

c.d. $ 2 ad. sk. River Rupururni, Feb., July Salvin-Godman ColL 
(R. Whitely). 
e. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Br. Wucherer). Salvin-Godoian ColL 
/ , Ad. sk. Brazil. Old Coll. 
172 
AKDEID.3E. 

g9 h. Ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Coll. 
i9 k. <$ $ tad. sk. Pebas, B. Peru, April (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Haua'icett). 

I. (S ad. sk. Peruvian Amazons. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Alex. Fry, Esq. [P.J. 
21. 
BTJTOBXDES. „. 
Butorides, Blyth, Cat B. As. Soc. p. 281 (1849) B. javamaa. 
Ocniscns, Cab. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 343 B. virescens. 

Range. The whole of the Xew World with the Galapagos. Africa 
and Madagascar. Indian Peninsula and China to Japan, through 
the Burmese countries, Malayan Peninsula, and the entire Malay 
Archipelago to Australia, and some of the Pacific Islands. 

Key to the Species, 

a. 
Sides of face grey or brown, not rufous. 
a'. Wing-coverts margined with sandy or 
ochraceous buff or whitish. 
a". Throat and fore-neck broadly streaked 
with rufous. 
a?, Streaks on throat light tawny rufous.. atricajntta, p. 172. 
bz. Streaks on throat dark tawny rufous 

or chestnut .* striata, p. 175. 

b". Throat and fore-neck uniform or mottled 
with blackish, but never streaked with 
tawny rufous. 


c3. Throat and cheek-stripe white and 

distinct; abdomen white. 
a4. Smaller: wing 7 inches javanica, p. 177. 
bk. Larger : wing 7*9 inches amurem>i$} p. 181. 

dA. Throat and cheek-stripe ashy or brown, 
not distinctly indicated; abdomen 
rusty. 


cK Sides of neck and sides of body dark 
sooty slate-colour; cheeks and ear-
coverts also slate-colour sjiodiogaster, p. 182, 

dL. Sides of neck washed with rusty 
brown like the sides of the body; 
abdomen rusty brown ; cheeks and 
ear-coverts also rusty brown stagnatilis, p. 183. 

V. Wing-coverts uniform, witkoutpale margins, szmdevalli, p. 185. 
3. 
Sides of face chestnut or maroon like the sides 
of the neck virescens, p. 186 
1. Butorides atricapHla. 
Ardea 
atricapilla, Afzeltus, Acta Acad. StockJi. xxv. p. 264 (1804: 
Sierra Leone); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 223 (1857: Casarnance; 
Bissao; Old Calabar; S. Thomas); id. Beitr. Faun, Madag. 

p. 75 (1861); 8cl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 164; ScM. Mm. Pays-Bas, 
Ardese, p. 42 (1863); E. Newt Ibis, 1863, p. 456 ; Dokrn, P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 330 (Prince's Isl.); Schl t c, p. 425, pt. (Madagascar); 
Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 420; Hartl P. Z. S. 1867, 
p. 827 (Zanzibar) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 297 (1870: Massowa): 
id. ty Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 701 (1870) ; Gray, Mand-l. B. iii. 
21 . BUTOKIDES. 
173 
p. 32, no. 10158 (1871); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 1080 
(1873: S. Nubia; Blue and White Nile); Reichen. J f. 0. 1877, 
p. 254 j Marti. Voq. Madag. p. 308 (1877, pt.) ; Shelley, Ibis, 
1888, p. 304 (Tangani); Milne-Edwards § Oust N. Arch. Mus. 
(2) Bull. p. 292 (pt., 1889 : Mayotte). 
Ardea 
seapularis, pt. (nee III), " Wagler, Sxjst. Av. p. 180, Ardea, 
sp. 35 (1827); Swideu. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stochh. 1849, 

p. 163. 
Ardea (Nycticorax) brevipes, Hempr. # Mr. Symb. Phys. fol. m. 
note 2 (1828). 
Egretta thalassina, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 333 (1837). 
Ardetta thalassina, Gray, List GralUe Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1844). 
Ardea thalas&ina, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 7)56 (1847). 
Herodias thalassina, Hartl. J.f O. 1854, p. 291. 
Butorides brevipes, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 129 (1855). 
Butorides atricapilla, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 129 (1855); Heugl. Ibisr 

1859, p. 346 (Red Sea, S. of 19° N.); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1859, p. 173 (Gamma River); Rartl. J. f O. 1861, p. 269 
(Casamance) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 333 (Zambesi); Gurney, Ibis, 
1865, p. 271 (Natal); Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 194 (Fantee); Tristr. 

t. c. p. 437; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 570 (Rio Quanza) ; Gurney, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 151; 8/iarpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 487 (11. Volta); Gurney 
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 292 (1872: Lake Ngami; Okavango); 
Antin. $* Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 149 (lb73 : Massowaj; 
TIssher, Ibis, 1874, p. 73; Sharpe §• Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool 
France, I p. 313 (1876: Chiloango); Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. 
Bull. p. 119 (1879: Lake Sile); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p, 446 
(1881: Rio Bengo; Rio Coroca ; Gambos; Benguela); Sharpe 
in Gates' Matabele-Land, App. Birds, p. 326 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 
1882, p. 364 (Umvuli River); Sharpe, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xvii. 

p. 440 (1884: Semmio); id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 719 
(1884); T. Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 294 (Transvaal); W. Ayres, Ibis, 
1887, p. 63 (Umzeila's Country); Reichen. JB. Hamb. Wiswnsch. 
Anst. x. p. 8 (1893: Quilimane); Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. 
p. v (1893: Suakin), p. xvii (1894); Reichen. Vog. Deutsch-
Ost-Afr. p. 64 (1894: Victoria Nyanza; Tanganyika); Sjostedt, 
MT. 'deutsch. Schutz. viii. p. 15 (1895); id. K. Sv. Vei.-Akad. 
Handl. Stochh. 1895, p. 34 (Oameroons). 
Herodias sturmi (nee Tragi), Licht. Nomencl. p. 89 (1854 : ex spec. 
Brehm, teste Heuglin). 
Ardea sturmi (nee Wagler), Brehm, J. /. O. 1856, p. 475 (teste 

Heuglin). 
Bupbus griseus (nee Bodd.), Heugl Syst Uebers. p. 59 (1856). 
Ardetta sturmi (nee Wagl), Hartl J.f O. 1861, p. 270. 
Ardea brevipes, Heugl. J.f.O. 1867, p. 283; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, 

p. 959 (Socotra). 
Ocniscus atricapillus, Cab. in Von der Decken Beis. iii. p. 50 (1869: 
Zanzibar). 
Ardea (Butorides) atricapilla, Blanf. Geol S, Zool Abyss, p. 435 
(1870: Massowa). 
Ardea (Oniscus) atricapilla, Reichen. J. f O. 1877, p. 13 
(Loango). 
Ardea striata, subsp. atricapilla, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 254. 
Ardea striata, subsp. brevipes, Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 251. 
Ardea rutenbergi, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 39. 

Ocniscus 
brevipes, Heine # Reichen, Nomencl Mus. Hein. p. 308 
(1890). 

174 ARDEIDJS. 

Ardea atricapilla, var. rutenbeigi, Milne-Edw. fy Grundid, H. N. 

Madag., Ois. p. 557, pi. ccxxvii a. (1885). 

Ardetta atricapilla, Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 304 (Tangani). 

Ardea (Butorides) iiigrieollis, JEJ. Keicton 4' Gadoic, Tr. Z. S. siii. 

p. 289 (1890 * lapsucal. pro "B . atricapillaJ1), 
Adult male. Green, with greyish ornamental plumes on tlie 
back; the wing-coverts edged with sandy buff; crown of head 
greenish black. Similar to B. javanica described below, but 


•distinguished by the tawny-rufous markings on the throat and. fore-
neck : " upper mandible dusky, the lower one greenish yellow with 
dusky margins ; tarsi and feet dusky on the upper surface, yellow 
on the under; iris light yellow" (T. Ayres). Total length 16 
inches, culmen 2*3, wing 0*6, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*65, middle toe and 
.claw 1*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 15 inches, 
wing 6*8. 

Young, More dusky than the adults and browner above, and 
easily distinguished by the oehrae eons-buff tips to the feathers of 
the upper surface; the colour of the under surface tawny rufous, 
including the throat, the streaks being the same as in the adult, 
but rather narrower and shaded laterally with rufous. 

Several specimens in the Museum Collection exhibit a tendency 
to a uniform grey throat. This I take to be a sign of age, though 
Dr. Reich enow believes that it is the specific character of Butorides 
hrevipes (H. & E.), which he considers to be confined to the coast-
land of the Eed Sea. The specimens from Massowa and Suakin in 
fhe British. Museum do not seem to differ from others from various 
parts of Africa. 

Hob. Confined to Tropical Africa and Madagascar. 

a. Juv. sk. River Gambia. Governor Kendall 
b. Juv. sk. 
c. d. Ad. sk. 
e, Juv. sk. 
Bathurst. 
Bathurst, Aug. 21. 
Coomassie, Ashantee. 
[P-3Shelley 
Coll. 
Br. Percy Kendall 
[p.]. • 
GodfreyLagden, Esq. 
/ . Juv. sk. 
ff,K,i. Ad.etjuv 
sk. 
k, I, m. Ad, sk. 
Ashantee. 
Wasa Province, Gold Coast. 
Denkera, Eantee {JS. T. 
Gould Coll. 
Sir R. Burton and 
Capt. Cameron[P.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
n, o. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s. Juv. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
Ussher). 
Eantee. 
Accra (J. Smith). 
Biver Volt a (H. T. Ussher). 
Shonga, Biver Niger. 
Ogowe* Biver, Gaboon. 
Seminio, Niani-Niam Country, 
Shelley CoU. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley CoU. 
Capt. Mochler Ferryman 
[P.], 
A. Bouvier, Esq. [P.], 
E. Bohndorif[C,]. 
u, v. Ad. sk. 
to. Ad. sk. 
May. 
Ambriz, Angola. 
River Coanza. 
Monteiro Coll. 
Monteiro Coll. 
x. Ad. sk Natal. Gurney Coll. 

21. BUTOEIDES. 
175 

y. 
<5* ad. sk. Tugela River, Natal, May Shelley Coll. 
(Gordge). 
a, a'. Ad. et juv. Transvaal (F. Oates). "W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
sk. Esqrs. [P.]. 
b'. Juv. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 
£', #. d $ ad. sk. Lektava River, Urnzeila's Gurney Coll. 

Country, June (W. Ayres). 
e\ Ad. sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad-Shelley Coll. 

/' . ? ad. sk. Palonibi Eiver, Sliirwa Plain, H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
Nyasa-land, Oct. 10 (A. C.B. [P.]. 
Whyte). 

</'. 6\ad. sk. Zomba, Bee. (A. Whyte). H.H. Johnston, Esq., 

ti. Juv. sk. Lamu, E. Africa. 
Ja

E.
..? J 
JJ.
.. Jackson, Esq. 
PP.]


i', hr. Imm. sk. 31assowa, Abyssinia, Aug. 24 Tweeddale Coll. 

( W. Jesse). 
/'. 
? ad. sk. Massowa, Aug. 25. W.T.BlanforcLEsq. 
[0.]. 

wi'. 5 ad. sk. AID, Bogos-land, Aug. 16 Tweeddale Coll. 

(W.Jesse). 
n'. Ad. sk. Suakin, Red Sea. Capt. Carpenter [P.]. 
o'. Ad. sk. Suakin. Capt. R. H. Penton 


[P]. 

2. Butorides striata. 
Ardea striata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 238 (1760: Surinam) ; Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 634 (1788); Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 253. 
Crabier de Cayenne, Daubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 908. 
Le Crabier gris a tete et queue vertes, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii. 

p. 408 (1781). 
Cancroma grisea, Bodd. Tall PL Enl. p. 54 (1783). 
Striated Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 82 (1785). 
Ardea torquata, Shaw in Miller, Cim. Phys. pis. 35, 36 (1796). 
Garza cuello aploniado, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 177 (1803). 
Garza cuello pardo, Azara, t.c. p. 180 (1803). 
Ardea cyanura, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 421 (1817). 
Ardea fuscicollis, Vieill. t c. p. 410 (1817). 
Ardea scapularis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 77 (1823, ex llliger); Wagler, 
Syst. Av. p. 189, Ardea, sp. 35 (1827) ; Nemoied, Beitr. Naiury. 
Bras. iv. p. 623 (1833); Kartl. Lid. Azara, p. 23 (1847); Cab. in 
Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 753 (1848); Burm. Th. B?'as. iii. p. 411 
(1856: Lower Parahyba); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardea, p. 42 
(1863: Surinam; Caracas); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p.589 (Trinidad); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 301 (1871: Sapitiba; Matogrosso). 

Egretta scapularis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 333 (1837). 
Ardetta scapularis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1844). 
Ardea grisea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847): Leot. Ois. Trinid. 


p. 421 (1866); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 31, no. 10156 (1871). 
Butorides scapularis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 128 (1850); Scl. § Salv. P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 199 (Ucayali). 
Butorides grisea, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 196 (Cartagena). 
Butorides cyanurus, Scl. §* Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas); 

Wyatl, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 (Lake Paturia); Scl. fy Salv. NomencL 
Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 (Argent. Rep.); 

176 
AKDEIDJE. 

Bumf. Ibis. 1878, p. 62 (Buenos Ayres); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. & 
1879, p. 5i2 (Medellin); Salv. $ Godtn. Ibis, 1879, p.206 (Colombia); 

W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 355 (Recife, breeding) ; Tacs. Qrn. 
Perou, iii. p. 397 (1884); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 271 (1884: Concepcion, 
breeding) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lamas de 
Zamora); Scl $ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 101 (1889) ; Holland, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 205; Allen, Bull Amer. Mus. v. p. 150 (1893; 
Matto Grosso). 
Butorides 
scapulatus (lapsu), Scl fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. BOo 
(Ucayali R.; Santa Cruz). 
Butorides virescens (lapsu), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 746 (Santa Lueia^ 
Peru). 
Butorides striata, Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgw. Water-Birds IV\ Amer. L 

p. 50, note (1884): Berl § J7iering, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 78 
(1885: Taquara); Berl J.f.O.1889, p. 318 (Ucayali) ; id. J.f.O. 
1892, p. 104; Peters, t.e. p. 120 (Curacao); Sharpe, Butt. B. O. 
Club, iii. p. xvii (1894). 
Ocniscus 
striatus, Heine § Beichen. Nomenol. Mus. Sein. p. 308 
(1890). 

Adult male, Yery similar to B. atricapilla and scarcely distinguishable, 
tbe only apparent character being that the rufous 
markings on the throat and fore-neck are of a deep rusty red or 
chestnut: " bill blackish brown, with a pale greyish-green spot on 
the lower edge of the under mandible; lores dark indigo-blue, as 
well as the vicinity of the eye; toes bright orange-red; claws black; 
iris brilliant orange-red" (Neuioiecl). Total length 14*5 inches, 
culmen 2-4, wing (5'55, tail 2*2, tarsus 1-8, middle toe and claw l-o. 

Toung. Resembles that of B. atricapilla. 

Hal. South America, from Colombia to Ecuador and Peru; 

Venezuela, Guiana, 
and Amazonia to Brazil and the Argentine 

Republic, being rarer to the southward. 

a. $ ad. sk. Medellin, U.S. Colombia (T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
K. Salmon). 
b. Ad. sk. Yalle Dupar, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman CoIL 
(F. A. A. Simo)is). 
c. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Gould Coll. 
d. 
Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C.Buch- Salvm-Godman CoIL 
leg). 
e. 
<$ imm. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Col 
Nov. 2 (H. Whitely). 
f. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Dec. (A. Salvin-Godman CoIL 
P. Wallace). 
g-K Ad. ; /. Juv. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Col* 
sk. 
m,n. Ad.; o. Juv. Recife' (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Collsk. 
p, 
q, r. Ad.; s, i, u. Bahia (J. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman CoIL 
Juv. sk. 

v. Ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso (Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll 
H. H. Smith). 
w. <$ ad. sk. 
Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman CoIL 
(Joyner). 
x-c\ Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Alexander Fry, Baq. 

21 . BUTORIDES. 177 
d.
e. 
$ 
$ 
ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 
Ypanema, Feb. {J. batterer). 
Lnnias de Zamora, BuenosAyres, Feb. 19 {F. Withmgton). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

3. Butorides javanica. 
Ardea 
javanica, Horsf, Tr. Linn, Soc. xiii. p. 190 (1821: Java); 
Baffles, t. c. p. 326 (1822 : Sumatra); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 55$ 
(1847); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardea, p.'43 (1863); Finsch # 
Earth Vog. Ostafr. p. 703 (1870, note) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 

p. 31, no. 10157 (l»7l); Bruggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. 
p. 97 (1876: Celebes); Vorderm. N. T. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 231 
(1882: Java). 
Ardea scapularis, pt, Wagler, Syst. AD. p. 187. sp. 35 (1827). 
Egretta javanica, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 334 (1837). 
Ardetta javanica, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1844 : Nepal); 

id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 13o (1846). 
Egretta ehloriceps vel virescens, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
Grallm, App. pi. 42 (no. 682); id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 

Butorides javanica, 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng.]).281 (1849 : 
Calcutta); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 130 (1855); Sioinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 132, 
358 (Amoy); Scl. P. Z. S.1863, p. 223 (Banjarmassin); Jerd. B. Ind. 

iii. p. 752 (1864); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 173; Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 238 
(Agra, ne&ting); Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 274 (1870 : 
Kkasia Hills) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 413 (S. China, breeding); 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 478 ; Wald. $ Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 105 
(Xegros); Wald. Tr. Z. 8. viii. p. 100 (1872: Celebes); Hume, 
Nests Sr Fggs Ind. B. p. 620 (1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 256 (1873 : 
Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 399 (Sambhur); Hume, t. c. p. 450 (Acheen); 
Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 351 (1874: Sarawak); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 435 
(1874 : Cliota Nagpur); Gates, Str. F. iii. p. 191 (1875); Blyth $ 
Wald. B. Burm. p. 160 (1875: Tonghoo; Kangoon); Wald. Tr. 
Zool. Soc. ix. p. 237 (1875: Luzon; Negros); Godio.-Aust. J. A. S. 
Beng. xlv. p. 85 (1876) ; Butler $ Hume, Str. F. iv. pp. 24, 35 
(1876 : Mt. Aboo, &c.); Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Deccan); Hume, t. c. 

p. 404 (Travancore); id. t. c. p. 467 (Laccadives); Sharpe, Ibis, 
1876, p. 52 (Sibu); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 47 (1877: Cachar) ; 
Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 323 (Lampong); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 703 
(Luzon); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 114 (Dinagat; JNipah), p. 624 
(Palawan), p. 345 (Amparo); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 422 
(lfc77, pt.) ; Anders. Hep. Zool. Coll. Yunnan, Birds, p. 689 
(1878 : Sawady; Bliamo); Hume §• Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 483 
(1878: Tenassenni); Davids. $ Wend. Str. F. vii. p. 91 (1878: 
Satuna); Butler, t. c. p. 187 (E. Narra); Ball, t c. p. 230 
(Ganges—Godaveri); Cripps, t. c. p. 308 (Faridpur); Hume, 
t. e. p. 490 (Calcutta); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1153 (1879) ; Hume, 
Str. F. viii. p. 71 (Malacca), p. 114; Doig, t. c. p. 372 (E. Narra, 
breeding); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 143 (Tondano Lake; Menado) ; 
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 70 (1879); id. Cat. B. 8. Bomb. 
Pres. p. 83 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 90 (1880: S. Eonkan); 
Bingham, t. c. p. 197 (Attaran JR.); Butler, t. c. p. 434 
(Sholapur, breeding); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 (Sandakan) ; 
Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 195 (Ferak); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 324 
(1882: W. Khandeish); Davison, t. c. p. 416 (1883: Wynaad; 
Mysore); Gates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 254 (1883); Nichols. 
Ibis, 1883, p. 256 (Sumatra); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 273 
VOL. xxvi. 
N 

173 
AEDEID.E. 

(1884); Vorderm. N. T. Nederl Ind. xliv. p. 202 (1885 : Java) ; 
Sicinh. # Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 136 (Mliow); Guillem. P. Z. S. 
1885, p. 274 (Salu Isl.), p- 561 (Kema; Menado): Blasius, Zeitschr, 
ges. Orn. iii. p. 167 (1886: Celebes); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, 

p. 336 (Diego Garcia) ; Held, Str. F. x. p. 453 (1887: Lncknow, 
breeding); Hume, Str. P. xi. p. 334 (1888: Manipur); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1888, p. 204 (Palawan); Everett, P. Z. S. Ibb9, p. 225; 
Vorderm. N. T. Nederl. Lid. xlix. p. 417 (18ft9: Sumatra); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 60; Sharpe, t. c. p. 147 (Kina Balu), 

p. 285 (Lawas 11.) : Oates, ed. Humes Nests ty Eggs Ind. B. iii. 
p. 249 (1890); Vorderm. op. cit. li. p. 422 (lb91: Eawean Isl.) ; 
Styan, Ibis, IbOl, pp. 327, 493 (Lower Yangtse); Be la Tourhe, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 4b9 (River Min, Foochow) ;^Sharpe, Ibis, 1894, 
pp. 245, 258 (Bongao); id. Bull. B. 0. Club, iii. p. xvii (lb94) ; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xiv. p. 601 (1894 : Mentawei). 
Ardetta thala^sina {nee Sic), Kelaart, Prodr.Faun.Ceyl. p. 133 (1852). 
Herodias javanica, Licht. Nomencl. At*. Berol. p. 89 (1854). 
Butorides chloriceps, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 329 (1855). 
Herodias aska {nee Sykes), Sicinh. Ibis, I860, p. 64 (err.). 
Ardea atricapilla (nee Afzel.), B. Newton, Ibis, lb07, pp. 351, 389 


(Seychelles); Haril. Vog. Madag. p. 308 (1877, pt.); Milne-Edio. 

fy Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) x. p. 2bl (Lbb8: Comoros). 
Ardea striata, subsp. javaDica, Beichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 254. 
Butorides atricapilla {nee Afzel.), Sharpe} Phil. Trans, extra vol. 10b. 

p. 462(1879: Rodriguez). 
Ardetta atricapilla {nee Afzel), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 679 (Grand 
Comoro and Anjuan Isl.). 
Ocniscus javanicus, 
Heine 4* Beichen. Noi/ie/icl. Mus. Ileiu. p. 308 
(1890). 

Adult male. General colour above light slaty grey, the feathers 
of the back with hoary-white shaft-lines; the long scapular-feathers 
green, or green with grey tips ; wing-coverts and quills dark green 
with ochreous-buff margins, inclining to white on the edges of the 
greater coverts and secondaries, most of the quills being fringed 
with white at the ends ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
dull green, more or less powdered with grey; tail also dull green ; 
crown of head dark glossy green, with the nape-feathers produced 
into a point; the hind-neck and sides of neck grey, extending over 
the sides of the face and ear-coverts; below the eye a streak of 
greenish black extending along the ear-coverts, along the upper 
part of which runs a whitish streak from behind the eye to the 
level of the nape; another streak of white from the base of the lower 
mandible along the cheeks ; throat, fore-neck, and abdomen white ; 
sides of body and flanks,, including the overhanging feathers on the 
sides of the upper breast, slaty grey like the sides of the neck, 
leaving the centre of the throat and fore-neck white, slightly varied 
with dingy brown markings, these markings being on the edges of 
the throat-feathers; the axillaries and under wing-coverts grey, 
like the quill-lining: " upper mandible black, with a longitudinal 
yellow streak along the margin below the nostrils; gape greenish 
brown; lower mandible greenish yellow, more or less black along the 
edges; facial skin green; legs and toes green, front of the tarsus 
and toes dusky, soles orange, and claws horn-colour ; iris yellow " 

21 . BUTOEIDES. 
179 

(E. W. Oates). Total length 19 inches, culmen 2-75, wing 7, 
tail 2'5, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2-1. 
Adult female. Exactly like the male, but a trifle more dingy, 
especially in the throat-markings, where the brown is a little more 
distinct on the margins of the feathers. Total length 18 inches, 
culmen 2-4, wing 6*8, tail 2*75, tarsus 1*8, middle toe and claw 2. 

Winter plumage. Duller than in summer and much greener above, 
without any grey shading; the head green. 

Young. Brown above; the wing-coverts with triangular whitish 
or sandy-buff spots at their ends ; the head black, streaked with 
ochreous-bufT shaft-lines; sides of face and under surface of body 
whitish, strongly streaked with dusky-blackish margins to the 
feathers. 

The young bird is browner than the adults, with white mesial 
streaks on the wing-coverts; crown of head dusky black; under 
surface of body less grey and washed with brown. 

Hah. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, the Burmese countries and 
China to the Yangtse Eiver, Formosa, Philippines, Malayan Peninsula, 
Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and Celebes; the Mascarene Islands 
and Diego Garcia. 

a-i. Ad. et juv. sk. Sikhim, Nov., Jan., Feb. (L. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 

h. 
Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Jan. (L. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
/, m. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of B. ehloriceps.) 

n. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. E. &odgso?i). India Museum. 
o. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
p. (5 ad. sk. Kumaon Bhabur,' Jan. 25 Hume Coll. 
(G. King). 
q. Ad. sk. Cashmere. Hume Coll. 
r, s. $ ad. et juv. Larkhana, Sind, Jan. 5 (A. Hume Coll. 
0. H.).
sk. 

Hydrabad, Sind, June, Sept. Hume Coll. 

t, u. $ ad.; v. $ 

(JG. A, Butler).

ad.; w. Juv. sk. 

Etawah. 
Hume Coll. 

x, y. Ad. sk. 

Futtehgurh, July 2 {A. AnSeebohm 
Coll. 
derson). 
a'-d'. Ad. etjuv.sk. Gondah, Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 

z. $ ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. Behar. Hodgson Coll. 
/' . Ad. sk. Dinapore. Pinwill Coll. 
g'. J ad. sk. Dinapore, Oct. 24 (W. B. Hume Coll. 
Brooks). 

h'. $ ad. sk. Sumbalpur, Jan. 2. Hume Coll. 

i!. 2 ad. sk. Mhow, Oct. 18. Colonel Swinhoe [P.l. 

k', I'. Ad.; m', ri. Saugor, Jan. Hume Coll. 

Imm. sk. 

o\ p'. Ad. sk. Seoni. 
Hume Coll. 

q'. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 

r', $'. Ad. sk. ^ Khandeish. India Museum. 

t'. S &d. et juv.; Dhulia, Oct., Jan. (J. DavidHume 
Coll. 

u'. g juv. sk. son). 
v'. J ad. sk. Koma Eiver, near Pan, May Hume Coll. 
20 (JS. B. Fairhank). 


180 AKDEXDJE. 

w'. J ad. sk. Bangalore, July 9 (JR. G. TV. Tweeddale Coll. 
J2.). 

x\ Juv. sk. Travancore. F. "W. Bourdillon, 
EscUP.]. 
y\ Vix ad. sk. Merehiston, Travancore, Mar. Hume Coll. 
27 (F. W. Bourdillon). 
z' Juv. sk. Cai damum IsL, Laccadh es, Hume Coll. 
June 18 (A. 0. II.). 
a". <$ ad. sk. Battiealoa, Cejlon, Feb. 2 Tweeddale Coll. 
(#. Chapman). 
b". Q ad. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, March 2 Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

( TV. V. Legge). ~¥X 
c". Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum, 
d". 2 ad.sk. Sadhyia, June 7 (J. Cochhurn). Hume Coll. 
e". (S ad. sk. Bhramapootra River, Dec. 2 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison), 
f", g". Ad. sk. Cachar, March (/. Inglis). Hume Coll. 
*h". 2 ad. sk. Limatol, Manipur, Feb. 13 Hume Coll. 
(A. O. JET.), 
i". $ ad. sk. Faridpur, June 19 (J. JR. Hume Coll. 
Cripps). 
7c". Ad. sk. Dacca, Hume Coll. 
I". Ad. sk. Comilla, Tipperali. Hume Coll. 
m",n". <S J ad.sk. Lower Pegu, Feb. 27 (E. TV. Oates Coll. 

0.). 
o",p". Ad. sk. Tonghoo,Jan.22(i2.£. W.R.). Tweeddale Coll. 
q". Ad. sk. Rangoon, Dec. (JR. G. TV. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
r". <$ ad. sk. Younzaleen River, Feb, 14 Hume Coil. 


(W. Davison), 
s". J ad. sk. Wimpong, Tenasserim. Jan. Hume Coll. 
13 {TV. Davison). 
t", u"-6 ? inirn. Kaukaryit, Aug., Oct. (J. Hume Coll. 
sk. Darling), 
v", w". <$ ad. sk. Amherst, Feb., July (TV. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
x"-az. <S ad.; b3. Tavoy, May, June (TV. Daii- Hume Coll. 
5 ad. sk. son). 
c\ $ juv. sk. Choungthanoung, Dec. 2*3 Hume Coll. 
( TV. Davison). 
d3. (J ad.; e\ $ Mergui, June, Nov. (W. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. Davison). 
f\ <$ ad. sk. Bankasoon, April 22 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
g3, h3. Ad. et juv. Saigon, Cochin China. 31 E. Pierre [P.]. 
sk. 
i3, k*3 P. c? ad. sk. Tonka, Jan., Feb. (J. Dar~ Hume Coll. 
ling).


3 33

m, n, o. Ad. et Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
juv. sk. 
jp3, <f. Ad. sk. Malacca, July, Aug. (TV. Hume Coll. 

Davison). 
r3, s3. Imm. sk. Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 
t3. Ad.sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
u3. J imm. sk. Johore, Nov. 4. Capt. Kelsall [P.], 
I-3. Juv. sk. Java. Gould Coll. 
w3. <$ ad. sk. Java. Seebohm Coil. 
$*, y3. Ad. sk. Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (JE. Tv>eeddale Coll. 

C. Button). 
21 . BUTOBIDES. 
181 

z\ Ad. sk. 
a\ J juv. sk. 

b\ Ad.sk. 

cK <$ ad. sk. 

a\ e\ $ ad. j fK 
2 ad. sk. 

<74. 2 ad. sk. 
k\ J ad. sk. 
i\ $ ad. sk. 

k\ 2 ad. sk. 

l\ Ad. sk. 

m4. Ad. sk. 

w4. c? ad. sk. 

o4. tf ad. sk. 
jt>4. Ad. sk. 

qA, rK Ad. sk. 
s\t4,u\ Ad.etiuv. 

sk. 
v\ 2 ad. sk. 
w\ Ad. sk. 

A4, y4. Imm. sk. 

s\ Juv. sk. 

a\ Ad. sk. 

b5 

. Ad. sk. 
c5. Irnm. sk. 
d5 

. 2 ad. sk. 

e\ f. Juv.; #5. 
Ad. hiem. sk. 

h5 

. Ad. sk. 

i5 

. Juv. sk. 

&5. Bones of trunk. 

I5 

. Sternum. 

Borneo. 
Monte Alban, Luzon, March 


(A. II Everett), 
Island of Negros. 
Amparo, S. Leyte, July (A. 
H, Everett). 
Butuan, May (A. K Everett). 

Dinagat (A. E. Everett). 
Nipah Island, July (A. II 
Everett). 

Bongao, Sulu Arch., July. 

Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 

Jan. 6 (A. H. Everett). 
Celebes. 
Men ado. 
Gorontalo, Celebes, April 29 

(von Rose?ibe?-g). 
China (R. Swinhoe). 
Hong Kong, April (R. S.). 
Amoy, July, Sept. (R. S.). 
Canton (Bligh). 

Shanghai, May 15. 
Shangiiai, June. 

Takow, Formosa (R. Swinhoe). 


S.W. Formosa (JR. Swinhoe). 
[Mauritius.] 
Mauritius. 
Mauritius. 
Rodriguez. 
Seychelles, March (Dr. Cop-

pinger). 
Anjuan Isl. (Sir J. Kirk), 
Great Comoro Isl. (Sir J. 

Kirk). 

Nepal. 
Rodriguez. 

Rajah Brooke [P.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

A. II. Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Sabin-Godman Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Shanghai Museum. 

F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm ColL 

Seebohm ColL 
Sir A. Smith [C J. 
Sharpe Coll. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Rev. H. H. Slater 


[0.]. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 

Shelley ColL 
Shelley ColL 

Hodgson ColL 
Rev H. H. Slater 
[C.]. 

Subsp. a. Butorides amureusis. 

Ardea scapularis (nee Licht.), Temm.fySchl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p, 116 
(1850). 

Butorides chloriceps, pt, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 129 (1855). 

Ardea javanica (nee Mors/.), Motl fy Dillw. N. H. Labuan, p. 59 
(1855). 
Ardea (Butorides) virescens, var. scapularis, Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. 

i. p. 437 (1860); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Yog. ii. p. 344 (1863). 
Ardea virescens, var. amurensis, Schrenck, t. c. p. 441 (1860). 
Ardea macrorhyncha (nee Gould), Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Ardese, p. 44 
(1863: Japan). 
Butorides javanica [nee Horsf.), Sioinh. J6zs,1866,p. 297 (Formosa); 
Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 560 (Cebu). 

182 
ARDEIDJE. 

Butorides macrorhynchus (nee Gould), Sioinh. F. Z. S. 1871, p. 413; 
Tacz. J. /. 0. 1875, p. 256 (Ussuri); Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 353 
(Labuan); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 258 (1876); 
David § Oast. Ois. Chine, p. 443 (1877); Blakist. $ Fryer, Tr. 
As. Soc. Japan, x. p. 120 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 35 (Nagasaki) 
; Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. 34 (1884) ; Vorderm. N. 

T. Nederl Ind. xliv. p. 202 (1885 : Java). 
Nycticorax griseus, Blakist. § Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Japan, x. p. 117 
(1882: teste Stejneger). 
Butorides schrenckii, Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. i. p. 115 (1884). 
Butorides javanicus amurensis, btejn. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mas. x. p. 298 

(1887: Japan, Philippines). 
Nycticorax javanicus, Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 224 (1890). 
Butorides amurensis, Sharpe, Bull, B.O. Club, iii. p. xvii (1894). 

Similar to B. javanica, but larger, and with a coarser and stronger 
bill. Total length 16*5 inches, oilmen 2-7, wing 7*9, tail 2-7, 
tarsus 1-9. 

Hah. From Amur-land and Japan south along the coast of China 
to the Philippine Islands, Java, and Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Sidenai, Ussuri-land, June Seebohm Coll. 
25 (Godlewski). 
b. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, March 4. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
c, Ad. sk. Canton (Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll. 
d, e. 1mm. sk. Formosa, Nov.(J5. Sivinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Cebu, Philippines, March Tweeddale Coll. 
(A. E. Everett), 
a. 9 
ad. sk. Palawan, Jan. A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[?•]• 
h. £ imm. sk. Labuan, Oct. A. II. Everett, Esq. 
[P.]. 

Subsp. ]3. Butorides spodiogaster. (Plate II.) 

Butorides javanica (nee Horsf.), Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 221 (Andamans); 
Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 333 (Andamans); Ball, Str. F. i. 

p. 88 (1873: Andamans); Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 321 (S. Andaman, 
Feb.); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 310 (1874: Andamans and 
Nicobars). 
Butorides spodiogaster, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. iii. p. xvii (1894). 

Adult Similar to B. javanica, but darker grey on the under 
surface, which is of a sooty-slate colour with a slight tinge of rusty 
on the abdomen, the cheeks and ear-coverts uniform slate-colour. 
It much resembles B. stagnatilis, especially the birds from Flores, 
but is not so dingy underneath and has a less shade of rusty on 
the abdomen. " Bill black, lower portion of lower mandible, from 
base to tip, edged pale horny; front of tarsus, toes, and claws 
brownish green, bare portion of tibia and back of tarsus dirty 
greenish yellow ; soles clear, slightly greenish, yellow; iris bright 
yellow; naked skin round eye dull green, tinged with yellow in 

front; eyelids deep green" (A. 0. Hume). Total length 17*5 
inches, culmen 2*35, wing 6*7, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*7. 
Hab. Andaman Islands and Nicobars. 

a. § ad. sk. Andamans, March (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
21 . BUTORIDES. im 
b. J JUT. sk. Macpherson Straits, Anda-Tweeddale Coll. 
mans, March 3 (R. G. 
W. 72.). 
c,d. 2 ad. etjuv.sk. South Audamans, Feb. 2 (R. Tweeddale Coll. 
G. W.R.). 
e. $ ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, Tweeddale Coll. 
July 24 (R. J. Wimberley). 
f-i 6 2 ad.; A, /. Port Blair, May to Aug. (JR. Hume Coll. 
JUT. sk. J. Wimberley). 
m. 5 ad. sk. Corbyn's Cove, May 2 ( W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
w. c? ad. sk. Vipw Island, Doc. 19 (TV. Hume Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. 
Davison). 
Aberdeen, Dec. 26 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
J?, £. d 2 ad. sk. Great Nicobars, March 12. Hume Coll. 
r, 5. rf ad.; t. 2 Nancowry Island, Feb. 24. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 
w. 2 ad.; v, w, x. Camorta Island, Dec. (72. Tweeddale Coll. 
Pull. sk. J. Wimberley). 

4. Butorides stagnatilis. 
Ardetta stagnatilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 221 (Port Essington); 
id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 67 (1848); Meichenb. Vog. Neuholl. ii. p. 201 
(1850); Macgill. Voy. ' Rattlesnake,' ii. p. 358 (1852: Torres 
Straits); Gray, P. Z. S. 185$, p. 197; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Ne?v 
Guinea, p. 62 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, p.438 (Am Is.); Rosenb. 

J.f. 0. 1864, p. 136. 
Ardetta macrorhyncha, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 39 (E. Australia) ; 
id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 66 (1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 202 
(1850); id. Grail tab. 338. figs. 2669-70. 

Ardea patruelis, Peak, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 216, pi. 01. rig. 1 (1848 : 
Tahiti) ; Hartl. Arch. f Nature). 1852, p. 118; id. J.f O. 1854, 

p. 169; Gray, Eand-L B. iii. p.* 32, no. 10160 (1871). 
Ardea stagnalis, Gray, Gen. B.iii. App. p. 25 (1849); id. Cat. B. 
Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 49 (1859); Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp,, 
Birds, p. 297 (1858). 

Ardea 
macrorhyncha, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 25 (1849) ; SchL 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardece, p. 44 (1863, pt.); Einsck, Neic-Guinea, 

p. 183 (1865). 
Butorides stagnatilis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 130 (1855); Sharps, Bull. B. 
O. C. iii. p. xviii (1894). 
Butorides patruelis, Bp. t. c. p. 130 (1855); Stejn. Proc. U 8. Nat. 
Mus. x. p. 299 (1867). 
Butorides 
macrorhyncha, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 131 (1855); Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 316 (1865); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N 

S. W. ii. p. 199 (1878); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888); 
North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) i. p. 1164 (1887 : eggs). 
Ardea viridiceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 364 (E. Gilolo). 
Butorides javanica (nee ILorsf.), Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 35 

(Bourou)"; id. t. c. p. 487 (Flores; Timor); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, 

p. 183 (1865, pt.); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 317 (1865); 
Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 355 (Pt. Denison); Laijard, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 440 (Kandavu, breeding), 1876, p. 393 (Viti Levu); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 395 (1876: Norman R), ii. p. 199 
(1878), iii. p. 116 (1879: Hall Sound), p. 299 (Laloki River); 
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiii. p. 328 (1877: Yule K.) . 
184 
ARDE1DJE. 

Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. S3 (Amboina) ; Pamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 

N.S. W. iv. p. 84 (1880: Savo); Meyer, Terh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1881, 
p. 767 (Sumba) j Salvad. Pep. Toy. ' Challenger? ii. Birds, p. 64 
(1881); id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 359 (1882 : Halmahera, Dorey, 
Ai'u Is., J obi, Ceram-lant) ; Blasius, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 710 (Ceram); 
Lmjard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 531, 644 (New Caledonia); Tristr. Ibis, 
1882, p. 144 (Savo) ; Meyer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 295 (1884); 
Pleske, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xxix. p. 538 (1884: Ternate) ; 
Sharpe, Pep. Zool. Coll. 'Alert? p. 28 (1884: Thursday Island) ; 
Nehrk. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 35 (Waigiou) ; Ogilvie-Grant, P. Z. S. 
1887, p. 333 (Fauro), 1888, p. 202 (Aola) ; Pa?)isai/, Tab. List 
Avstr. P. p. 21 (1888) ; North, Nests $ Eggs Amir. B. p. 322 
(1889); Salvad. Ann. Mas. Genov. (2) x. p. 287 (1891); id. Agg. 
Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 206 (1891) ; Wiglesw. Ahhandl. k. Zool. 
Mus. Dresden, no. 6, p. 68 (1891: Society Is.; Fiji Is.); Tristr. 
Ibis, 1892, p. 297 (Solomon Is.). 
Ardea javanica 
(nee Korsf.), Finsch, Nezi-Guinea, p. 183 (1865, pt.) ; 
id. 8f Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 207 (1867) ; Bayard, P. Z. S. 
1875, p. 440 (Kandavu); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (Viti Levu); JE. L. 
8? E. L. C. Bayard, Ibis. 1878, p. 264 (New Caledonia); Nehrk. J.f. 

O. 1879, p. 408 (Waigiou); Peichen. J.f.O. 1891, p. 127 (Viti 
Levu). 

Ocniscus patruelis, Cab.fy Peichen. J.f.O. 1876, p. 326. 

Ardea striata, subsp. macrorhyncha, Peichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 254 

(Pt.). 

Ardea striata, subsp. stagnatilis, Peichen. t. c. p. 254. 

Ardetta javanica (nee Horsf.), iyAlbert. §* Salvad. Ann. Mus. 

Genov. xiv. p. 132 (1879). 

Adult. Similar to B. javanica. but larger and darker : the white 
cheek-stripe and white throat obsolete, these parts being ashy or 
brown; cheeks and ear-coverts rusty-brown ; under surface of body 
dingy rusty-brown with a tinge of slate-colour ; abdomen and thighs 
rusty-brown as also the under tail-coverts : " upper mandible and 
cutting-edge of lower mandible very dark reddish brown ; remainder 
of lower mandible oil-green; tibia and hinder part of tarsi bright 
yellow; remainder of legs and feet yellowish brown; iris light 
yellow; orbits and eyelash gamboge-yellow" {J. Gould). Total 
length 17 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 7*7, tail 2-6, tarsus 1*9, middle 
toe and claw 2*2b. 

Young. Darker than the young of B. javanica, and, as in that 
species, distinguished by the white or sandy-coloured spots on the 
wing-coverts; throat white, mottled with sandy spots or streaks. 

I have not been able to discover any evidence of the existence 
of two species of Green Heron in Australia, so far as my experience 
of the series in the British Museum enables me to judge; and 
I believe that Gould's B. macrorhyncha is the same species as 
his B. stagnatilis, being founded upon young or winter-plumaged 
specimens. Although in his pictures he has coloured the soft parts 
differently, I consider these colours to be due to seasonal changes 
only. 

Hob. Northern and Eastern Australia, 3STew Guinea, and the 
Molucca Islands, Timor and Mores, Solomon Islands, New 
Caledonia, Fiji Islands, Society Islands, Friendly Islands. 

21 . BUTORIDES. 
a. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum. 
b-n. 
Ad. et iuv. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 

o. Ad. sk. Cape Upstart. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
^. Ad. sk. Thursday Island, Torres Voy. H.M.S. < Alert/ 
Straits, June (Dr. Cop-
pinger). 

q. 2 imm. sk. 1st Cousin Island, Aug. 14 Voy. II.M.S. ' Herald/ 
(G. M. Rayner). 
r. d ad. sk. Yule ^ Island, S.E. New Dr. James [C.]. 
Guinea. 

s. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Wallace Coll. 
£. c? ad. sk. Bourou (A, R. Wallace). Seebohm Coll. 
Uj v. Ad. et Amboina. Voy. H.M.S. ^Chaljuv. 
sk. 
lenger: 

w. Ad. sk. East Gilolo. Wallace Coll. 
x. Ad. sk. Morotai. 
Wallace Coll. 
y. S ad. sk. East Timor. Wallace Coll. 
2. cJ juv. &k. Seinao, Timor. Wallace Coll. 
a', 6'. Ad. sk. Flores. Wallace Coll. 
r'. Ad. sk. Fiji Islands, Nov. (F. M. Voy. H.M.S < Herald: 
Rayner). 
#. Ad. sk. Savu, Fiji Islands (E. L. Tweeddale Coll. 

Bayard). 

5. Butorides stmdevalli. 
Butorides javanicus (nee Horsf.), Scl. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 
(Indefatigable Isl.). 
Ardea plumbea (nee Merr.), Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 125, 127 
(James Island). 

Butorides plumbeus (nee Merr.), Salv. Tr. Z. S. ix. pp. 464, 497 
(1875 ; Indefatigable Isl.); id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 428 (Charles Isl) ; 
Ridgw. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 128 (1889: Chatham Isl.); 
Sharpe, Bull B. 0. C. iii. p. xviii (1894). 

Ardea pl»srt)ea, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 253. 

Adult. Differs from all the other species of the genus in wanting 
the reddish edgings to the wing-coverts; head and sides of face 
black like the neck ; wings, lower back, rump, and tail black glossed 
with green, the primaries dusted with slaty grey; mantle and scapulars 
dark slaty grey, the scapular plumes and inner secondaries 
pointed and ornamental; under surface of body dark slate-colour, 
the throat, fore-neck, and tinder wing- and tail-coverts black ; the 
throat with a few white streaks. Total length 18 inches, culmen 
2*6, wing 7'3, tail 2-4, tarsus 2. 

Young. Similarly coloured to the young of the other species of 
the genus, but much darker than any, the general colour being 
blackish or blackish brown. 

Eab. Galapagos Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Charles Island, Galapagos, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. (A. H. Marhham). 
b,c. cJ 2 juv. sk. Indefatigable Isl., Aug. (Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

A. KabeT). 
18(5 
AKDEITLE. 

6. Butorides virescens. 
Small Bittern, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol i. pi. 80 (1731). 
Le Crabier verd, Briss. Orn. v. p. 486, pi. xxxviii. iig. 1 (J760) j 
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 404 (1780). 
Ardea vire.beens, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. -238 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 633 (1788) ; Wilson, Am. Orn. vii. p. 97, pi. 61. fig. 1 (1813); 
Anda/). B. Am. p. 333 (c. 1826); WagI. Syst. A v. Ardea, p. 95, 
sp. 36 (1827); Amlub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 274 (1838); D'' Orbign. in 
liamon de la Sayra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Arcs, p. 203 (1839) ; Audab. 
B. Amer. 8vo, Vi. p. 103, pi. 367 (1843); Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 ; 
Gray, Gen. B. iii p. 5o6 (1847) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 412 
(1836 : N. Brazil; Para) ; Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. p. 120 (1839 : 
Bahamas); Schl. Mns. Pays~B'as, Ardese, p. 41 (1863); Sundev. 
(Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1869, p. 589 (S. Bartholomew), p. 602 
(Porto Ilico); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 31, no. 10155 (1871) ; Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 269 (1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 522 (1874) ; 
Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 255 ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 171 (1880) ; 
Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168 ; Cory, Ibis, 1886, pp. 472-475 : id. Auk, 
iii. p. 502 (1886: Grand Cayman); A. 0. U. Chech-l N. Amer. 
B. p. 137 (1886); Scott, Auk, iv. p. 138 (1887 : Florida); Cory, 
t. c. p. 326 (Bahamas & Antilles) ; Merrill, Auk, v. p. 144 (1888 : 
Fort Klamath); Chapman, t. c. p. 269 (Florida); Everm. t. c. 
p. 348 (Indiana) ; Scott, Auk, vi. p. 18 (1889: Florida, breeding) ; 
Cory, t c. p. 32 (Cayman Brae); F. II. Allen, t. c p. 76 (New 
Hampshire) ; Loomis, Auk, vii. p. 35 (1890 : S. Carolina) ; Mearns, 
f. c. p. 48 (Arizona); Scott, t. c. p. 308 (Dry Tortugas) ; Schick, t. c. 
p. 327 (New Jersey) ; Cherrie, t. c. p. 332 (Costa Rica, breeding); 
Cory, t. c. p. 374 (Ortola), p. 375 (Virgin Gorda); id. B. Bahamas, 
p. 171 (1890); id. Auk, viii. p. 47 (1891 : St. Croix), p. 48 (St. 
liitts); Breivster # Chapn. t. c. p. 137 (Suwanee Paver) ; Wayne, 
t. c. p. 232 (S. Carolina) ; Cory, t. c. p. 295 (Berry Isl.), p. 350 
(Eleuthera Isl.), p. 351 (Inagua); Scott, Auk, ix. p. 10 (1891 : 
Jamaica) ; Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana); Scott, t. c. p. 211 (Caloosahatchie, 
Florida); Attwater, t c. p. 232 (San Antonio); 
Cory, t. c. p. 272 (San Antonio); Cherrie, t c. p. 329 (Costa Rica, 
resident); Cory, Cat. B. W. Lid. p. 90 (1892). 
Crabier tachete* de la Martinique, DAubent. PL EnL viii. pi. 912. 
Crabier de la Louisiane, UAubent. PL EnL viii. pi. 909. 
Le Crabier vert tachete, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 405 (]781). 
Le Crabier roux a tete et queue vertes, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. 


p. 407 (1781). 
Ardea chloroptura, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 54 (1783). 
Cancroma maculata, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 54 (1783). 
Green Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 68 (1785) ; Nuttall, Man. 
Orn. ii. p. 63 (1834). 
Louisiana Heron, Lath. t. c. p. 81. 
Ardea ludoviciana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 630 (1788). 
Egretta virescens, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 333 (1837). 
Herodias virescens, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 48 

(1838); Gosse,B. Jamaica, p. 340 (1847). 
Ardetta virescens, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1844). 
Ardeabrunnescens,Lembeye, Av, Cuba,-g. 84 (1850); Beichen. J. f. O. 

1877, p. 255 ; Cory, List B. W. Bid. p. 28 (1885); id. Auk, iv. p. 327 
(Cuba). 

Butorides 
virescens, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 128 (1855); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1856, p. 310 (Cordova); Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 236 (S. Domingo) ; 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 677 (1858); Scl. $ Sato. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 

21 . BUTOBIDES. 
187 
(Guatemala); Newton, t. c. p. 261 (St. Croix) ; Cass. Pr. Phil 
Acad. I860, p. 378 (St. Thomas); March, op. cit. 1864, p. 64 
(Jamaica); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 18(34, p. 9;} (Trinidad), p. 171 
(Porto Eico); Sol. 8r Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 250 (Mosquito) ; iid. 
op. cit 1869, p. 252 (Venezuela) ; Lawr. Ann. Life. N. Y. 

ix. p. 142 (1868 : Costa Eica) j Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 
(Veragua) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 359 (1871: Florida); 
6b/. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 273 (Sta. Lucia) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. 
C. Z. lii, p. 182 (1872 : Kansas) ; Scl. # Salu. Nomrncl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 125 (1873: Mexico & Central America) ; Hensh. 
Pep. Zool. Bxpl 100th Mend. p. 465 (1875); Peichen. J. f. O. 
1877, p. 255; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 165 (1878: S. 
Texas, breeding); Lawr. t. c. p. 196 (S. Vincent), p. 236 (Antigua), 
p. 241 (Barbados, breeding), p. 275 (Grenada), p. 359 (Martinique) 
; Belding, t. c. p. 442 (Stockton & Murphys, San Joaquim, 
Cal., breeding); Later, t. c. p. 460 (Guadeloupe) j Scl. fySalv. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 542 (Medellin); Sol P. Z. S. 1879, p. 765 (Montserrat); 
Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 197 (1880); A.$JE. Newton, Handb. 
Jamaica, p. Il l (1881); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 107 
(1882;; Nutting, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 406 (1882 : Costa Rica); 
Pidgw. t. c. p. 502 j Betting, t c. p. 544 (Lower Calif.); Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 428 (Acapulco); Bouwrd, t. c. p. 458 (Yucatan); 
Baird, Brewer, # Pidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 50 (1884); 
Coues, Key N Am. B.% 2nd ed. p. 662 (1884); Agersb. Auk, ii. 
p. 287 (1885: S. Dakota, breeds); Sol. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 326 (Dominica) 
; Uartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 325, 334 (Aruba; Bonaire ; 
Curacao); Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. p. xviii (1894). 
Ocniscus 
virescens, Gundl. J. f 0 1856, p. 343 (Cuba) ; Breiver, 
Proc. Bost Soc. 1860, p. 308 (Cuba) ; Gundl. Pep. Fis.Nat. Cuba, 

p. 349 (1866); id. J.f O. 1875, p. 307 ; id. Ann. Soc. Esp. N. H. 
vii p. 359 (1878: Porto Eico) ; Heine 8f Peichen. Nomencl. Mus. 
Hein. p. 308 (1890). 
Ocniseus brunnescens, 
Cab. J.f.O. 1856, p. 344; Brewer, Pr. Bost. 
Soc. vii. p. 308 (1860); Gundl. J.f. 0.1875, p. 308. 
Butorides brunnescens, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 677 (1858); March, 
Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 64 (Jamaica); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

iii. pp. 214, 237 (1880); Baird, Brewer, § Pidgw. Water-B. N. 
Amer. i. p. 49 (1884). 
Ardea (Butorides) virescens, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. xi. p. 97 (1867 : 

S. Domingo). 
Ardea babamensis, Breioster, Auk, v. p. 83 (1888). 
Ardea virescens frazari, Brewster, Auk, v. p. 83 (1888: Lower California). 
Butorides saturatus, Pidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 577 (1887 : 
Swan Island). 
Ardea virescens babamensis, Cory, Cat. B. W. Ind. p. 90 (1892). 

Adult 'male in breeding-plumage. General colour aboTe green, the 
long dorsal plumes and scapulars hoary grey, at least at their ends ; 
wings green like the back, with somewhat of a purplish reflection 
under certain lights, all the feathers fringed with ochraeeous or 
reddish brown, the lesser wing-coverts very distinctly, but the 
greater coverts and secondaries with a very narrow fringe of whitish ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark slate-colour, with 
narrow whitish fringes to the tips ; lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail dark green ; crown of head and occipital crest glossy 

188 AEDEID^. 

dark green; sides of face and ear-coverts deep chestnut, with a black 
line running from the gape to the ear-coverts, and succeeded by 
another line of buffy whitish along the upper edge of the cheeks ; 
throat white slightly tinged with rufous; sides of neck and the 
feathers covering the hind-neck purplish chestnut with a decided 
gloss of grey, the feathers in the centre of the throat as well as the 
long feathers on the fore-neck streaked with black and white, the 
main colour of the feathers being whitish with broad oval marks of 
black in the centre, the long feathers of the fore-neck strongly tinged 
with rufous * the remainder of the under surface of the body from 
the chest downwards slaty grey, including the under wing-coverts 
and axillaries; the abdomen a trifle lighter, as also the under tail-
coverts, the long ones of which have dark-green centres near the 
ends; thighs light ashy with a rusty tinge; marginal coverts round 
the bend of the wing white tinged with rufous : l' bill greenish black 
above, bright yellow beneath; feet greenish yellow, claws dusky; 
iris and bare part about the eye bright yellow " (J". J. Audubon). 
Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 2-4:5,, wing 7, tail 2*5, tarsus 2*05, 
middle toe and claw 2*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the grey colour of 
the ornamental plumes not quite so strongly developed. Total 
length about 12*5 inches, culmen 2*7, wing 7*5, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*9, 
middle toe and claw 2-2. 

Adidts in winter plumage are distinguished by having the sides of 
the face and neck much more chestnut than in the breeding-beason. 
They have also the long plumes of the back entirely green. The 
beautiful shade of grey and the purplish bloom on the neck-feathers 
are only assumed for the breeding-season. 

Erom the description above given it will be seen that I do not 
recognize the two races of Green Heron, which have been called by 
Mr. Brewster B. frazari and B. bcthamensis. B. frazari seems to me 
to have been founded on birds in full breeding-plumage, which have 
not lost the purplish and " glaucous " lustre which appears to be 
peculiar to birds killed in the early part of the year, Brewster 
further separates B. baJiamensis on account of its chestnut colour, 
but this similar tint of rufous is exhibited by specimens killed in 
winter, in various places, such as Mexico, Guatemala, St. Croix, &c. 
Mr. Bidgway's B. saticraias is said to be a larger bird than B. virescens, 
but I greatly doubt its specific distinctness from the typical 
form. 

Young birds are much duller in colour than the adults, and are of 
a more oily-green, the feathers of the crown streaked with rufous, 
and the wing-coverts margined with the same colour, the median 
and greater series with a triangular spot of white at the tip, the 
under surface of body white or yellowish white, the throat entirely 
so, but the lower throat, fore-neck, and chest longitudinally streaked 
with blackish; the quills have more distinct white tips than in the 
adult birds. 

In the first winter plumage of the young birds there is a general 
similarity to the colour of the adults, but the back, though it has 

21 . BUTORIDES. 
189 

long dorsal plumes, is entirely green, and the throat and fore-neck 
are much more mottled with black streaks and centres to the feathers 
than in the adult birds. The green feathers of the back are of 
course assumed at the autumn moult; but the grey colour of the 
decorative plumes and the purplish neck with the glaucous lustre, 
which are merely indicative of breeding-plumage, are assumed at 
the nesting-season without any direct moult. 

Hah. Xorth America generally, through Central America to 
Panama and Venezuela. Greater and Lesser Antilles. 

a. Juv.sk. New Jersey. J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[p.]. 
b. S 
ad.; c, d. Sing Sing, Xew York, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2imm.sk. (C. H. Merriam: Hensh. 
Coll.). 
e,f. 2 juv. sk. Lyons Falls, X. Y., Aug. 19 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(A. J. Dayan: Hensh. Coll.). 
g. J ad. sk. Mount Carmel, Illinois, Aug. 25 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. W. Nelson: Hensh. Coll.). 
h. 2 juv. sk.
i. I mm. >k. 
Weilesley, Mass., Oct. 4 (H.
W. Henshaiv). 
Eastern Branch, District CoSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. 2 a^* sk*
lumbia, Aug. 21 (Elliot 
Cones), 
Aiken, S. Carolina, March 27 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. H. Merriami Hensh. 
L Juv. sk.
?n, n. Ad. bk.
o-s. ^ad.etjuv.;
t. 2 ad. sk.
Coll). 
Arlington, Virginia, July 22(Elliot Cozies). 
Florida. ' 
Tarpon Springs, Florida, March, 
April, July (W. E. D. Scott). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. B. JDismore, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

u. <$ ad. sk. De Soto County, Florida ( TV. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JR. Bean). 
i>, u\ 2 ad. sk. Bermuda, April. Capt.SavileReid[C.]. 

x. 
Ad. sk. California. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
[p.]. 
y, 3, a'. $ 2 ad. Rio San Juan, Nuevo Leon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. May 25 (F. B. Armstrong). 
b'. cr. 3 ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (F. B. Armstrong). 
d\ e\ S ad. et Corpus Christi, Oct. 1 (F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Armstrong). 
/'. S ad. sk. Hidalgo, April 6 (F. B. Arm- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
strong). 
//'. 2 a<** sk- Aransas Bay, Jan. 4 (F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Armstrong). 
k\ i1. <$ ; k'. 2 Nueces County, April to June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. (F. B. Armstrong). 
l\ 
S ad. sk. San Antonio, Aprii 23 (H. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dresser). 

m. 
2 : n't °% V'- Tampico, Mexico, June (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r\ ad. sk. Richardson). 
q. ~<$ ad. sk. 
Cordova, Sept. (Ferrari-Perez). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
190 

r' s' d ad etjnv.
'sk.
t' Q ad sk

«', v'. cS ? ad. sk.
w'. 9 ad. sk.

y . Ad. sk.
y\ Juv. sk.
~'' r? ad sk


a". $ ad. sk.

h"-l". Ad. et juv.

sk.
on" n". Ad. sk.
o" ' -Id sk.


p". Ad. sk.

q". $ ; r", s". $
ad. sk.
t"~y". Ad.etjuv.
sk.
z". jad.sk.

a3. Ad. sk.

frK Ad. sk.
c\ Ad. sk.
d?. $ ad. sk.
e^f. Imm. sk.


A3. J ad. sk.

iz~P. Ad. sk.

ms. Ad. sk.
ri\ Juv. sk.
o*. <5 juv. sk.
p3, 3 ad. sk.

g\ r\ Ad. sk.
p3. Ad. sk.


t\ Ad. sk.

w», v\ S 2 ad. sk.

w3. Ad. sk.
x^ y3. (Jad.sk.

s3, aK Ad. et juv.
sk 

AEDEIDJS. 

 Laguna Verde, Vera Cruz, Jan.

 (M. Trujillo). 
Sochiapa, Vera Cruz, Jan. (M.
Trujillo). 
Presidio, Dec. Jan. (A. Forrer). 
Colima, Jalisco, June 9 ( W.

Lloyd). 
Acapulco, Marcli (A. H.

Markham). 
Acapulco, Sept. (D. W.Smith). 
Chimalapa, Tekuantepee,

^Ur.ll{W.B. Richardson), 

 Tizinrin, Northern Yucatan,
April '2'2 (G. F. Gaunter). 
Cozumel Island (G. F.

 Gaumer). 
Buatan Island (#. F. Gaumer). 
Cayo, Western District, British

Honduras, May 20 (F. Blmicaneaux). 
Chiapam, Guatemala (O. Salvin). 


 Atitlan, Guatemala (5000 ft), 
Dec. ( W. B. Richardson). 
Lake of Duenas, July, Sept


 (0. Salvin), 
Momotombo, Nicaragua, May 23
(IV. B. Richardson). 
San Carlos, Nicaragua, May 23
( W. B. Itichardson). 
Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). 
Costa Rica (Endres). 
Chitra, Veragua (E. Arce). 
Lion Hill, Panama {J. Me-
Leannan). 

 Remedios, xAntioquia, U.S.
Colombia (T. K. Salmon). 
San Christoval, Cuba (G. F.

 Gaumer). 
Bembe, Cuba (G. F. Gaumer). 
Haiti. * _ 
Moneague, Jamaica. * 
Metcalfe, Jamaica, Sept. lo

(0. Salmn). 
West Indies. 
Porto Rico (Jl Latimer).


 St. Croix, April 18.


 St. Croix, Jan. {C. S. Wynch:


Cory Coll.). 
Montserrat (Sturye). 
Dominica,Jan., Feb. (Ramaye).

 Santa Lucia (Se?nper).

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Gudman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Baron Maltzam [P.". 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 J. Dallas, Esq. [FA 
U.S. National"Museum 
[P.". 
Professor Newton 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
West Indian Committee. 
Salvin-Godman Cull, 

22 . TIGRORNIS. 191 
bl-h*. S 2 ad. et St. Vincent, Feb., April, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

imm. sk. July, Aug. (D. W. Smith). 
o\ Ad. sk. St. Vincent, Jan. G. Stephen, Esq. [P.]. 
p\ Imm. sk. Bequia Island, May 29 (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Smith). 

f. Imm. sk. Mustique Island, June 8 (D. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. Smith). 
r*. <? ad. sk. St. Lucy, Barbados, June 6. Colonel Feilden [P.l 
s*. JUT. sk. Barbados, June. Colonel Feilden [P.J. 
t\ Ad. &k. Barbados. Sir R. Sekomburgk 

[C.]. 
«*-«l. Ad. sk. Grenada, March to Aug. {D. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

W. Smith). 
u'\ Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 
22. TIGR0E1IS. 
Eaage. Confined to West Africa. 

1. Tigrorrds leucolopha. 
Tigri-oma leticolophuni, Jardim, Ann. § Maq. Nat. Hist. xvii. 
p. 80 (1640: Old Calabar); Bp. Camp. "ii. p. 157 (1855); 
Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 225 (1857: Bio Boutry : Gaboon); Gray, 
Mand-h B. iii. p. 33, no. 10170 (1871); Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull. 
Soe. Zooh France, i. p. 313 (lb76: R. Louemba, Congo); Oust. 
Bull. Sue. Philom. (7) i. p. 107 (1877: Lambarene, Gaboon); 
id. Now. Arch. Mm. (2) ii, p. 119 (1879); Bocage. Orn. Angola, 
p. 449 (1881). 
Botaurus leucolophus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 25 (1849); Earth 
J.f.O. 1854, p. 292; Meichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 251; Bilttik. 
Notes Leijden Mm. vii. p. 240 (1885), viii. p. 266 (1886 : Messurado 
River, Liberia), x. p. 101 (18^8), xi. p. 136 (1889). 
Ardea leucoloplia, Schh Mm. Pays-Bas, Ardete, p. 50 (1863 : Gold 
Coast). 
Botauru* (Tigrisoma) leucolophus, Beichen. J. f O. 1877, p. 12 
(Loango Coast). 

Adult. General colour above greenish black, banded with sandy 
"huff, the light bars on the wing-coverts conspicuously broader, the 
darker bars with a greenish or purplish reflection; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills greenish black, with white tips, tbe 
secondaries barred with sandy buff on the outer web and with 
white on the inner web; lower back and rump dusky black, with 
arrow-head markings of sandy buff or yellow; upper tail-covcrts 
and tail-feathers greenish black, with five sandy-buff or white bars, 
besides the white tip; head black, with a few small bars of buff, 
and with a patch of white elongated plumes on the nape; sides of 
face and sides of neck barred with black and sandy buff, as also the 
throat; the chin white, but with black bars; the centre of the 
throat vinous with small black bars or spots ; the sides of the fore-
neck and the under surface of the body vinous brown, with longitudinal 
white centres to the feathers, and black spots on both webs, 
becoming almost obsolete on the abdomen and not very distinct on 

192 
AEDEID.3E. 

the under tail-coverts ; sides of body and flanks barred with, black 
and sandy buff like the upper surface ; under wing-coverts yellowish. 
buff mottled with black, the lower series pure white; axillaries 
barred with black and buff like the sides of the body : " bill greenish 
brown, paler towards the base; lower mandible and bare space 
round the eye yellowish; feet yellowish brown; iris sulphur-
yellow" (/. Buttikofer). Total length 28 inches, culmen 4*4, 
wing 10*7, tail 4*6, tarsus 3*4. 

Mr. Buttikofer says that a young bird procured bj him in Liberia 
was coloured exactly like the old birds, and had also the white 
patch on the nape. 

Hah. West Africa from Liberia to the Congo. 

a. 
Ad. bk. Denkera, Gold Coast {H. T. Shelley Coll. 
Ussher). 
h. Ad. sk. Eiver Ogow£, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. rV.\ 
23. Z01OIB0DIITS. 
Type. 
Zonerodius, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xviii. 


p. 336 (1882) Z. heliosylus. 
Mange. Confined to Papuasia. 
1. Zonerodius heliosylus. 
Heron phaeton, Less. Voy. Coquille, ZooL Atlas, pi. 44 I l*:2(i). 

Ardea heliosylus, Lesson, Toy. Coquille, Atlas, i. p. 722 (1^20-2**) ; 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeae, p. 51 (18t>3); Fimik, Xm-
Guinea, p. 183 (1865); Rosenb. Rei^t. naar Geekmkb. pp. ^4, lis 
(1875); id. Malay. Arch. p. 563 (1878-79). 

Tigrisoma heliosylus, Less. Trait e, p. 572 (IBS'J); id. Cumpl. Bi/ff. 

p. 693 (1838); Sharps, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii p. 321 f 1877: Aleya I; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 133 (1&79): Rummy, JPror. 
Linn. Soc. X. S. W. iii. p. 300 (1578), iv. p. 102 flbbO: Port 
Moresby); B'Albert. Xuova Guinea, p. 588 (1880); Sharpe, Journ* 
Linn. Soc, ZooL xvi. p. 447 (1882: Sogeri district). 
Botaurus heliosylus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 557 (1847); Reiekenh. 
Grail, tab. 150. fig. 508 (1848); Bp. C. M. xl. p. 223 (IKJ5); id. 
Consp. ii. p. 136 (1855); Sclafer, Journ. Linn. Soc. li. p. 100 (lb5>); 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197, 1859, p. 159 ; id. Cat. B. Beit? Guinea, 
pp. 51, 62 ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438; Rosenb. X. T. B. XXY. p. 253 
(1863); id. J.f.O. 1864, p. 130; Gray, IIand~L B. iii. p. 32, 
no. 10166 (1871). 

Botaurus phaethon. Less., Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 247. 

Zonerodius heliosylus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genor. xviii. p. 336 (1882); 
id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. pp. 868,565 (1882: Dorey: Sorong-; Andai; 
Lobo; Fly River; Aleya; Pt. Moresby); id. Ann. Mus. Genov. 

(2) ix. p. 591 (1890: Kigo); Seine 4" Reichen. Xomencl. Mux. 
Hein. p. 309 (1890); Salvad. Am. Orn. Papuama, iii. p. 207 
(1891). 
Adult male. General colour above black, barred with sandy buff, 
a little paler on the wing-coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills black, spotted on the outer web and barred on the inner 

24 . TICfEISOMA. 193 
web with yellowish buff or white; quills with white bars on the 
inner web, often broken up into spots, the innermost secondaries with 
sandy-buff bars like the back; lower back and rump white, with 
dusky edges to some of the feathers, the upper tail-coverts with 
blackish bars near the ends; tail-feathers black, with sis bars of 
sandy buff as well as a narrow tip of the same colour; crown of 
head and nape black; sides of face barred with black and buff, 
whiter on the cheeks; a nuchal crest black, with narrow bars of 
sandy buff; a frill down the sides of the neck consisting of broad 
bands of sandy buff; chin and upper throat white; lower throat, 
fore-neck, and breast broadly banded with black and sandy buff, the 
bars a little narrower on the plumes of the chest; lower breast and 
abdomen white, washed with sandy buff at the ends of the feathers, 
the flanks more strongly washed with this colour; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, washed with sandy buff: " bill black, 
whitish towards the base; feet brownish green; iris greenish 
yellow " (D'Albertk). Total length 21 inches, culmen 3*1, wing 11, 

tail 4*0, tarsus 3*3. 

Hah. Xew Guinea and Salawati, and probably the Aru Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Purchased. 
b. cJ ad. sk. Salawati. "Wallace Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. [Aru Islands (J". T. Cockerel!) .]* Salvin-Grodman Coll. 

24. TIGKRISOMAf. „, 
Type. 
Tigrisoma, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 362 (1828) ..... . T. lineatuiru 
Mange. South America from Guiana, Colombia, and Ecuador to 

Southern Brazil, Argentina, and Peru. 

Key to the Species. 

a* With transverse bars on the flanks and axillary 
feathers, very distinct. 

a'. Head and neck chestnut, with a few dusky 
bars occasionally (adults), or tawny buff 
barred with black (young); cheeks bare to 
below the eye ; tail uniform. 

a". Breast and abdomen uniform, not transversely 
barred. 

a1". Axfllaries black, with broad bands of 
white; vermiculations on upper surface 
coarse lineatumj p. 194. 

httl 

. Axillaries dark slaty, with fine crossbars 
of white; vermiculations on upper 
surface very fine marmoratum, p. 195, 

# This specimen was sold by Mr. Gockerell as a " new species" from Thirsty 
Sound near Port Bowen in Queensland. As all the other supposed "new" 
species discovered by Mr. Cockerell proved to have come from the Arulslands, 
it is safe to suppose that this Tiger Bittern is also from the latter locality. 

f TIGRISOMA BXCBLMHS, Bidgw. 3?roc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 595 (1887). 
Hah. Costa Rica and Honduras. 
This species has not been seen by me: it is said to be allied to T. lineatiwn* 


vol. xxvx o 

194 
AEBEID^. 

b". Breast and abdomen broadly Landed across 
with, dusky brown and buff bah its, p. 196. 

V. 
Head and neck black, -with tawny-buff bars 
or spots; cheeks with a feathered patch 
extending forwards below the eye ...... fasciatum, p. 198. 
b. With no bars on the flanks and axillaiies, which 
are perfectly uniform, or have only a few 
white spots; head black (in adult), Mack 
barred with buff (young) salmoni, p. 191. 
1. Tigrisoma liueatom. 
?Le Heron de Br&il, Briss. Orn. v. p. 441 (1760). 

Le Butor de Bresil, Briss. t. c. p. 460. 

? Ardea brasiliensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 239 (1766J; Gm. Syst. 

Nat 
i. p. 637 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 8S1 (1700). 

I/Honore de Cayenne, jD'Auhent. PI. Enl yiii pi. 790 fjuT.). 

L'Onore raye de"Cayenne, JD'Auhent. PL Enl Till. pi. 860 (adult). 

Onore, Buff. Hist Wat Ois. yii. p. 431 (1780). 

OnorS raye, Buff, t e. p. 432. 

Ardea cocoi (nee Linn.), Bodd. Tail PL Enl. p. 49 (1783). 

Axdea lineata, Bodd. Tahl. PL Enl. p. 52 (1783) ; Gm. Syst Nat I 

p. 638 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. Ii. p. 682 (1790). 
? Brazilian Bittern, Lath. Gen. Syn. ill. pt. 1, p. 62 (1785). 
Tiger Bittern, Lath. t. c. p. 63. 
Lineated Bittern, Lath. t. c. p. 64. 
Ardea tigrina, Gm. Syst. Nat L p. 638 (1788); Lath. Ltd. Orn. ii. 
p. 682(1790); Burnt. Th.Bras. iii. p. 410 (1856); TscJtudi, Faun. 
Peruan.,Ates} pp. 50, 297 (1846). 
Ardea fiava, Gm. Syst. Nat I. p. 638 (1788: ex Briss.); Lath. Ind. 
Om. ii. p. 682 (1790). 
Ardea soco, Wagl. Syst Am, Ardea, sp. 30, p. 186 (1827). 
Tigrisoma tigrinum, Strains. Zool. Jovrn. iii. p. 362 (1828) ; Gray, 

List Grail. Brit Mm. p. 81 (1844); id. Gm. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); 
Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 753 (1848): Bp. Cmsp. At\ ii. 

p. 137 (1855); Sel P. Z. & 1855, p. 163 (Bogota), 1857, p. 268 
(Rio Jayari), 1860, p. 290 (Babahoyo); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
yiii. p. 12 (1867: Panama). 
Ardea brasiliensis, Neuzcied, Beiir. Naiurg. Bras. IT. p. 642 (1832); 
Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 410 (1856); ScM. Mus. Pays-Basf Ardea, 

p. 52 (1863); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 589 (Trinidad). 
Tigrisoma brasiliense, 
Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. III. 

p. 754 (1848); Sel. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 268 (Bio Jayari), 1800, p. 72 
(Pallatanga); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. yii p. 301 (1862); Sel. f 
Sah. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 371 (Panama), p. 461 (Goakqmza), 1866, 
p. 199 (Ucayali); LSot. Ois. Trinid. p. 426 (1866); Sel. §• Sab. 
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 979 (Pebas); iid. Ex. Orn. p. 184 (1869); 
Gray, Kand-l B. iii. p. 32, no. 10167 (1871); Pels. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 302, 456 (1871: Taipa, Nov.; Ypanema, Feb. to Aug.; 
Curytiba, Ponte Alta, Mo Araguay, Oct.; Engenho do Pari, 
June; Cai^ara, March; Barra do Rio*Negro); Sel § Salv. P. Z. S. 
1873, p. 305 (Cashiboya, Santa Cruz.' Upper Amazon) ; iid. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Tacz. # Berl. P. Z. & 
1885, p. 119; Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 401 (1886: Lambaveque); 
Berl J. f. O. 1884, p. 320 (Lake Paturia, U.S. Colombia), 
1889, p. 318 (Yurimaguas); Biker $ Chapm. Auk, ylli. p. 161 
24 . TIGBISOMA. 
195 

(1891: Santareni); Ckapm. Bull, Amer. Mus. vi. p. 82 (1894: 
Trinidad). 
Botaurus brasiliensis, Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 250. 

Ackdi. Above olive-brown with a greenish tinge, the feathers 
coarsely barred and mesially streaked with black; lower back, ramp, 
and upper tail-coverts blackish, with a slight green gloss and a few 
cross-venniculations of sandy buff; wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater series rather more finely vermiculated than the other coverts; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally slatecolour, 
and edged with white at the tip, the secondaries glossed 
with green and having small vermiculations of sandy buff, the innermost 
like the back: tail uniform slaty grey, with a greenish gloss ; 
entire head and neck chestnut, the latter with remains of spots and 
bars of blackish; sides of face and ear-coverts also chestnut; middle 
of throat with dusky rufous feathers; the lores, region of the eye, 
and sides of throat bare, with a line of white feathers skirting the 
latter, streaked with black; lower throat and fore-neck for the most 
part chestnut, with broad streaks of white and narrower marginal 
ones of black, the sides of the chest rayed with blackish bars; 
breast and abdomen uniform rufous, mixed with grey, the bases of 
the feathers being grey; thighs and under tail-coverts dusky grey, 
washed with rufous; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and long flank-
feathers black, with broad white bars, very conspicuous; quills 
uniform slaty below. Total length 20 inches, culmen 4, wing 10*5, 
tail 3*8, tarsus 3*8. 

Young. Black, spotted with tawny buff like the young of the 
otber species of Tiger Bittern described below. 
Hah British Guiana and Amazonia generally to Peru, Ecuador, 
and north to Panama; Trinidad. 

a. 
Ad. st. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk 
.[0.]. 
h e. Ad. et iuv. British Guiana. Sir R. Sehombuxgk 
sk. ro.]. 
d 6 ad. sk. Merunie* Mts., British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(H. WhMy). 
e9f. Ad. et juv. Maroni River, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (Kappler). 
ff. Ad.; h. Juv. Isthmus of Panama (McLean- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. nan). 
if Jc, L Ad. et juv. Sarayaeu, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. ty). 
m, n. Juv. sk. Yanavacu, Ecuador (C.Buch- Salvhi-Godman Coll. 
ley). 
o9p. $ ad. et juv. Pebas, E. Peru (J. Haiawell). Salvin-Godman CoU. 
sk. 
q, r. Skeletons. Zoological Society. 

2. Tigrisoma marmoratum. 
Garza jaspeada, Azara,Apimt. iii. p. 160 (1805), juv. 

Garza obscura azulada, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 164 (1806), ad. 

Ardea marmorata, Vieill W. Diet. dHist. Nat. xiv. p. 415 (1817). 

o2 

196 
AEDEIDJE. 

Ardea tigrina {nee Gm.), Marti Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847). 

Ardea brasiliensis {nee L.), Marti Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847). 

Tigrisorna brasiliense (nee Linn.), White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 624 (Rio 

Parana, near Conientes, Aug.). 

Tigrisorna fasciatum {nee Such), Salmn, Ibis, 1880, p. 363 (Salta). 

Tigrisorna marmoratum, Berl J.f.O. 1887, pp. 30, 123 (Pileomavo*. 

Gran Chaco); Scl & Muds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 104 (1889). 

Adult female. Similar to T. Mneatwn, but larger, with the vermiculations 
on the upper surface much finer, and -with, the axillaries 
and long flank-feathers dark slat}' grey, narrowly barred with white : 
" bill black, the under mandible below yellow; feet dark ochraceons ; 
iris and orbital skin primrose-yellow*' (M. Dumford). Total length 
28 inches, culmen 4. wing 13*4, tail 5*2, tarsus 4-4. 

Count von Berlepsch is quite right in his identification of the 
Salta specimen, collected by Mr. Dumford, which is now in the 
British Museum; and, as he has got specimens of the same bird from 
Paraguay, there can be little doubt that they belong to the species 
described by Azara and called Ardea marmorata by Tieillot. The 
Salta specimen has the feathers slightly advanced on the cheeks, but 
not so much as in A. fasciatum^ and I find that there is a considerable 
difference in specimens as regards this character. 

Mob* Paraguay to the interior of the Argentine Ptepublic. 

a. $ ad. sk. Salta, June 28. H. Dumford, Esq. X1.\ 
3. Tigrisorna bahise. (Plate II. K.) 
Tigrisorna tigrinum {nee Gm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 556 (1855). 
Adult. Similar to T. lineaium, but distinguished by the breast 
and abdomen being regularly barred with dubky brown or blackish, 
the bands being very broad and equal in width to the rufous interspaces. 
Total length 24 inches, culmen 4*2, wing 10*8, tail 4*2, 
tarsus 4. 

I t is somewhat surprising that I cannot find any name for this 
apparently very distinct bird, nor does it appear to have been noticed 
by any ornithologist, though Bonaparte has taken his description 
of T. brasiliense from a specimen of T. baliut. The references to 
all the Tiger Bitterns of Brazil are more or less confused, and the 
synonymy is very difficult to unravel. 

Mob. Eastern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. Limlmaih). Salvhi-Godman Coll* 
4. Tigrisorna fasciatum. 
Tigrisorna fasciatum, 
Such, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 117 (1825: Brazil); 
Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 662; Scl. $ Sah\ Mx. Orn. pi. xcii (1869) j iid. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873). 
Ardea lineata {nee Gm.), Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 634 
(1832) * Schl. Mus. Bays-Bas, Axdese, p. 53 (1863: Brazil). 
Botaurus fasciatus, Reiehen, J.f.O. 1877, p. 250. 

24 . TIGKISOMA. 197 
Adult male. General colour above blackish with a gloss of olive-
green, varied with, complete or interrupted bars of sandy buff; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky blackish, with more 
or less distinct white bars; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
series vermiculated with sandy buff on their outer edges; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally slaty grey, 
notched with rufous or white spots and tipped with white; the 
secondaries with interrupted white bars, the innermost like the 
back; tail-feathers slaty black, glossed with green, tipped with 
white, the outer ones with interrupted white bars; crown of head 
and neck black, plentifully barred with sandy buff; sides of face, 
ear-coverts, and cheeks black, mottled with buff spots; fore part of 
cheeks with a patch of white feathers extending forwards beyond 
the line of the eye; sides of throat bare, like the lores; centre of 
throat feathered, white ; remainder of throat white, broadly streaked 
with pale brown and light rufous, the lateral feathers barred with 
black and white down the sides of the neck and the sides of the 
fore-neck; remainder of breast and abdomen pale tawny rufous, 
with a few obsolete bars of blackish; the sides of the body, flanks, 
and under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty black, barred distinctly 
with white; quills ashy below, notched and barred with white on 
the inner web. Total length 28 inches, culmen 3-5, wing 12-5, 
tail 5*1, tarsus 3*05. 

Ywnvj. Black, with large spots and bars of tawny rufous; lower 
back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black, barred with white; 
.crown of head and neck deep foxy rufous, barred with black; wing-
coverts barred like the back; quills as in the adult, the innermost 
secondaries like the back; sides of face pale tawny, with scarcely 
any black markings; throat white; lower throat and neck and sides 
of chest tawny buff, with black bars; remainder of under surface of 
body white, with a few black bars; sides of body and flanks black, 
barred with white; under tail-coverts white, with a black bar at 
the tip; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty black, barred with 

white. 
Hah. S.E. Brazil. 
a. $ ad.; b. Juv. sk.
•e. Juv. sk.
d. Juv. sk. 
Rio de Janeiro. 
Brazil. 
[S. America.] 
Alex. Fry, Esq. [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Lieut. Maw [P.]. 

5. Tigrisoma salmoiii 
Tiorfcoma fasciatum (nee Such), Gray, Jffand-L B. iii. p. 32, no. 10168 
Tiffrisoma salmoni, ScL $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 38 (Medeliin); 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 242 (Tambfflo); ScL # Salv. t c. p. 542 
(Antioquia); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 212 (Oallacate, May), 1882, 

p. 47 (Htiambo); Berl $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 577 (Chimbo, 
W. Ecuador); Tacz Orn. Perou, iii. p. 402 (1886: Huambo, Tambillo, 
Callacate). 
JButaimis salmoni, Iteichen. J. f. 0.1877, p. 251. 

198 
AEDEIDJE. 

Adult male (type of species). Blackish, brown above, plentifully 
and finely barred with sandy buff, a little more broadly on the neck; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series freckled minutely with, 
whitish; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally 
slaty grey, tipped with white: the inner secondaries like the back; 
tail slaty black, glossed with green; crown of head and nuchal crest 
black; sides of face grey, with a few sandy-buff cross-bars; cheeks 
grey, with a black line extending from below the eye down the 
sides of the neck and skirting the upper throat, which is bare; 
centre of throat feathered, white; centre of lower throat and fore-
neck broadly streaked with white and rufous, and laterally with 
black; remainder of under surface pale rufous, lighter on the 
abdomen ,* asillaries, sides of body, and flanks uniform slaty grey; 
the wing-coverts white, with dusky bases to the feathers; sides of 
the upper breast greenish black, with fine lines of fawny buff; 
" iris yellow" (T. K. Salmon). Total length 27 inches, culmen 3*1, 
wing 11, tail 4. 

This species is easily recognized by its uniform grey flanks, but it-
seems to have a young plumage of tawny and black, like the other 
Tiger Bitterns. There is also another stage, more rufous than the 
one described, and with the head not black, but barred with rufous 
and black like the back. 

Hob. Colombia to Ecuador and Peru. 

a. 8 ad.; b. Juv. Cauca Valley, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godxnan Coll. 
sk. (T.K.Salmon}. (Type of species.) 
c. d. Ad. et juv. Medellin (T. K. Salmon). Salvii-Godman Coll, 
sk. 
e. <S ad. sk. Minca,U.S. Colombia, Jan. 22 Salvin-GodmanColL 
(F. A. Simons). 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godman ColL 
let/), 

g. Ad. sk. South America. Old Coll. 
25. HETER0C1TJS. 
Range. Central America from Mexico to Panama. 

1. Heterocnns cabanisi. 
Tigrisoma tigrinum (nee Gm.), Scl. P. Z. S.1858, p. 859 (Tigre Ish, 
Honduras); G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 151 (Honduras); Scl. & 
Salv. t. c. p. 226; ScL P. Z. S. 1860, p. 253' (Orizaba); Solum, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 191 (Guatemala). 

Tigrisoma brasiliense (nee L.), Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 03 (Aloor It.; 
Omoa, resident). 

Tigrisoma cabanisi, Heine, J.f. 0.1859, p. 407; ScL §* Salv. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 280 (Mosquitia); iid. Ex. Orn. p. 95, pL xlviii (1865] ; 
Later. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ix. p. 142 (1870: Costa Kica); Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 (Laguna del Castillo, Veragua); Lawr. Bull. 
U.S. Nat.Mus. no. 4, p. 49 (1875: Tehuantepec; Puebla); ScL 
<$T Salv. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Kutting, Proc. T7.S, 
Nat. Mus. v. p. 406 (1882: Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Eica), vL 
25. HETEEOCKFS.
p. 379 (1883: San Juan del Sur); Ferrari-Perez, op. cit ix. 
p. 170 (1886: Vera Cruz); Jouy, op. cit. xvi. p. 788 (1893: San 
Luis Potosi). 
Ardea cabanisi, Schl Mm. Pays-Bas, Ardeas, p. 51 (1863; Mexico). 
Botauras cabanisi, Eeichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 251. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, the feathers having a 
mesial shaft-line of black, and finely marked with wavy cross-lines 
of buff and grey and black, arranged on a transverse pattern, consisting 
of an ashy or dusky bar, bordered above and below with 
a narrow line of black, and then a broader line of sandy buff; 
this wavy character extends over the whole of the plumage of 
the upper surface, but the bands become obsolete on the inner 
secondaries, where the barring becomes broken up into minute 
freckles ,* wing-coverts like the back, but the cross-barring a little 
coarser, except on the greater coverts, where it is very fine; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, fringed with white at 
the ends, and having a few white bars on the outer web of the 
former series; quills black, externally slaty grey, tipped with white ; 
secondaries glossed with greenish and externally freckled with brown 
vermiculations on the outer webs, increasing towards the innermost, 
which are freckled all over; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dusky slate-colour; tail-feathers dark slate-colour, some of 
the feathers finely lined with whitish vermiculations and cross-
markings ; crown of head and crest black; lores and orbits bare; 
sides of face and ear-coverts slaty blue, extending to the sides of the 
nape, and separated from the bare cheeks by a line of black, which 
is continued down the sides of the bare throat, but is streaked with 
white in the neighbourhood *of the latter; nape, hind-neck, and 
sides of neck sandy buff, barred with black, forming an ample neck-
Mil, which extends down to the sides of the chest; the centre 
of the lower throat and fore-neck distinctly lighter and mottled 
with white, ashy, rufous-brown, and black, the lateral feathers of 
the frill having a good deal of black on the outer web, so as to 
continue the black streak which runs along the sides of the bare 
throat; the central feathers of the throat for the most part white, 
then becoming laterally tinged with isabelline or buff, and externally 
blackish at the base and reddish towards the end of the feathers ; 
some of the lower feathers of the fore-neck with a long black streak 
down the centre, the inner webs white, the outer ones barred like 
the adjoining frill; centre of breast bare, overhung by lateral tufts 
of vinous chestnut, the rest of the under surface of the body being 
of the latter colour; the flanks slaty grey; the thighs dusky slatecolour, 
on the inner face pale vinous; under tail-coverts slaty grey, 
washed with rufous; under wing-coverts slaty brown, barred with 
white, the smaller ones with sandy buff; axillaries slaty grey: 
"upper mandible black, the lower one greenish yellow; orbits, 
lores, gular sac, and feet greenish; iris yellow " (F. Sumichrast). 
Total length 27 inches, culmen 4*2, wing 13, tail 5, tarsus 4*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length of outstretched 
skin 30 inches, culmen 4, wing 13*3, tail 5*7, tarsus 3-5. 

200 AEDEIB2E. 

Young. Entirely different from the adults. Blackish brown above, 
broadly barred with sandy buff, most of the bars being continuous, 
some separated by the middle of the feather intervening; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts slaty black, barred with white; 
tail slaty black, crossed with six narrow white bands, including the 
one at the tip; wing-coverts like the back, and banded in the same 
manner, the bars on the inner webs of the greater coverts inclining 
to white; quills slaty black, the secondaries browner, the primaries 
with ashy-white bars on the inner web, and white or yellowish-
white spots on the outer one, the secondaries barred with sandy buff 
on the outer web. 
Hah. Central America, from Mexico to Panama. 

a,b. S Jad.j c,d. 
<$ 5 imm. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
Presidio, Mexico, Feb. (A.
Forrer), 
San Bias, Tepic, May (W. B. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f,g,h. Ad.sk. 
i Juv. sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
I $ juv. sk. 
m, n. 5 imm. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
Richardson). 
Nuevo Leon, April (F. B. 
Armstrong). 
Tamaulipas {W. B. Richardson). 
Tampico, June (W. B. R.). 
Sierra Madre, above Ciudad 
Victoria, April (W. B. JR.). 
Vega del Casadero, Vera Cruz-
Dec. (M. Trujilio). 
Mizantla, Nov. (Ferrari-
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman CoU. 
p. $ imm. sk. 
q. Ad.; r, s. Juv. 
Perez). 
Tizimin, N. Yucatan, March 
(67. F. Gaumer). 
Cozumel Isl. (G.F. Gaumer). 
Salvin-Godman Coil. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
t Juv. sk. Belize, British Honduras (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u. Ad.; v. Juv. 
sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
2 ad. sk. 
Juv. sk. 
z. Imm. sk. 
a'. Juv. sk. 
b\ Ad. sk. 
Blancaneaux). 
CMapam, Guatemala, Jan. 
(O. &)• 
Juntecbolol, Peten, April 
(0. &). 
Costa Pica (J. Carmiol). 
Cbontales, Nicaragua {T. 
Beit). 
Veragua, Panama (F. ArcS). 
Panama {McLeannan). 
Panama. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood "P.l 

26. EEYTHROOTUS. 
Type. 

Erythrocnus, Sharpe. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. iii. p. xxxix 
(1894) :..... . E. ruiiventris* 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

1. Erythrocnus rufiventris. 
Ardea rufiventris, Sundev. CEfvers, K. Vet.-Ahacl Fork. Stochh. 1850, 
p. 110; Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 105 (St. Lucia Bay); Ayres, t. c. 
27 . ASDEOLA. 
201 
p. 265, pi. is. (Transvaal); Gray, Eand-l B. iii. p. 30, no. 10137 
(1871); Gumey inAnderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 287 (1872: Okavango; 
Teoughe; Lake Ngami) ; Reiohen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 256 ; Ayres, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 269 (Transvaal) j Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 411 (1881: 
Humbe); Rolub % Feb. Beitr. Orn. 'Siidafr. p. 273 (1882) j Ayres, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 294 (Limpopo E.). 
Ardea semirufa, 
Schl Mus. Pays-Bos, Ardeae, p. 35 (1863): Gray, 
Eand-l B. iii. p. 30, no. 13142 (1871). 
Butorides rufiventris, Sharpe in Oates's Matahele Land, App. B, p. 327 
(1831: Hendrik's Vley). 
Ardeola rufiventris, Betoken. JB. ILamb. Wissensch. Anst. x. p. 8 
(1803: Quilimaue). 
Erythrocnus rufiventris, SJiarpe, Bull.B. O. Club, iii. p.xxxix (1894). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black, with 
a distinct wash of bluish slate on the long scapulars, crest-feathers, 
and neck; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rich chestnut 
; wing-coverts deep maroon, those along the bend of the wing 
tipped with grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
powdered externally with slate-grey; secondaries dark maroon, with 
the greater part of the outer webs and the innermost secondaries 
like the back; head and neck aH round black, especially on the 
crown and throat, the other parts shaded with slaty grey, which 
extends over the breast, leaving the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts, as well as the sides of the body, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts, deep maroon; lower primary-coverts and quill-lining ashy 
grey: " basal half of bill nearly white, remainder black, with the 
tip of the under-mandible yellow; bare skin round the eye yellow; 
feet and bare part of thighs yellow; tarsi pale; iris bright yellow " 
(I7. Ayrex). Total length 17*5 inches, oilmen 2*3, wing 8'5, tail 2*9, 
tarsus 245. 

Young. Much duller and browner than the adult, and the rufous 
colour very much paler; throat yellowish buff as well as the centre 
of the fore-neck, the mesial streak being broken up into mottlings. 

Hah. South Africa from British CarTraria to Natal and the Transvaal 
to the Zambesi, and westward to Lake Ngami and the Okavango 
and Cunene Rivers. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Kingwillianistown. MajorTravelyan[P.]. 
c Imm. sk. Durban, Natal (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
d, $ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal {T. Shelley CoE. 

Ayres). 

e. Juv. sk. Potchefstroom, Dec. (T. Gumey Coll. 
Ayres). 
f. 
<$ imm. sk Hendrik's Vley (F. Oates). W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqs. [P.]. 
g, h. Imm. sk. Makalaka Country (Br. Brad- Shelley Coll. 
shaiv). 

27. AEDE0LA. Typ0i 
Ardeola, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 559 A. ralloides. ^ 
Buphus, BoiefIsis, 1826, p. 979 " A. malaccensis. 
Range. Confined to the Old "World, ranging over Temperate 

20 2 
ARDEIDJB. 

Europe and Asia, with the whole of Africa and India, and extending: 
to the Moluccas. 

Key to the Species. 

;. Inner secondaries white like the rest of the 
quills. 
a'. Back and dorsal train rufous. 
a". Head streaked with black; nuchal plurne& 


•white with black edges; dorsal train 
dark vinous : sides of neck and fore-neck , 77 -j , OAO 
•/» • * x, JX I ralloides. p. 2\)2.
uniiorm cinnanion-Duri < . j ™* 

b". Head uniform greyish ochre; long nape-! * ^5 P- -* 
plumes pure white; dorsal train dark 
chestnut, almost blackish; sides of neck 
and fore-neck greyish ochre, with ochreous 
filamentous plumes on the former .. grayi, p. 207. 

V. 
Back and dorsal train black. 
c". Head, neck, and ornamental nape-plumes 
rich chestnut; throat white bacekus, p. 211, 
d". Head and neck tawny, becoming chestnut 
on the hind-neck and on the fore-neck; 
nape-plumes creamy buff or white spechsa, p. 212. 

, Innermost 
secondaries brown like the back; 
head and neck striped. Young and winter 
plumage of all the species. 

1. Ardeola ralloides. 
Le Petit Butor, Briss. Orn. v. p. 542 (1760); Buff. Sist Xat Ois. 

7ii. p. 423 (1780). 
Le Crabier, Briss. torn, cit p. 468. 
Le Crabier rous taehete, Briss. torn, cit p. 471. 
Le Crabier jaune, Briss. torn, cit p. 472. 
Ardea railoides, Scop. Ann. i. p. 88 (17G9); Te mm. Man. tTOrn, 

p. 369 (1815); id. 2nd ed. ii. p. 581 (1820); B(mx, Orn. Pror. 
pis. 320, 321 (1825;; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 28 (1827); 
Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 06 (1828) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. 
p. 189 (1835); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 388 (1840); Keys. $ Bias, 
Wirb. Bur. pp. Ixxx, 219 (1840); Seh/s-Longck. Faun. Beige, 
p. 133 (1842); Sehl. Rev. Crit p. xcvii (1844); Gray, Gen. B. 
ill- p. 556 (1847); Tristr. Ibis, 1800, p. 372 (Algeria); Schl Bier. 
Nederl Vogels, pi. 19. fig. 7 (18151); Hewjl. J.f.O. 1807, p. 303; 
Chapm. True. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 417 (1&68); Tristr. Mis, 18G8, 
p. 325 (Palestine); Smith, t c. p. 453 (Portugal); Saunders, Ibis, 
1869, p. 181 (Spain); Elves $ Buckley, Ibis,1870? p. 334 (Danube, 
breeding); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 162 (1875); Dresser, B. Fur. YL 
p. 251, pi. 400. d.g. 2 (1879); Salvin, Cat Strickl. Coll p. 517 
(1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 109 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, 
p. 398 (Dobrad&cha, breeding); Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Brit B. 
IV. p. 191 (1884); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 110 (1834) ; 
Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 146 (Obedska-bara, breeding) Whitehead, 
Ibis. 1885, p. 44 (Corsica); Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 373 
(Portugal); Koenig, J. f. O. 1888,p. 273 (Tunis); Saunders,Man. 
Brit B. p. 365 (1889); Beichen. Syst Verz. Fog. DeuischL p. 41 

27. AKDEOIA. 203 
(1889); Bmsina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croat.) p. 72 (1890); Fatio § 
Studer, Cat disir. Ois. Suisse, p. 44 (189:2); Sibree, Bis, 1892, 

p. 116 (Madagascar); Foenig, J.f. 0.1893, p. 87 (Tunis); Meade-
Waldo, Ibis, 1898, p, 198 (Canary Isl.); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit 
B. part xxiy. (1893); Fleck, J.f. 0. 1894, p. 388 (Dainara and 
Great Xamaqua Lands); Irhy, Orn. Straits Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 205 
(1895). 
Ardea marsigH, Lepechin, Nov. Com?n. Fetrop. xiy. p. 502 (1770). 
Axdea pumlla, Zepechin, torn. cit. p. 502. 
Ardea comata, Fall Feis. Fuss. Feichs, ii. Anhang, p. 715 (1773: 


Caspian); id. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii, p. 123 (1811); Vieill N. 
Diet d?Hist Nat xiv. p. 428 (1817); id. Fnc. Meth. iii. p. 1123 
(1823); Zess. Treated'Orn. p. 573 (1831); Gould, B. Fur. iv. 
pi. 275 (1837); Naum. Yog. DeuUchl ix. p. 120, tab. 224 (1838); 
Nor dm. in Be mid. Voy. Fuss. Merid. iii. p. 262 (1840); Muhle, 
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 114 (1844); Tliomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 158 
(1850) ; Fjcerb. Danm. Fugle, Suppl. tab. Iv. £«-. 4 (1851) ; Schl. 
Tog. Nederl. pi. 192 (1854); HartL Orn. West-Afr. p. 223 (1857; 
Gambia ; Senegal: Casamanse) ; Zinderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 151 
(I860); Tristr.Ibis, I860, p. 163 (Lake Halloula)); Poivys,t c. 

p. 346 (Epirus, March; Lake of Scutari, Aug.); Gray, Cat. Brit 
B. p. 148 (1863); Schl. Mus. Fays-Bas, Ardea, p. 32 (1863) ; 
Wi'ight, Ibis, 1864, p. 143 (Malta); Spe?*Ung, t. c. p. 287 (Mediterranean) 
; Scl. t c. p. 301 (Johanna Isl., Comoros); Layard, B, 

S. Afr. p. 308 (1867); Schl. # Foil. Fame Madag., Ois. p. 159 
(1808); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 123 (1869); Stevens. B. 
Norf. ii. p. 151 (1870); Firnch $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 697 
(18/0); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 30, no. 10134 (1871); Hurting, 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 149 (1872); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth i. 
p. 1074 (1873: Kordofan; Blue and White JSTiles; Abyssinia); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 283 (Potchefstroona); FLartl. Vog. Madag. 
p. 301 (1877); Feb. Verhandl z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 155 (1881; 
Lado, March); Holub f Feb. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 274 
(1882); Milne-Fdtcards $ Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. 
p. 554 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Shores of Caspian); id. 
Hist Brit B. ii. p. 486, pi. 38 (1884); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 429 (Lenkoran) 
; Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 118 (Zanzibar; Kipini); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 491 (Eao) ; Emm, Scottish Geogr. Mag. 1887, 
p. 270; Guillem. Ibis, 1888, pp. 110, 113 (Lanarka, April); 
Zilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 343 (Cyprus, April and May); Koenig, 
J.f.O. 1890, pp. 313, 453 (Madeira); Madardsz, Erlaut. Ausst 
Ungar. Vogelf. p. 105 (1891); Frivaldbhy, Av. Hmig. p. 131 
(1891). 
Ardea castanea, S. G. Gmelin, Feise Fitssl. i. p. 165 (1774); Gm. 
Syst.Nati. p. 633(1788). 

Petit Heron roux du Senegal, D'Aubent PL Enl. viii. pi. 315, 

Heron huppe de Mahon, DAubent. torn. cit. pi, 348. 

Le Crabier caiot, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 389 (1780). 

Le Guacco, Buff. torn. cit. p. 392. 

Le Crabier de Mahon, Buff. torn. cit. p. 393. 
Le Petit Butor de Senegal, Buff. torn. cit. p. 426. 
Ardea grisea (nee Finn.), Bodd. Tabl. PI. Fnl. p. 19 (1783). 
Senegal Bittern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 67 (1785), 


Squaiotta Heron, Lath. torn. cit. p. 72. 


Squaeco Heron, Lath. torn, cit p. 74; Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p, 466 

(1843). 
Castaneous Heron, Lath. torn, cit p. 75. 

204: 
APJDEIDJS. 
? Bed-legged Heron, Lath. torn. cit. p. 73. 
Ardea squaiotta, Gm. Syst. 2s at. i. p. 634 (1783). 
? Ardea erythropus, Gm. torn. cit. p. 034. 
Ardea senegalensis, Gm. torn. cit. p. 645. 
Ardea botaurulus, Schrank, Fauna Boica, I. p. 221 (1789); teste 

Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 251. 
Ardea griseo-alba, Bosc, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i. no. 59 (1792) ; 

teste Beichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 256. 
Ardea audax, Lapeyrouse, Neu solaced. Abh. ill. p. 106 (1794). 
Ardea deaurata, Merrem in Ersch 8f Grub. Encycl. v. p. 173 (1820). 
Ardeola ralloides, Boie. Isis, 1822, p. 559 ; Biipp. Syst. Uebers. 

p. 121 (1845) ; GigL Ibis, 1805, p. 60 (Pisa); Salvad. Faun. ItaL, 
Ucc. p. 242 (1871); GigL Iconogr. Avif. ltd. no. 328; Salvad. 
Ann. Mtis. Genov. (2) i. p. 229 (1884: Shoa) ; Gir/L Avif. MaL 

p. 282 (1880); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. I&?/.p.244 (1886): GigL Avif 
ItaL, 1st Besoc. p. 438 (1889); 2nd Besoc. p. 645 (1890) ; 
3rd Besoc. p. 508 (1891); Hariert, Ibis, 1892, p. 512 (E. Prussia); 
Dubois, Faun. III. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 335, pi. 234 (1894) ; 
Beichen. "Fog. deutsch~Ost-Afr. p. 64 (1894: Ugalla; Wualaba; 
Victoria ISTyanza). 
Buplius comatus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 356; Bp. Camp. Av. ii. p. 120 
(1855); JaiA. et Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 303 (1859) ; Trisir. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 77 (Lake of Tuge-urt); Gurney, t c. p. 221 (Xatal); 
id. 1862, p. 157; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 333 (Zambesi); Goidd, B. 
Gt. Brit. i\. pi. 25 (18G6): Degl. et Gerbe, Oryx. Eur. ii. p. 301 
(1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii.p. 130(1867) ; Tacz. BulL 
Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 160 (1877: Poland); Bogd. B. Cauc. 

p. 167 (1879); id. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 113 (1884). 
Xyeticorax ralloides, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Aves. fol. m (1828). 
Cancrophagus ralloides, Kaap, NatiirL Syst. p. 42 (1829). 
Bupbus castaneus, Brehm, Fog. DeutsckL p. 589 (1831) ; Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. Mus. BeroL p. 89 (1854). 

Buplius ralloides, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 589 ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. 
$ N. Amer. p. 48 (1838); HeugL Syst. Uebers. p. 59 (1856); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 359 (Marsh of Zana); Fntsch, Tag. Eur. 
Taf. 40. figs. 3, 5 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 391 (Southern 
Spain) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 341 (Sardinia). 

Buplius illyiicus, Brehm, Yog. DeutsckL p. 590 (1831). 
Egretta cornata, Swains. Classif B. ii. p. 354 (1837). 
Botaurus comatus, MacgilL Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 125 (1842) ; id. Brit. 


B. iv. p. 428 (1852). 
Ardeola comata, 
Gray, List GralL Brit Mus. p. 82 (1844); Blyth, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 38 ; Garney in Afiderss. B.Dam.Ld. p. 288 (1872); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 209 (1872); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 390 
(Bamangwato, Aug.; Transvaal, July) ; Irby, Orn. Straits Gibr. 

p. 186 (1875); Whart07i, Ibis, 1876, p. 27 (Corsica); AyreSy Ibis, 
1877, p. 349 (Transvaal), 1878, p. 300, 1880, p. Ill ; Bocage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 445 (1881) j Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 718 
(1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42,403 (1884: 6300 ft., breeding); 
Beichen. J.f.0.1887, p. 50 (KageM); Heine fy Beichen. Nomencl. 
Mus. Rein. p. 308 (1890); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, pp. 27, 476 
(Nyasaland). 
Ardea 
subralioides, Wiirttemb. Naumannia, 1857. p. 434 (White 
Nile). 
Ardea leucoptera {nee Bodd.), Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 416 
(1808); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 210 (Lydenberg). 
Bubulcus luteus, DoderL Avif SiciL p. 214 (1809). 

27 . ARDEOLA. 205 
Ardea (Axdeola) coinata, Blanf. Geol. § Zool Abyss, p. 485 (1870 : 
Antalo). 
Bubulcus ralloides, Dubois, Consp. Av. Furop. p. 27 (1871). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the back 
pale vinous, including the ornamental plumes; the wings and 
tail white, the coverts with a slight yellowish shade, the inner 
secondaries also washed with ochreous yellow; entire head and 
neck pale straw-colour, inclining to golden buff on the lower hind-
neck, as well as on the throat, fore-neck, and plumes on the sides 
of the chest; the feathers on the head and hind-neck narrowly 
edged with black lines, these lines being sub-marginal on the elongated 
nuchal plumes, the longest of which are white at the ends; 
chin white; on the throat and fore-neck some scanty lines of dusky 
blackish, which are sub-marginal, as on the nuchal plumes : " bare 
skin about the eye, gape, and bill about the nostrils bright grass-
green ; bill for about an inch black; intermediate portion of bill 
and base (except round the nostrils) bright ashy blue; upper surface 
of tarsi and toes ashy, with a tinge of light chrome about the joints 
and feet; iris very pale chrome-yellow " (T. Ay res). Total length 
21 inches, culmen 2*6, wing 9*2, tail 3*2, tarsus 2*7, middle toe 
and claw 2*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller, with a somewhat 
shorter crest, and the dorsal train not so fully developed. Total 
length 19 inches, culmen 2-25, wing 8-1, tail 4*75, tarsus 2-2. 

Adidt in winter plumage. Earthy brown on the back and scapulars, 
with some yeEowish shaft-stripes on the latter; the lower 
hack, rump, and upper tail-coverts white like the tail; wings 
white, the coverts washed with ochreous buff, the inner secondaries 
earthy brown like the back ; head, neck, and underparts as in the 
summer plumage, but the crest-plumes not so developed and of the 
same colour as the crown; the long nape-plumes not developed: 
44 bill dark sap-green, feet darker ; claws black; iris yellow; loral 
space green " (F. H. H. Guillemard). 

Young birds. Resemble the winter plumage of the adults, but 
are at once distinguished by the black shafts to the primaries, which 
are washed or dusted with ashy brown on the outer webs or at the 
tips. In very young birds the tail is also washed with brown near 
the end. 

Hob. A summer visitor to the countries of the Mediterranean, 
Southern Russia, and the Caspian; accidental in Central Europe, 
Resident throughout Africa. 

a. Ad. sk.
ft. Ad. sk. 
Conway, Denbighshire. 
Germany. 
Old Collection. 
Old Collection. 
c-4. <$ J ad. sk.
k, I Ad. st.
m~q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk. 
Cyprus, April, May (F. JH".
M. Guillemard). 
Athens. 
Southern Spain. 
Marocco. 
Lord LilfordfP.]. 
Consul Merlin [P.]. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
s Ad sk. Gambia. Governor Rendall 

ARDE1DJE. 

t. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Sir A. Moloney \P.\ 
u. 2 ad. sk. Accra, Gold Coast, July Shelley Coll. 
(J. Smith), 
v. Ad. sk. Farttee (IT. T. Ussher). Shelley CoH. 
to. Juv. sk. Buffalo River, S. Africa. Major Trevelyan [P.l 
x,g. Ad. etimm.sk. Potchefstroom. F. Barratt, Esq. [P.j. 
«, a'. <$ ad.; b'. Potchefstroom, Sept., Oct. Gurney CoH. 
$ ad. sk. (T. Ayres). 
cr. Imrn. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Bradshaw [0.]. 
d'-f.' Ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Bradshatc). Shelley Coll. 
gr} h'. Ad. et Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedi


imm. sk. tion. 
*'. $ ad. sk. Zomba, Nvasaland, July (A. H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
White)" C.B. [P.]. 

k\ $ ad. sk. Lake "Shirwa, May 20 (A. H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
Whjte). 

C.B. rpr.
1'9 m'. Ad. sk. ^Tpper Shire, Nov. (A. JVhgie). 

H. H. Johnston, Esq.. 
f OJB. FP.l 
n, o'. 6 ? ad. sk. Egypt, March, May (G. E. &). 

Shelley Coll. 

p'-rr. Ad. sk. Suakin. 

Sorgeon-Capt. Pen-
ton [P.]. 

sf~u'. Ad. et Mesopotamia (Commander 

India Museum. 

imm. sk. Jones). 
v'-xr. 6 ? ad.sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. W. D. Gumming, Esq. 

?/. Ad. sk. Bushire, April. A. J. V. Palmer, Esq. 
[p.]. 

2. Ar&eolai&ae. 
Ardea, sp. n., Pe&. Naum. 1858, p. 497. 
Ardea malaccensis ? (nee Gm.), Kottar. Sitz. h. Ahad. Wim. 1858, 


p. 342. 
Ardea idee, JSartl J.f. 0.1860, p. 167; t& Beitr* Faun. Madag. 
p. 75 (1861); A. Nezvt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837; Grand. Bm. ^ 
iKa^r. efo 2bo/. 1867, p. 420; Fimch fy Marti Yog. Ostofr. p. 699 
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 80, no. 10139 (1871); Mark Yog. 
Madag. p. 303 (1877, pt). 
Ardea elegans, Boch 8f JE. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 170. 
Ardea comata (nee Pall), JB. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 4f$&. 
Buphus idse, Verr. in Vinson's Vog. Madag.7 Ann. B, p. 3 (1865). 
Ardea leucoptera (nee Bodd.), Sehl. P. Z. S.1866, p. 425. 
Ardea leucoptera idae, Sehl. fy Poll Faun. Madag. ii. p. 12*5 (1868). 
Ardea leucoptera, var. idse, Milne-Fdw. ^ Grand. Mist Nat. Madag.. 


Ots.p.556, (1885,-pt.). 
Ardeola idse, Sharpe, Nat. Ztbr., British Birds} iii. p. 86. 


Adult male in winter jolumage. Similar to the winter plumage of 

A. ralloides and A. grayi, especially to that of the latter, but even 
darker brown, with mesial narrow streaks of ochraceous buff on the 
back, much broader and brighter ochre on the scapulars; the innermost 
secondaries like the back, and streaked in the same manner; 
head black, the feathers streaked down the centre with rufous 
ochre, those forming the crest having broader centres; sides of face 
rufous ochre, with a few Mack streaks on the fore-part of the 
eheeks; throat rufous ochre, streaked with black, which almost 
2t. ABDE0IA. 207 

•disappears on the chin, this being white; the long feathers on each 
side of the chest rufous ochre, broadly edged with black; remainder 
of under surface, as well as the wings and tail, pure white. Total 
length 18 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 9*7, tail 3*65, tarsus 2-5. 
(31ns. A. 4" H. Newton.) 
Young bird. Eesembles the winter plumage of the adults, but has 
the wing-coverts and the outer webs of the quills brownish, the 
latter with bkcMsh shafts; the head is blackish, very narrowly 
streaked with whitish buff: ftC bill horn-colour; naked skin between 
the eye and the beak yellowish ; skin round eye, base of lower 
mandible, and legs greenish yellow; iris yellow'*' (E. Newton). 
(Mus. A. § E. Newton.) 

Professor Xewton has very kindly lent me some Herons from 
Madagascar, which have enabled me to determine that two species 
hare hitherto been confounded under the heading of Ardea idee. 
A white bird in breeding-plumage, in Professor Eewton's collection, 
agrees very Tvell with the plate of the adult A. idee in the c Histoire 
Katurelle de Madagascar/ and I cannot see why the bird is not 
Garzeita garzeita. An examination of the specimen in the Paris 
Museum alone can determine this question. The true A. idee seems 
to be exceedingly close to the ordinary Ardeola ralloides and 

A. grayi, but, for the reasons given above, I have kept it separate 
for the present. 
Hab. Madagascar. 

3. Ardeola gray! 
PCrabier de Malac, D'AuhenL PL Enl viii. pi. 911. 
f Le Crabier Mane et bran, Buff, Hist Nat. Ois. vii. p. 394 (1780). 
f Cancroma ieucoptera, Bodd. Tahl PL Enl. p. 54 (1783). 
? Malacca Heron, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ill. pt. 1, p. 78 (1785). 
? Ardea malaccensis, Gm. Si/si. Nat. i. n_. 648 (1788). 
Ardea malaciensis, frteill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 425 (1817). 
Ardea grayii, Syhes, P. Z. S.1832, p. 158 (Deccan); Gray § Hardw. 


Illustr. Ind. Zool ii. pi. 48 (1833-84); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 30, 
no. 10136 (1871); Beichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 257. 
Esretta macronata, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.3 GralL pi. 64, 
"nos. 642-644; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 (1844). 

Ardeola Ieucoptera, Gray, List Grail. Brit Mm. p. 82 (1844: 
Nepal): id. Cat. Mamrn. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 134 (1846); 
BiytL Cat B. Mm. As. Sbc. p. 281 (1849: Calcutta); Lai/ard, 
Ann. 4- Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiv. p. 112 (1854); Irhy, Ibis, 1861, 

p. 245 (Ondh); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 751 (1864); Beavan, Ibis, 
1867, p. 333 (Andamans); Godto.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. 
p. 274 (1870: Khasia Hills); Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 276 (1871: 
Wardlia Valley); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 419 (Kathiawar) ; 
Zegge, Ms, 1874, p. 30; Heine fy Beichen. No??iencl Mm. Hein. 
p. 308 (1890). 
Ardea Ieucoptera, Gray, Gen. B. ill. p. 550 (1847); id. Hand-l B. 
iii p. 30, no. 10135 (1871): Meiehen. Xf.0.1877, p, 257. 
Ardeola malaceensis, Eeickenk Grail tab. IXXXYIL Hg. 500, tab. xc. 
fig. 102,5 (1850). 
Bupiius xnalaccensis, Lieht. Nommcl Av, Mus. Berol p. 89 (1854); 
Bp. Camp. Av. ii. p. 126 (1855). 

* 

208 AEDEID^S. 

Ardea leucoptera grayi, ScM. Mas. Fays-Bas., Ardea?, p. So (1863 i 
Nepal; Pondlchery; Ceylon). 
Ardeola grayi, Holdsw. F. Z.S.1872, p. 478 (Ceylon); Same, Str. 

F. i. p. 2D6 (1873: Sind); Adam, i. c. p. 399 (Sanibhur); FEume, 
Nests k Eggs 2nd. B. p. 019 (1873): id. Str. F. 11. p. 309 (1874 ; 
Andamans); Wold. Ibis, 1874, p. 148 (Andamans); Legge, Ibis, 
1875, p. 276 (Ceylon); Hume, Str. F. ill. p. 190 (1875: Thayetmyo) 
; Blyth 8?" Wald. B. Burm. p. 160 (1875 : Arakan: Karen-
nee) ; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 350 (1876: Eangoon); IZiime, 
t. c. p. 467 (Laccadives); Hume $• Davison^ Str. F. TI. p. 4S1 
(1878 : Tenasserim); FLwne, op. cit. vii. p. 39 (1878: TraTancore); 
Davidson 8f Wenden, t. c. p. 91 (Deeeanj; Bail, t. c. p. 230 
(Ganges to Godavery); Hume, op. cit. viii. p. 114 (1^79): Scully, 
t. c. p. 361 (Nepal Valley)* Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 70 (1879 : 
resident); id. Cat. B. "S. Bomb. Fres. p. 83 (1880: resident); 
Tiraut, Bull. Agric. Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 151 (1^79); Leage. B. 
Ceylon, Hi. £. 1150 (1880); Yidal, Str. F. ix. p. 90 (lb&o': S. 
Konkan); Bingham, t c. p. 197 (Gyne & Attaran Si vers); Barnesy 
t. c. p. 400 (Chaman, S. Afghanistan); Meid, op. cit. x. p. 76 
(1881: Lucknow); Davidson, t c. p. 324 (1882: W. Khandei&k); 
Oates, JSandh. B. Brit Burm. li. p. 252 (1883); Damon, Str. F. 
x. p. 466 (1883: Nilghiris); Muiray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 272 
(1884); Sicinh. § Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 136 (Mhow distr.); 
Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov. (2), IT. p. 615 {1886 : Bhamo, June & 
July)* Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 406 (lb87 : Mysore); Hume, Str. F. 
xi. p. 334 (1888: Manipur); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vii. 
p. 427 (1889: Karin Hills); Oates, ed. Humes NestsScEggs 2nd. 
B. iii. p. 248 (1890); Munn, 2bis, 1894, p. 69 (Calcutta). 
Ardea comata, Sharpe, Ibis, 1880, p. 499 (pt., Bushire). 
Adult male hi breeding-plumage. General colour above, back and 
scapulars, with the ornamental decomposed plumes, dark maroonf 
sometimes inclining to blackish chestnut, and sometimes exhibiting 
a wash of slaty grey; lower back, rump, wings, and tail white, the 
wings more or less washed with golden buff, the elongated ornamental 
inner secondaries being entirely of this colour; head and 
neck greyish ocHre, more decidedly grey on the crown, with four 
elongated white nuchal plumes, the feathers of the crest and sides 
of neck also much lengthened, the latter decomposed and somewhat 
spiny in appearance- sides of face clear ochreous; throat pure 
white; lower throat and fore-neck ashy ochreous, the feathers of 
the latter being decomposed and ornamental, partaking of the same 
spiny appearance as those on the sides of the neck, and being somewhat 
mottled with greyish bases to the feathers; rest of under 
surface of body, as well as the under wing-coverts and quill-lining, 
pure white: " bill with the terminal portion black, bluish at the 
base and on the culmen, sides of both mandibles yellowish; legs 
and feet greenish, the tarsus pervaded with grey, and the joints 
bluish; iris golden yellow" (TV. F. Legge). Total length 18 
inches, culmen 2-7, wing 8*75, tail 3*15, tarsus 2*3, middle toe and 
claw 2*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but the ornamental 
plumes not so much developed: " bill with the tip of upper and tip 
of lower mandible blackish, rest of lower yellowish; legs and feet 

27 . AEDEOLA. 
209 
greenish yellow; lord skin yellow " ( W. V. Legge). Total length 
about 18 inches, culmen 2*6, wing 8*7, tail 8*2, tarsus 2*15, middle 
toe and claw 2*4. 

Adult in winter plumage. Brown above, with yellowish longitudinal 
centres £o the scapulars; the wings and tail white as well as 
the lower back and rump; forehead and crown blackish, streaked 
with ochraceous buff; sides of face and sides of neck ochraceous 
buff, longitudinally streaked with blackish, with which the feathers 
are edged; throat and under surface of body white, with broad 
black streaks on the lower throat and fore-neck. 

Colonel Leggei in his description of the winter plumage, says that 
the wing-coverts are shaded with brownish buff: this is always the 
case with young birds, which also have the outer primaries more or 
less dusky. Occasionally also the adult birds in their winter plumage 
have a similar dusky shading on their quills; so that the only 
character for distinguishing young birds from the winter plumage 
of the adults lies in the blacker crown of the latter, that of the 
young birds being of a deep ochre or tawny yellowish, somewhat 
narrowly streaked with black. 

The only difference that I can see between the young of A. grayi 

and A. ralloides is the somewhat darker brown back of the latter. 

Hab. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, to the Burmese Provinces 

and Cochin China, and apparently extending to Malacca. Occurring 

westwards to the Persian Gulf. 

#. $ imm. sk. Bushire, Persian Gulf, A. J. V. Palmer, Esq. 

April 16. [P.]. 
b, Juv. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith), India Museum. 
c, Juv. sk. Sind {Br. Gould), India Museum. 
d, $ juv. sk. .River Jhelum, March 11. Dr. Aitchison [P.]. 
e, $ ad. sk. Mount Aboo, June B {G. Hume Coll. 

King), 
f,0- d $ ad.sk Sambhur, June (JS. M. Hume Coll. 

Adam), 

k, Juv. sk. Sirza, Punjab. Hume Coll. 

t, k, $ ad. et juv. Gurgaon District, Aug.,Feb. Hume Coll. 

sk. (W. N. Chill). 

I, m. Ad. sk. Etawah. 
Hume Coll. 

n, o,p. Ad. et juv. Oudh (Pinwill). Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. 

q. Ad. sk. Kamptee. Dr.B.B.Hinde[P.]. 
r, $* Ad. et imm. sk. Mhow, Oct., Dec. Colonel Swinhoe. 
t. Ad. sk. Kbandeish. Tweeddale CoU. 
u7 % to. Ad. et juv. Deccan {St/kes), India Museum. 
sk. 
(Types of the species.) 

x. 
<$ imm. sk. Khandala, April 21 {S. B, Tweeddale Coll. 
Fairbarik). 
y, z. Juv. sk. Ahmednuggur (S. B. Fair-Tweeddale Coll. 
bank). 
a\ <$ imm. sk. Belgaum, June (F. A. Hume CoU. 
Butler), 
b\ Ad.sk. Mysore {Coussmaker). Gould CoU. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

c% <£, Juv. sk. Coorg. 

e'-A'. Imm. sk. Travancore (F. Bourdillm). Hume CoU. 

3? 

VOL. XXVI. 

210 
AEDE3D2E. 

i\ hr Juv. sk. 

2', m'. $ juv. sk. 

ri,o'. Ad.etjiiT.sk. 
p'. Juv. sk. 

q'. $ juv. sk. 

sk. 
t',u'. ^juv.etjad. 

sk. 
v'. <$ ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 
A' JUV. sk. 
y\ Ad.; z'. Juv. sk 

a", b". Juv. sk. 
c",<T. Ad.; «",/". 
Juv. sk. 
g". Juv. sk. 

A". Ad. sk 

i". Juv. sk. 
#', I". Juv. sk. 
m". J juv. sk. 

n", o". £ ad. sk. 
p"> Z"-6 Juv-sk


r", s". <J $ ad. sk. 

*",«". $ ad.; »". 
$ ad.; to", #". 
J 5 juv. sk. 

y'\ Ad. sk. 
s", a3. $ $ imm.sk. 

b3 

. 2 i33im. sk. 

<?3. J rmm. sk. 

d\ Ad. sk. 

•e3. c? imm. sk. 
/ 3. Juv. sk. 
c/z. Juv. sk. 

A3. Juv. sk. 

i3 

. Imm. sk 
%?, $ imm. sk. 

I33

, m. $ imm. sk 

n3. $ imm. sk. 

Colachul, Travancore. F. Bourdillon, Esq. 

Laccadives, Feb. 18 (A* 0. Hume ColL 

JH1). 
Ceylon. Gould Coll. 
South Ceylon, June 15. Colonel W. V. Legge 

[P.]. 
Colombo, July 10 (JSart). Hume Coll. 
Ceylon, April, Dec. (8. Tweeddale Coll 

Chapman). 

Madras. 
Hume Coll. 

Rajapur, April 28 (V. Ball). Hume Coil. 
Calcutta, April. Hume ColL 
Behar. Hodgson ColL 
Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of JS. macronata, Hodgs.) 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson)* India Museum. 
Nepal Valley, May, Aug., Hume Coil. 

Nov. (J. Scully). 
Darjiling Terai, Jan. {L. Hume Coll. 
Mandelk). 
Buxa Boars, Jan. (L. Man~ Hume Coll. 

delli). 
Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
Upper Assam (Meid). Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.]. 
Assam, March (A. W. CJien-Tweeddale ColL 

nell). 
Manipur, Nov. (A. O. JS.). Hume Coll, 
Elephant Point, Dec. {J. Hume Coll. 

Armstrong). 
Pesru, Dee. {E. W. Oates). Hume ColL 
Pegu, June, Oct, Feb. (B. Oates Coll. 

W. O.). 
Tbayetmyo. Tweeddale Coll. 
PahpoonJ Tenasserimy Jan. Hume Coll. 

( W. Davison). 
Tboungyeen River, March. 
Col. C. T. Bingham 
[P.]


Amherst, Dec. 15 (F". Hume ColL 

Davison). 

Long Island, Tavoy R., Hume Coll. 
April 29 (W.D.). 
Pabyin, Mergui distr., Nov. Hume Coll. 

W(W.D.). 
Pakchan, Jan. (W. D.). Hume ColL 
Salang, March 28 (J. DarHume 
ColL 

ling). 

Cochin China. M. E. Pierre \P.l 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
South Andamans, April 24 

{M.G. W.JEL). Tweeddale Coll. 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, 
Dec, May ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
Camorta Isl. Nicobars, Feb. 
(J2. J. Wiwiberky). Tweeddale Coll. 

27. ABBEOLA. 211 
4. Ardeola bacchus. 
Ardea leucoptera (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Sekl. Mus, 
Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 32 (1863: Amoy ; Canton); Hume, Str. F. 
vili. pp. 71, 161, 162 (1879: Tonka IsL). 

Buphus bacchus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 127 (1855). 
Buphus pseudoralloides, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 290. 
Ardeola prasinoscelis, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 64 (Amoy), 1861, p. 52 


(Canton), 1863, p. 421 (Formosa, not observed); id. P. Z. S. 1863, 

p. 320 ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 365 (Hainan); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 413 
Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 483 (1874: Tenasssrim); Blyth, B. Burm. 
p. 160 (1875); David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 443 (1877)• Hume 
§• Damson, Str. F. vi. p. 481 (1878: Tenasserim); Hume, op 
cit. viii. p. 114 (1879); Tiraut, Bull Agric. Cochinehine, (3) i. 
p. 151 (1879); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 253 (1883) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 35 (Hakodadi); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool 
France, xl p. 309 (1886: S.E. Ussuri); De La Touche, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 488 (Foochow and Swatow, resident); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 434 
(Hainan). 
Ardea pras;noscelis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 30, no. 10140 (1871). 
Ardea Bacchus, Gray, torn. cit. p. 30, no. 10141; Meichen. J. f. O. 

1877, p. 258. 
Ardeola leucoptera, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 307 (1887: 
Japan); Hume, Str. F xl p. 334 (1888: Manipur); Tacz. M4m. 

_ Acad. Imp. Sci St. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 984 (1893). 
Xyeticorax prasinoscelis, Seebohm, B. Japan. Fmp. p. 225 (1890). 
Ardeola bacchus, Heine 8? Beichen. Nomenel. Mus. Hein. p. 308 

(1890: Amoy). 
Ardea leucoptera, var. bacchus, Oust. Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) xiL p. 317 
(1892: Ta-tsien-lou). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Back and ornamental scapular 
plumes black with a slaty-grey wash; lower back, rump, wings, 
and tail pure wbite, witb some greyish-brown shading on the outer 
primaries; bead and neck all round, as well as a strongly developed 
nuchal crest, bright chestnut, inclining to maroon on the elongated 
feathers of the fore-neck; chin and upper throat white; on either side 
of the upper breast a patch of elongated black plumes like the back; 
remainder of under surface, including the under wing-coverts, pure 
white : " one-third of the bill from tip black, then yellow, gradually 
shading to pale blue at the base of upper mandible; facial skin, 
gape, and base of lower mandible greenish yellow; feet pale orange; 
legs and nude portions of tibia similar, but with a pinkish tinge; 
claws pale brownish green; iris bright yellow" (W. Davison). 
Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 9*1, tail 3*3, tarsus 2-4, 
middle toe and claw 2*5. 

Young. Very similar to the young of A. grayi, but appears to be 
a little darker brown above• the patch of feathers at the sides of 
the upper breast more strongly marked, being dark brown with 
very narrow yellowish streaks. 

The wing and tarsus in A. bacchus are somewhat longer than 
in A. grayi, but the young of the two species are extremely difficult 
to distinguish. 

P2 

212 
ARDEIDJE. 

Eab. Eastern Siberia to Japan and China, west to Ta~tsien4onr 
and south to the Burmese Provinces, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and 
the Andaman Islands. 

a, b. Ad. et imm. sk. China (S. Bligh). Seebohm Coll. 
c, d. <$ ad. et J juv. sk.Shanghai, Aug. Tweeddale Goll. 

e. Juv. sk. Shanghai, Oct. Gould CoU. 
/. Ad. sk. Shanghai, June. P. W. Stvan, Esq. 
g,7i. <S ad. et juv. sk. EiuMang, July, Aug. P. W. Sfyan, Esq. 
[P.]. 

i. 
Ad. sk. Poochow (Campbell). Seebohm Coll. 
Amoy, July, Dee. (JR. Gould CoU.
h. Ad.; I, m, n. Juv. 
SwinJioe).

sk. 

Amoy, May (JR. SwinJkoe).Seebohm Coll.

o-r. Ad. et imm. sk. 

Canton. 
Tweeddale CoU.

$, t. Ad. et juv. sk. 

Pokien. 
Gould Coll.

u. Ad. sk. 
Brahamapootra River, Hume CoU.

v. tfjuv. sk. 
Dec. 4 (W. Damson). 
w, x. 3 ad. sk. Manipur, April (A. O. J3JJ).Hume CoU. 
y, z. Juv. sk. Karen-nee, Burma, March Tweeddale ColL 

(JR. G. W. JR.). 
ar. 3 juv. sk. Tenasserim (W. Limborg). Tweeddale ColL 
b',cr. d juv. sk. Teaboo, March 10 (W. Hume CoU. 

Davison), 
d\ S juv. sk. Choungthaxioung, Dec. 25
55 Hume CoU. 

(W.D.). 
ef,f>ffl'6 ad. etjuv.sk. Tavoy, April (W. DJ). Hume CoU. 
A', c? juv.sk. Kaukarvit, Oct. 19 (J. Hume CoU. 

Darling), 
t'. c? imm. sk. Salang, March 24 (J. D). Hume CoU. 
h\ Juv. sk. Baram, Sarawak. C. Hose. Esq. fP.]. 
V, mf. Juv. sk. South Andaman, March 10 Tweeddale CoU. 

{JR. G. W. JR.). 

5. Axdeola speciosa. 
Ardea speciosa, JEorsf. Tram. Linn. Soc. ariii. p. 189 (1821); id. Zool 
Researches in Java, pt. vii, cum tab. (3834); JReichmb. Grail tab, 

xc. fig. 1025 (1850) ; Gray, JHand-l B. iii. p. SO, no. 10138 (1871); 
JReicken. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 258; Bkmus, Zeitsckr. Ges. Orn. iii. 
p. 208(1886: Celebes). 
Ardeola speciosa, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 8&; Wold. Tram. Zool 
Soc. vih. p. 98 (1872: Celebes); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 351 (1874); 
Bkmus, Jfi 0.1884, p. 219 (S.E. Borneo); gutter, t c. pp. 224y225; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. NederL Ind. xliv. p. 237 (1884; 
Java), xlv. p. 106 (188fe: W. Java), xlvi. p. 23 (1886 : Borneo), 

xlix. p. 417 (1889: Sumatra); JEverett, Journ. Straits Branch 
As. Soc. 1889, p. 189 ; Heine 4" Beicken. Nomencl. Mus. BJein. 
p. 308(1890: Java). 
Ardea leucoptera (pt), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847). 
Buphus speciosa, Bp. Consp. Av. i i p. 127 (1855). 
Ardea leucoptera speciosa, Schl. Mm. Fays-Bos, Ardese, p. 34 (1863 s 
Java; Banjarmassin; Sunibawa), 
Ardeola leucoptera (nee Bodd.), GuiUem. P. Z. 8, 1885, p. 511 
(Sumbawa). 

Adult male. Back and ornamental scapular plumes black; lower 
back, rump, wings, and tail white, with a slight bnfiy tinge on the 

28. 
BTTBTJLCTTS. 213 
wings; head and neck all round pale tawny buff, the long ornamental 
nape-plumes of the same colour, with white tips ; the hind-
neck, sides of neck, and fore-neck deep ferruginous; remainder of 
under surface, including the under wing-coverts, white: "bill 
greenish black, base of lower mandible greenish yellow; feet and 
tarsus olive-green; iris yellowish " (F. H. H. Guillemard). Total 
length about 15 inches, culmen 2-Q, wing 8*15, tail 3, tarsus 2-4, 
middle toe and claw 2-5. 

Young, Scarcely to be distinguished from that of A. grayi, but 
somewhat more ashy brown on the back. 
Hah. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sumbawa, and Celebes. 

a, b, e. Ad. sk.
d, e. $ ad.; / . $
juv. sk. 
g. Juv. sk.
h. Imm. sk. 
Java (Br. Horsfield). 
Java (Let/den Museum). 
Java. 
Java. 
India Museum. 
(Types of the species.) 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Purchased. 
i, k. Ad. et juv. sk.
I. Ad. sk. 
Celebes. 
Menado. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
m. Juv. sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll. 

28. 
BUBULCUS. m 
Type. 
Bubulcus, Bp, Ann. Set. Nat (4) i. p. 141 (1854) ... . B. lueidus. 
Range. Southern Europe. The whole of Africa; Central Asia, 

India, China, the Malayan Peninsula and Islands, to the Molucca 
Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

M. 
White, with the crest and dorsal train vinous 
sienna or pale vinous isabelline; ornamental 
plumes of the same colour. lueidus, p. 213. 
it. 
White, but with the crest, throat, and fore-neck 
orange ; the dorsal plumes and ornamental 
feathers on the neck vinous sienna, tinged 
with orange or golden coromandus, p. 217* 

1. Bubulcus lueidus. 
Ardea ibis, Linn, in Hasselq. Iter. p. 248 (1757); Schl Mus. Pays* 
Bas, Ardese, p. 31 (1863: Senegal; Gold Coast; Nile; Sicily); 
id.fyPollen, Faune Madaq., Ois. p. 124 (1868) ; Gray,"HandA.B. 

iii. p. 29, no, 10132 (1871); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. 
p. 1069 (1873: resident; breeds between 14° and 18° N. Lat.; 
lowlands of Abyssinia; Arabia Petrsea); Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. 67 (Madagascar); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 296 (1876: Murdab, 
Caspian) ; Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 301 (Anjuan); Brusina, 
Motr. etc. (Om. Croat),-p. 72 (1890). 
Le Petit Heron blanc, Brm. Orn. v. p. 438 (1760). 
Tantalus ibis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 241 (1766). 
Ardea sequinoctialis, var. jS, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 641 (1788). 
Ardea sequinoctialis {nee L.), Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soe. ix. p. 197 


(1808: Devonshire); Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit. Mu$. 

p. 33 (1816; Devonshire). 
214 
AEDEID^J. 

Ardea lucida, Bafinesque, Car alter i, p. 3 (1810). 

Little White Heron, Montagu, Orn. Diet. Supph, with pi. (1813). 

Ardea ruficapilla, Yieill N. Diet oVEist Nat. xiv. p. 409 (1817). 

Ardea coromandelica {nee Bodd.), Lieht Verz. Doubh p. 78 (1823 ? 

Egypt). 

Ardea bubulcus, Audouin, Exph somm. PI. Ois. de VEgypte, p. 391r 
pi. 8. fig. 1 (1823); Gray, List Grallm Brit. Mm. p. 82 (1844, 
pt.) ; Schh Bev. Crit. p. cxviii (1844); Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 157 
(1850); Marti. Orn. West-Afr. p. 222 (1857: Gambia: Casamanze; 
Gaboon: St. Thomas); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 153 (Ibadan); 
Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 163 (Lake Halloula) ; Potcys, t. c. p. 346 
(Butrinto); Earth J.f. 0. 1861, p. 269 (Gamma River; Bissao); 
id. Faun. Madag. p. 74 (1861) ; Bock $ E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, 

p. 170 (Madagascar): Gurney, t. c. p. 330 (R. Umlaas); E. Newt 
t. 
c. pp. 335, 456 (Madagascar) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 164; 
A. Newt P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 143 
(Malta); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 307 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 256 (Natal and Transvaal); Sperling, t c. p. 291 (Mozambique; 
Zanzibar); Gurney, t c. p. 468; Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 251 
(Malta); Finsch <§* Earth fog. Ostafr. p. 694 (1870); Dresser <$• 
Blanf. Bis, 1874, p. 335; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 193 (Lydenburg) j 
Earth Vog. Madag. p. 302 (1877) ; Dresser, B. Bur. vi. p. 245r 
pi. 400. fig. 1 (1879); Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 270 (Potehefstroom) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 364 (Spalding's, Hart R.) ; Mibie-Ediaards 
8f Grandid. Hist. Nat Madag., Ois. ii. p. 552, pi. 227 (18b2); 
Eolub $ Pelz. Beiir. Orn. Siidafr. p. 275 (1882: TV. Transvaal j 
Zambesi); B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 109 (1883); Seebokm, Ibis, 
1883, p. 32 (Caucasus): Shelley, t. c. p. 560 (Sbonga, R. Niger); 
Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 110 (1884); Salvad. Ann. Mm, 
Genov. (2) i. p. 228 (1884: Cialaiaka); Eagle-Clarke, Ibis, 1884, 
pp. 135,146 (Hungary); Awes, t c. p. 233 (Transvaal); Beid, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 250 (Maroeco)"; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 372 (Portugal) -T 
Guillem. Ms, 1888, pp. 110,113 (Cyprus); Saunders, Man. Brit 
B. p. 363 (1889); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 4 (Canary Is.); 
St. John, t o. p. 178 (Quetta); Lilford, t c. p. 343 (Cyprus); 
Koenig,J.f.O. 1890, p. 454 (Madeira); Frimldsky, Av. Eung. 
p. 131 (1891); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 116 (Madagascar); Edenig, 
J. f. O. 1892, p. 88 (Tunis); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 198 
(Canary Is.); Sjostedt, K. Sv. Vei.-AJcad. Eandh Stockk. xxviL 
p. 34 (1895 : Cameroons) ; id. MT. deutseh. Sehutx. viii p. 1*5 
(1895). 
Ardea veranii, Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 316 (1825): Temm. Man. dfOm* 

iv. p. 379 (1840); Werner? Atlas, Gralles, pi. 8 ; Crespon, Orn. 
Gard, p. 385 (1840). 
Ardea 
russata, Wagh Syst A?)., Ardea, p. 178, sp. 12 (1827, pt.); 
Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi 278 (1837); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur, 
pp. Ixxx, 219 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Buss. Merid. iii. 

p. 261 (1840); Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl p. 114 (1844); E. C„ 
Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 50 (Egypt); Linderm. Vog. Grieehenl. 
p. 151 (1860); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 372 (E. Algeria); Smith, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 123 
(1869); Stevenson, B. Norf. ii. p. 151 (1870: near Yarmouth); 
Earting, Eandb. Brit B. p. 150 (1872); Saunders, ed. TarrelFs 
Brit B. iv. n. 187 (1884). 
Lepterodatis ibis, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. fol. m (1828). 
Egretta russata, Swains. Classif. B. ii p. 354 (1837); MaegUL Brit 


B. iv. p. 474 (1852). 
Bupbus russatus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. §* N. Amer. p. 47 (1838) 
28. BUBULCUS. 215 
Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 59 (1856) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 37 (Palestine) 
; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 31 (Egypt and Nubia); Gigl Ibis, 
1865, p. 60 (Pisa); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 167 1879 . 

Buphus verrani, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 47 (1838). 
Erodius russata, MacgiU. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 135 (1842). 
The Buff-backed Heron, Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 462 (1843). 
Ardeola bubulcus, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 82 (1844, pt.) -r 


Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 121 (1845); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 295 (1855) j 
Butler, Feilden, $ Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 344 (Newcastle, Natal). 
Ardeola coromandelica (nee Bodd.), Bilpp. Syst Uebers. p. 121 
(1845); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan). 

Ardea coromanda (nee Bodd.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847, pt.); 
id. Cat. Brit B. p. 147 (1863); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 325 
(Palestine); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 341 (Sardinia); Saunders, 

P. Z. S. 1886, p. 335 (Diego Garcia). 
Bubulcus ibis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 125 (1855); Heugl Ibis, 1859, 
p. 356 (Red Sea); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 77 (Tuggurt); Antin. 
Cat descr. TJcc. p. 104 (1864) ; Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 298 
(1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. AlgSr., Ois. ii. p. 135 (1867); Salvad, 
Faun. Ital, Uce. p. 242 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld» 
p. 288 (1872: Ondonga); Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 149 
(1873 : Keren; Anseba) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 678 (Comoro-
Is.) ; Gigl Ibis, 1881, p. 212 (Genoa); Bocage, Orn. Angola^ 
p. 444 (1881); Sharpe in Oates's Matebele Land., App. B, p. 327 
(1881: Tati); id. ed. LayarcVs B. S. Afr. p. 717 (1884); Seebohm, 
Hist Brit B. ii. p. 492 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42, 404 
(1884); Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 491 (Fao); Heine § Beichen. 
Nomencl Mus. Hien. p. 308 (1890); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891 p. 112 
(Fao, Sept.); Reichen. Vog. deutsch~Ost~Afr. p. 64 (1894: Bagamojo; 
ussambara; Ugalla; "Wualaba; Massai Steppes; Aruscha -r 
Victoria Nyanza). 
Bubulcus ruficristata, Verr. MSS.; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 125 (1855)* 
Ardeola russata, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 294 (1855); Shelley, B. Egypt, 

p. 268 (1872) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 185 (1875). 
Buphus coromandelicus (nee Bodd.), Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 591 
(1856). 
Egretta bubulcus, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 173 (Camma R.). 
Buphus bubulcus, Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 358 (Bizerta; Zana); Fritsch, 

Vog. Fur. tab. 42. fig. 4 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 391 

(S. Spain, breeding). 
Herodias russata, Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 357 (Eastern Atlas). 
Herodias bubulcus, G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 313 ; Stafford Allenr 
Ibis, 1863, p. 32 (Egypt); KirJc, Ibis, 1864, p. 333 (Zambesi). 
Ardea ruficristata, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 74 (1861); Roch fy E. 
Newt Ibis, 1863, p. 170. 
Buphus coromanda (nee Bodd.), E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70 
(Egypt). 
Bubulcus russatus, Gould, B. Gt Brit iv. pi. 24 (1871); Bogd. 
Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 112 (1884: Lenkoran). 
Bubulcus bubulcus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 228 (1884: 
Shoa). 

Bubulcus lucidus, Salvad. Elenco Uce. Ital p. 243 (1886); Gigl. Avif. 
Ital p. 280 (1886); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 314 (1888: 
Cialalaka). 

Bubulcus coromandus (nee Bodd.), Gigl Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vL 

p. 58 (1888). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Above and below pure white; 

216 
JLRDEIBJE. 

the head, crested and having a cap of vinous sienna; the ornamental 
plumes of the back also vinous sienna, and some ornamental plumes 
on the fore-neck of the same colour: "bill chrome, but paler towards 
the gape; tarsi and feet dusky sooty; iris pale chrome, darker towards 
the outer edge; eyelids also pale chrome " (21 Ayres). Total length 
19 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 9Sr tail 3-25, tarsus 3*2, middle toe 
and claw 3*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the ornamental plumes 
not quite so fully developed: " bill and skin about the eye bright 
chrome-yellow; tibiae and tarsi pale yellow; feet dusky yellow " 
(T Ayres.). Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 2*3, wing 9*3, 
tail 3*1, tarsus 3*3, middle toe and claw 2*95. 

Winter plumage of the adults. Entirely pure white, wanting the 
ornamental plumes. 

Young. Similar to the winter plumage of the adults, and devoid of 
all the ornamental plumes, but having a slight tinge of saffron colour 
on the head. 

The difference in colour of the ornamental plumes in the breeding 
season between this species and B. coromandus are not so pronounced 
as some ornithologists maintain. Although the crest-
feathers and dorsal plumes are of a vinous tint in B. lucidus and 
of an orange tint in B. coromandus, it is by no means infrequent to 
see specimens of B. lucidus which have the crown, dorsal and 
pectoral plumes tinged with orange: indeed in birds from Cyprus 
and another from Egypt there is scarcely any difference in the tint 
of the ornamental plumes from those of B. coromandus. In fact, 
the only differential character between these specimens and B. coromandus 
in full breeding-plumage consists in the greater extent of 
the bright colour on the head and neck. Similarly with regard 
to the two specimens collected at Bird Island, Seychelles, by 
Dr. Coppinger. These have the ornamental plumes distributed as 
in B. lucidus, but the colour is that of B. coromandus. Had it 
not been for the orange-crested birds from Cyprus and Egypt, 
I should not have hesitated to describe the Bird Island specimens 
as a distinct species. 

Hah. Southern Europe, the whole of Africa, and extending to 
Central Asia, 

a. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
b-k. <$ 2 sestiv. sk. Southern Spain. Lord Lilford [P.I. 
L S sestiv. sk. Zana, Algeria, June 22 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(0.&). 

m. 
Juv. sk. Asia Minor (T. Mohson). Br. E. B. Sharpe 
PVI-
n. Hiem. sk. Dalmatia. 
OH Coll 
o. $ sestiv. sk. Lamaca, Cyprus, April 10, Lord Lilford [P.]. 
1887 (Dr. Guillemard). 
p. 2 aestiv. sk. Limasol, Cyprus, May 7. Lord Lilford [P.]. 
q. <$ 83Stiv.; r-v. Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. W. D. Gumming, 
Juv. sk. Esq. [P.], 
w-%. o* sestiv. sk. Egypt, March (G. E. &). Shelley Coll. 
a'. JSstiv. sk. Egypt-Sir J. Bowring [P.]. 

28* BTTBUIiCTTS. 
217 

b'. Juv. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum. 
c'. iEstiv. sk. Elver Gambia. Governor Kendall. 
d\ $ sestiv. sk. Shonga, River Niger. Forbes Coll. 
e'. $ hiem. sk. Bio del Rey, Oameroons. H. H. Johnston,Esq., 

O.B. [P.]. 
/ . 
Hiem. sk. River Ogowe*, Gaboon. H. T. AnselL Esq. 
[P.]. 

g'. <$ sestiv. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresman, Esq. 
[P.]. 
h'j £', &'. Hiem. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[P.]. 
?, m\ cJhiem.; w-Potchefstroon, Feb., March, Gurney Coll. 
#'. <S JUT. sk. June, Aug-. (71 Ayres).
r'. 5 ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-land (F. W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
*', £'. Hiem. et sestiv. Makalaka Country (Dr. Shelley Coll. 
sk. Bradshaw). 
^', *>'. 6 $ sestiv. 

Mpimbi, Upper Shire* Valley, H. H. Johnston.Esq., 
March 10 (A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 

sk. 

Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard, [C.I. 

?#'. Hiem. sk. 

Anjuan Island (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

y . ^Estiv. sk. 
Bird Island, Seychelles, Voy.fiLM.S.' Alert.' 

|/',»'. <$ sestiv. sk. 

March 4 (Dr. Coppinger). 

2. Bnbnlcus coromandus. 
Crabier de la cote de Coromandel, DAubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 910. 
Le Crabier de Coromandel, Buff. Hut. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 393 (1780). 
Cancroma coromanda, Bodd. fall. PL Enl p. 54 (1783). 
Squacco Heron, var. a, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pfc 1, p. 75 (1785). 
Ardea comata, var. ft Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 633 (1788). 
Ardea coromandeliensis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xi. p. 577 


(1819); id. ibid. xiv. p. 324 (1826). 
Ardea affinis, JECorsf. T?*ans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 189 (1820). 
Ardea flavirostris, Vieill. Eric. Meth. iii. p. 1124 (1823). 
Ardea russata, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 178, sp. 12 (1827, pt.); 

Gould, B. Bur. iv. pi. 278 (1837); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 377 
(1840); Werner, Atlas, Gralks^l 12; SchL Rev. Crit. p. 103 
(1844) ; Temm. fy SehL Faun. Jap. p. 115 (1850); Gray, P. Z. S. 
I860, p. 363 (Batchian). 

Ardea caboja, FranU. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 124; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, 

p. 158. 
Egretta flavicans vel russata, JECodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
Grallce, pi. 62, nos. 638, 647; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 
(1844). 

Ardea 
bubulcus (nee Aud.), Gray, Cat Mamm. tyc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 134 (1846); Layard, Ann. <$• Mag. N. H. (2) xiv. 

p. Il l (1854). 
Ardea coromanda, 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Schl Mus. PaysBa*
9 Ardeaa, p. 30 (1863); Finsch <§• Ilartl. Tog. Osfafr. p. 695 
(1870); Gray, Mand-L B. iii. p. 30, no. 10133 (1871); Meyer, 

J. f. 0.1873, p. 405; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 618 (1875) ; 
Brilggem. AbhandL Nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 97 (1876); Beichen. 
J.f. 0.1877, p. 259. 
Herodias bubulcus (nee Aud.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 280 
(1849). 
Bubulcus coromandensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 125 (1855). 


218 AKDEIDJE. 

Bubuleus coromandus, Bp. Compi. Bend. xl. p. 722 (1855) ; Swinh. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 412; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 309 (1874); Salvad. 
TTcc. Born, p. 350 (1874) ; Wald. Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 237 (1875 : 
Luzon); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 681 (1875), viii. p. 384 
(1876 : Bouru): David §• Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 441 (1877)• Cripps, 
Str. F vii. p. 307 (1878: Faridpur) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, 
p. 624 (Palawan), p. 712 (N. Bohol)* Mosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 78, 
288 (1878-79); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); Meyer, Ibisr 
1879, p. 144 (Celebes, breeding) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1147 
(1880); Tided, Str. F. ix. p. 89 (1880: S. Konkan); Hume, i. c. 
p. 119 (Klang, Malay Peninsula); Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 80® 
(Sandakan); "Hetd, Sir. F. x. p. 75 (1881: Lucknow); Davidson, 
t. c. p. 323 (1882: W. Khandeish) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. ill. p. 357 
(1882); Parker, Ibis, 1883, p. 196 (Ceylon); Nichols, i. c. p. 257 
(Sumatra); Davison, Str. F x. p. 416 (1883 : Xilghiris); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 35 (Tokio); Meyer, Sitz. $ AbL Ges. Isis, 1884, 
Abth. i. p. 57 (Sanghir); Pleske, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xxix, 
p. 537 (1884: Ternate); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind, 
xliv. p. 236 (1885: Java); Sioinh. <§* Barnes, Ibis71885, p. 136 
(Mhow) j Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xlv. p. 106 (1885 : 
W. Java), xlvi. p. 23 (1886: Borneo); Buttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 
ix. p. 81 (1886: Sumatra); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 3Q& 
(1887 : Japan); Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 417 
(1889) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 60 (Palawan): Sharpe, t. c. 
pp. 146, 285 (N. Borneo): Heine 8$ JReicken. Nomencl. Mus. Heinm 
p. 308 (1890); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 492 (Lower Yangtse); 
Salvad. Agy. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 206 (1891) ; DeLa Touche,Ibis, 1892, 
p. 288 (Foochow andSwatow); Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 67 (Calcutta). 
Bupbus coromandus, Swink. Ibis, 1861, p. 52 (Canton), p. 64 (Amov, 
breeding); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 258 (Foocbow) ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 419 
(Formosa, breeding); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 749 (1864); Beavan7 
Ibis, 1868, p 397 plaunbhoom); Holdsia. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 477 
(Ceylon); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 419 (Kathiawar); Xelham, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 193 (Perak); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, a*, 
pp. 464-478 (1885: Ussuri). 

Herodias coromanda, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 487 (Timor). 

Ardea coromandelica, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 183 (1865). 

Bupbus coromandelianus, Swink. Ibis, 1866, p. 355 (Formosa). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above and "below like 

B. lucidus, but tbe ornamental plumes of a different colour; the 
entire head, neck, throat, and fore-neek bright orange; the dorsal 
plumes of a distinct vinous sienna, with a golden tinge, the feathers of 
the fore-neck also tinged with the same colour: " bill yellow; tibia 
greenish, tarsi livid, toes blackish; iris bright yellow " {J. Scully). 
Total length about 20 inches, culmen 2*3, wing 10, tail 3*4y 
tarsus 3*35, middle toe and claw 3. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in every respect, and equally 
brightly coloured, but slightly smaller: " bill yellow, with an orange 
tinge from about the middle to the tip ; orbital region pale yellow; 
tibia dull greenish, tibio-tarsal joint dull greenish, tarsus black 
with purplish gloss, toes and claws black; iris light yelloww 

(J. Scully). Total length about 21 inches, culmen 2*15, wing 9*5, 
tail 3*3, tarsus 3-2, middle toe and claw 2-8. 
Young. Entirely pure white, without any ornamental plumes, but 
with an orange tinge on the crown. 

28 . BXJBTJLCUS. 
219 
Winter 'plumage. Also pure white, without any ornamental 
plumes. 

Hah. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon to the Burmese countries, and 
north to Eastern Siberia, Corea, and China, and south to the 
Moluccas. 

a. Hiein. sk. Busiwella, Ceylon, Dec. 19 Tweeddale Coll, 
(S, Chapman). 
b, c. Hiem. sk N.E. Ceylon, April, Dec. Colonel V*. Legge 
[P.]. 

d. 
$ Hem. sk. Trevandrum, Travancore, F. Bourdillon, Esq. 
Nov. 13. [C.]. 
e. Vix gestiv. sk. Anjango, Travancore. Hume Coll. 
Khandala, May 10 (8. B. Tweeddale Coll. 
f. $ hiem. sk. 
Fairbank). 

g. Hiem. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum [P.J. 
k. 5 hiem. sk. Seoni, C. P. Hume Coll. 
i7 Jc. $ hiem. sk. Mhow, Oct., Dec. Colonel Swinhoe 
[P.]. 
L 2 
hiem.; m. £ Sambhur, Nov., June (B. M. Hume Coll. 
aestiv. sk. Adam)* 


n. 
JEstiv. sk. IJmbala. Colonel Biddulph 
[0.]. 
o, p. iEstiv.; q» Etawah. Hume Coll. 
Hiem. sk. 
r, 8, t. ./Estiv. sk. Gondah, Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 

u. JEstiv,; v9 to. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
Hiem. sk. (Types of E.flavicans, Hodgs.) 
x. iEstiv. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
g, z- 6 2 sestiv. sk. Nepal Valley, June (J. Hume Coll. 
Scully). 
a\ b\ Hiem. sk. Nepal^ valley, June, July. Dr. J. Scully [CJ. 
<?', d\ JEstiv. et Darjiling Terai, Jan., April Hume Coll 

hiem. sk. {L» Mandelli). 
e'. § hiem. sk. Assam, Feb. (A. W. Tweeddale Coll. 
Chennell). 
f,g\ 6 2 hiem. Dibrughur, Dec. 19 (J. B. Hume Coll. 
sk. Cripps). 
h'» 6 hiem. sk. China-ba-Keer, Burma, Hume Coll. 
Dec. 17 (J*. Armstrong). 
f, ti. 6 2 biem. Pegu, Dec. (JE. W. Oates). Hume Coll 
sk. 

V. 6 aestiv.; m\ n\ Pegu, Jan., Aug. (JE. W. 0.). Oates Coll. 
/-? Q niftTti s k 

o\ p'. 9 hiem. sk. Tonghoo, Oct. {B. G. W. Tweeddale Coll. 

JR.). 
q\ Hiem. sk. Mandalay, Oct. Dr. J. Anderson [0.1. 
r'. iEstiv. sk, Mundla, Sanda Valley, Dr. J. Anderson [O.J. 

May 19. 
s\ 6 hiem. sk. Houngthraw Eiver, Jan. 22 Tweeddale Coll. 

(W. Limborg). 
t\ 2 hiem. sk. Pahpoon, Jan. 5 (W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
son), 
u'f vr. 6 sestiv. sk. Tavoy, March, April (W. Hume Coll. 
D.). 
wr. 6 hiem. sk. Thatone, Sept. 20 ( W. jD.). Hume Coll. 
a/« Hiem. sk. Pakchan, Dec. 28 (W. D.). Hume Coll 

220 
ABDE1IL2B. 

y. (S hiem. sk. 
s', a". ^Estiv. sk 
b", c'\d". c?Mem. 


sk. 
4". JEstiv. sk 
/" . $ vix9sstiv.sk. 

/',#',**'• c?hiem.; 
&". $ hiem. sk. 
i". fiiem. sk. 

01", w". JEstiv. et 
Mem. sk. 
.o".<J»stiv.;j»",£r'. 

5 sestiv. sk. 
r". <£ Mem. sk. 
/' . $ sestiv. sk. 
$". $ ses^. sk. 

utl, $ Mem. sk. 

v"i to". <J 5 Mem. 

sk. 
y , 2/'". JBstiv. sk. 
z". <$ sestiv. sk. 

-a3. 2 Mem. sk. 

633

, c. d sestiv. sk. 
^ e3. J3stiv. et 
hiem. sk. 
f\ g\ JBstiv. sk. 
h\ MS&Y. sk. 

t3 

. $ sestiv. sk. 
k\ iEstiv. sk. 
**, m3. JEstiv. sk. 

n% od, pp. iEstiv. sk. 
q3. Hiem. sk. 

rz~uz. Mem. et 
aastiv. sk. 
vz. iEstiv.sk. 


w3, a?. <$ sestiv. sk. Nagasaki, April, May. 
y*. Skeleton. Nepal. 
z3. Bones of trunk. Nepal. 


29. AEBETTA.
Bangkok, Siam, April 2 

(Copt. Conrad). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 
Hang, Salangore, Oct. (W* 

D.j. 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, 
April 23 (W. £.). 

South AD damans, Sept. to 
Nov. (B. J. Wimberley). 
South Andamans, Oct. 16 


(F. A. D. Roepstorff). 
Sumatra (Carl Bock). 
Acbeen, Sumatra, Feb. (TV* 

Java. 
Java (Diard). 
Sibulan, Negros, Maxell 9 

(22. L. Moseky). 
N. 
Bohol, Oct. (A. 21. 
Everett). 
Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 

Dec. (A. H. Everett)* 
Celebes. 
Gorontalo, Celebes, April 16 

(von Rosenberg). 

Batcbian. 
East Timor. 
Hamilton Island, Corea. 


Shanghai. 
Shanghai, Oct. 


Shanghai, May (JR. Smrihoe). 
Fooehow (Campbell)* 
Amoy, April, May (JR. 


Smitihce). 

Fokien. 

S.W. Formosa, Xov. (JR. 
Swmhoe). 

Yokohama, Japan (JE£L 

Fryer). 
Sakia, May 24 (Snow). 

Br. K. B. Sharpe 

[P.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 
Hume Coll. 

Hume OolL 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Steere Expedition. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale OolL 

Tweeddale CoH. 
Saivin-Gudman Coll. 

Wallace ColL 
Wallace Coil. 

A. G. Wilday, Esq. 
[P.J. 
F. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll, 
Seebohm Col. 
Seebohm ColL 

Gould ColL 
Seebohm Coll* 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm CoH, 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.], 
Hodgson ColL 
Hodgson CoE 
_ 
Typ& 

Ardeola, Bp. Ann. Lyc. W. Y. ii. p. 307 (1826) (nee Bote* 
1822) v A. exilis. 
Ardetta, Gray. List Gen. 1842, App. p. 13 ...........„ A. minuta. 
Erodiscus, Gloyer, Extndb. i. p. 410 (1842) .. ...... A. mimita. 
Range* Nearly cosmopolitan. 

29 * 
AEDETTA. 221 

Key to the Species. 

A. Back and scapulars uniform. 
a. Crown of head black or blackish. 
a\ Greater coverts whitish, or ashy, or 
creamy huff, hut never chestnut; 
tail black. 


a". Wing-coverts creamy buff, the 
greater series whitish; neck-frill 
ochreous or ashy fulvous; back and 
scapulars black; a dusky patch on 
the lesser wing-coverts minuta £, p. 222, 

b'\ Wing-coverts orange-buff; greater 
series lavender-grey; neck-frill 
bright chestnut like the sides of the 
face and eyebrow; back and 
scapulars black; a chestnut patch 
on the lesser wing-coverts podicipes <$, p. 225. 

G". Wing-coverts light clay-colour; 
greater coverts slightly paler at the 
tips; neck-frill vinaceous; sides of 
face also vinaceous; back and 
scapulars clay-brown sinensis $, p. 227. 

b\ Greater wing-coverts for the most part 
chestnut or entirely chestnut. 
d!\ Back and scapulars greenish black. 


a'ft. Greater coverts entirely chestnut; 
inner secondaries externally 
chestnut. 


aA. Primary-coverts and secondaries 
conspicuously tipped with , .,. ^ 

\exuu

chestnut 6^'itt 
b\ Primary-coverts and secondaries I moxenaJ P- -«»• 
scarcely tipped with chestnut. erythromelas $, p. 234 
c4. Outer greater coverts chestnut, 
inner ones clay-brown pusilla, p. 234 
e"« Back and scapulars chocolate or 
chestnut-brown. 

h'n. Flanks striped with blackish; 
primary-coverts and secondary-
quills distinctly tipped with 
rufous exilis $, p. 231. 

c"'. Flanks uniform; primary-coverts 
and secondary quills slaty grey, 
with obsolete rufous tips .. erythromelas 5 , p. 234. 

h. Crown of head cinnamon-rufous like the 
back , cinnamomea $, p. 236. 
B. 
Back and scapulars mottled or streaked, not 
uniform. 
c. Primary-quills blackish; not tipped with 
red; taxi black. 
e\ Inner secondaries like the back; no 
rufous tips to secondary quills. 
/" . 
Neck-frill chestnut; the Mackish , -^ ? m 
stripes on the flanks distinct jpodmpeik,?. 225. 

ARDEID-ffiJ. 

222 

g". Keek-frill vinaceous ; dark strides 
on the flanks obsolete sinensis $, p. 227. 

d'. Inner secondaries chestnut, remainder of 
the secondaries black with chestnut 
tips exilis juv., p. 231. 

d. 
Primary-quills and secondaries black, 
tipped with rufous; crown of head ashy 
oehreous, with a broad central line of 
black mvolucris <$ $, p. 2B5, 
e. Primary-quills uniform cinnamon. 
e'. Back uniform cinnamon-brown, like the 
head .. cinnamomea $, p. 236. 
/' . 
Back and wing-coverts thickly mottled 
with ochreous spots; head blackish,. cinnamomea juv.,p.236. 

1. Ardetta mmnta. 
The Little Brown Bittern, Edwards, Nat. Hist. Gleanings, ii. p. 135, 
pi. 275 (1760). 
Le Blongios, Briss. Orn. v. p. 497, pi 40. fig. 1 (1760); Buff. Hist 

Nat Ois. vii. p. 395 (1780). 
Le Blongios tacnetS, Briss. Orn. v. p. 500, pi. 40. fig. 2 (1760). 
Ardea minuta, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 240 (1766); Gm. Syst Nat. L 

p. 646 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 683 (1790); Pall. Zoogr. 
Bosso-Asiat ii. p. 128 (1811); Temm. Man. $Om. ii. p. 584 
(1820); Lieht. Verz. Doubl p. 78 (1823) ; Vieill. Enc. Metk. in. 
p. 1126 (1823) : Rouse, Orn. Prov. pis. 322, 323 (1825); Werner, 
Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 29 (1827); Wagl. Syst Av., Ardea, p. 393, 
sp. 42 (1827); Naum. Tog. DeutsM. ix. p. 194, Taf. 227 (1838); 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 383 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 390 
(1840) ; Nordm. in Lemid. Voy. Buss. MSrid. iii. p. 263 (1840); 
Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 133 (1842); Sehl. Bev. Crit. p. xcix 
(1844); Muhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 115 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 556 (1847); Kj<$rb. JDanm. Bugle, Taf. xxxii. iig. 4, SuppL 
Taf. xiv. fig. 2 (1852); Sehl. Vog. Nederl pis. 196, 197 (1854) ; 
Lindermayer, Vog. Griechenl. p. 152 (I860); Sundev. Sv„ FogL 
pi. 76. figs. 1, 2 (1856-72); Gray, Cat Brit B. p. 148 (1863); 
Sehl Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeae, p. 37 (1863); Wright, IMs, 1864, 
p. 143 (Malta: migrant); Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutseM. p. 12S 
(1869); JDroste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 255 (1869): Finsch 8r Har&, 
Vog. Ostafr. p. 705 (1870); Gray, Sand-I. B. iii'. p. 31, no. 10148 
(1871); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1076 (1873 : Eprypt; 
Chartum; Tana Lake ; Abyssinia; Dougola; Lower White Sile; 
Blue Nile) $ Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 162 (1875); Madardsz, Erlaut. 
Ausst JJngar. Vogelf. p. 106 (1891); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. 
p. 132 (1891). 
Blongios de Suisse, HAnient. PL Fnl. viii. pL 323. 
Little Bittern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 65 (1785); Yarr. Brit. 
B. ii. p. 469 (1843). 
Botaurus 
minutus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 559; Gould, B. Fur. iv. 
pi. 282 (1837); Heivits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 277, pi. Ixxvi fig. 1 
(1846); Thomps. B. Lrel. ii. p. 159 (1850) ; MacgiU. Brit. B. iv. 

p. 423 (1852); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 278 (1871); Sorting, 
Handb. Br. B. p. 57 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 271 (1872); 
Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 243; Seebohm, Hist Brit B. ii. p. 510. 
pi. 38 (1884). 
29. ARDETTA.
Cancropbagus minuta, Kaup, Naturl Syst. p. 42 (1829). 
Botaurus pusillus, Brehm, Vog. Deutsehl. p. 598 (1831). 
Butor minutus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837). 
Ardeola minuta, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur, fy N. Amer. p. 48 (1838); 


Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixxx (1840); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 133 
(1855); Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 346 (Gulf of Tadjura); Jaub. et 
Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 365 (1859); Tr'istr. Ibis, 1859, 

p. 37 (E. Jordan); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 31 (Egypt); Lilford, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 384 (Spain : breeding) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. ii. p. 139 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sci Alger., Ois. ii. p, 139 
(1867); Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. tav. 3 (1865-70); Doderl. 
Avif. Sicil. p. 215 (1869: breeding); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 37. 
figs. 3, 4, 5 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 391 (S. Spain: 
breeding) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 341 (Sardinia: migratory)j 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 160 (1877) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. 

p. 167 (1879); Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42, 404 (1884: Caspian 
lowlands, on migration near Tiflis; 2000 ft., breeding); Zaroudn. 
Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1885, p. 125. 
Ardetta 
minuta, Gray, List Gen. B., App. p. 13 (1842); Salvin, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 358 (N. of Zana); Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 77 (Algeria); 
Poicys, t e. p. 247 (Corfu & Epirus : breeding); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 


p. 756 (1864); Gigl Ibis,lSQo, p. 60 (Pisa: common); Godm. 
Ibis, 1866, pp. 101,107 (Azores); Lilford, t. c. p. 185 (Spain); 
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 325 (Palestine); Smith, t. c. p. 453 (Portugal) 
; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 29 (1862-73); Brake, Ibis, 
1869, p. 154 (Laraicbe); Ehoes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 334 
(Bulgaria: breeding); Godman, Azores, p. 34 (1870); Salvad.Faun. 
Ital, Ucc. p. 243 (1871); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873); 
Hume 8r Benders. Lahore to Tark. p. 296 (1873); Hume, Str. F. 
L p. 256 (1873: Sind; Simla); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 187 (1875); 
Danf fy Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 425 (Transylvania) ; Dresser, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 326 (Turkestan: breeding); Blanf. B. East. Persia, 
n. p. 296 (1876) ; Butl Str. F. iv. p. 41 (1876); C. B. Wharton, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 27 (Bastia, April); St. John, Str. F. vii. p. 175 
(1878 : near Ajmere) ; Mume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879) ; JDoig, 
t. c. pp. 372, 379 (E. Narra: breeding, May); Butl Cat. B. Sind 
etc. p. 70 (1879) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p, 259, pi. 401 (1880); v 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 99 (Gilgit) ; Scully, t c. p. 592; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 289 (Gilgit); Seebohm, t. c. p. 225 (Astracban: 
breeding) ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Caucasus); Severtz. t. c. p. 72 
(Pamirs; Kizil-art Gorge) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 110 
(1883) ; Collett, Fork Selsk. Chr. 1883, no. 15 (Norway) ; 
Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. iv. p. 200 (1884); Eagle Clarke, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 46 (Dobanvoci Marsfi); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. 
Sind, p. 274 (1884); Sahad. Elenco Ucc. Ital p. 245 (1886); 
Gigl Avif. Ital p. 283 (1886) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 490 (Fao), 
p. 499 (BusMre); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 373 (Portugal: breeding); 
Beichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutsehl. p. 41 (1889); St. John, Ibis, 
1889, p. 178 (Candahar, summer); Ogilvie- Grant, Ibis, 1890, 
p. 443 (Madeira); Heine fy JReichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 308 
(1890: Harz; Sarepta); Sharpe, Bep. 2nd York. Miss., Aves, 
p. 125 (1891: Srinagar; Yarkand); Fatio $• Studer, Cat. distr. 
Ois. Suisse, p. 44 (1892); Koenig, J. f. 0. 1893, p. 88 (Tunis) ; 
Meade-Waldo,Ibis, 1893, p. 198 (Canary Is.). 
Ardeola pusilla (nee V), Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 290. 

Adult male. General colour above black with a greenish gloss, 

224 
AEDEID.2E. 

including the scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; 
lesser wing-coverts ochreous buff; median and greater series 
lavender-grey ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black; 
tail black ; crown of bead crested, greenish black ; hind-neck barey 
but hidden by ruddy isabelline feathers; sides of the face washed 
with vinous, the sides of the hinder crown decidedly more ashy; 
under surface of body ochreous buff; the sides of the throat, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; the feathers of trie chest 
elongated, some of the feathers white, with buff towards their endsy 
the long feathers on the sides of the breast blackish with buff 
margins; the sides of the body with narrow mesial shaft-lines of 
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries white: "bill purplish 
yellow; legs greenish yellow; soles light yellow; iris orange-
yellow" (Se/rojpe Doig.) Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 
5*7, tail 1*8, tarsus T75, middle toe and claw 1*9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
chestnut-brown, including the scapulars and inner secondaries, all 
the feathers edged with ochreous buff, producing a streaked appearance 
; wings and tail as in the male; sides of face and frill concealing 
the neck rather more rufous than in the male, the neck-feathers 
strongly inclining to chestnut; under surface of body distinctly 
streaked with dusky centres to the feathers of the throat and fore-
neck, the flanks and breast also streaked with blackish centres to 
the feathers. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 5'8, tail 
1*8, tarsus 1-8. 

Young. Similar to the old female, but much more varied on the 
upper surface, the feathers being dusky brown, with rufous or 
yellowish-buff margins, the wing-coverts mottled with brown 
centres to the feathers instead of being uniform as in the female * 
the under surface of body much more thickly streaked with dark 
brown centres to the feathers, those on the breast and flanks being 
very broad. 

Hah. Central and Southern Europe, below 60° IS", lat., the 
Mediterranean countries east to Central Asia and "NJW. India to 
80° E, long. South to Africa in winter. 

«,5, a. <$ ? ad. Holland. Salvin-Godrnan Coll, 
et pull. sk. 
d, e,f. Pull. sk. Holland. Gould Coll. 

g. Juv. sk. Holland, July. Seebohm ColL 
A, i. $ $ ad. sk. Holland. Shelley ColL 
h. 
J juv. sk. Eogaras, Hungary, July (0. Hungarian National 
Czynk). Museum [P.I 
I, m. 
S $ ad. Mogador (J. Payton). Howard Saunders, 
sk. Esq. [P.]. 

n. 
9 ad. sk. Funchal, Madeira, April 20. W. R. Ggilvie-Grant, 
Esq. p>.]. 
o,p. 
6* $ ad. sk. Corfu. Colonel Portlock 
[P.]. 

g. <S ad. sk. Egypt (G. E. S.\. Shelley ColL 
r, s. 6* ? ad. sk. Near Cairo, April. Thomas J. Smith, 
Esq. [P.]. 

29 . AKDETTA. 
22S 
t. 
<$ ad. sk. 
». <? ad. sk. 
2?. $ ad. sk. 

to, X. S ad. et 
juv. sk. 
y,*. <?$ ad.sk. 

a*. $ ad. sk. 

&'. $ ad. sk. 

c'. c? ad. sk. 

#-/. <? $ ad. 

sk. 
/, ft. $ ad.sk. 
f, #. $ 2 ad. 

sk. 
l'-of. <J ad.sk. 
*/, ?'. <? 2 ad. 

sk. 
r', s'. tf ad.; t'. 
$ ad. sk. 
u'j v\ <$ ad. sk. 

wr. <J ad.; .r'. $ 

jnv. sk. 
y\ ^ ad. sk. 
z'. Juv. sk. 

Lake Shirwa, Feb. (A. Whyte). 

Benguela. 
Guiksu, Asia Minor, Sept. 

(T. Bobson). 
Eao, Persian Gulf. 

Bushire, March, April. 

Banipur, Baluchistan, April 
(2000 ft). 
Sukkur, Upper Sind, Jan. {A. 

0. J?.). 
Eastern Narra, May 19 (8. 
Doig). 
Candahar, April to June (Sir 

O. St. John). 
Cashmere, June (T.C. Jerdon). 
Cashmere. 
Cashmere, Sept. 
Cashmere, June (G. Sender-
son). 
Srinuggur (Dr. Stoliczka). 

Srinuggur, May, July. 

Gilgit, June, Aug. 

Delhi. 
Etawah. 

Sir H. H. Johnston, 

[P.]. 
Monteiro Coll. 
Dr. R. B. Sharpe 

W. 
D. Oumming, 
Esq. [P.l. 
A. J. V. Palmer, Esq. 
[P.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

2nd Yarkand Mission. 

Colonel Biddulph 
[O.]. 
Colonel Biddulph. 

[0.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

2. Ardetta podicipes. 
Ardeola podiceps, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 134 (1855); Sharpe fy Bouv, 
Bull. Soc. ZooL France, i. g. 313 (1876: Landana)$ Hartl. 
Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 215 (1884: Lado). 

Ardea podiceps, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 224 (1857 : Casamance); 
Finsch fy Marti. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 708 (1870); Seugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. iii. pt. 1, p. 1077 (1873: Lower White Nile); Hartl. Yog. 
Madag. p. 307 (1877) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 173 (Aden). 

Ardea minuta (necL.\ Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 224 (1857: Gahoon); 
Gumey, Ibis, 1859, p. 249, 1860, p. 205 (Natal); Monteiro, 

P. Z. S. 1865, p. 90 (Benguela); Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 309 
(1867: Cape Colony); Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 469 (Transvaal)$ 
Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 211 (Transvaal); Shelley, P. Z. S.1881, 
p. 599 (Pangani); id. Ibis, 1888, p. 304 (Lake Jipi). 
Ardea payesi, Hartl J. f. O. 1858, p. 42 (ex J. Verr. MSS.) ; id. 
J.f. 0.1861, p. 270 (Casamance). 
Ardea minuta australis, ScU. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeae, p. 39 (1863); 
id. $ Poll. Faun. Madag. p. 126 (1868: Nossi-b<5). 
Ardetta podiceps, Gumey, Ibis, 1863, p. 330 (Natal); Gray,Hand-l 

B. iii. p. 31, no. 10148 (1871); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 135 
(Benguela); Gumey, Ibis, 1873, p. 259; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, 
vv. 63, 86 (Ceres): Gumey, Ibis, 1877, p. 350, note; Ayres, Ibis, 
1878, p. 300 (Transvaal); id. Bis, 1884, p. 233, 1886, p. 294; 
Gumey, Ibis, 1886, p. 296 (Gahoon). 
VOL. XXVI. 
Q 

226 AKDJEIlXffi. 

Ardea pusilla (nee K), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 310 (1867). 

Ardetta minuta, Gurney in Anderss. B. Darn-Ld. p. 292 (1872 : 

Okavango and Teouglie Rivers; Lake Ngami). 

Ardeola minuta (nee L.), Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1872, p. 69,1879, p. 95. 

Botaurus (Ardetta) ininutus, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1&77, p. 13 (Loango 

Coast). 

Botaurus minutus subsp. pusillus, Reichen. J. f O. 1877, p. 243. 

Botaurus pusillus (nee V.), Reichen. Corr. Afrik. Ges. i. p. 1 (1877: 

Malange); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 447 (1881: Rio Coroca; 

Mossamedes); Skarpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 720 (1884). 

Ardea minuta, var. podiceps, Milne-Edwaids Sf Grandid. Hist. 

Madag., Ois. ii. p. 559, pis. 229 A, 230, 23 0 A (1882).^ 

Ardetta podicipes, Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 370 (1^59). 

Ardetta pusilla, Reichen. Vog. deutsch.~Ost.~Afr. p. 04 (1894: 

Pangani; Bukoba). 

Adult. Similar to A. minuta, but easily distinguished by the 

chestnut or deep cinnamon colour of the sides of the neck, which 

extends over the sides of the face, and forms also a broad rufous 

eyebrow; on the bend of the wing near the carpal joint there is 

a chestnut patch, which also serves to distinguish it from A. minuta : 

" bill very pale chrome, greenish towards the base and gape, and 

dusky brown on the ridge and tip; tarsi and feet grass-green, the 

back of the tarsi and soles of feet pale yellow; iris bright brick-

red" (T. Ayres). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 5*1, 

tail 1*65, tarsus 1*6, middle toe and claw 1*75. 

The Madagascar bird (true A.podimpes) is similar to the African 

species, but very much darker rufous, the sides of the face and sides 

of neck chestnut, the under surface of the body very deep cinnamon 

rufous, and the upper wing-coverts chestnut. Total length 

9*5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 5, tail 1*5, tarsus 1*55, middle toe and 

claw 1*9. 

Br. Eeichenow records the true A. minuta from the Loango 

Coast; and many of the African specimens have a greyish vinous 

shade on the sides of the face and neck, but never to the extent of 

the true A. minuta, which, according to my experience, is very rare 

in Africa. 

Hah. Confined to Africa and Madagascar. ? Arabia *. 

a. Juv. sk. Aden. Lieut. H. E. Barnes 
[P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Accra, Gold Coast (J". Smith). Shelley Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Fantee [S. T. Wssher). Shelley Cofl. 
d. Imm. sk. River Niger (Baikie). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. River Coanza, Angola. Sharpe Coll, 
/ . Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 
g, h. $ $ ad. ,* Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Jan., Gurney OoE, 
i-n. <$ 2 juv. Feb., Aug., Sept. (T"» Ayres). 
sk. 


o. <? ad. sk. Potchefstroom, F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
p. Juv. sk. S.E. Africa. J. Bocke, Esq. [P.J. 
* The specimen from Aden, presented to the Museum by the late Lieut. 
Barnes, appears to me to be A. podicipes. Being a young bird, howefer, it is 
difficult to identify it with certainty. 
29 . AKDETTA. 
227 
q. Ad. sk.
r. Jmm. sk. 
Gape Colony. Gould Coll. 
Cape Colony. Purchased. 
s, t. Juv. sk. Pangani River, E. Africa Shelley Coll. 
u. $ ad. sk.
(Sir J. Kirk), 
Lake Jipi, F. J. Jackson, Esc[. 
2?. Ad. sk.
[P.]. 
Retsileo, Madagascar. Eev. W. Deans 
Cowan |_C."]. 
3. Ardetta sinensis. 

Chinese Heron, Lath. Gen. 8yn. iii. pt. 1, p. 99 (1785). 

Ardea sinensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 642 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 700 
(1790); Vieill N. Diet. oJJECist. Nat. xiv. p. 423 (1817) ; Horsf. 
Tram. Linn. 8oc. xiii. p. 189 (1821); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 
(1840); 8chl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Aide®, p. 40 (1863: Buitenzorg; 
Philippines ; Borneo); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 183 (1865); Gray, 
Mand-l B. iii. p. 81, no. 10147 (1871); Hartl $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 105 (Uap); Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 623 (1873); 
Finsch) Journ. Mus. Godeff. Heft viii. p. 33 (1875; Pelew Is.); 
Bricggem. Abhandl.nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 97 (1876: Celebes); 
Marti. Tog. Madag. p. 306 (1877 : Mah6); Rosenb. Malay. Arch. 

p. 278 (1878: Celebes); Finsch, P. Z. S.1880, p. 577 (Ruk Isl.); 
id. Ibis, 1881, p. 540 (New Britain). 
Ardea lepida, Horsf. Tr. Linn. 8oc. xiii. p. 190 (1821); Wagler, 8yst. 
Av., Ardea, p. 191, sp. 38 (1827); Less. Traite, p. 523 (1831: 
Pordicherry; Marianne Isl.) j Rosenb. Heist, naar Geehirikb. p. 8 
(1875: Ternate). 

Petit Heron aux ailes noires, Quoy fy Gaim. Voy. l TJranie] p. 35 
(1824). 
Ardea cinnaniomea (nee Gm.), Gray <§• ILardw. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 66. 
%. 1 (1832).m 

Ardetta 
sinensis, Gray, List Grail Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1844: Nepal; 
Java); Blyih, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 282 (1849: Calcutta); 
Kelaart, Prodr. Cat App. p. 61 (1853) ; Layard, Ann. fy Mag. JSf. 

H. xiv. p. 113 (1854); Swinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 66, 132 (Amoy, 
summer), 1861, p. 62 (Hongkong, Macao, Canton), 1862, p. 258 
(Foochow), 1863, p. 97 (Tientsin), p. 422 (Formosa); Jerd. B. 
Ind. iii. p. 755 (1864); Biyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 173; Swinh. t. e. 
p. 231 (Amoy, breeding); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 414 (China in 
summer; Formosa) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 478 (Ceylon); 
Wold. Tr. Z. 8. viii. p. 99 (1872: Menado); Meyer, J. f. 0. 
1873, p. 405 (Celebes); Hume, 8tr. F. i. p. 450 (1873: Acheen) ; 
id. 8tr. F. ii. p. 311 (1874: Andamans; Tillanchoung); 8alvad. 
ITec. Born. p. 354 (1874); id. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 681 
(1875) ; Biyth <§* Wold. B. Burm. p. 160 (1875 : Arakan; 
Tonghoo); Wold. Tr. Z. 8. ix. pp. 237, 252 (1875 : Philippines); 
Butler, 8tr. F. v. pp. 216, 233 (1877: near Deesa, breeding); 
David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 448 (1877: all over China; nesting 
near Pekin); Hume § Davison, 8tr. F. vi. p. 484 (1878: S. Tenasserim 
and N.W. of Sittang R.); Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 52 (1878); 
Davidson fy Wenden, t. c. p. 91 (1878: Deccan); Butler, t c. 

p. 177 (E. JNfarra); Cripps, t. e. p. 308 (Paridpur, breeding); 
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1156 (1879: breeding); Hume, 8tr. F. viii. 
p. 71 (1879: Malacca), p. 114; Doig, t. c. p. 378 (E. Narra, 
breeding); Butler, Cat. B. 8ind etc. p. 70 (1879: Guzerat); id. 
Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 83 (1880: W. of Belgaum); Blahist. $ 
Fryer, Tr. As. 8oc. Japan, viii. p. 190 (1880); Kelham, Ibis, 
q2 

228 l£DEHXffl. 

1882, p. 196 (Singapore; Perak) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genmi. 

xviii. p. 335 (1882); id. Ora. Papuama, iii. p. 363 (1882: 
Amboina); Oates, Handb. B. Brit, Burm. ii. p. 257 (15&3J; 
Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Bid. xliv. p. 238 (1684 : Java); 
J5&&& Amended List B. Japan, p. 12 (1884: Yezoj; Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 274 (1884); Fimch, Tog. der Sudste, 

p. 21 (1884: New Britain); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 288 (EiuMangv 
June) j Guittem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. m® (Andai): Wardlaw Bamsay, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 162 (Luzon); Torderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. 
XLT. p. 23 (1886: Borneo); £fc?B. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 284 
(1887); Salvad. & Gigl. Uce. Tiagg.< Tetter Pimm; p. 130 {1888 j ; 
Oust. Le Nat. 1889, p. 261 (Marianne IsL); Torderm. Nat, 
Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 417 (1889: Sumatra): Oates, ed. 
Hume's Nests fy Eggs Ind. B. m. p. 25-5 (1890): Sharpe, IH*7 
1890, p. 148 (Abai, K Borneo); Heine fy Meichem. Not/tend. Mas, 
Hem. p. 308 (1890: Timor); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Pajmmia, iii. 
p. 206 (1891) j Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 492 {Lower YangtsaJ; 
Wiglesw. AbkandL K. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, p. 68 (1691: Marians© 
IsL; Caroline IsL ; Uap; Bak; Peiew Is.) ; Be la Touche, Mis, 
1892, p. 489 (Swatow; Focwhow); Styan, Mis, 1693, p. 4:34 
(Hainan). 

a Ardea melanotis, Cm./" Gray, Gen. P. iii. App. p. 2a (1849: err,); 
Pueher. Bev. et Mag. de ZooL 1851, p. 375. 
Ardea melanophis, Cuv. Mus. Paris ; Pucker, Men. et Mag, de ZooL 

1851, p. 375. 
Ardea melanoptera, Cuv.; Pucker. Pep. et Mag. de ZooL 1651T p. 375, 
Ardeola sinensis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 133 (1855); Wallace, P. Z. & 

1863, p. 487 (Mores). 
Ardea (Axdetta) sinensis, Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Is!. Pacific Ocean, 

p. 49 (1859). 
Ardea lepida, JEJ. Newton, Ibis, 1867, p. 343. 
Ardetta pulcbra, Hume, Sir. F. L pp. 308, 309? 422 |1873: Axttlamans). 
Botauros sinensis, Bezckem. J.f.O. 18777 p. 244; Seek B. Japan, 
Hmp. p. 227 (1890: Japan generally). 
Ardetta sp. incogn.? Seeb. Mis, I879? p. 27 (Japan). 

Adult male. Above earthy brown, slightly tinged with rufous, 
more especially on the scapulars; wing-coverts clay-brown, the 
greater series rather paler on the edges; edge of wing white; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills Mack, slightly shaded 
with ashy; the inner secondaries brown,tinged with rufous ; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy grey, the last-named 
somewhat darker; tarl-feathers black; crown of head and nape 
black; sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck vinous, becoming 
chestnut on the long frill-Bke feathers of the latter; throat white, 
mesially streaked with yellowish buff, like the rest of the under 
surface; thighs more tawny rufous; lower abdomen and under 
tail-coverts white ; on each side of the upper breast a patch of dependent 
feathers, of a blackish ground with yellowish-buff margins ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white; quills slaty below, 
with paler grey at the ends: " eyelids and facial skin green; upper 
mandible dark brown on the culmen, and pinkish brown on the 
margins; lower mandible pinkish brown, turning to green towar&s 
the tip; the toes and tibio-tarsal joint pale yellow; tarsus doll 

29 . ARDETTA. 229 
flesh-colour • claws Born-colour; iris yellow" (R W. Oates). 
Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 2, wing 4-9, tail 1*5, tarsus 1-75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being more rufous above, 
the featbers of the upper surface being rufous brown with yellowish-
buff margins; the crown is black as in the male, the ear-coverts 
and sides of the face are yellowish buff, and the neck-frill is 
also washed with the latter colour; the under surface of the 
body the same as that of the male, but having the mesial lines 
more strongly indicated by tawny-buff centres to the feathers of 
the throat and fore-neck : " upper mandible dark brown, lower one 
greenish yellow; feet greenish yellow" {E. A. Butler). Total 
length 15*5 inches, culmen 2*1, wing 5% tail 1*6, tarsus 2. 

Young. Similar to the old female and streaked in the same 
manner, but distinguished by having the wing-coverts broadly 
centred with dark brown, the crown streaked instead of being 
"uniform, the feathers black with yellowish-buff margins, and the 
under surface of body much more distinctly streaked, the centres of 
the feathers being dark brown on the throat and fore-neck; flank-
feathers also streaked with brown. 

Specimens from the Indo-Malayan region and from the Moluccas 
are often very much darker and richer in plumage than those from 
more northern localities, and the backs, especially in the females, 
are much more rufous, while the clay-coloured wing-coverts are 
often washed with light orange. The inner secondaries are chestnut 
instead of brown, and the marginal coverts of the wing form a 
chestnut patch, which extends round the bend of the wing. It was 
on a bird in this bright phase of plumage that Mr. Hume founded 
his Arclm jmLckra; and without doubt the species at first sight would 
seem to be well founded, but we find the same richly coloured 
plumage developed in birds from various other localities, and so 
gradually approached by northern examples, that it is quite evident 
that the"se variations are not specific, but axe probably due to 
climatic influences. 

Hah. Japanese Islands and China to the Indian Peninsula and 
Ceylon, the Burmese and Malayan countries, through the Malayan 
Archipelago to Xew Guinea and ITorth Australia, the Carolines, 
Mariannes and Pelew group. Also occurring in the Seychelles. 

a. b9c. J $ ad. Eastern Nana, Sind, May 5 Hume Coll. 
sk. (S. Doig). 
d. Imm. sk. Hyderabad, Sind, Jan. {Dr. India Museum. 
"Gould). 
e. $ ad.; / , g. Beesa, July, Aug. (K A. Hume Coll. 
$ ad.sk. Butler). 
Jk, i, k. d 2 adN.
W. Provinces. Pinwill CoU. 
et jjuv. sk. 
I <j juv. sk.
at. d imm. sk.
«, o. <f ad.; p.
$ ad. sk4, r. d ad. et QI juv, 6k. 
Etawah, Sept. 13. 
Sholapur, Oct. 10. 
Treyandrum, Travancore, Feb. 
Ceylon, Bee. (W. F. Zegge). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
E. :Bourdillon, Esq[. 
[?.]• _ „ 
Br. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 

s. $ ad. sk. 
t, 
u. d 2 ad. 
sk. 

v. Ad. sk. 
w. S ad. sk. 
s. 
d ad. sk. 
y, 
*, «'• cJ $ 
ad. sk. 


V. £ ad. sk. 
«', d'9 e\ 6 ad. 
etjuv.;/'. $ 
ad. sk. 

/. $ ad. sk. 

ad*sk

hf. 2


i', $ ad.; &', V. 
$ J juv. sk. 
m', w', o'. J ad. 

sk. 
p', Juv. sk. 
e/,?J. d ? ad.sk. 
a', tf'. tf ad. sk. 
w', ?/, «/. c? ad.; 

#'. $ ad. sk. 
y \ d ad.; z'. $ 

imm. sk. 
a". 6 ad. sk. 
I". Juv. sk. 
c". Juv. sk. 

4",«",/". Ad. 

sk. 
q", $ juv. sk. 
X". Ad. sk. 
i". S ad. sk. 
#'. <j ad. sk. 

T. Juv. sk. 
m". <J ad.; »"r". 
2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

*", t". 2 juv. sk. 
w". tf ad.; ©". 

Juv. sk. 
w". d ad. sk. 
x". 2 imm. sk. 
y". $ ad.sk. 

zrr. £ ad. sk. 
az. Ad. sk. 
J3, c\ d ad.; 

<P. 2 ad. sk. 
«3,/*. d ? ad.sk. 
<f. 2 ad. sk. 
AEDEID-SU 

Madras, Feb. (A.G. Theobald). 
Commillak, Tipperah. 

ShiHong, Assam. 
Dilkoosha, Cachar, June 26. 
Tonghoo (F. G. W. F). 


Lower Pegu, July, Aug. (i7. 

W. 0.). 
Amherst, Tenasserim, June 
(W. Davison). 
Tavoy, 
March to May (W. 
Davison). 


Meeta Myo. April 23 (W. 
Davison). 

Tlllanchoug IsL, Nicobars, 
March 10 ( W. Davison), 
South Andainans, Dec, Jan., 
Aug. (F. X Wimberley). 
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Dec.? 

Mav ( W. Davison). 
Port Blair. 
Malacca, July ( W. Davison). 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Java (Dr. Korsfield). 

Java (Diard). 

West Java. 
Baram, Sarawak. 
Manila, Luzon (Maitland 


Eerioi). 

Celebes. 


Ceramu 
Australia. 
Queensland (J. T. CockereE). 
Ruk Island, July (Dr. O. 


Finsch). 

Japan. 
Yokohama, Japan (H. Fryer). 


Nagasaki, Nov., Dec. 
Peiho River, May, Sept. (F. 
Swinhoe). 
Hankow, summer (F. SwinMe), 
Shanghai. 
Kiukiang, July 6. 

Amoy (F. 8.). 
Amoy (JR. &). 
Canton. 

Canton, April, May (F* 8.). 
Cochin China, 

Hume Coll. 
Hume CoH. 


Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 
Oates Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume ColL (Types 

of A.ptdekra, Hume.) 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
(Tyjje-^ of A. lepida.) 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

Wallace Coll. 

C. Ho$e, Esq. HP.]. 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale ColL 

Wallace ColL 
Sir I). Cooper [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Tweeddale ColL 

Tweeddale ColL 
Seebohm Coll. 


F. Ringer, Esq. [P.], 
Seebohm CoH. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale CoE. 


F. W. Styan, Esq. 
Gould ColL 
Seebohm Col. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm CoH. 

M.E. Pierre [P.], 
29. AEBETTA. 231 
4. Ardetta exilis. 
?Le Heron pourpre* du Mexique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 422 (1760). 
?Le Orabler pourpre*, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. vii. p. 402 (1781). 
Minute Bittern, Lath. Gen. Sign, iii. pt. 1, p. 66 == J ad. (1785). 
Mexican Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 96 (1785). 
Little Bittern, Perm. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 453 (1785, pt.). 
? Ardea spadieea, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 641 (1788). 
Ardea exilis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 645 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. 


viii. p. 37, pi. lxv. fig. 4 (1814); Au&ub. B. Amer. pi. 210; id. Orn. 
Biogr. iii. p. 77 (1835), v. p. 606 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. 
p. 100, pi. 306 (1843); JD'Orb. in Bamon tie la Sagra, M. N. Cuba, 
Ois. p. 205 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Schl. Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Ardese, p. 39 (1863) j Gray, Mand-L B. iii. p. 31, 
no. 10150 (1871). 
Ardeola exilis, Jard. ed. Wilson, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 59, pi. Ixvi.fig.3 
(1832); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 343 (1847); Bp. Consp. ii, p. 134 
(1855); Bryant, Proc. Post. Soc. N EC. x. p. 257 (18^6: Porto 
Rico); Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet-Akad. Fork Stockh. 1869, p. 602 
(Porto Rico). 

Ardetta exilis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1844) ; GundL 

J.f. 0.1856, p. 345; Cass, in Baird, Cassin,tyLator. B. N. Amer. 
p. 673 (1858); Brewer, Proc. Post. Sac. N. H, vii. p. 308 (1860: 
Cuba); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, j . 81 (Jamaica); March, Proc, Philad. 
Acad. 1864, p. 64 (Jamaica); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 270 
(1872); ScLSrSah. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873, pt.); Coues, 
B. N.-West, p. 528 (1874); GundL J.f.O. 1875, p. 308 (Cuba) ; 
Beid, Zool. 1877, p. 480 (Bermudas); GundL Ann. Soc. Bsp. E. N 
vii. p. 360 (1878: Porto Rico); Bennett, Bull. U.S. GeoL Surv. iv. 
p. 61 (1878: Texas); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 165 
(1878: S. Texas); Belding, t, c. p. 443 (Murphy's; Stockton) j 
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 174 (1880); A.fyB. Newt. Sandb. Jamaica, 
p. Il l (1881); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 197 (1880); 
Cones, Check-L N Amer. B. p. 107 (1882); Baird, Brewer, Sr 
Bidtfw. Water-B. N Amer. i. p. 72 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. 
B. 2nd ed. p. 664 (1884); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 28 (1885); 
id. Auk, v. p. 50 (1888); id. B. W. Ind. p. 251 (1889): id. B. 
Bahamas, (2) p. 174 (1890); id. Cat. B. W. Ind. p. 89 (1892). 
Botaurus exilis, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 244; A. O. U. Check-L N. 
Amer. B. p. 134 (1886); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 150 (1886: Lake 
Winnipeg); Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 87 (1887: Santa Barbara); 
Bichm. Auk, v. p. 19 (1888: B. Columbia, breeding) ; Scott, Auk, 

vi. p. 16 (1889: Florida); Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 
xiii. p. 489 (Manitoba, accidental). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Back, scapulars, and tail glossy 
greenish black ; wing-coverts light clay-brown, washed with golden 
yellow; the small coverts round the edge of the wing cinnamon-
rufous or chestnut, the whole of the greater series also cinnamon-
rufous ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills black, tipped 
with cinnamon spots, which are obsolete on the primaries, the 
innermost secondaries externally cinnamon, blackish down the 
inner webs; head and nape black; eyebrow chestnut, as also the 
tips of the long feathers on the sides of the neck and hind-neck, 
which form a frill; ear-coverts and sides of face golden; throat, 
fore-neck, and under surface of body white, tinged with yellowish 

232 
AEBEIDiE. 

buff down the centre of the throat, centre of the body, and onter 

aspect of the thighs; on each side of the upper breast a tuft o£ 

dependent plumes, 
black with fulvous tips; under wing-coverts 

white, the greater series ashy with white tips; axillaries dingy 

brown; quills ashy below: " bill dark olive-brown above, edges of 

upper mandible and bare frontal space yellow; lower mandible 

pale yellow, inclining to flesh-colour; feet dull greenish yellow, 

claws brown; iris yellowJ? (J. J. Audubon), Total length 12 

inches, culmen 1*9, wing 4*8, tail 1*55, tarsus 1*55. 

Winter -plumage. 
Very similar to the summer plumage but 

brighter and more chestnut, the scapulars with yellowish-buff 

margins, .these scapular edgings often becoming obsolete with the 

wear of the feathers during the breeding-season. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being dark chocolate-

brown on the back, with broad ochraeeous margins to the scapulars, 

the yellowish-buff streak down the centre of the throat distinctly 

pronounced, and 
varied with blackish streaks, which are also 

apparent on the sides of the body ; the black plumes on the sides of 

the breast with golden-buff margins. Total length 12*5 inches, 

culmen 1*7, wing 4*6, tail 1*45, tarsus 1*45. 

The female in winter plumage appears to be less brightly 

coloured, the sides of the breast ashy brown instead of golden buff; 

the wing-coverts are clay-brown, and not bright ochraeeous as in 

the summer plumage. 

Yowwj. Brown like the female on the upper parts, but mottled 

all over with yellowish-buff margins to the feathers, the head dusky 

rufous or chestnut like the back, the rufous feathers on the sides of 

the neck fringed with yellowish-buff tips, the primaries tipped with 

rufous like the secondaries. 

A very curious example of this Little Bittern was shot by 

Mr. Salvin on the 
Lake of Duenas, in December 1861. It seems 

to be identical with ordinary adult specimens of A, e&ilis, but has 

the tarsus only 1*15 in length. As aH the other specimens from 

the Lake of Duenas appear to be typical A. exilis, this abnormal 

specimen can only be regarded as a dwarfed individual of that 

species. 

Hal. North. America generally up to the Great Lakes, south to 

Texas, Florida, California, and the Greater Antilles, Central 

America. 

a. 
J imm. sk. New Haven, Conn., Sept. 21 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{A, J. Dayan: Kemh. Coll). 
b. Imm. sk. Chicago, 331., May (Hensh. Salvm-Godman Coll. 
Coll). 
c. S 
ad. sk. "Waukegan, 111., June (E. W. Saivin-Gadman (ML 
Nelson: Kemh. Coll). 
d. $ 
hum. sk. Pawtuxent Eiver, Indiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. (Semh. Coll). 
e. $ ad. sk. Florida (HensL Coll.). Salvin-Godman ColL 
/ , 
J ad. sk. Ocklawaha Eiver, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Apiil (C. H. Merriam: 
Hemh. Coll). 

29. AEDETTA. 
233 
g. 
Pull sk. Merritt's, Florida, June (C. J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Maynard: Hemh. Coll.).
h-q. <3ad. etjuv.; Tarpon Springs, Florida. May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f, s, t. § ad. et June ( W. E. D. Scott). 
juv. sk 

u-x. 
c? ad.; y~c'. De Soto County, Florida, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. November (W. B. Dean). 
&'. $ ad. sk Bermuda, March 1. Capt. S. G. Reid 

Co.]. 

e\ tf ad. sk. Corpus Christi, May (F. B. 
Armstrong). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

f~n'. 6 $ ad. sk. Brownsville. Jan., April, May 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

*'* J?'-6 S juv. Nueces County, Texas, Sept. 

{F. B. Armstrong). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

/ . Ad. sk. California. 

J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
r\ Ad. sk. Mexico. 

[P.]. 

*'. Ad. sk. Vicinity of the City of Mexico 

C. F. Hay, Esq. 
(Flwes). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

t'-a?. Ad. et iuv. Lake of Duenas, Guatemala, 
rsk. J Sept. (0.&#.F.D.£.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
yrj «'. <? 5 ad. sk. Atitlan, Guatemala, Bee. (W. 

B. Richardson). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
«". 
$ ad. sk. Lion Hill Station, Panama (J. 
McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll 

5. Ardetta neoxena. 
Ardetta 
neoxena, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 262; Brown, Biol. Review 
Ontario, i. p. 86 (1894); Chapman, Auk, v. p. 394 (1888); Cory, 
Auk, viii. p. 309 (1891: Florida); Scott, i. c. p. 309 (Florida); 
Brown, Auk, x. p. 363 (1893: Toronto); Watkins, Auk, xii. 

p. 77 (1895: Michigan). 
Botaurus neoxerius, Scott, Auk, ix. pp. 141, 142 (1892: Florida). 
Adult male. General colour above black, with, a shade of oily 
bronze on the back and scapulars, not seen on the lower back and 
rump; wing-coverts chestnut, with a blackish patch near the bend 
of the wing, the greater coverts slate-colour, washed with chestnut; 
quills slaty-grey, the secondaries externally chestnut, the innermost 
like the back, but strongly glossed with green ; tail-feathers black, 
with a very evident gloss of green ; crown of head and nape black, 
with a greenish gloss; sides of face, ear-coverts, sides of neck, 
throat and chest deep chestnut, the feathers of the neck-frill marked 
with greenish black, forming a margin, to the frill behind; 
remainder of under surface of body dusky rufous, with a few 
white feathers on the thighs ; sides of the upper breast black with 
an oily-green gloss ; under wing-coverts rufous, with ashy bases; 
quills ashy below: on each side of the rump a white powder-down 
patch: "tarsus and toes greenish yellow; soles yellow" (H. H. 
Brown). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 4-35, tail 1-55, 
tarsus 1*55. (Mus. J. H. Fleming.) 

Hab* Eastern Canada to Florida. 

234 ABDErjDiE. 

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. J. H. Meirdng for the loan 
of a specimen of this species, which appears to be quite distinct 
from A. exilis. A full account of the variations in plumage is given 
in Mr. Hubert Brown's paper (L s. c). 

6. Ardetta erythromelas. 
Garza roxa y negro, Azara, Apuni. iii. p. 182 (1803). 

Axdea erythromelas, Vieill. N. Did. cPRist. JS'ai. xiv. p. 4"22 (1817) j 
Neuwied, Beitr.'Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 639 (1833: Rio de Braganza); 
Marti. Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 413 
(1856) ; Feb. Beis. Novara, Vog. p. 124 (1865; Bio Janeiro); id. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 302, 456 (1871: Ypanema? March ; Barra do Bio-
Negro) ; Gray, Hand-l B. hi. p. 31, no. 10151 (1&71). 

Ardetta exilis, pt., Gray, Gm. B. iii. p. o&Q (1847); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 413 (1856: Central and Southern Brazil; Cabo Frio, 
Mouth of Parahyba); 8cL <§* Sal^ SomeneL Av. Xeotr. p. 125 
(1873). 

Ardeola erythromelas, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 134 (1855). 
Ardea variegata (V., nee Scop.), ZSct. Ots. Trinid. p. 419 (1866). 
Ardea involucris (nee Y.), Tacz. Orn. Perm, iii. p. 399 (1886: 


Oochabamba, Bolivia; PacasmayOj Peru). 
Botaurus erythromelas, Beichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 244. 

Adult male. Similar to A. exilis, but with the rufous tips to 
the primary-coverts and secondary-quills almost obsolete; the 
sides of the face and ear-coverts chestnut like the eyebrow, instead 
of being golden buff as in A. exilis: "bill greyish brown, the 
lower mandible light yellow, edge of upper mandible dark yellow; 
lores yellow, with a longitudinal stripe of dark brown; toes and 
the whole fore part of feet pale green; the entire soles bright 
yellow: iris clear yellown (Hfeuwied). Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*8, wing 4*35, tail 1*6, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of A. exilis, but maroon-
chestnut above instead of dark chocolate, the primary-coverts and 
secondaries with scarcely any rufous tips. Total length about 
11 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 4*5, tail 1*55, tarsus 1*6. 

Hal. South America, from Panama to British Guiana and Trinidad, 
south to Peru, to Paraguay and Bio Janeiro. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk. 
Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wmherer). 
George Town, Bemerara. 
Salvin-GodmanColI. 
J. J. Quelcb. Esq. 
c. d. Imm. sk<?. 2 a(l« s&Biver 
Garimang, BritishGuiana, Bee, May (H. 
WMtelij). 
Lion Hill Station, Panama[0.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
(J. MeLeannan). 

7. Ardetta pnsilla. 
Spotted Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 305 (1801). 
Ardea maculata (nee Bodd.), Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl p. M v (1801= 
juv.). 

29. AKDETIA. 235 
Ardea pusilla, VieilL N Diet d'ffist. Nat xiv. p. 432 (1817) ; 
Wagler, Syst. Av., Ardea. p. 97, sp. 44 (1827) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. 

p. 566 (1847). 
Ardetta punctata, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1844). 
Ardetta pusilla, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 68 (1848); Reichenb. Vog. 
NeuholL p. 201 (1850) : Gould. Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 319 

(1865). 
Ardeola pusilla, Bp. C. R. si. p. 722 (1855). 
Ardeola novse zelandise, Purdie, Tr. N. Z. Inst. iii. p. 99 (1870). 
Ardetta maculata, Buller, B. N. Zeal. p. 235 (1873); ip. op. eit. 2nd 

f 
f 
ed. ii. p. 136 (1888). 
Botaurus niaculatus, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 243. 
Ardetta minuta (nee L.), Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 


(1888). 

* Adult. Yery similar to A. exilis of Itforth America, but having 
no rufous tips to the primary-coverts or any of the quills; the 
inner greater coverts are entirely clay-brown, like the median 
series, and the outer aspect of the innermost secondaries is also of 
the same colour, and not chestnut as in A. exilis : " bill yellow, the 
culmen nearly black; feet yellow; space round the eye yellow; 
iris orange" (J. Gould). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*8, 
wing 5-2, tail 2, tarsus 1*6. 
Hob. Australia: Gulf of Carpentaria, E. Australia from Eockingham 
Bay to Victoria and S. Australia; New Zealand. 

af b. ad. sk.
c. Juv. sk. 
Queensland (J". T. Cockerell). 
Australia. 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
Old Coll. 
(Type of A. punctata.) 

8. Ardetta involucris. 
Garza varia, Azara, Ajpunt. iii. p. 185 (1803). 
Ardea variegata (nee Scop.), VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 424 
(1817). 
Ardea involucris, VieilL Bne. Meth. iii. p. 1127 (1823); Gray, 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 31, no. 10152 (1871). 

Ardea exilis, pt., €h*ay, Gen. B. iii. p. 23 (1847). 

Ardea erythromelas, pt., HartL Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847); Burm. 
Th. Bras. iii. p. 413 (1856, pt.). 

Ardetta involucris, Scl. <§* Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 634 ; iid. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873) ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 624; Durnf. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 162 (Buenos Ayres, Oct.), 1877, p. 189, 1878, p. 62 
(nesting) ; Gibso?i, Ibis, 1880, p. 159 (Cape S. Antonio, nesting); 
Baird, Brewer, fyRidgw. Wafer-B. N. Amer. i. p. 72, note (1884) ; 
Barrows, Auk, i. p. 271 (1884: Lower Uruguay); WitHngton, 
Ibis, 1888, p. 470 (Lomas de Zarnora); Scl. fy Hudson, Argent, 
Orn. ii. p. 101, pi. xvii. (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 
(Estancia Espartilla, breeding). 

Botaurus erythromelas, pt., Beichen. J.J. 0.1877, p. 244. 

Botaurus involucris, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 128 (1887), 

Ardetta erythredema, Heine fy Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 308 

(1890: Chili). 
Butorides involucris, Scl Ibis, 1893, p. 561. 

AdulU General aspect above striped, with black and deep ochre, 

236 AJ3DE1D2E. 

the scapulars being black with ochreous margins; tlie minor coverts 
round the edge of the wing chestnut, the median coverts pale 
ochreous with yellowish-white or whitish edges to the feathers, 
imparting a streaked appearance, many o£ the greater coverts chestnut 
on the inner webs ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts chestnut, 
with black bases; quills black, broadly tipped with chestnut, increasing 
in extent on the secondaries, the first primary white along 
the outer web, the inner secondaries chestnut with dusky bases and 
yellowish margins; tail-feathers dark brown in the centre with 
yellowish-buff margins; crown of head and neck ashy brown, with 
a median streak along the crown, consisting of Mack elongated 
feathers, tinged with rufous on the forehead; sides of face slightly 
washed with yellowish buff, as also the feathers of the frill which 
hides the neck ; under surface of body white, with a central streak 
of buff down the throat: the fore-neck and chest streaked with 
yellowish buff, and slightly varied with dusky shaft-lines, the 
flanks being longitudinally centred with black; thighs yellowish 
buff externally, mottled with black bases to the feathers, the inner 
aspect of the thighs white like the abdomen and under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts white, washed with yellowish but?; axillaries 
white, washed with yellowish buff, but somewhat shaded with ashy 
near the base; on each side of the breast a patch of dependent 
plumes which are blackish with yellowish-buff margins : " biH 
yellowish green; legs and toes lemon-green; iris straw-yellowJ> 
(F. Wiiliingion). Total length 11*5 inches, oilmen 1*5, wing 5, 

tail 1*8, tarsus 1%5. 
Hah. Paraguay, Southern Brazil, and X. Patagonia; Chili, 


#. $ ad. sk. Lomas de 2amora? Buenos Ayres, Selater Coll. 
Sept. (F. Withington). 


b. Ad. sk. Punta Lara, Buenos Avres^ Oct. 19. H. Dumford, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Uruguay. Alan Peel, Esq. [O.X 
d. J ad. sk. Eio Negro, Patagonia, Dec. 3 Salvin-Godman Coll* 
(W. JH. Hudson). 
£. S ad. sk. Chili (Weisshanpt). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Chili (JB. C. Meed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
10. Ar&etta ciTmamomea. 
Cinnamon Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 77 (1785). 

Ardea china momea, Gm. S. N. i. p. 648 (1788); Yieill. N. Diet cFHist. 
Nat. xiv. p. 426 (1817); Wagler, Sy*t. An., Ardea, p. 191, sp. 80 
(1827); Baffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 326 (1822); Gray fy Hardw. 

III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 66. %. 1 (1832); SeM. Mm. Pays~Bm} Arde*, 
p. 40 (1863: Java; Borneo; Philippines); Gray, Hand~l. B. 
iii. p. 31, no. 10146 (1871) ; Hume, Wests % Bggs Ind. B. p. 622 
(1873); Bruggem. Ahkandl Nat Ver. Bremen, v. p. 97 (1876; 
Celebes). 
Ardea nebulosa, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 190 (1821). 
Botaurus cinnamomeus. Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 124; Meichm* 

J. f. 0. 1877, p. 245. 
29 . AEBETTA. 237 
Egretta cinnamomea, Bodgs. Icon, ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce, pi. 18 
{BO. 624); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Ardetta sinensis (nee Gm.), Gray, List Grallce Brit Mus. p. 83 (pt. 
1844: spec. a), 

Ardetta cinnamoniea, Gray, List Grallce Brit, Mus. p. 83 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Blyth, Cat, B. Mus. A. 8.B. p. 282 
(1849: Calcutta); Sivinh. Ibis, I860, p. 65 (Amoy; summer), 
1861, p. 53 (Hongkong; Macao; Canton); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 258 
(Fooehow), 1863, p. 422 (Formosa); Scl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 223 
(Banjarmassin); Jei'd. B. Ind. iii. p. 755 (1864); Bume, Ibis, 
1870, p. 438 (Tippera) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 413; Boldsw. 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 478; Burnt, Sir. F. ii. p. 311 (1874: Tillanchong); 
Ball, t c. p. 435 (Oodejpur); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 354 
(1874); Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. 160 (1875: Arakan; Eangoon); 
Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. pt. 2, p. 237 (1875: Philippines); 
Fairb. Str. F iv. p. 263 (1876: Mahabaleshwar); Bume, Str. F. 
v. p. 47 (Caehar; migrant); Oates, t c. p. 168 (Pegu j breeding) ; 
Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 703 (Luzon); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 447 (1877: China, summer; Manchuria) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 345 (S. Leyte); id. t. c. p. 953 (Zamboanga); Hume & 
Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 483 (1878: S. Tenasserim only; W. of 
Sittang Pt.); Butler, Str. F. vii p. 177 (1878: E. Nana, breeding) 
; Ball, t. c. p. 231 (Sirjuja); St John, t. c. p. 271 (Ajmere) ; 
Cripps, t. c. p. 308 (Faridpur, breeding); Bume, t c. p. 490 
(Calcutta, breeding) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 70 (1879 : Sind, 
breeding); Bume, Str. F. viii. p. 71 (Malacca), p, 114 (1879) ; 
Butler, Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 83 (1880: Belgaum, breeding); 
Bingham, Str. F. viii. p. 197 (1880 : Sinzaway) ; Doig, t c. p. 372 
(E. Karra, breeding); Oates, Str. F. x. p. 243 (1882); Kelham, Ibis1 
1882, pp. 189, 195 (Singapore; Perak); Oates, Bandb. B. Brit. 
Burm. ii. p. 256 (1883 : breeding); Blasius, J. f. 0.1884, p. 219 
(S.E. Borneo); Murray, Verteb: Faun. Sind, p. 274 (1884); 
Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 23 (1886: Borneo) ; 
Buttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. ix. p. 81 (1886: Sumatra); Vorderm. 
Nat Tijdschr. Nederl Ind. xlix. p. 417 (1889 : Sumatra); Fverett, 
Journ. As. Soc. Straits Branch, 1889, p. 190 (Labuan; Banjarmassin; 
Negaka); Oates7 ed. Burners Nests §• Bggs Ind. B. iii. 

p. 252 (1890); Berne §• Reichen. Nomenel Mvs. Bein. p. 308 
(1890: Sumatra; Luzon); Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 147, 285 
(Labuan) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 493 (Lower Yangtse, 
summer); De la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 489 (Swatow; Fooehow). 
Ardea sinensis \nec Gm.), Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Bodgs. 

p. 134 (1846). 
Ardeola cinnamomea, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 132 (1855); id. C. P. xL 
p. 722, no. 112 (1855). 
Ardea (Ardeola) cinnamomea, Schrench, Meis. Amurl. p. 447, Taf. xiv. 
figs. 1, 2 (1859 : Amoor, breeding); Radde, Peis. Sibir., Vog. 

p. S44 (1863; Ditschuni Valley). 
Ardeiralla cinnamomea, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1162 (1879). 
Adult male. Entirely cinnamon-rufous above, including the wings 
and tail; sides of face and ear-eoverts also cinnamon-rufous; cheeks 
a little lighter rufous; throat ashy white, with a median streak of 
tawny rufous, which extends down the throat and fore-neck, being 
streaked with blackish longitudinal marks on the outer webs of the 
feathers; lower throat, fore-neck, breast, sides of body, and thighs 
tawny rufous; abdomen white; under tail-coverts tawny buff; 

238 AEDEIM;. 

on the sides of the upper breast a patch of dependent feathers, 
having black centres with tawny-buff or rufous margins; under 
wing-coverts tawny buff; axillaries and under surface of quills pale 
chestnut: " eyelids and facial skin reddish purple; bill nearly all 
yellow, the culraen alone being dark brown; legs and toes yellowish 
green ; claws brown ; iris yellow to pale red " (K W. Oates). Total 
length 11 inches, culmen i'8, wing 5*55, tail 1*6, tarsus 1*9. 

Adult males in ivinter appear to be a little more dingy on the 
upper parts than in summer, the head and back being shaded with 
greyish brown. 

Adult female. Mantle and back uniform dark brown; wing.
eoverts dingy brown, but mottled with sandy-buff margins and 
chequered notches, which appear also on the scapulars and inner 
secondaries, and have also sub-terminal markings of darker brown 
on many of the coverts • the greater coverts, primary-coverts, and 

quills are chestnut, with a good deal of dusky at the base and on 
the inner webs, the primary-coverts also dusky towards the ends; 
tail-feathers dull chestnut; crown of head and nape dusky brown ; 
the frilled feathers on the sides of the neck brown in the centre, 
with yellowish margins ; sides of face yellowish buff, streaked with 
brown; the whole of the under surface yellowish buff, very thickly 
streaked with dark brown, the sides of the throat whiter, the 
feathers composing the broad mesial streak down the middle of the 
throat and fore-neck having a distinct rufous shade; on each side 
of the upper breast a patch of dependent plumes, black in the centre, 

•with yellowish-buff margins ; thighs chestnut; under wing-coverts 
yellowish buff like the chest; axillaries and quill-lining dull chestnut, 
the feathers with a good deal of grey in them: " facial skin, 
margins of upper mandible, and nearly the whole of the lower 
mandible yellow, remainder of bill black; back of tarsus and soles 
yellow; clavvs yellowish brown ; iris yellow" {E. W. Oates). Total 
length 13 inches, culmen 2, wing 5*35, tail 1*7, tarsus 8*75. 
The young birds are very like the female, as determined by 
Mr. Oates and myself, but the whole back is variegated with 
yellowish-buff spots and markings, as well as the wings, so that the 


•uniform brown mantle is a sign of the adult female, and the spotted 
mantle of a young bird. Mr. Everett gives the soft parts of a 
young female as follows :—" Legs and feet bright olive-green; bill 
greenish yellow at base, the culmen of a dark olive-brown tint; 
iris golden yellow." 
Considerable variation in the tint of the cinnamon plumage of 
this species is observable in a series, and specimens from more 
southern localities are decidedly the darker and richer in colour. 
Thus Ceylonese and Belgaum birds are darker than those from 
1ST.W. India, and the Nicobar bird is also especially dark. 

I believe the loss of the blackish streaks on the centre of the 
throat to be a sign of age, as old birds seem to lose the dark markings 
entirely, and have the centre of the throat and centre of the 
breast streaked merely with dark orange-rufous. It has been very 
difficult for me to determine what is the plumage of the adult 

29 , AKDETTA. 239 

female of the present species. Colonel Legge does not describe this 
sex, and the only ornithologist who appears to have really known 
it is Mr. E. W. Oates, who in his ' Birds of Burmah' gives a full 
description. 

It will be seen that the above description agrees very closely to 
that given by Mr. Oates of the adult female, with the exception 
that the eyebrow and sides of face are described by him as being 
pale reddish brown. Those which have the sides of the face 
yellowish brown streaked with black, like the one he described, are 
probably younger birds, and those which have these parts uniform 
rufous are older birds. It must not be overlooked that a female 
from Sadhya and another from Laynah are both in a cinnamon 
plumage, and exactly resemble the adult males. A bird in the 
.striped plumage from San Mateo, and determined by Mr. Everett 
to be a female, is apparently moulting into the chestnut-backed 
plumage: although there is no evidence that the female becomes 
-cinnamon like the male, it must not be forgotten that the majority 
of striped specimens have been determined, by excellent collectors, 
to be young birds. 

Hal. Prom Amurland to China and Formosa, but not in Japan; 
the Burmese countries, Indian Peninsula, and Ceylon; Malacca; 
Malayan Archipelago to the Philippines and Celebes. 

a. (S ad. sk. Ceylon. Gould Coll. 
1, c. <$,d-h. $ Ceylon, March, July, Nov. (Ne-Tweeddale Coll. 
ad.et.juv.sk. vill: Chapman). 
i9 k. $ J ad. sk. Coorg. Tweeddale Coll. 
2~o. S ad.; jp. Belgaum, July to Sept., Nov. Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. (JS. A. Butler). 

q. Bum. sk. Western Ghats (Coussmaker). Gould Coll. 
r. Ad. sk. Mahableskwar. Colonel Sturt [P.]. 
j$. £ ad. sk. Pokhur, Ajmere, Jan. 8 (Sir 0. Hume Coll. 
St. John). 
i, u, <$ ad. et Hydrabad, Sind, Aug. (S. Doig). Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 

v. S ad. sk. Delhi, July (W.N. Chill). Hume Coll. 
w. S ^d. sk. Nairn Tal. Pinwill Coll. 
x, y, z. <$ ad. Etawah, July to Sept. Hume Coll. 
a1. Imm. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
bf, c'. <$ ad. et Darjeeling Terai, Nov., March Hume Coll, 
juv. sk. (L. Mandelli). 
d'-h'. <$ ad.; Calcutta, Aug., Dec, Jan., June Hume Coll. 

i\ $ ad. sk. (A. 0. H. # W. T. JBlanford). 
kr, I. $ ad. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
m'. S ad. sk. Faridpur, May (J. It. Cripps). Hume Coll. 
n', o'. S ad.; Commilla, Tipperah. Hume Coll. 

/,<?',/.$ ad. 

et juv. sk. 
s\ Imm. sk. Assam (McClelland), India Museum. 
t'. (S ad. sk. Dollah, Assam, May 8 (J. Cock-Hume Coll. 

bum). 

u% v', £ ad. sk. Sadhyia, Assam, April (J". Cocfa-Hume Coll. 

burri). 

240 

wr} x\ cj ad.; 
f/. $ ad. 
s>",6". Ad.et 

juv. sk. 
c". Ad. sk. 
d", e". d ad. 

/',/'. 6 $ ad. 

h", i",k". 6 

ad. et juv.; Z", 
m", «". $ ad. 
et juv. sk. 

0". J ad. sk. 

f. 5 ad. sk. 
#". 2 ad. sk. 
r". $ ad. sk. 

*", *". <? ad.; 
«". $ ad. sk. 
2?". J ad.; 20", 

ar". $ ad.sk. 
y". $ ad. sk. 
z". J ad. sk. 

«3,53. d?ad.; 
e3, d3. Juv. sk. 
<?',/». <? ad.; 

*», A8, *\ $ 

ad. sk. 

F-o3. S ad. ; 
j?3-^. $ ad. 
et juv. sk. 
i%u3,v3. 2 ad. 
et juv. sk. 
w3, xs. Ad. sk. 
g3. <£ J irnm. 

sk. 
sJ, aK S ad. et 
juv. sk. 
¥. J ad. sk, 

^,d4} <$ ad. j e4 

. 

$ ad. sk, 

f. Ad. sk. 
g\ h\ <$ $ ad. 
**. $ ad. sk. 
&4. Ad. sk. 
1% m\ Ad. sk. 
%4. Lnm. sk. 

o4. Ad. sk. 
yf*. Juv. sk. 

<f. cS ad. sk. 
r4. tf ad. sk. 
ABDEmZE. 

Dibrughur, Assam, April to July

(J. R. Oripps). 
Cachar (J. Inglis).
Khasia Hills {Griffith).
Tonghoo, June 28 (R. G. W. B.).

Rangoon, June, July (M. G.

W. E.). 
Lower Pegu, April, Aug., Sept.,
Nov. 

Amherst, July 1 ( W. Davison). 
Laynah, May 17 (TV. Damson). 
Sinzaway Forest, April 12 (C. T. 

Bingham). 
South of Yea, April o ( W. Davison). 
Tavoy, May, June (W. Davison). 

Bankasoon, April, May ( W. Dam


son). 
Kossoom, May 6 (J. Darling). 
Prov. Weilesley, Dec. { W. Dar


ling). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 

Salangore, Feb., Oct., Nov. (IT. 

Damson). 

Malacca, July (TV. Davison). 

Malacca (Dr. Mavngay). 

Malacca, Aug. {R. G. W. R.).
Andamans, Dec. (R. J". Wimberieg). 
Andamans, Aug. (22. J. Wimberley). 


Tillanchong, Nicobars, March 10

( W. Damson). 
Sumatra, August (€. Bach).


Sumatra. 
Java (Diard). 
Java. 
Java, 
Java (Sorsfidd). 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Gates Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume CulL 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Dr. McKiak) X / 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coil. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale CoE. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

Wallace Coll 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 

(Tvpes of A. nebuhsa.) 
Celebes. Tweeddaie^ColI 
Labuan. Governor U±tsherfP/. 
Lumbidan. Sir Hugh Lowe f PA 
Lawas River (Burbidge). H. Veitch, Esq. [P.I. 
Zamboanga, Philippines (A. JET. Tweeddale Coll. 

Everett). 

30. ZEBEILUS. 241 
/, t\ S ad. et S. Leyte, July, Sept. (A. JET.Tweeddale Coll. 
2 juv. sk. Everett).
u% v\ Ad. et Manila, Luzon. Gould CoU. 
JUT. sk. 
w4. $ JUT. sk. San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. {A. JH. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett),
x\yK e ad.; Monte Alban, Luzon, March Tweeddale CoU. 

s4. 5 ad. sk. {A. JS. Everett), 
a5. Ad.sk. Pekin, May 11 (R. Swinkoe). Seebohm Coll. 
¥.
5 
Juv. sk. Shanghai. J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 

c. c? ad. sk. Amoy (R. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
d3 

. Ad. sk. Amoy, April (R. Stvinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
e3. tf ad. sk. Canton, April 27 (R. Swinhoe), Seebohm Coll. 
/*. 6 ad. sk. Canton (Bligh). Seebohm Coll. 
^ A5. $ ad. et Canton. Tweeddale CoU. 

juv. sk. 

Formosa, Jan. to March (R. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
^5. $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 


^5. Ad. sk. Hankow, summer (R. 8.). Seebohm CoU. 
r5. Lnm. sk. K Formosa, March (JR. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

30. ZEBBILUS. 
Type. 
Zebrilus, JBp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 138 (1855) Z. pumilus. 
Microcnus, Reichen. J. f. 0,1877, p. 249 Z. pumUus. 
Range. South America, from Guiana to Central BrazU. 

1. Zebrilus pumilus. 
Crabier des Philippine, Briss. Orn. v. p. 474, pi. xxvii.fi%. 2 (1760) j. 

JDAubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 898. 
Le Petit Crabier, Buff. JBJist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 395 (1780). 
Le Petit Butor de Cayenne, UAubent. PL Enl. viii. pi. 763; Buff. 

JEisL Nat. Ois. vii. p. 430 (1780). 
Ardea pumila, Bodd. Tail. PL Enl. p. 54 (1783); Gray, Mand-L B. 

iii. p. 31, no. 10154 (1871). 
Zigzag Bittern, Lath. Gen. 8yn. iii. pt. 1, p. 61 (1785: Cayenne). 
Philippine Heron, Lath. torn. cit. p. 72. 
Ardea undulata, Gm. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 637 (1788); Wagl. Syst. Av., 
Ardea, p. 192, sp. 41 (1827) -, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeas, p. 5b 

(18G3: Surinam); Gray, Mand-l. B. iii. p. 31, no. 10153 (1871). 
Ardea philippensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 644 (1788). 
Ardea radiolata, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, p. 191, sp. 40 (1827). 
Tigrisoma undulatum, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 82 (1844: 

Cayenne); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 302 (1871: Caicara, Feb.; GuaporeV 
July). 
Botaurus pumilus, Gray, Gen.B. iii. p. 557 (1847); Reiehen. J.f.O. 

1877, p. 249. 
Botaurus undulatus, Gray, Gen. R. iii. p. 557 (1847). 
Zebrilus undulata, JBp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 138 (1855). 
Zebrilus pumilus, Scl. ty Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873) f 

Sharpe, Bull B. O. Club, v. no. xxxi. p. xiii (1895). 

Adult {dark jphase). General colour above slaty black, with 
indistinct wavy cross lines of dark sandy buff, these bands becoming 
VOL. xra. B 

242 
ABDEIDJE. 

evanescent on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts uniform 

slaty black; tail also slaty black; wing-coverts like the back and 

waved in the same manner; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 

slaty black, with scarcely any indication of cross lines; quills 

slaty black, with a considerable amount of white at the base of th e 

inner webs ; crown of head very fully crested, slaty black ; sides of 

face black, barred with wavy lines of sandy buff : cheeks and throat 

whiter, with blackish cross bars, more distinct on the lower throat; 

fore-neck and chest sandy buff, freckled with wavy lines of blackish, 

with here and there a broader bar of black ; sides of the body sandy 

buff, with blackish vermiculations and central streaks of black; 

abdomen and under tail-coverts white, with a few wavy markings ; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a tawny tinge. Total 

length 9-5 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5-7, tarsus 2*2, tarsus 1*5. 

Rufous <phase. Differs from the dark phase described above i n 
being much more coarsely vermiculated with rufous on the upper 
surface ; the head black, but having a rufous forehead; the throat 
and under surface of body tawny rufous, becoming chestnut on th e 
sides of the face and the neck-frill, and inclining to white on th e 
lower abdomen and under tail-coverts ; on the breast, abdomen, an d 
flanks a few shaft-lines of black; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, with a slight tawny tinge. Total length 13 inches, culmen 
1*5, wing 3m6, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*5. 

The rufous birds appear to me to be perfectly adult; and I think 
it must be a mistake to consider them to be the young of the dark 
phase, as many authors have done. The dark-coloured specimens 
in the Museum also seem to me perfectly adult, but Prof. Schlegel 
has also described a young bird in the same plumage. Thus I regard 
the two birds as phases of one species, but it is quite probable that 
they may be specifically distinct. 

Hob. Guiana to Central Brazil. 

4z, b. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Purchased. 
J. 
Ad. sk. British Guiana, Oct. (12. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Im-Thurn). 
31. 
NANlSrOCNUS. _ 
Type. 
Nannocnus, JStejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 291 
(1887) *.. N. eurythmus. 
Range. From Eastern Siberia and Japan, south through China t o 
^Borneo. 

1. ETanriocnus eurythmus. 
Ardea (Ardeola) cinnamomea (nee Gm.), ScftrencJc, Bets. AmurZ. 
p. 447, pi. 18. &g. 3 (I860 : Amoor); Sadde, Rets. Sibir., Voa. li* 
p. 344 (1863). 
Ardetta 
eurythma, Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 74, pi. 2 (Amoy; Shanghai), 
1875, p. 132 (Chefoo), p. 455 (Hakodate); id. Ibis, 1876, 

p. 335; Tacz. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 250 (Ussuri Delta, breeding) ; id* 
Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 259 (1876) j David § Oust Ois. Chinef 
31. ifAKNOCJsrus. 243 
p. 447, pi. 119 (1877); BlaMst. <$• Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 223 
(Yezo); Sharpe, Bis, 1879, p. 271 (Lawas River); BlaMst. fy 
Fryer, B. Japan, p. 118 (1882); Blahist Amended List B. Japan, 
p. 12 (1884: Yezo; Yokohama); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. 
p. 291 (Hakodate; Cochin China); Bverett, Jonrn. Straits Branch 
Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 190; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 493 (Lower 
Yangtse, ? breeding) ; Be La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 489 (Fooehow; 
Swatow); Tacz. Mini. Acad. Imp. Sci. St litersb. (7) xxxix. 
p. 989 (1893); Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. Club, iii. no. xyi. p. xxxi 
(1894). 
Ardetta sinensis (nee Gin.), Tacz. J.f. 0.1874, p. 325 (Argun R., 

nesting) ; Cab. t. c. p. 325, note; Sharpe, Ms, 1877, p. 24 

(Bintulu). 

Botaurus eurhytkmus, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 245 ; Seel. B. Japan. 

Bmp. p. 227 (1890: Yezo; Hakodate; Yokohama). 

Ardeola eurythma, Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 114 (1884). 

Ardetta riedeli, Meyer fy Wiglesw. Abhandl. Mus. Dresden, 1894-95, 

no. 4, p. 2 (1894); iid. op. cit. no. 8, p. 19 (1895); Sharpe, Bull 

B. 0. Club, v. no. xxxi. p. xiii (1895). 
Nannocnus eurythmus, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club. v. no. xxxi. p. xiii 
(1895). 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut-brown ; lesser wing-

coverts and feathers round the bend of the wing also chestnut-
brown; bastard-wing feathers chestnut, the outer ones blackish 
internally, with white on the outer margins; remainder of wing-
coverts olive clay-colour, ashy near the ends of the feathers, the 
innermost greater coverts chestnut like the scapulars; innermost 
secondaries also washed with chestnut, remainder of quills and 
primary-coverts ashy brown, paler at the tips, which are fringed 
with whitish, the first primary margined with ochreous ; tail dark 
hrown; crown of head and nape dusky brown ; sides of face, ear-
coverts, and neck-frill maroon ; a broad band of white running from 
the middle of the cheeks down the sides of the neck; fore part of 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body ochreous buff; under tail-
coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white; on the throat 
some slight indications of longitudinal dusky spots; the feathers of 
the fore-neck elongated; on each side of the chest a patch of black 
feathers with ochreous margins : " bill blackish brown on culmen, 
yellowish brown on the rest, darker on the sides of upper mandible 
near tomia, light on sides of lower and on genys; cere and bare 
skin round eye purplish flesh-colour, tinged with green; legs and 
toes grass-green, yellow near the tarso-tibial joint and on the under 
surface of the tarsus; soles clay-coloured; claws light yellowish 

hrown; iris straw-colour" (K Swinhoe). Total length 12 inches, 
culmen 1*95, wing 5*9, tail 1*55, tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Dusky reddish brown, 
spotted all over with ochraceous buff, the feathers externally spotted 
or notched with this colour; wing-coverts like the back, but largely 
edged and spotted with ochreous; head like the back; sides of face 
dull chestnut, with a band of white from the hinder cheeks down 
the sides of the neck; under surface of body ochreous buff, plentifully 
streaked with blackish brown, tinged with rufous; the lower abdomen 

E2 

244 AB DEFILE. 

and under tail-eoverts whiter; under wing-coverts deep ocbreoiisr 
with ashy bases; a patch of brown feathers at the sides of the 
breast, all edged with ochre. Total length 12 inches, enlmen l-95r 
wing 5*5, tail 1*45, tarsns 1*9. 

Young, Like the old female, bnt blackish brown above, the wing-
coverts maroon-cbestnnt, and aU the npper parts spotted with white 
instead of ochreons : " bill bright yellow, tinged with green ; enlmen 
black; feet yellowish green; iris golden yellow " (A. M, Everett). 

Eab. Prom Eastern Siberia to the Japanese Islands, through out 
China to Borneo and Celebes. 

ArdeiraHa, Verr. M88. (teste Earth $ Bp.).......... A. sturmL 


a, b. £ ad. et 5juv. sk.
e, d. 1mm. sk. 
fiakodadi, June, July (Copt 
Blah'ston). 
Yokohama {H. Pryer). 
Tweeddaie Coll. 
Seebohm Coll, 
e, f9 g. Ad. etimm. sk.
7i, i. £ ad. sk.
fa Ad. sk 
Cbefoo, May, June (P.8winhoe). 
Cbefoo, May (22. &). 
Amoy (It 8.). 
Tweeddaie Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
I Imm. sk.
m, Imm. sk. 
Labuan. 
Sandakan, X. Borneo (JET. 
H. Veitcli, Esq. TP/J. 
Tweeddaie ColL 
Pryer). 
n. 2 imm. sk. Bintulu, Sarawak. A. H. Everett. Esq. 
o. Imm. sk. Baram, Sept. 1. A. H. Everett, Esq, 
[C.l 
32. ABDEIBAIiLUS. 
Type. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

1. Ardeirallns stnrmi. 
Ardea sturmi, Wagl. 8yst. Ai\, Ardea, p. 191. sp. 37 (1827); Gray fy 
Mitchell, Gen, B. iii. p. 556, pi. 150 (1847)'; Earth Om.'W.-Afr, 

p. 224 (1857); id. J.f. 0. 1881, p. 270; 8cM. Mm. Bay$~Basr 
Ardea3? p. 45 (1863: S. Africa; Gold Coast: Senegal); Gurney, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 256; Gray, Eand-l B. iii p. 30, no. 10145 (1871) j. 
Eeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1078 (1873: E. Kordofan); 
Eoluh fy Pek. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 276 (1882 : Zambesi; Pantamatenka); 
8jostedt, K. 8v. Vet.-Akad. Eandl. Stockh. xxvii. p. 34 
(1895: Cameroons): id. Mitik. deutsck. Sclmtzgeb. viii. p. 16 
(1895). 
Cancrophaga gutturalis, Smith, Rq). 8. Afr. Evped., App. p. 57" 

(1836). 
Egretta plmnbea, 8wains. An. in Mmag. p. 334 (1837). 
Ardetta stnrmi, Gray, List GraUm m Brit. Mm. p. 83 (18441 

Gambia); Meichenb. Eandb., Grail, tab. xxx. fig. 2392 (1851); Bp. 
Consp. Av. ii. p. 131 (1855); Sharpe, Ibis, 186"9, p. 387 (Faiatee); 
id. P. Z 8.1870, p. 150 (Bio Dande); Shelley9 P. Z. S.1881, p. 599 
(Pangani B.); id. Ibis, 1882, p. 364 (Masboona); id. Ibis, 1888r 

p. 304 (Jipi; Tangani) ; Seine fy Bdchm. KomencL Mm. Eein. 
p. 308 (1890) ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 430 (Laguoa, 
Canaries), 1893, p. 198; Reichen. Yog. deut$eh~Ost~Afr. p. 64 
(1894), 
32 . AEDEIEALLTTS. 
245 

Ardea gutturalis, Smith, III Zool 8. Afr., Birds, pi. 91 (1843); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 310'(1867: 
Zambesi). 
Ardetta gularis, Reichenb. JSandb., Grail tab. xli. %. 1024 (1851). 
Herodias sturmii, Liclit. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. !89 (1854): 
Marti. J.f 0. 1854, p. 290. 
Ardetta gutturalis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 131 (1855); id. C. B. adiii. 

p. 991 (1856); Gurney, Ibis, I860, p. 221 (Natal). 
Ardeola ptisilla (nee F.), Heagl. Si/st, Uebers. p. 59 (1856). 
Ardea eulopha, Heugl J.f.O. 1862, p. 407. 
Ardeola sturmi, Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 305 (1867: "Pyrenees"). 
Ardeiralla sturmi, Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Zd. p. 2$1 (1872: 
Damara; Ondonga; Ovaquenyama, breeding). 
Botaurus sturmi, Beichen. J.f 6.1877, p. 245; Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. 447 (1881: Biballa; Laudana); Jffartl Abhandl Nat. Fer. 
Bremen, viii. p. 215 (1883: Lado); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, 
Zool xvii. p. 440 (1884: Semmio). 
Butorides sturmii, Sharpe in Gates's Matabele Land, App. B, p. 326 
(1881). 
Ardeirallus sturmi, Sharpe, Bidl B. O. Club, v. no. xxxi. p. xiii (1895). 

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, the feathers of the 
sides of the neck, binder crown, and nape elongated and full; wings 
and tail slaty grey, like the back; sides of face slaty grey; tbe fore 
part of tbe cheeks and malar line blackish ; under surface of body 
ochreous buff, whiter on the throat and fore-neck and deepening in 
colour on the abdomen; a broad streak of slaty black down the 

•centre of the throat, and the feathers of the lower throat and fore-
neck with very broad slaty-black centres, the long feathers of the 
fore-neck being also laterally slaty black ; on each side of the chest 
a patch of tawny-buff feathers, with slaty-black centres ; the feathers 
of the breast, abdomen, and thighs more or less tawny, with longitudinal 
slaty-black centres, the under tail-coverts also powdered or 
mesially tipped with slaty black; sides of body uniform slate-colour, 
like the axillaries and under wing-coverts; thighs tawny buff in 
front, slaty grey behind: " bill almost black, shading at the base 
into bluish green, which is the colour of the skin surrounding the 
eyes and at the corners of the mouth; tibia, front of tarsus, and 
npper surface of toes yellowish brown, with a greenish tinge on the 
tibia; the back of the tarsus and the soles of toes bright yellow ; iris 
Ted or reddish brown" (O. J. Andersson). Total length 12*5 inches, 
culmen 1*75, wing 6-5, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*8, middle toe and claw 
J2-05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather more rufous underneath. 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6-3, tail 2, 
tarsus 1*7. 

Young. Rather lighter and more slaty on the npper surface, and 
easily distinguished by having the whole of the feathers of the back 
and the wing-coverts margined or tipped with sandy buff, broader 
on the wing-coverts; under surface of body rufescent, with the 
streaks not nearly so broad and the gular stripe consisting of triangular 
blackish-brown spots. 

246 
ARDEIDJ3. 

Eab. The greater part of Africa, extending occasionally to tie-
Canaries, and even said to have occurred in the Pyrenees. 

a. Ad. sk. Biver Gambia. Governor Eendall 
[C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Bathurst, Eiver Gambia. Shelley Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Fantee. 
Shelley Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle (G. B. &). Shelley Coll. 
e. J ad. sk. Accra {J. Smith). Shelley Coll. 
/. (S ad. sk. Bio Dande, Angola, May 21. Monteiro Coll. 
g. 
$ ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo - land, Gurney Coll. 
April 2 (C. J. Andersson). 
h. Ad. sk. Semniio, JNTiam Niani Coun- F. Bohndorfin Cf. 
try, March. 
i. (S ad. ; k. $ juv. Larnu, Aug. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
sk. [P.]. 
/. Juv. sk. Pangani Eiver (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

m. 
9ad.sk. Zoniba Plain, Nyasa-land, H. JEL Johnston, Esq_.? 
April 22 (A. Whyte). C.B. [Pj. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Matabele-land (F. Gates). W. E. & & G. Oatesr 
Esqrs. [P.], 
o. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith. (Type 
of A. gutiurdis.) 
p. Ad. sk. "Pyrenees." Gould Coll. 
33. 
DUPET0E. m 
Type. 
Dupetor, Heine §• Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 


p. 308 (1890) B. flavicollis. 
Xanthocnus, Sharpe, Bull. JB. O., Club, iii. p. xxxvii 
(1894) D. flavicollis. 
'Range. China; India and Ceylon; Burma; Malayan Beg ion 
and Islands; Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a* With chestnut spots down the centre of the 

throat; the lower throat varied with bright 

chestnut; abdomen slate-colour; adults with 

black cheeks, young with red flamcollisy p. 247. 

I. 
With black spots down the upper throat; 
lower throat black or slightly varied with 
brown, not bright chestnut; abdomen brown 
or blackish; cheeks black in young and old. 
a'. 
Abdomen brown; throat and fore-neck 
distinctly mottled with pale reddish 
brown gonldif p. 249. 


V. 
Abdomen slaty grey; throat and fore-neck 
slightly mottled with reddish brown nesophilus, p. 250. 
cr. Abdomen black; throat and fore-neck 
almost uniform black, with a very faint 
and scarcely perceptible shade of brown .. melas, p. 251. 


33 . DUPETOR. 
247 
1. Dupetor flavicollis. 
Yellow-necked Heron, Lath. Gen. Suppl. i. p. 239 (1787). 
Ardea flavicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 701 (1790); Vieill. W. Diet, 
&MH. Wat xiv. p. 411 (1817); Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 

p. 189 (1821: Java); Wagl. Syst Av., Ardea, p. 180, sp. 16 
(1827); Gray $ Hardw. Illustr. Ind. Zool i. pi. 66. &g. 2 (1838) ; 
Jerd. Illitstr. Ind. Orn. pi. 16 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 
(1847); ScM. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeae,p. 45 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. 
B. iii. p. 30, no. 10144 (1871: pt.); Hume, Wests $ Eggs Ind. B. 
p. 621 (1873); Briiygem. Abh. Nat Ver. Bre?nen;v. p. 97 (1876; 
Celebes): Momih. Malay. Arckip. pp. 220, 324, 373 (1878-79). 
Ardea nigra, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Wat. xiv. p. 417 (1817); id. 
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1108 (1823). 
Ardea pic#a7 Raffl. Tram. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 326 (1822: Sumatra) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 556 (1847). 
Ardea australis, Cm. Mus. Boris; Less. Traite, p. 572 (1831); Pucher. 
Rev. et May. Zool. 1851, p. 375. 
Aidea bilineata, 
Cuv. Mus. Paris; Less. Traite, p. 574 (1831: Java); 
Pucker. Reu. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 374; Martens, J.f O. 1866, 

p. 2^. 
Axdetta flavicollis, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1844) ; 
Blytlh Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 282 (1849: Chusan ; Calcutta); 
Bp. Camp. Av. ii. p. 131 (1855); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 753 (1864: 
Malabar; Madras); Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 413 (Foochow; 
Hankow); Hddsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 478 (Ceylon); Blyth §• Wold. 


B. Burm. p. 160 (1875: Tonghoo); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 191 
(1875: Pegu); Wald. Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 236 (1875: Manila); 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 446 (1877: Central and Southern 
China, summer; Southern Cbensi); Tioeedd. P. Z. S. 1877,p. 384 
(Butuan); Hume $ Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 483 (1878: Tenasserim.); 
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 71 (Singapore), p. 114 (1879); Doig, t. c. 
p. 376 (E. Narra, breeding); Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 198 (1880: 
Kaukaryit); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 195 (Canton); Davison, Str. 
F. x. p. 416 (1883: Wynaad); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, 
p. 273 (1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 268 (Kiukiang) ; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, t e. p. 335 (Manila); Styan, Ibis7 1891, pp. 327, 492" 
(Lower Yangtse, July) ; De La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 489 (Swatow ; 
Foochow); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 434 (Hainan). 
Botaurus flarieollis, Reichen.. Syst Wat p. xvi (1852); Reichen, 

J.f. 0.1877, p. 245. 
Herodiasfl-ivicoliis,Licht. Womenel. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 89 (1854). 
Axdetta bilineata, Bp. Consp.Av. ii. p. 132 (1855). 
Ardeiralla flavicollis, Salmd. Uce. Bom. p. 353 (1874); Legge, B. 
Ceylon, p. 1159 (1880: migrant) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviiL 

p. 335 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 364 (1882 : pt.); Dates, 
Handb. B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 255 (1883); Blasius, J.f.O. 1884, 
p. 219 (S.E. Borneo); Vorderm. Wat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlvL 
p. 23 (1886 : Borneo); id. op. eit. xlix. p. 417 (1889 : Sumatra) ; 
Everett, Jour. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 190; Oates, ed 
Humes Wests f Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 251 (1890). 
Dupetor flavicollis, Heine c§* Reichen. Womenel Mus. Hein. p. 308 
(1890: Sumatra); Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, v. no. xxxi. p. xiii (1895). 
Xanthocnusflavicollis,Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. no. xvii. p. xxxvii 
(1894). 

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, the feathers of 
the back and scapulars somewhat pointed and with a slight hoary 

248 
AEDEIDJE. 

gloss; wings and tail blackish, glossed "with slate-colour on the 
coverts, and with green on some of the latter and on the quills; 

•crown of head and crest-plumes slaty grey ; sides of face and cheeks 
black, the latter slightly mottled with rufous ; from the hinder part 
of the cheeks a band of golden straw-colour runs down the sides of 
the neck, the lower feathers being elongated; the throat and. fore-
neck prettily variegated with chestnut, black, and white, the chestnut 
predominating on the outer web of the feathers and the white 
on the inner web, with a longitudinal streak of black at the end of 
the latter, the long overlapping feathers on the sides of the chest 
being slaty grey with white margins, so that the general appearance 
of the throat and chest is streaked ; remainder of under surface of 
body slaty grey, including the under wing-coverts, axillaries, and 
quill-lining: "bill dusky reddish brown, lighter below; facial skin 
purplish brown ; eyelids bluish; feet dark brown ; claws dark horncolour 
; iris golden brown or pale red " (E. W. Oates). Total length 
20 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 8, tail 2-5, tarsus 2-65, middle toe and 
claw 3. 
Adult female. Does not differ from the male. Total length 20 inches, 
culmen 3-2, wing 8, tail 2*7, tarsus 2-6, middle toe and claw 2*9. 
The slaty-grey shade in the plumage appears to be a sign of the 
breeding-season, as some of the winter specimens are black, with 
a greenish gloss on the upper surface. 
Yoitng birds are much browner than the adults, and can immediately 
be recognized by their more freckled appearance, the feathers 
of the upper surface having ochraceous margins. The mottling of 
the rufous on the neck is much as in the adult birds, but there is 
more white and less rufous, and the chest-feathers are much more 
broadly edged with white; the breast is dusky brown as well as 
the sides of the body ; the abdomen is white; the sides of the face 
and ear-coverts are chestnut, with a little streak of white at the 
base of the mandible. 
Nestling. Similar in colour to the young bird described above, but 
very much shaded with rufous, and having a great deal of rufous on 
the sides of the face ; the crown covered with down of an ochreous 
colour, the throat and chest very rufous. 
Hob. Prom Southern and Central China below the River Yangtze, 
through the Burmese countries to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, 
Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and Celebes. Occurring in Sind, 
South-western India, and Ceylon. 

a, h. 6* $ mm. Eastern Narra, Sind, May (S. Hume Coll. 
sk. Doig). 

c. Juv, sk. Calicut. 
Hume Coll. 
d. 
Ad. sk. Anjango, Travancore, Dec. (F. Hume Coll. 
jBourdillon). 
e. / . Ad. et juv. Ceylon [8. Chapman $ H. Nevitt). Tweeddale ColL 
sk. 
g. $ hum. sk. Ceylon, Dec. 18 (W. V. Legge). Dr. K. B. Sharpe [P.]. 
h. Imm. sk. Calcutta, April. Hume Coll. 
i-m. Ad. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
n. 6* ad. sk. Faridpur, June 17 (J. It. Cripps). Hume Coll. 
33 . BTTPETOR. 
249 
o. Juv. sk. 
p. 
$ ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r-t*. Ad. et juv, 
sk. 
$}, w* <$ ad. et 
5 juv. sk. 

x. 
(S ad. sk. 
y, s. <? ad. et 
juv. sk. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b1' Ad. sk. 
-c'. 
g ad. sk. 

/?'. § ad. sk. 
£-g\ <$2 ad. 
sk. 
A',f. S ad.et 

juv. sk. 
Jc'l Ad, sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
m'. $ ad. sk. 

ri. Ad. sk. 
#'. Ad. sk. 
p'» S juv.sk. 
q% r\ Ad. et 

pull. sk. 
&'. Ad. sk. 

£ ~w/. Ad. sk. 
jx', y\ Ad. sk. 
st-b". <$ $ ad. 

sk. 
c", d". tf juv. 
et § ad. sk. 
«"-/'. 6 $ ad. 
sk. 
>", i'r. Ad. sk. 

??&"> n". § imm. 
sk. 
-o''. J uv. sk. 

r". Ad. sk. 

Assam. 

N. Kkasia Hills, March (^. JP. 
Chennell). 
Pilkooska, Cachar (/. Inglii). 
Comilla; Tippera. 

Lower Pegu, July (JE. W. 0.). 

Eastern Pegu Hills, April 28 

(JS. W. Oates). 
Ton^hoo, July. Sept. (JR. G. 

W. 22.). 
Rangoon, July 7 (JR. G. W.E.). 
Kaukaryit, Tenasseriin, July 23 
(J. Da)*ling). 
Thoimgyeen Valley, July S (0.
T. JBingham). 
Thatone, Aug. 18 ( W. Davison) 
Amherst, July 25 (W. D.). 
Bankasoon, April (W. D.). 

Cochin China. 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 
At sea between Penang and 

Malacca, Nov. 9 (W. D.). 
Malacca (JDr. Maingay). 
Malacca. 
Singapore, Jan. 10 (W. D.). 
Java. 

Labuan. 


Shanghai (Copt. Ince). 
Foochow. 
Mngpo. 


Ningpo, May (JR. Swinhoe). 


Chekiang, May. 


Canton. 
Kiukiang, July. 


Manila, Luzon (Maitland 
Herioi). 
Butuan, May (A. JBJ. Everett). 

Celebes. 

2. Dupetor gouldi. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
India Museum 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
"W.Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

A. H. Everett, Esq_. 
Mrs. Ince [P.]. 
Seebokm OolL 

J. 
R. Reeves, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

F. 
W. Styan, Esq.. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Ardetta flavicollis (nee Lath.), Gould, J3. Austr. vi. pi. 65 (1848); 
Macgill. Voy. JRattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852); Gray, Cat. JB. Neio Gum. 

p. 62 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 197; Sliarpe, Journ. Linn. JSoe., 
Zool. xiii. p. 504 (1877: Port Moresby); JD'Alb. $• Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Gen. xiv. p. 132 (1879 : Fly River), p. 668 (Ke Bandan). 
AKDEnXaS. 

250 

Ardetta gouldi, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 132 (1855); Finsch, Neu~ 

Guinea, p. 183 (1865). 

Ardea flavicollis australis, Sell. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardeas, p. 46Q-8B3). 

Butorides flavicollis (nee Lath.), Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 46 

(1865); Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 335 (Port Denison) ; id. Pr. Linn. 

Soc. N. S. W. i. pp. 192, 375 (1876), ii. p. 199 (1877); id. P. Z. & 

1877, p. 343 (Queensland); D'Alb. Ann. Mus. Gen. x. p. 20 

(1877 : Kataw, Fly River); Ramsay, Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. 

p. 299 (1878 : LaloM River), iv. p. 102 (1879: Port Moresby)*id. 
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888); id. Br. Linn. Soc. JV. S. W« 
(2) ii. p. 172 (1888 : Derby, N.W. Australia); North, Nests $ 
Eggs Austr. B. p. 321, pi. 18. fig. 4 (1889). 
Ardea flavicollis (nee Lath.), Schl. NederL Tijdschr. Diet'k. iii. p.34S 
(1866 : Great Ke; Aru). 
Butorides javanica [nee Horsf.), Sd. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 698 (Soroag). 
Ardeiralla flavicollis, Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 364 (1882 : pt.). 
Xanthocnus gouldi, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. Club, iii. no. xvii. p. xxxvii 

(1894). 
Dupetor gouldi, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, v. no. xxxi. p. xiii (1895), 

Adult. Similar to B. flavicollis, but differing in tlie somewhat 
browner colour, especially on the wings, being paler and browner on 
the under surface, and especially distinguished by having the central 
row of spots down the throat black instead of chestnut, and having 
an admixture of dull reddish brown instead of chestnut on the fore-
neck : "bill dark horn-colour; feet olive-brown; iris yellowTy 

(J. Gould). Total length about 24 inches, culmen 3*35, wing 8'99 
tail 3*4, tarsus 2*65, middle toe and claw 2*7. 
Adult female. Decidedly duller and browner on the back than the 
male, the black throat-spots not so distinct, and with a very evident 
admixture of rufous-brown down the throat and fore-neck. Total 
length about 21 inches, wing 8*3, tail 2-85, tarsus 2*65, middle toe 
and claw 2*5. 

Young. Distinguished from the adults by the ochreous margins to 
the feathers of the upper surface, and recognizable from the young 
of D. flavicollis by the black instead of rufous cbeeks and sides of 
face, and by the dingy brown or blackish, instead of rufous, mottling 
on the throat and fore-neck. 

Sab. Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Gould Coll. 
b. Juv. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 
c. d, e. Ad.; / . Queensland. Salvin-G-odman ColL 
Juv. sk. 
g. $ ad.sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
h. 
(S imm.sk. Derby, N.W. Australia (T, 22". Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Bowyer Bower). [P.], 
3. Dupetor nesophilus. (Plate III. fig. 1.) 
Ardea 
flavicollis [nee Lath.), Sol P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113 (Duke of 
York Isl.); Pinseh, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 14 (New Britain). 
Ardetta flavicollis (nee Lath), Finsch, Vog. der Sudsee, p. 21 (1884 z 
New Britain). 

33 . DUPET0B. 
251 
Aideirallus nesophilus, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. Club, iii. no. xvi. p. xxxii 
(1894). 
Xanthoenus nesophiluSj Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. no. xviL 

p. xxxvii (1894;. 
Dapetor 
nesophilus, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. Club, v. no. xxxi. p. xiii 
(1895). 

Adult. Black like D. meZas, with black cheeks and sides of face 
like that species and D. gouldi; under surface also blackish as in 

D. melas, but slightly washed with slaty grey, the long feathers of 
the fore-neck edged with white, and the throat-markings slightly 
varied here and there with pale brown. Total length about 22 
inches, culmen 3-1, wing 8*2, tail 3*2, tarsus 2-6, middle toe and 
claw 24. 
Hah. JSTew Britain and Duke of York Island. 

a.
b. 
<$ ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Duke ofsckmiclt). 
Duke of Yor 
Yorkk Islan 
Islandd (G. Brown). 
(KleinDr. 
E. B. Sharpe 
[p.], 
Tweeddaie Coll. 
(Type of species.) 

4. 
Dupetor melas. (Plate III . fig. 2.) 
Ardettaflavicollis(nee Lath.), Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. So (Bouru) j 
Blmius 4" Nerkh. Verh. z.-b, Ges. JFien, 1882, p. 431 (Amboina). 
Ardea (Ardetta) flavicollis (nee Lath), Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 364 
(Batdhian). 
Ardetta rnelaena, Salvad. Atti M. Acad. Sei. Torino, xiii. p. 1187 

(1878: Sanghirj HalmahSra). 
Ardeiralla raelaena, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gen. xviii. p. 335 (1882). 
Ardeiralla flavicollis {nee Lath.), Sahad. Ann. Mus. Geiwv. viii, 

p. 795 (1875 : Halmahera) ; Meyer, Sitz. AbhandL ges. Isis, Dres~ 
dm, 1884, Abth. i. p. 57 (Siao). 
Xanthoenus melas, Sharpe, Bull B. 0. Club, iii. no. xvii. p. xxxvii 
(1894). 
Dupetor melas, Sharpe, Bull. B, 0. Club, v. no. xxxi. p. xiii (1895). 

Adult male. Similar in form to D. flavicollis, but very much 
blacker on the upper surface; the under surface of the body almost 
entirely black, with narrow whitish margins to the feathers of the 
fore-neck, and a scarcely perceptible shade of rufous brown on some 
of the feathers of the lower throat; cheeks and sides of face 
entirely black. Total length 21 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 8*5, tail 
2*9, tarsus 2*5, middle toe and claw 2*55. 

Young. Dark like the young of D. gouldi, and having blackish 
cheeks, and the mottlings of the throat dull brown, not rufous as in 

D. 
flavicollis. 
Hah. Molucca Islands. 
a, b. $ ad. et Batchian. Wallace Coll. 
juv. sk. 

c. Juv. sk. 
Morotai. Wallace Coll, 
d. <$ juv. sk. Bouru. 
Wallace Coll. 
252 
ABDEID-2B. 

34. 
EKYTHE0PH0YX _ 
Type, 
Erythrophoyx, SJiarpe, Bull. B. O. Club, in. no. xvn. 

p. xxxviii (1804) E. woodfordi. 
Range. Solomon Islands and the Moluccas. 
Keg to the Species. 

a. 
Above dark chestnut; abdomen sandy buff; 
under tail-coverts also sandy buff iccodfcrdi, p. 252. 
b. 
Above dark brown; abdomen ashy fulvous; 
under tail-coverts dark grey prcetermissa, p. 253. 
1. Erythrophoyx woodfordi. (Plate IT.) 
Ardeiralla woodfordi, Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 202 (Guadalcanal); 
Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 207 (1891). 
Erythrophoyx woodfordi, Skarpe, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. no. xvii. 

p. xxxviii (1894); id. op. cit. v. no. xxxi. p. xiii (1805). 
Adult female (type of species). General colour above uniform dark 

•chestnut; the wing-coverts like the back, but slightly washed with 
straw-colour, the greater coverts blackish on their inner webs; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills slaty black, the innermost 
chestnut at the tips and along the outer webs; tail-feathers 
black; crown of head slaty black; the hind-neck chestnut, as also 
the sides of the crown and ear-coverts; the cheeks, sides of face, 
and neck-frill deep tawny; the throat and breast also tawny rufous, 
a little whiter towards the chin: the throat with a few longitudinal 
spots of blackish ; sides of the breast deep chestnut; the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts sandy buff with a slight vinous tinge, especially 
on the flanks; the under tail-coverts slightly freckled with blackish 
markings; under wing-coverts tawny rufous mixed with chestnut, 
the lower greater coverts slaty grey like the quill-lining; " bill 
brown, yellow on the lower mandible; feet greyish brown; iris 
yellow" (0. M. Woodford). Total length 18 inches, culmen 2*9, 
wing 7*6, tail 2*5, tarsus 2-9, middle toe and claw 2*0. 

Young. Blackish brown, broadly edged with sandy buff, less 
distinct on the crown, but very broad and inclining to orange-buff 
on the wing-coverts; throat white, with a narrow mesial line of 
small black streaks, more scattered on the lower throat and fore-
neck, where the spots are more distinct; abdomen white; sides of 
upper breast sandy buff, mottled with blackish bars: " bill black, 
the lower mandible grey; feet light brown; iris yellow?T(<7. M, 
Woodford). 

Hob. Solomon Islands. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Aola, Guadalcanal, C. M.Woodford, Esq. [C.]. 
Aug. 30. (Type of species.) 
b. 6 juv. sk. Aola, July 15. C. M.Woodford, Esq;. jTJ. 
35 . 
BQTAUKT7S. 253 
2. Erythrophoyx prsetermissa. (Plate T.) 
Ardeirallus pra^termissus, Sharpe, B. 0. Club, iii. no. xi. p. iv (1893), 
Erythrophoyx prsetermissa, Shaipe, Bull. B. O. Club, iii. no. xvii. 

p. xxxviii (1894); id. op. tit. v. no. xxxi. p. siii (1895). 
Adult (type of species). Similar to E. ivoodfordi, but darker and 
more brown, with, the hind-neck brown instead of chestnut, the 
abdomen more asby, and the under tail-coverts ashy grey instead of 
sandy buff. Total length 19 inches, culmen 3-3, wing 8% tail 2*77 
tarsus 2*6. middle toe and claw 2*4. 

Young. Darker and browner than the adults, all the feathers of 
the upper surface with straw-coloured edges; the under surface 
brown, instead of rufous, mottled with black and streaked with 
white on the throat and fore-neck; the abdomen dusky brown, 
mottled with sandy-buff margins to the feathers. 

Hab. Holucca Islands ; Coram • Batchian. 

a. Ad. 
sk. K Ceram. Wallace Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
h. JUT. sk Ceram. Wallace Coll. 
c* (S juT. sk Batchian. Wallace Coll. 
35. BOTAUEFS. 
Type. 
Botaurus, 2£W&. Orn. v. p. 444 (1760) ,, B. stellaris. 

Mange. Temperate and Tropical regions of both north and south 
of both Hemispheres. 

Key to the Specie®, 

a. Crown of head uniform, not barred. 
d. 
Primary-coverts and quills barred or mottled 
with rufous. 
au. Bufous bars on quills very distinct; size 
larger, wing over 13 inches stellaris, p. 253, 
b". 
Quills not so distinctly barred with 

rufous, but rather mottled with the same; 

size smaller, wing under 13 inches eapemis, p. 257. 

b\ Primary-coverts uniform brown; quills 

almost entirely brown, faintly mottled with 

rufous on the inner web; frill covering the 

hind-neck uniform dusky brown posciloptilus, p. 258, 

c\ 
Primaxy-eoverts and quills uniform slaty 
grey or slaty black with rufous tips; head 
"brown hntiginosus, p. 259. 

b. Crown of head barred with black and sandy 
Burl like the hind-neck and sides of neck; 
primary-coverts and quills blackish brown, 
with rufous tips pinnatus, p. 262. 
1. Botaurus stellaris. * 
The Bittern, A&m, Nat Hist. B. I p. 65, pi. QS (1738); Lath. Gen. 
Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 56 (1785). 

254 
AKDEIDJE. 

lie Butor, JBriss. Orn. v. p. 444, pi. xxxvii. (1760); D'Auhent. PI 
Fnl. viii. pi, 789; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 411, pi. xxi. (1780). 
Ardea atellaris, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 239 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat 

i. p. 635 (1788); Pall Zooqr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 124 (1311); 
Temm. Man. dJOm. ii. p. 580 (1820); Poux, Orn. Prow. pi. 319 
(1825); Wagl. Syst. Av., Ardea, sp.28, p. 185 (1827); Werner, 
Atlas, Gralles, pi. 1 (1827); Naum. Yog. Deutschl ix. p. 159, 
pi. 226 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 387 (1840); Nordm. in 
Demid. Yoy. Puss. Mirid. ill. p. 263 (1840); Webb % Berth. Orn. 
Canar. p. 36 (1841); Selys-Longch. Faun, Beige, p. 133 (1842); 
Schl. Pev. Crit. p. xeviii (1844); Kjmrb. Damn. Fuale7 pi. xxxii. 
fig. 2 (1852); SchL Fog. Nederl pi 159 (1854); Linderm. Yog. 
Griechenl p. 152 (I860); Schl. Pier. Nederl. Yageis, pi. 19. 
fig. 10 (1861); id. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardege, p. 47 (1863); Borggr. 
Yoqelf. Norddeutschl p. 12H (1869); Droste, Yogehc. Borkum, 

p. 255 (1869); Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. xlvi. fig. 6 (1856-73); SeugL 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1084 (1873: Kordofan; Adowa, 
Abyssinia); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 161 (1875); Finsch, Yerh. z.-b. 
Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 248 (1879). 
Botaurus 
stellaris, Steph. in Skald's Gen. Zool. xL p. 593 (1819); 
Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 595 (1831); Gould, B. Pur, iv. pL 280 
(1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 48 (1838); Kegs. 
$ Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. Lxxx, 220 (1840); Gray, List Grallm 
Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1844); Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 118 
(1844); Hewits. Fggs Brit. B. ii. p. 278, pi. ixxvi. &g. 2 (1846); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 135 (184(5); id. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 557 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 282 (1849 : 
Calcutta); Temm. k Schl Faun. Jap. p. 110 (1850); Striekl 
P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan) ; Thomps. B. Irel ii. p. 160 
(1850); Macgill Brit. B. iv. pp. 405, 410 (1852); Bp. Gmsp. Av. 
ii. p. 135 (1855) ; Crisp, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 54, 1857, p. 12 (Suffolk); 
Leith Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 508, 1859, p. 188 (Cashmere) ; 
Jaiib. et Barth.-Lapomm. Pich. Orn. p. 364 (1859); Saivi/i, Ibis, 
1859, p. 359 (Zana) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 77 (Xgoussa); Poicys, 
t. 
c. p. 347 (Epirus); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Qudli) ; Swinh. 
t. c. p. 410 (Swatow); id. P. Z. S.1863, p. 320 (Canton); Gray, 
Cat. Brit. B. p. 149 (1863); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 27 (1864); 
Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 451 (Palestine); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 757 
(1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p, 433 (Tring, nesting); Godman, Ibis, 
1866, pp. 101, 107 (St. Michael's, Azores); Drake, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 430 (Martine); Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. n. p. 308 (1867); 
Loche, Fxpl. Sci. Algir., Ois. ii. p. 141 (1867); Tristr. IMs, I8B8y 
p. 324 (Marshes of Huleh); Beavan, t c. p. 398 (Ganges); Smith, 
t. c. p. 453 (Portugal); Doderl Avif. Sieil p. 216 (1B69); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 181 (Spain); Godman, Azores^ p. 34 
(1870); Flwes §> Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 334 (Constantinople; 
Danube); Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 37. fig. 6 (1870); Salmd. Faun. 
Ital, Ucc. p. 244 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 392 (Southern 
Spain); P. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 279 (1871: Arran; 14&j; 
Mull); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 413 (throughout China); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 32, no. 10161 (1871); Sorting, Sandb. Brit. 
B. p. 56 (1872); Bernhardt, Yid. Medd. 1872, pp. 132-134 (Greenland) 
j Shelley, B. Fgypt, p. 271 (1872); Hume, Nests §> Fggs 
Ind. B. p. 624 (1873); id. Str. F i. pp. 119, 256 (1873: Sind); 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873: breeding); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 341 (Sardinia); Dyb. J.f.O. 1873, p. 106 (E. Siberia); Garrod, 
P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467, 637 (anatomy); Sa.vby, B* Sketl p. 188 
(1874: Unst, March); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 435 (1874: Chota 
35 . BOTATHEtfTS. 
255 

Nagpur); Dresser} B. Eur. YL p. 281, pi. 403 (1875); Garrod, 
P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 343, 348; Stoliczka, Str. F. iii. p. 220 (1875 : 
Kasbgar); Zilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 15 (Taormina); Sioinh. t. c. 
p. 132 (Chefoo); Danford $• Harvie-Brozcn, t c. p. 425 (Transylvania) 
; Swinhoe, t c. p. 455 (Hakodadi); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 

p. 188 (1875); Bygrave Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 27 (Corsica); 
Dresser, t. c. p. 325; Blanf. East Persia, ii. p. 297 (1876: Shiraz ; 
Tehran;: Butler $ Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 28 (1876: Northern 
Guzerat); Scully, t c. p. 196 (Eastern Turkestan); Tacz. Bull. 
Sac. Zool. France, i. p. 259 (1876); id. op. tit. ii. p. 155 (1877: 
Poland); David 4* Oust Ois. Chine, p. 446 (1877); Butler, Str. 
F. T. p. 233 (1877: Deesa, Sept. to March); Hume, Str. F. vii. 
p. 490 (1578: Calcutta); Invarerity, t c. p. 526 (Bombay, Oct.) ; 
Blakist. £ Fryer, Ibis,^ 1878, p. 223 (Tokio; Yezo); Prfev. in 
Rowleys Orn. Misc. id. p. 50 (1878: Hoangho Valley; Lake 
Hanka): Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, 
etc. p. 70 (1879); Seebohn, Ibis, 1879, p. 149 (Yen-e-sei, lat. 64°); 
id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 764 (Attreck Rher Valley); Boyd. B. Cam. 
p. 107 (1S79); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 84 (1880) ; id. 
Str. F. ix. p. 431 (1881: Beccan); Reid, Sir. F. x. p. 76 (1881: 
Lucknow); Gates, t c. p. 244 (1882: Pegu, Dec.); Blakist. $ 
Fryer, B. Japan, p. 118 (1882: Tokio; Yokohama; Yezo; 
Nagasaki) ; Sicinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 123 (Candahar); Seebohm, t. c. 
p. 225 (Astrakhan, breeding); B, O. U. List Brit. B. p. Ill 
(lfe^3); Seebohn, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Caucasus); Irby, t. c. p. 188 
(Santander); Saunders, ed. Yarrelts Brit. B. iv. p. 206 (1884); 
Seehohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 503, pi. 39 (1884); Blakist. Amended 
LM B. Japan, p. 12 (1884J ; Tristr. Faun. 4' Flor. Palestine, 
p. Ill (1^4); Seebohn, Ibis, 1884, p. 268 (Kiukiang); Marshall, 
t c. p. 425 (Chamba); Bogdanoff, Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 116 
(1^84: Crimea); Radde, Orn. Caue. pp. 42, 405 (1884: Lenkoran; 
Tiflw to 6300 feet) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 275 (1884) ; 
Whitehead9Ibis71885, p. 44 (Corsica) ; Reid, t. c. p. 250 (Marocco) ; 
Gigl Amf Ital pp. 284, 541 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. ItaL 

p. 245 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 373 (Portugal); Zilford, Col Fig. 
Brit B. part vii. (1888); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 178 (Candahar); 
Reiehen. Syst. Verz. fog. Deutschl.-p. 41 (1889); Saunders, Man. 
Brit B. p. 371 (1889); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool v. p. 90 
(18*9: Bala iluigab); Gigl. 1st Resoe. Avif. Ital p. 442(1889), 2nd 
Resoc. p. 646 (1890), Zrd Resoc. p. 508 (1891); Seebohm, B. Jap. 
Emp. p. 226 (1890: all the Islands); Reiehen <§• Heine, Nomenel. 
Mus. Hein. p. 309 (1890); Sharpe, Sti. Res. 2nd York. Miss., 
Aves, p. 126 (1891: Kaskgar); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 70; Sty an, 
i. e. pp. 327, 493 (Lower Yangtse) : Lydekker, t. c. p. 388 
(fossil); Brasilia, Motr. etc. {Orn. Croat?) p. 74 (1891); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 22 (Heligoland); Be La louche, t. c. p. 490 (Foochow) 
; Hartert, t. c. p. 512 (E. Prussia, breeding) ; Meade- Waldo, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 199 (Canary Is.); Tacz. Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. 
(7) xxxix. p. 991 (1893) ; Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, p. 153 (1894). 
Kyeticorax stellaris, Ehrenb. Sy?nb. Phys. fol. in. (1828). 
Botaurus lacustris, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 596 (1831). 
Botaurus arundinaceus, Brehm, t. c. p. 596. 
Butor stellaris, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 354 (1837). 
Botaurus tarayensis, Hodys. Icon, ineel in Brit. Mus,, Gratia, pi. 67, 
no. 866 (no7n. nudum). 
The Common Bittern, Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 475 (1843). 
Ardea (Botaurus) stellaris, 
Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 453 (1859), 
Radde, Reis. Sibir., Fog. p. 345 (1863). 

256 AKDEIDJE. 

Adult male. General colour above tawny yellow and Mack, tile-
latter colour predominating and occupying the centre of the feathers, 
the sides of which are tawny buff, freckled and irregularly barred 
with black; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts pale tawny-
buff, mottled with bars or cross-lines of dusky brown; marginal 
wing-coverts rufous, regularly barred across with black; median 
and greater coverts tawny buff, with irregular bars or arrow-shaped 
markings of blackish brown, much less pronounced on the greater 
coverts, all of which have a rufescent tinge near the base ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, barred with rufous, the 
bars somewhat broken up on the inner webs of the quills, which are 
also paler; the inner secondaries like the scapulars, being tawny buff 
on their edges and mottled in a similar manner ; tail-feathers tawny 
buff, irregularly mottled with black bars or cross markings, more 
pronounced on the middle of the feathers ; crown of head uniform 
black, with a frill of erectile plumes on the nape, these being tipped 
with tawny buff, and the pale tips crossed with lines of black;, 
eyebrow, sides of face, and sides of neck tawny buff, the eyebrow 
uniform except on the upper edge^ where the feathers are barred 
with black; the ear-coverts scarcely marked at all, but the plumes 
of the sides of the neck narrowly barred with black, and elongated 
into a frill which covers the hind-neck, the latter being clothed in 
dense down of a tawny-buff colour; the feathers below the eye, 
and a streak along the cheeks and down the sides of the neck, 
black; malar line of feathers and throat creamy white, with a 
central line of reddish-buff feathers slightly mottled with black bases; 
the lower throat also creamy white, with four or five tolerably 
defined broad linea of tawny buff and black mottled feathers; the 
lower part of the ruff on the fore-neck with narrow wavy lines of 
black; the breast covered with down of a tawny-buff colour, and 
hidden by a large patch of loose plumes on each side of the chest, 
which are mostly black with tawny-buff margins; remainder of 
under surface creamy white, streaked with black centres to the 
feathers, the black markings slightly broken up with mottlings of 
tawny buff; thighs and under tail-coverts with scarcely any 
markings whatever; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny 
buff, the former narrowly lined with blackish, the axillaries more 
distinctly barred with dusky blackish: " bill greenish yellow ; legs-
and feet yellowish green; claws dark brown; iris yellow; bare 
space before the eye yellowish green " (H. JSeebohm). Total length 
about 24 inches, culmen 2*75, wing 13, tail 4*4, tarsus 8*8. 

Two out of the three specimens collected by ITr. Eobert Bergman 
at Yokohama are apparently young birds and have the primary-
coverts and quills almost uniform, with a certain amount of rufous 
mottlings confined to the inner webs; in this state of plumage 

B. stellaris has a great resemblance to B. jpcecihjpiilm, but m 
always to be distinguished from the last-named bird by the tawnycoloured 
frill on the sides of the neck, instead of the smoky-brown 
one peculiar to the Australian bird. 
35 . BOTATFBT/S. 
257 
Bab. Temperate portion of the Palsearctie Region, visiting 
Northern Africa, N.W. India, Burma, and China. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk 
c. $ imm. sk. 
d. S ad- sk. 
e7f. 6 2 ad. sk. 

g. $ ad. sk. 
h. 
Ad. fk. 
i. <J imm. sk. 
h. c? ad. sk. 
I. Ad. fck. 
OT. Ad. sk. 
nf o, j?. Ad- sk. 

q. Juv. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
«? t 2 &&> s^» 
tf. 
Ad. sk. 

»• Ad. sk. 

«?. Ad. sk. 

x, y, z. Ad. sk. 
*','&'. Ad. sk. 
c*. Ad. sk. 
<?'. $ ad. sk, 

«?'. Ad. sk. 

f. 2 ad. sk. 
g\ ti, *'. Ad. sk. 
k\ 3 ad. sk. 

f. J ad. sk. 
«i'. Ad. sk. 

n. Ad. sk. 
o\ $ ad. sk. 
pf. Ad. sk. 
q\ Skeleton. 
r'. Sternum. 
*', t\ Sterna. 
"Walney Wash, Cambridge


shire, Jan. 17. 
Devonshire.
Yelenzee, Hungary, Sept. 22

{/. von Madardsz).
Ismid, Asia Minor, Dec. 6

{T.Robson). 
Marches of Babylonia {Com


mand>r Jones). 
Egypt. Feb. 19 (<?. K &). 
River Nile. 
BalaMurg*ab,Northern Afghan


istan, Dec. 29. 
Karaol Khana, Feb. 25. 
Candahar, March 18. 
Seebe,Kelat, Baluchistan,Nov.

(0. T. Duke). 
Pesbawur ( Griffith).
Murdan, March 3 (W. S.
Unwin). 

Sindh, Dec.
Larkhana, Sindh, Jan. 9 (A.

o. jsr.). 
Roree, Sindh, Nov. 2 (A. 0.

JET.). 

Munehar Lake, Cashmere,
Feb. 9. 
Ahmedabad, Dec. 27 (E. A.
Butler). 

Etawah, March.
Oudh, Jan.
Nepal.
Bangalore, Oct. 9 (B. 67. W.


JZL). 
Khasia Hills (Griffith). 
Pegu, Dec. S (M W. 0.). 
Yokohama, Japan, Jan. (JS. 

Bergman).

Nagasaki, Nov. 4 
Shanghai, winter. 

Kiukiang, Feb. 

Macao, China (2?. Swinhoe). 
Kintang, Feb. 23 (STdnner). 
China. 

England. 
Europe. 

2. Botaurns capensis. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Montagu Coll. 
Hungarian National 
Museum [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum. 


Shelley Coll. 
Hon. O.Barclay [P.]-
Dr. Aitchison [0.]. 


Dr. Aitchison [C A 
Colonel Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll., 


 India Museum. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


India Museum. 
Dates Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
F. W. Styan, Esq. 
F. 
w ! Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Mr. Fortune. 
Purchased. 

J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Botauras stellaris {nee £.), Bp. Comp. ii. p. 135 (1855, pt.) ; Layard, 

B. 8. Afr. p. 311 (1867: Cape Town; Verloren Tley; Zoetendals 
VOL. XXVI. S 
$58 AEDEIDiE. 

Vley, breeding); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 32, no. 10161 (18/1, 
pt.) ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 211 (Potchefstroom); Reichen.J.f.0. 
1877, p, 248 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 270 (Potchefstroom) ; Butler, 
Feilden, $ Beid, ZooL 1882, p. 344 (Newcastle, breeding); Symonds, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 334 (Orange Free State). 

Ardea stellans capensis, Schley. Mus. Pays-Bas, Axdese, p. 48 
(1863: Levakoo). 
Botaurus capensis, Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 300 (Potchefstroom). 

Adult male. Similar to B. stellaris, but smaller and more coarsely 
marked above, and distinguished by the less barred, appearance of 
the wings, the black cross bars being broken up into mottlings : 
" bill light greenish ash, dusky on the ridge; bare skin round the 
eye ashy fulvous; tarsi and feet pale green ; soles of feet yellow ; 
iris pale tawny brown, with an outer edging of dark reddish 
brown " (T. Ayres). Total length 25 inches, culmen 2*7, wing 12*5, 
tail 4*5, tarsus 3*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 20 inches, 
culmen 2*3, wing 11, tail 3*9, tarsus 3*1. 
Sab. South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Shellev Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir AfSmith [C.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Kroonstadt, Orange Free State, Gurney Coll. 
Bee. 8 (JEJ. Symonds). 
/. Ad. sk. Transvaal. F. A. Barratt, "Esq. 

3, h. S ad.; Potchefstroom, May, Aug., Oct. Gurney Coll. 

i. $ ad. sk. (T. Ayres). 
3. Botaurus pceciloptilus. 
Ardea poeciloptila, Wagler, Syst. Av., Ardea, sp. 28, note (1827) 
Fimck, J.f. 0. 1870, p. 348. 
Botaurus melanotus, Gray, in Dieffenb. Trav., App. p. 196 (1843); 
id. List Grallm Brit Mus. p. 81 (1844). 
Botaurus poiciloptilus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 557 (1847); id. Ibis, 

1862, p. 236; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 313 (1865). 
Botaurus australis, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 64 (1848). 
Botaurus poeciloptilus, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 135 (1855); id. C. JR. xl. 

p. 723 (1855); Buller, B. New Zealand, p. 238 (1873); Finseh, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 399 (New Zealand) ; Zayard, t. c. pp. 531, 544 
(Ansevata); Btdler, B. Neio Zeal. (2nd ed.) ii. p. 142, pi. xxxvii. 
(1888); Heine fy Beichen. Womeml. Mus. Hem. p. 309 (1890 : 
S.W. Australia); H. 0. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 533 (Chatham Isl.). 
Ardea poiceloptera, Hwtton, Cat. B. N. Zeal. p. 28 (1871). 
Botaurus poecilopterus, Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 260 (Adele Isl., N.W. 
Australia). 

Adult. Of about the same size and general character as B. stellaris, 
but easily distinguished from that species by its more sombre 
coloration, nearly uniform black mantle and scapulars, and by the 
ainoky-brown ruff on the sides of the neck, which is uniform like 
the head, and is united to a brown band which runs from below 
the eye and joins the ruff on its upper parts; sides of face and ear


35 . BOTATJBTJS. 
259 
-coverts oclireoiis, as also the under surface, which has the usual 
reddish bauds on the fore-neck and the black-centred feathers on 
the sides of the chest; the primary-coverts and quills are uniform 
blackish, only slightly mottled with rufous : " bill yellowish olive 
in some, greenish horn-colour in others; space round the eye and 
feet beautiful pale green; iris yellow in some, lilac-red in others " 
(J". Gould). Total length 24 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 12*5, tail 4*5, 
tarsus 3*9. 

Young, Distinguished from the adults by its more uniform. 
yellow tint and by the quills being mottled and barred with rufous 
more in the manner of B. stellaris; crown of head and ruff pale 
smoky brown, the under surface ochreous buff and the streaks very 
rufous, especially the one down the centre of the throat. 

Sab. Australia and New Zealand; New Caledonia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
k Juv sk. New South Wales. Imperial Institute [P.]. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Murray River, S. Australia. C. D. E. Fortnum, 
Esq. [P.]. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Tasmania. Hume Coll. 

g. 
5 ad. sk. Tasmania (Br. McCormiek). Antarctic Exped. 
h. 
Juv. sk. New Zealand. McCormiek Bequest. 
i. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P. |. 
h. Ad. fck. New Zealand. Sir E. Home \V~.} 
I c? ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition. 
m» Ad. sk. New Zealand. Miss R Stone [P.]. 
n. 
Ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
o. Imm. sk. Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Antarctic Exped. 
j?. $ imm sk. Qtago, New Zealand. Hume Coll. 
#. Ad. sk. Dunedin, New Zealand, July. Hume Coll. 
r. 
Imm. sk. Wellington, New Zealand. Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.' 


s. 
c? imm. sk. Ansevata, Noumea, New CaleSeebohm 
Coll. 
donia, Dec. 2 (E. L. Bayard). 
4. Botaurus lentiginosus. 
The Bittern from Hudson's Bay, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 136, 

pi. 136 (1748). 
Le Bator de la Baye de Hudson, Briss. Orn. v. p. 449 (1760). 
Ardea stellaris, var., Forst Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 410 (1772). 
Le Butor de la bale d'Hudson, Buff. Mist Wat. Ois. vii. p. 430 

(1780). 
Bittern, var. A, LatJi. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 58 (1785). 
Ardea stellaris, var. ft Gm. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 636 (1788). 
Ardea lentiginosa, Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl. (1813) ; Swains. c5* 

Michards. Faim. Bor-Amer., Birds, p. 374 (1831); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. iv. p. 381 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxx, 220 
(1840). 

Ardea minor, Wilson, Amer. Orn. viii. p. 35, pi. lxv. fig. 3 (1814^ ; 
Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 337 (c. 1826); id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 206 
(1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vi. p. 94, pi. 365 (1843) ; Button, Zool 
1808, p. 1008 (East Sussex). 

Ardea mokoho, 
Vieill. N. Bid. dUBst. Nat. xiv. p. 440 (1817); 
Wagl. Sy*t. Av., Ardea, p. 185, pp. 29 (1827). 
Botaurus lentiginosus, Stephens, in Skald's Gen. Zool xL pt. 2, p. 5967 s2 

260 AKDEID^E. 

pi. 46 (1819); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 281 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List 
B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 48 (1838) ; Macgill Man. Brit. B. ii. 
p. 124 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 557 (1847): Tkomps. B. IreL 
ii. p. 168 (1850); Yarrell, Brit. B. 3rd ed. ii. p. 577 {18-56: 
Dorsetshire); Bawd, B. N. Amer. p. 674 (1858) ; Salt. Ibis, I860, 

p. 194 (Guatemala); Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1601, p. 227 
(Labrador); Blakist. Ibis, 18C3, p. 129 (Saskatchewan; Nelson R-; 
Hudson Bay) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 149 (1863); Gurney, Zool, 
1866, p. 145 (Canterbury): Coues, Proc. PMlad Acad. 1600, f.95 
(Fort Whipple) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 32 (S. Texas) ; Salv. t. c. 
p. 196 (Duenas); Coues, t. c. p. 263 (Arizona); Baird, Pns. I*$S7T 
p. 285; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 424 (Vancouver Isl.j; CIermmtf 
Zool. 1869, p. 1517 (E. Fane, IreL); Blake Kmr, Zmh 1870r 
p. 2408 (Cahir, IreL); Corns, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1*71, p. S4 
(Carolina); P. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 280 (1871: Dumfne^iijre; 
Aberdeenshire; Caithness); Barting, Bandb. p. 150 |1672|; 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 28 (1872); Set 8f Salv. Nmuml Ai\ 
Neotrop. p. 125 (1873); Dresser, B. Bur. vi. p. 280? pi. 404 
(1878); Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 165 (1878: Fort Brown, 
Texas); Belding, t. e. p. 392 (Murphy's),p.442 (Stockton!; Ridgw. 
op. cit. v. p. 533 (1882: Cape Ban Lucas); Stearns, op. cit. y\9 
p. 120 (1883: Labrador); Belding, t. c. p. 331 (Lower California); 
B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. Il l (1883); Saunders ed. Tamils BriL 
BAY. p. 213 (1884); Seebohm, Mist. Brit B. ii. p. 5Gfi (18B4) j 
Baird, Brewer, 8? Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 67 {1884} ; 
Turner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 245 (1885: Rigolet; Moose 
Factory: Anticosti); Brew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado up to* 
7000 feet, breeding"); Agersb. t. c. p. 287 (S.E. Dakota, breeding) j 
JEJverm. Auk, iii. p. 91 (1888: Ventura Co., Cal.); Set mi, t!c. 
p. 150 (Manitoba, May to Oct.); Scott, t c. p. 385 (San Pedro ll.y 
Arizona); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 134 (lS*6j; Srdnn, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 170 (British Guiana); Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Natf 
Mus. ix. p. 170 (1886: W. Mexico); Towns, op. cit x. pp 1146, S}A 
(1887: Upper Pitt K.; Fort Crook; Humboldt Bay); Beckham, 
t. c. pp. 636, 648; Pidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. pi 126 (1887); 
Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 185 (1887: W. Texas); Cory, Auk, v. p. 49 
(1888 : W. Indies); Merrill, t. e. p. 143 (Fort Klamath); Chapm. 
t. c. p. 269 (Gamsville, Florida); Jtumlien, t. c. £. 328 {Wisconsin); 
Everm. t. c. p. 347 (Indiana) ; Torrey, Auk, vi. pp. 1-6 (1689); 
Scott, t. c. p. 16 (Gulf Coast, Florida); Bishop, t. c. p. 146 
(Magdalen Is., breeding): Finder, t. e. p. 312 (Kentucky); Cory, 
B. West Indies, p. 250 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 37S 
(1889); Heine $ Peichen. Nomencl. Mm. Bein. p. 309 (1*90: 
California); Thomps. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. xiii p. 488 (1890: 
Manitoba); Mearns, Auk, vii. p. 51 (1890: Mormon Lake, 
Arizona); Bogle Clarke, t. c. p. 320 (Fort Churchill, Hudson's 
Bay); F. B. Allen, Auk, viii. p. 166 (1891: Bras d'Or Region) ; 
Scott, Auk, ix. p. 9 (1892: Jamaica); Lawn t. c. p. 42 {(fray's 
Harbour); Scott, t. c. p. 211 (CaloosahatcHe Region); Attwafer. 
t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio, Texas); DtmgM, Auk", x. p. 8 (1893: 
Prince Edward IsL); Shufeldt, t. c. pp. 77, 78; White, I c. 
p. 223 (Mackinac IsL); Wayne, t. c. p. 337 (Snwanee R.)» 
Ardea hudsonius, Merr. in Ersch %• Grub. LhcycL v. p. 175 (1820). 
Botaurus minor, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 979; Gray, Band~l B. iii, p. %% 
no. 10163 (1871); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 270 (18721: &. B. 
N.-West, p. 523 (1874); Bensh. Pep. IWth Merid. p. 466 {1875; 
Utah); Peid, Zool. 1877, p. 480 (Bermuda Is.): Maun. B* Bast. 


N. Amer. p. 419 (1879). J 
35 . BOTAUEUS. 261 
American Bittern, Xuit. Man, Orn. ii. p. 60 (1834) : Ja m j?r&. £. 

ii. p. 451VI848). 
Butor aaiericana, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. ,354 (1837). 
Butor lentiginoses, lard. Brit. B. iii. p. 147 (1842). 
Botaarus mugitans, Cab. in Scliomb. Meu. Gruian. iii. p. 754 (1848); 
Cows, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1875, p. 353; id. Check-L iVT. Am. B. 

p. 107 (165:2); wf. J&y X Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 864 (1884). 
B Lauras adsperstis, Licht. Xomenel. An. Mizs. Berol p. 89 (1854). 
Botauras steilaris, var. minor, Bp. Camp. AD. ii. p. 136 (1855). 
Ardea freti hudaonis, Sekl Mus. Pays-Bm, Ardeas, p. 49 (1863) ; 
Bt-gl. ei Gtrbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 309 (1889). 
Adult mah. General colour above brown, blacMsh on the mantle 
miH upper back, barred and freckled with ochreous or rufous-bnff; 
the wing-coverts Hke the back, somewhat shaded with ashy, the 
greater series paler buff with coarser frecklings; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts and quills slaty blackish with rufous tips, the 
inner secondaries mottled like the back; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts a©hy brown, with ochreous and dusky crossmarkint^
P, the upper tail-coverts more mottled with dusky ; tailfeitrten* 
4aty grey, ^lijrbtly mottled with rufous; crown of head 
<!ark brown or blackish, ^lightly rufescent; crest on the back of the 
nape anhy olive washed with yellow; ear-coverts dusky brown, 
surmounted h\ a narrow whitish eyebrow and washed with straw-
yellow an tht* binder parts, thi> colour extending down the sides of 
the ne k mid being bordered below by a very broad band of black, 
which .starts* irom the base of the lower mandible and widens out 
on the sides of the neck, being followed by a lateral ruff of ashy 
feathers, streaked with pale ochre; cheeks and upper throat white* 
the latter with medial narrow lines of dusky streaks; remainder of 
under surface of body ochreous buff, streaked with pale rufouss each 
streak being fringed with a line of black; on each side of the chest 
is an overhanging tuft of feathers, these feathers having broad black 
centres, slightly mottled with rufous and edged with ochreous; 
lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts uniform ochreons 
buff; under wing-coverts and axill&ries also ochreous buff, mottled 
with dusky, the latter somewhat banded with rufous; "upper 
mandible olivaceous black, the tomium (broadly) lemon-yellow; 
lower mandible pale lemon-yellow, deeper basally, with a stripe of 
dusky brownibh along the posterior part of the tomium; lores and 
eyelids lemon-yellow, the former divided longitudinally by a median 
stripe of dusky olive from the eye to the base of the upper mandible; 
legs and feet bright yellowish green; claws pale brown, dusky 
towards their points; iris clear, light, sulphur-yellow next the 
pupil, shading exteriorly into orange brownish, this encircled 
narrowly with black ** (Baird, Brewer, # Ridyway). Total length 
28 inches, cuimen 3-1, wing 11*2, tail #6, tarsus *3*75. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but without having 
the frills on the head and neck so much developed, while the black 
band on the sides of the neck is conspicuously smaller. Total length 
21 inches, cuimen 2i), wing 10*2, tail 3*2, tarsus »>4. 
Young. Similar in general colour to the adult, but without the 
Mack band on the sides of the neck, the frills on the head and neck 

262 
ABDEID^!. 

very slightly indicated, and the rufous striping on the under 
surface freckled with blackish, and without the distinct black 
markings which characterize the adult. 

Considerable variation in tint of colour is seen in a series of this 
Bittern, some specimens being grey whilst others are much more 
rufous. 

Bab. Forth and Central America, occasionally occurring in 
Europe. 

a. 
Ad. st. Dorsetshire. Montagu Coil. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. North America. Lord Odo Bussell 
c. $ juv. sk. Fort Dufferin, Manitoba N. A. Boundary Com(
G. Dawson). mission [P.]. 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Sirmass Prairie, British J. K. Lord, Ego,. [PA 
Columbia. 
e. f. d ad. et $ West Side of Eocky Moon- J. K Lord, Esq. [P.J 
juv. sk. tains. 
g. $ ad. sk. Riverside, California, Feb. F. Crewdson, Esq, 
28. 
[P.J 
h. tf ad. sk. San Jose*, California, Feb. Salvin-Godman ColJ. 
(J. Xantus). 
i. Ad. sk. Lyons Falls, New York (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. Dayan : Bensh. Coll.). 
7c. Ad. sk. Ipswich, Mass., Sept. (H. W. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Henshaw). 
l,m. 
<£ ad. 5 n. $ New Haven, Conn., Oct. (A. Salvin-Godman ColL 
ad. sk. J. Dayan: Bensh. Coll.). 

o. Ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois (Bensh. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Coil.), 
p-f. Ad. et juv. sk. Hernando Co., Florida, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Nov. (W. B. Dean), 
g', h'. $ ad.; i'} k'} V. Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coil. 
$ ad. sk. Bee, May (F. B. Armstrong), 
m'. Ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, July Salvin-Godman Col. 

(F. B. Armstrong), 
ri. $ ad. sk. Chapulco, Puebla, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Oct. 18 (F. Ferrari-Perez), 
o'. Ad. sk. Coban, Guatemala (O. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin). 

5. Botaums pixmatus. 
Ardea 
pinnata, LicH. in Mus. Berol.; Wagl Isw, 1829, p. 663; 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 89 (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. UL 

p. 408 (1856); SeM. Mus. Fays-Basf Ardea*, p. 49 (1863). 
Ardea brasiliensis (nee Linn.), Neuwied, Naturg. Bras. iy. p. 642 
(1832). 
Botaurus pirmatus, Gray, Gen.B. iii. p. 557 (1847); Cab. in Sehomb. 
Bets. Guian. iii. p. 754 (1848); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 136 (1855): 
Uot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 429 (1860); Later. Ann. Lyc. K. T. viii 

p. 184 (1866: Nicaragua) ; Sd $ Salv. Exotic, Orn. p. 181, pi. xci. 
(1869); Gray, Band-l. B. iii. p. 32, no. 10166 (1871) ; Pete. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 302, 456 (1871: Rio Araguay) j Sel $ Salv. Nomend. 
35. BOTAUBUS. 263 
Av. Keotr. p. 125 (1873); Bdchm. J. f. O. 1877, p. 349; Baird, 
Brewerf <§ Midgw. Waier-B. N. Amer. i. p. 67 (1884); tialvin, 
IbiSj 1886, p. 170; Seine fy Beichen. NomeneL Mm. JSein. p. 30& 
(1890: Guiana); Chapm. Bull. Amer. Mm. vi. p. 81 (1894; 
Trinidad). 

Ardea ientiginosa, Burm. Th. Bras. lii. p. 408 (1856). 

Adult male. General colour above black, only slightly varied with 
sandy buff, with which some of the feathers are spotted or notched 
on their outer web; the wing-coverts like the back, but more 
distinctly notched and barred with sandy buff or whitish, the 
greater wing-coverts especially being barred; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills slaty blackish, all but the outer primaries 
more or less distinctly mottled and tipped with sandy buff at the 
ends, these tips being varied with blackish lines and mottlings, the 
inner secondaries notched with sandy buff on both webs; lower 
back and rump dull ashy brown, narrowly barred with sandy buff; 
upper tail-coverts blackish, with more distinct bars of sandy buff; 
tail-feathers black, a few freckled with buff on the margins; crown, 
of head blackish, barred with sandy buff, much more distinctly on the 
hind-neck ; sides of the face sandy buff with dusky bars, wider and 
more distinct on the neck-frill; chin and upper throat white; lower 
throat and fore-neck pale sandy buff, with longitudinal markings of 
tawny buff or yellowish brown, relieved by narrow black shaft-
streaks and sub-terminal thread-like lines following the outline of 
the feather ; remainder of under surface of body buffy white, the 
sides of the body streaked with tawny buff, mottled with black, and 
the lower flanks barred with black; on each side of the upper 
breast a patch of dark feathers, more or less marbled and barred 
with buff; under wing-coverts pale sandy buff, with dusky bars; 
the quill-lining grey: u bill brown above and on the edge of the 
lower mandible, othewise brownish yellow; bare lores dirty yellow, 
with a dusky streak from eye to nostril; iris clear yellow" (Weuwied). 
Total length 30 inches, culmen 3*3, wing 12, tail 4*5, tarsus 4, 
middle toe and claw 4*4. 

Specimens which I suppose to be younger individuals are much 
more tawny rufous than the one described above, and are never so 
black on the upper surface, the central streaks to the feathers of the 
throat and fore-neck being much brighter and light chestnut in tint. 

ffab. From Brazil to Guiana. Said by Lawrence to have 
occurred in Nicaragua. 

a. k S ad. sk. Aunai, British Guiana, May 25,1889 (B. WMtely). 
Salvin-Godman OolL 
c. Imm. sk. Cayenne. H. C. Rothery, Esq_. 
d. Ad. sk. Peraambuco (Craven). vSalvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Purchased. 
/ , g-6 $ ad- sk. Rio de Janeiro. ' Alexander Fry, Esq. 

APPENDIX 

TO THE 

PLATALE^E (p. 1) ASD HERODIONES (p. 56). 

OWING to various causes the preparation of the present volume has 
been delayed, and consequently many additions to the foregoing 
pages have become necessary. It has therefore been considered 
more convenient to place the " Appendix " at the immediate end 
of the descriptions of the species of Herons, in order that the 
additions can be more easily studied. 

j^fift. Page 4. Ibis aetMopica. 

Ibis sethiopica, Shelley, Ibis, 1897, p. 551 (Fort Johnston, X. Xyasa


land). 
$.
t 
Imm. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ayres) 
Fort Johnston, Nyasa-lanJuly (A. Whyte). 
Hargitt Coll. 
d, Sir H. BL Johnston [P.". 

Page 7. Add:—Ibis abbotti. 
Ibis abbotti, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Mat, Mm, xvi. p. 599 (1893); Sktiley, 

3. Africa, i. p. 155 (1896). 
Similar to I", bernieri, as distinguished from J. cethiopica, but 
lower neek naked and minutely papillose; remiges without darkcoloured 
tips (blackish grey in / . hmiieri, dark metallic green in 

J. ceihiopica); decomposed tertials greenish blue on outer, greyish 
green on the inner webs 5 iris light blue instead of white {Midgwaif}* 
Hab. Island of Aldabra. 

±dJi 1 £a&e 12. Inocotis papillosum 

b\ Ad. sk. Mymensing, Assam. Godwin-Austen ColL 

APPEFBIX TO PLAIALEJB. 

Add:— ^ aS e I5* Mpponia nippon. 

g. $ ad.sk. Corea, Feb. 1 {C. W. Campbell). Seebohm OolL 
k. jimm.sk. Hakodadi, Japan, April (Capt. Seebohm Coll. 
Blahiston). 
£ Ad.sk. Yokohama (J3. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
Jo. <* ad.; I $ Ningpo, Nov. 18 (JR. Swnhoe). Seebohm Coll. 

Add: £3§e !6. Comatibis comata. 

Comatibis eremita (£.), Rothschild, JEartert, <§• Kleinschmidt, Novit 
Zool. iv. pp. 371-377, pis. viii, ix., x. (1897). 

g. Ad. sk. Mogador. 
Seebohm Coll. 
In the paper above quoted the authors endeavour to prove that 

Upupa eremita of Linnseus, founded on Gesner's and Albin's descrip


tions and figures, is not, as has been generally supposed, a 

though, but is really the Bald Ibis, which they believe must have 

inhabited Europe at no distant period. They therefore propose to 

resuscitate the title of eremita for Comatibis comata of Ehrenberg. 

While admitting the ingenuity of their argument, I confess that I 

think it will be better to adhere to the name of comata, to which no 

doubt attaches, rather than to that of eremita, which is so composite 

that it will always be open to more or less criticism. 

Add: ^a&e ^- Hagedashia hagedash. 

Hagedashia hagedash, SMleyy Ibis, 1897, p. 551 (N. Nyasa-land). 

4>. $ ad. sk. Songur, N. Nyasa-land, Sir H. H. Johnston [P.]. 
July (A. Whyte). 


jy^ . Page 21. Theristicus melanopis. 

L Ad. sk. Bio Pilcomayo, Dec. 21, J. Graham Kerr, Esq. 
1890. [C.]. 


j ^ # Page 23, Theristicus caudatns. 

d Ad. sk. * British Guiana. J. J. Quelch and F. V. 
McConnell, Esqrs. [P.]. 


PaSe 24*

Add •— Molybdopkanes caerulescens. 

f. 
Ad. sk. Kio Pilcomayo, April 10, J. Graham Kerr, Esq.. 
1890. [0.]Page 
25. Harpiprion cayennensis. 

Add:— 
K Ad. sk. British Guiana. J J Quelch and F. V. 
McConnell, Esqrs. [P.J. 


APPENDIX TO PIATALEiE. 

^£ . Page 27. Lopnotibis cristata. 

g. Ad. sk. Madagascar Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
j^ftft . Page 29. Plegadis falcinellus. 

Plegadis faleinellus, Oates, Handh. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 271 (1883). 
Plegadis autumnalis, Savage, Auk, xii. p. 393 (1^95 : New York) j 

A. 0. U. Chech-L 2nd ed. p. 68 (1895) ; Bidgw. Man. 2nd ed. p. 124 
(1896). 
y". S ad. sk. Near Seville, April 1869 Hargitt Coll. 
(Ruiz). 

s". Ad. sk Fao, Persian Gulf, April 1. W. B.Gumming, Esq. [C], 
az. Ad. sk. Fao. S. Butcher, Esq. T,] . 
b2. Juv. sk. Mymensing, Assam. Godwin-Austen Coll. 

Ufa. Page 34. Plegadis gEarauna, 

Plegadis guarauna, Holland, Ibis, 1890? p. 318 (Estancia Santa 
Elena, Argentine Rep.; breeding); Peabody, Auk, xiii. p. 79 
(1896: Minnesota: breeding): A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 68 (1895); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 124 

(1896). 
ri. JUT. sk. Fortin Page, Rio PilcoJ. 
Graham Kerr, Esq. 
mayo, Sept. 10,1890. [0.]. 

Pa£e 3"

Add:—. Plegadis ridgwayi 

Plegadis ridgwayi, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 124 (1896). 

Afifi. Page 38. Laaapribis olivacea. 

Plegadis olivaceus, Shelley, B. Africa, L p. 156 (1896). 

For this species the name of Lampribis rara has been proposed 
by Messrs. Rothschild, Harterfc, and Kleraschmidt (Xovit. ZooL iv. 

p. 377), as they believe that the Ibis olivacea of Da Bus is only 
Hagedashia hagedash. I followed Mr. Elliot in his identification, 
but I now consider the above-named writers to be correct in their 
determination, and the species must stand as Lampribis rara. 
Pa£e

Add:— 3$- Eudocimus albus. 

Eudocimus albus, Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 337 (8. Domingo), 
Guara alba, Field, Auk, xi. p. 121 (1894: Port Henderson, Jamaica); 


A. 0. U. Check-l K Amer. B. p. 57 (1895); Rtdgw* Man. N« 
Amer. A p. 123 (1896). 
APPENDIX TO HERODIONES. 26 7 

Add: ^>a€e 41. Eudocimus ruber. 

G-uararubra,Meld, Auk,xi.^. 121 (1894: Port Henderson, Jamaica); 
Lowe, t. c. p. 324 (Colorado); A. O. TJ. Cheek4. N. Amer. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 67 (1895); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 123 (1896). 

/, g, ft. Ad. sk British Guiana. J. J. Quelch and F. V, 
McConnell, Esgrs. [P.], 

Add: ^a&e 44- ^l&talea leucerodia. 

Platalea leucorodia, Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 77. fig. 2 (1867); Jauh 

C. R. Ixxv. p. 1780 (1872); Marchand, Rev. Zool (3) v. p. 355, 
pi. 15 (1877); Meyer, Abbild. Vogelsh. parts xiii., xv., pis. cxviii., 
cxxxy. (1889-90). 
r'. £ ad. sk. Havre, N. France, April 5, 1876 Hargitt Coll. 

(V.Pluche). 
sr. 2 ad. sk. Havre, March 1875 (V. Pluche). Hargitt Coll. 
if. Ad. sk. Mhow, C. India. Surgeon-Major C. R. 

Bartlett. 
u'. Pull, sk Europe. Hargitt Coll. 

Add: ^a3e ®®- ^hoyx purpurea. 
Ardea purpurea, Sjostedt, K. Svensk Vet.-Akad. Hand,, xxvii. no. 1, 

p. 33 (1895: Cameroons); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 197 (Rhone 
Delta); Shelley, Ibis, 1896, p. 239 (Lake Shirwa, Nyasa-land), 
1897, p. 551 (Karonga, N. Nyasa-land). 
m'. Ad. sk. Near Seville (Ruiz). Hargitt Coll. 
»'. Ad. sk. Nyasa-land. Alfred Sharpe, Esq, 

o'. S iuim. sk. Karonga, Kyasa-land, July Sir H. H. Johnston 

(A. Whyte). [P.]. 
Add: ^a&e ^* P^oyx maiiillensis. 

Phoyx manillensis, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. 0. iii. p. xxxviii (1894); 
Ogilme-G-rant, Ibis, 1895, p. 266 (Albay, Luzon), 
Axdea purpurea [nee i.), Bourns $* Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnes. 
Acad. i. p. 31 (1894). 

jr iti

For specimens GZ to i3, read e"-% 

k!% V. <3 J ad. sk. Futtehgurh district, March 
Seebohm Coll. 

1879 (A. Anderson). 
mtr. Ad. sk. Salt Lake, Calcutta. Godwin-Austen Coll. 
n", Juv. sk. Hankow, China (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
o,T. (3 ad. sk. Manitoe, Albay district, N.E. J. Whitehead, Esq. 

Luzon, Aug. 19. [C.]. 
p". Ad. sk. Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 20. Prof. J. B. Steere 

q<\ <3 ad. sk. Leyte, April 15. Prof. J. B. Steere 

* J 
[C.]. 
r". 
d ad. sk Marinduque. May 12. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[C.]. 

268 
APPENDIX TO HERODI03STES. 

^dc[. Page 66. Ardea goliatli. 

Ardea goliath, Zegge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 1125 (1880); Sjfdstedt, X. 
Svensk. Vet.-Ahad. Handl xxvii. no. 1, p. 33 (1895: Cameroons). 

^33. Page 68. Ardea sumatrana. 

Ardea fusca, Blyth, Ann. fy Mag. Nat Hist. xiii. p. 176 (1844). 

t. 
$ imm. sk. Guimaras, Dec. 28. Prof. X B. Steere 
[C.]. 
u. 
9 juv. sk Likupang, N. Celebes. Nov. C. Hose, E?q. [O.L 
1895. 
&£&. Page 70. Ardea insignia 

Ardea insignis, Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 470 (1878: descr. orig.). 

^ft. Page 70. Ardea melanocepliaJa. 

Ardea melanoeephala, Shelley, Ibis, 1897, p. 551 (Karosg% N. 
Nyasa-land). 

p. 9 ad. sk. Karonga, Nyasa-land, July Sir H. H. Johnstoa 
(A. Whyte). 
[P.]. 
^^ . 
Page 72. Ardea cocoi. 

Ardea cocoi, Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 390 (Chupai Valley, Patagonia); 
Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144; Lane, Ibu, 1897, p. 8B (Chili;, 


7. Ad. sk. British Guiana. J. J. Queleh and F. V. 
McConnellj Esqrs. [P«]. 
m. 
(S ad. sk. R. Rupurumi, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. 25 (H. Whitely). 
n. $ ad. sk. Espartilla, Argentine Republic, A. H. Holland, Esq* "0-3July 
29,1888. 
Add:— ^a£e ^* Ardea cinerea. 
Ardea cinerea, Sjostedt, K. Svensk. Vet.-A7md. Handl xxvix. no. 1, 

p. 23 (1895: Oarneroons); A. O. Z71 Check-l N. Amer. B. 2sd e<L 
p. 71 (1895); WMtaher, Ibis, 1895, p. 104 (Tunis); BagU Clarke* 
t. c. p. 197 (Rhone Delta); H. J. §* C. JS. Pearson, L e. p. 247 
(Iceland); Yerbury, Ibis, 1896, p. 37 (Aden: cold weather); 
Shelley, t. c. p. 239 (Lake Shirwa, Nyasa-land); J&idgw, Man. N* 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 129 (1896); Sharpe, Handb. BriL B. in. 
p. 69, pi. kvi. (1896). 
a3. Pull. sk. Norfolk (E. BidweU). Seebohm Coll. 
b3. <$ ad. sk. Dunvegan, Skye, May (CI Seebohm Coll. 
Dixon). 
c3. $ pull. sk. Lakes near Rotterdam, July Seebohm OolL 
(LeydenMm.). 
d\ S ad. sk. Havre, April 4, 1871 (P. HargittCoH. 
Pluche). 
e3. Ad. sk. Nyasa-land. Alfred Shame, Ik . 

p. 
Ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Sept. 21 (A. Sir H. PL Johnatcm 
Sharpe). [p.]. 
APPENDIX TO HEB0DX02FES. 269 
g\ d ad.sk Muscat, Arabia, Feb. 16, 1896. Surg.-Col. Jayakar 
¥.
t*. 
¥. 
Ad. sk.
Juv. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Yokohama, Japan (S. Fryer). 
Hwailai Hlen, Sept. 20 (B.
Sicinhoe). 
Mymensing, Assam. 
Seebokm Coll. 
Seebolim Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll, 
Add: ^^ e 80. Ardea lierodias. 

Ardea herodias, Field, Auk, xi. j>. 121 (1894: Port Henderson, 
Jamaica); Stmie, t. c. p. 135 (New Jersey: summer); Richmond 
$ Rmiclton, i. c. p. 302 (Montana); A. O. U. Check-l. W. Amer. 

B. 2nd ed. p. 71 (1895); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
pp. 129, 586 (1896). 
Ardea lessoni, Wagler, Ibis, 1831, p. 531; Reichen, J.f.O. 1877y 

p. me. 
^ftfa . Page 80, note. Ardea wnrdemannl 

Ardea wurdemanni, Ridgw. Man. if. Amer. B. j>x>. 128, 585 
(1890). 

e 80, note

j^ : ^ ao - Ardea ward! 

Ardwt wardi, .4. 0. U. Check-l W. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 71 (1895) j 
Ridgw. Man. K Amer. B. 2nd ed. pp. 129, 586 (1896). 

££&.. Page 85. Mesoplioyx intermedia. 

Herodias intermedia, Sterne, Sir. F. 1 p. 283 (1873), il. p. 303 (1874), 

vi. p. 476 (1878), xi. p. 333 (1888) • Oates, Sandb. B. Burm. ii. 
p. 247 (1883); Barker, Ibis, 1883, p. 256 (Ceylon: Dec. to April); 
Nicholson, t. c.p. 256 (Lake Ranan, Sumatra); Seebohm, Ibisf 
1884, p. 268 (Kiuldang); Barker, litis, 1886, p. 188 (Ceylon); 
Bourns §" Worcester, Oee. Papers Minnes. Acad. i. p. 32 (1894: 
MIndoro); Oates, in Sume's Nests § Fggs Ind. B* iii. p. 240 
(1800); Jesse, Ibis, 1897, p. 561 (Lueknow*: breeding). 
Mesophoyx intermedia, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iii. p. xxxyili 
(1894), v. p. xi (1896). 

Add:— 

i. Juv. sk Yokohama (S. Bryer). Seebolim Coll. 
t\ d" sestiv. sk Canton (S. Bligh). Seebohm Coll. 
^<jd:__ Page 87. Mesophoyx bracfcyrhyiiGlia. 

Herodias intermedia {nee Wagl), Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 
(Kroonstadt, Orange Free State); Betrhen. Vog. deutwh-Ost-Afr. 

p. t»7 (1894: U&ambara); Shelley, Ibis, 1896, p. 239 (Mpixnbi). 
Mesopbovx brachyrhyncha, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xi 
mmj. 

Herodias brachyrhyncha, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 157 (1896). 
d Ad. sk. Near Mpimbi, River Shirg, Sir H. H. Johnston 
July 1,1894 {A. Whjte). [P.]. 

APPENDIX TO HEROBIONBS. 

270 

•Page 87* ]K[esoPlLO3:
A dd •—y pltunifera. 
Mesophoyx plumifera, Sharpe, Bull. Brit Orn. CM>, xi. p. xi 
(1896). 

Page 90. Herodias alba. 

Page 91, line 5 from bottom, delete Hume, Str. E. vii. p. 114 
(1879); Scully, t. c. p. 360 (Nepal Valley). 

Add :— 

Herodias torra, Hume $ Damson, Str. F vi. p. 472 (1878) ; Ball, 
Str. F. vii. p. 230 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); 
Scully, t. c. p. 360; JDoig, t c. p. 372; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 88 
(1880); Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 74 (1896). 

Ardea alba, Sjostedt, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxvii. no. 1, 

p. 33 (1895 : Cameroons); Yerbury, Ibis, 1896, p. 37 (Aden). 
Herodias alba, 
Beichen, Vog. deutseh-Ost-Af?\ p. 67(1894: Bagamoyo} 
Kingani; Kakoma; Bukoba). 

y". Pull. sk. Lower Volga, July (Henke). Seebohm Coll. 
»". S ad. sk. Muscat, Feb. 21,1890. Surg.-CoL Jayakar 
.03. Ad. sk. Gold Coast, W. Africa.
[*•]• 
Shelley ColL 

j^ftfi . Page 95. Herodias egretta. 

Ardea egretta, Gm. Si/st Nat. I. p. 629 (1788); Field, Auk, xi. 

p. 121 (1894: Port Henderson, J arnaica); A. O. XI. Cheek-L V. 
Amer. B. p. 71 (1895); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.p. 130 
(1896); Undenoood,'Ibis, 1896, p. 450 (Costa Eica); Eaton, 
Auk, xiii. p. 178 (1896: Erie Co., Xew York); Lane, Ibis, 18977 
p. 188 (Chili); Christy, t c. p. 340 (S. Domingo). 
k". £ ad. sk. Espartilla, Argentine Eepublie, A. H. Holland, Esq. 
Aug. 2, 1890. [C.]. 
I", <$ ad. sk. Espartilla, Argentine Eepublie, A. H. Holland, Esq. 
Nov. 22,1889. [0.]. 

^dd: ^a&e 98. Herodias timoriensis. 

Herodias timoriensis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit Orn. Club, v. p. xi (1896). 

It seems probable that, after all, this species will have to be 

•united to H. alba, as Br. Stejneger (Proc. U.S. Nat. ITus. x. p. 315, 
1887) and Taczanowski (Faune Orn. Ost-Sibir. ii. p. 979) both give 
the bill as " black." In the Seebohm collection there is also a 
black-billed specimen from Canton. 
Add:— 

g\ $ ad. sk. Okinawa, Kaueshi, March Seebohm Coll. 
11,1892 (P. A, Hoist). 
h\ Ad. hiem. sk. Hankow, China (M. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
%'. Ad. &k. Canton. Seebohm Coll 

APPENDIX TO HEEOJDIONES. 

Add:— Pa g e 1()0* Florida caerulea. 

Ardea cserulea, Field, Auk, xi. p. 121 (1894: Port Henderson, 
Jamaica); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 73 (1895); 
Mdgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 130 (1896) ; Underwood, 
Ibis, 1896, p. 450 (Gosta Eiea); Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. ^ 
(S, Domingo). 

p\ c? ad. sk. Grenada, W. Indies, April 17, Salvin-Godrnan ColL 
1891 (Mrs, Herbert Smith). 

Add:— ?a o e 104. ICelanopIioyx ardesiaca, 

Melanoplioyx ardesiaca, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xi 
(1895;. 
Ardea ardesiaca, Shelley, Ibis, 1896, p. 239 (Lake Shirwa). 

/ . Ad. sk. Lake Siiirwa, Sept. 21 (A. Sir H. H. Johnston 
Whyte). [P.]. 

Add: Page 105. Melanoplioyxvinaeeigula. (Plate LA. ) 

Melanophoyx vinaeeigula, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. pp. xi, 
xiii (1895). 
Ardea vinaeeigula, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 157 (1896). 

Pa£e

Add: ^®®* Didtromanassa mfa. 

Ardea rufescens, A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 72 
(1895); Bidyway, Man. N. Airier. B. 2nd ed. pp. 131, 586 (1891)). 
Ardea pealei, Ridgw. t. c. p. 131 (1896). 

Pa£e 109

Add:—- N0TOPH0YX 
Notophoyx, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xiii (1895). 


A#£: Page 109. Notoplioyx novae liollaiidiae. 

Notopkoyx novae nollandiae, Sharpe, t c. pp. xi, xiii (1895). 

u, v. $ ad. sk. Moindu, New Caledonia, Oct., Seebohm Coll. 
Nov. (E. L. Bayard). 

Pa e I11*

Add:o Notophoyx pacifica. 

Notophoyx pacifica, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, y. p. xi (1895). 

X&&. Page 112. Notophoyx picata. 

Notophoyx picata, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xi (1895)* 

APPENDIX TO HEKODION.ES. 

272 

J^ £ . Page 113. ETotophoyx aruensis. (Plate I. B.) 

Notophoyx aruensis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xi (1895). 

Page 114, line 12. Add :— 

Range. Coasts of Africa and of the Western Indian Ocean to 
Ceylon. 

j^ . Page 114. Lepterodius gularis. 

Ardea aslia (nee Syhes), Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 173. 
Herodias gularis, Reichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 66 (1894: 

Bagamoyo). 
Lepterodius gularis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, v. p. xi (1895). 
Ardea gularis, Yerbury, Ibis, 1896, p. 37 (Aden). 
Demiegretta gularis, Cholmley, Ibis, 1897, p. 209 (Berenice). 

^3£ . Page 116. Lepterodius aslia. 

Lepterodius asha, Sharpe, Bull. Brit, Orn, Club, v. p. xi (1895). 

a'. Ad. alb. sk. Fao, May 1892. W.D.Cumming,Esq. 
[P.]. 
b'-dl. Ad. et juv. Muscat, Arabia, Feb., March. Surg.-Col. Jayakar 
sk [P.]. 
e'.f. Ad. alb. sk. Muscat, Feb. Surg.-Col. Jayakar 
[P.]. 

Page 118, line 3. Add :— 

Range. Whole of Africa; Moluccas and Australia. 

j^fift. Page 118. Garzetta garzetta. 

Ardea xanthopoda, Pelz. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 166 ; JSdrtl Beitr. Faun, 
Madag. p. 73 (1861); Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 420 ; 
Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 257. 

Ardea elegans, JSartl. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 73 (1861, ex Verr, 
MSS.); Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 420. 
Egretta xanthopoda, Verr. in Vinson's Toy. Madag., Ann. B, p. 3 

(1865). 
Egretta elegans, Verr. I. e. 
Herodias procerula, Cab. J.f. 0. 1868, pp. 49, 414. 
Ardea nivea, Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 271. 
Ardea leucoptera, var. idse, Milne-Edzo. fy Grand. Hist. Nat. Madag.7 

Ois. p. 556, pi. eexxvi. (1885, pt.). 

Herodias garzetta, Reichen. Vog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 67 (1894: 
Ussambaia; Ugalla); Bourns $* Worcester^ Occ. Papers Minnes. 
Acad. i. p. 31 (1894: Panay; Siquijor). 

Garzetta garzetta, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, T. p. xi (1895); id, 
Handb. Brit B. iii. p. 77, pi. lxvii. (1896). 
Herodias xanthopoda, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 157 (1896). 

Page 120, line 14 from bottom, for " tail 2-75 " read " tail 3*78." 

APPEiroix TO HERODIONES.

Add;— 

A4. Ad. sk. Kalarash, Lower Danube. Seebohm Coll. 
May 27. 
i\ Ad. sk. Transvaal. J. R Ilarting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
hK <$ ad. sk. Baksa, Formosa, March 13, Seebohm Coll. 
1893 (P. A. mist). 
I4 

. Ad. sk. Amoy, April (A. Swinhoe). Seebohrn Coll. 

m. 
Ad. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct 5. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[C.]. 
Pa&e 122

Add:—- O-arzetta nigripes. 

Egretta nigripes, Laijard, Ibis, 1882, p. 532 (New Caledonia). 
Garzetta nigripes, Skarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xi (1895). 

s. 3 Mem. sk. Togian Islands, Jan. (A. B.Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 
Add:— ?a^e 12^ Leucophoyx candidissima. 

Ardea candidissima, Field, Auk, xi. p. 121 (1894 : Port Hendercon, 
Jamaica); Coolie, t. c. p. 183 (Colorado); A. 0. TI. Chech-l K. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p, 72 (1895); Ridqw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 130 (1896); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 (Sacaya). 
Leueophovx candidissima, Sharps, Bull, Brit. Orn. Club, iii. p. xxxix 
(1894), V. p. xi (1895). 

s". $ ad. sk Espartilla, Argentine Ee- A. H. Holland. Esq. 

public, Feb. 28, 1890. [P.]. 
t!r,v!\ <S JMem.sk. Rio de Janeiro. Alex. Fry, Esq, [P.], 
v'\ $ad.sk. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Queleh and F. V. 

McConnelLEsqrs. 

pp.]. 

^j^. Page 126. Hy&ranassa tricolor. 

Hydranassa tricolor, Sharpe, Bull. Brit Orn. Club, v. p. xi (1895). 

The specimen received from the Salvin-Godman collection from 
British Guiana does not bear out Mr. Eidgway's characters for the 
separation of this species. It is no darker than individuals from 
Cozumel and Florida, but has a slightly shorter bill. I do not 
think H. tricolor can be kept distinct even as a sub-species. 


a r? ad. sk. Ourumee, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. 24, 1890 {H. 
WMtety)*. 

b. 
2 JaY* sk' Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Queleh and F, V. 
McConnell, Esqrs. 
* "Bill: upper mandible brownish black; lower mandible light humcolour; 
bare skin of face yellow-ochre; feet aiad toes light yellowish green ; 
claws horn-colour " (H. Whitdy). 
YOI*. XXVI- 
T 

27 4 APPENDIX TO HEK0DI03TES. 

Page 127. Hydranassa ruficollis. 

K.B.-—Spec, r3, from Grenada, has been entered by mistake under 
this species, instead of under Florida coerulea (aniea, p. 100). 
Add :— 
Ardea tricolor ruficollis, Field, Auk, xi, p. 121 (1894: Port Henderson. 
Jamaica); A. 0. U. Ckeck-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 72 (1895) : 
Mkljw. Man.^N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 131 (1896). 
Hydranassa ruficollis, Skarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, T. p. xi (1895). 

^fi$ . Page 130. Syctanassa violacea. 

Nyctanas^a violacea, Stejneger, JProc. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 295 (1887); 
Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xi (1895). 

JCycticorax violacens, Field, Auk, xi. p. 121 (Port Henderson, 
"Jamaica); A. 0. U. Check-l. JV. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 74 (1895); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 133 (1896). 

g3, P. <$ ad. et juv. Savana of British Guiana. J. J. Quelch and F. V. 
sk. McConnelL Esqrs. 

[p-:


^c]$ . Page 134. Nyctanassa pauper. (Plate I. c.) 

Nyctanassa pauper, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xi (1895). 

j^ . Page 135. Agamia agami. 

Ardea picta, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 200. 
Agamia agami, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club* v. p. xi (1895). 


j^fift. Page 137. Demiegretta sacra, 
Demiegretta sacra. Bourns fy Worcester, Oce. Papers Minnes. Acad. 

i. p. 1*2 (1894 : Siquijor ; MasLate ; Panav; Mindoro); Le Soireff, 
lbis7 1895, p. 422 (Albatross Isl.); Ogiteie Grant, Ibis, 1896, 
p. 127 (Cape Engafio, N.E. Luzon). 
tf. Ad. sk. Liu-Kiu Islands, Aug. (H. Seebohm Coll, 
Fryer). 
¥. S ad. sk. Amoy, May 29, 1856 (R Seebohm Coll. 
Swinhoe). (Type of H. eulophotes.) 
t\ Juv. Mem. sk. Ningpo, Sept. 22, 1871 (R. Seebohm Coll. 
Swinhoe), 

¥ Ad. sk. Ningpo, Nov. 1, 1872 (Br. Seebohm Coll. 
Mackenzie). 
l\ Ad. sestiv. sk. Canton (S. Bligh). Seebohm Coll. 
m*. $ aestiv. sk. Formosa (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
n6 $ ad. sk. Cape Engano, N.E* Luzon, John Whitehead* 

April 25,1895. Esq. [C.l. 
o6. <$ alb. sk. Cebu. Prof.XB.Steere[C". 
q\ c? $ ad. sk. Cebu, March 3, 5. Prof.J.B.BteerefCl 

f> 

r«. c£ ad. sk. Bohol, March 18. Prof. XB.Steeref0.1. 
s6. S alb. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Feb. 7. Prof.J.B.Steere[C.t 

P. <5 alb. sk. Samar, April 23. Pro£J.B.Steere[C.l 
u\ $ ad. sk. Marinduque, May 11. Prof.J.B.Steere[O.J 
APPENDIX TO HERODIOBTES. 

r6 . Ad. &k. 
w?\ Ad. sk. 
Balabae, Sept. 28. 
Guam, Marianne IsL, Dec. 18. 
Prof.J.B.Steere[C.]. 
Hon. Walter Roth.
r6. tf ? ad. sk. Noumea, New Caledonia, 
schild [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
May 31, July 5 (E. L. 
f. Alb. sk. 
Lagard). 
Honailou, New Caledonia, Seebohm Coll. 
s£ . Ad. &k. 
Dec. (P.
Aneiteum, 
Joubert). 
New Hebrides Seebohm Coll. 
«T . ^ ad. sk. 
(Col. Freeman). 
"Wakaia, Fiji, Sept. 13 (E. X. Seebohm Coll. 
Layard). 
b\ <$ alb. sk. Savu. Fiji, Feb. 28 (E. X. £.). Seebohm Coil. 
c7 . § juv. sk. Fiji, Nov. 2 (E. X. X.). Seebohm Coll. 

Page 145. HYCTICORAX. 

Add :


Type. 
Calh^rodius, Bp. Comp. Av. ii. p. 139 (1855) N. leuconotus. 

Page 146. Nycticorax nycticorax. 

Add :-
Nvctic< irax nycticorax nasvius, Field, Auk, xi. p. 121 (1894 : Port 
Henderson, Jamaica); Cooke, t. c. p. 183 (Colorado); A. O. U. 
Cherfc-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 74 (1895) ; Mdgw. Man. N. Amer. 

B. 2nd eci. ]>. 138{189G). 
Nycticorax griseus, Reichen. Yog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 63 (1894); 
* Whitalze/, Ibis, 1805, p. 104 (N.Tunis); Eagle Clarke, t.c. p. 197 
(Rhone delta). 
Xvcticorax nycticorax, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii 
'(1895); Shelley, Ibis, 1896, p. 239 (Lake Shirwa, Nyasa-land); 
Sharpe, Handb. Brit B. iii. p. 81 (1896). 
Nyctiardea nsevia, Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 341 (S. Domingo). 

F. Ad. sk. Mt. Lebanon, S. Barody, Esq. [P.]. 
TO7. Ad. sk. Nyasa-land. Alfred Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
n1. O ad. sk. Fatteno-urh, Aug. 13 (A. Seebohm Coll. 
Anderson). 

</. 2 a(^ s^-Ninprpo, China, March Seebohm Coll. 

(JR. Swinhoe). 
p7, q1, Jnv. sk. Amoy, NOT. (It. SwinSeebohm 
Coll. 
hoe). 
r7. 1mm. sk. S.W. Formosa (It. Sivin-Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). 

s7. Ad. sk. Luzon. Prof. J. B. Steere [CI. 
€*. S ad. sk. Manila, Luzon, Dec. 16. John Whitehead, Esq. 
[C.]. 
u1. J ad. sk. Kauai, Hawaiian ArchiJoint 
Committee of Royal 
pelago, April 1 (JR. C. Soc. and British Assoc. 

X. Perkins). [P.]. 
Add-— Page 155. Nycticorax tayazu-gxrira. 

Nycticorax tayazu-guira, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii 
"(1895). 
Nvcticorax obscnrus, Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 (Chili). 
T 2 

27 6 APPENDIX TO HERODIOXES. 

w. <$ ad. sk, Espartilla, Argentine EeA. 
H. Holland, Esq. [C.\ 
public, Nov. 20. 
,r. Plead of Santa Elena, Monzon, Uru0. 
V. Aplin, Esq. [C.\ 
young". guay, Feb. 22. 

Aj3a . Page 156. Kyctieorax cyanoceplialus. 

Nvctirorax cvanocephalus, Sharpe. Bull Brit, Orn. Club. v. p. xi 
'(1695). " 

Add: Page 157. JSTycticorax leucouotus. 

Calherodius leuconotus, Beichcn. Tog. dcut^eft-Ost-Jfr. p. 68 
(1694) ; Sjbstedt, K. Svcnsh Vet.-AJcacL HandL xxvii. no. 1, p. 35 
(1695 : Canieroons). 

Add.. Page 158. Kycticorax caledonicus. 

z. <$ ad. sic. Savu Island. Moluccas Sept. A. H. E\ erett. E>q. "C \ 
a. $ ad. sk. New Caledonia, June 26 (i?. Seebobni Coll. 
L. Layard). 
V. 
c? ad.; <?'. § Dombea) N. Caledonia, Dec. Seebohm Coll. 
ju\. sk. 18 (IE. X. Layard). 
Acid ; Page 161. Kycticorax mandSbnlaris. 

Nvcticovax mandibular^. Trisfr.Ibis, 1^95, p. 370 /Baarotu, Solomon 
*L>1.); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii (1^95). 

Add : Pa&e I®1* jNTycticorax crassirostris. 

y* 5 ad. sk. Parrv Inland, Bonin Arcbipelago, Seebolim Coll. 
June (P. 4. Hoist). 

Add. Page 162. lycticorax manilleusis. 

Nycticorax manillensis. Bourns §• Worcester, Ore. Papers Minne*. 

\dcad. i. p. 32 (1894: Samar: Tavd-tawi; Tabla*: Sibu\an: 
Panay; Masb'ite; Siquijor); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, lb95, p. 117 
(Isabella, N.E. Luzon), p. 266 (Albay, S.E.Luzon ; Catanduaoo); 
id. Ibis, 1S96, p. 127 (Cape Ensrano,*N.E. Luzon h 

Nvcticorax minabassae, Meyer § Wiglem\ J. f. 0. 1694, p. 115 ; iid. 
*Ahhandl h. zool 31ns. Dresden, 1804-03) no. 8, p. 19 (1^95): 
Sharpe, Bidl Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. sJi (lb9o). 

t. u. S ad. sk. Manitoe, Albay district, J. "Wliitebead, Esq. "Q.\ 
S.E. Luzon, Aug. 
v. 2 juv. sk. Molina, Isabella district, J. Whitehead, Esq. X. \ 
N.E. Luzon, May 18. 
w. 
Jjnv.sk. Cape Engaiio,N.E.Litzon, J. "Wliitebead, Esq. XT. 
April 21. 
,r. 
tf ad. sk. Zamboanga, Mindanao, Prof. J. B. Steere T*. . 
Oct. 28. 

y. Ad.; z, a\ <$ Ayala, Mindanao, Oct., Prof. J. B. Steere "0.1. 
juv. fek. Dec. 
//. o imm. fik. Siquijor, Feb. 9. Prof. J. B. Steere r< V. 
c'-e'. $ ad, et Marinduque, May 12-21. Prof. J. B. Steere [€V. 

juv. f-k. 
f]g\ Juv. sk. Siassi I&land, Sulu Arclii- C. Hose, Esq. [C.\ 
pelago. 

APPENDIX TO HEBOIHONES. 27 7 

Page 163. Eycticorax minahassse. 

TMs species is withdrawn by the describers, who now consider it 
to be identical with iV. manillensis. Of. Mejer & Wiglesw. 
AbhandL k. zool. Mus. Dresden, 1894-95, no. 8, p. 19 (1895). 

^3 . Page 166. G-orsacMus melanolophus. 

Gorsachius melanolophus, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 160 (1875); Hume fy 
Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 484 (1878) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 

xlviii. p. 21 (1878); Hume, JStr. F. ix. pp. 230, 259 (1880); 
Butler, Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Bres. p. 84 (1880: Belgium); Oates, 
Eandb. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 260 (1883); Butler, 8tr. F. ix. p. 435 
(1881) ; Davidson, Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. 8oc. vi. p. 340 (1891); 
Bourns % Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnes. Acad. i. p. 32 (1894: 
Masbate; Cebu; Siquijor); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1897, p. 250 
(Samar). 
k't I'. Juv. sk. Takow, Formosa, June Seebohm Coll. 

(72. Swinh.e). 
m'. $ juv. sk. Paranas, Sainar IsL, J. Whitehead, Esq. [CI. 
June 11. 
n\ $ a^* s^- Guiamaras, Dec. 3. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.]. 
o1. Ad. bk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. Prof. J. B. Steere [O.J. 

^^ . Page 169. G-orsachras goisagi. 

m. 
I mm. sk. Yokohama, Japan (71. Seebohm Coll. 
Fryer). 
n. 
S ^d, sk. Formosa, March (72. Seebohm Coll, 
tSwinhoe). 
% T*S m a

Add •— •^a^6 ^®' cyanocephalnm. 

Syrigma eyanoeephalunij 8harpe, Bull. Brit Orn. Club, v. p. xii 
(1895). 

d. Ad. sk. Rio Pilcomayo, July 1, J. Graham Kerr, Esq. [C] 
1890. 
^ er0<* ill s

^>a^e

M& •— -^ pileatus. 

n o,p. S J ad. Savana of British J. J. Quelch and F. W. 
'sk. Guiana. McConnell, Esqrs. [P.]. 

^j£. Page 172. Butorides atricapilla. 

Butorides atricapilla, 8j'6stedt} K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad, Handl. xxvii. 
no. 1, p. 34 (1895); hharpe, Ibis, 1897, p. 517 (Zulu-land). 

p\ Juv. sk. Mt. Malosa, Nov. 20 (A. Whyte). Sir H. H. Johnston [P.]. 

I have come to the conclusion that Dr. Eeichenow is quite right 
in separating Butorides brevipes (Heugl.) of the Aden coast from 

B. atricapilla. The adult specimens presented by Capt. Kelsall 
(vide infra) are nearly uniform slaty black below, with very few-
whitish streaks on the throat, and with no tawny rufous on the 
APPENDIX TO HEEOBIOKES. 

278 

throat and fore-neck. Two of his specimens have an irregular 
wing-patch of dingy white, as if belonging to remains of a white 
form such as obtains in Demiegretta sacra. Such of the synonymy 
as belongs to B. brevipes must be struck out of that of B. airiea


jrilla, as, from a re-examination of the specimens in the Museum, I 
find that all the plain-breasted birds come from the Bed Sea coast, 
so that I am compelled to modify my previous statements {p. 174), 
and the following species must be inserted in its place, while 
specimens £', Jc\ Z', ri, and o' must also be transferred to B. brevipes. 
Spec, m! from Ain belongs to the true B. atricapilla. 

Page 175. Insert:—la, Butorides brevipes. 

Ardea (Nycticorax) brevipes, Hempr. §* Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. m, 

note 2 (1828). 
Butorides brevipes, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 129 (1855). 
Ardea brevipes, Heugl J. f. 0.1867, p. 283; Hartl. R Z. S. 1881, 

p. 959 (Socotra). 
Ardea atricapilla (nee Afzel), Fimsch, Tn Z. S. vii. p. 297 (1870 : 
Massowa). 
Ardea (Butorides) atricapilla, Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 435 
(1870: Massowa). 
Ardea striata, sub&p. brevipes, Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 254. 
Ocniscus brevipes, Heine $* Meichen. Komencl. Mm, Hein. p. 308 

(1890). 
Butorides atricapilla, pi, Sharps, Cat. B. xxvii. p. 172. J * 

Adult. Differs from B. atricapilla m its nearly uniform grey 
throat, which is only slightly mottled with white and shows but a 
few black streaks, the tawny-rufous colour on the throat and chest 
being absent. Besembles B, javanica, but has not the white stripe 
behind the eye, so that the ear-coverts are uniform rusty brown. 

B. brevipes is, in fact, very nearly allied to the dingy-coloured 
B. spodiogaster and B. stagnaiilis, but has not the rusty-brown 
tint on the flanks, which appear to be quite grey in the Muscat 
specimen. 
Oapt. KelsalFs specimens had the following soft parts:— 

§ ad. Upper mandible dark horn-colour, lower one greenish; 
tarsi dark green in front, light green behind; iris yellow; orbits 
green. 

6 juv. Bill black; tarsi dark greenish horn-colour; iris yellow. 
The Muscat specimen measures:—Total length 16*5 inches, 
culmen 2*4, wing 6-8, tail 2-3, tarsus 2. 
Hab. Bed Sea coast and island of Soeotra to Muscat in Eastern 

Arabia. 
a. Ad. sk. Muscat, Jan. 27,1890. Surgeon-Col. Jayakar [P.l 
b. 6; c, d.
ad. sk. 
$ Aden, Feb. 26, 1896. Oapt. EL J. Keteall [P.], 
e, f. Imm. sk. Massowa, Abyssiniancoast, Aug. 24 (W. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Jesse). 
ff. S ad. sk. Massowa, Aug. 25. W. T. Bknford, Esc[. [C.]. 

APPENDIX TO HERODIONES. 27 9 

h. Ad. sk. Suakin. Capt. Carpenter [P.]. 
£ Ad. sk. 
Suakin. Surgeon-Captain Penton 
[P.]. 

Add:— ^a&e 175. Butorides striata. 

Ardea cyanura, Phelps, Auk, xiv. p. 367 (1897 : Beimudez, Vcne 
zuela)" 

f, gf-6 ad. sk. Santa Elena, Uruguay. Nov., 0. V. Aplin. Esq. 
Feb. * [C.I 
h\ Ad. sk. Parana Boyassu, Lower F. 0."" Pickard-Cani-
Amazon, Jan. 1896. bridge, Esq. [P.]. 

Page 175. Add:—Butorides robinsoni. 
Butorides robinsoni, Riclgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. p. 655 (1896). 

This species appears to be closely related to B. striata, but is 
considerably smaller, and the colour of the fore and hind neck and 
edge of wing approaches that of B. virescens. (Ridgway.) 


Mab. Margarita Island. 

j^L : Page 177. Butorides javanica. 

Butorides javanica, Bourns fy Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnes. Acad. 

i. p. 32 (1894: TawiTawi, Calaraianes, Mindoro, Tablas, Silmyan, 
Masbate, Siquijor) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 267 (Albay, 
S.E. Luzon); Shelley, B. Afr. i. p. 157 (1896). 
m5-o5. Ad. sk. Pachim, Siam, March 1897 Royal Siamese 
(Stanley S. slower). Museum [E.]. 
p\ 2 Juv-sk-S-W* Formosa, Nov. 9 (P. A. Seebohra Coll. 
Bolst). 
q%. (S ad. sk. Manitoe, Albay distr., S.E. John Whitehead, 
Luzon, Aug. 8. Esq. [C.]. 
r5. S l"uv. sk. Luzon, Aug. 20. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[C.]. 
s*. 2 ad. sk. Oalauan, Luzon, July 17. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]. 
if. 2 l'uv. sk. Cebu, March 17. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]. 

u$. d ad. sk. Guimaras. June 7. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[C.]. 
vK 2 "imm- Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 16. Prof. J. B. Steere 

s^*

w% 3?* S ad. sk. Marinduque, May 12. Prof. J. B. Steere 

v5. zK 2 ad. et Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 24, Prof. J. B. Steere 
Fjuv.ak. Nov. 28. [C.]. 

?a£e 181

Add •—' Butorides amurensis. 
Butorides amurensis, Everett, Ibis, 1895, p. 38 (Palawan). 


if k. S2 *&-', Amoor Gruif, E. Siberia, Seebohni Coll. 
/, d juv. sk. Aug. 15 (Dorries). 


280 
APPrSDIX TO HEHODIOHES. 

m. g ad. sk. Okinawa-Shima, April 4 Seebokm Coll. 
(p. A . mist). 
n. 
£ ad. sk. Amoy, Aug. So (JR. Stein- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe), 
o. Ad. sk. Formosa, March (It. Stein- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). 
p. 
£ ad. sk. Samar Island, Philippine Prof. J. B. Steere ~C/\ 
Archipelago, April 6. 
q. 9imm.sk. La Trinidad, Benguet district, John Whitehead, Esq. 
X.W. Luzon, Feb. 1. [C.]. 
r. 
c ad. sk. Tondano Lake, X. Celebes, C. Hose, Esq. ~C.~. 
2000 feet, Xov. 
?a e 18S*

Add •—o Bntorides stagnatHis. 

e'. 6 ad.;/'. $ Suva, Fiji, Feb. 14 (-EL £. Seebohm Col. 
juv. sk. Layard). 

^a&e 18^*

Add:— Bntorides snndevalil 

Butoxides plumbeus, Bidgic. Proe. U.S. Kai, Mm. six. p. 602 (1800). 
Bntorides sundevalli, Beicken. J. f. O. 187 7, p. 253; Sharjje, Bull 
Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii (1885). 

Add *— ^a»e -^* Bntorides virescens. 

Ardea virescens, Field, Auk, xL p. 121 (1894: Port Henderson, 
Jamaica); Stone, t c. p. 136 (New Jersey; summer) ; A. O. U. 
Ckeck-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 73 (1895); Young, Auk, xiii. 

p. 281 (1896 : Pennsylvania); Bailey, t. e. p. 202 (Pennsylvania); 
Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 132 (1896J: Christy, Ibk7 
1897, p. 339 (S. Domingo). 
Ardea virescens frazari, A. 0. 27. Check-l. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 73 (1895); Midgw. Man. 2nd ed. p. 586 (1896). 
Ardea bnmneseens, Ridgw. Man. 2nd ed. p. 131 (1896). 
Bntorides virescens, Underwood, Ibis, 1897, p. 450 (Mlravalles, 
Costa Pica). 

b5. § ad- sk. Andros Island, Bahamas, Neville Chamberlain, 
April 18,1896. Esq. [P.], 

Page 186. Add:—Bntorides anthonyi. 

Ardea virescens anthonyi, Mearm, Auk, xii p. 257 (1895: Lower 
California); Bidgio. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 586 (1896); 
Hep. A. 0. U. Comm. Auk, xiv. p. 119 (1897). 

Similar to Ardea (Bntorides) virescens of the Eastern United 
States, but slightly larger and paler thronghont, with the light 
markings of the wings, neck, and throat much less restricted and 
whiter. (B. A. Mearns.) 

Bah. Colorado desert, Lower California. 
I have not seen a specimen of this race, which is probably not 
distinct from B. virescens. 

APPENDIX TO HERODIOOT3S. 28 1 

?aSe

Add •— 191. TIGEORMS. 
Type. 
Tigriornis, Sharpe, Bull Brit, Orn. Club, v. p. xiv 
(1895) .. , T. leucolopka. 

Add: Pa g e !91. Tigrornis leucoloplia. 
Tigromis leucoloplia, Shelley, B. Afr. i. p. 158 (1896). 


Add: Page 194. Tigrisoma lineatum. 
Tigriosoma lineatum, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii (1895). 
s, t Ad. et juv. sk. Britisli Guiana. J. J. Quelch & F. V. 
McConnell, Esqrs. [P.]. 

Add: Page 1^5. Tigrisoma marmoratnm. 

Tigrisoma marinoratum, Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145; Sharpe, 
Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii (1895). 

b. Ad. sk. Fortin Page, Rio Pilcomayo, J. Graham Kerr, Esq. 
July 25; 1890. [C.]. 
Add . Page 196. Tigrisoma balrise. (Plate II. A.) 
Tigriosoma bahise, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xiv (1895). 

Add: ^age 196. Tigrisoma fasciatum. 

Tigriosoma fasciatum, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii 
(1895). 

Add: ^ a § e !97. Tigrisoma salmoni. 
Tigriosoma salmoni, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii (1895). 

PaSe 198

Add:—- HETEEOCKTTS. 

Heterocnus, Sharpe, Bull Brit Orn. Club, v. p. xiv 
(1895) H. eabanisi. 

^1 . Page 198. Heterocnus eabanisi. 
Tigrisoma cabauisi, Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450 (Costa Rica). 


j^jfa. Page 202. Ardeola ralloides. 
Ardea ralloides, Beichen. J.f 0.1877, p. 256; WhitaTcer, Ibis, 1895, 

p. 104 (N. Tunis). 
Ardeola ralloides, Sharpe, Bull Brit Orn. Club, v. p. xii (1895); 
id. Sandb. Brit B. iii. p. 83 (1896). 
Herodias 
ralloides, Shelley, Ibis, 1896, p. 239 (Lake Shirwa); 
id. B. Afr. i. p. 156 (1896). 

2S2 APPENDIX TO HEBODIOXES. 

z'. Ad. sk. Lower Danube,May 27 (IE &). Seebohni Coll. 
a". Ad. sk. Near Seville (-4. !&«;;). Hargitt Coll. 
b". Juv. sk. Potcbefstroom, Jan. 3 (21 Seebohni Coll. 

Ay res), 
c". c? ad. sk. Zomba Plain, Xvasa-land, Sir H. H. Jolinston 
Dec. 21 (A Whyte). ~?r. 

Pas;e 206. Ardeola idee. 

Add:-
Ardeola idse, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xii {1S95); id. 
Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 8(5 (1^96). 
Herodias idse, Shelley, B. Afr. I p. 157 (1896). 

^£3. Page 207. Ardeola grayi. 

Ardeola grayi, Sha7mpe} Bull. Brit. Or a. Club, T. p. xii < 189.3j . 

o3. 1mm. sk. Pachim, Slam, March 11,1897 Itoyal Siamese Mu(
Stanley 8. Flower). ^eum ~E.~. 
j?3, ^3. Ad. sk. Kabin, Siam, March 29, 1897 Ito\ al Siamese Mu{
Stanley S. Floicer). seum "E.^. 

^ ^ . Page 211, Ardeola bacclras. 

Ardeula baccbus, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Or?i, Club, v. p. xii (1895). 

n'. <$ ad.sk Foochow, May 22 [J2. Svinhoe). Seebuhm Coll. 
o'. Juv. sk. Foochow, winter (1L Swuthoe). Seebuhiti Coll. 

f/. Imm.sk. Foochow {Campbell). Be bnhiu Coll. 
q'. cfad.sk. Amoy, Feb. 3 (I?, kicinhoe). Seebuhm Coll. 
r'. cj1 ad. sk. Amoy, April 21 (IL SiL'inkoe'l. Seebohm Coll. 

{Type of --i. prat-inoscdib.) 
s'. Ad. sk. Formosa, Dec. (M. Swiakoe). tJeebuhm Coll. 

^j . Page 213. Bnbulcns lucidns. 

Bubulcus lucidus, Sfiarpe, Bull Brit. Or a. Club, v. p. xiii (1893) ; 

id. Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 86 (1890). 
Ardea bubulcus, Yerbury, Ibis, 1890, p. 37 (Aden : Lahej, breeding)., 
Herodias lucidus, Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 157 (l&Ut>). 

a". § ad. sk. La Marisma, S. Spain, May Seebohm Coll 
(A. Muiz), 
b". 2 ad. sk. Seville, June (A. Muk). Hargitt Coll. 
c". cS ad. sk. Maroeco (Olcese). Haipitt Coll. 
<T, e". Ad. sk. Aden. CcL'Yerbury ;P.]. 
f ' . Ad. sk. Lahej, near Aden, Feb. 25. Capt. Nurse* ~P/. 
g". Ad. sk. Transvaal (J. Clark). J. E. Harting, ""Esq. 
h". (S ad. sk. Potcbefstroom, Feb. 24 SeeboW Coll. 
z7'. Ad. sk.
{T. Ayr*). 
Kampala, Uganda, Dee. 5. Dr, Ansorge [C.], 

j^ftcL. Page 217. Bubulcus eoromaiidiis. 

Bubulcus coromandus, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 256 (lfe73); Ball, Sir. F, 

ii. p. 434 (1874); Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 349 (1876); Hume, 
APPENDIX TO HEEODIONES. 

Sir. F. 21. p. 338 (1888: Manipur) ; Bourns fy Worcester, Occ. 
Papers Minnes. Acad. i. p. 32 (1894: Tablas, Masbate) ; Ogilvie 
Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 267 (Oatanduanes) ,• Jesse, Ibis, 1897, p. 561 
(Lucknow). 

Buphus corornandus, Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 23 (1876); Fairbanh, t c. 

p. 263; Hume fy Davison, Str. F. yi. p. 481 (1878). 
a\ , Ad. sk. Amoy (B. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll, 
bK Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa (B. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
Ad. sk. Verac, Oatanduanes Isl., S.E. John Whitehead, 
Luzon, Sept. 21. Esq. [0.]. 
d\ $ ad.sk. Sibulan, Negros, March 2. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]. 

e\ d ad.sk. Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 17. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[C.]. 
/4. 2 ad. sk. Guimaras, Jan. 26. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]. 
f-$ ad. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 5. Prof. J. B. Steere 

[C.J. 
hK Ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Prof. J. B. Steere 
Sept. [0.]. 
i\ Ad. sk. Balabac, Sept. 26. Prof. J. B. Steere 

m 

Add. Page 222. Ardetta minuta. 

Axdea minuta, Hume, Nests fy Bggs Ind. B. p. 624 (1873) ; Oates, 
ed, Hume's Nests $ Bggs Ind. B. iii. p. 257 (1890); Whitaher, 
Ibis, 1895, p. 104 (N. Tunis); Eagle Clarke, t. c. p. 197 (Rhoue 
delta); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xiii (1895); id. 
Handb. Brit. B. iii. p. 89, pi. Ixviii. (1896). 

a". Juv. st. Havre, N". France, Oct. 10, Hargitt Coll. 
1872 (F". Pluehe). 

b". 6 ad. sk. Near Elboeuf (Noury). Hargitt Coll. 

c". d ad. sk. Tschinas, Turkestan, April 23 Seebohm Coll. 

(V. Bussoio), 
d". $ ad. sk. Lenkoran, May 13. Seebohm Coll. 
^dd: ^a£e ^. Ardetta podicipes. 

Ardetta podicipes, Sharpe, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, v. p. xiii (1895). 
Ardetta podiceps, Yerbury, Ibis, 1896, p. 37 (Aden) ; Shelley, B. 
Afr. i. p. 158 (1896). 

^dd: ^a»e 227. Ardetta sinensis. 

Ardetta sinensis, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1156 (1880); Bourns fy 
Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnes. Acad. i. p. 32 (1894: Tawi 
Tawi; Calamianes; Mindoro; Tablas; Sibulan ; Masbate ; 
Siquijor); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1896; p. 127 (Cape Engafio, N.E. 
Luzon). 

A3. J ad. sk. Hakodadi, Aug. (Blakiston). Seebohm Coll. 
i8. Ad. sk. Canton {S. Bligh). Seebohm Coll. 
kzf P. Ad. sk. Amoy, July (B. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
mz. Juv. sk. Formosa (P. A. Hoist). Seebohm Coll. 

28 4 APPENDIX TO HEEODIONEB. 

ri" 2 ad. sk. Manila Bay, Luzon, April 11. John Whitehead, 

+ 
Esq. [C.]. 
o\ 
S ad. sk. Mindoro, June 10. D. 0. Worcester, 
Esq. [C.J. 


f. 
? ad.sk. Marinduque, Mayl7. Prof. J. B. Steere, 
[C.]tf3, 
r\ <$ P ad. sk. Guam, Caroline Islands, Feb. 8 Hon. Walter Both(
Alan Owstori). schild [P.]. 

^ 
. ' Page 231. Ardetta exilis. 

Ardetta 
exilis, Field, Auk, xi. p. 121 (1894: Port Henderson, 
Jamaica); A. 0. U. Check-L N. Amer. B. p. 70 (1895). 
Botaurus exilis, Cooke, Auk, xi. p. 183 (1894: Colorado); Midgza. 
Man, K. Amer. B. p. 127 (1896), 

b", c". £ ad. sk. Lake Ontario, Canada West C. J. Phelips, Esq. 
[P.]. 
d", e". d $ ad. Toronto. J. H. Fleming, Esq. 
sk. * [P.]. 

^ ^ . Page 233. Ardetta ueoxeaa. 

Ardetta neoxena, A. 0. U. Chech-L N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 70 
(1895); Chapman, Auk, xiii. p. 11, pi. i. (1896); Cherrie, & c. 

p. 79 (Wisconsin); Ames, Auk, xiv. p. 411 (1897: Toronto). 
Botaurus neoxenus*, Midgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 127 
(1896). 
^^ . Page 234. Ardetta erytkromelas. 
Ardetta erythromelas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Dm. CM>, v. p. xiii 
(1895). 
/. Juv. sk. Savana of British Gfuiana. J. J. Quelch & F. V. 
McConnell, Esqrs. 
CP.]. 
j^&fi. Page 235. Ardetta involucris. 


Hah. British Guiana. 

g. 
Ad. sk, Savana of British Guiana. J- J. Quelch & F. V. 
McConnell. Esqrs. 
j^dj. Page 236. Ardetta cinaamomea. 

Ardetta cinnamomea, Bourns fy Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnes. 
Acad. i. p. 32 (1894 : Cebu; Tawi Tawi; Tablas); OgUvie Grantf 
Ibis, 1895, p. 266 (Catanduanes IsL, Luaon), 1896, p. 127 (Manila 
Bay, JSF.E. Luzon). 

s\ $ ad. sk. Etawah district, Feb. 5 (A. Seebohm Coll. 
Anderson), 

f. Juv. sk. Calcutta. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
* Not neoxerius, as printed by mistake, antea, p. 233. 
u\ v5. Ad. sk.

w57 a?. S $ ad.

sk.

y\ 9. ad. sk.

z*. 5 hum. sk.

a6. § ad. sk.

bB 

. 5 ad. sk.
eQ. $ ad. sk.
d\ S ad.sk.
e&. § ad. sk.

f& 

. £ ad. sk.

f. & ad. sk.
li\ Ad. sk.
in 

. $ ad. sk.
k\ 9. ad. sk.

/6. 9 ad. sk.

^^.

p, g, c? ; r9 s. Jad. sk.
t» S ad- &&

u. 2 ad. sk.
v. 2 ad. sk.
j^^ .

APPENDIX TO HBEODIOKES.

 Graro Hills. 
Fung-shan, Formosa, Dec, Jan.


 (It. Swirihoe). 

 S.W. Formosa (JR. Swinhoe). 
Kamana, Formosa, Feb. 2 (P.
A. mist). 
La Trinidad, Benguet district,

N.W. Luzon, March 17. 
Manila Bay, Luzon, April 25. 
Catanduanes Isl., Sept. 18.

 Luzon, Aug. 20.

 Calauan, Luzon, July 13.

 Concepcion, Panay, Jan. 16.

 Guiniaras, Jan. 6.

 Mindanao, Oct.

 Ayala. Mindanao. Oct.

 Marinduque, May 12.

 Calapan, Mindoro, May 29.

 285 

 Godwin-Austen Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohni Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


 John Whitehead, Esq. 
[C|. 
John Whitehead, Esq. 

 JohnWhitehead,Esq. 
[0.]. 
Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]. 
Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]. 
Prof. J. B. Steere 

 Prof. J. B. Steere 
[C.]. 
Prof. J. B. Steere 
[C.]. 
Prof. J. B. Steere 

 Prof. J. B. Steere 

rc.j. 

 Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]. 

 Page 242. MaBnocnus eurythmus. 

 Chefoo, May (It. Swinhoe). Seebokm Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 6. Prof. J. B. Steere 
[0.]


 Mindanao, Oct. 1888. F. S. Bourns, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Tondano Lake, N. Celebes, C. Hose, Esq. [C.]. 
2000 feet, Oct. 

 Page 247. Dupetor flavicollis. 

Ardetta flayicollis, Bourns §* Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnes. Acad, 

i. p. 32 (1894: Cebu). 
*". 2 jur. sk. Ningpo, Aug. (B. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
t". Ad. sk. Hankow, summer (E. Swin- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). 
M". Ad. sk. Foochow {Campbell). Seebohm Coll. 

j^a , Page 253. Botaurus stellaris. 

Botaurus stellaris, Whitaher, Ibis, 1895, p. 104 (N. Tunis) ; Eagh 
Clarke, t. c. p. 197 (Rhone delta) : Sharpe, Handb. Brit. B. 

iii. p. 92, pi. lsix. (1896) ; K. L. Popham, Ibis, 1897, p. 99 
(Yenesaisk). 
APPENDIX TO HERODIOKBS. 

n\ c? nd. sk. St. Vigors, near Havre, N. Hargitt Coll. 
France, Dec. 7, 1875 (F. 


JPluehe). 
r'. Ad. sk. At trek River (Napier). Seebohm Coll. 


at^ gk


70'-?/. $ Futtehp-urh district, Dec- Seebohm Coll. 
March (A. Anderson). 
z'. Ad. sk. Swatow (JR. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
a". Ad. sk. Chefoo, Oct. 6 (JR. Swirihoe). Seebohm Coll. 
b". $ ad. sk. llakodadi, Japan, May (Capt. Seebohm Coll. 

Blakiston). 

^jd: -^aoe 258. Botanrns poeciloptilus. 

t. 
Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott 
[P.]. 
u, 
v. d ad. sk. Noumea, New Caledonia, July, Seebohm Coll. 
Oct. (JS. L. Layard). 

£&&. Pago 259. Botaurus lentiginosns. 

Botaurus lentiginosis, Biehm. fy Knowlton, Auk, xi. p. 302 (1894: 
Montana); A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 70 (1895); 
Ridaia. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 126 (1896); Sharpe, Eandb. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 95 (1896). 

BAL^ttCIPITHLE.

 287 

Family II. BAL^ENICIPITIDiE. 

1. BALJ3NICEPS. _ 
Type. 
Balaeniceps, Gould, P. Z. S.1851, p. 1 B. rex. 

Range. The region of the Upper "White Nile. 

1. Balaeniceps rex. 
Balseniceps 
rex, Gould, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 1, pi. xxxv. (Upper White 
Nile); Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 11, pi. 68; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. 

p. 143 (1855); Heugl J. f. O. 1855, p. 65; Brehm, torn. tit. 
p. 488 (Kartoum); Heugl Syst. Uvbers. p. 60 (1856); Parker, 
Trans. Zool Soc. iv. pp. 269-851, pis. lxiv.-lxvii. (1860); Reinh. 
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 377; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 131-134, 
figs. 1-3 (pterylography); A. Newton, Ibis, 1862, p. 79; Hartm. 
J. f; O. 1864, p. 235 (Gazelle R.)j Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. 
p. 105 (1864) ; Wolf, Zool. Sketches, 2nd series (1864) ; 
8chl Bierent p. 246, cum fig. (1872); Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 34, 
no. 10183 (1871); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1095 (1873); 
Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, pp. 232, 276; Hartl Ibis, 1883, p. 233; 
Johnston, torn. cit. p. 578 (Cune"n<§); id. River Congo, p. 370 (1884) ; 
Slmrpe, ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 727 (1884); Beddard, P. Z. S. 
1888, pp. 284-290 (anatomy); Junker, Travels in Africa, 
pp. 45, 65 (1892: White Nile). 
Adult. General colour above dark ashy, the feathers of the 
mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts having a slight greenish gloss 
and fringed with dull white; the median and greater coverts light 
ashy grey at their ends; quills and tail blackish, with a slight 
greenish or purplish gloss, the inner secondaries like the back ; 
head and nape, which is slightly crested, dark slaty grey; sides of 
face, neck, and under surface of body paler and more hoary grey, 
with some lanceolate black-centred feathers on the fore-neck; 
abdomen and under tail-coverts white: "bill ochraceous, obliquely 
streaked with dusky blackish; lores and feet leaden black; bare 
part of chin olivaceous ; iris sometimes pale yellowish, sometimes 
greyish white; palate and tongue ashy ^flesh-colour " (Heuglin). 
Total length about 46 inches, culmen 8*1, wing 26, tail 10, 
tarsus 10. 

Young. Everywhere browner, and not so ashy in colour as the 
adults. 

Hal. Upper White Nile. 

a. Ad. sk. White Nile. Purchased. 
b. Juv. st. White Nile. Consul Petherick [O.]. 
c. Skeleton. 
Zool. Soc. 
d. Skull. 
Zool. Soc. 
SC0PID.2E. 

Family III. SCOPIML 

1. SCOPUS. 
Type. 
Scopus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 618 (1788) S. umbretta. 

S. umbretta. 
Cepphus, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, p. 73 

Range. The entire Ethiopian Eegion. 

1. Scopus tunbretta. 
L'Ombrette, Briss. Orn. v. p. 503 (1760); Buff. Mist Nat. 01$. vii. 
p. 440 (1780). 
L'Ombrette du Senegal, D'Aubmt. Bl Bnl. viii. pi. 706. 
The Umbre, Brown, Illustr. Zool p. 907 pi. xxxv. (1776). 
Tufted Umbre, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 30, pi. ML (1785). 
Scopus uinbretta, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 618 (1788); Stephens, in 
Shaw's Gen. Zool ad. pt 2, p. 636, pi. 50 (1819); Bowd. Rrcurs. 
Africa, p. 230 (1825) ; Denham <§* Clapperton, Travels in Africa, 

ii. App. p. 202 (1826); Less. Traite cVOm. p. 577 (1831); Vieill 
Gal Ois. ii. p. 250 (1834) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 121 (1845: 
Senaar and Abyssinia); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p 588 (1847) ; Reichen.. 
Grail tab. 86. fig. 513 (1848) ; Licht. Nomencl. Mm. Berol p. 90 
(1854: N. Africa; Arabia); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 144 (1855); 
JEeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 60 (1856: Senaar; White Nile; Abyssinia) 
; Eartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 229 (1857: Senegambia; Cazamanze; 
Gaboon; Congo); Sehl. Handl Bierhunde, ii. p. 422, 
pi. vii. fig. 85 (1857); Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 248 (Natal); Cass. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Bhilad. 1859, p. 174 (Gamma and Muni 
Rivers); Grill, Zool Antechn. pp. 11, 55 (1859); HariL Faun. 
Madag. p. 76 (1861); id. J.f.O. 1861, p. 270 (Bissao); Mont. 
Ibis, 1862, p. 333 (Angola); Schl Mus. Pays-Bos, Ciconia, p. 15 
(1863: S. Africa; Kaffraria; Abvssinia); Itoch fy Newt Ibis, 
1863, p. 170 (Madagascar); Scl. PJZ. S. 1863, p. 164 (Moromanga, 
Madagascar): Pollen, Nat. Tijdschr. Bierh. i. p. 321 (1863); Kirk, 
Ibis, 1804, p. 333 (Zambesi); Antin. Cat. deser. Ucc. p. 105 (1864); 
Scl P. Z. S.1864, p. 114 (common on the coast of Kazeh); Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 312 (1867); Grandid. Mev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, 
p. 420 (S.E. coast of Madagascar); Chapm. Travels S. Afr. ii. 
App. p. 418 (1868); Schl $ Poll Faune Madag.y Ois. p. 128 
(1868); Cab. in Yon der DecTeen's Beis., Vog. p. 48 (1869); Blanf 
Geol $ Zool Abyss, p. 436 (1870); Fimeh, Tram. Zool Soc. 
vii. p. 298 (1870); id. # Hartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 727 (1870); 
Gray, Sand-l B. iii. p. 34, no. 10181 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 265 (Transvaal) ; Schl Dierent. p. 244, euni %. (1872) ; 
Gurney in Anderss. B. Bain. Ld. p. 294 (1872 : Damara & 
Great Namaqua-land); Antin. <§• Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 150 
(1873: Anseba); Hettgl Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. p. 1091 (1873); 
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 389 (Limpopo River); Meichen. J.f O. 
1874, p. 379 (Gold Coast); id. op. cit. 1875, p. 48; BartMt, 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68 (Madagascar) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 86 
(Durban); Sharpe 8f Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 53 
(1876: Landana); Boeage,J.f O. 1876, p. 306 (Rio Chimba); 
1. SGOPUS. 289 
Tana di.tr.; Kati; Wito); iid. J.f 0. 1879, p. 339 (Ulimi); 
Oustalet, Nouu. Arch. Mas. (2) ii. Bull. p. 145 (1879) j Ay res, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 208 (Transvaal); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 457 
(1881: HiiDibe); She^ey, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 600 (Usambara Hills); 
Skarpe in Oates's Matabeh Land, App. B. p. 327 (1881: Makalapsi 
R.); Milne-Edwards 8f Granted. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. 

p. 514, pis. eevm.-c-x. (1S82) ; Sate. Cat Striokl. Coll. p, 522 
i 1882); Rolub $ Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 277 cum tab. 
(18^2); Bdhm. J.f. 0. 1882, p. 102 (Kakoma) ; Shelley, Ibis, 
1882, p. ;jt"4 (Ma^hoona); Butler, Feilden, § Beid, Zoologist, 
1882. p. 344 (Natal); Beddard, P. Z. S. 1884, pp. 544-553 
(anatomy); Skarpe, ed. LayaroVs B. S. Afr. p. 725 (1884); 
Johnston, Rivf>r Congo, p. 370 (1884): Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 
I. p. 384 (1884: Cheat Aruscha); Sahad. Ann. Mm. Genov. (2) 
i p. 220 (l-8i: Shoa); Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 118 Tangani; 
Aruscha; Naiwa>eha Lake); HarUrt,Jf 0. 1886, p 606 (Loko, 
R. Niger); Reichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 48 (Victoria Nyanza, breeding) 
; Matsche, t. c. p. 146 (Likulwe); Reichen." t. c. p. 299 
(Manyaiipa); Sahtd. Arm. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 315 (1888: 
Shoa;; Biltfik, Notes Leyd. Mus, ix. p. 244 (1888: Htimpata) ; 
id. op. mi. xi. p. 100 (1889: Upper Cunene River): Gurney, Ibis, 
3b9U, p. 127 (Ghasrira, 4500 ft., Southern slope of Kilimanjaro); 
Reichen. J.f O. lVl)0, p. 308 (Cameroons); id. ibid. 1891, p. 142 
(Naiiijrwira^Ugojro); Emin, t. c. p. 345 (Albert Nvan^a); Beddard, 
P. Z. S. Ib01, p." 18, fipr. 4b; Sibree, Ibis, 1891, p. 211 (Madagascar) 
; Bendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 227 (Gambia) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 342 
(Machakos); Newton, Diet. Birds, ii. p. 405 (1895); Reichen. 
Tog. dmt*eh-Ost-Afr. p. 61, fig. 32 (1894); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, 

p. 477 (Fort Lister, Nvasa-land); Fleck, J. f O. i894, p. 387 
(S.W. Africa) ; 8harpe,*P. Z. S. 1895, p. 511 (Somali-land) ; Scl 
8f Saunders, Ibis, 1895, p. 500 ; Sjostedt, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 
27, no. 1, p. 32 (1895: Cameroons); Shufeldt, Science Monthly, 
xlvi. p. 700 (1895); Yerbury, Ibis, 1896, p. 38 (Aden); Shelley, 
t. c. p. 176 (Nya-a-land); id. B. Africa, i. p. 159 (1896) ; Woodward, 
Ibis, 1897, p. 415 (Zulu-land); Sharpe, t. c. p. 517. 
Cepphus &eopu^, WagL Syst. Av. p. 74 (1827). 
Ardea fusca, Forst. I)escr. Anim. p. 47 (1844). 


Adult male. General colour above brown -with a slight gloss of 
bronzy-purple, especially on the wings and tail; the primary-coverts 
and primaries bronzy-brown, with dusky-brown ends and reddish-
brown shafts; head very strongly crested and brown in colour like 
the back, the long crest-feathers a little blacker; sides of face 
brown, streaked with ashy brown ; under surface of body brown, 
with a slight appearance of ashy-brown streaks on the throat and 
fore-neek, the chin more ashy; tail light brown, barred with 
blackish or purplish brown, and having a broad band of purplish 
brown before the end of the tail, which is whity-brown; under 
wing-coverts and quill-lining brown, the latter with a purplish 
gloss; under tail-coverts light brown, with very distinct bars of 
darker brown: " bill horn-black; feet dingy black; iris umber-

VOL. xxiv. XT 

290 SC0PID2E. 

"brown" (Beuglin). Total length 20 inches, culmen 3*5,wing 12*5, 
tail 6*7. tarsus 2-55. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length. 
20 inches, culmen 3-05, wing 11*8, tail 6, tarsus 2*55. 
Hab. The whole of Africa below the Sahara. Arabia. Mada


gascar. 

•a. Ad. sk. 
b. (S ad. sk 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d, e. Ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 

g. $ ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
*. <$ ad. sk. 
k. <? ad. sk. 
1 Ad. sk. 
w, n. $ ad. sk. 


o. Ad. sk. 
P, q-6 $ ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk 
t. $ ad. sk. 
South Africa. 

Ceres, Cape Colony (Q. E. &). 
^&\{T.Ayres). 

Durban, Natal, April 14 
(<?. E. &). 
Pietermaritzberg, April 21. 

Orange Free State, June 8 

(T. E. Buckley). 
Potehefstroom, Transvaal, 
JuneS (T. Ayres). 
Shoshong, Matabele-land, 
Aug. 7 (F. Oates). 
Fort Lister, Nyasa-land, 
July 2 {A. Whyte). 
Angola. 

Mac-hakos, British East 
Africa, Oct. 28. 
Farf anj er, Somali-land. 

Angolala, Shoa, May {Sir W. 

C. Karris)*
Ain, Bogos-land, July 6 ( W. 
Jesse). 

Aden. 
Mour^ndava, E. Madagascar 


J. E. Harting, Esq. 
Shelley Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Shelley CoH 

Capt. Savile G-. Eeid 

Shelley CoH. 

Gurney OoIL 

W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
EsqrsJP.]. 
Sir H. BL Johnston 
[P.]. 
Monteiro Coll. 
Dr.S. L.Hmde[P.> 

J. Benet Stanford, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Ii,dia Museum* 

Tweeddale Coil. 

Colonel Yerbuiy [P.]. 
Leyden Museum. 

CICONHDJE. 
291 

Family IV. CICONIIDiE. 

Key to the Sul-famities. 

a. 
Bill straight along the line of the culmen, 
or only sliglitly decurved; the lower 
mandible having the genjs recurved, but 
never decurved CICONIINJE, p, 291. 
b 
Bill smooth and decurved, the lower mandible 
following the curve of the upper 
one towards the tip TANTALTNM} p. 321. 

Sub-family CICONIINiE. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Under tail-coverts stiffened and elongated 
so as to appear like rectrices, and 
often equalling or even much exceeding 
the latter in length. 
a\ Black tail-feathers long, equalled by 
the white under teil-coverts, the 
two centre rectrices slightly snorter 
than the rest, causing a small fork; 
sides of face and upper throat bare. 1. ABDIMIA, p, 292. 

bK Tail-feathers black, arranged in the 
form of a deeply cleft fork, and 
exceeded by the white under tail-
coverts, which surpass most of the 
rectrices in length and appear as if 
they were true rectrices. 


a". "Legs very short, the tarsus not 
twice the length of the middle 
toe and claw; sides of face and 
throat feathered 2. DISSTJRA, p. 294. 

b". Legs much longer, the tarsus more 
than twice the length of the 
middle toe and claw; lores and 
xegion of the eye bare, as also the 
sides of the upper throat; sides 
of iace and centre of throat 
feathered .. . 3. ETTXENTJTRA, p. 297. 

b. Under tail-coverts ordinary, not stiffened 
and not exceeding the length of the 
tail-feathers. 
d. 
Culmen shorter than tarsus ; bill not 
gaping towards the end, and the 
geuys nearly straight throughout.. 4. CICONIA, p. 298. 
d\ 
Culmen longer than tarsus; bill 
gaping widely towards the tip j edge 
TJ2 


292 
CICOXIIDJE. 

of upper mandible furnished with 
lamella? : the srenys strongly curved 
upwards'towards the end 5. AxASTOirrs, p. 306. 

ef. Culmen very long:, equal to the tarsus 

•which is also of great length ; genys 
\ ery strongly upcurved towards the 
tip. 
c". Head covered with metallic glossy 
plumes. 


a3. Lore» and region of eye feathered: 
no "saddle5* "on the "p. 810. 
bill 6. XENOBHYXCHUS. 

b3. Lores and region of eye bare: "p. -)12r 
a " saddle'" acros& the "bill ... . 7. EPHXPPIOBH\>CHC&, 

d". 
Head and neck bare, except for 
a few downy feathers on the 
occiput ../.... ... 8. MTCTEBIA, p. 314. 

e. Under tail-coverts composed of beautiful 
soft downy plumes; bill enormous; 
head and neck bare or with some Huffy 
down j from the chest a pendent pouch. 9. LEPTOPTFLVS, p. #15, 
1. 
ABDIHIA. _ 
Type. 
Sphenorhynchtis (nee Keuwied, 1831), Eempr. § Mr. 
Symb. Pfojs. fol. F (18-12) v A. abflimii. 
Abdimia, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 106 (1855j ........ A. aLdimiL 

Range. The greater part of Tropical Africa from Xur ia south, 
but not occurring on the West Coast. Also in Southern Arabia, 
Said to have occurred in Spain. 


1. Abdimia abdimii 
Ciconia abdimii, Licht. Terz. JDovbL p. 76 (1623: "Niih'm I: Crrtztrhm* 
inBiipp. Atlas, p. 11, tab. 8 (1826); Wagl &y&. Av„ Ciconia, 
sp. 10, p. 142 (1627) ;Zess. Traite cTOrn. p. 580 flSSlf: Gray, Lid 
Grail Brit. Mm. p. 88 (1844; Abyssinia); IJes Mvr* hi Lefebvre's 
Voy. Abyss, p. 150 (1845: Senaar): Hupp. Si/si. Uehers* 
p. 122 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 5tfl (18481: BrAm. J.f O, 
1858, p. 102 (Sudan); Vierth. Kaumannia, 1853, p. 21; Bn-Imt, 

J.f.O.1854, p. 81,1855, p. 488,1856, p. 404 ; Vierth. Kauma^da, 
1856, p. 75; Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 227 (1857: SeneganJia); 
Meugl Ibis, 1859, p. 346 (Dahalai & Tadjiira, autumn) ; id. Jl f 
O. 1862, p. 402 (Kartum), 1863, p. 270 (Central Africa); SchL 
Mm. Pays-Bas, Ciconiae, p. 5 (1864) ; Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 315 
(1867); Chapm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 418 (IBCM: Lake Nprnmi), 
Blanf. GeoL $ Zool. Abym, p. 486 (1870; Anneslev Bay) : Finsek 
Tram. Zool BOG. VK. p. 298 (1870: Undel WeUs; "Senate; Bfjook): 
id. Sf Earth Fog. Ostafr.y. 721 (1870); Gray, Bmid-l B. Iii. p. 3& 
no. 10189 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 393 (Spain); Meugl 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1104 (1873: breeding); Antin. f Sahitd. 
Viagg. Bogos, p. 150 (1873: Keren); Emgl J.f 0. 1874, p. 51 
(Wadi Haifa); Socage, J. f. O. 1876, ^. 801, 440 (Cunene R.); 
Seichm. J.f.O. 1877, pp. 169, 276; Cah J.f 0.1878? p. 245 
1. ABDIMIi.. 293 
(Ukamba) ; Dresser, B. Bur. vi. p. 295 (1880); Bocac/e, Orn. 
Angola, p. 451 (1881: Capangonibe; Quillengues; Humbe); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1872, p. 364 (Maskona-land ); Sharpe, eel. Layard's 

B. S. Afr. p. 730'(1884); Bohm. J. f. 0.1885, pp. 39,52 (Kikorna); 
Schaloio, J.f 0.1886, p. 431 (Marungu); Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 297 
(Transvaal); Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 50 (Victoria Nyanza); 
Matschie, t. c. p. 146 (Marungu, Nov.); Buttih. Notes Leyd. Mus. 
x. p. 244 (1888: Kasinora R.); id. op. cit. xi. pp. 78} 99 (1889); 
Reichen. Vdg. deutsch-Ost~Afr. p. 59(1894: Igonda; Ukamba; 
Tanjanika; Victoria Nyanza); Kuschel, J.f. 0. 1895, p. 91; 
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 159 (1896); Yerhury, Ibis, 1896, p. 38 
(Aden, March). 
Sphenorhynchus abdimii, Hempr. $ JEhr. Si/mb. Rhys, fol. F. tab. 5 
(1832); Reicheab. Grail tab. xciii. fig. 455 (1850); Eartl J.f 0. 
1854, p. 293 (W. Africa); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 61 (1856); id. 
Ibis, 1861, p..70 (Sennaar); Antin. Cat. descr. TIcc. p. 101 (1864: 
Bongola) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 257 ; id. in Anderss. B. Bam. 
Ld. p. 280 (1872); Heine § Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 312 
(1890: Kartoum). 

Abdimia sphenorhyncka, Bp. Consp. An. ii. p. 106 (1855). 
Adult inale. General colour above black, slightly glossed with steel-
green and purple, these colours being more distinct on the hind-neck; 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts blackish, 
glossed with steel-green and purple, the lesser coverts almost 
entirely coppery purple ; quills blackish, with metallic green on their 
inner face and slightly glossed above with green or purple; tail 
black, faintly glossed with purple on the outer web and with green 
on the inner one, the under surface being bronzy green; head, neck, 
and fore-neck metallic green and purple; the rest of the under 
surface, from the fore-neck downwards, white, including the axillaries 
and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts blackish with a 
metallic green gloss: " bill horny green, the tip crimson; cheeks 
bright lead-colour; round the ears, in front of eyes, nostrils, and 
throat crimson; legs dull olive-green; feet and knees crimson; 
claws black" (J. W. Yerhury). Total length 30 inches, culmen 
44 , wing 17*5, tail 7*2, tarsus 4*8. 
Adult female. Similar to the male : " iris light tawny brown; 
bill reddish at tip, greenish at base ; bare skin round the eye and 
about the chin red; feet and front part of the tarsi, also the uncovered 
part of the tibiae, dusky brown " (T. Ay res). Total length 
24 inches, culmen 4*2, wing 17*4, tail 7, tarsus 4'7. 
Young. Differs from the adult in wanting the lustre on the plumage, 
the head and neck being brown without any gloss : " bill reddish 
towards the tip, greenish towards the base; bare skin about the 
eye and chin red, in front of cere bluish; tarsi and feet dingy briekred; 
iris light tawny brown " (T. Ay res). 
Hah. The same as that of the genus. 
a, I. Ad, st. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.]. 
€. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Shelley Coll. 

d. Ad. sk. Massowa. Capt. Wharton [P.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Senate, Abyssinia, May 8 Tweeddale Coll. 
( W. Jesse). 
294 
CICOXIIDJB. 

/ . Ad. sk. Kokai, Bogos-land (4000 feet), W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Aug-. 9. 0 [cr. 

g. Ad. sk Lahej, Aden, March 18. Colonel Yerbury [P.], 
h Ad. sk. Kavirondo, British. East Africa, Dr. W. T. Ansorsre 
Jan. 4. TV. 
£ J ad. sk. Humbe, Cunene River, April Shelley Coll. 

{AncMeia). 
h 9 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Jan.8 Goxnev Coll. 

(T. Ayres). 
I. Ad. sk. Kingwillamstown, Major Treveyan TV. 
m. <$ ad. sk. South Africa. 
Tweeddale Coll" 
n. 
Sternum & Abyssinia. \Y. T.Blanfoid, Esq. 
pectoral girdle. _C_. 
2. BISSUEA. 
Type. 
Dissoura, Cab. Verk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 
Preim. Stoats-Anzeiger, Beilage i. Sept. lv/0, 


p. 1484 (teste ReieTienow) 
D, epi^copus. 
Diplocercus, Blyth (ubi?), teste Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 757 
(1864). 


Range. The whole of the Ethiopian Region, Indian Peninsula and 
Ceylon to the Burmese countries and Cochin China, and south to the 
Indo-Malayan Islands and Celebes. 

1. Dissura episcopus. 
Heron de la Cote de Coromandel, DAube/it. PL Eul. viii. pi. 1)00. 
Le Heron Violet, Buff. Mist. Nat. Ok. vii. p. #70(17&0 : Curumandel 

Coast). 
Ardea episcopus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 54 (17*>3). 
Violet Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 97 t!7t>3: Curumandel 

Coast). 
Ardea leucocephala, Gm. Sy*>t. Nat. i. p. 042 {17^: Cjromandel 
Coast). 

Ciconia leucoeephaia, 
Eorsf. Tram. Linn. Soe. siii. p. 1^5 11821); 
Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 1-59 (Deccan); Gray, Oaf. Mamm. $c. 
Nepal pres. Kodgs. p. 135(lb40: Xepal); Blyth. Cat. B. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 277 (1849: Calcutta); Layard, Ami §-Mag. 2*at. 
Hist. xiv. p. 114 (1854); Litlit. Nomend. Av. MM®. Beroi. p. 90 
(1854); Burgess, P. Z. $, 1855, p. 72 (Deccan); Hmgl. %s/. 
Uebers. p. 60 (1856) ;EartL Orn. W.-Afr. p. 227 (1857) : Adam*, 

P. Z. S.1858, p. 508 (Poona); Gmmey, Mis, 1859, p. L>4* (TXatal); 
Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. PMlad. 1851), p. 178 iCamma R.); 
Marti If, O. 1861, p. 270; Irby, Ibis, 1801, p. 244 (Oudh); 
Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 101 (1864); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 737 
(1864); ScM.Mus. Pays-Bos, Ciconia, p. 9 (1864); tayard, B. 
S. Afr. p. 315 (1867); Beavan, Bis, 1868, p. 397 1 MaiiMiirai); 
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 267 (1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 100; Jesse, Ibis, 1897, p. 561 (Lucknow, July, breeding). 
Ciconia umbellata, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ciconia, sp. 11, p. 140~tl827); 
Bess. Traits WOrn. p. 580 (1831). 
Ciconia leucocephala vel biclavata, Eodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit 3Fim.f 
Gh*att. pis. 69-71; id. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Ciconia bicaudata, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. xvii. p. 304 (1848). 
Ciconia episcopus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 561 (1848): id. Rand-l B. 

2 . DISSUEA. 
295 
iii. p. 35; no. 10187 (1871); Moldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 477 
(Ceylon); Heugl Cm. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1108 (1873); Antin. $ 
Salmd. Viagg. Bogos, p. 151 (1873: Anseba, June); Legge, Ibis, 
1874, p. 30,1875, p. 403 (Ceylon); Blyth, B Burn. p. 158 (1875) j 
Wdrdlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 470 (Tonghoo); Fairb. Str. F. v. 

p. 263 (1877: Deccan): Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 12 (Loango 
Coast); id. t c. p. 163 ; Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
iii. p. 78 (1878); Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 249 (Zanzibar); Bocage, 
Orn. Angola, p. 452 (1881: Quillengues; Huilla); W. A. Forbes, 
Ibis, 1883, pp. 510, 533 (Niger distr.); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. 
Afr. p. 731 (1884); Biittik. Notes Legd. Mus. vii. p. 242 (1885: 
Liberia); Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 118 (Bagamoyo; Kipini; 
Lama Coast); Wardlaw-Bamsay, Ibis, 1886, p. 161 (Luzon); 
Schalow, J.f O. 1886, p. 428 (Lualaba); Matschie, J.f O. 1887, 
p, 146 (Lufua It.); Buttih. Notes Leyd. Mus. x. p. 101 (1888: 
Liberia); id. op. cit. xl p. 78 (1889: Cunene ft.); id. t c. 
p. 
136; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 542 (Lake Naiwasba); Shelley, 
B. 
Afr. i. p. 159 (1896). 
Ciconia 
microsceiis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 561, pi. 151 (1848) ; 
Reichenb. Grail tab. 292. fig. 2388 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 

p. 35, no. 10188 (1871). 
Sphenorhyncbis umbellata, Reichenb. Grail tab. 93. fig. 456 (1850). 
Bissoura leucocephala, Cab, Verh. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 
Preuss. Staats-Anzeiger, Beilage i. Sept. 1850, p. 1484 (teste 
Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 168); id. in Von der JDeckeris Beis. 

iii. p. 48 (1869). 
Melanopelarpru* leucoeephalus, Bp. Consp Av. ii. p. 105 (1855). 
Ciconia pruVssenaerii, Heugl. J.f. 0.1863, p. 29 ; id. J.f.O. 1864, 
jp. 275 ; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 430 (Rej-Negro Land, Jan. to May). 
Diplocercus leucocephala. Blyth; teste Jerd. B. Ind. iii, p. 737 
(1864). 

Melanopelargus episcopus, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 172 ; Walden, Trans. 
Zool Soc. viii, p. 101 (1872: Celebes); Hume fy Senders. Lahore 
to Yarkand, p. 294 (1873); Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. 

p. 609 (1873); Adam, \$t>\ F. i. p. 389 f 1873: Sambhur); Bail, 
Sir. F. ii. p. 433 (1874: Cliota Nugpur) ; Hume, t. c. p. 483 
(Tenasserim); Salmd. Ucc. Born. p. 850 (1874); Hume, Str. F. iii. 
p. 189 (1875); id. t. c. p. 235 (Tenasserim); Ttoeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, 
p. 344(Amparo, July & Sept.); id. t c. p. 593 (Zamboanga, March); 
Hume # Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 469 (1878); Davidson § Wenden, 
Str. F. vii. p. HO (1878); Everett, Joitm. Straits Branch Asia),. Soc. 
1889, p. 191 (Borneo) ; Bourm $ Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnes. 
Acad. i. p. 32 (1894: Ma^bate; Panay; Mindoro). 
Dissura episcopa, Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 71,114,151,161 (1879: Malay 
Peninsula); Scully, t c. p. 359 (Nepal Valley); Butler, t. c. 

p. 387 (Sind); Ilainey, t. c. p. 417; Legge, B, Ceylon, p. 1119 
(1880); Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 88 (1880: S. Konkan); Butler, t. c. 
p. 433 (1881): Beid, Str. F. x. p. 74 (1881: Lucknow) ; Oates, 
i.e. p. 243 (Upper Pegu); Davidson, t. c. p. 323 (1882: W. 
Khandeisli); Davison, t. c. p. 416 (Wynaad); Sioinkoe $ Barnes, 
Ibis7 1885, p. 135 (Central India); Macgregor, Sir. F. x. p. 441 
(1887: Deccan); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 331 (1888: Sylhet & 
Cachar). 
Dissura 
episcopus, Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 68 (1879); id. 
Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 81 (1880) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit 
Burm. ii. p. 2Q6 (1883); Johnston, River Congo, p. 870 (1884); 
Oates, Ibis, 1888, p. 73 (Bhamo): id. ed. Hume's Nests fy Eggs 

296 
CrCOXIIDJE, 

Ind. B. iii. p. 268 (1890) ; Mmn, Ibis, 1894, p. 71 (Calcutta 
distr., April). 
Dissoura episcopu% Be chert. Fog. deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 59 (1894: 
Bagomo)o; Kingani). 

Adult male. General colour above black, glossed with metallic 
green and purple, more especially on the hind-neck; the entire 
back glossed with metallic gieen as well as the upper tail-coverts; 
tail-feathers black, not to be confounded with the under tail-coverts, 
which are white; the outer rectrices black, graduated, and forming 
a fork; wing-coverts like the back, but more distinctly glossed, 
especially on the lesser series, which are metallic purplish red ; 
quills black, glossed with slaty externally and with metallic green 

on the inner face of all the quills; crown of head blue-black as far 
as the occiput; nape and entire neck wbite as well as the throat, 
the chin less thickly clothed with feathers; breast black, slightly 
glossed with metallic green, but more strongly with reddish purple, 
especially on the fore-neck and chest; abdomen and under tail-
coverts white, the long ones stiffened and resembling tail-feathers; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts black with a gloss of metallic green: 
" bill in general black, tinged with red on the culmen, the tips, 
and the margins; legs and toes red; claws reddish horn-colour; iris 
crimson; eyelids and facial skin plumbeous " (E. W. Oates). Total 
length about 36 inches, culmen 6-5, wing 20, tail 7*2, tarsus 7. . 

Adult female. Similar to the male: "iris very pale, almos 
whitish, hue" (JET. J. Barney). Total length34 inches, culmen 5*7, 
wing 18*5, tail 7*2, tarsus 6'2. 

Young birds differ from the adults in being much browner and 
not having so much gloss, the black feathers on the head being 
replaced by bronzy brown, the purplish gloss on the wing-coverts 
almost absent, and the purple gloss on the breast being replaced by 
dull bronzy brown. The forehead generally shows a basal line of 
white feathers, but these are also apparent in some of the old birds, 
and are apparently shed by them in course of time. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. - Lord Derby [P.], 
c. 
$ ad. sk. Huilla, Benguela, March (An- Shelley Coll. 
chieta). 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Sambhtir, March 29 {JR. M. Hume Coll. 
Adam). 
e. 
5 ad. sk. Kherla, Gurgaon, June 8 (C. T. Hume Coll. 
Bingham). 
f. Ad. sk. Kurnal, Feb. 
Hume Coll 
g. Ad. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
h-k. Ad. sk. Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 
I Ad. sk. Oudh, Feb. Hume Coll. 
. m-s. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
t, u. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. JS. Hodgson). India Museum. 

$ ad sk.

v.- Manouxa,Nepal Valley, July 10. Dr. J. Scully TCI 

w. <$ ad. sk. Balaji, Nepal Valley, July 19 Hume Coll. 
(J. Seidly). 
3. EUXESTUKA. 297 
x. Ad. sk. Bhotan Doars, Feb. (L. Man-Hume Coll. 
delli). 
g,z. 6 2 ad. sk. Raipur District, Jan. Hume Coll. 
a\ $ ad. sk Wadale, Ahmednuggur,Nov. 27 Tweeddale CoU. 


{S. B. Fairhank). 
b\ <$ ad sk. Ceylon, July 14, Colonel W.V.Legge 
I?-]. 

e'. $ ad. sk. CeUon, Dec. 17. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

dr 

. $ ad. sk. Boulay, Thayetmyo, Burma. 

Oates CoU. 

Xov. 25 (E. W. 0.). 
e\ 6 ad. sk. Tonghoo, Dec. (JR. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale CoU. 
/. 6 ad. sk. Thatone, Tenasserim, Dec. 5 Hume Coll. 

{W. JDavison). 
g\ $ ad. sk. Bankasoon, March 15 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davimi). 
ti. <$ ad. sk. Salang, Island of Tonka; March Hume Coll. 
25 (J. Darling). 
i1 

, k'. Ad. sk. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 

V. Ad. sk. Cochin China, Dec. M. E. St. Pierre [P.]. 
m'. Ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll. 
nr. Ad. sis. Labuan. Sir Hugh Low [P.]. 
o'. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon (Maitkmd Tweeddale CoU. 
JBLeriof). 
pf. <S ad. sk. Aniparo, S. Leyte, July (A. H. Tweeddale CoU. 

Everett). 
q',r'. 6 Sad.sk. Bohol, March 20. Steere Coll. 
sf. 2 ad. sk. Zaiaboanga, Mindanao, March Tweeddale CoU. 

{A. H. Everett). 
t\ Skeleton. N.E. Africa. Purchased. 
u'. Skeleton. Nepal. Hodg&on Coll. 
»'. Skeleton. Java. Purchased. 
3. EUXEHIJEA. 
Type, 
Euxenura, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 249 
(1878) ..." E. maguari. 
Range. Confined to South America. 
1. Euxemira maguari. 
La Cigogne d'Ame'rique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 369 (1760). 
Le Maguari, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. vii. p. 275 (1780). 

American Stork, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 50 (1785: Brazil). 
Ardea maguari, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 623 (1788) j Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. 

p. 677 (1790). 
Tantalus piUus, Molina, Saggio St. Chili, p. 323 (1789). 
Baguari, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 114 (1805). 
Oiconia maguari, Temm. Man. dOrn. ii. p. 5G3 (1820); Wagler, 
Syst. Av., Ciconia, sp. 7, p. 138 (1827); Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. 
Bras. iv. p. 677 (1832); Vieill. Gal. Ois. p. 138, pi. 254 (1834); 
Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 285 (1837); JBJartl. Ind. Azara, p. 22 
(1847) ; Gay, Faun. Chili, Zool. i. p. 415 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. 
JReis. Guian. iii. p. 752 (1848); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. 

p. 90 (1850: Montevideo); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 104 (1855) ; 
Burnt. Th. Bras. in.-p. 41Q (1856); id. ReiseLa Plata-St. ii.p. 509 
(1861: Tucuman); Schl. Mus. Pays~Bas, Ciconia, p. 8 (1864: 
298 
CIOOISUDM. 

S. America) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 304 (187J : Irisanga ; Caicara "f 
Mattogroaso; Forte do Rio Branco) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. S5y 
no. 10185 (1871); JScl. § Sate. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873); 
Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 162 (Buenos Ay res); id. Ibis. 1877, p. 189f 
1878/p. 899 (Ohupat Valley, Oct.; mouth of Seng'el, Nor.) ; Sch 
JP. Z. S. 1878, p. 633* Gibson, Ibis, 1879, p. 415 (Cape San Antonio, 
breeding) • id. Ibis, 1880, p. 153 ; Barroics, Auk, i. p. 271 (1884 :-
Entrerios); Gibson, Ibis, 188-3, p. 282 (Uruguay); Salvin, Ibis7 
1886, p. 171 (British Guiana); Oust JIzss. &ei. Cap Horn, Ois* 
pp. 299, 330 (1891). 
Oiconia jaburu, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 71, pi. Ixxxix. (182*3). 

Ciconia pillus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Colckagua, Chili) j 

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 561 (1848). 

Oicouia dicrura, Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 169. 

Euxenura maguari, Ridgta. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 249 (1878); 

Baird, Brewer, ty Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Amer. L p. 77 (1884) ; 
Scl. # Suds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 106 (1889); James, Neto List 
CMian B. p%8 (1892); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 185)2, p. 145 (Pileomayo); 
Holland, i. c. p. 205 (Argentine Republic, breeding in. 
October); Meed, Ibis, 1893, p. 596 (Chili); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, 

p. 199 (Uruguay); Graham Kerr, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, yi. p. vs. 
(1896: Paraguay). 
Adult. General colour above white, including the -whole of the 
wing-coverts except the greater series, which with the scapulars* 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers are black 
glossed with bronzy green and purplish; the tail forked and exceeded 
in the middle by the long under tail-coverts, which are 
stiffened and take the form of rectriees; head and neck all round 
and underparts white, including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries; the feathers over the crop lengthened and with the webs-
dissociated : " legs and feet blood-red; bill lead-greyJJ (O. Y. ApJin); 
" iris pale yellow" (T. Bridges). Total length about 45 inches, 
culmen 8*2, wing 21*5, tail 9, tarsus 9*1. 

Immature ? The specimen from Chili (Bridges) agrees with the 
one from British Guiana, but the other Chilian bird has blackish 
under wing-coverts and the marginal wing-coverts also black. 
Although the specimen appears to be adult, I fancy the above must 
be the remains of immature plumage. Total length 37 inches, 
culmen 8*3, wing 21*8, tail 8*6, tarsus 9*6. 

Bab, From British Guiana to Brazil and Chili. 

a. 
Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Scnomburgk 
[C/j. 
b. Ad. sk. Colchagua, Chili. T. Bridges, Esq. [O.l 
c. Imm. sk. Chili (Weisshaupt). Salvin-Ciodman Coll. 
d. Skeleton. Chili. 
Purchased. 
4. CIC0MIA. 
Type. 
Ciconia, Briss. Orn. v. p. 361 (1760) „ C. ciconia* 
Melanopelargus, Reichenb. Av. Syst Nat. p. xvi (1852-53). C. nigra. 

Mange. The Palsearctic, Ethiopian, and Indian Regions, but not 
reaching to the Australian Region. 

4. CICONIA. 
299* 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Under surface of body and tail white, like the head 
and neck and back" 
d. Smaller: bill red ciconia, p. 299. 
h\ Larger: bill black. boyciana, p. 302. 
b. 
Brea&t and abdomen white ; tail black with bronzy, 
greenish, or purple reflections, like the head and 
neck and entire upper parts nigra, p. 303. 
1. Ciconia ciconia. 
The Common or White Stork. Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 59. pi. 64 
(1738). 
La Cigosme blanche, Briss. Orn. v. p. 365, pi. 32 (1760); B'Aubent. 
PL JBrd. viii. pi. 866. 
Ardea ciconia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (1706); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 622 (1788; ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 676 (1790); Chapm. Trav. S. 
Afr. ii. App. p. 418 (1868). 
La Cigogne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 253, pi. xii. (1780). 
White Stork, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 47 (1785). 
Ciconia alba, Bechst. Naturg. JDeutschl. iv. p. 82 (1793); Pallas, 

Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 113 (1811); Vieill N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. 

vii. p. 100 (1817); Temm. Man. oVOm. ii. p. 560 (1820); Wagl. 
Syat., Av. Ciconia, sp. 8, p. 139 (1827); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, 
pi 20 (1827); Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 97 (1826); Roux, Orn. 
Prov. pi. 324 (IhSO): Less. Trailed'Om.p. 580 (1831 ); Mentor. Cat. 
Pais. Cave. p. 50 (1832) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 194 
(1835) ; Strickl P. Z. S. 1836, p. 101 (Smyrna): Gould, B. Bur. 
iv. pi. 283 (1837) ; Naum. Tog. Beutsehl. ix. p. 231 (1638J; Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 46 (1838); Cresp. Orn. Gard, 
p. 376 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. Ixxxi, 221 (1840) ; 
Nordm. in Bemid. Toy. Muss. Mend. iii. p. 264 (1840) ; Webb # 
Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 36 (1841); Selys-Low/ch. Faun. Beige, 
p. 131 (1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mm. p. 88 (1844); Milhle, 
Orn. Griechenl. p. 117 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit p. xeix (1844) j 
Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 121 (1845: Egypt, March, Aug.); Mewits, 
Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 279, pi. lxxvii. ftg. 1 (1846); Reichenb. Grail. 
tab. xciii. figs. 449-50 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 561 (1848) ; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 276 (1849 : Calcutta); Thomps. 
B. IreL ii. p. 175 (1850); Strickl. P. Z. S.1850, p. 221 (Kordofan) ; 
Kjmrb. Banm. Fugle, pi. xxxii. fig. 6 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. iv. 
p. 481 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl pi. 199 (1854); LicH. Nomencl. 
Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854: Senegal); Bp. Comp. Av. ii. p. 104 
(1855); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 60 (1856) ; Earth Orn. W.-Afr. 
p. 266 (1857); Sundev. Si). Fogl. pi. 47. fig. 1 (1858) ; Jaub. t 
Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 353 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 36 
(Jerusalem); Taylor, I c. p. 51 (Egypt); SaMn, t c. p. 359 (Tunis); 
Linderm. Yog. Griechenl. p. 154 (i860); Tristr. Ibis, I860, 5. 76 
(Sahara); Gurney, t e. p. 220 (Natal); 'Poivys, t. c. p. 347 (Epirus, 
March); Schl Bier, Nederl Vogels, pL 20. figs.3,3a(1861); Irby,Ibis, 
1861, p. 244 (Oudh); Simpson, t. c, p. 373 (Dobrudscha, breeding); 
HarU. J.f. 0.1861, p. 270; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 151 (1863); Schl. 
Mus. Fays-Ba®, Ciconise, p. 2 (1864); Nordm. J. f. O. 1864, 
p. 376 (S. Sweden); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 736 (1864); Adams, Ibis, 
1864, p. 30 (Egypt and Nubia); Wright, i.e. p. 144 (Malta, 
.300 CICO2?IID:E. 

occasional); Filippi, Tiagg. Persia, p. 351 (1865); Giglioli, Ibis, 
1865, p. 60 (Pisa, not observed) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 386 
(Spain); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 314 (1867); Eaicall, Bull Soc. 
Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1867, pp. 486-497: Begl et Gerle, Orn. Eur. ii. 

p. 316 (1867); Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70 (Egypt); Brake, t c. 
p. 430 (Tangiers); Loche,Eipl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 124 (lb67); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 254 (S. Africa); Tristr. t c. p. 326 
(Palestine) ; Smith, t. c. p. 454 (Portugal); Borggr. Vogelf. 
Norddeutschl p. 124 (1869) ; Boded. Avif. Sicil. p. 218 Qfe89); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1869. p. 174 {Seville); Brosfe, Yogthc. Borkvm, 
p. 255 (1869) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 18 (Sinai) ; Ehcts $ Buckley, 
t. c. p. 334 (Turkey): Fritsch, Tog. Eur. tab. 41. fig. 3 (1870;; 
Finsch $ Hartl. Voq. Ostafr. p. 720 (1870) : Gray, HaadA. B. iii. 
p. 35, no. 10184 (*i871); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 297 (Algeria) ; 
Saunders, t. c. p. 392 (Spain); Salmd. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 245 
(1871); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 30 (1871) ; JR. Gray, B. West 
Scotl p. 284 (1871); G. G Taylor, Ibis, 1872. p. 232 (near 
Constantinople); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 54 {1872) : Gurney, 
in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 280 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, 
p. 265 (1872); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1100 (1873) ; 
Brkooe, Ibis, 1873, p. 341 (Sardinia, accidental); Dresser, B. Eur. 
vi. p. 297, pi. 405 (1873); Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 252 {1873: Upper 
Sind); PalmSn, Finl Fogl p. 2&£ (1873): Ball, Sir. R ii. p. 433 
(1874: Manblmm); Ayres, Ibis,- 1874, p. 104 (Transvaal) j 
Buckley, t. e. p/389 (Limpopo R.); Bumf. i. e. p. 397 (X. Frisian 
Isl.); Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 188 (1875); Banford <£ llarvie 
Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 425 (Transylvania); Fallon, Ois. Bely. 
p. 157 (1875); Blanf. East. Persia,\i. p. 297 (1876) : Butler, Str. 
F. iv. p. 22 (1876: Mount Aboo distr.); Scully, t c. p. 104 
(E. Turkestan) ; Fairbank, i. c. p. 263 (Deccan}; Retaken. J. f. O. 
1877, p. 170; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877: Deesa, Sept. to 
March) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zooi. France, ii. p. 159 <1S77 :_ Poland); 
Banf. Ibis, 1878, p. 34 (Asia Minor, March) ; Baridstm Sf Wenden, 
Str.F. vii. p. 90 (1878: Deccan); Ball, t. c. p. 2;i0 (Ganges to 
Godaverv) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 301 > (Faridpur); Hume, Str. F. viii. 
p. 114 (1879); Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. tiS (1879: winter); id. 
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 81 (1880: cold weather visitant); 
Sharpe in Oates's Matdbele JLand, App. B, p. 327 (1881: Kamaqueban 
B., Nov.); Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 433 (1881: Deccan); 
Parker, t. e. p. 485 (Ceylon): Holub «|- Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. 
p. 286 (1882); Solum, Cat Strickl Coll p. 286 (1882: Smyrna); 
Bivon, Ibis, 1882, p. 578 (Gonstantine); B. O. U. List B'rii. B. 
p. 112 (1883); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 32 (Caucasus); Irby, t e. 
p. 188 (Santander); Lilford, t. c. p. 234 (Sevilk); Giglidi, 
Iconogr. Avif . Ital. no. 332 (1883); Saunders, ea. YarrelCs Brit. 
B. iv. p. 219 (1884); Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 140 (Slavonia); 
Saunders, t c. p. 385 (Pyrenees); Seebohm, Hist Brit B. ii. 
p. 525 (1884); Sharpe, ed. LayaraVs B. S. Afr. p. 728 (1884); 
Nekon, Zool 1884, p. 489 (Pevensey); Tristr. Faun. <$-Ffor. Palest 
p. Il l (1884: migrant); Boyd. Consp. Av. limp. Ross. p. 117 
(1884); Radde, Orn. Cam. pp. 42, 395 (1884: Tiflis, 6000 ft, 
breeding); Johnston, River Congo, p. 370 (1884): Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 267 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 44 
.(Corsica); Reid, t c. p. 250 (Marocco); Booth, Row/h .Notes, ii, 
(1886); Salmd. Elenco Ucc. Ital p. 247 (1886) ; Gigl Avif. Ital. 
p. 286 (1886); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 345 (Natal); Taii, t c. 
p. 374 (Portugal); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 331 (1888: Maxdpnr); 
4 . CTC0NIA. 301 
Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 33 (1888) ; Haroie-Brown $ Buckley, 
Vert. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 96 (1888); Beichen. Syst. Verz. Tog. 
Deutschl p. 42 (1889); St. John, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 (Candahar); 
Zilford, t. c. p. 344 (Cyprus) : Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 375 
(1889); Gigl Avif. Ital, 1st Besoe. p. 446 (1889) ; id. 2nd Resoc. 

p. 648 (1690) ; id. SrdBesoc. p. 509 (1891); Koenig, J.f 0. 1890, 
p. 313 (Madeira); Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol p. 466 (1891); Madardsz, 
Brlduf. Ausst. TJngar. Vogelf p. 106 (1891); W. Evans, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 70 (Incubation) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. Ii2 (Fao): Meiser, 
Voyels Lande&m. Sarajevo,^. 106 (1891) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Rung. 
g. 134 (1891); Rarvie Brown fy Buckley, Vertebr. Fau:i. Argyll 
% Inner Rebr. p. 119 (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 21 (Heligoland) 
; Macph. Vertebr. Faun. ZakeL p. 230 (1892); Zilford, 
Col. Fig. Brit. B. part xxiii. (1893); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, 
p. 199 (Canary Is.); Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 71 (Calcutta distr., 
Jan.); Chapman, t c. p. 345 (West Jutland); Irby, Orn. Sir. 
Gihr. 2nd ed. p. 207 (1895); Gdtke, Religol. (Engl, ed.) p. 452 
(1895) ; Munn, Ibis, 1897, p. 58 (Tangier & Tetuan, May); 
Saunders, t. c. p. 87 (Pyrenees); Koenig, J.f.O. 1897, pp. 195, 
197 (Algeriaj; Floericke, t. c. p. 402 (Kurisclie Nehrung). 
Ciconia albescens, Brehm, Vogel JDeutschl. p. 574 (1831). 
Oiconia nivea, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 574. 
Ciconia Candida, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 575. 
Ciconia major, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 289. 
Ciconia alba asiatiea, Severtz. Turkest. Jewtn. p. 145 (1873). 
Ciconia azretti, Severtz. to?n. cit. p. 08. 
Ciconia alba, var. major, Severtz. torn. cit. p. 68. 
Ciconia alba, var. orientalis, Severtz. Str. F. iii. p. 431 (1875 x 


Turkes-tan). 
Ciconia niyeteriorhyncha, Severtz. torn. cit. p. 431. 
Ciconia myeteriiarnyncha, Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 324. 
Ciconia asiatica, Beichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 171. 
Ciconia azreth, Bogdan. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 117 (1884). 
Ciconia ciconia, Hartert, Kat. Vogelssamml. Mm. Senckenb. p. 204 

(1891); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 512 (E. Prussia); Beichen. Yog. deidsch-
Osf-Afr. p. 59 (1894: Victoria Nyanza; Wualaba; Igonda; 
Kakoina; Simiu River); Shelley, B. Afr. i. p. 159 (1896) ; 
Sharpe, Randh. Brit. B. iii. p. 97, pi. Ixx.\l896). 

Adult male. General colour above and below pure white, 
including the tail-feathers; lesser and median wing-coverts also 
white; scapulars, greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills black, with a purplish or greenish gloss: tbe inner 
primaries and the secondaries powdered with slaty grey on the outer 
web, generally sub-marginally, the grey varying in extent on the 
different feathers, being almost entirely wanting in some: " bill 
dark red; pouch black forwards, vermilion at gullet; legs and 
feet reddish pink, claws black " (J. Scully). Total length 36 inches, 
culmen 8*3, wing 23*5, tail 9*8, tarsus 8*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 36 inches, 
culmen 8*1, wing 23, tail 9, tarsus 9. 
Young, Resembles the adult, but the scapulars and quills are 
"browner and not so glossy black. 
The bill varies considerably in size, and there is also great 
variation in the amount of grey powdering on the quills. In a 

CICO:STIDJE. 

302 

female shot by Dr. Scully In Yarkand in July, the oilmen only 
measures 5 inches, and the greater coverts have their outer webs 
powdered with grey like the secondaries. This may be a freshly-
moulted young bird, as the quills and scapulars are black with the 
usual purple and greenish gloss of the adults. The ^sofb parts were 
as follows i—"4 Bill duE yellowish-orange, dusky In parts ; bare 
skin of chin (pouch) dusky orange; orbital skin dusky; legs and 
feet pale yellowish, becoming orange in parts; claws yellowish 
homy ; iris greenish brown." 

Bab. Europe, not extending to the far Xorth, but as far East as 
Central Asia, and wintering in Africa and Northern India. 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. 
Old Coll. 
b. I mm. sk. Europe. 
Old Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. South Spain. 
Lord Lilford r P.] . 
d. Ad. sk. Egypt. 
G. Turnbulir j W 
e. Ad. sk. Upper Egypt. 
Shelley Coll. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Ramaquebttn R.., Matabele-Iand, W.EV&CG . Gates, 
Nov. 15 {F. Oates). Esqrs. "P.]. 

g. Ad. sk. Tranbvaal. 
Dr.R.H.;SharperPr. 
h. Ad. sk. Mount Lebanon. S.Baroody, E*q. *PA 
i. Ad sk. Palestine. Canon Tristram ffj.^ 
k, I. Ad. sk. Muscat, Arabia, Aug. 25, Sept. 7. Sur«reoa-CoL Javakar 
m, n. $ ad. et Yarkand, July (J. Scully). Hume Coll. 
5 imm. sk. 


o. $ ad. sk. Delhi, Oct. 3 (C. T. Binghayn). Hume Coll. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Etawah, March. II time Coll. 
r} s, t Ad. sk. Oudh, Dec. to March. Hume Coll. 
u. Skull. South Germany. Dr. Gimther ~C.]. 
v. 
Skeleton Europe. Purchased. 
(skull imperfect). 
2. Ciconia boyciaoia. 
Ciconia alba (nee Linn.), Sckrenck, Bets. Amurl., Tog. p. 454 (I860). 

Ciconia boyciana, 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 513 (Jar an) ; Scl op. cit1874, 
pp. 2, 306, pi. i.; Dyb. J.f. 0. 1375, p. 2-30; Tacz. Bull 
Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 257 (1876); David f (hist. Ois, Okimf 

p. 450 (1877); Prjev. in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ill. p. 50 (1878: 
Lake Hanka, April, breeding); Blakist $f P'ryer, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 224 (Tokio) ; iid. Trans. Soc. Jap. viii. p. ^00 (ibS0| ; ml List 
B. Jap. p. 121 (1882); Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Mom. p. 118 (1884); 
Blakist Amended List B. Jap. p. 24 (18*34); Sfejn. Pmc. US. 
Nat. Mm. x. p. 286 (1837: Fusan, Oorea, Dec.); Tar*. P. Z. 61 
1887, p. till (Corea, March); id. P. Z. & 1888, p. 4I>8; Seebohm, 
B. Japan. Emp. p. 228 (1890); Tacz. MSm. Acad. Imp. Scl St. 
Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 973 (1893). 
Adult. Similar to 0, ciconia and pure white above and below ; 
scapulars, greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills black, glossed with steel-green and purplish cupper; the 
quills hoary grey for the greater part of the outer webs, this being 
less distinct on the inner primaries and absent, on the secondaries ; 
tail white; head, neck, and entire under surface of body pure 

4 . CICOSTA. 
303 
white; the wider tail-coverts fluffy and filamentous : " bill horn-
Hack, paler at tip; rictus, underside of rami and inter-ramal space 
lake-red; feet dull vermilion ; iris cream-white, with black exterior 
-circle; eyelids and bare skin round the eye vermilion-red" 

(S. Swiulme). Total length o& inches, culmen 9*5, wing 26, 
tail 9-7, tarsus 11. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. 
Sab. Eastern Siberia, Corea, and Japan. 

a. 2 &d. sk. Japan, Jan. 15. Tweeddale Coll. 
b. <j ad. sk. Japan, April 4. Zoological Society. 
c9 d. Ad. ask. Japan {H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
e. 2 ad- *k. Mouth of Amoor River, Seebohm Coll. 
M&yB{C\Ddrries). 
/ . $ ad. sk. Corea (C. W. Campbell). Seebohm Coll. 

3. Cico&ia nigra. 
Black Stork, Albin, Nat. Sid. B. ill. p. 77, pi. xxxii. (1740) ; Lath. 
Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 50 (1785); Ian-ell, Brit. B. ii'. p. 493 
(lfc43). 

La 
Cijrujme brume, Briss. Orn. v. p. 362, pi. 31 (1760) ; D' Aubent 
PL EnL viii. pi. 3U9. 
Le Heron noir, Briss. Orn. v. p. 439 (1760); Bvff. Sist. Nat. Ois. 

vii. p. 305 (17fe0/. 
Ardea nigra, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 235 Q766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 
p. IL>3|l7b8). 
La Cigogrne noire, Buff. Sist Nat. Ois. vii. p. 271 (1780). 
Black Ileren, Lath. Gen. Syn. Hi. pt. 1, p. 94 (1785 : Silesia). 
Ardea atra, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 641 (1788). 
Ardea chrysopelargn^, Lickf. Cat. Ber. Nat. liar. Samh. /7284 (1793). 
Cicooia nigra, Beelmt. Naturg. Deidsehl. iv. p. JJ6 (1801); Pallas, 
Zuogr. Bmse-Asiat ii. p. 114 (1811); Vieill. N. Diet d'Sist. Nat 
vii p. 112 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 561 (1820); Licht 
Ven. Dmbl p. 76 (1823); Wagl Syst Av.7 Cieonia, sp. 9, p. 139 
(1827); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs,"pi. 21 (1827); Fleming, Brit 
Anim. p. 97 (1828); Cuv. Eigne Anim. p. 513 (1829); BOUT, 
OK. Pw.pl. 325 (1830); less. TraiU ePOrn. p. 580 (1831); 
Brehm, Vog. Dezdschl. p. 576 (lb31); MenMr. Cat Bat's. Caue. 

p. 50 (1832: Lenkoran); Jernyns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 193 
(1835); Kaum. Vog. Beutschl. ix. p. 231, ta£ 229 (1836); Gould, 
B. Bur. iv, pi. 284 (1837); Bp. Gump. List B. Bur. Sf N. Amer. 
p. 46 (1838); Cresp. Orn. Gard, p. 377 (1840): Keys. & Bias. 
Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxx, 220 (1840); Nordm. in Bhnid. Vmj. Buss. 
Merid. iii. p. 2«4 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 132 (1842); 
Muhte, Orn. Grieritenl p. 117 (1844); Seal Bev. Crit.-p.xcix. 
(1844); Gray, List Grail. Brit Mm. p. 88 11844: Somersetshire); 
Sodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mm., Grail tab. 72. no. 620; id. in 
Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 8U (1844); Biipp. Syst Uebers. p. 121 
(1«4$); Sewits. Eggs Brit B. ii. p. 281, pi. Ixxvii. %. 2 (1846); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. §•<?. Nepal pres. Sodgs. p. 136 (1846); id. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 561 (1848); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Sac. Bmg. p. 277 
(1849: DehraDhoon); fhomps. B. Irel. ii p. 178 (1*00); Sarc. 
R Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); Macgill Brit B. iv. p. 485 
(1852); Kjarb. Damn, Fugle, taf. xxxii. %. 5 (1852); Sehl. Vog. 
Nedtrl. pi 200 (1854); Luht Nomencl A v. Mus. Berol. p. 90 
304 
CrCOXIIDJD. 

(1854: Germany); Heugl.Syst. Uebers.^. 60 (I$>jti): Hirfl Orn. 

W. -Afr. p. 227** (1857 : iSeneeranibia : Ashanti j ,* Stt/zdev. St\ Fogl. 
pi. xhii. %. 2 (1858); 7'nW. Ibis. 1859, p. 36 (Dead Sea): 
Taylor, t. c. p. 51 (Eg\pt): Jaub. et Barth.-Zaptjmm. Bi<*h. Orn. 
p. 854 (185U) ,* Schrenck, JReis. AmurL, Yog. p. 453 118591; Binder m. 
Voy. Grmhenl^. 153 (1860); Powifs.Ibi*. lbOO.p. 347 (Buiiinto JC 
Corfu); Ifcrtf. J f O 1861, p. 270; Schl. JDitr. Xmerl Yugeh, 
pi. 20. fig. 4 (1861); Simpton, Ibis, 1861, p. 372 iDobmd-cha, 
breeding); £ta£ . P. Z A 1863, p. 31ih Gtory. X/>f Brit B. 

p. 152 (1863): Radde, Re-is. Sibir., Tog. p. 345 {1-L3: Bm-"a 
Mountains, April; Tarei-nor. Mav) ; N/*7. J/z/v\ Pay»-Ba<s, 
Ciconiee, p. 4 (1804): Jerd. B. Ltd. iii. p. 735 (1-U4/: Xord i J. 
f. 
O. 1664, p. 376; Adainh. Ibi\ 1-64. p. 30 *E.npt & ^Nnl^t ; 
Wright, t. c. p. 144 tMalta, accidental}: lilippu Virgrj. Pet^a, 
p. 351 (lb65); Giglwli. Iks, bi'o. p. 60 f Pi^a, n jt ob-m ML : 
Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 70'(Egypt); PLamond, t. e. p. 3^2 (X >rt* Ik : 
Z%Z. ef Gerbe, Orn. Pur. d. p. 318 \ 18671: Lw/frrd. B. S. Afr, 
p. 315 (1867): Tristr. Ibis, Ibfab, p. 326 \ Palestine | : IJt/b. J. f.'fj. 
1868, p. 337; Borggr. Yogelf. XorddtutscM. p. 124 f 1^1J| • Ifo erl. 
Avif. Sidl p. 218 (1869); Slices $ Buckley, Ik\ l-7<lp. 334 
(Bulgaria); Finsch f Hartl Tog. CMafr.y. 71$ (WOi; Fitt*th, 
Yog. Pur. pi. 41. fig. 2 (lfc70 i; Saunders Ibis, 1-7L p. 3^3 
(Spain); £«tad Fazm. IM., tfte. p. 24*> (1871): G*MM, B. Gt 
Brit iv. pL 31 (1871); Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1-71, p. 411: Or*,, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 35, no. 10186 \1S71); Hurting, Hmtdk Br f. B. 
p. 145 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. '2m (1^72 ?: S^ftiz Turk *'. 
Jeiotn. p. 68 (1573^: breeding): Brooke Ik\ 1-73, p. 341 
(Saidinia); Palmen, Ftnl. Fwjl. p. 2*0 (1^73f; IBvyl Orn. X 0 -
Afr. ii. pt. l,p . 1102 (1873); Driver, B. Eur. w. p. 3d*, 
pi. 406 (1873); Tacz.J.f. 0. 1*73, p. im, 1874, p. 336; hhyf 
Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 190 (1875); Danf. *y Han it Br**irn. Iks, \ ^r>f 
p. 425 (Transvh ania); Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 15^ (1*75 i; I)re*+tr, 
Ibis, 1870, p.~324; Btanf.Easf. Pe -sia] ii. p. 2Cf7 1-76!; Z,Wr, 
Str. F. h . p. 22 (1876: Dee>aj: Sadly., t c. p. 1**4 i E. Turke-tan ; 
Fab-bank, t. c. p. 263 (Deccan); Tter. ifa//. *SV>c. ZoA. Frame. i. 
p. 257 (1876) ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 150 (1877: Poland}; IJt/t'er. -Sfi\ 
JF. v. p. 233 (1877: Dee^a, Julv to Feb.); Da*id ef Oust 0% 
Chine, p. 450 (1877); Reichm. J. f. O. lo77, p. I«i*; P/>T- /n 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 50 (1878: Ordu*; Kfin—u; L^ky 
JBanka, March.); JDanford, lbi^ 187^ p 34 (A-ia >Lnor, 
Marcb); Davidson $ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. fK) |l-7>5: 
Deccanj; Finsch, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 24-flK7!i: 
Marka-kul, June); Bernhardt, Mis* 1879, p. 319 (D»*niiia*k, 
breeding) ; Hume, Str. F. viiL p. 114 (1870»; Senlly, t c. p. 359 
(Kepal Vallev); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 68 11^71-1) ; yi. C^f. 
^. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 81 (ISbOi; Efwes, !&>, ISfcO, p. 3-8 
(Denmark); Biddulph, Ibis, 1831. p. 08; $ew% f. e. p. 5(11 i Gilgit); 
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 433 (1881: Deccan); Swbohm, Jbis, 
1882, p. 225 (Astrakhan, migrant.); Hduh k Peiz. Bnir. Orn. 
Sudafr. p. 287 (1882); B. O. II. List Brit. B.f. 112 H8c3|; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 32 (Caucasus); Sounder*, ed. Y<UTtlr& 
Brit. B. iv. p. 225 (1884); Chapman, Ibis, 1884 p. 98 (Spain); 
Clarke, t. c. p. 147 (Slavonia, breeding); Prentis% ZmL 18-4, 
p. 429 (Kent) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 52!f fl-^4); Trisfn 
Faun. £ Flor. Palest p. 112 (1*84) ; Sharpe. ed. Lat/antg B. #w 
Afr. j>. 729 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 42, SfMS (18-4 : TifiiS 
7000 ft.; breeding) j Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 267 (1884); 
4 . CICONIA. 305 
Swinhoe <§• Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 135 (Mhow distr.); Giglioli, Avif-
Ital p. 587 (1886); Salvad. Elenco Ucc. Ital. p. 247 (1886) j 
Ayres, Ibis, 1888, p. 297 (Transvaal) j 7^ , Ibis, 1887, p. 374 
(Portugal); Giglioli §* Manzella, Iconoqr. Avif. Ital, pt. xxxvii. 
(1887); Iw , j®Cr. JFl xi p. 331 (1888: Manipur); Irby, Keg 
List Brit B. p. 93 (1888) ; Harvie Brown $ Buckley, Yertebr. 
Faun. Inner Sebr. pi 96 (1888); Sousa, Jorn. Lisb. (2) no. 1, 

p- ....... , , , 


id. 2nd Besoc. p, 648 (1890); id. 3rd Besoc. p. 509 (1891); 

Sharpe, Ibis. 1891, p. 112 (Fao); Styan, t c. pp. 327, 493 (Lower 

Yangtse); Lilford, mCoL Fig. Brit B. Part xx. (1891); Gcltke, 

Vogefrc. Helgol p. 468 (1891); Frimldsfaj, Av. Sung. p. 134 

(1891) : Madardsz, Erliiut. Aussf. TJngar. Vogelf. p. 107 (1891); 

Beiser, VogeU. Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 108 (1891); Seebohm, Ibisf 

1892, p. 21 (Heligoland); Hartert, t c. p. 518 (E. Prussia); Bocage, 

Jorn. Lisb. (2) no. viii. p. 248, no. ix. p. 6 (1893); Bickett, Ibis, 

1894, p. 224 (Fuochow); Irby, Orn. Sir. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 210 

(1895); Gailie, Helgol., Emrl. ed. p. 453 (1895); Whitaker, Ibis, 

1895, p. 104 (Tunis); Shelley, B. Afr. i. p. 159 (1896) : Bickett 

£ Be La Toiwke, Ibis, 1896, p. 293 (Eoocho^, Oct.). 

Ciconia fu«ca, Brehm, Vb(j. DeutscM. p. 576 (1831). 

ilelunup*'lar>rus niprer, Reichenb. Grail tab. clxvi. figs. 453-54 

(1846): Bp. (Jonsp. Av. ii. p. 105 (1855); Hume, Str. F. i. 

p. 252 (1873: Punjab); Ball, op. cit. ii. p. 433 (1874: Chota 
tsafrpur); id. op. cit vii. p. 230 (1878: Ganges to Godavery); 
Bot/d. Camp, Av. Imp, Boss. p. 119(1884); Heine § Beiclien. 
Komencl. Mus. Hein. p. 811 (1890: Harz). 
Adult male in hreeding-pdwnage. General colour above glossy, 
for the most part metallic-purple with green margins to the feathers, 
the green predominating on the neck and mantle and the lesser 
wing-coverts, the median and greater coverts more distinctly 
purplish but with bronzy reflections; primaries black with a greenish 
gloss; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky brown, with 
purplish edgings, becoming green, on the latter; tail-feathers glossy 
purplish bronze; crown of head dusky blackish, glossed with 
green, especially towards the nape ,* the neck all round green, with 
a strong gloss of purple on the hinder neck, and again on the lower 
throat; sides of face and upper throat brilliant purple, with golden-
bronze reflections; fore-neck and chest greenish, with a slight 
purple gloss; remainder of under surface from the chest downwards 
pure white, including the axillaries; under wing-coverts 
dusky slate-colour, with a slight gloss of green or purple: " bill, 
orbital space, and pouch coral-red; legs and feet coral-red, blackish 
on front of tarsi; iris brown" (A. O. Hume). Total length 38 
inches, culmen 7*7, wing 21*5, tail 8, tarsus 8*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so glossy: 
" hill and feet red, the former lighter at the tip ; orbital skin leadcolour 
" {J. Sadly.) Total length about 36 inches, culmen 7, 
wing 21, tail 8-5, tarsus 7*6. 

Young birds. Browner than the adults, with very little green or 
purplish reflections; the head and neck paler brown, with whitish 


TOIr, XXVI.

306 
CICONIIDJE. 

spots at the ends of the feathers, the feathers of the chest also 
margined with whity-brown. 

Hab. Europe generally, as far north as Southern Sweden, as far 
east as Mongolia and China; wintering in Africa and the Indian 
Peninsula. 

a. Ad. sk. Egypt. 
Capt. Colin Campbell 
b, c. Ad. et imm. Egypt. G." Turnbull, Esq. 
sk. [P.], 

d. Juv. sk. Cape Colony. 
Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
e. ^ 
ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, June Gurney Coll. 
12 (T. Ayres). 
f. 
JUT. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. 5. W. B. Gumming, 
Esq.rP.l. 
g. 
$ ad. sk. River Indus, near Kusmore, Hume Cull. 
Sind, Dec. 13 (A. O. JET.). 
h. c? imm. sk. Sukkur,Sind,Dec.l6(AO.je".). Hume CoE. 
L $ 
ad. sk. Sehwan, Sind, Jan. 24 (A. O. Hume Col. 
Jff.). 


h. Ad. sk. Sirza district, Punjab, June. Hume Coll. 
I. Ad. sk. Eastern Dhoon (CoL Thelwall). Hume Coll 
m. 
2 a(l*; n' Nepal Valley, Nov. 29 (J. Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. Scully), 
o. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 
p, 
5 imm. sk. Mouth of the Amoor Biver, Seebohm Coll. 
Sept. 3 (C. Dorries). 

5. AFASTOMFS. ^ 
Type. 
Anastomus, Bonn. Enc. Meth.> Orn. p. xciii (1790) . A. oscitans. 
Hians, LacSp. Mem. Inst. Paris*, iii. p. 517 (1801) .. A. oscitans. 
Ehynchochasme, JETerm. Obs. Zool. p. 156 (1804) .. A. oscitans. 
Empharis, Bafinesque, Analyse, p. 70 (1815) A. oscitans. 
Chaanorhamphe, Dumont, JDict. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 51 

(1817) ..,.., ;.......... A. oscitans. 
Chenorhamphus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 562 (1848) .. A. oscitans. 
Hiator, JReichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xii (1852-53) .. A. lamelligeras. 

Range. Africa. Madagascar. India. 

Key to the Species* 

a. 
General plumage white or ashy-grey; scapulars, 
quills, and tail black; no lanceolate prolongation 
of the shafts of the breast-feathers into hornlike 
appendages mcitam, p. 300. 
b. General plumage black, with horny elongations 
to the shafts of the breast-feathers UmeUigeru&fj>. 308. 
1. Anastomus oscitans. 
Le Bec-Ouvert de Pondichery, D'Attbent. PI Bnl. viii. pi. 032. 
Le Bec-Ouvert, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 409 (1780). 
Le Bec-Ouvert blane des Indes, Bonn. Voy. Ink. Orient* ii. p. 120, 


pi. 122 (1782). 
Ardea oscitans, Bodd. Tabl PL Erd. p. 55 (1783). 


5 . ANASTOMUS. 307 
Pondicherry Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 101 (1785). 
Coromandel Heron, Lath. torn. cit. p. 102. 
Ardea coromandeliana, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 646 (1788). 
Ardea pondiceriana, Gm. torn, cit p. 646. 
Anastomus albus, VieilL N Diet. dHist Nat. i. p. 489 (1816): id. 


Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1037? pi. 55. fig. 4 (1823). 
Anastomus cinereus, VieilL torn. cit. p. 490: id. Enc. MUh. iii. 

p. 1037, pi. 55. fig. 3 (1823). 
Hians indieus, Less. Man. a"Om. ii. p. 251 (1828). 
Hians coromandelianus, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 581 (1831); Reichenb. 
Grail tab. xcv. fig. 439 (1850). 
Anastomus coromandelianus, VieilL Gal Ois. ii. p. 133, pi. 251 

(1834). r ' r 
Anastomus typus, Temm. PL Col. Tail. Meth. p. 94 (1838). 
Anastomus oscitans, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1844); id. 

Gen. B. iii. p. 562 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. 

p. 276 (1849: Calcutta); Layard, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 
p. 115 (1854): Irby, Lbis, 1861, p. 244 (Oudh); Gray, Cat Mamm. 
etc. Nepal>pres.Hodgs. p. 72 (1863); Jerd. B. Lnd. iii. p. 765 
(1864); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 173; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 398; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 36, no. 10197 (1871); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, 
p. 479 (Ceylon); Hume, Nests <§• Eggs lnd. B. p. 630 (1873); id. 
Str.FA.^.107 (1873: Slnd); Legge, Ibis, 1874,p.31 (S.E.Ceylon), 
1875, p. 404; Blyth, B. Burma, p. 158 (1875); Bingham, Str. F. 
iv. p. 212 (1876); Davidson § Wenden, Str. F. vii, p. 90 (1878: 
Deecan): Murray, t.e. p. 113 (Sind); Butler, t.c. p. 188 (Sind, 
breeding): Ball, t c. p. 231 (Ganges to Godavery); Cripps, t c. 
p. 310 (Faridpur); Doig, t e. p. 467 (Sind); Hume, t. c. p. 491 
(Calcutta); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 71 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 
viii. p. 114 (1879); Doig, t.c. p. 371 (E. Narra, nesting) j Legge, 
B. Ceylon, p. 1103 (1880); Butler, Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 85 
(1880); id. Str. F. ix, p. 435 (1881: Deecan); Meid, op. cit x. 
p. 77 (1881: Lueknow) ; Oates, t. c. p. 244 (1882 : Pegu); Davidson, 
t. c. p. 324 (Khandeish); Davison, t c. p. 417 (1883: Wynaad); 
Oaies, Handb. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 266 (1883); Parker, Ibis, 1883, 
p. 195 (Ceylon); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 277 (1884); 
Swinh. 8? Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 136 (Mhow distr.); Hume, Str. F. 
xi. p. 330 (1888: Manipur); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests fy Eggs lnd. 
J?, iii. p. 224 (1890). 
Anastomus pondieerianus, Licht Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 
(1854); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 109 (1855); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Ciconia3, p. 15 (1864). 

Adult male. General colour above pure white, including the wingeoverts, 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; scapulars, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black with 
slight purple and green reflections, the under surface of the wings 
aud tail being metallic green; entire under surface of body, including 
the under tail-coverts, pure white: "bill dark horny grey; legs 
and feet fleshy white; claws greyish brown ; iris brown; bare skin 
of face blackish" (C. T. Bingham). Total length 30 inches, 
culmen 6*1, wing 15-5, tail 6-4, tarsus 6*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but generally with a slight 

tinge of grey over the white plumage. Total length 30 inches, 
culmen 6*4, wing 16, tail 6*2, tarsus 6. 
x2 

308 
CICOOT2D2E. 

Young. Much greyer than the adult, the back smudged with 

ashy brown, and the head, neck, throat, and chest ashy, the fore-

neck having a few dusky streaks ; bill with the edges of the 

mandibles coterminous and not gaping as in the adults : " bill deep 

greenish black; feet and legs fleshy brown with a purplish tinge; 

bare skin of chin bluish ash-colour; bare skin of cheeks and face 

black: iris deep brown" (C. T. Bingham). 

Bab. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, east to Cochin China. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
b-e. S 2 ad. et Delhi, Oct., Dec, April, June Hume Coll. 
<$ $ juv. sk. (C. T. Bingham). 
/. Ad. sk. Allahabad, Oct. Hume Coll. 

g. Ad. sk. Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Ondh, Oct., Dec. Hume Coll. 
k-r. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
s, t, u. Ad. sk. Bhootan (F. W. Montairo). India Museum. 
v,w. Ad.etimm. Mymensing. Godwin-Austen 

sk. 
Coll. 

x. Ad. sk. Bengal (Dr. Falconer). India Museum. 
y. 
<$ imni. sk. Sumbalpur, Central Provinces, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 23. 
z. $ imm. sk. Depalpur, Jan. 11. Colonel Swinhoe 
a'j b'. $ ad. et Raipur. 
Hume Coll. 

c\ d'. d 2 ad-s&-Seoni. 
Hume Coll. 

e'. Juv. sk. Western Khandeish, Nov. 24 Hume Coll. 

(J. Davidson). 
/ . Ad. sk. Ahmednuggur (S. B. Fairbank). Tweeddale Coll. 
g'. Ad. sk. Western Ghats, Bombay PresiGould 
CoU. 
dency {Coussmaker). 
kr. J ad. sk. S.E. coast of Ceylon, March 20. Colonel W. V. 


Legge [P.] 
ir. $ imm. sk. Manipur, March 4 (A. 0. JR.). Hume Coll. 
k'. Ad. sk. Cochin China, Nov. M. E. Pierre [P.], 


2. Anastomus lamellig-erus. 
Anastomus lamelligerus, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 236 (1823) ; WagL 
Syst. Av. Anastomus, sp. 2, p. 142 (1827); Less. Traite WOm. 


p. 581 (1831); Gray, List Grail Brit Mus. p. 89 (1844: Madagascar) 
; id. Gen. B. ill. p. 562 (1848) ; Mipp. Syst Z/ebe?-s. p. 121 
(1845: Senaar and Abyssinia); Marti. Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Mist. 
(2) ii. p. 392 (1848 : Madagascar) ; Reichenb. Grail tab. 167. 
fig. 438 (1850); Meugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 60 (1856); Marti. Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 229 (1857: Senegambia); id. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 168 
(Madagascar) ; id. Faun. Madccg. p. 76 (1861); id. J. f. 0.1861, 

p. 270; Pollen, Nat Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. i. p. 321 (1863); 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cieonise, p. 15 (1864) j Kirk, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 334 (Zambesi and Shire Rivers); Antin. Cat. descr. lice. p. 103 
(1864); Schl P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 (Madagascar); Layard, B. 8. 
Afr. p. 317 (1867); Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, p. 420; 
Schl §• Pollen, Faun. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 128 (1868); Ayres, Ibis,. 
1869, p. 302 (Transvaal); Cab. in Von derBeckeris Beise, iii. p. 48 
5 . A^ASTOXUS. 
309 
(1889); Fimch £ Kartl Yog. Ostafr. p. 726 (1870); Gray, 
Eandrl B. Hi. p. 38, no. 10198 (1871),- Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 270 
(Transvaal); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Lcl p. 283 (1872); 
Seugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. ii. p t 1, p. 1119 (1873); Socage, J. f. 0. 
187*5, p. 301 (Humbe); Marti. Yog. Madag. p. 313 (1877); 
Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, pp. 164, 276; Fischer, J.f 0. 1879, 
pp. 284, 297; Bohm, J.f.O. 1882, p. 190 (Kingani; Ugalla 
River); Udub $ Peh. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 289 (1882); Schalow, 
Jf. 0. 1883, p. 340; W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 537 (River 
Xiger) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 385 (1884 : Maurui); 
Bohm, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 39 (Gonda): Fischer, t. c. p. 117 (Engatana); 
Sartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 607 (Sokoto); Fmin, Ibis, 1887, 

p. 474 (Albert Xyanza): Beichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 49 (Smiiu R.); 
Matschie, t. c. p. 146 (HJBaga; Itambe Lake; Lufira; Likulwe; 
Upamba Lake); Beichen. J.f.O. 1889, p. 268 (Quaqua); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1894, p. 477 (Xyasa-land); Fleck, J. f. O. 1894, p. 386 
(Xocana, July); Beichen. Yog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 57, figs. 28, 29 
(1894: Bagamovo: Tanga: Kawende ; Lake Tanganyika); Shelley, 
B. Africa, i. p. 159 (1896) ; id. Ibis, 1897, p. 551 (Nyasaland). 
Hians eapensis, Less. Man. dJOr?i. ii. p. 252 (1828). 
AnarftoinikJ kniinigerus, Gray in Griffith's Anim. Kingd. iii. pp. 353, 

510, cum tab. (1829). 
Iliator lauiellig«rus, Reichenb. NatllrL Syst Yog. pp. 25, xix (1852); 
Bp. Consp. Ac. ii. p. 109 (1855). 

Anastomus inadagascariensis, Milne-Edio. C. B. xci. p. 1037 (1880); 
id. 4* Grandid. Hist Xat. Madag., Ois. p. 519, pis. 211-214 (1882); 
Sibree^ Ibis, 1892, pp. 113, 117 (Madagascar); Shelley, B. Africa, 
i p. 159 (1896). 

Hiator 
lamelliger, Seine $ Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 312 
(1890: Senaar). 

Adult* General colour above black, with a very slight greenish 
gloss; the mantle, scapulars, and upper back with stiffened glossy 
plumes of bronzy brown, some of them glossed with metallic purple; 
wings similarly bronzed and glossed; greater coverts, bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, distinctly glossed 
with green, the under surface of the quills and tail-feathers metallic 
green; head, neck, and underparts black, with a few of the feathers 
of the crown, face, and throat ornamented with tips of metallic 
black; the feathers on the lower throat and fore-neck with elongated 
lanceolate tips of metallic green or bronzy brown; breast and 
abdomen black, the feathers with elongated narrow tips of 
metallic horn; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish: u bill 
dusky, basal half whitish, and conspicuous when the bird is freshly 
killed; iris double, the inner ring pale yellow, the outer dusky " 
(T„ Ayres). Total length 28 inches, oilmen 7, wing 15*7, tail 7, 
tarsus 6-4. 

Professor Milne-Edwards and 1L Grandidier have separated the 
Madagascar bird as distinct from the African species on account 
the straighter bill and the longitudinal striations on its sides. 
These striations appear to me to be assumed with the adult 
breeding-plumage, as the young birds certainly have smooth sides 

310 
cicoimBJs. 

to the bills. I cannot see any reason for separating the Madagascar 

bird from the African form. 

Young birds are browner than the adults and have less gloss, the 

wing-coverts and dorsal plumes having pale whity-brown tips, as do 

also the feathers of the fore-neck and chest; the throat is whitish. 

Eab. Africa and Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Fazogloa, NJE. Africa. Massena Coll. 
b. Juv. sk. Fazogloa. 
Ma*-ena Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Bern Bekir, Xiam Xiam F. Bohndorff [LV. 
Country, May. 
d. Ad. sk. Bufiji River (Lat. 8° S.), E. Capt Wharton ~P.\ 
Africa. 
e.ffg. $ $ ad. et Lake Sliirwa, Kyasa-land^ July Sir H. H. Johnston 
juv. sk. {A. JlHyte). * ' r2.\ 

h. 2 vd-s^» Karonga, Nyasa-land, July Sir H. H. Johnston 
(A. Whyte). 
'P.". 
i. $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Shelley CoIL 
k. Juv. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 
I. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. 
J. Rocke, E-q^P.j. 
m. Ad. sk. Madagascar. 
Purchased. 
n. Ad. sk. Madagascar, Aug. 29. Mr. A. Cros»lev 
20.]. 

o. 
Skeleton (skull Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley 
imperfect). [C.]. 
6. XEFOEHYMJHFS * 
Type. 
Xenorhynchus, Bp. Consp. Ai\ ii. p. 100 (1855) X. australis. 
Mange. The same as that of the single species. 

1. Xenorhynchus asiaticns. 
Indian Jabiru, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL L p. 231 {1787}. 

Lohaujung Heron, Lath. torn. eit. p. 238. 

Mvctena asiatica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 670 (1790); VieilL N 

"Diet d'Sist Nat. xvi. p. 439 (1817); Butler $ Hume. Str. P. Iv, 

p. 22 (1876). 
Ardea indica, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 701 (1790). 
Mycteria australis, Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soe. v. p. 34 (ITi^j j id. fy 
Nodder, Nat Misc. xv. pi. 601; Lath. Ind. Orn. tiirppl. p. Ixiv 
(1801); VieilL N. Did. d'tt'st Nat xvi. p. 440 (lttI7); Gray, 
List Grail. Brit Mus. p. 89 (1844); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit, 
Mm., Grail, pi. 73. no. 801; id. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 80 (1644) j 
Gray7 Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 136 (1840); Gould, 

B. Austr. vi. pi. 51 (1847); Bbjth, Cat B. Mm. As. Sec. p. 276 
(1849: Calcutta distr.); Reichen.. Grail tab. xeiv. fig, 445, 
ecxeii. fig. 2387 (1850); Bennett, Gatherings of a Naturalist in 
Australasia, p. 195, pi. i. (1860); Parker .P. Z. S. I860, p. 328 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 244 (Oudh) $ Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 734 (1864). 
* Xenorhynchus nanus, Be Vis, JProe. Linn. Soe. N. S. W„ (2) iii. -pp. 1287* 
1292, pi. 35.figs. 11, lib (1888). Fossil. 
6 . XEXOEHXKCHDS. 
311 

Biggies, Orn. Avar. pi. v. (1865); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 35; 
Ramsay, t. c. p. 87 (Port Denison); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 172; 
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 807 (Thatone Creek) ; Some, Ibis, 1870, 
j). 295, 1871, pp. 110-112 (Etawah, nesting); Gray, Hand4. B. 

iii. p. 85, no. 10192 (1871); Haves Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 418; 
Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 433 (1874: Chota Nagpur); Hume, t. c. p. 483 j 
D'Alb. Ibis, 1877, p. 372 (Fly Eiver, New Guinea) ; Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. p. 198 (1877); Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, 
_p. 167; Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 93 (Dacca;. 
Kew Holland Jabiru, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL ii. p. 294, pi. cxxxviii. 

(1802). 9 M V >V 
Ciconia australis, Temm. PL Col. v. Livr. 51 (1824); Gray, Gen. B. 

iii. p. 561 (1848); Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconia, p. 6 (1864). 
Ciconia leucoptera, Wagl. Syst. A v., Ciconia, sp. 6, p. 138 (1827). 
Ciconia xenorhynchus, WagL I. c. 
Ciconia (Mycteria) australis, Gray fy Hardw. Ill Ind. Zool. i. 
pi. 64 (1835;. 
Ciconia asiatica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 561 (1848). 
Xenorhynclius australis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 106 (1855); Gould, 

Sandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 293 (1865); Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. 

p. 158 (1875); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc^N.S. W. i. p. 191 (1876); 
Casteln. <§* Ramsay, t. c. p. 386 (Gulf of Carpentaria) ; Legge, B. 
Ceylon, p. 1117 (1880); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2) 
ii. p. 172 (1887: X.W. Australia); North, t. o. p. 987; id. Cat 
Wests #• Eggs Austr. B. p. 315 (1889); Coxfy Hamilton, Proc, 
Linn. Soc. N S. W. (2) iv. p. 420 (1889: Mudgee distr.). 
Xenorhynchus indica, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 107 (1855). 

Mvcteria indica, Gray, Hand4. B.m. p. 35, no. 10191 (1871); Hume, 
"Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 607 (1873); id. Str. F. I p. 252 (1873) ; 
Adam, t c. p. 398 (Sambhur); Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 167. 

Xeoorhynchus asiaticus, Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 469 (1878: 
Pahpoon); Oates, op. eit yii. p. 51 (1878: Pegu, Dec, breeding); 
Hume, t. e. p. 67 (Rajpootana); Davidson 8r Wenden, t c. p. 90 
(Deccan); Ball, t e. p. 230 (Ganges to Godavery); Butler, Cat. 

R. Bind etc. p. 68 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114 (1879); 
* Doig, t. c. p. 371 (Eastern Narra, breeding); White, Proc. R. Soc. 
Queensl. iii- pp. 136-139 (1880); Butler, Str. F ix. p. 432 (1880: 
Deccan); Parker, t c. p. 484 (Ceylon); Reid, op. cit. x. p. 74 
(1881: Lucknow); Oates, t. c. p. 242 (Pegu); Salvad. Orn. 
Papuasia etc. iii. p. 377 (1882); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 264 (1883); Swinh. "<$• Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 135 (Mhow); 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 330 (1888: Manipur); Ramsay, Tab. List 
Austr. B. p. 20 (1888 : Australia generally, except the southern 
portion); Gates's ed. Hume's Nests ty Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 265 
(1890); Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia etc. m. p. 209 (1891). 
Adult mak* General colour above white from the hind-neck to 
the upper tail-coverts, including the latter; the whole of the lesser 
wing-coverts white, forming a large wing-patch; the median and 
greater coverts as well as the innermost secondaries, scapulars, 
and tail-feathers black, glossed with metallic green, steel-blue, and 
purple; the bastard-whig like the greater coverts, but the edge 
of the wing, primary-coverts, and quills white, as also the base 
of the tail; head and neck metallic bluish green, rather more 
purple on the neck, and with a large patch of purplish bronze on 

312 CICOIS'IIDJS. 

the occiput and nape; under surface pure white, including the 

under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts, excepting the lowest 

row of median coverts which forms a large patch of metallic green.: 

" bill black; gular skin and eyelids dusky purple ; legs and toes 

coral-red; iris bluish brown" (E. W* Oates). Total length 48 

inches, culmen 12, wing 22-5, tail 8*5, tarsus 12. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 45 inches, 

culmen 11*5, wing 21*5, tail S'5, tarsus 11. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being duller and more green, 

with ashy-brown edges to all the feathers of the upper surface; 

lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, with a little brown 

on the rump ; the head and neck brown; the mantle and lesser wing-

coverts brown, with hoary-grey edges and a slight purplish gloss ; 

the quills white on the inner webs, greenish brown on the outer 

quills, dusky below with a metallic green gloss; the under wing-

coverts and the primary-coverts brown, as also the lower median 

coverts. 

Hob, Indian Peninsula to the Burmese Provinces and the 

Malayan Peninsula. Hew Guinea and Northern Australia. 

a,b.A&. etjuv.sk. , India. Dr. Royle [P.]. 

c. Juv. sk. Kohtuck, Punjab, Dec. 28 Hume Coll. 
{A. 0. H.). 
d. Ad. sk. Dehra Dhoon, Jan. Hume Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 
/, g, h. d ad. sk. Futtehgurh, Dec, Jan. Hume Coll. 
L Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
Jc. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
1. Ad. sk, Assam. Godwin-Austen 
Coll. 

m. J ad. sk. Eaipur, Jan. Hume Coll. 
n. S ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Sept. 15. Oates Col. 
o, jp, q. Ad. et Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
juv. sk. 

r. Ad. sk. Queensland. W. Westeartb, EM. 
[P.]. ? ^ 
s. Imm. sk. Queensland. Saivin-Godman Coll. 
t. Skeleton. India. Purchased. 
u. Skeleton. ? Purchased. 
7. EPHIPPIO&EYHCHUS. 
Epmppiorhynchus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 106 (1855).. E. sem^mm. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

1. Ephippiorhyachxis se&egaiensis. 
Mycteria senegalensis, Shaw, Tram. Linn. Soc. v. p. 35, pi. 8 (1798) Lath. 
Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 64 (1801); Vieill N. Diet. ffExst. Wail 

xvi. p. 440 (1817); id Gal Ois. ii. p. 139, pi. 2m (1825); Lm« 
TraiteflOm. p. 583 (1831); Gray, List Gratt. Brit Mm. p. 80 
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 562 (1848); Bekhenb. Grail, tab. xdv. 
I. EPHIPPIOKEOTCHITS. 
313 

%. 444 (1850); Lichi. Nomenel Av. Mus. Berol p. 90 (1854: 
Senegal; Abyssinia); Eeugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 61 (1856); Eartl. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 228 (1857: Gambia); Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sei. PMad. 1859, p. 173 (Gamma R.); Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 34 
(Natal*; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 333 (Lake Nvasa; Rovuma K.); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 275 (Natal); Zca/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 317 
(1867;; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 376 Olatahele-land); Cab. in Von der 
DeckeusPeis., Vog.iii.p.48 (1869: Rovuma): Finsch § Eartl. Vog. 
Osfafr. p. 723 (1870); Gray, Eand-l B. 'iii. p. 35, no. 10193 
(1871); Eeugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1110 (1873); Reichen. J. 

f. 0. 1877, p. 167; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 452 (1881); Holub 
4* Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 288 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 365 (Ma-hocma-land); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 731 
(1634); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 258 (1884: Shoa) ; 
Bohm, If. 0. 1885, p. 52 (Gonda), p. 73 (Qua-Mpara); Fischer, 
t c. p. 118 (Kipini; Lainu GoastJ ; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 297 
(Rustenberg distr., April); Eartert, I. f O. 1880, p. 607 (Benue 
River]; Emin, Ibis, 1887, p. 474 (Albert Nyanza); Beicken. 
J.f O. 1887, p. 49 (SimiuR.; RuwanaR.); Matschie, t. c. 
p. 139 f Tanganyika), p. 146 (Itamba Lake; Boga; Lufra; 
Likulwe); Reichen. J, f. O. 1892, p. 11 (Victoria Nvanza) ; 
id, Vog. deuUch-Ost-Afr. p. 59 (1894); Shelley, B. Afr. i. p. 159 
{lfe96j. 
Senegal Jabiru, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 296 (1801: Senegal). 

Ciconia ephippi irhyneha, temm. PL Col v. Livr. 51 (1824); 
Cretztckm. in Hupp. Atlas, Vog. p. 5, pi. 3 (1826); Wagl. Syst. 
Ar,f Ciconia, sp. 5, p. 137 (1827); Bes Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. 
Abyss, p. 162 i Lb45j. 

Ardea tjphippiorhyneha, Harris, High!. JEth. ii. p. 417 (1844: Shoa.) 
3i\cteria ephippiwrhyncha, Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 122 (1845: 
Senaar; Abyssiniaj; Eeugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 61 (1856). 

Ephippiorhynchus &enegalen.sis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 106 (1855); 
Antin. Cat. deser. Uec. p. 102 (1864); Gurney, in Anderss. B. 
Bam. Ld. p. 2bl (1872). 

Ciconia 
senegalensis (part.), Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconise, p. 7 
(1864: Senaar). 
XenorhyncliUB senegalensis, lohnston, Piver Congo, p. 370 (1884). 

Adult female. General colour above white from the hind-neck to 
fiie rump, as well as the lesser marginal wing-coverts; scapulars and 
wing-coverts black, slightly glossed with green or purple; the 
greater coverts with more or less white on the inner webs; primary-
coverts and quills for the most part white, ashy externally and at 
the ends, which are darker; the inner secondaries black, glossed 
with green and purple; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black 
with a greenish glows', the base of the latter white; head and neck 
Mack, glossed with green and purple, especially on the throat; 
remainder of under surface, from the fore-neck downwards, white, 
including the under tail-coverts, thighs, quill-lining, and axillaries; 
under wing-coverts black : base of bill to nostril bright crimson, 
as also the skin round the eye and under the bill (the bill from 
the nostril for 3 | inches is black; from thence to the tip bright 

•crimson); frontal shield bright yellow ; shanks and tarsi black; 
knees and feet brick-dust red; the bare spot on the breast bright 
314 
cicoiraDjs. 

crimson " (T. Ayres). Total length 65 inches, culmen 12*6, wing 27, 
tail 10*8, tarsus 15. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being browner where the old 
bird is black; the white of the mantle and chest washed with 
brown. 

Hob. Africa. 
a, b. Ad. et iuv. Gambia. Governor Kendall 
'sk. [P.].. 

c. Ad. (head only). River Loge, Anibriz, Angola Monteiro Coll. 
(J. J. M.). 
d. 2 
ad. sk. Rustenberg, Transvaal, April 2 Guruey Coll. 
(W, Lucas), 
e. Juv. sk. East Africa. Capt. Wharton [P.]. 
f.Ad.(head only). Shoa (Sir W, C. Harris). India Museum. 
g, k Skulls, Gambia. ' Purchased. 
8. MYCTERIA. -, 
Type. 
Mycteria, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 232 (1766) M. americana. 
Range. Confined to South America. 

1. Mycteria americana. 
La Cigogne de la Guiane, Briss. Orn. v. p. 373 (1760). 

Mycteria 
americana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p, 232, pt. -(1766); Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 616 (1788); Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc. v. p. 32 
(1798); id. 8r Nodder, Nat Misc. pL 469; Vieill. N Diet 
d'Mist. Nat. xvi. p. 437 (1817J ; Less. Traite oVOrn. p. 583 
(1831); Neuwied, JBeitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 675 (1832); Gray, 
List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1844); Tsch. fy Cab. Faun. Peruan., 
Aves, pp. 50,298 (1845-40); Marti. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847); Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 562 (1848) j Cab. in Schomb. Meis. Guiana, iii. 

p. 751 (1848) j Reichenb. Grail, tab. xciv. rig. 443 (1850); Bp. 
Con&p. Av. ii. p. 107 (1855); JDes 31itr$ in Casteln. JSxpid. 
Amer. Sud, p. 79 (1855: Araguay); Schl Mus. Bays-BasT 
Ciconias, p. 11 (1864); Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 197, 1866, p. 196 
(Guatemala); Gray, Mand-l B. iii. p. 35, no. 10190 (1871) ; Pek. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 305, 456 (1871: Parana; Cuvaba; Borba); 
ScL # Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873) : Beichm. J.f.O. 
1877, pp. 166, 276; Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-Birds 
N. Amer. i. p. 79, cum fig. (1884) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 653 (1884); Tttcz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 411 (1886) j Salvin, Ibis, 
1886, p. 171 (British Guiana) • Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 32 
(Pilcomayo); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 120 (1887); Sol fy 
Muds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 106 (1889) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 145 (Rio Parana; Rio Paraguay; Rio Pilcomayo); A. O. V. 
CheckL N. Amer. B. p. 69 (1895); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450 
(Miravalles, Costa Rica); Lloyd, Timehri, (2) ix. p. 223 (1896); 
Graham Kerr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vi. p. ix, (1896) ; Koenigswald, 
J.f. 0.1897, p. 388. 
Le Jabiru de Cayenne, IXAubent. PI. Enl viii. pi 817. 
Le Jabiru, Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 280, pi. xiii. (1780), 
American Jabiru, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 22, pi. lxxv. (1785). 
Baguari de la Collar Roxo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 117 (1802). 
Ciconia mycteria, Licht. Verz. Boubk p. 76 (1823; San Paulo). 
9 . LEPTOPTILUS. 
315 

Adult, General colour above white, with a satiny gloss or a 
greyish shade under certain lights ; under surface a little duller: 
" bill and feet black; iris brown" (Stolzmann). Total length 
50 inches, culmen 12*5, wing 24, tail 7*8, tarsus 12. . 

Hab. South America, ranging into Central America. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
South America. 
South America. 
Zoological Society. 
India Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. South America. Salvin-Gcdman Coll. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
f. <5 ad. sk. 
" Brazil. 
Para. 
Huamachal, Guatemala, 
Lieut. Maw [P.]. 
R. Graham, Esq. [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. (0. &)• 

9. LEPTOPTILTJS. 
Type. 
Leptoptilos, Lesson, Traiti d'Orn. p. 583 (1831) ... . L. javanicus. 
Argala, JSodgs. Ind. Review, ii. p. 563 (1838) L. "dubius. 
Cranopelargus, Gloger, JSandb. Naturg. i. p. 417 (1842) L. javanicus. 
Osteorophea, JSodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc, p. 86 

(1844) L.dubius. 
Range. Africa. India, extending to the Indo-Malayan Subregion. 


Key to the Species. 

a. 
Larger: under tail-coverts silky white, with 
greyish-black streaks near the tips; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series and 
secondaries hoary grey, but without white 
margins dubius, p. 315. 
b. Smaller: under tail-coverts pure white. 
a\ Greater wing-coverts glossed with gre^n 
like the rest of the wing, the scapulars and 
inner secondaries edged with white ..... . javamrus, p. 317. 

5'. 
Greater wing-coverts edged with white 
like the secondaries oumeniferus, p. 319, 

1. Leptoptilus dubius. 
Gigantic Crane, Lath. Gen, Syrt. iii. pt. 1, p. 45 (1785: India & 

Africa). 
Ardea dubia, Gm. Syst. 2Srat. i. p. 624 (1788). 
Ardea argala, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 670 (1790). 
Ciconia marabou, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 300 (1824); Wagl. Syst. Av.r 

Ciconia, sp. 1, p. 135 (1827). 
Leptoptilos marabou, Less. Traiti d'Orn. p. 538 (1831). 
Giconia dubia, JSundev. Phys. Stilish. Tidshr. 1838, p. 193 (Calcutta). 
Argala migratoria, JSodgs. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 563. 
Ciconia nudifrons, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii, p. 200, no. 317 (1840: 

Deccan). 
Ciconia argala, Jerd. torn. cit. p. 200, no. 316 (Jaulnah). 
Osteorophea immigratoria, JSodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mies., Grail, 

pis. 74, 75, no. 713; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Leptoptilus argala, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1844: India;. 
Northern India; Nepal); id. Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Nepal pres. JSodgs. 

£16 
CICOXIIDJE. 

p. 136 (1846); id. Gen. B. iii p. 561 (1848); Reichenb. Grail 
tab. xciv. fig. 448 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. JIus. As. Soc. p. 277 
(1849: Calcutta); Licht. Nomenel Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854: 
East India) ; Irk/, Ibis, 1861, p. 244 (Oudli): Blyth. i. c. p. 268; 
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 730 (1864); Sehomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 2G7 
(Siam, Jan.); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 396 (Calcutta); Hayes 
Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 418 (Eathiawarj; Blyth, B. Burma, p. 158 
(167o: Arakan); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 343 (anatomy): 
Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 470 (Burniah) : Garrod, P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 711 (anatomy); Hume fy Davison, Sir. F. \i. p. 468 
(1878: Tenasserim); Bingham, op. cit. vii. p. 30 (1878: 
Moulmein); Davidson § Wenden, t. c. p. 90 (Deecanj: Butler, 

t. c. p. 187 (Sind) ; Ball, t c. p. 229 (Ganges to (iodaveryj ; 
Cripps, t. c. p. 306 (Faridpur); Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 08 
(1879: migrant): Tiraut, Bull. Agric. Cochinchine, (3) L p. 153 
(1879); Hume,' Str. F. viii. pp. 70, 114 (1879: Malacca); 
Bingham, Str. F. is. p. 197 (1880: Thoungveen Valley): Butler, 
t. c. p. 432 (1881: Beccan); JReid, Str."F. x. p/73 (leSl: 
Luelmow); Oates, t c. p. 242 (1882: Pegu); Davidson, f. c. 
p. 323 (Kkandeish); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 190 (Moai R., Malay 
Peninsula); Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 262 (1*83) ; 
Weldon, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 640, 641, 652, pi. lis. fig. 3, pi. Is. 
fig. 6 (anatomy); Beddard, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 551 (anatomy); 
Murray, Vertebr. Zool. Sind, p. 266 (1884) : Swinh.fy Barnes, Ibis, 
1885, p. 135 (Mhow distr.); Hume, Str/F. yiii p. 330 (1888: 
Manipur); Oates's ed. Humis Xests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 200 
(1890); Jfunn, Ibis, 1894, p. 70 (Calcutta distr.). 

Argala dubia, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 108 (1855). 
Mycteria argala, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconiae, p. 13 (1864: River 
Ganges). 

Leptoptilus 
dubius, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 36, no. 10195 (1871); 
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 252 (1873: Upper Sind); Adam, t. c. p. 398 
(Sambhur); Hume, Nests $* Eggs hid. B. p. 605 (1873) ; Ball, 
Str. F. ii. p. 432 (1874: Chota Nagpur): Hume. L c. p. 483 
(Tenasserim); Salvad. Ilea. Bom. p. 357 (1874) ; Gates. Str. F. 

iii. p. 346 (1875). 
Adult. General colour above ashy grey with a green reflection, 
the feathers being dull glossy green dusted with hoary grey; 
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the greater series 
.externally hoary grey, as also tbe innermost secondaries; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish externally, glossed with 
dull green; tail-feathers blackish, also glossed with green; head 
and neck bare, extending down between the shoulders; sides of 
neck and under surface of body pure white; under tail-eoverts 
-composed of fine plumes which are silky white? streaked with 
greyish black towards the tips; under wing-coverts and quill-
lining ashy with a slight greenish gloss; the lower aspect of the 
shafts of the long primaries curiously marked with brown : u bill 
pinkish flesh-colour ; skin of head and chin pale reddish brown; 
skin of the forehead and at the base of the bill rough and blackish, 
presenting the appearance of having been scorched; neck saffron-
yellow, turning to pink at the end. of the pouch, the whole of which 
is spotted with black; loose skin at back of neck brick-red; iris 

9. LEPTomxtrs. 317 
yellowish white ; eyelids plumbeous, the edges pink; legs and toes 
brown, the edges of the reticulations white ; claws black7J (E. W. 
Oates). Total length 60 inches, culmen 12, wing 82, tail 12*5,, 
tarsus 13. 

Young birds. Browner than the adults, and having the band 
on the greater coverts brown instead, of grey, with whitish edgings 
to the inner webs ; the lores and face are not carunciliated, and the 
back of the head and nape have a good many hairs and scattered 
black plumes ; the gular pouch is very small and has a tuft of blackish 
hairs at the end: " bare skin of head, neck, and pouch pale fleshcolour 
spotted with black; chin and throat yellow, covered all over 
with long hairs; bill dirty yellow; legs and feet black; iris 
brown'*' (0. T. Bingham). 

The dimensions of this species vary very much, especially as 
regards the length of the tarsus, and in young birds, where the 
characters which distinguish the adult are not always developedy 
it is by no means easy to tell the species. Thus in an adult bird 
from Cochin China with the grey band on the wing, showing that 
it is true L. duhii/s, the culmen is only 10*2 inches and the tarsus 
barely 10 inches in length. 

Hah. Central and Northern India, east to the Burmese Provinces 

and Cochin China. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
c. J imm. sk. Delhi, Sept. 18 (0. T. Bingham). Hume Coll. 
d. Imm. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Type of Osteorophea immigraton 
e, Imm. sk. Bkofan Boars, Jan. (L. MandeUi). Hume Coll. 
f-i. S ad. et Calcutta, Feb., Sept. Hume Coll. 

juv. sk. 

h. Juv. sk. Tonghoo, Burma, Aug. 13 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
w:&).m

L Ad. sk. Cochin China. 3V1. E. Pierre [P.], 

m* Skeleton. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

2. Leptoptiltis javanictis. 
Ciconia javanica, Ho?'sf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 188 (1821). 
Axdea dubia (nee Gm.), Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 325 (1822)* 
Ardea crinita, Buch. Hamilton, MSS. 
Gieoniaeapillata, Temm. PI. Col v. pi. 312 (1824: Java & Sumatra); 

Waff I Stjst. Av., Ciconia, sp. 3, p. 136 (1827). 
Leptoptilos capillata, Less. Traits d?Om. p. 584 (1831: Java); Lichf, 

Nomend. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854: East India). 
Ciconia nudifrons, McClelland, Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 512. 
Ciconia cristata, McClelland, torn. cit. p. 512. 
Ciconia calva, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 201, no. 318 (1840). 
Leptoptilus javanicus, Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1844: 

Mian Archipelago); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 561 (1848) ; Reickenb. 
Grail, tab. xciv. fig. 446 (1848); Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. SOP. 

p. 277 (1849: Calcutta); id. Ibis, 1861, p. 269 ; Reink Ibis, 1862, 
p. 170; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 732 (1864: Malabar Coast and Assam 
318 cicominm. 

to Malay Peninsula); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 397 (Burma); Stoinh. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 364 (Hainan); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 411 ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. k p. 36, no. 10196 (1871); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, 
p 477 (Ceylon); Hume, Nests 8f Eggs Ind. B. p. 606 (1873); 
Sahad. XJcc. Born. p. 358 (1874); Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 403 
(Ceylon); Hume, Str. F iii. p. 189 (1875: Pegu) ; Myth, B. 
Burma p. 159 (1875 : Arakan); David ei OustaL Ois. Chine, 

p. 449' (1877); Hume # Davidson, Str. F vi. p. 469 (1878: 
Amherst; Bankasoon); Bingham, Str.F. viLp. 25 (1878); Oates, 
t c. p. 51 (Pegu); Davidson 8f Wenden, t. c. p. 90 (Decean); 
Ball, t. c. p. 230 (Ganges to Godavery); Tiraui, Bull Agrie. 
Cochinchine, (3) i. p. 153 (1879); Hume, Str. F viiL p. 70 
(Malacca)|p. 114 (1879); Sharps, Mis, 1879, p. 272 (Borneo); 
Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. Il l (1880; seasonal visitant); 
Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 235 (I860); Legge, B. Ceylon,-®. 1113 (1880): 
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 432 (1881: Decean); Parker, t c. p. 483 
(Ceylon, breeding) ; Beid, op. cxt. x. p. 73 (1881: Lacknow); 
Oates, t c. p. 242 (1882: Pegu); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 190 
(Larut River, Malay Peninsula) ; Oates, Handb. B* Brit. Burm. 
ii. p. 263 (1883); Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 257 (Lake Ranee, 
Sumatra, 1700 ft.) ; Swinh. fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 135 (Mhow 
distr.); Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mm. ix. pp. 92, 96 (1&87 : Western 
Sumatra); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 330 (1888 : Maniour) ; Outers ed. 
Hume's Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 264 (1890?; Sharpe, Ibis, 
1890, pp. 148, 285 (Abai, N. Borneo); Styan, Ibis, lb91, pp. 327, 
493 (Lower Yangtse); Vorderm. Notes Leyd. Mm. xiii. p, 130 
(1891: Billiton). 
Leptoptilus nudifrons, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 561 (1848). 
Leptoptilus cristatus, Gray, torn. cit. p. 561. 
Argala javanica, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 108 (1855). 


Hume, t. c. p. 483 (Tenasserim); Heine fy Beichen. Nomenel. Mm. 
Hein. p. 312 (1890: E. India). 

Adult male. Similar to L. dubius, but smaller and with a longer 
and more slender bill; distinguished also by the greater amount of 
green gloss in the plumage and the white margins to the scapulars 
and inner secondaries; the under tail-coverts are white, without 
any black at the ends, the greater wing-coverts are glossed with 
metallic green like the rest of the wing, so that there is no grey 
band as in L. dubius: " bill dirty yellowish; bare top of head dirty 
green; nude face and neck much tinged with yellow, and at seasons 
with red; legs dusky black; iris whitish" (T. d Jerdon). Total 
length 45 inches, culmen 10*3, wing 23, tail 9*3, tarsus 9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male: "biH pale grey; legs and 
feet nearly blue-black; iris bluish grey" (H. 0. Fm-bes). Total 
length 45 inches, culmen 10*5, wing 48, tail 10-3, tarsus 9-3. 

Young. With the hind part of the head thickly covered with brown 
hair and a few black feathers; no sign of white edgings to the scapulars 
and secondaries. I am by no means certain that these white 
margins to the scapulars and inner secondaries are not signs of the 
breeding dress, as they are absent in many examples which are 
apparently adult, and are never present in young birds. 

9 . LEPTOPTILTJS. 
319 

Sah. Central and Southern India and Ceylon: eastward through 
the Burmese Provinces to Southern China and Hainan, and south to 
Malacca, JaYa, Sumatra and Borneo. 

o. Juv, sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
c Ad. sk 
d* J~uv. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
Madras. 
Calcutta (E. Blyth). 
Darjeeling. 
Pegu, Feb. 
Tonghoo, Burma, July 
Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
f* 6 ad. sk. 
(B. G. W. JR.). 
Amherst, March 4 (W. Hume Coll. 
g* Ad.sk. 
\ Ad. sk. 
i. Juv. sk. 
k. Ad.sk. 
^ m. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
Davison). 
Bankasoon, Feb. 20 (W. D.) 
Cochin China. 
Province Wellesley (Dr. 
Cantor). 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Malacca. 
Hume Coll. 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
n. Ad.sk. Malacca. Pinwill Coll. 
o, |>. Ad. sk. Singapore. Lord Ellenborough 
#. Ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
Lake Ranau, Sumatra {3. 
0. Forbes). 
Java (Dr. Horsfield). 
[p.]. 
F. Nicholson Esq. 
[P.]. 
India Museum. 
*. cf ad. sk. Java. 
(Type of species.) 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
uf 
$ ad. sk. 
v. Skeletons.
Baram, Sarawak. 
Java. 
Charles Hose, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Purchased. 

3. LeptoptiltLs crumemferus. 
Gigantic Crane, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 45 (1785, pt.). 

Ardea dubia (pt), Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 624 (1788). 
Clconia argala (nee Lath.), Temm. PL Col v. pi. 301 (1824: 
Senegal; River Nile); WagL Syst. Av., Ciconia, sp. % p. 136 
J1827). 

Ciconia marabou (nee Temm.), Detiham <§* Clapperton, Travels in 
Africa,iL App.p. 203 (1826); Chapm. Trap. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 418 
(1868). 

Ciconia crumenifera, Guv. Mus. Paris, teste Less. Traite d7Orn. 

p. 585 ami). 
Leptoptilos crumenifera, 
Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 585 (1831); Gray, 
List Grail Brit. Mus. p 89 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 561 
(1848); Meichmh. Grail tab. xciv. fig. 448 (1848); Eartt. Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 228 (1857: Gambia ; Guinea) ; Cans. Proe. Acad. Nat. 
&£ PMlad. 1859, p. 173 (Canama R) ; Kirk, Bis, 1864, p. 333 
(Zambesi); Layard, B. 8. Africa, p. 310 (1867); Marno, Zool 
Garten, 1868, p. 242 (N.E. Africa); Gurney, Ibis, 1803, p. 259 
(Transvaal); Fimch $ Hartl. VSg. Ostafr.?. 725 (1870); Gray, 
Eand-L B. iii. p. 36, no. 10194 (1871) ; Gurney inAwlerss. 

B. Dam. Ld. p. 282 (1872: Ondonga, Damara-land; Lake 
N'gftmi); Heitgl Dm. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1114 (1873); Garrocl 
P. Z. S. 1873, p-p. 467, 637 (anatomy); Ant in. % Salmd. Fiayr/. 
Bmjos, p. 151 (1873: Btrka) ; G'arrod, P. Z. S. 1*74. p. 250 
(anatomy) ; Beidten. J.f. 0.1877, p. 164; Garrod7 P. Z. S. 1874, 
320 
CIC02TCID2B. 

p. 711 (anatomy); Fischer, J. f. 0. 1879, p. 296 ; Max Schmidt, 
F. Z. S. 1880, p. 316 (duration of life); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 
p. 458 (1881: Loanda); Bohm, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 190 (Kakoma) ; 
Holub $ Feb. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 287 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, 
1882, p. 365 (Umvilli River) ; Johnston, River Congo, i. p. 370 
(1884); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. L p. 384 (1884: Massai-land) -r 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard?% B. S. Afr. p. 734 (1884); Saltad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 275 (1884: Slioa); Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 117 
(Ngua, Tana R.; Sigerari* Lamu; Wapokomoland) : Hartert, 
J.f. 0. 1886, p. '607 (River Nisrer) ; W. Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 63 
(Transvaal); Beichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 49 (Serian; Schasehe 
Karatschongo); Matschie, t. c. p. 146 (Lnfra; Upamba Lake) .-
Salvad. Ann, Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 315 (1888: Kagima); Heine 
fy Beichen. Nomencl Mus. Hem. p. 312 (1890: Chartouin): Bendall, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 227 (Gambia); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 477 (Xyasaland). 
Ciconia vetuia, Sundev.Fhys. Scfflsk. Tidshr. 1838,p. 195 (Africa). 

Leptoptilus 
argala (nee Lath.), Bujyp. Syst. I/ebers. p. 122 (1845; 
Nubia & Abyssinia); Viertk. Nawnannia, ii. pp. 32, 56(1852: 
Chartoum); Hengl. Syst Uebers.-g. 61 (1856); Beichen. J.f.O. 
1892, p. 11 (Victoria Xyanza); id. Vog. detdsch-Ost-Afr. p. 58, 
fig. 30 (1894: Kakoma; Ugogo; Ugalla; llassailand); Shelley, 

B. Africa, i. p. 159 (1890). 
Leptoptilus ruppellii, 
Vierfh. Naumannia, 1852, ft. 2, p, 56 (Chartoum) 
; Beichen. J. f O. 1877, p. 165; Shelley, B. Africa, i. 

p. 159 (1896). 
Argala crumenifera, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 107 (1855); Aniin. Cat, 
descr. TJcc. p. 102 (1864). 
Mycteria crumenifera, Schl Mus. Fays-Bas, Ciconige, p. 12 (1864). 

Adult. Similar to L. javanicm and having white under tail-
coverts like that species, the plumes, however, being slightly more 
woolly; the bill is larger than that of L.javanieus^ and the species 
can be distinguished by the white edges to all the greater coverts 
as well as the secondaries : " bill dirty green; legs black, but 
covered with fine ashy powder; a patch of yellow skin at the hack 
of the neck, where it joins the body " ( TF. Ay res). Total length 
about 40 inches, culmen 10*8, wing 29, tail 11*8, tarsus 11. 

Young birds have a smaller biU and have the hind part of the 
head, neck, and throat more or less clothed with hair-like down and 
a few black feathers ; the greater coverts and secondaries are edged 
with light brown or whity brown, much less pronounced than in 
the adults. 

Hob. Africa. 

a. Juv. sk. Africa. 
Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Africa. 
Purchased. 
c. Juv. sk. RiTer Niger. Br. Baikie [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Palombi River, Nyasa-Iand, Sir H. H. Johnston 
Sept [P.]. 
e}f Ad. et Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum. 
imm. sk. 

g. Skeleton. Africa. 
Purchased. 
10. TAKTALTTS. 
321 
Sub-family TANTALINJE. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Crown, throat, and neck all round bare, 
the latter covered with rugose or scurvy 
scales; crown smooth 10. TANTALUS, p. 321. 


b. Crown, throat, and face bare, but not the [p. 323. 
neck * 11. PsBXTDOTANTALUS, 
10. 
TAHTALUS. ™ 
Type'-
Tantalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 240 (1766) T. loculator. 
Tantalides, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv (1852-53) .. T. loculator. 
Tantalops, Cones, KeijN Amer B. 2nded.p. 653 (1884) T. loculator. 
Range. Confined to America. 

1. Tantalus loculator. 
Wood Pelican, Catesby, Nat Hist. Carol, i. p. 81, pi. 81 (1731). 
Le Grande Courly d'Amerique, Bliss. Orn. v. p. 335 (1760). 
Tantalus loculator, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 240 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 647 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. vlii. p. 30, pi. 66. fig. 1 
(1814); Stephens in Skavfs Gen. ZooL xii. p. 3, pi. i. (1824); 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccxvi. (c. 1820); Wagl. Syst. Av. Tantalus, 
p. 30, sp. 1 (1827); Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. xii. p. 60, pi. 66. 
fig. 1 (1832); Nemoied, Beitr. Nature/. Bras. iv. p. 682 (1832); 
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 128 (1835); Bp. Comp. List B. Mir. 
<S* N. Amer. p. 48 (1838): D'Orbir/n. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. 
Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 219 (1839) ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo., vi. p. 64, 
pL 361 (1843); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1844); Tschudi 
§• Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 50,298 (1845-46 : Prov. Maynas) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 564 (1847); Hartl. 2nd. Azara, p. 22 (1847); 
Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 (Jamaica); Reichenb. Grail tab. 147. 
fig. 2827 (1846); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 756 (1848); 
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 149 (1855); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 420 
(1856); Gundl. J.f. 0.1856, p. 348 (Cuba); Cass, in Bairtfs B. 
N. Amer. p. 682 (1858); Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (Guatemala) 
; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860: Cuba); 
G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 313 (Honduras); Gundl. J.f. 0.1862, 
p. aS (Cuba) ; Sckl. Mus. Pays-Bos, CiconiiB, p. 17 (1864); Salnn, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 193 (Guatemala) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 32 
(S. Texas); Cones, t. c. p. 262 (Arizona); Gundl. Rep. li&ico-
Nat. Cuba, i. p. 351 (1866); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 
(Upper Ucayali) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 38, no. 10206 (1871); 
Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii.p. 360 (1871); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 805r 
456 (1871: Eio Parana; Cuyaba; Villa Maria; Caicara; Barra 
do Eio Negro); Corns, Key N. Amer. B. p. 263 (1872); Scl. $ 
Salv. Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 126 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 305 
(Upper Ucayali & Santa Cruz); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 513 (1874): 
Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 385 (1874: Illinois); Gundl. J.f O. 
1875, p. 313; id. Orn. Cubana, p. 162 (1876); Later, Bull. U.S. 
Nat Mus. iv. p. 48 (1876); Reichen. J. f. 0.1877, p. 161; Gar-
rod, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 625, fig. 1 (anatomy); Merrill, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. I p. 162 (1878); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 404 
(1879 : Florida); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. p, 197 (1880); 
VOX. XXVI. 
X 

322 ClCONIIDiE. 

Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 407 (1882 : Costa Rica) ; 
Belding, t. e. pp. 545, 548 (Lower California); Padgw. t c. p. &>0 ; 
Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 379 (1888: Xiearagua); 
Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 439 (Angostura); Barrows, Auk, i. p. 2/2 
(1884: Entrerios); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Water-Birds JSt. 
Amer. i. p. 81 (1884); Toes. $ Berl P. Z. S. 1835, p. 119 (Batehoyo); 
Brew, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885: Colorado); Fisher, t c, 

p. 221 (New York); Goss, t. c. p. 811 (Kansas); Ferrari Perez, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 171 (1886: Vera Cruz); A. 0. U. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 133 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 414 (1886): 
Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 171 (British Guiana) ; Scott, Auk, iii. p. 3S5 
(1886: Arizona); Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 90 (1887: Ventura Co., 
California); Cory, t. c. p. 320; Ridgtc. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 125 
(1887); Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 036. 048 (1888: 
Bexar Co., Texas); Scl $ Muds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 108 (1889): Scott, 
Auk, vi. p. 16 (1889: Florida, resident): JSverm. t. c. p. 186 (Indiana) 
; Pindar, t c. p. 312 (Kentucky) ; Salvin, Ibis, I8S0, p. 376 
(Cozumel Isl.); Cory, B. Westlnd. p. 241 (1889); id. Cat. B. 
West Ind. p. 89 (1892); Graham Kerr, lbis7 1892, p. 145 fPilcomayo); 
Scott, Auk, ix. p. 9 (1892: Jamaica), p. 211 (Florida); 
Sasbrouck, Auk, x. p. 91 (1893; Wa&hinprton, D.C.); Brimley, 

t. c. p. 243 (N. Carolina); Butcher, t. c. p. 260 (Long. 14.); Wayne, 
t. c. p. 337 (Suwanee E.); Bichmond, Proc. U.S. Ned. Mm. xvi 
p.527 (1894: Nicaragua); Aplin, Ibis, 1894,p. 199 (Arroyo Grande 
Uruguay, breeding); Wayne, Auk, xii. p. 364 (1895: Florida 
breeding); A. O. U. Check-list N Amer. 3. '2nd ed. p. 69 (1895* 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 125 (1896); Bruner, Mep 
Nebr. Sortie. Soc. 1896 (Nebraska), teste Chapman. Auk^ xML 
p. 245; Br cluster, Auk, xiii. p. 341(1890: Bristol Co., Ma^aehusetts); 
Palmer, Auk, xiv. p. 208 (1897: Virginia & Maryland). 
Le Curicaca de Cayenne, D^Aubmt. PL Enl. viii. pi. 808. 
"Wood Ibis, Lath, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 104 (17&1}); NittUiU, Man. 

N. Amer. B. ii. p. 82 (1840). 
Cangui, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 122 (1803). 
Ibis nandapoa, Vieill N Diet. cPHist. Nat. xvi. p. 20 (1817); id 
Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1149 (1823). 
Tantalus plumicollis, Spix, AD. Bras. ii. -pL Ixxxv. (1824). 
Tantalops loculator, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 653 (1884)* 

Adult male. General colour above pure white, including the wing-
coverts and inner secondaries; "bastard-wing, primary-coTerfes, and 
quills black, with a bronzy-green gloss; tail-feathers black, glossed 
with purplish or bronzy green; head and neck all round hare; 
remainder of under surface of body from the fore-neck downward 
pure white, including the under wing-coverts and axiHaries, which 
have a rich tinge of creamy buff: u head and upper part of neck 
bare and of a livid bluish colour, tinged with yellowish on the forehead 
; bill yellowish; legs blue, becoming blackish on the toes, and 
tinged with yellow on the webs" (K Coues); " iris deep brown n 

(J. J. Audubon). Total length 42 inches, cnlmen 9*4, wing 19-7, 
tail 6-2, tarsus 8*3. 
Young. Greyer than the adult, the head and neck feathered, the 
feathers on the nape and hind-neck dusky brown. 
Sab. Southern United States to South America as far as 
Argentina. Accidental in the Central and Eastern United States. 

11 . PSEUBOTA^TATLUS. 
<z. Juv. sk. Mount City, Illinois, Aug. 3 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(S. W.Nelson: JSensh.Coll.). 
& ? ad. sk. 
Corpus Christi, Texas, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 

{F. B. Armstrong). 
z* S a<i-; d, e.f. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Aug. Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
2 
a^. et juv. sk. Sept., Dec. ( W. & D. 
Scott). 


g. $ juv . sk. 
Presidio, Mexico, Jan. 11 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
A. 
Ad. sk. San Bias, Tepic, May (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson.) 
i,k. Ad. etjuv. Cozumel Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk-Gamner). 
I, m. 
Ad. et juv. Coban, Guatemala, Jan. (0.&). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 

n. Juv. sk. Huamachal, Guatemala (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
0, p. Ad . st. South America. Purchased. 
11. 
PSEUDOTANTALUS. 
Type. 
Pseudotantalus, Ridgicay, Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. v. p. 550 
(1883) P. ibis 

Range. Africa. India, to China, and south to the Malayan Peninsula, 
Java, and Sumatra. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Upper wing-coverts black with white tips, 
only the greater series white; secondaries 
rosy; a Mack patch across the lower breast; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries black, tipped 
"with white • kucocephalus^ p. 323. 
4 
Upper wing-coverts white or grey or brown, 
not black. 
a'- Under wing-coverts white. 
a". No rosy markings on the upper or under 
wing-coverts cinerem ad., p. 326. 
¥\ Upper and under wing-coverts with rosy 
markings this ad., p. 327. 
T* TT -r . _x i ! ehiereus iuv., p. 326. 

b . Under wing-coverts brown j ih& ^ ^ ^ 
1. Pseudotantalus leucocephalus. 
Tantalus leucocephalus, Forst. Ind. Zool p. 20, pi. 10 (1781); Gin. 
JSyst. Wat. i p. 649 (1788); Vieill N Diet. dHist Nat viii. 

p . 298 (1817); Cm. Begne Anim. i. p. 481 (1817); Stephens in 
Shaw's Gen. Zool xii. p. 2 (1824); Wagl. Syst. Av. Tantalus, 
sp.2,p. 131 (1827); Less. Traiti cTOrn. p. 582 (1831); fykes, 
JP. Z. S. 1832, p. 160 (Deccan); Vieill Gal. Ois. ii. p. 125, 
tab. 247 (1834); Jerd. Madr. Jour. xii. p.'202, no. 322 (1840); 
Gray, List Grail Brit Mm. p. 90 (1844: Nepal; Northern 
Jjadia); id. Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Rodgs. p. 136 (1846); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 564 (1847); Rewhenb. Grail tab. Ixxxv. 
figs. 518, 510 (1848); Blyth7 Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 275 (1849 
Calcutta); LitM. Nomeml Av. Mm. Berol p 90 (1854); JBp. 
J 2 

324 cicomiDM. 

Consp. Av. ii. p. 150 (1855); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 59 (1882); 
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 761 (1864); Sclil. Mus. Pays-Bas. Ciconise, 

p. 17 (1864: Madras : Ceylon); Blyth, IbK 1867, p. 173 (Tavoy E.f 
Tenssserim); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 398 (Moulmein); Sivinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 411 (Amoy)$ Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 38, 
no. 10207 (1871); Holdsic. P.~Z. S. 1872. p. 478 (Ceylon); Hayes 
Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 419 (Kathiawar); Hume, Ne&ts Sc Eggs 
Ind. B. p. 626 (1873); Adam, Str. F. I p. 399 (1873 : Sambhur 
Lake); Ball, &tr. F. ii. p. 435 (1874: Cliotia Xairpur): mime, 
t. c. p. 483 (Tavoy E.); Legge. Ibis, 1874, p. 32, 1875, p. 404 
(Ceylon); Blyih fy Wold. B. Burm. p. 158 (1875: Arakan; 
Tonghoo); Butler, Str. F. iii. p. 441 (1^75 : near Akmedabad); 
id. op. cit. iv. p. 24 (1876: Mount Aboo); Fairb. i. c. p. 203 
(Akmednuggur); Ball, Str. F. v. p. 420 (1877: Jaipur; Eaipur); 
Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 162 : David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 452 
(1877) j Hume £ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 484 (1878: Thatune; 
Tavoy); Davidson § Wmden, Str. F. vii. p. 91 (1878: Deccan); 
Murray, t. c. p. 113 (Jeempeer, Sind, Sept.) ; Butter, t. c. p. 188 
(E. Nana, breeding); Ball, t. c. p. 231 (Ganges to Godavery); 
Chnpps, t c. p. 309 (Faridpur)j Hume, t. c. p. 491 (Calcutta), 
p. 507; Butler•, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 71 (1879}; Sit me, Sir. FViil 
p. 114 (1879); Doig, t. c. p. 372 (Eastern Xarra, breeding Oct. & 
Nov.); Newton, t. c. p. 415 ; Tiraut, Bull. Agrie. CochiiieMne, (3j i. 
p. 155 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1100 (1880); Butler, Cat B. S. 
Bomb. Pres. p. 84 (1880: Deccan); Tidal, Str. F ix. p. 91 (1880: 
South Konkan, not observed); Parker, t e. p. 485 (1881); Held, 
op. cit. x. p. 76 (1881: Lucknow, resident); Simeon, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 93 (lEegna River, breeding: in the neighbourhood); Davidson, 
Str. F. x. p. 324 (1882: Kbandeish, winter visitant); Parker, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 195 (Ceylon) ; Oates, Handb. Brit Burm. ii. p. 207 
(1883); Murray, Verielr. Faun. Sind, p. 276 (18b4 : breeding, May 
to Aug.); Macqregor, Str. F. x. p. 442 (18*7 : Belirauni) ,* Hume, 
op. cit. si. p. 338 (1888 : Sylhet) ; Oates, ed. Hunie's Nests if Eggs 
Did. B. iii. p. 220 (1890); "Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 41)3 (Lower 
Yangtse, winter): De La fouehe, Ibis, 1892, p. 490 (Fooekow 
Coast & River Min, summer; Swatow; Sept.); Munu, Ibis, 1894, 
p. 68 (Calcutta distr., June). 
White-headed Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. ^t. 1. p. 116 (1785). 
Tantalus rodopteron vel leucocepbalus,-Hb^. Iccn. ined. Brit. Mm., 
Grail pi. 76. no. 800; id. in Grafs Zool Mise. p. 86 (1844). 
Tantalus indicus, Cuv. teste Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 150 (1855). 
Tantalus longimembris, Swinh. Ibis, 1867, pp. 227-230 (Amoy); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 38, no. 10210 (1871). 
Pseudotantalus leucoeephalua, Mdgic. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. v. 

p. 551 (1883). 
Pseudotantalus longimembris, Bidgia. torn, cit p. 551. 
Adult female. General colour above white, with a rosy-pink 
tinge on the rump and scapulars ; lesser and median wing-coverts 
greenish black, with broad white ends to the feathers, producing 
a barred appearance; the greater coverts pure white, slightly 
tinged with pink ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
externally glossed with steel-green; the innermost secondaries 
pinkish white, becoming beautiful deep pink on the edges and tips 
of the feathers; tail-feathers glossy greenish black, with a slight 
coppery shade; head and neck all round, excepting the basal parts 

325 

11 . PSEUB0TAOTALT7S. 
of tlie face, creamy white; remainder of under surface of body 

pure white; from the fore-neck downwards, across the breast a 

broad band of black feathers, broadly tipped with white, producing 

a barred appearance, the under wing-coverts and axillaries being 

similarly coloured; quills black below, glossed with metallic green: 

Ci bill and facial skin orange-yellow, plumbeous at the base of the 

bill; legs, toes, and claws brown ; iris pale yellow " (E. W. Oates). 

Total length 40 inches, culmen 11, wing 19*5, tail 6, tarsus 

9-0. 

The specimen described is one in fall plumage, killed in December 

on the Sambhur Lake by Hr. B. M. Adam. The white edges on 

the wing-coverts and breast-band appear to wear off and become 

obsolete. I can find no difference in the colouring of the sexes. 

A male measures 20*5 inches in the wing, culmen 10*5. 

Youwj. Differ from the adults in having the mantle brown or 
ashy-grey, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the 
latter shaded with grey; the scapulars brown or grey like the 
mantle; lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown, the greater 
coverts ashy-grey ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
with scarcely any metallic gloss; head and neck all round brown, 
streaked with pale centres to the feathers; under surface of body 
from the fore-neck downwards ashy grey, becoming whiter on the 
lower abdomen and pure white on the under tail-coverts; the 
breast dark slaty-grey, the axillaries and under wing-coverts 
darker, the latter inclining to blackish brown : *' skin of the chin 
orange, turning to pinkish on the edge of the throat; facial skin 
and basal half of bill orange, terminal half dull yellowish brown ; 
iris brown " (E. W. Oates). 

Hah. Indian Peninsula to the Burmese Provinces and China. 

a, b. Ad. etimm. Northern India. Colonel Cobb [P.]. 
St. 
<?, d. 2 &&* sfc-Sambhur, Dec, Jan. (R. M. Hume Coil 
Adam). 

e. Ad. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
f, g. # 2 ad. sk. 
Etawah distr., Jan. (A. Hume Coll. 
Anderson). 

k. Juv. sk. Oudh, Jan. Hume Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Oudh. Pinwill Coll 
h, I. Ad. et juv Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
sk. (Types of T. rhodopteron.) 
m, n. S ? ad. Itaipur Hume Coll. 
sk. 

o. Ad. sk. Seoul, G. P. Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

p,q. Ad.sk. Burma (22. G. W. •£.)• 

r, s7t. Ad. et Oates Coll. 

Pegu, Aug. (E. W. 0.).

imm. sk. 

u. § ad. sk. Tavoy River, April 29 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
vf to. <$ $ ad. sk. Thatone, Aug., Oct. (W. B,). Hume Coll. 

sc. J imm. sk. Shanghai, Nov. J. "Webb, Esq. [P.]. 

y. Imm, sk. Anioy, June 1866 (22. SeebohmColl. (Tvpe 
Sioinhoe). of T. longimenibris.) 

326 CICONIIDiE. 

z. Skeleton. India. Zoological Society. 
a'. Skeleton. Sultanpur, July 18. India Museum. 
b'. Various bones. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
cf-f. Skulls. India. 
2. Pseudotantalus cinereus. 
Tantalus cinereus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 327 (1822 : 

Sumatra); Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 102. 

Tantalus lacteus, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 352 (1825: Java); 

Wagl. Syst. Av. Tantalus, sp. 4, p. 132 (1827); Leas. Ti^aite 

cTOrn. p. 582 (1831: Java); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 564 (1847); 

ReieJienb. Grail tab. lxxxv. fig. 517 (1848); Rlyth, Cat B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 275 (1849) ; Licht. Komencl. Mus.Berol. p. 90 (1854: 
Java) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, CiconiaB, p. 18 (1864 : Java) ; Jird. 

B. Ind. iii. p. 763 (1864); Blytfi, Ibis, 1867, p. 173 (Siam); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 38, no. 10209 (1871); Salvad. TJce. Born. p. 358 
(1874); Hume, Sir. F viii. p. 71 (1879: Malacca) : Nicholson, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 257 (Sumatra). 
Tantalus ibis, var., Raffles, torn. cit. p. 327 (Sumatra). 
Pseudotantalus lacteus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ^. p. 551 
(1883). 

Adult. General colour above pure white, without any pinkish 

tinge anywhere ; the whole of the wing-coverts, as well as the inner


most secondaries, pure white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 

quills black; tail-feathers black with a slight greenish gloss; 

feathers of the head and neck all round pure white, as well as the 

entire under surface of the body and the under wing-coverts and 

axillaries: " bill with yellow markings and blotches ; point of upper 

and lower mandible pale white; eye-wattle grey; occiput grey; 

iris greyish brown " (H. 0. Forbes) Total length 38 inches, culmen 

10*8, wing 19-8, tail 0-6, tarsus 8-9. 

Young female. Brown or ashy above ; lower back, rump, and 

upper tail-coverts white; lesser and median wing-coverts brown, 

with white edges, the greater series pale ashy, edged with white ; 

bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail black; head and 

neck all round dark brown, with longitudinal centres of paler brown ; 

remainder of under surface of body light grey, white on the abdo


men and under tail-coverts: " bill and feet greenish grey; iris 

dark grey"(E. O. Forbes). 

This is a decidedly smaller species than P. leucocejp7ialus^ and can 

be thus distinguished at all ages. A young male, according to 

Dr. Forbes, had " the bill marked and blotched near the base with 

yellow, the point of the lower mandible white; feet grey; bare-

part of head grey, the region of the eye also; iris greyish brown." 

Eab. Malayan Peninsula to Java and Sumatra. 

a, b} c. Ad. et Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
imm. sk. 
d, e. <$ ad. sk. Acheen, Sumatra (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
/. $ juv. sk. Oelak Tanding, Sindang, F. Nicholson, Esq. 
Sumatra, Oct. 9 (JET. O [P.]. 

Forbes). 

11 . PSEUDOTANTAirs. 
327 

g,
k. 
S juv. sk. 
Skeleton. 
River Ravvas, near Begin Telok,
Sumatra, Dec. 3 (JET. 0. F.). 
Java. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
3. Pseudotautalus ibis. 

LTbisblanc, Briss. Orn. v. p. 340 (1760) ; Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii 

p. 14, pi. i. (1781). 
Tantalus ibis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 211 (1766) ; Gm. Syst Nat. i. 
p. 650 (1788) ; Vieill. N Diet dHist Nat yiii. p. 299 (1817); 
Zicht. Verz. Doubly. 76 (1823 : Nubia); Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 582, 
pi. 99. fig. 2 (1S31) ; Rihpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 122 (1845) j Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 564 (1847); Rekhenb. Grail tab. Ixxxv. fig. 516 
(1848); Zicht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol p. 90 (1854: Nubia); 
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 149 (1855) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 61 (1856); 
Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 230 (1857: Senegambia) ; Cass. Proc. 
Acad Nat Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 174 (Gamma River); Hartl 
J. f. 0. 1861, p. 270 (Bissao); ScJil Mus. Pays-Bas, Oiconise, 
p. 18 (1864 : Senegal; Senaar; Bissao); Ant in. Cat. descr. Ucc. 
p. 10U (18(54: Senaar; Kordofan; TVkite Nile) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 334 (Zambe-i); Layard, B. S. Africa, p. 318 (1867 : Nel's 
Puort) ; Cab. in, Von der Deckers Meis. iii. Vog. p. 47 (1869: Osi 
River); Finsch § Hart I. Vog. Ostafr. p. 729 (1870); Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 38, no. 10208 (1871); Gumey in Anderss. B. 
Dam. Ld. p. 296 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 262 (1872); Heugl 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1129 (1873: N.E. Senaar to Nubia, rarely 
to Upper Egypt; Massowa; Tigre ; Demben Lake; 2800COCO 
ft.); Gar rod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 297, fig. 1 (anatomy); 
Bonder; Cat. Ois. Marehe §c. p. 37 (1875); Sharps § Bouvier, 
Bull Soc. Zool Fmnce, i. p. 313 (1876: Landana) ; Socage, J.f.O. 
1876, p. 300 (Cunene River); Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, pp. 162, 
276; Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 315 (1877); Fischer 8f Reichen, 
J.f O. 1878, p. 249 (Osi-Tana distr.); Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. 
(2) ii. Bull p. 145 (1879: Ogowe R.); Fischer, J. f 0. 1879, 
p. 297 (Mumuni, April); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 454 (1881: 
Loango Coast and Angola; Rio Coroea; Quillengues; Humbe); 
Milne-Edwards $• Grandid, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 528 (1882 : 
Madagascar, between Cape St. Andre and Cape Ste. Marie) * 
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 352 (anatomy); Holub § Pelz. Beitr, 
Orn. Sildafr. p. 290 (1882): Bbhm,J.f. 0. 1882, p. 190 (Kakoma); 
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 385 (1884 : Masai-land); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2)1 p. 230 (1884: Shoa); Fischer, J.f. 0. 
1885, p. 117 (Melindi; East Tana distr.: Salt swamps, Barawa) ; 
Schalow, J.f. 0. 1886, p. 434; Hartert,'t. c. p. 607 (Samfara and 
Sokoto); Reichen. J. f. O. 1887. p. 49 (Ruwana R.); Matschie, 
t. c. p. 146 (Upamba Lake); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. 
p. 316 (1888: Lake Cialalaka); Tristram, Ibis, 1888, p. 266 
(Rovuma River); Heine § Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hem. p. 312 
(1890: Kartoum); Blaamo, Ibis, 1893, p. 465; Fleck, J- f O. 
1894, p. 380 (Damara-land) ,* Reichen. Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 
p. 57 (1894: Bagamoyo ; Tanga ; Kingani; Tanganyika; Masailand 
; Rovuma River); Kuschel, J. f. O. 1895, p. 91; Shelley, B 
Africa, i. p. 160 (1896). 
LTbis blanc d'Egypte, DAubenton, PI Enl viii. pi. 389. 
Egyptian Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p.lll (1785). 
Numenius ibis, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 165 (1811). 
Tantalusrkodinopterus, Wagl Syst. Av., Tantalus, sp 3, p. 130 (1827). 


328 
CIC0NI1DJE. 

Tantalus longirostris, Brehm, Nanmannia, 1855, p. 290; id. Yogelf* 

p. 299 (1855). 
Pseudotantalus 
ibis, Ridgw. Broc. U.S. Wat. Mus. v. p. 551 (1883) ; 
Sharpe, ed. Layards JB. S. Afr. p. 735 (1884); id. Ibis, 18927 

p. 542 (Turquel River, Siik). 
Adult. General colour above white with a rosy tinge, the wing-
coverts and inner secondaries not only tinged with rose-colour but 
having a sub-terminal bar of crimson-lake, becoming almost blackish 
on the latter feathers ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and 
tail-feathers black, glossed with purplish bronze or metallic green 
on the primaries; head and neck all round white, as well as the 
under surface of the body, the under tail-coverts tinged with pink ; 
axillaries white with a pinkish tinge ; under wing-coverts white 
with a strong blush of crimson, deepening to rich crimson before 
the white tip, which is very conspicuous : " bare parts of face red, 

with a narrow border of yellow; bill golden yellow; feet briek~red, 
with the toes black ; iris clear brown" (A. Grandidier). Total length 
40 inches, culmen 9*8, wing 20, tail 7*3, tarsus 9. 

Young. Distinguished by its brown back and wings as well as by 
the head and neck being brown all round : " bare part of face 
yellow " (A. Grandidier). 


Hah. Africa and Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
b. Juv. sk. Senegambia. Governor Kendall 
[€V. 
<?, d. Ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. Balkie r€Vj. 


e. Ad. etjuv. sk. South Africa. Purchased " 
"" 
/, g. ? ad. et Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
juv. sk. 
7t. 2 imm. sk. Transvaal (Agres). Shelley Coll. 

i. Juv. sk. Zambesi (Rradslww). Shelley Coll. 
k. Ad. sk. River Shire (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
I 
Head, sk. Zambesi River (Sir J. Livingstone Exped. 
Kirk), 

m. Juv. sk. N.E. Africa. Purchased. 
n9o. Ad. et Wady Haifa, Upper Egypt Surg.-Capt Pentaa 
juv. sk. p> j 

STEGLOTOPODES. 
329 

Order XVII. 8TEGANOPODES*. 

(By W. B. 0GILYIE-GR13STT.) 

The varions members of this Order (comprising the Cormorants, 

Barters, Gannets, Erigate-birds, Tropic-birds, and Pelicans) differ 

from all other birds in having the feet totipalmate—that is, "with 

all the four toes united one to the other by a web. 

The arrangement of the families of Steganopodes here adopted i» 

for convenience, and is not meant to express relationship. Phala


crocorax is doubtless the most typical totipalmate of the group. 

Probably the most natural arrangement would be as follows:— 

Tropic-birds, Pelicans, Cormorants and Darters, Gannets, Erigate


birds. 

Keij to the Families. 

I. 
Tail rounded or cuneate; web between 
toes not emarginate, or only slightly 
so. 
A. 
Middle tail-feathers not greatly produced. 
a. 
Bill sub-cylindrical and hooked at 
the extremity, or elongate and [p. 330. 
pointed; nostrils nearly obsolete. 1. Plialacrocoracid3e; 
b. 
Bill sub-cylindrical and pointed ; no 
external nostrils 2. Sulidse, p. 423. 
c. 
Bill long and flattened; with external 
nostrils 5. Pelecanidse, p. 460. 
B. 
Middle tail-feathers greatly produced; 
bill moderately long, laterally compressed 
and pointed; nostrils dis- [p. 450. 
tinct, linear 4. Pliaethoiitidse, 
II. 
Tail deeply forked: web between toes 
deeply emarginate ....... . 3. Fregati&se, p. 442. 
* The following works refer to the osteology etc. of the Order;—Brandt, 
M&n. Acad, St P<§tersb. (6) v. pt. ii. pp. 81-198, pis. ii.-x. (1839); Shufeldt, 
PU S Nat. Mus. xi. pp. 286-315 (1888) [osteology]; Bignon, Mem. Soc. 
Zool'si. ii. W* 260-318, pis. xii. fig. % & xiii. (1889); G-oodchild, P. Phys. 
8oc *Edinb. x. pt % PP. 317-333, pi. xv. (1891) ; xii. pp. 171-181 (1894) 
fcubital coverts]; Shufeldt, Ibis, 1894, pp. 365 & 366 [fibula]-, id. P.Z.S. 
1894, pp. 160-162 ; Pyeraft, P. Z. S. 1898, pp. 82-101, pis. m , Yin. 
fosteology]. 
PHALACK0COR4,CID^. 

330 

Family I. PHALACROCORACIDiE. 

Palatines broad and flat, closely approximated one to the other in 
the middle line from the posterior nares backwards. Postorbital 
process emarginate. Suprajugular well-developed (Plotus) or 
vestigial (Phalacrocoraos). Purculum not fused with carina sterni. 

(W. P. Pycraft.) 
Key to ilie Sub-families, 

Bill sub-cylindrical and strongly 
hooked at the extremity; cutting-
edges of mandibles entire. A large 
occipital style or nuchal bone arti- [p* 330, 
culating with the supra-occipital.. 1. PHALACROCORACINJES 


Bill elongate and pointed j cutting-
edges of mandibles serrated. 
Occipital style feebly developed 
or represented by a fibrous raphe.. 2. PLOTINJE, p. 410. 

Sub-family I. PHALACROCORACIN^E. 

Temporal muscles run back beyond the skull and are separated 

by a well-developed bony style. 
Both carotid arteries present. 
Skin not in the least emphysematous. 
Covering of contour-feathers almost uninterrupted, being deficient 

only on the very narrow inferior space, in the region of the axilla, 
on the under surface of the arm. in the neighbourhood of the wing-
membrane, on the inside of the tibia and. on each side of the pelvis 
behind the thighs. Aftershaft wanting. 

1. PHALACBOCORAX*. _ 
Type. 
Phalacrocorax, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 511 (1760) P. carbo. 
Carbo, LacSpede, Mem. I'Inst. jP«m, iii. p. 515 (1801); 

Meyer fy Wolf Taschenb. Deutsch. Vog. ii. p. 576 (1810). P. carbo. 

* The following works refer to the anatomy and osteology etc. of various species 
of Phalaorocorax:—Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (6) v. pfc. ii. pp. 82, 9$, 127, 
175, pis. ii., iii. (1839) [osteology of P. carlo and -P. pygfmmsj; Hunter, EBB. Obs. 
Nat. Hist. ii. p. 327 (1861) [anatomy and osteology, notes on P.earbol; Parker, 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 517 [yertebrse of P. carbo]; Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 4&9 figs.
[skull] ; Eyton, Osteol. Av. p. 218, pi. 5 L (1867); Nitzseh, PteryL, Engl ed» 
p. 149 (1867); Selenka, Bronn's Thier-reichs, Vog. pi. viii. figs, 5, 6 (1869); 
Grarrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 [both carotids present], p. 637,fig. 4 [muscles of 
1 . PHALACEOCOEAX. 331 • 
-rr T Type. 

Halieus, Bliger, Prodromus, p. 279 (1811) P. carbo. 

(xulosus; Montagu, Suppl. Orn* Diet p. 5 of Cata


logue at end of vol. (1813) P. graculus. 
Carbonarius, Bafimsque, Analyse, p. 72 (1815) . . P . carbo. 
Hydrocorax, Vieillot [nee Brisson, 1760), Analyse, 


p. 63 (1816); id. Nouv. Diet. d'llist. Nat. viii. 
p. 82 (1817) P. carbo. 
Graucalus, G. B. Gray {nee Cuvier, 1817), List 
Gen. B. ed. 2, p. 101 (1841); id. in Dieffenh. 
Trav. N. Zeal ii. App. p. 201 (1843) P. carbo. 


Gracalus, G. B. Gray, Voy. Erebus $ Terror, Birds, 

p. 19 (1845) p . albiventer. 
Graculus, Reichenb. Nov. Synop. A v. pi. eclxxviii. 
no. 2304 (1850) P. javanicus. 
Hypoleucus, Reichenb. Nat. 8yst. Voy. p. vii (1852) P. liypoleucus. 
Stictocarbo, Bonap. C. B. xli. p. 1115 (1855) P. punctatus. 
Sticticarbo, Bonap Consp. A v. ii. p. 174 (1855) .. P. gaiinardi. 
Urile, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 175 (1855) P. bicristatus. 
Leucoearbo, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 176 (1855).. P. bougainvillii. 
Microearbo, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 177 (1855) .. P. melanoleucus. 
Halietor, Heine, J.f.O. 1860, p. 202 P. pygmams. 
Melanocarbo, Bernst. Dagboek, p. 119 (1888) P , melanoleucus. 

P. carbo]; G-ulliver, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488 [red blood-corpuscles in P. carbo] ; 
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 343 [plantar tendons, P. carbo]; 1876, pp. 335, 337, 
339,340, 345 [notes on anatomy] ; Forbes, P. Z. S.1877. p. 307 [Bursa Pabricii 
in P. carbo and P. vigica]; Mivart, Tr. Z. S. x. pt. \il pp. 315-378, pis. Ivii., lx. 
fig. 6, hi. figs. 1-5 (1878) [axial skeleton]; Ewart, J. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 455 (1881) 
[shape of nostril in P. carbo]; Shufeldt, Science, ii. pp. 640-642, 822, figs. 1-3 
(1883), iii. p. 143 (1884) [osteology of P. bicristatus]; Jeffries, Science, ii. p. 739 
(1883) [corrections], iii. p. 59 (1884); id. Auk, i. p. 196 (1884) [occipital style] ; 
Gill, Science, iii. p. 404 (1884); Ooues, Key H. Am. 33. 2nd ed. pp. 723-725, 
figs. 502, 504, 505 (1884) [osteology of P. bicristatus] ; Olphe-Gall. Ibis, 1885, 
p. 234 [nostrils not connected with pharynx]; Beddard, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 843 
[visceral anatomy of P. carbo]; id., P. Z. S. 1892, p. 295 [osteology of P. gracuhis]; 
Shufeldt, Ibis, 1894, p. 365 [leg-bone, P. bicristatus] ; Lucas, Auk, xiii. p. 172 
(1896); xiv. p. 87 (1897) [skull of young in Phalaorocorax] ; Anthony, Auk, xiv. 
p. 205 (1897) [nostril in young of Phalacrocorax]. 
Doubtful Species. 

1. PHALACROCORAX ALBIDUS, Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-As. ii. p. 305 (1811). 
" Whitish grey, with a yellowish belly." 
Very common round Bering Island. 


2. PIIALACROCORAX LEUCURUS, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. p. 336 (1839). 
Based on specimens seen by Townsend at Cape Disappointment. Possibly 
P. pelagicics in very worn plumage, with the tail-feathers brownish white. 
3. PHALACROCORAX HUTTONI, Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 174 (1888). 
Like P. mrius, but a little larger; above brownish, with the tips and margins 
of the wing-coverts paler brown; orange spot in front of the eye absent; feet 
dirty yellow. Total length 36 inches; wing from flexure 12*5 ,* tail 6'0; bill 
along ridge 2*75, along the edge of lower mandible 3*75 ; tarsus 2*25; longest 
toe and claw 4*5. (Buller.) . 
The type, which was obtained near Dunedm in January ihib, and is preserved 
in the Otago Museum, appears from the description to be an immature 
specimen, of P. vaiius. 

£32 
PEAL 4CE0COKACID JB. 

Type. 
Cornpsokalieus, Ridgway, in Water-B. N, Amer. 

ii. p. 145 (1884) [with 14 tail-feathers !!] P. penicillatus. 
Gripeus, Heine, Nomenel. Mm. Hem. p. 352 (1890) P. graculus. 
Enygrothreres, Heine, Xomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 353 
(1890) P. punetatus. 
Bill long, or moderately long, sub-cylindrical, strongly hooked at 
the extremity; a long narrow groove on each side, dividing at the 
nail or dertrum; cutting-edges of mandibles entire. Nostrils rudimentary. 
A gular pouch, naked anteriorly; neck long and sinuous. 
Wings moderately long and pointed; quills stiff and strong, the 
third generally slightly longer than the first and second. Tail 
rounded or cuneate, composed of twelve or fourteen stiff feathers. 
Tarsus short and compressed; outer toe longest; claws curved, 
that of middle toe pectinate. 

Range. Almost world-wide, but absent from the Central Pacific. 

Key to the Species. 

I. Adult in Breeding-plumage. 
I. Culrnen exceeding 1*5 inch in length from 
feathers on forehead to tip. 
A, Tail composed of 14 feathers. 

a. 
Breast and belly black glossed with dull 
green or blue; legs blackish. 
a'. Size larger: wing more than 12 inches 
long. 
«". Fore-neck and chest black with 
bluish or greenish gloss; a large 
white patch on each flank. 

a3. Feathers bordering the naked 
throat pure white; wing-coverts 
and scapulars bronze-brown margined 
with dark steel-blue; underpays 
with a dark bluish-green 

gloss 
carbo, p. 340. 

b3. Feathers bordering the naked 
throat white mottled with dark 
greenish black ; wing-coverts and 
scapulars greenish bronze margined 
with dark green; underpays 
with an oil-green gloss fihmmimm, p. 360. 

b". Fore-neck and chest white; wing-
coverts and scapulars bronze-brown 
margined with greenish black; 
flanks with scattered white plumes.
b'. Size smaller: wing less than 10*5 
inches; underparts black glossed 
with dark blue; no white flanklucMmg, 
p. 35L 
Patck • capemis, p. 352. -* 
&. Breast and belly smoky grey; an elongate 
white patch on each side of the neck; 
legs coral-red (orange in dry skin) gaimardif p. 353. 

1 . PHALA.CEOCOEAX. 
B. Tail composed of 12 feathers. 
c General colour of the underparts smoky 
grey ; two crests—one on the crown, 
a second on the nape; no white flank-
patch. 

c\ 
A broad white eyebrow-stripe continued 
down each side of the neck to the 
shoulder punctatus, p. 354. 

d. No white eyebrow-stripe featherstoni, p. 356. 
d. 
General colour of the underparts black, 
more or less glossed with greenish. 
e'. Two crests—one on the crown, a second 
on the nape; a large, white patch on 
each flank. 


c". Forehead naked; wing-coverts and 
scapulars dark purple with purple 
reflections. 


c3. Size very large: wing 13*0-13*0 
inches; feathers of face and crests 
purple perspiciUatus, p. 357.. 

dK Size smaller: wing 10'5-H'O 
inches; feathers of face deep 
greenish blue; crests bronze-
green bieristatus, p. 358. 

d". 
Forehead feathered; wing-coverts 
and scapulars greenish- and violet-
bronze with green reflections pelagicus, p. 360. 

f. 
Two crests, one on each side of the 
crown commencing behind the eye. 
e". Crest-feathers mostly or entirely 
black auritus, p. 370. 
/" . Crest-feathers white or mostly white, cincinatus, p. 373. 
g*. With a semi-erect crest on the crown. 
tf\ Scapulars bronze-green with narrow , z m 
dark margins; legs black < desmaresti p. 368 
h". Scapulars bronze-green edged with ' * *

' e'

pale shining brass - green ; legs 
orange-yellow chalconotus, p. 369. 
h\ With no crest. 

Hr, Back, wing-coverts, and scapulars 
oil-green with darker green margins; 
feathers bordering naked 
throat brownish white; a tuft of 
long white hair-like feathers behind 
the ear, and similar plumes scattered 
over the back and scapulars .. penicillatus, p. 363: 

"k". Back, wing-coverts, and scapulars 
ash or bronze-brown with dark 
margins. 


ez. No white band bordering the 
naked skin on the chin and 
throat; feathers of the back, 
wing-coverts, and scapulars with 
rounded extremities. 


a1. Feathers on inter-ramal space 
extending to below a vertical 
from the nostrils negleetus, p. 374. 

PHALACR0C0KACIDJ3. 

¥. Feathers on the inter - ranial 
space not extending* "beyond a 
vertical drawn from the eye. 

a5. Head, neck, and underparts 
black, glossed* with steel-
blue ; a "tuft of white hairy 
feathers behind the ear; back, 
wing-coverts, and scapulars 
with bronze-brown middles.

b'\ Head, neck, and underparts 
brownish black, with a dull 
oil-green gloss; a few 
narrow white feathers behind 
the ear; back, wing-
coverts, and scapulars with 
ash-coloured middles ..... .

f'3. A white band bordering the naked 
skin of the chin and throat; 
feathers of the back, wing-
coverts, and scapulars lanceolate, 
with brownish-ash middles. 

cK Size larger: culmen 1*9-2*2 
inches; wing 10*5-11*5; tail 
0-0-7*2

dK Size smaller: culmen 1*65-1 *85 
inches; wing 10*0-10*5; tail 
5*8-04

e. 
General colour of the underparts pure 
white. 
i'. Legs and feet red, orange or yellowish 
in dry skins. 
I", Feathering on the chin extending 
beyond a vertical line drawn 
from the anterior margin of the 
eye (seefig. 3). 

gzt No crest; nasal caruncles well-
developed ; wide alar bar (outer 
scapulars in fully-adult birds) 
and dorsal patch white; culmen 
2*55 inches, depth at forehead 
0*5 «

A3. A well-developed crest on the 
crown. 

e4. Fore part of the neck white, 
like the throat and rest of the 
underparts. 

c5. Nasal caruncles well developed; 
alar bar (outer scapulars 
in fully-adult birds) 
and dorsal patch white; 
culmen 2*1 inches, depth at 
forehead 0*35

d5 

. No nasal caruncles. 

a6. Alar bar and dorsal patch 
white; culmen 2*4 inches, 
depth at forehead 0*35 ,#

 fuscicollis, p. 375. 

sulcirostris, p. 376. 

tngua, p. 378. 
mexicanns, p. SSL 

caruncufaius, p. 384, 

mslom, p. 385, 
gtewarti, p. 385. 

1 . PHALACKOCOKAX. 
b6. No white dorsal patch; 
culmen 2*05 inches, depth 
at forehead 0-25

f4. Eore part of neck black. 
e\ Throat -white. 

<f\ Wing-coverts and scapulars 
uniform oil-green; culmen 
2*1 inches, depth at forehead 
0*2o

dG. Wing-coverts and scapulars 
dull bronze - green, margined 
with dark greenish 
blue; culmen 2*9 inches, 
depth at forehead 0*35 ..

/"'. Throat black; a white patch 
on the ear-coverts

m". Feathering on the chin not extending 
beyond a vertical line drawn 
from the anterior margin of the 
eve (see fig. 4); crown with a well-
developed crest. 

P. 
Plumage surrounding the ear white 
(see %. o); white alar bar and 
dorsal patch; nasal caruncles less 
developed
J&. Plumage surrounding the ear 
black; nasal caruncles largely 
developed. 

g\ Purple-black of the sides of the 
head commences in a line with 
the commissure of the bill (see 
fig. 7); white alar bar moderately 
developed

¥. Purple-black of the sides of the 
head extends below the commissure 
of the bill and partly 
borders the naked gular skin 
(see %. 6); no trace of white 
alar "bar ,

Jsf. Legs and feet black. 
n'\ Scapulars bronze-grey "bordered with 
black and slightly glossed with 
green; lower back dark green; 
wing llv5~ll*8 incheso". Scapulars bronze-green with very 
narrow steel-blue margins; lower 
back dark steel-blue. 
i\ White feathering on the throat 
extending forwards in a patch 
below the commissure of the bill 
(see ^g. 8); culmen P85-2-0 
inches; wing 9-5-10-4

m3. Throat below the commissure of 
the bill naked (see rig. 9); culmen 
2-7 inches; wing 10*8

335 

colemoi, p. 386. 

camjohelli, p. 387. 

bougainvillii, p. 387. 
magellanicus, p. 388. 

atriceps, p. 390. 

albiventer, p. 392. 

verrucosus, p. 393. 

varius, p. 394. 

gmldi, p. 396. 
hypoleucw, p. 397. 

PHALAeROCOKACIDJS. 

II. 
Culrnen less than 1*5 inch, in length from 
feathers on forehead to tip. 
C. Chin; throat, and underparts pure white .. melanoleumist p. 398*D. 
Chin, throat, and sometimes the fore-neck 
white • rest of underparts black ... . h^emrost?<s, p. 400. 
E. 
Chin and throat reddish brown; rest of 
underparts black . ipygmmit^ p. 405. 
F. Chin, throat, and underparts black. 
f. 
Feathers of the back and bcapulars dark 
ash-grey bordered with black jammeus7 p. 405. 
g, 
Feathers of the back and scapulars 
brownish ash, with a black bpot at 
the extremity africanus^ p. 407, 

II. Adult in Non-lreedi?ig Plumage. 
I. 
Culmen exceeding 1*5 inch in length from 
feathers on forehead to tip. 
A. Tail composed of 14 feathers. 
a. Breast and belly black glossed with dull 
green or blue ; legs blackish. 
ar. Size larger: wing more than 12 inches 
long. 
a". Fore-neck and chest black, with 
bluish or greenish gloss. 
a3. Feathers bordering the naked 
throat pure white ; wing-coverts 
and scapulars bronze - brown 
margined with dark steel-blue; 
underparts with a dark bluish-
green gloss earbo, p. 340. 

b3. Feathers bordering the naked 
throat white mottled with dark 
greenish black; wing-coverts and 
scapulars greenish Bronze margined 
with dark green; underparts 
glossed with oil-green ... . fiiammtoms^ p. 850. 

b". Fore-neck and chest white; wing-
coverts and scapulars bronze-brown 
margined with greenish black .,. . ludduSy p. 351. 

b'. Size smaller: wing less than 10*5 inches 
long; underparts black glossed with 
dark blue eapenm, p. 352. 

b. Breast and belly smoky grey; an elongate 
white patch on each side of the neck; 
legs coral-red (orange in dry skin) .... gaimardif p. 353. 
B. Tail composed of 12 feathers. 
c. General colour of the underparts smoky 
grey; legs and feet orange-yellow. 
c\ White eyebrow - stripes continued 
down each side of the neck to the 
shoulder ,. ptmda$m$f p.354. 

d'. No white eyebrow-stripes. fetttkerstmif p. 35& 

1 . PHALA.CBOC0KAX. 
d. 
General colour of the underparts "black; 
more or less glossed with greenish. 
e'. Forehead naked; sides of the upper 
back and scapulars violet-purple with 
purple reflections. 

c". Size very large: wing 13-13-6 
inches; feathers of face purple-
bronze perspicillatus, p. 357 

d". Size smaller: wing 10*5-11 inches; 

feathers of face deep greenish 
blue , bicristatus, p. 358. 
/' . Forehead feathered. 

a". Upper back and scapulars uniform 
greenish- and purplish-bronze with 
green reflections, and without distinct 
marginal bands; neck deep 
bluish violet pelagiws, p. 360. 

/" . Each feather of the upper back and 
scapulars with a well-marked marginal 
band. 

c*. General colour of the upper back 
and scapulars bronze-green or oil-
green. 

a4. Each feather with a blackish 
margin • legs and feet blackish. 
a5. Head and neck deep purplish 

black penicillatus, p. 363. 
Ifi. Head and neck oily bronze-,graeuluSj p-m_ 

b*. Eacrfeath'e'r' with ' a' 'shining «*»»«"•*> P-368brass-
green margin; legs and 
feet orange-yellow chalconotus, p. 369. 

dK General colour of the upper back 
and scapulars bronze-brown or 
ash, each feather margined by a 
Mack band, 

c*. Feathers of the back and scapulars 
rounded at the extremity. 


c\ Size krp:: wing more than ]aurit p-370. 

^ i 1 mche* lon2 •.•••••••:/•• cincmatw, p. 373. 
dr. Size smaller: wing less than ' 7 r 
11 inches. 

a?. Feathers on inter-ramal 
space extending to below a 
vertical drawn from the 
nostrils neghctm, p. 374. 

b*. Feathers on inter-ramal 
space not extending beyond 
a vertical drawn from the 
eye. 

a7. Back and scapulars with 
bronze-brown middles • 
lower back hlack glossed 
with dark bluish green . fuseicollis, p. 375. 

VOL. 
XXVI. z 

P H A LA.CBOCOEACID-33. 

h7. Back and scapulars with 
ash middles; lower back 
"brownish black, with a 
dull oil-green gloss ... .

dl 

. Feathers of the back and scapulars 
lanceolate. 

e5. Size larger: culmen 1*9-2*2 
incbes * wing 10*5-11*5 • 
tail 6*0-7*2 ..............

/ s . Size smaller: eulnien 1*651*
85 inch; wing 10-10"5; 
tail 5*8-6*4 .

e. General colour of the underparte pure 
white. 
g\ Legs and feet red, orange, or yellowish 
in dry skins. 
£'''. Feathering on the chin extending 
beyond a vertical line drawn from 
the anterior margin of the eve (see 
fig. 3). 

e3. fiar-coverts bluish or purplish 
black. 

ei. Fore part of neck white like 
the throat and re&t of underparts. 


g'J. With nasal caruncles. 

c6. Size larger; culmen -*55 
inches, depth at forehead 
0*5; wintr 12*3..........

dP. Size smaller: culmen 2*15 
inches, depth at forehead 
0 35; wing 10*4 ........

¥. With no nasal caruncles. 

ee. Size larger: culmen 2"4 
inches; wing 11 "6-11*7; 
white on the fore-neck as 
wide as the white on the 
throat

f6 

. Size smaller: culmen 2*05 
inches; wing 10*6-10*8; 
white on the fore-neck 
much narrower than on 
the throat..............

/*. Fore part of neck Hack; throat 
and rest of underparts white. 

i5. Wing-coverts and scapulars 
uniform oil-green; ettiinea 
2*1 inches.. ..........

k5. Wing-coverts and scapulars 
dull bronze-green margined 
with dark greenish Hue; 

culmen 2*9 inches ... .

/ 3 . Ear-coverts white (probably the 
throat ^ and fore-neck become 
white in the non-breeding p!u


ma&^

 • • • •

 sulcirostris, p. 376. 

vigua^ p. -378* 

mej ieanus, p. -181. 

canmcuhimf p. SSI. 
f/mlmeif p, 385. 

steicarti, p. 385. 

colemvi, p. 38S. 

mmpMli, p. 387. 

bmgammilii* p. 387. 

mapdlanieMs, p. 388, 

1 . PS1LAOROC0E1X. 
h'\ Feathering on the chin does not 
extend beyond a vertical line drawn 
from the anterior margin of the eye 

(see %. 4). 
g*. Plumage surrounding the ear 
ks .
white (see ftg. 5) 
Plumage surrounding the ear 

black, glossed with steel-blue (see 

%s. 6, 7). 

g4. Blue-black of the sides of the 
head commences in a line with 
the commissure of the bill (see 
%. 7)

k4 

. Blue-black of the sides of the 
head extends below the commissure 
of the bill; and partly 
borders the naked gular skin 
(seefig. 6)

k\ Legs and feet black. 

*". Scapulars bronze-grey, bordered with 
black and slightly glossed with 
green; lower back black, glossed 
with dark green; wing 11*5-11'8 
inches

M\ Scapulars bronze-green, with very 
narrow steel-blue margins; lower 
back dark steel-blue. 

i\ White feathering on the throat 
extending forwards in a patch 
below the commissure of the bill 
(see fig. 8); culmen 1*85-2 
inches; wing 9*5-104

kz 

. Throat below the commissure of 
the bill naked (see %. 9): 
culmen 2*7 inches; wing 10*8 ..

II. 
Culmen less than 1*5 inch in length from 
feathers on forehead to tip. 
0. Chin, throaty and underparts pure white ..
D. 
Chin, throat, and sometimes fore-neck 
white; rest of underparts black
JB, Chin and feathers bordering bare throat 
white; rest of underparts black, with some 
dull oil-green gloss

F. 
Chin and throat white; fore-neck brownish 
white. 
f. 
Breast and rest of underparts mottled 
brownish white; scapulars dark ash-
grey bordered with black, and narrowly 
edged externally with brownish white..
g. 
Breast and rest of underparts whitish; 
scapulars brownish ash, with a black 
spot at the extremity and narrowly edged 
externally with brownish white
339 

atriceps, p. 390. 

albiwnter- p. 392. 

vermcosuSj p. 393. 

varius, p. 394. 

gouldi, p. 396. 

hgpokucus, p. 397. 

melanoleiicuSj p. 398. 

brevirostris, p. 400. 
javanicus, p. 402. 

pygm&m, p. 405. 

africanus, p. 407, 

z2 

PH A LACROCORACID-S]. 

Fig. 1.—P. carlo. 

Fig. 2.—P. filamentosus. 

1. Phalacrocorax carbo. (Fig. 1.) 

Le Cormoran, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 511, pi. xlv. (1760); JDAubent. 
PI. JEnl ix. pi. 66 (no. 927); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 310, 
pi. xxvi. (1781); Borkhausen, etc. Teutsche Orn. pi. 56 (1807). 
Pelecanus carbo, Linn. S. N. i. p. 216 (1766); Gmel. S. Nf. i. pt. ii 
£ 573 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 886 (1790); Bonnat. Tall. 
Enmjcl. MM. i. p. 46, pi. xv. fig. 1 (1790); Cuv. Reg. Anim., Ois. 

p. 524 (1817); id. Beg. Anim., Ois. i. p. 662 (1829). 
Corvorant, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 593 (1785) ; id. Suppl

p. 279 (1787); id. Suppl. ii. p. 363 (1802); Mont. Orn. Diet. i. 
pp. — (1802). 
Carbo vulgaris, Lace'p. et Daudin, in Bufon Hist. Nat. (18mo Didot) 
Quadr. xiv. p. 318 (1799). 
Pelecanus sinensis, Shaw # Nodd. Nat. Misc. xiii. pi. 529 (about 
1801); Latham, Suppl Ind. Orn. p. 70 (1801) [tail of 12 feathers ?]; 
Dumont in LevrauWs Diet. Sci. Nat. x. p. 455 (1818). 

1. PHALACROCORAX. 341 
Chinese Corvorant, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 364 (1802). 

Carbo cormoranus, Meyer fy Wolf) Tasck der Beuts. ii. p. 576, pi. 
(1810) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 894 (1820), iv. p. 563 (1840); 
Werner, Atl. Ois. d'Eur., Ord. 15. pi. 87 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite 
tfOrn. p. 605, pi. 115. fig. 2 (1831); M&netr. Cat. Rais. pp. 55, 
v (1832); Schinz, Nat. Abhild. Vog. p. 383, pi. 132. %. (1833); 
Benoii, Orn. Sicil p. 191 (1840); Cara, Orn. Sard. p. 198 (1842); 
Temm. § ScM. Faun. Jap , Aves, p. 129 (1850); Gould, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 150 [Tenasserim]; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 54 [Marakul 
Lake, W. Siberia"); Rudolf etc. J. f. O. 1879, p. 82 [Don]; 
Tschusi u. Bella Torre, Ornis, iii. p. 350 (1887), iv. p. 361 
(1888), vi. p. 266 (1890) [Austro-Hungarv]; Middendorff, Ornis, 

iv. p. 300 (18S8) [Baltic]: Gatke, Heligoland, p. 541 (Englished. 
1895) ; Blasius, Ornis, viii. pp. 31, 5(5, 80, 84, 202, 209 (1895), 
p. 685 (1896). 
Phalacrocorax carbo, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 297 (1811) ; 
Dw/iont, in LevrauWs Diet Sci. Nat. x. p. 448 (1818); Steph. in 
Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 76, pi. 10 (1826): Selby, III. Brit. 
Orn. ii. p. 446, pi. 84 (1833) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 479 (1834) 
[Hadson's Bav to Georgia ]; Nils. Scand. Faun. ii. p. 476 (1835) ; 
And. Orn. Biog. iii. p. 458, pi. 266 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. v. 
pi. 407 (1837) ; Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 123, pi. 415 (1839); Korner, 
Skand. Fogl. p. 21, pi. 59. fig. 1 (1839-46); Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. 

p. 232 (1840); Bemid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 302 (1840); 
G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 184 (1844) ; Mil/de, Beitr. Orn 
Grieehenl p. 130 (1844); Riipp. Vog. NO.-Afr. p. 140 (1845) ; 
I)egl. Orn. Eur op. ii. p. 375 (1849); Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. 
p. 240 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 380, fig. (1852); Watters, 
Nat Hist. B. Irel. p. 234 (1853) ; Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 359 
(1855); Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 168 (1855); Heugl. Vog. N.O.-Afr. 
p. 72 (1856); id. Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 259 (1857); Schl. 
Vog. Nederl. p. 574, pis. 324-326 (1858); Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. 
i. p. 488 (1859); Jaubert $ Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 379 (1859); 
Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 166 [Godhavn, Greenland]; Linderm. Vog. 
Grieehenl. p. 166 (1860); Bryant, Fr. Bost. Soe. viii. p. 70 (1861) 
[Gulf of St. Lawrence, breeding]; Radde, Ost-Sib. ii, p. 379 
(1863); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 [Yeddo, April]; id. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 433; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 35 [Egypt and Nubia]; 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 154 [Malta and Gozo] ; Tristram, F. Z. S. 
1864, p. 455 [Palestinej; Fitz. Atl. Nat. Vog. fig. 333 (1864); 
Filippi, Viagg. Fers. i. p. 352 (1865); Bolle, J. f. O. 1865, p. 415 
[Sardinia]; Begl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 352 (1867); Taylor^ 
Ibis, 1867, p. 71 [Egypt]; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 210 [Hakodadi]; 
Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 430 [Cape Spartel]; Collett, Vid. Selsk. 
Fork. Christ. 1868, p. 182; Tristram, Ibis, 1868, p. 331 [Palestine] 
; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 458 [Portugal] ; Tumbull, B. E. 
Fennsylv. p. 48 (1869) [New Jersey]; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, 

p. 603 [Japan Sea]; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 18 [Red Sea]; Elwes # 
Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 336 [Bospborus and Sea of Marmara]; 
Homeyer, J.f.O. 1870, p. 434 [Amurland]; Fritsch, Nat. Vog. 
Europa's, p. 450 (1870), Atl pi. 53. figs. 1 & 5 (1871); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 317; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 [S. Spain]; Swinh. 
F. Z. S. 1871, p. 420; Gray, B. West Scot!, p. 454 (1871); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 295 (1872) ; Fritsch, J.f 0.1872, p. 373 [Bohemia]; 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 52 (1873); Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 234 
I Crimea]; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 345 [Sardinia]; Tacz. J. f O. 
1873, p. Il l [Dauria]; Kennedy, Ibis, 1874, p. 110 [Suez]; 
PHALACEOCOEACIDJB. 

Swinh Ibis, 1874, p. 164, 1875, p. 137 [Chefoo]; Skarpe, Joy. 

'JSreltus' $ 'Terror,7 Birds App. f. 34 (1875 J : Irby, Orn. 

Gibraltar, p. 207 (1875) ; Dresser, Ibis, 2876, p. 414 rTnrkesta^ ; 

Sehalow, J. /. O. 1876, p. 5 [Mark Brandenburg] : Tata. J. f. O. 

1876, p. 189 [Ussuri]; Milne in Rowley's Orn. Mise i. p. 228 

(1876) [Cormorant-fishing]; Blanf. B. Persia, ii. p. 298 (2870); 

Tacz. Bull. JSoc. Zool Fr. ii. p. 41 (1877) [Eamtschatka,,, p. lf»3 
[Poland]; David $ Oustal Ois. Chme, p. 532 (1S77) jmrt^ ; 
Anders. B. W. Yunnan, p. 696 (1878) [Bliamcf: Doig, Sir. F. 

vii. p. 468 (1878) [E. Narra]; Blakist $ Fryer. Ibis, 1878, p. 210 
[Japan]; Hume # Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 496 (18781 Tenassenm^; 
jffatf, £?r. -F. vii. p. 234 (1878) [Gansres to Godaveri"; Dresner, B. 
Fttrope, vi. p. 151, pi. 388 (1879); Doig, 8tr. F. ™i. pp. 372, 
377 (1879) rE. Karraj; Scully, Sir. F. viii. p 364 (1-79 ; jft^£?. 
JB. Cations, p. 181 (1879); ifotf. Cat B. Sind, p. 82 {1870): id. 
Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 113 (1880); Finseh, Ver. Ges. Mien, xxk. 
p. 280 (1880) [W. Siberia]; Legge, B. Ceylon, iii.jpp- 1182t Tim 
(1880); Reid, Sir. F. x. p. 87 (1881) [Lucknow ; £«% , I?>i>, 
1881, p. 594 [Gilgit]; Gates, Sir. F. x. p. 248 (1852) Pegu]; 
toras, P. Z7.& Nat. Mus. vi. p. 121 (18831 [Labrador"; Seehohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 36 [Caspian and Black Seas"; Severtz'Ihi*, Ifcfctf, 
p. 77 [Pamir]; Irbyf Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [gantantlar]; Gates, It. 
Burmah, ii. p. 231 (1883); Steams 8r Cme% N. ting. B.-Life, 
pt. ii. p. 339 (1883); Baird^Breic, §- Ridgw. Waier-Il N. Amer. 
ii. p. 145, %. (1884); Sharpes ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. p. 77r^ 
(1884); Radde, Orn. Caucas. p. 467 <lbS4) ; Sattttd. ed. Yarrell 
Br. B. iv. p. 143 (1884); Cones, Fey K Am. II 2nd ed. p. 72S 
(1884); Seebohm, Mist. Brit. B.iil p. 650, pi. 34, %. eprjr {left*); 
Dw , J&fc, 1885, p. 91 [St. Kildaj; Reidf Ibis, IfcsS. p. 24U 
[Morocco]; Seebohn, Ibis, 1885, p 270; BrewnL A vl% ii, p. 112 
(1885) [Massachusetts]; GigL Avif. Ital p. 271 f ]6%f*j; *Wr<n*. 
Uce. Ital. p. 270 (1886); Booth, Rough JSotes, iii. p t xi. (IfWS); 
Scully, J. As. Soc. Beng. Ivi pt. ii. p. 88 (IbKT); Ridgw. Man. 
N. A. B. p 78 (1887); Tacz. Ornis, iv. p. 504 (ISSSf [Poland] ; 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 352 (1888); Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Pitersb. 
(7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 56 (1888) [Tschinas"1; St. John, litis, 188% 
p. 180 [S. Afghanistan]; LUford, Ibis, lb897 p. 340 [GVprasJ; 
Butcher, Auk, vi. p. 133 (1889) [New York" ; Cfmmherl Auk, vi. 
p. 215 (1889) [S. Greenland]; Radde u. Malt Omkf v. pp. 124, 
237 (1889) [Transcaspia]; Hartert, J.f. 0.18e9, p. 406 [Peak]; 
Samd. III. Man. Brit B. p. 349 (1689); GioL Avif. Ital pt.1. 
p. 425, pt. ii. p. 658, pt. iii. p. 515 (18b9-91); * Gates $ ed. Mtfmefs 
Nests 8r Fggs, iii. p. 270 (1890); Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 908, fig. 
(1890); id. Ibis, 1890, p. 407 [Ireland]; Turk, Mis, 1801, p. 7 
fBlasket Is.]; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 69 [incubation 28 to 29 
days] ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327y 491 [Lower Yangtee]; Sharpe, 
Second YarkandMiss., Aves, p. 1£7 (1891); Seeboim, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 28 [Heligoland]; &. Ibis, 1892, p. 400 [Tsushima]; La 
Touclw, Ibis, 1892, p. 487 [Poochow, BwatowJ; Marieri, Ibis, 
1892, p. 520 [E. Prussia]; Lilford, Col Mg. Br. B. p t xxJL 
(1892); J9%^r, Ibis, 1893, p. 353 [Shetland]; &t*anf M\ 1893, 
p. 434 [Hainan]; J£b€m>, J./. O. 1893, p. 105 jTunia]; % 
^w^, xi. p. 163 (1894) [New York]; Iteiser, Grm. Balmnum, Ii. 
p. 194 (1894), iv. p. 143 (1896); A.GM. CheeM. 2nd ed. p. 42 
(^95); Pearson, Ibis, 1895, p. 247 [Iceland]: Irbyf Orn. CHSbraliar, 
2nd ed. p. 198 (1895); Shprpe, Bandb. B. Or. Brit, ii p. 211 
1. 1?HALACR0C0EAX. 
343 

(1896); W. Sclaier, Ibis, 1896, p. 522 [Caledon Disk]; Shufeldt, 
Auk, xiii. p. 312, pi. T. (1896) [Lofoten Is.]. 

Common Corrorant, Pennant, Brit, Zool. ii. p. 281 (1812); Lath. 
Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 414 (1824); Tarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 373 
(1843); Jouy, Am. Nat xxii. p. 1 (1888) f Cormorant-fishing]; 
Sari, Zoologist, (3) xx. p. 231 (1896) [Donegal]. 

Hvdrocorax carbo, Yieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vili. p. 83 (1817); 

VieilL Faun. Franc, p. 343 (1828). 
Hvdrocorax sinensis, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Wat. vili. p. 86 (1817). 
Halieus carbo, Licht. Yerz. Bouhl. p. 86 (1823); Bernhardt, J.f. 0. 

1854, p. 443 [Greenland"1; Hansm. J.f 0. 1872, p. 310. 
Chinese Shag, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 423 (1824). 
New Holland Shag, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 431 (1824). 
Plialacrocorax sinensis, Stepk. in Show's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 96> 

(1826); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 184 (1844); Swinh. 
Ibis, 1867, p. 390 [Amoy]; Ibis, 1880, p. 375 [Cormorant-fishing 
in China]. 

Phalacrocorax novse-hollandiae, Stepk. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. 

p. 93 (1826) [no. of tail-feathers given as 12]; Gould, Handb. 
B. Austr. ii. p. 488 (1865); Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 335 [Port 
Denison ; Gray, Hand4. B. iii. p. 127 (1871); Buller, B. N. Zeal. 
p. 325 (1873) ; Htiiion, Ibis, 1874, p. 42; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 34b [X.E. Queensland]; Buller, Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 92 (1882) ; 
id. B. X Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 145 (18*8). 
Cormoranus crassiro>tris, Baillon, Mem. Soc. Abbev. 1833, p. 77. 
Halieu.^ gracilis, Meijen, j\ ov. Act. xvi. Suppl. i. p. 114, pi, xxiii. 

(1^4); RHchenL Naiatores, pi. Ixv. fig. 978 (1850). 
Halieus leucogaster, Meyen, Nov. Act. xvi. Suppl. i. p. 112, pi. xxii. 

(i&34). 
Plialacrocorax medius, Nilss. Scand. Faun. ii. p. 478 (1835). 
Phalacrocorax carboides, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 156 [Tasmania] ; 

id. Syn. B. Austr., App. p. 7 (1838) [Tasmania]; Fraser, 

P. Z. & 1839, p. 114 [S. Australia]; G. R. Gray, List of B. 
pt. iii. p. 184 (1844); Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 66 (1848). 
Phalacrocorax medius, Earner, Skand. Fogl. p. 21, pi. 59. Hg. 2 
(1839-46); Fritsch, Nat. Fog. Europa's, p. 451 (1870). 
Halieus cormoranus, Naum. Nat. Voq. JDeutschl. xi. p. 53, pi. 279 
(1842) ; Passler,J. f. O. 1853, p. 315 [Lapland]. 
Graculus albiventris, Tkhell, J. As. Soe. Beng. xi. p. 463 (1842). 
Carbo leucocephala, Hodgs. Icon. ined. no. 596; id. in Gray's Zool. 

Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Carbo raptensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. no. 555; id. in Grafs Zool. 
Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Carbo javanica?^. raptensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. no. 559; id. in 
Grafs Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844). 
Graculus carboidea, G. R. Gray, Voy. l Erebus' # i Terror,' Birds, 

p. 20 (1845); Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxxv.a figs. 2549-50 (1850); 
G. R. Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 251 [New Zealand]. 
Graculus 
carbo, Myth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 298 (1849) ; Reichmb. 
Naiatores, pi. xxxiii. figs. 362-5 (1850); Stmdev. Sv. Fogl. pi. Iv. 
figs. 1 & 2 (1856) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 509, 1859, p. 189 
f Punjab, Cashmere]; Baird, B. N.Amer. p. 876 (1860) [Labrador to 
New Jersey]; BeinJi. Ibis, 1861, p. 19 [Greenland]; Schl Mus. 
Pays~Bm, YI. Pelec. p. 6 (1863); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. pt. ii. p. 861 
(1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 451 [Great Britain]; Blyth, Ibis, 
1867, p. 181; Layard, Ibis, 1868, p. 120 [S. Africa]; Droste, 

PHALACBOCOEACIB^. 

J.f. 0. 1869, p. 389 [Faroes!; Finsch # Earth Tog. Ost-A/r. 
p. 844 (1870); Swinh. Ibis, 18f0, p. 887 [Hainan, Slam] ; Finsch, 
J. f O.1870, p. 875, 1872, p. 257 [X. Zealand]; Gray, Hand-f. 
B. iii. p. 127 (1871); Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damora Ld, p. 367 
(1872); Button, Ibis, 1872, p. 249 [Chatham I."; Coues, Key X. 
Am. B. p. 802 (1872]; Lloyd, Ibis, 1878, p. 421 ^Kattlawar"; 
Beugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1486 (1873); Travers. Tr. X. Zeal 
Inst. Y. p. 221 (1S78) [Chatham I."1; Hume, Nests fr Eggs hid, 
B. p. 659 (1878); id. Sir. F. i. p". 289 (1878) "SInd"; Adam, 
Str. F. I p. 403 (1873) [Sambhur L."; Bali, Sir. F~il p. 440 
(1874) [Chota Nagpur]; JSvme, Str. F. ii. p. 484 (1874) 
[Tenasserim]; Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 364 (1874) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 
1874, pp. 174, 213 [Chatham Is.l; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 349 (1875) 
[Pegu]; Blytlu Cat. Mamm, B.'~Burma, y. 164 (1875); Danf.fr 
Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 431 "Transylvania"1; Barraii, j.b?\ 1^76, 
p. 214 [Transvaal] ; Scully, Str." F. iv." f^. 100. 204 (lb76| 
[E. Turkestan]; Butler, Str. F. IT. p. 83 (1876), T. pp. 225, 235 
(1877) [Mt. Aboo and X. Guzerat]; Oates, Str. F. \. pp. 141, W3 
(1877) [Pegu, nesting'"'; Prjev. in Bowlegs Orn. Misc. iii. pp. 146.154 
(1878) [S.E. Mongolia, Ordos Kokonor" ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1-7&, 
p. 284 [E. Africa]'; Biddulph, Sir. F. fx. p. 366 il^O) "Gilifit"; 
Maynard, B. E. X. Amer. p. 470 (1SS1); Biddulph. lk\ 18^1, 
p. 102 [Gilgif; Kelham, Ibis, 1882,-p. 203 'Perak li.'; Fin^h, 
Ibis, 1882, pi 401 "Xew Zealand"; SamifeU, X. fr E. Bird*. 
p. 534 (1883); Brewst Bvll. Xntt. Orn. C.yiil. p. 1*0 (1^8) 
[S. Carolina]: Marshall. Ibis, 1884, p. 4mJo "Chamba": tiuadrv. 
Ibis, 1886, p. 457 r winsr"*; Phillips. Zooloqkt, (8} xii. p. :M) (188^) 
[Bird Rock, X. Wales].'*- 
Graculus americanus, lieichenb. Xatatores, pi. xxxv/ fb-. 2740 9 
(1850). 
Graculus sinensis, Reichenb. Xatatores, pi. Ixv. fig. 977 (1*50): G. It. 
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 127 (1871), 
^ Phalacroeorax glacialis, arboreus, subcormoranus humilirostris, and 
brachyrhynchos, Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 860 (1855). 
Phalacroeorax carbo major, Xilss. Skand. Farm. ii. p. 515 (1858) ; 
Palmen, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 61 [Finland]. 
Phalacroeorax carbo medius, Xilss. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 515 (185$); 

Palmen, J.f.O. 1876, p. 61 [Finland]. 
Pelecanus flavirostris, Elhnan, Zool 1861, p. 7472. 
? Pelecanus major, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7472. 
Carbo nudigula, Brandt,fide Finsch % Haiti. Jl>q. Orf-Afr. p. 844 

(1870). 
Carbo phalacroeorax, Severiz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 840 Tian Shan]. 
Carbo phalacroeorax Tar. continentalis, Severtz. Turkest. Jetoinw, 

p. 70 (1873); id. Zeit.ges. Orn. iv. p. 21 (1888). 
Graculus 
novae hollandise,, Mamsay, Tab. List Amir. B. p. 24 
(1888); North, Nests <§r Eggs B: Austr. p. 365 (1880). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour black, glossed with 
dull purplish or bluish oil-green; top of the head and greater part 
of the neck covered with long, narrow, white feathers, which often 
hide the shorter black plumage beneath and give these parts a nearly 
white appearance; a well-developed crest of black feathers glossed 
with blue, about 1*5 inch in length, and extending on to the nape ; 

t 


1. PHALACKOCOR^X. 345 
feathers of the throat forming a wide white border to the naked 
gular pouch; tipper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dull bronze-
brown, each feather widely bordered with dark bluish green ; quills 
brownish black with a slight greenish gloss, secondaries more 
strongly washed with greenish and margined externally with 
darker colour; a large patch of white feathers on each flank. 
Tail black, and composed of 34 feathers. Total length about 
38 inches, culmen 2*3-3-2, wing 12-5-14, tail 6*8-7-2, tarsus 
^•3-2*85. 

Iris bright emerald-green; naked skin round eye greenish 
brown, below the eye and on gular sac lemon-yellow. Bill 
greyish brown, dusky along culmen and yellowish white towards 
the base ; legs and feet blackish. 

Adi'li in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above; but the 
white hair-like feathers on the head aud neck are wanting, as well 
as the white patches on the flanks. 

This species appears to breed, in different parts of its range, 
throughout the entire year, for we have specimens in full breeding-
plumage procured in nearly every month. 

In Great Britain, the perfect breeding-plumage is generally 
assumed by the end of February and lasts lill the beginning of 
April. In JSikhim we find birds in perfect breeding-plumage in the 
months of January, February, March, August, and December; 
while in Pegu they breed in November. In British birds the 
white hair-like feathers of the head and neck and the white 
flank-patches begin to make their appearance early in January, and 
are generally complete towards the end of February. The former 
are retained until the beginning of April, when they commence to 
drop out, and disappear entirely by the middle of May. The white 
flank-patches are retained till the middle of June and do not disappear 
till the end of July. 

The various changes of plumage, so far as I have been able to 
ascertain, are entirely produced by moult, which appears to be 
continuous, at least among younger birds of one or two years old,. 
throughout the greater part of the year. A series of birds collected 
at Cromarty shows the moult among these younger birds to be at 
its height in the middle of May. 

It has been stated that " the female has the longer crest and 
is brighter in colour as well as larger in size "; but this is not the 
case; and, as may be seen from the table of measurements given 
below (p. 346), the male is, as a rule, larger than the female. There 
is, however, very considerable individual variation in size irrespective 
of sex. Birds from the Faroe Islands, Great Britain, &c, are 
distinctly larger than those from India, &c, the bill being, as a 
rule, conspicuously larger and stouter. No great importance need, 
however, be attached to this difference, for the largest Indian 
specimens are not appreciably smaller than some of the birds from 
northern latitudes. 

PHAL4.CEOCOEACID-2B. 

Bill. Wing. Tarsus. 
Adult. Greenland 2*5 13*2 2-45 
Adult, Faroe Is 3*2 14*0 2*85 
2 adult. , 2-9 12-8 2*55 
$ adult. Orkney Is 2*8 131 2*6 
J-vix adult. N. Uist, Hebrides ... 2*7 12*8 2*55 

(2) $ vix adult „ ,. ... 2-9 13-1-13*4 2*6-2-85 
r? imiu. Oromartv 3*2 14*1 2*7 
(2)$ vix adult. „ 2-8-2*9 134-13*2 2'Q 
J adult. Fame Is 2*9 14"2 2-55 
Adult. Devonshire 2*6 13*0 2-5 
<5 immature. Fowev, Cornwall 3*1 14 0 2*7 
(2) 2 vix adult. ^ , 2*8 13-0 2-5 
2 adult. Christchurch, Hants . 2*5 12*7 2-5 
5 yix adult. „ „ 2-8 13-0 2*5 
tf adult. Lower Danube 2 6 KJ.4 2-5 
Vix adult. Caspian Sea. 2-6 134 2-5 
Immature. Xorth Africa 2*7 12*8 2*5 

(2) Adult. Favoom, Egypt 24-27 13*0 24-2*5 
J adult. Muscat .* 2*P>5 13-2 2*4 
2 adult. „ 2'5 12-9 2-5 
5 adult. Afghan 245 12*9 24 
cf adult. Lob-nor 2*6 33*3 2 4 
$ adult. „ 2*3 12*8 2-3 
$ adult. Karachi * 2-3 124 2*25 
Adult. Masuri 2*6 13*9 2*5 
d adult. Sultanpur.... 2*35 12-9 2*25 
(4) Adult. Sikhim 2*25-2*8 12*9-13-7 2-25-24 
r? adult. Pegu 2*11 137 24 
2 immature. „ 2*5 127 2*3 
Adult. Keddah 24 127 2*3 
Adult. Si&m 2*55 13*3 2*45 
Adult. Japan 2*5 134 2*3 
Adult. Yokohama 245 127 245 


<5 vix adult. Formosa 2*65 12*8 2 4 
Adult. Australia 2*6 134 24 


(2) adult. S.Australia 2 7 13*5-14-0 24-2*5 
(2) adult. New Zealand 24-2*5 12*6-134 2*3-245 
Adult. Chatham Is 2*3 12*0 2*3 
Young when first hatched, are Hind and covered with purplish-
black skin; in the course of a few days they acquire a thick 
covering of blackish down. 

Young in first plumage (September). General colour above dull 
brown, somewhat glossed on the head, neck, and hack with bluish 
green ; feathers of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts with wide 
dark margins; throat, front of neck, breast, and belly white; 
sides, tanks, thighs, and under tall-coverts dark brownish Mack. 

As age advances the fore part of the neck and chest become 
brown. 

Immature in the plumage of the second year (September). 
Upper parts more like those of the adult, but the plumage is less 
brilliant and mixed here and there with feathers of the first 
plumage; the feathers of the breast and belly are all widely tipped 
with brownish black, giving these parts a mottled appearance. 

Immature in the plumage of the third year (May). Similar to the 
adult, but the colour of the upper parts is less brilliant, and the 

1 . PHAXACROCOBAX. 
nnderparts are not of such a rich glossj- black. Birds of this age 
(probably about 26 months old), though they do not breed, assume 
a partial breeding-plumage : the hair-like feathers on the head and 
neck being indicated, while the white flank-patches are partially 
acquired. 

Mob. The Atlantic coast of North America from Hudson's Bay 
to Georgia ; South Greenland, Iceland, Faroes, thence across Europe 
and Asia to Kamtsehatka; southwards to the Cape of Good Hope, 
and from the Mediterranean to the Malay Peninsula; Australia, 
New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. 

a,b. Ad. etjuv. Greenland, June. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
e, d. 2 a^. sk. Faroe Is,, March & April Col. II. W. Feilden 

(II C. Muller). [P.]. 
e. $ 
ad. st. Reawiek, Shetland. Dr. Theodore Fisher 
[P.]. 
/ . 
$ ad. sk. Black Craig, Orkney Is., March Hargitt Coll. 
39 {/. E. Dunn), 

q. Pull. sk. Orkney Is. (J. K. D.). Baron A. von Hugel 
h~L (S 2 imm. Loch Maddy, North Uist, Sir John Campbellsk. 
Hebrides, Feb.-Marck. Orde, Bart. [P.]. 
?n? n. Pull. st. Island of Skye. Theodore Walker, 
Esq. [P.]. 
o~s. £ J imm. Cromarty, April & Nov. G. A. St. Quintin, 
sk. " Esq. [P.], 
/-?r. 2 vix ad. Cromarty, May. W. R. Ogiivie-Grant, 
et<J $ imm. sk. " Esq. [P.]. 

x. c? ad. sk. Megstone, Fame Is., March. Seebohm Coll. 
y. 
Pull. ek. Craig-y-dern, Merionethshire, Hargitt Coll. 
June 5. 
c. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
(t-r\ (S 2 imm. Fowey, Cornwall, Aug. & Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 
sk. Sept. 
s'-t', Imm. st. Fowey, Cornwall, Aug. & Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 
Sept. 
u'. Ad. sk. Dorsetshire. Baron A. von Hugel 
[p.]. 
v'. Imm, sk. Poole Harbour, Sept. 27. Baron A. von Hiigel 

ic'9 .r'. 2 a<^*e^ Christchurch, Hants, Feb. Baron A. von Hiigel 
imm. sk. 

t/'. 2 imm. st. Sweden, May 2. C. W.Lundborg[C.]. 
z'. <$ imm. sk. Havre, Oct. 25. Hargitt Coll. 

a". Imm. sk. Vienna. Dr. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.J. 
b". 2 *mni-gk. Hungary, Aug. 21. Hungarian National 

Museum [P.l. 
e". $ ad. sk. Lower Danube, Wallachia, Baron A. von Hiigel 
May. [P.]. 
d". Pull. sk. S. Russia (Mtischler). Baron A. von Hiigel 

[P.]. 
e", Tix ad. sk. Caspian Sea. Purchased. 
/". Imm. sk. North Africa. J. Burton, Esq. [P.]. 

348 

g", h". Ad. sk. 

i"j k". S 2 imm. 

sk. 
I". S ad. sk. 
m". 5 imm. sk. 

ri'-q". d 2 ad.
et imm. sk. 

~",s". 2 a(i-sk 

t". Imm. sk. 
u". Imm. sk. 
a". <^ imm. bk. 

w'f-y'f. S 2 ad. 

et J imm. sk. 
z". Imm. sk. 
a2. J imm. sk. 

¥. 2 imm. sk. 

e\ 2 ad. sk. 

v^x ac** 

<P, A 2sk. 
f3.<$ imm. sk. 

#\ #. Imm. sk. 

23. Ad. sk. 
P . Ad. sk. 
Z\ d ad. sk. 
m3. c? imm. sk. 

nz-q3. Ad. et 

imm. sk. 
r3. Imm. sk. 
s3-2?3. Imm. sk. 
w3-/4. Ad. et 

imm. sk. 
y4-^4. Ad. et 
imm. sk. 

o4. (J imm. sk. 

;A Imm. sk. 
jM4. $ vix ad. 
et imm. sk. 
t\ d ad. sk. 

w4. <£ imm. sk. 

i;4, w4. Imm. sk. 
a4, tf ad. sk. 

y4. Imm. sk. 

PH ALACEOOOEACID^S. 

Favooni, Egypt, Feb., Marcli 

(G.E.S.). 
Babylon (Commander Jones). 


Muscat, Feb. 23. 

Muscat, Dec. 3. 

 Muscat, Feb. 

Areandab E., S. Afghanistan, 

March. 
Quetta, Nov. ($» O. #£. John). 
Kasbgar (Dr. Bel!tic). 

E. Urunsfu, Dzungaria. April 
(Prjevahky}. 
Lob-nor, Feb., Marcli (Prje


valsky). 
Ladak (Strachey). 
Hurroo stream, Lower Hazara, 

Feb. 26 (W. H. Umrmj. 
Eastern Narra, Sind, March 10 

(S. Doig). 
Karachi Harbour, Feb. 19 

(E. A. Butler). 
Near Burr, 40 miles from Aj


mere, January &. 

Sambhur, March 15 (E. M. 

Adam). 

Sirza, Oct. 
Masuri ( IV. E. Brooks), 
Sutle], below Koteghur, March. 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon Dist., 


Nov. 5 (W. %:Chill). 
Mainpuri Canal, Jan. 21 {^4. 

Anderson), 

Etawah. 

Oudh, Nov. 

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 

Sikhim, Feb.-April, Oct.-Dec. 

(L. Mandelli). 
Native Sikhim, Jan., March, 

Aug., Nov., Dec. (L. M.). 

Assam, March (A, W. Chen


neli). 
Assam (McClelland). 
Sittang R., July, Aug. 

Lower Pegu, Aug. 29. 

Ilhykehto, Tenasserim, Jan. 31 

(W. Damson). 
Thatone, Sept. 20. 

Keddah, Malay Peninsula 

(Dr. Cantor), 
Malacca {Dr. Maingay), 


Shelley Coll. 
India Museum ~V.\ 
Hume Coll. 


W. T. Blanford.E-u. 
yr. 

Dr. A. J. G. Ja\aL«\r 

Lt.-Col. Swinhoe 
;p.". 
Hume Cull. 
India Museum _P ". 
Seebuhm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum _P ". 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Cull. 


Hume Cull. 


Hunif* Coll 


Hume Cull. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume C<»11. 
Hume Cull. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
India Museum ~Pf. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum "P.". 


E. 
W. Gates, 'E>q. 
[CA 
E. W. Gates. Esq. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum "J?."]. 
Tweeddale Coll 

c4. § imm. sk. 
a\ Ad. sk. 

b55

,e. Imm. sk. 

d5 

. <S Tixad.sk. 

e5. § imm. sk. 

f*,f. Ad.et 
imm. sk. 
A3. Pull, sk 


P. Imm. sk. 
h\ Ad. sk. 
/3, »i5. Ad. et 
imm. sk. 
»V 5 imm. sk. 


rA Ad. sk. 

p5-r5. Ad. et 
imm. sk. 
/ \ Imm. sk. 


P. Imm. sk. 
«". 1mm. sk. 
v~% wr\ Ad. sk.

x\ Ad. sk. 
%l'\ Ad. sk. 
z*. Imm. sk. 


aG. Ad. sk. 

W. Imm. sk. 
c\ Ad. sk. 
d8. Imm.sk. 
e(s. 2 iEam-sk. 
/6. Ad. sk. 
g*. Skeleton. 

¥. Skeleton. 
iK Skeleton. 
k®. Skeleton. 

¥~o®. Sterna. 
tf-#. Skulls. 

1 . 
PHALACK0C0K1X. 
Estuary of Jafha, Ceylon. 


Siam. 
CocMn China, Bee. 
Samma, Formosa, Jan. 27 


(P. A. Moist). 
China. 
Amoy, China, Oct, Dec. "(-ft* 

Sicinhoe). 
Chefoo, June 20 (M.S.). 
Tsu-shima, Nov. 6 (P. A. 

Moist). 

Japan. 
Yokohama (M. Pryer). 

Month of the Amur, E. Siberia, 
March 29 (Dorries). 
Australia. 

Port Jackson. 

Queensland. 
New South Wales. 
South Australia. 


 South Australia. 

South Australia. 
Lewis, 'Tasmania. 
New Zealand. 


New Zealand. 

New Zealand. 

North Island, New Zealand. 

Christchurch, South Island, 
New Zealand, Feb. 
The Bluff, South Island, Jan. 

Chatham Is., Nov. 21. 
Christiansund, N. Norway, 

Nov. 
Great Britain. 
New Zealand. 


Europe. 

349 

Col. W. V. Legge 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

M. St. Pierre [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
J. 
R. Reeves, Esq. 
[p.i 
Seebonm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. Arnott, Esq. [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

E. P. Ramsay, Esq. 
Australian Museum 

[p.]-
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Sir George Grey 

[P.]. 
Capt. Sturt, R. N. 


LP-]Old 
Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Sir George Grey 

[p.]New 
Zealand Co. 
[p.]. 
Colonial Museum 
[P.]. 

0. 
B. Horsbrugh, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Baron A. von Hugel 
[p.]. 
Baron A. von Hugel 
[p.]. 
Colonial Museum[P.]. 

N. Hanson [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
* Challenger' Expedition. 
Lefevre Coll. 

PHALACROCOKACXD^* 

350 

2. Phalacrocorax filamentosus. (Fig. 2, see p. 340.) 
Carbo filamentosus, Temm. $ Schl. Faun. Jap.f Aves, p. 129 (18B0). 
Carbo capillatus, Temm. $ Schl Faun. Jap., Aves, pis. 83 & 83 B 
(1850). 

Graculus eapillatus, Beichenh. Watatores, pi. xxxv.d figs. 2744-5 
(3850). 
Graculus capilHmentosus, Schl. fide Bonap. Consp. An. p. 168 (1855). 
Phalacrocorax capillatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 168 (1855; ; Swinh. 
Ibis, 1867, p. 390 [Amofj; Taos. Jf. 0, 1878, p. 202 XbSiirT; 
id. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. 1877, p. 41 [Abrek Bar, E. Siberia]; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 271; id. B. Japan, p. 209. tig. (1890). 
Phalacrocorax carbo, Swinh. (nee Linn.) Ibis. 18150. p. &b ]Amoj". 
Phalacrocorax filamentosus, Swinh. IbiSj 1861, p. 2t>4 ]Foochow*. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour of plumage oil-green, 
shading into dark greenish, bine on the bead and neck* the wings, 
upper back, and scapulars of a more greenish-bronze tinge, and 
narrowly margined with very dark green. The white feathers 
bordering the gular pouch thickly mottled with dark greenish 
black; the head and neck partially concealed by long narrow white 
feathers; a large patch of white feathers on each flank. Total 
length about 33 inches, culmen 2*5-2*8, wing 12-13, tail 5*8* 
tarsus 2*4-2*6. 

This species is most nearly allied to P. carbo, but may be distinguished 
at all ages by the shape of the bare space on the throat; 
in the present species the feathering extends forward beyond a 
line drawn at right angles to the commissure of the gape, while 
in P. carbo the feathering does not extend nearly to this line (see 
figs. 1 & 2, p. 340). The adult may be further easily distinguished 
by the mottled feathers bordering the throat, the colour of the 
scapulars and wing-coverts, which are greenish bronze instead of 
bronze-brown, and the oil-green colour of the underparts. TaE 
composed of 14 feathers. 

Bill dark horn-brown; feet black (Temm. 4" Schl.). 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. Ensembles the above, but the 
white feathers on the head and neck are wanting. 
Birds in immature plumage. Closely resemble the young of 

P. carbo of a similar age, but may always be distinguished by the 
shape of the feathering on the throat, and, in older specimens, by 
the colour of the scapulars and wing-coverts. 
Bill yellowish horn-colour, blackish brown along the colmeo 
and yellow at the base of both mandibles; naked skin about the 
face bright orange-yellow. Inside of mouth yellowish fiesh-culoiir. 
Iris yellow. Legs blackish brown with a purplish tinge, elaws 
lighter (JK. Swinhoe). 

Hah. The coast of North-east Ask, from East Siberia to Amor, 

S. China • Japan. 
a. J imm. sk, Japan. Purchased 
b. (S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan,
(Season). 
Feb. 23 Seebohm ColL 

1 . PHALA.CBOCOBAX. 
351 

o9 d. Ad. et imm. Hakodadi, winter (Blakiston). Seebohni Coll. 

SK. 

e- Imm. sk. Tsu-shinia, Japan (Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
/-? unm. sk. Takeskiki, Tsu-shiina, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 

(P. A. Hoist). 
fff h. $ imm. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, Dec. 16. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
*-»». c??vixad., Chefoo, China, July, Aug. Seebohm Coll. 
nam., et juv. sk. (R. Swinhoe). 
«. d imm. sk. Amoy, China, Oct. (P. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o-s. d ad. et Amoy, Feb., April, Dec. Seebohm Coll. 

nam. sk. (R. &). 

3. Phalacrocorax lucidus. 
Halieus lucidus, Licht. Verz. JDoubL p. 86 (1823) ; Reichenow, J.f 0. 

1877, p. 10 [Loango]. 
Halieus (sic) lucidus, J. P. Gray in Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 592 (1829). 
Oarbo melanogaster, Cuv., Lesson, TraiU d'Om. p. 604 (1831) 

[Africa]; Pueheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 537: Hartert, 

J.f 0. 1836, p. 612 [Los I.]. 
Oarbo niaerorbynchos, Lesson, TraiU oVOrn. p. 604 (1831); Pueheran, 
Rev. et "Mag. Zool 1850, p. 628 [Cape of Good HopeJ. 
Phalacrocorax lugubris, Pimp. Vog. N.O.-Afr. pp. 134, 140, pi. 50 
(1845) [Abyssinia and Shoa]; Heugl. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 72 
(1856); Spike, Ibis, I860, p. 248 [Bunder Goree, Somali]. 

Phalacrocorax 
lalandii, Pueheran, Rev. et Mag, Zool. 1850, p. 630 
[Cape of Good Hope]. 
Graculus lucidus, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxxiv. figs. 865-6 (1850) ; 
Sehl. Mm. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 12 (1863); Layard, Ibis, 1868, 

p. 120 [S. Africa]; Finseh $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 846(1870); 
Q. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 127 (1871); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
iii.p. 1490(1873); Fisch. u Reich. J.f O.1878, p. 247 [Tana]; 
Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 521 (1881); Fisch. J.f. 0.1885, p. 114; 
Matschie, J.f. 0.1887, p. 137 [Tanganiyka]. 
Graculus lugubris, Reichenb. Natatores, pl.xxxv.bfigs. 2313-5 (1850). 
Phalacrocorax lucidus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 170 (1855); FLartl. 


P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 953, 957 [Socotra]; Shares ed. Layard B. S. 
Afr. p, 779 (1884); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 420 [Ripon Falls, Nile] ; 
Kuschel, J. f O. 1895, p. 83 [egg]; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1896, 
pp. 521, 522 [Dassen I.J; Alexander, Ibis, 1898, pp. 105, 108, 
114,117 [Cape Verde Is.]. 
Phalacrocorax melanogaster, Bonap. Consp. Av, p. 170 (1855); 

Marti. Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 260 (1857). 
Graculus carbo, Layard (nee Linn.), B. 8. Afr. p. 380 (1867). 
Phalacrocorax delalandii, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 1490 (1873). 
Phalacrocorax gutturalis, Reichenow, Jf O. 1892, pp. 5,133; id. 

VSg. Deutseh-O.-Afr. p. 22 (1894) [Victoria NyanzaJ. 

AdvM in breeding-plumage (Cape Yerde Is., April: Mus. Boyd 
Alexander). Forehead, top of the head, nape, back of the neck, 
middle of the upper back, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
folaek glossed with dark oil-green; the crown and back of the neck 
with thinly scattered white plumules, a patch of similar plumes on 
the flanks; cheeks, sides, and fore part of the neck and chest pure 
white, rest of the underparts black glossed with oil-green; wing-
coverts, sides of the upper back, and scapulars bronze-brown, 


PHALACEOCOEACID M.

352 

margined with greenish Hack; quills and tail-feathers blackish; 
the outer webs of the secondaries glossed with pale bronze. Tail 
composed of 14 feathers. 

Adult male. Total length about 32 inches, culmen 2-75, wing 
12-8, tail 5-5, tarsus 2-4. 
Adult female. Total length (measured in the flesh) 32*3 inches, 
culmen 2-45, wing 12-4, tail 5-5, tarsus 2*5. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage (Port Elizabeth, Sept.: Rothschild 
Museum). Similar to the above, but the white plumules on the 
head, neck, and flanks are absent, and the feathers of the wing-
coverts, upper back, and scapulars, &c, are of a paler, almost 
greyish bronze. This does not appear to be the result of wear, the 
feathers being apparently freshly moulted. 

" Iris green; upper mandible black, lower fading into white at 
gape; pouch mottled olive-green and yellow; a yellow patch below 
each eye " (F. J. Jackson), 

A younger example resembles the above, but the dark back of the 
neck is not nearly so clearly defined from the white sides, which 
are spotted with brown; and the bronze middles to the feathers of 
the middle of the back are not of so rich and dark a colour. 

In a still younger example (Cape Verde Is., April; If us. Boyd Alexander) 
the top of the head, back of the neck, and upper parts are 
mostly brownish grey, each feather of the back, wing-coverts, and 
scapulars with a blackish-brown margin ; middle of the upper back, 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser upper wing-coverts, 
sides and flanks brownish black, glossed with oil-green; rest of 
underparts pure white, the fore part and especially the sides of the 
neck being faintly spotted with brown. 

In a quite young example the brown spotting extends over the 
fore part of the neck and chest as well as the sides, and the wing-
coverts, scapulars, quills, and tail-feathers are sharp-pointed and 
margined with buff at the extremity. 

Hah. Africa south of about 12° X lat.; Socotra; Cape Yerde 
Islands, and other small islands off the South African coast. 

a b. [J ] ad. et South Africa. Sir Andrew Smith 
imm. sk. [P.]. 
e. Imm. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Barratt, ESQ. 
[P.]. 
d. $ imm. sk. Rio Coroca, Benguela, Jan. Shelley CoH. 
(AncJiieta). 
e, Imm. sk. Kilimanjaro. Rev. W. Morris rP.X 

4. Phalacrocorax capensis. 
Pelecanus capensis, jSparrman, Mm. Carh. iii. pi. 61 (1788). 
Phalacrocorax capensis, G. M. Gray, Zist o/B. pi iii. p. 185 (1844) Gurney, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 355 [Natal]. ff 
Carbo cristatus, Pueheran (nee Gmel), Ret), et Maa. Zool 1850 

p. 630 [Cape of Good Hope]. y ' 
Carbo graculus, Pucheran (nee ZinnX Rev. et Mm. ZooL 1850. 
p. 631 [Cape of Good Hope]. ^ 
Graculus capensis; Reiehenb. ISatatores, pi. xxriv. %s. 863-4 (1850); 
1. PHALA.CR0C0RAX. 
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 170 (1855); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. 

p. 19 (18(33); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 380 (1867); G. JR. Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 127 (1871); Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Bamaral 
p. 368 (1872); JSolub u. Pelz. Beitr. Orn. 8. Afr. p. 342 (1882); 
Sharpened. Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 780 (1884); Enschel, J.f. 0. 
1895, p. 83 [eggs]; W. L. 8dater,lbis, 1896, pp. 521,522 [Dassen I.]. 
Graculus tenuirostris, 
Temm. $• Schl; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. cxi. 
%. 1078 (1850). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and entire underparts black, glossed with dull purplish 
blue; wing-coverts, upper back, and scapulars dark bronze-green, 
each feather margined with deep steel-blue; head and neck with 
scattered white plumules; quills and tail-feathers black, with some 
greenish gloss. Tail composed of 14 feathers. " Iris bluish white ; 
bill pale, dusky on the ridge; naked gular skin yellow; tarsi and 
feet black." Total length about 24 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 9-910*
2, tail 4-4-2, tarsus 2-1. 

Adult in mn-breeding plumage. Appears to differ only in lacking 
the white plumules of the head and neck. 
Young in first autumn plumage. Is much like the young of 

P. gramlus at a similar stage, but the underparts are brown. 
Young hi second autumn plumage. Is much like the adult, but the 
head, neck, and chest are brownish, more or less glossed with oil-
green. Iris blue; beak and feet black. 

Hab. South Africa, extending northwards on the South-east to 
jSFatal, and on the South-west as far north as Landana. 

a. Ad. sk. [Africa.] 
b. Vix ad. sk. Mayumba Biver, Landana, Dr. It. Bowdler Sharpe 
Aug. (L. Petit). [P.]. 
c-e. 
Ad. et imm. South Africa. Sir A. Smith pp.]. 
sk. 

'imm gk*

/. 2- Simons Bay, Oct. 2. Earl of Crawford [P.]. 

g. Vix ad. sk. [Japan!!] 
Leiden Museum [P.]. 
[A typical specimen of P. tenuirostris, Temm. & Schl. 
See MS. note by G. R. Gray in Gray, List of Birds, p. 184 (1844).] 

5. Phalacrocorax gaimardi. 
Pelecanus gaimardi, Garnot, Vby. Coquille, p. 601, pi. 48 (1826). 
Phalacrocorax cirriger, King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 103 (1828) [Straits 
of Magellan]. 
Pelicanus goemardi, J. E. Gray, in Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 592 (1829). 
Carbo gaimardi, Lesson, TraiU d?Om. p. 605 (1831) [Peru] ; Cassin, 

U.S. Expl. Exped., Orn. p. 376 (1859) [Chili & Peru! 
Phalacrocorax gaimardi, Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 [Valparaiso]; 
G. B. Gray, List ofB. pt. iii. p. 186 (1844); Saltin, P. Z. S.1883, 
p. 427 [Peru]; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 431 (1886); Oustal. Miss. 
Cap Horn, vi. Zool p. B156 (1891) ; James, N. List QUI. B. p. 8 
(1892); Berlepsch $ Stohsm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 399 [Peru] j Lane, 
Ibis, 1897, p. 187, fig. [Corral, Chili]. 
Haliseus gaimardii, Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Orn. p. 313 (1845); id. 

J.f 0.1856, p. 190. 
Graculus gaimardi, Gay, Eist. Chili, Zool. i. p. 489 (1847); Reichenb. 
VOL. xxvr. 2 A 

354 PHALACEOCOEACID-E. 

Natatores, pi. xxxiii.fig-. 870 (1850); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. 

p. 22 (I860); (9. P. Gray, Hand-l B. ill. p. 129 (1871) 5 2Vs. 
P. £. A 1874, p. 553 [Central Peru]. 
Sticticarbo gaimardi, Bonap. Consp. Ax. p. 174 (1855). 
Halieus eirriger, Burmeist. An. Mus. 2?ac. Buenos At/res, iii. entrega 
deciniaquinta, p 249 (1888) [Patagonia]. 

Adult, Head, neck, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 

dark smoky grey; chest and rest of tmderparts paler : an elongate 

white patch on each side of the neck; sides of the upper back, 

wing-coverts, and scapulars silvery grey towards the extremity 

and rather widely margined with brownish black; quills and tail-

feathers brownish black. Behind the eye a scattered patch of white 

plumules, and a few similar feathers down the front of the neck; 

these disappear after the breeding-season. Tail composed of 14 

feathers. " Culm en cadmium-yellow, greenish brown along the top, 

and shading into orange-vermilion towards the base and on the 

bare patch in front of the eye ; mandible similar, but less brightly 

coloured; iris grey; legs, feet, and webs bright coral-red; claws 

black" (A. A. Lane). Total length about 28 inches, culmen 2*2


2-35, wing 9*5-9*9, tail 4-4*1, tarsus 1*9, outer toe and claw 8*7. 

An immature specimen has the general colour of the upper parts 

dark brown, the quills pointed and tipped with brownish white; 

wing-coverts and underparts mixed with pale brownish-white 

feathers. The white patches on the sides of the neck are, however, 

well-developed, and many feathers of the adult plumage are found 

on the upper back and scapulars. 

Hal. Pacific coast of South America from Peru to the Straits of 

Magellan. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Coast of Peru. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Coast of Peru. Howard Saunders, Esq. 
[R\ 
d. Ad. sk. Peru. Rev. W. Hertnah [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. San Lorenzo Island, Peru (.4tf- Salvin-Godman Coll." 
miral A. PL. Markham). 
f. Ad. sk. Iquique, Pera (If. Moicland). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 3 ad. sk. Chili. Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
h, i Ad. sk. Valparaiso Capt Brett TV. 
k~m. $? ad. et Corral, Chili, Nov. (A. A, Berkeley James Beimni, 
sk. Lane). quest. 

n. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan (Capt P. The Admiralty TP.]. 
P. King), (Type of Phalacrocorax eirriger^ King.) 
0. Ad. sk. Port St. Julian. ' Sir W. Burnett & Capt. 
Fitzroy, R.N. [P.]. 
6. Phalacrocorax punctatus. 
Spotted Shag, Lath, Gen. JSyn. iii. pt.ii.p.602 (1785) ; id. ibid. SunpL 
i. p. 279 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 427, pi. 182 (1824). 
Spotted Pelican, Lath. Gen, Syn. iii. pt ii. pi civ. (1785). 
Pelecanus punctatus, Sparrm, Mm. Carls, i. pi. 10 (1780) [Queen 
Charlotte Sound, New Zealand]: Gmel S. N. L pt. ii. p. 574 

1 . PHALACEOCORAX. 
355 

(1738); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 889 (1790); Bonnat. Tall EncycL 
Meth. i. p. oO (1790); Forst Icon. ined. pi. 103; id. Descr.Anim* 

p. 104 (1844). 
Feiecanus naavius, Gmel. 8, N. i. pt. ii. p. 575 (1788) ; Bonnat Tabh 
Eticycl Meth. i. p. 50, pi. xiv.fio-. 1 (1790); Ikmiont, in Levraulfs 
Diet Sci. Nat x. p. 453 (1818)'; 

Hydrocorax dilophus, Yieill N. Diet d'Hist Nat viii. p. 85 (1817) ; 
id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 189 (1825) [descr. only], 
Phalaerocorax punctatus, Steph. in Shaitis *Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 88 
(1826); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 186 (1844) ; Buller, B. 

N. Zeal. p. 335, pi. [ad. et imm.] (1873); Button, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 42; Buller, Ibis, 1874, p. 121; id. Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 95, 
pi. xxxv. (18b2) ; id. B. N. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 164, p!. xxxix. 
fio-. 1 (1888) ; Kirk, Tr. N. Z. List xx. p. 30 (1888) ; id. Ibis, 
1888, p. 43 [Xorth I., X. Zealand] ; McLean, Ibis, 1889, pp, 299302 
^breeding habits at Cape Kidnappers, N. Zealand]. 
Graculus punctatus, G. R. Gray, Voy. Erebus <§* Terror, Birds, p. 20 
(1&45) ; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxxv.fig. 871 (1850); G. It. Gray, 
Ibis, 1862, p. 252 ; Schl Mies. Pays-Bas, vi. JPelec. p. 21 (1863) ; 
Finsch, J. f. 0.1870, p. 376 [Banks Peninsula]; G. R. Gray, Hand-L 

B. iii. p/129 (1871); v. Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 53; Finsch, J. f. O. 
1874, pp. 174, 215; id. Ms, 1882, p. 402 [N. Zealand]. 
Graculus nsevius, Reichmh. Natatores,jjL. xxxiii.fig-. 369 (bad) (1850). 
Stietlearbo punctatus, Bonap. Com]}. Av. p. 174 (1855). 
Pelecanus cirrhatus, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7472. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Crown of the head and long semierect 
crests on the forehead and occiput gre}Tish black, with some 
steel-blue gloss ; back of the neck black glossed with greenish blue ; 
sides of the head, chin, throat, and fore part of the neck sooty-
black, with a slight gloss shading into pale grey on the base of the 
neck and rest of underparts; two white stripes commence at the 
base of the bill, and passing above the eye are continued clown 
the sides of the neck to the shoulder; they are widest immediately 
behind the head and gradually become narrower on the basal half 
of the neck; upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brownish 
grey, each feather with a round black spot at the extremity ; lower 
back, rump, upper tail-coverts, flanks, lower half of belly, and 
under tail-coverts black glossed with dark greenish blue; quills 
dark greyish brown; tail-feathers black. A number of narrow white 
feathers are conspicuously scattered on the dark part of the head, 
neck, lower back, and vent. The longest feathers of the crest on 
the fore part of the head measure less than 1*5 inch, while those 
of the occipital crest measure more than 2 inches. Tail composed 
of 12 feathers. " Iris green ; naked skin in front of the eyes and 
gular pouch dark blue ; bill brownish, yellow, horn-colour towards 
the tip; legs, feet, and webs bright orange-yellow" (Buller). 
Total length about 29 inches, culmen 2*35-2*55, wing 9-2-9*8, 
tail 3*4-3*7, tarsus 2-3, outer toe and claw 3*5. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. The white plumes on the head, 
neck, lower back, and rump disappear; apparently the crests are 
retained throughout the year, though, according to Sir W. Buller, 
they are larger and more conspicuous in the breeding-season. 

2 A 2 

PHALACEOCOKACIDJE. 

In one fully adult specimen just coming into breeding-plumage, 
the whole of the feathers on the top of the head are white with dark 
tips; both crests are imperfect and in moult, man}" of the feathers 
being half-grown. 

Immature. Top of the head, back of the neck, lower back, rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and flanks dark smoky-brown with a slight 
greenish gloss; back and scapulars smoky-brown, each feather with 
a dark spot and marginal band; wing-coverts paler; sides of the 
head, chin, throat, and underparts shining greyish white. 

Bab. Coasts of New Zealand. 

a. Iinm. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott ~F.\ 
b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. "P.". 
c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Purchased. 
d. 
Ad. sk. New Zealand. Colonial Alu-pum, Wellino-
ton Pr. 
e. f. 
Ad. et New Zealand. Sir G. Grey "P.". 
imm. sk. 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. New Zealand. Museum of Economic 
Geology ~P/\ 
k, 
i. Ad. et Christchurcb, S. Island, New Baron A. von Hu«rel 
imm. sk. Zealand, Feb. TP.l. 

k. 
Ad. sk. Akaroa Head, S. Island, Tweeddale Coll 
Aug. 2. 
/, m. (S imm. Dunedin, S. Inland, Aug. & Baron A. von Iliijsrel 
sk. Dec. ~iv. 
n, o, S ? imm. Port Cooper, New Zealand CaptfcStokes, R.N. [P.], 
sk. (F. Strange). 

7. Phalacrocorax featuerstord. 
Graculus sp., Finseh, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 274 "Chatham Is.'. 
Graculus africanus, Stdton (nee Gmel), Ibis, 1872, p. 249 "Chatham 
Is.] ; Trovers, Tr. N. Z. Inst v. p. 221 (lfe73) [Pitt I _ " 
Phalacrocorax africanus, Sutton (nee Gmel.), Tr. N.^Z. Inst. v. 

p. 224 (1873) [Chatham Is.]. 
Phalacrocorax featherstoni, Butter, Ibis, 1873, p. 90 [Chatham Is.]; 
id. B. N. Zeal p. 338, pi. (1873); id. Man. B. N. Zeal p. OB, 
pi. xxxvi. (1882); id. B. E. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 166, pi. xxxix. 
fig. 2 (1888) [Chatham Is.]; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 533. 

Graculus featherstoni, 
linsck, J. / . O. 1874, pp. 174, 215 [New 
Zealand!]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, both crests, chin, throat, upper 
part of the fore-neck, entire back of the neck, lower back, rump, 

•upper tail-coverts, vent, and under tail-coverts black glossed with 
dark greenish blue; upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars deep 
brownish grey, with an oil-green gloss, each feather with a triangular 
black spot at the extremity; rest of underparts dark silvery 
grey; quills brownish black; tail-feathers black. Bark parts of 
the head and neck ornamented with scattered white plumes. The 
longest feathers of the crest on the fore part of the head measure 
less than 1*5 inch, while those of the occipital crest measure 2 inches. 
The crests are apparently retained throughout the year, while the 
1. PHALACBOCORAX. 
white plumes are dropped after the breeding-season. Tail composed 
of 12 feathers. Iris pale green; bill dark brown; naked skin 
round eye and on throat purplish grey (?); legs and feet orange-
yellow. 

Adult male. Total length 25 inches, culmen 2-2-15, wing 9*4, 

tail 3*9, tarsus 2, outer toe and claw 3*3. 

Adult female. Total length about 21 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 8*6, 

tail 3*5, tarsus 1-85, outer toe and claw 3*1. 

Hah. Chatham Islands. 

a-e. 3 2 ad. et Chatham Is. (W. Haivlms). Dr. H. 0. Forbes [0.]. 

pull sk. 

8. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus. 
? Pted-feeed Shag, Lath Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 601 (1785): id. 
Gen. Mist. B. x. p. 426 (1824). 
Peleeanus urile, GmeL S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 575 (1788) [parti; Lath. Lid. 
Orn. ii. p. 888 (1790). 

Phalacrocorax 
perspicillatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 305 
(1811) i Gould, Zool. Voy. Sulpk. p. 49, pi. xxxii. (1844); Bonap. 
Consp. Av. p. 167 (1850) • Elliot, B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 1. (1869); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. 1877, p. 41; Stejn. Proc. US. Nat. Mus. 

vi. p. 65 (1883); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 728 (1884) ; 
Baird, Brew. $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 164, fig. (1884) • 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 180 (1885) ; id. Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 83-94, pis. ii.-iv. [osteology] (1889); Allen, 
Auk, vii. p. 276 (1890); A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd ed. p. 327 (1895): 
Bidgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 81 (1896) [14 tail-feathers!]. 
Hydroeorax urile, VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 89 (1817). 

Phalacrocorax urile, Steph. in ShauJs Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 86 

(1826). 

Graculus urile, Beichml. Natatores, pi. xxx?.b figs. 2311-12 (1855). 

Graculus perspicillatus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 877 (1860); ScM. 

Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 17 (1863) [Sitka]; G. B. Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 127 (1871); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 304 
(1872) j Finsch, All. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 85 (1873). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Much like P. bicristatus in general 
appearance, but very much larger. Forehead naked; feathers of the 
face and the two tuft-like crests on the crown and nape shining 
bronze-purple; back of the head and upper part of the neck bronze 
oil-green, shading into dark bluish green on the lower part of the 
neck; head and upper part of the neck ornamented with long 
scattered hair-like feathers of a pale yellowish-white colour; base 
of neck, interscapular region, and chest dark bronze-green, shading 
into deep greenish blue on the rest of the upper and under parts • 
scapulars and wing-coverts deep purple; quills and tail-feathers 
black, the shafts of the latter pale horny white on the upper surface, 
shading into blackish towards the extremity. ^ large patch of white 
feathers on each flank. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Bill blackish, 
lighter at the tip ; naked skin on the throat apparently orange, that 
of the forehead and lores dark; a patch of thick yellowish-white skin 

PHALACE0COE1CIDJ3. 

35S 

surrounds the eye. According to Pallas, the naked skin around the 
base of the bill is varied with vermilion, blue, and white, as in the 


Turkey, and about the eyes there is a kind of spectacles?J of 
thick white skin, 6 lines broad. The weight is 12-14 pounds, and 
the female is smaller and devoid of the crests and *' spectacles *'! 
Total length about 38 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 2-9, 
from gape 4, wing 13*5, tail 7*2, tarsus 2*8, outer toe and claw 4-7. 

Hob. Bering Island, Kamtschatka Sea. Probably extinct. 

a. Ad. sk. [Bering Island.] Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. [Bering Island.] Capt. Sir E. Belcher, RX . _P.]. 
9. Phalacrocorax bicristatns. 

Red-faced Corvorant, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii, p. 584 (17^5). 
? Violet Corvorant, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 584J17&5) [Kanitschatka] 
; Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 000 (17S5). 
*? Pelecanus violaceus, Pennant, Arct. Zool ii. p. 584 (17^5 ? "Kamtschatka] 
; Gmel. 8. IV7.1 pt. ii. p. 575 (17bS); Lath. Ltd. "Onu ii. 

p. 888 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl Eacijcl. Meih. Lj). 51 (1700). 
Pelecanus urile, Gmel. 8. K. i. pt. ii. p. 575 (1783) "part"; Bo ft/tat. 
Tabl Encycl. Meth. i. p. 50 (1790). 
Phalacrocorax bicristatns, Pallas, Zooyr. Bosso-As. ii. p. S01, pi. lxxv. 
fig. 2 (1811); Tacz. Bull. 8oc. Z. Fr. 1877, p. 41 "Abrek Ruv, 

E. Siberia]; Blakist. § Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 102 (1^2 J 
[Kurile Is.]; Kelson, Cruise ' Coricin/ p. 103 (1885): Coves^ Key 
N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 728 (1^84); Seebohm. Ibi% 1^55, p. 271 ; 
Matsch. u. Ziemer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 192 "Bericsr Sea"; fret/ohm, 
B. Japan, p. 211, fig. (1890). 
llydrocorax violaceus, Vieill. N. Diet. (THist. Sat. v 111- p. 91 (1817 J. 
Violet Shag, Latham, Gen. Mist. B. x. p. 425 (1^24). 
Phalacrocorax violaceus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. Stf 
(1826); G. B. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 180 (1S44J ; llartl J. f. 

O. 1883, p. 285 [Portage Bav5 Akbka" ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. 
1883, p. 342 [Kamtschatka]." 
Graculus bicristatns, Reichenb. Kataiores} pi. xxxv.d fipr?. 2740-41 
(1850); Baird, Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 3217 pi. xxxiiL (1^09) 
[Kadiak]; Ball § Bonn. Tr. Chicago Acad. I p. 302 (1^9) 
[Alaska] ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 304 (1872); Tacz. J. f. O. 

T 1876, p. 203 [Ussuri]. 
Urile bicristatus, Bonap. Consp. A v. p. 175 (1855). 
Graculus violaceus, G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. ill. p. 128 (1871). 
Phalacrocorax urile, Baird, Brew. 4" Bidyw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. 

p. 162, fig. (1884); Stejn.Bull. U.S. Sat. Mm. no. xxix. p. 181, 
pi. viii. figs. 2, 3 (1885); Bidyw. Man. K A. B. p. 80 (1887); 
Nelson, Bep. N. FT. Alaska, no. iii. p. 66 (1887); A. O. U. Check-L 
2nd ed. p. 45 (1895). 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Forepart of the forehead, as well as 
the lores and space surrounding the eyes, naked ; rest of the head 
deep greenish blue, shading into steel-blue on the neck and with 

* It is impossible to say -with certainty what bird Pennant intended to 
describe under the name P. violaceus, but he most probablv referred to the 
present species. P. urile, G-mel., is partly founded on descriptions which can 
only apply to P. perspicillatus, and cannot be used. I have therefore made use 
of the next oldest name, P. bicristatus, Pall. 
359 

1. PKALA.CR0CORAX. 
some purplish gloss• base of the neck, middle of the interscapular 
region, lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and entire underparts 
dark bronze-green with an oily gloss; sides of the upper back and 
scapulars rich greenish- and violet-bronze, changing to dark purple-
bronze. Two semi-erect tuft-like crests, of a dark oily bronze-
green, the first situated on the crown, the second on the nape; 
Hanks with a large patch of white feathers. JNeck and rump with 
scattered narrow white feathers *. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
flank-patches and narrow white plumes on the neck and rump are 
absent. The crests, though possibly dropped eventually, are 
certainly retained for an uuusually long period. An adult female 
from the Kurile Islands in very worn breeding-plumage and in 
moult, though almost devoid of the white flank-patches, still retains 
both the tuft-like crests intact. Among the feathers of the crest on 
the crown a number of young feathers are making their appearance, 
and though the longest of these is less than half-grown it seems to 
be a long crest-feather. The fully-grown feathers of the crest are 
moreover very perfect and have the appearance of being fresh-
moulted. If the crests should prove to be characteristic of the 
adult and not merely seasonal, the species is probably peculiar in 
this respect. In the closely allied P. pelagicus the crests are 
certainly shed after the breeding-season. 

Tail composed of 12 feathers. 

Base of mandibles dull ashy blue, with a narrow orange stripe 
around it, but the borders of the naked membrane ill-defined ( W. H. 
Ball) : iris brown; gular pouch blue, bordered behind by purplish-
red corrugations; lores, orbits, and naked frontal skin bright orange; 
legs and feet black (Ridgway). 

Adidt male. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2*3, wing 11, 
tail 6-2, tarsus 2*15. 
Adult female. Total length about 28 inches, culmen 2*15, wing 
10*5, tail 5*9, tarsus 2. 

Immature. Uniform dark brown, with some purplish gloss on the 
feathers of the scapulars; the fore part of the forehead thinly 
feathered to the base of the culmen. 

Hah. Coasts of East Siberia, Kamtschatka, and the Kurile 
Islands to Alaska. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. 
a. 5 ad. sk. 2*1 10*5 In moult. 
b. S imm.sk. 2-0 10*6 6*2 worn. 
Kurile IslandsSnow). 
Kurile Islands 
(O. 
(0. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
c,dc??pulL 
sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 2-3 11*0 6'2 
Snow). 
Kurile IslandsSnow). 
Kamtsehatka. 
(0. Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 

* We have not; examined any specimen showing a trace of these narrow 
white feathers. 
PHALACEOCOEA C1D -*£. 

360 

Culm. Wing. Tail. 
/ . Ad.sk. 2-05 10-6 5*9 worn. Commander L,Bering G. Barrett-
Sea. Hamilton, Esq. 

g. 
Imm.sk. 2*3 11*0 6*8 Commander L,Bering Gf Barrett-
Sea. Hamilton, Esq. 
h. Imm. sk. 2*25 10*1 6'2 Commander I.,Bering G." Barrett-
Sea. Hamilton, Esq. 
i. 2 
ad. sk. 2*2 10*3 5*8 worn. St. Paul's Island, Salvin-Godman 
Alaska, May 29 (JET. Coll. 
W. Elliott), 
k. 2 
ad. sk. 2*15 10*4 5*9 worn. St. Paul's Island, Salvin-Godman 
Alaska, May 29 (H. Coll. 
W. P.). 
I $ 
imm. sk. 2*3 11*0 5S very Constantine Harbour, Salvin-Godman 
worn. worn. Alaska, July 27 Coll. 

(JF. &. JDall). 

m. Skeleton. .. .. .. Karntsckatka. Brandt Coll. 
10. Phalacrocorax pelagicus. 
Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 303, pL IxxvL 
(1811); Bwmh. Ibis, 1874, p. 184; 1875, p. 188 X'befoo\- 1877, 

p. 147 [Hakodadi] ; David # OustaL Ois. Chine,"y. 533"(1877}; 
Blakist. § Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 216 rJapan"; iid. Tr. An. Soc. Jap. 
x. p. 102 (18fc2) [Kurile Is.]; Tacz. Bull Soc. Z. JFr. l&fcS, p. £341 
[Kamtsckatka]; Baird, Brew, fy liidgic. Water-B. K. Amer. Ii, 
p. 160 (1884); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 158 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaakaj 
Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat Mm. no. xxix. p. 187, pi. viii. fig. 1 (18b5/; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1885, p. 271; Pidgw. Man. X A. B. p. SO (1887); 
Nelson, Pep. N. S. Alaska, no. iii. p. 65 (1887); Seebohm, B. 
Japan, p. 210, fig. (1890); Pickett, Ibis, 1894? p. 220 [Foochow^ : 
A. 0. U. Check-L 2nd ed. p. 44 (1895). 
Phalacrocorax resplendens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. p. 148, pi. 412. fier. 1 
(1839) [Columbia Pdver]: id. B. Amer. vii. p. 151, pi. 419 (1839). 
Phalacrocorax leuconotus, 
And. Orn. Biog^. v. p. 330 (1839) [mouth 
of Columbia River]; Baird, Breic. 4* Pidgw. Water-B. X Amer. 

ii. p. 161 (1884). 
Phalacrocorax urile, G. P. Gray {nee Gmel), List of B. p i iii. p. 184 
(1844). 
Graculus violaceus, Peickenb. Natatores, pi. xxxv.e fig. 2750 (1850) 
Baird, B. N.Amer.y. 881 (I860); ScM. Mu».Pay»-Bas, vi. Pelec. 

p. 17 (1863); Brown, IMs, 1868, p. 426 [Vancouver*; Ball$ Bann, 
Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 302 (1869) [St. George's I , Bering Sea]; 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 304 (1872); Finseh, Abh. Ver. Brem, 
iii. p. 86 (1873); DaU, Avif. Aleut, p. 7 (1873) [Unalathka 
Shumagins]. 
Carbo bicristatus, Te?nm.fyScM. (nee Pall) Faun. Jap., Ames, p. 130, 
pis. 84 & 84B (1850). 
Phalacrocorax bicristatus, Swinh. (nee Pall) Ibis 1861 p. 408 
[Amoy]; 1863, p. 434 [Formosa]; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 325 fAnioy]; 
Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 211 [Hakodadi]. 
Graculus bairdii, 
Gruber MS., Cooper, P. Ac. PMlad. 1865, p. 5 
[Farallone Is., California]; Mliot, B. N, Amer. ii. pi. xlix. (1869). 

361 

1 . PHALACKOCOKAX. 
Phalacrocorax seolus, Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 395 [Amoy]. 
Gracuius bicristatus, G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 128 (1871) ,* 
JSwinL P. Z. S.1871, p. 420. 
Phalacrocorax violaceus, Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin] p. 103 (1883); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 729 (1884) ,* Goss, Auk, i. 

p. 163 (1884) [Washington Co.]; Matsck u, Ziemer, J. f. 0. 
1885, p. 192 [Norton Sound]. 
Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens, Baird, Brew, <$• Ridgw. Water-

B. N. Am. ii. p. 160, 2 figs. (1884); Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. 
p. 80 (1887); Blake, Auk, iv. p. 329 (1887) [Santa Cruz I , CaL]; 
Bryant, P. Cal Ac. (2) ii. p. 257 (1890): A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd 
ed. p. 44 (1895). 
Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus, Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. Water-B. 

N. Amer. ii. p. 160 (1884); Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 80 (1887) ; 
Kelson, Rep. N. II. Alaska, no. iii. p. 65 (1887); Palmer, Auk, 
is. p. 309 (1892) [Gray's Harbour, Washington Co.]; A.O.U. 
Check-l. 2nd ed. p. 44 (1895). 
Phalacrocorax violaceus bairdi, Coues, Eeu N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 729 (1884). 
Phalacrocorax 
violaceus resplendens, Goss, Auk, i. p. 163 (1884) 
[Washington Co.] ; Ridgw. Auk, i. p. 165 (1884). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Yery similar to the adult of P. hieristatus, 
but at once distinguished by having the feathering on the 
forehead continued to the base of the culmen; the neck strongly 
glossed with violet-purple; the sides of the upper back and scapulars 
greenish and violet-bronze changing to bright metallic green, and 
of a different tint to the lower back, rump, and underparts. Neck, 
lower back, and rump ornamented with narrow white plumes. 
" Iris yellowish green to deep sea-green; bill horny blackish brown, 
lighter at base* naked parts of face and throat dark greyish brown 
with brownish-orange or brownish-vermilion papillae; feet black " 

(L. Siejneger). 
Adult In non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
tuft-like crests on the crown and nape, the white flank-patches, and 
the narrow white plumes on the neck, lower back, and rump, are 
absent. 

Tail composed of 12 feathers. 

Specimens from Eastern Asia and N. W. North America measure:— 

Adult male. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2, wing 10*8, 
tail Q% tarsus 2-1. 
Adult female. Total length about 28 inches, culmen 2, wing 
10-7-10*8, tail 6-2, tarsus 24. 

Specimens from California measure:— 

Adult male. Total length about 27*5 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 
9*4, tail 5-5, tarsus 1*85. 
Adult female. Total length about 26*5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 
9*6, tail 5*1 worn, tarsus 1*8. 

Immature. Very similar to the immature of P. bicristatus, the 
whole plumage being of a darkish brown, but the back and scapulars 
are more or less glossed with dull green instead of purple. 

Three subspecies of P. pelagicus are recognized by American 
ornithologists, viz: — 

PHALACBOCORACIDJE. 

362 

P. pelagicus.—Hah. Coast of Kamtsehatka and Aleutian Islands; 
south in winter to Kuriles and Northern Japan. 
P. pelagicus robustus.—Hob. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound, 
south to Washington Territory. 
P. pelagicus respleadens.—Sab. Pacific Coast, from Washington 
Territory to Western Mexico (Mazatlan and Cape St. Lucas). See 
Kidgway, Han. K Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. SO (1896). 
Of these, typical specimens of P. robustus, Eidgway, are absolutely 
identical with typical specimens of P. pelagicus, Pallas, from 
Kamtsehatka, and it is incorrect to say that the former have the 
bill much stouter. Typical specimens of P. respJeadens, Audubon, 
from the Pacific coast of X. America are certainly on the whole 
slightly smaller than the more northern representatives of the 
species, and in this respect they follow the general rule. It is, 
however, needless to separate them under a different name, for the 
plumage in all is absolutely identical and the differences in size 
are of no importance, since the extreme forms gradually merge into 
one another. 

Hah. East coast of Asia from Kamtsehatka to South China, to 
west coast of ^orth America from Alaska to West Mexico. 

Culm. Wing. Tail. 

a. 
Ad. sk. 2-0 10*9 5-8 Amoy, Jan. (P. Stem- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). {Type of P. aolm, 3wink.) 
b. Ad. sk. ( 1-85 10*3 5-6 in Amoy, Jan. (P. &). Seebolim Cull. 
( in moult. moult. 
c. 
Ad. sk. 1*95 9*8 5*2 worn. Nagasaki. F. Ringer, Esq. 
[P.\ 
d. Ad. sk. broken 10*7 5*8 Yokohama {H.Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
e. Imm. sk. 1*95 9*6 5*5 Yokohama (H.Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
/ . 
$ ad. sk. 2-0 10*8 6-2 Hakodadi, Feb. 22 Seebohm Coll. 
(He?ison). 

$•. $ imm. sk. 2*05 10T 5*3 worn. Hakodadi, Feb. 22 Seebohm Coll, 

(Senson).

h. Imm. sk. 2*1 10*7 6*2 Hakodadi (Blakiston). Seebolim Coll. 
i. J imm. sk. 1*95 9*7 5*8 Hakodadi [Bluhiston). Seebohm Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. 2*0 10*6 5*8 worn. Sea of Okhotsk. Purchased. 
I Ad. sk. 2*05 10*9 6*15 worn. Kamtsehatka. Seebohm Coll. 
m, Ad.sk. 1*7 9*2 in moult. Commander I. • G. Barrett-
n. $ ad. sk. 1*7 9*8 5*5 „ June 23. • Hamilton, Esq. 
o. $ ad. sk. 1*8 9*7 5*5 „ June 23. [P.]. 
p. Imm. sk. 
2*0 10*7 6*4 Kotzebue Sound. ' Cap*! XeRett & 
Lieut. Wood, 

a. Imm. sk. 1*85 10*2 6*2 St. Michael's, Alaska, Salrin-Grodman 
Oct.2 (RW.Fekon}. Coh. 
r. 
(J imm. sk. 1*85 10*3 6*5 St. Michael's, Oct. 2 Salvin-Godman 
(K W. K). Coll. 
s. 
J ad. sk. 1*8 9*3 5*0 worn. Constantine Harbour, Salvin-Godman 
Alaska, July 26 Coll. 
(M. Baker),
t. Ad. sk. 
1*9 9*9 5*2 N.W. North America. Sir E. Belcher 
[P.]. 

1 . PHALACROCORAX. 
363 

Culm. Wing. Tail. 
u. Irani, sk. 1-85 9-8 5-6 N. W. North America. Purchased. 
V. Ad. sk. 1-9 10-2 5*4 worn. [California.] Purchased. 
w., d ad. sk. 1-85 9*4 5-5 San Francisco, CaliSarvin-
Godman 
fornia (F. Gruber). Coll. 
X. <$ imm. sk. 1-7 9*1 4*8 muck Monterey, California, Mr. Alvin Seale 
worn. April 1. [0.]. 
y-Ad. sk. 1-85 9-4 5*1 Santa BarbaraCalifornia. 
Is., Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
z. 
a1 
2 ad. sk. 
. Imm. sk. 
1-9 
1-85 
9*6 
9-6 
5*1 worn. 
5*4 
Farallone Is., June. 
[Berkeley Sound, 
Falkland Is.!] 
F. Gruber [C.]. 
AntarcticExped. 
[0.]. 

Two specimens in the Rothschild Museum measure as follows:— 
6 ad. Culmen 2, wing 10*8, tail 6*2. Sitka, Alaska, Aug. 8. 
2 ad. Culmen 1*85, wing 10*7, tail 6*1. Sitka, Alaska, Aug. 8. 

11. Phalacrocorax penicillatus. 
Carbo penicillatus, Brandt, Bull, Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 55 (1837); 
Gamb. J. Acad. N. Scl PMlad. (2) i. p. 227 (1849) 5 Newb. Rep. 
Explor. § Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 106 (1857). 

Phalacrocorax townsendi, And. Orn. Biog. v. p. 150, pi. 412. fig. 2 
(18*J9) [mouth of Columbia River]; id. B. Amer. vii. p. 149, 
pi. 418(1839). 

Graculub townsendi, Reiehenb. Nataiores, pi. xxxv.e fig. 2752 (1850). 

Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Heerm. P. Ac. PMlad. vii. p. 178 (1854) 
[Ferrea Leones Is.*]; Baird, Breio. fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer, 
ri. p. 158, fig. (1884); Coues, Key N Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 728 
(1884); Everm. Auk, iii. p. 89 (1886) [Ventura Co., Cal.]; Blake, 
Auk, iv. p. 329 (1887) [Santa Cruz L, Cal.]; Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. 

p. 79 (1887) [14 tail-feathers!], 2nd ed. p. 79 (1896) [14 tail-
feathers ! !] ; Bryant, P. Cal. Ac. (2) ii. p. 257 (1890); A. O. U. 
Check-l 2nd ed. p. 44 (1895). 
Urile penicillatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 175 (1855) ; Baird, B. N. 
Amer. p. 880 (I860). 
Carbo townsendii, Newb. Rep. Explor. fy Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 107 
(1857). 
Graculus penicillatus, G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 128 (1871); 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 303 (1872). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Head and neck deep glossy purplish, 
black, shading into very dark glossy green on the middle of the 
upper back, lower back, rump, and underparts of the body; feathers 
surrounding the naked throat vary from brownish white to nearly 
pure white; sides of the upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars 
dark oily-green, with narrow greenish-black margins; quills and 
tail-feathers brownish black. Eo trace of a crest; a tuft of long 
white hair-like shafts on each side of the neck, commencing behind 
the ear *. upper back and scapulars ornamented with similar hair


* Probably Farallone Is. 
f Two species. P. penicillatus and P. pelagicus, are described under this title; 
the double crest and whiteflanks being characteristic oi the latter species. 

PH A XACKOCOKA CI D JE. 

364 

like feathers, but even longer than those on the neck and ^Bearing 
narrow webs. Iris green ; bill dusky grey; naked gular skin blue; 
legs and feet deep black. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
white hair-like tufts on each side of the head and the white filaments 
on the back and scapulars absent. 

Tail composed of 12 feathers *. 
Adult. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2*65-3, win g 10*611-
1, tail 4-4-4-7, tarsus 2-5. 
Hah. Pacific coast of North America, from the mouth of the 
Columbia River to California. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Culm.
2-65 
Wing. Tail. 
10-6 4-4 California. Sir W . Burnett and 
b. $ ad. sk. 3-0 11-1 4-7 California. 
Capt. Fitzroy 'P.]. 
Salvio-Goiiiiiati Coll. 
c. tf ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/ $ ad. sk. 
g. <$ irnm. sk. 
k $ ad. sk. 
2-9 
2-9 
2-6 
2-6 
2-8 
2-75 
11-2 
11-0 
11*0 
10*3 
11-0 
10-6 
4-65 
4-5 
4-7 
3-8 
3-9 
4-6 
Monterey, California, 
April 12. 
Monterey, California, 
August 3. 
Monterey, California, 
August 11. 
Monterey, California, 
May 4*1 
Monterey, California, 
May 9. 
San Miguel L, California 
{Capt. 8. 
v Mr. Ahin St'ale 
Salvin-Goduaan Coll. 
Torney). 

12. Phalacrocorax gracnltis. 
Le petit Cormoran, Bmson, Orn. vi. p. 516 (1760); Buffbn, HkL 
Met. Ok. viii. p. 319 (1781). 

Pelecanus graculus, Linn. S. N. L p. 217 (1766); GmeL 8. N. I 
pt. ii. p. 574 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii p. 887 (1790) s Bmimtd. 
Tail. Enoycl Meth. i. p. 47 (1790); QUD. Meg. Anim.t Ok. L 

p. 562 (1829). 
Common Shag, Latham, Gen. Syn. in. pt. ii. p. 598 (1785). 
Crested Shag, Latham, Gen, Syn. iii. pt. iL p. 600 (17851; i<l Gm. 
Mist. B. x. p. 423 (1824). 

Pelecanus cristatus, GmeL 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 575 (1788); Xath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 888 (1790) j Bonmt. Tall Eneyd. Mith. I p. 49, pi. xv. 
fig. 2 (1790) j JDumont, in LewauWs Diet. 8ci, Nat x. ». 4*52 

(1818). s r 
Carbo graculus, Meyer % Wolf, Tasck. der Dents, ii. p. 573 (1810}; 

nn

Lesson, TraiUdOrn.~ '•'"~-4 ~ ~ • ~~ -----— 

p. 384, p 
[Iceland] 
* Both m the Water-Birds of North America, ii. p. 145 fSynopsis) and in 
Ridgway's Manual N. Amer. Birds, 2nd ed. p. 79 (1896) the number of toil-
feathers is stated to be 14; but in the former work under the description of the 
species, p. 158, the number is correctly given as 12. See also remwis frr 
Coues, Auk, xiv. p. 316 (1897). J 
1. 
P3TALACE0C0RAX. 
Phalacrocorax graculus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 299 (1811); 
Dumoni, in LevrauWs Diet. Sci. Nat. x. p. 450 (1818); Steph. in 
Shams Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. i. p. 82 (1826); Nuit Man. Orn. p.484 
(1834) [part, Europe: several species confounded] ; Keys. u. Bias. 
Wirbeltk. p. 233 (1840); Demid. Foy. Muss. Merid. iii. p. 302 
(1840); G. R. Gray, List of R. iii. p. 184 (1844); Thomps. Nat. 
Mist. Irel iii. p. 250 (1851); MacgilL Brit. B. y. p. 392 (1862); 
Brehm, Fogelfang, p. 360 (1855}; Schl. Fog. Nederl. p. 576, 
pi. 327 [inimat] (1858) ; Smith. Ibis, 1868, p. 458 [Portugal]; 
GJlett, Vid. Selsk. Fork Christ. 1808, p. 183: Fritsch, Nat Fog. 
Europa, p. 451 (1870), Ail pi. 53. fig. 4 (1871); Gray, B. West 
Seotl p. 457 (1871); Gould, B. Gt Brit v. pi. 53 (1872) ; Potmen, 

J. f. O. 187t>, p. 61 [Finland]; Dresser, B. Europe, vi. p. 163, 
pi. 3^9 (1&79) [part^; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander]; 
Snund. ed. Tarrell, Br. B. iy. p. 151 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit 
B. iii. p. em, pi. 34. fig. egg (1885); Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 91 
[fc>t. Kilda]; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. pt. xiy. (1887); Saunders, 
III. Man. Brit. B. p. 351 (1889); Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 408 
[Ireland^ ; Turle, Ibis, 1891, p. 8 [Blasket Is.]; Zilford, Col. Fig. 
Br. B, pt. audi. (1892); Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 28 [Heligoland]; 
Blagg, Ibis, 1893, p. 353 [Shetland]; Pearson fy Bidtcell, Ibis, 
1&94, p. 232 [X. Norway]; Pearson, Ibis, 1895, p. 247 [Iceland], 
1896, p. 210 ^Russian Lapland]; Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit. ii. 
p. 
215, pi. Iii. (1896); Kolo?nbatovic, MT. Cm. Wien, xx. 
pp. 115-2^ (1890). 

Cre-ted Cormorant, Pennant, Brit ZooL ii. p. 284, pi. xhii. (1812). 

ILvdroeorax prraculus, FieilL N, Diet d'Hist, Nat. viii. p. 87 (1817); 
"id. Faun. Frame., p. 344 (1828). 
Ihdrocoms cri&t*itub, FieilL N. Diet oVIIist Nat viii. p. 89 (1817); 
'id. Faim. Franc., p. 345, pi. 145. %. 1 (1828). 

Carbo cri^tatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 900 (1820), iy. p. 565 
(1840); Meyer «. Wolf, Tasch. iii. p. 233 (1822); Temm. PL 
Col y. pi 119 [no. 322] (1825); Werner, Atl Ois. cFJBur., Ord. 
15, pi. 89 (1828); Lesson, TraiU d'Om. p. 604 (1831) [part]. 

Halieus 
graculus, Licht Ferz. Doubl. p. 86 (1823) ; Naum. Nat 
Fog. DeutsehL xi. p. 88, pi. 280 (1842); Passler, J. f. O. 1853, 

p. 315 [Lapland]; Rey, J.f. 0.1872, p. 155 [Portugal]. 
Shag, Latham, Gen. Hist B. x. p. 419 (1824); Tarrell, Hist Brit 
B. 
iii. p. 378 (1843). 
Phalacrocorax cristatu*, Steph. in Shams Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. i. p. 83 
(1826); Selby, ML Brit Orn. ii. p. 450, pi. 86 (1833); Nutt Man. 
Om. p. 486 (1834) rpart; several species confounded]; Nils. Skand. 
Faun. ii. p. 479 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 410 (1837); 
Earner, Skand. FogL p. 21, pL 59. fig. 3 (1839-46); Keys. u. Bias. 

Wirbeltk p. 233 (1840); G. JR. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 185 
(1844); Degl Orn. Europ. ii. p. 379 (1849) [part]; Walters, N. 
Hist. B. Irel. p. 237 (1853); Jaubert fy Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 

p. 379 (1859); DegL $ Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 354 (1867) 
[part]; Marchand, Rev. ZooL (3) iii. p. 142, pi. ii. (1875). 
PlTaiacrocorax braehvuros (sic), Brehm, Fog. DeutsehL p. 822 (1831); 
id. Fogelfano-, p. 360 (1855). 
Graculus linnaei, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 607 (1845); ReicJimb. 
Naiatores, pi. xxxv.a m fig. 2647!! (1850); More, Ibis, 1805, p. 451 
[Great Britain]. 

Graculus 
cristatus, Reiehenb. Natatores, pi. xxxiii. figs. 306-68, 
pi xxxiv. fifr. 860, pi. xxxv.aw figs. 2645-6 (1850); Bonap. Consp. 
Ad. p. 171 (1855); Sundev. Sv. FogL pi. lv.fig. 3 (1856); Schl 3Ius. 

3C6 PHALACROCOKACIDJE. 

Pays-Bas, vi. Pelee. p. 18 (1863) [part, a]; Droste,J. f. 0.18C9, 

p. 389 [Faroes]; G. JR. Gray, JEand-L B. iii. p. 127 (1871); 
Smidev. Ibis, 1886, p. 457 [wing]. 
Shag or Green Cormorant, Knox, Zool (2) i. pp. 243-25/, 328-333 
(1866) [Life-history]. 
Adult in breeding-plumage (February to May). Head and neck 

dark glossy green, shading into oily bronze-green on the rest of the 

upper and under parts; crown with a semi-erect ^ crest, curved 

slightly forwards, the longest feathers measuring 2 inches; upper 

back, wing-coverts, and scapulars often inclining to purplish bronze, 

especially in slightly worn specimens, and narrowly margined with 

dark greenish-black; quills and tail-feathers black, with some green 

gloss. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Inside of month and round 

gape pale orange-yellow ; naked skin of chin and throat Hack, 

thickly dotted with yellow; iris bright green; legs and feet 

blackish. 

Male. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 10*5, 

tail 5-4, tarsus 2*3. 

Female. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 103 , 

tail 5*3, tarsus 2-3. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage (August to November). Differs 

from the above in being devoid of a crest, and in having the feathers 

bordering the naked gular skin white or pale greyish white. 

Towards the end of November, or the beginning of December, the 
grey feathers of the throat bordering the naked gular skin are shed 
and replaced by dark glossy green feathers, similar to those of the rest 
of the head and neck; and at the same time the crest begins to make 
its appearance, and is generally fully grown by the beginning of 
February. 

The changes of plumage appear to be entirely produced by moult, 
which, in these birds, is remarkably irregular, and it is ooly during 
the breeding-season that no change takes place. In every other 
month some birds are to be found in moult. 

An adult bird, shot on the 16th January, differs from specimens 
collected between the months of February and November in having 
the naked skin between the mandibles pale pink with chrome-
yellow dots, and the skin at the angle of the gape chrome-yellow* 
This difference is no doubt merely individual. 

Nestling. Covered with sooty-black down; naked skin on face 
and throat dark purplish black. 

In first autumn plumage. Top of the head, back of the neck, and 
upper parts brown, with some oil-green gloss ; feathers of the upper 
back and scapulars with dark brown submarginal bands and narrow 
pale margins, the longer scapulars and wing-coverts brown with 
pale brownish-white margins; chin and throat white; sides and 
front of neck, and sides of body brownish; middle of underparts 
whitish. 

In second autumn plumage. Upper parts much darker and less 
brown; the upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars interspersed 

367 

1 . PBTAIACROCOEAX. 
vith. dull bronze-green feathers with dark edges, very similar to 
those of the adult; underparts brown, darkest on the sides and 
greyest in the middle. 

Iris pale brownish white, ciilmen blackish horn, cutting-edge of 
upper mandible and lower mandible pale pinkish brown; naked 
skin round gape pale dirty yellow; naked skin of the throat pale 
pinkish white; legs and feet blackish brown as in the adult, but the 
sides of the toes and webs and inner sides of the tarsi are mostly 
brownish white. 

In third autumn, plumage. Upper parts much like those of the 
adult but less pure and bright; underparts with remains of the 
brown plumage of the second autumn, thickly interspersed with 
the oil-green plumage of the adult. 

Birds in this plumage probably breed for the first time in the 
following spring. 
Hah. Coasts of Western Europe from Norway to Portugal, 
extending westwards to the British Isles, Faroes, and Iceland. 

a. PtiH. st. 
Orkney Is. Purchased 
bf e. & 2 ad. et Orkney Is., May & June Hargitt Coll. 
imm. fk. (E.H). 

d. 2 
ad- sk. Faroe Is., May 15 (H. C. Col. EL W. Feilden 
Midler). [P.]. 
e-x. <5 2 ad. et Loch Maddy, X, Ui-t, Outer Sir Joim Campbellimm. 
sk. 
Ilfbrides," Nov.-April & Orde, Bart. [P.]. 
July. 

y. 
Imm. fek. Wick, Caithness, Scotland, Seebohm Coll. 
Aug. 30 (C. Marshall). 
z~tt. 
<J $ ~imm-Cromarty Firth, Scotland, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, 
sk. May. Esq. [P.]. 

f Firth of Forth, April. Seebohm Coll. 
f, g'~ $ imm. sk. Llandyssil, South Wales, Col. L'Estrange [P.]. 
Feb. 19. 
h% ?. d $ ad. sk. St. Bride's, South Wales, Lord Kensington 
June 22. pp.]. 
&f-sL <J 2 ad. et St. Bride's, South Wales, Lord Kensington 
pull. St. June 22. rp.i. 

e. Imm. sk. 
f. c£ ad. sk. 
Mouth of the R. Severn. T.White, Esq. [Pf. 
u'-h\ 
<S $ ad. et Fowev, Cornwall, Aug., Dr. A. Giinther"[P;]. 
imm. sk. Sept. 

e\ Ad. sk. 
Cornwall. D. W. MitcheU, Esq. 

[P.]. 
cp« Imm. sk. Plymouth. F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. 
es. J imm. sk. Torquay (J. Lloyd). Seebohm Coll. 


/*. (S vis: ad. sk. Chrisriansund, 3SL Norway, X. Hanson [C.]. 
Sept. 20. 
g\ Ad. sk. Coruna, X. Spain. Dr. L. V. Seoane 

[p.]. 
&. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
i9-/*. Skeletons. Ckriatiansund, X. Norway, X. Hanson [C.]. 


Xov. & Dec. 
ms. Imm. skeleton. Channel Inlands. Dr. A.Gunther^P.\ 

P17ALACR0C0EACID-E. 

868 

Subsp. a. Phalacrocorax desmaresti. 
Phalacrocorax desmarestii, Payraudeau, Ann. ScL Nat, (i.) viii. 

p. 464 (1826) [Sardinia, etc.; tail said to be composed of 14 
feathers]; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 411 (1887) [Black Sea] ; Keys. u. 
Blasius, Wirbelth. p. 233 (1840); Begl. Orn. JEurop. ii. p. 380 
(1849); Brehm, Togelfang, p. 360 (1855); Bolle, J. f 0. 1865, 
p. 415 [Sardinia]; Fritsch, Yog. Europa, p. 452 (1870); Brooke, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 345 [Sardinia]. 
Carbo cristatus, Car a (nee Gmel), Orn. Sard. p. 199 (1842). 
Carbo leucogaster, Car a (nee YieilL), Orn. Sard* p. 199 (1842). ^ 
Plialacrocorax albus, G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 184 (1844) 

[albino]. 
Phalacrocorax graculus, Mulile (nee Linn.), Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 131 
(1844); Linderm. Tog. Griechenl p. 167 (1860) ; BoIIe, J.f 0.1865, 

p. 420; Elwes 8r Buckl Ibis, 1870, p. 336 TSpirus": Saunders, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 398 [S. Spain]; Taylor, Ibis, 18~72? p. 234 "Crimea" ; 
Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, p. 207 (1875) ; Blanf. E. Persia, ii. p. 298 
(1876) [Caspian]; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 48 [Corsica": GigL 
Avif. Ital p. 272 (1886) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital p. 271 (1886)"; GigL 
Avif. Ital. pt. i. p. 682, pt. ii. p. 658 (1889-90); Zilford, Ibis, 
1889, p. 347 [Cyprus]; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, 2nd ed. p. 198 
(1895). 
Graculus desmarestii, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxxv.a(f3 figs, 2644 & 

pi. cvi.cfigs. 2942-4 (1850). 
Halieus desmarestii, Gloger, J.f. 0.1857, pp. 5-14 [Mediterranean^ 
Halieus leucogaster, Gloger, J. f. O. 1857, pp. 14-23 [Mediter


ranean]. 
Carbo desmarestii, Homeyer, J.f.O. 1858, p. 237, 1859, p. 132. 
Phalacrocorax cristatus, Linderm. Yog. Griechenl. p. 107 (1860) ; 

Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 29 [Corsica]. 
Carbo graculus, var. desmaresti, Tschusi u. Dalla Torre, Onm. iii. 

p. 350 (1887), iv. p. 361 (1888), vi. p. 260 (1890) [.Wtro-
Hungary]. 
Phalacrocorax graculus croaticus, Brusina, Orn. Jahrb. ii. p. 22 
(1891) [Croatia]; id. Motr. Ptic. Soiz. [Birds of Croatia1, p. 72 
(1891?). "' * 

Phalacrocorax graculus, var. desmaresti, Reiser, Orn, Balcanica, iv. 

p. 144 (1896). 
The Mediterranean form of P. graculus appears to differ constantly 
in the following points :—The bill is longer and more 
slender than in the adult of P. graculus, and the young have the 
underparts white. I have only examined a very limited number 
of specimens; but am of opinion that this Mediterranean form 
should be regarded as subspecifically distinct. 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the Mediterranean; Black and 
Caspian Seas. 

a. Ad. sk. (albino). No locality. Old Coll. (Type of 
, A, , KI T E. albus, G. R. ihm.) 
b. Ad. sk. No locality. Massena Coll. 
c. Imm. sk. Tangier. Purchased. 
d-f. Ad., imm., et juv. sk. Croatia, Aug. prof. Brusina fP.". 
309 

1. PHiLACROCORAX. 
13. Phalacrocorax ehalconotus. 
f Carbo ater, Lesson, TraiU dJOrn. p. 604 (1831) [Seal Bay, Australia. 
? New Zealand]; Puckeran, JRev. et Mag. Zool I860", p. 627. 
Cormoran glauque, Hombr. $ Jacquinot. Toy. Pole Sad, Ail Ois. 
pi. 31. fig. 1 (1845). 
Graculus chalconotus, G. JR. Gray, Toy. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, 

p. 20, pi. xxi.* (1845); Reirhenb. Syn. Av. pi. xxxv.b fig. 2316 
t (1550): 6-'. Jg. <?ra#, Ibis, 1862, p. 252 ["Otago]. 
Graculus glaticus, Reichmb. Syn. Av. pi. xlix.cffg. 2553 [bad] (1850): 
Bom p. Co/i*p. At\ p. 171 (1855) ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. ir» 

p. 127 |1^71). 
Phalticr jcorax ulaucus, Jaoq. $ Pitcher. Toy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. 
p. 127 (1-53)1 Butter, Man. B. X. Zeal p. 96 (1882); id. B. X. 
Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. lb'3 (ltf^Sj. 
Plulaerocorax chalconotu-, 
Butter, B. X. Zeal. p. 334 (1873); id. 
Man. B. X. Zeal p. 94 (1^2); ?VZ J?. X Zeal 2ad ed. ii. p. 162 

Afhth iii hr&<Vauj-£}hinvL(je. Very similar to the adult of P. granrhts* 
but the "bill i» somewhat stouter and more hooked at the 
extremity; the feathers of the upper back and scapulars bronzeprreen. 
edited with jmfe shining brass-green, and the head, neck, 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dossed with darker and 
more bluish green. Crest nearly 2 inches long. Tail composed 
oi 12 feathers; the basal portion of the shafts white, " Bare space 
encircling: the eye orange; bill greyish brown ; legs and feet dull 
orange-yellow " (BulUr). Total length about 28 inches, culmen 2*3, 
wing ll*2, tail 5-6, tarsus 2*5. 

Immature prohahhy in the second autumn plumage. Head, neck, 
and underparts dull sooty-brown, with a dull oil-green gloss; 
upper hack glossed with dull oil-green, most of the feathers with 
indistinct darker margins, being in this respect unlike those of 
the adult; wings and scapulars brownish with a slight gloss : lower 
bark, rump, and upper tail-coverts glossed with dark bluish green 
as in the adult. 

Hah. New Zealand coasts. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Otago, New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of the species.) 
L Iin.ni. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes, E.N. 
[p.]. 
c, d. tS 2 T*x a^L The Bluff, Southland, New Baron A. von Hdgel 
sk. Zealand, Feb. [P.]. 

t Lexson's original description cannot be identified :— 
"Cormoran noir; Carbo ater. ISoir en entier; taille d'un canard. De la 
baie d<*s Churns marins, a la Kouvelle Hollaude." 
Pucheran states that he has examined Lesson's type, and finds it to belong 
to the present species, but I do not think that his name should supersede 

VOL. XXVI. 
2 a 

370 
PH4LA.CROCOIUCID-F. 

14. Plialacrocorax auritus. 
Hydrocorax dilophus, Vieill {nee Tieill X. Diet. d'Hisi. Xat. nil. 
p. 8-3) (1817, =P . punctatus), id. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. 275 (1825) [nee 
de&ciipt.]. 
Carbo auritus, Lesson, Traite d'Om. p. 605 (18-31) [founded on 
Vieillot's fig.; New Zedand!]. 
Pelecanus (Oaibo) dilophus, Sicaias. $• Richards, Faun. Bor.-Amer. 

p. 473 (1831) [Saskatchewan]. 
Plialacrocorax dilophus, 
Xutt. (nee Viedl. 1817) Man. Orn. p. 483 
(1834); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 420, pi. 257 (1835), v. p. 629, 
fig. (1839); id. R. Amer. vii. p. 134, pi. 416 (1539) ; G R. Gray, 
List of B. pt. iii. p. 185 (1844) Tpart, specs, a & P; Rut nam, P. 
Ess. Inst. i.p. 221 (1856) [Essex Count}]; Bryant, P. Bost. Soe. 
Tiii. p. 71 (1861) [Gulf of St. Lawrence, breeding ; Tarnh. B. R. 
Pennsylv. p. 48 (1869) ; Steams <§• Cone*, X. Engl. B.-Zife, pt. ii. 

p. 340, fig. 74 (1883) ; Coues 8? Prentm, Bull U.S. Xat. Mm. 
no. 26, p. 108, £>. 98 (1883); Stearns, P. U.S. Nat. Mm. xi. 
p. 121 (1883) [Labrador]; Baird, Brew. $ Ridgw. Water-B. 
N. Amer. ii. p. 149, fig. (1884); Coues, Key X. AM. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 727, fig. 506 (1884); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 148 (l&fcj) "TV. Manitoba] 
; Ridgw. Man. X. A. B. p. 78 (1887); Mearns' Aul\ xii. 
p. 
55 (1890) [Hudson E.] ; Thomps. P. U.S. Xat. Mus. xiii. 
p. 472 (1890) [Manitoba]: Warren, B. Ptnnsyl. p. 28 (1890); 
Hatch, B. Minnesota, p. 27 (1892); Mackay, Auk, xi. p. lb 
(1894) [habits, Rhode I.J; Savage, Auk, xii. p. 313 (l&Joj Sew 
York] ; A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd ed. p. 42 (1895) ; Coues, Ank, xiii. 
p. 78 (1896) [head-waters, Columbia It.} _ 
Plialacrocorax 
floridaims, And. Orn. Biog. iii. p. 387, pi. 252 (1835), 
& v. p. 632 (1839); id. B. Amer. -vii. p. 141, pi. 417 |1S39) ; 
Zemheye, Av. Cuba, p. 119, pi. 18 (lb50j: Salvin, Ibis, 1864, 

p. 374 [Brit. Honduras], 1866, p. 200 [Guatemala], 1889, p. 376 
[Oozumel I.]. 
Phalacrocorat brasiliensis, Bonap. (nee Gmel) Comp. Zi^t, p. 60 
(1838). 
Carbo dilophus, Gamb. J. Acad. X. ScL Philad. (2) I. p. 227 (1849). 
Graculus dilophus, Reichenb. Xatatores, pi. xxxiv. fig2?. 801-2 & 

pi.xxxv.efig.2753[bad] (1850); Bonap. Consp. Av.%. 172 (1855) ; 
Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 877 (1860) [part, Atlantic coastl: Coues, 

P. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 241 1 Labrador ; Boardm. P. Bost. Soe. ix. 
p. 130 (1862) [Maine]; Verr. P. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 159 (1862) ; 
Blakiston,Ibis, 1803, p."151 [Saskatchewan]; Allen* P- Ess. Inst. iv. 
p. 89 (1864) [Massachusetts] ; Lawr. Ann. Zyc. X. T. Tiii. p. 298 
(1866); Cones, P. Ess. Inst. x. p. 302 (1868) [Xew England]: id. P. 
Bost. Soe. xii. p. 126 (1808) [S. Carolina1; id. P^ Ac. Philad. 
1871, p. 38 [N. Carolina]; id. Key X. Am. P. p. 303, fig. 198 (1872); 
Ridgw. Ann. Zyc. X. T. x. p. 390 (1874) [Illinois] ; Coues, B. XW. 
p. 587 (1874) [part] ; Snow, B. of Kansas, p. 13 (1875): Scott, 
Bull. Xutt. Orn. C iv. p. 226 (1879) [Xew Jersey] ; Roberts 4* Benn. 
Bull. Xutt Orn. C. x. p. 18 (1880) [Minnesota] ; Maijnard, B. E. 
X. Amer. p. 469 (1881) ; Samuels, X. § E. Birds, p. 535 (lbb3) ; 
Reid, Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. no. 25, p. 263 (1884) [Bermuda]. 
Graculus floridanus, 
Reichenb. hatatores, pi. xxxv.e tig. 2751 (1850) ; 
Bonap. Consp. An. p. 172 (1855); Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 879 
(1860); Albrecht, J.f 0.1861, p. 57; Allen, Bull. Mm. C. Zool. ii 

p. 365 (1871); Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 38; Gundl. J. f. O. 
1875, p. 400 [Cuba]. 
1 . PHALACROCORAX.
Carbo bilophus, Cuv.t HartL J.f. 0. 1855, p. 419. 
Graculus biloplius, G. R. Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 128 (1871). 
Graculus diiophus, var. floridaam, Cones. Key N. Am. B. p. 303 


(1872); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 390 (1874) [Illinois]; Cory, 

B. Bahama Is. p. 198 (1880). 
Phalaeroeorax sp., Salem, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 427 [Guadeloupe]. 
Phalaeroeorax. diiophus floridanus, Baird, Brew, § Ridgw. Water-B. 
X. Amer. ii. p. 150, %. (1884); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 727 (1884); Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 78 (1887); Scott, Auk, 
iv. p. 136 (1887) [Tarpon Springs, Florida]; Lloyd, Auk, iv. 
p. 184 (1837) [W. Texas]; Cory, Auk, v. p. 70 (1888) [Bahamas, 
Cuba!; Scott, Auk, Y. p. 377 (1888); Cory, B. IF. Lid. p. 271 
(1889); Scott, Auk, vii. p. 307 (1890) ; Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 79 
(1891) LAndros L, ; Brewst. % Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 137(1891) 
[Suwanee R.]: Cory, Auk, ix. p. 49 (1892) [Watling's L] ; Scott, 
Auk, ix. p. 2ll (1892) [Caloosahatchie Pnegion, Fla.] ; Cory, Cat. 
B. W. Lid. p. 85 (1892); A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd ed. p. 42 (1895); 
Wayne, Auk, xii. p. 3(54 (1695) [Ancilla R., Fla.]. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and entire underparts black with a dull oil-greenish or 
bluish gloss; feathers of the upper back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts brownish grey, of a slightly pointed oval shape, and widely 
margined with black glossed with dull bluish; quills brownish 
black; tail-feathers black; a tuft of narrow lengthened feathers on 
each side of the crown, commencing above and behind the eye *. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Upper mandible black, mottled with 
greyish or dull yellow along the sides ; lower mandible yellowish or 

* The colour of these feathers appears to be subject to individual variation ; 
in Borae examples the crests are wholly black, while in others they are mixed 
with white feathers. 
American ornithologists recognize four distinct subspecies of P. auritus 
(diiophus): two Eastern forms, with the nuptial crests chiefly or entirely black, 
and two Western, in which these ornaments are chiefly or entirely white. 

The range of typical P. diiophus is said by Dr. Ridgway to be " Northeastern 
North America, south, in winter, to Grulf Coast, breeding from Northern 
United States northward." 

"P. diiophus jloridanus" occurs in ,£ South Atlantic and Gulf States, and 
Lower Mississippi Valley, north to Southern Illinois.'1 

The only distinction between these two forms is said to be a slight difference 
in size, so slight, that it seems in our opinion unworthy of consideration [see 
Eidgway, Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 78 (1896)]. 

Of the two Western forms we find the following summary:— 
" JP. diiophus cincinaius" "Bab. North-west coast of North America from 
Alaska, south (in winter; to California." 
" P . diiophus albociliatvs? " Hah. Coast of California, south to Western 
Mexico (Socorro Island)." 

Of these Western forms, in which the nuptial crests, as already stated, are 
chiefly or entirely white, northern birds average, as might be expected, somewhat 
larger than individuals from the southern parts of the range, but this is 
the only difference. 

It may be advisable to separate the Eastern and Western forms on account, 
of the difference of colour in the nuptial crest; but to divide the Northern and 
Southern birds by a slight difference in size is quite unnecessary, for no line 
can be drawn between the two. 

2 B2 

37 2 PHAI.1CE0C0RAC1D-E. 

pale bluish, mottled with dusky; loral region and gular sac deep 
orange ; eyelids and whole interior of the mouth bright cobalt-blue, 
the former sometimes dotted with white ; iris bright grass-green ; 
legs and feet deep black. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
tufts of lengthened feathers behind the eyes are absent. Soft parts 
similar to the above, but the bare skin of the lores, gular pouch, 
&c. is deep yellow instead of orange, and the blue of the mouth and 
eyelids absent (Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgway). 

Adult. Total length about 31 inches, culmen 2*3, wing 11*6-13, 
tail 5*8-6*2, tarsus 2*25. The adult female appears to measure 
somewhat less than the male. 

The immature bird is very similar to the young of P. vigita of the 
same age, but may be distinguished by the more rounded and less 
lanceolate feathers of the back and scapulars. 

Bab. Atlantic coast of North America from Labrador to Florida ; 
eastwards through the "West Indies to Guadeloupe, westwards to 
the Gulf of Mexico, and extending far inland to West Texas, the 
head-waters of the H. Columbia and R. Saskatchewan. 

Culm. Wing. Tail. 

«. Ad. sk. 2*15 12*0 6*2 North America. Old Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. 2*3 11*4 5*4 in North America. Old Collection. 
moult. 
c Imm. sk. 2*3 12*3 6*1 49th Parallel. North American 
Boundary 
Comm. "PT. 
d. Imm.sk. 2*0 11*7 5-9 worn. 49th Parallel. North American 
e. Imm. sk. 2*3 13*0 &8 Chicasro, Illinois 
Boundary 
Comm. TP.]. 
Salvin-Godma'n 
/ . Ad. sk. 2*15 11-0 5*3 
(E. "W. Kelson). 
Florida (H. W. Hen„ 
ColL 
Salvin-Godman 
g. S ad. sk.
h. tf ad.sk.
I $ imm. sk. 
2*io 
2-15 
2*1 
120 
11*6 
12*3 
oS 
5*8 
5*6 
skate). 
Tarpon Sprimrs,Florida, 
April 15 (JF. E.B. 
Scott). 
Tarpon SpringstFIorida, 
April 24 (IV. E. I).' 
Scott). 
Corpus Christ!f Texas, 
Nov. 5 (F.E. Armstrong). 
^Coil. 
Salvin-Godman 
ColL 
Salvin-Godman 
ColL 
Salvin-Godman 
ColL 
K 6 ad. sk.
I. ? imm. sk. 
2*15 
2-0 
11*7 
10-9 
5*9 
5*4 
Turneff Lagoon, Brit. 
Honduras, May 8 
(O. S.). 
Turneff Lagoon, Brit. 
Honduras, Slav 8 
Salvin-Godman 
ColL 
Salvin-Godman 
ColL 
(O. S.). 
m. Ad. sk. 2*3 12*4 5*9 Oozumel I.f Yucatan Salvin-Godman 
w. Ad. sk 2-3 12*3 5*9 
(G. F. Gaunter). 
Cozumel I., Yucatan 
ColL 
Salvin-Godman 
(G. F. G.). ColL 

1 . PHALACEOCOEAX. 
373 

Oulm. Wing. Tail. 

o. Ad. sk. 2*15 11-6 5-6 Cozumel I , "Yucatan Salvin-Godman 
(G.F. £.). Coll. 
p. Ad. sk. 2-1 11-6 5-6 Cozumel I , Yucatan Salvin-Godman 
(G. F. <?.). Coll. 
q. 9. imm.sk. 2*35 11-6 6-0 Bemba, Cuba, July Salvin-Godman 
(G. F. G.). Coll. 
r, •. Juv. sk. 1-85 10*5 In moult. Bemba, Cuba, July Salvin-Godman 
(G. F. G.). Coll. 
s. 
Imm. sk. 2*2 12*0 5*5 worn. Guadeloupe Island Salvin-Godman 
(Admiral A. JS. Coll. 
Marhham). 
Subsp. a. Phalacrocorax cincinatus. 

Carbo cincinatus, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. iii. p. 55 (1837) 
"Kadiak L, Alaska]. 
Phalacrocorax dilopbus, G. R. Gray (nee Stv.fyR.), List ofB. pt. iii. 

p. 185 (1844) [part, spec, c]; Baird in Stansbury's Rep. p. 324 
(1852) [Gt. Salt Lake]. 
Phalacrocorax cincinnatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 168 (1855). 
Graculus dilopbus, Baird, P. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 301 i Lower 

California]; Cones, P. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 100 [California]; 
Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 [Vancouver] ; JDallfyBann. Tr. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 302 (1869) [Sitka] ; Allen, Bull. M. C. Zool iii. p. 183 
(1872) [Gt Salt Lake]. 

Graculus 
cincinnatus, Baird, B. JN. Amer. p. 877 (1860) [Sitka]; 
Schley. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 22 (1863) ; Elliot, B. N. Amer. 

ii. pi. li. (1869); Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 302 (1872); Finsch, 
Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 86 (1873). 
Graculus concinnatus, G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 127 (1871). 
Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinnatus, Baird, Brew,fy Ridyw, Water-B. 

N. Amer. ii. p. 150, fig. (1884); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 727 (1884) ; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 158 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaskaj; 
JEverm. Auk, iii. p. 89 (1886) [Ventura Co., Cal.]; Nelson, Rep. 
N. H. Alaska, no. iii. p. 65 (1887). 
Phalacrocorax dilopbus albociliatus, Ridgw., Baird, Breio. fy Ridyw. 
Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 150 (1884); Coues, Key K Am. B. 2nd ed. 

•D. 728 (1884) ; Ridgw. P. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 94 (1885) [California 
to Cape St. Lucas]; Bryant, Pr. Cal. Ac. (2) ii. p. 253 
(1890) [habits]; A. O. XI. Check4. 2nd ed. p. 43 (1895); Ridgw. 
Man. K. A. B. 2nd ed. p. 78 (1897). 
Phalacrocorax 
dilopbus cincinatus, JRidgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 78 
(1887); A. O. U. Check4. 2nd ed. p. 43 (1895). 
Phalacrocorax pelagicus albociliatus, Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 93 (1887) 
[Ventura Co., Cal.]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Differs from typical P. auritus in 
having the tufts behind the eyes composed of longer feathers, 
which are white, with generally a few black feathers among them. 
The soft parts appear to be practically similar to those o£ the 
typical P. auritus. Total length about 32 inches, culmen 2-052*
35, wing 12-3-13-5, tail 5'8, tarsus 2-45. 

Hah. Pacific Coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands 
and Alaska southwards to Lower California and West Mexico 
(Socorro I.); eastwards to Great Salt Lake. 

PHALACEOCOBACJD-T. 

374 

". [c?]ad. sk.
Culm. 
2-2 
Wing. Tail. 
12-7 5-4 very Aleutian Islands. Purchased. 
h. [$ ] ad. sk. 2-35 13*5worn. 
5*8 very Aleutian Islands. Purchased. 
c. c? ad. sk. 2-35 13-0worn. 
5-6 worn. 
QiuuSino Sound, "\Y. 
coast of Vancouver 
Yovasre of 
H.M.S. 
I.,Seipt (Dr.LyaJl). ' Plumper.' 
d. 2 ad.sk. 2-05 12-3 5-8worn. Pvraniid Lake, Xe-Sal vin-G oilman 
*vada, Mav 2Q (H. Coll. 
G. Parker § H. W. 
Henshaic). 
e, Juv. sk. 2'0o 11*5 In moult. San Francisco,
fornia. 
CaliG. 
Barcl.iv, Esq. 
/ 6 imm. sk. 2-3 12-3 5*5 in 
moult. 
San Diego Bar, California/ 
Sept? 13 
Salvin-Gt dnian 
Coll. 
(A. TV. Anthony}. 

15. Phalacrocorax ueglectns. 
Graculus iieglectus, JVahlberg, J.J. 0.1^57, p. 4 Ttssession, Halifax, 
and Ichaboe Is., SAY. Africa ; Gurney, ed. Aaderss. B. Damarol. 

p. 369 (1872). 
Phalacrocorax 
nesrlectus, Sharpens ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 779 
(1884) ; Fairbridqe, Ibis, 1693, p. 278 * Biif-sen I." : W. Sdater. 
Ibis, 1896, pp. 521, 522 [D-ibsen I/ . 

Jc^/5 wzrrZe? m breeding-plumage. Head, neck, upper and lower 
back, and rump dark sooty-brown, with a slight grecni&h-broi.ze 
gloss; breast and rest of nnderparts black, with a dull oil-green 
gloss; middle of back, wing-coverts, and scapulars bronze-bro^n, 
very narrowly margined with black and with rounded extremities; 
quills and tail-feathers dark brown. The throat is more feathered 
than in the allied species, the feathering en the lower mandible 
extending forwards for 0 7 inch beyond the gape, while that on the 
inter-ramal space extends to below a vertical line drawn from the 
nostril. Among the feathers of the forehead and neck are numerous 
inconspicuous small white plumules, supported by naked shafts. Tail 
composed of 12 feathers. Total length 28 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 2*3, wing 11, tail (much worn; 4*5, tarsus 2*4, 
outer toe and claw 3*75. (Mus. Cantabr.) 

A second smaller specimen in the British Museum measures :•— 
Total length 27*5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 2**3, 
wing 9*8, tail (worn) 4*2, tarsus 2'2D, outer toe and claw 3*7. 

" Iris brown above, greenish on the lower portion ; skin of eyelid 
and the base of the lower mandible, as well as the legs, feet, and 
claws, inky-black; bill black, lighter towards the tip " ( W. £?. Fair-
bridge). 

Bah. South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Simon's Bay, S. Africa, Oct. 2. Earl of Crawford "I\\ 
1 . PHALACROCORAX. 
375 

16, Piialacrocorax fuscicollis. 

Brown-necked Shag, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 425 (1824) [Bengal]. 

Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Steph. in Shaius Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. 

p. 91 (1820) ,* Hume $ Davison, Str. F. YL p. 496 (1878) [Tenassexim]; 
Davidson § Wenclen, Str. F. vii. p. 93 (1878) [DeceanJ; 
Butler, Str. F. vii. pp. 178, 190 (1878) [Sind] ; Ball, Str. F. vii. 
p. 234 (1878) [Ganges to Godavari]; Butl. Cat. B. Bind, p. 82 
(1879); Doig, Sir. F. viii. p. 372 (1879) [E. Narra: breeding]; 
Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1182 (1880); Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 442 
(1880); Oates, Str. F. x. p. 248 (1882) [Pegu] ; Davidson, Str. 
F. x. p. 327 (1882) [Khandeish]; Oates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 233 
(1883); Sicinh. § Barnes, Ibis, 18So, p. 138 [Central India]; 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p, 352 (1888) [Manipur]; Oates ed. Hume's 
Setts <§• Eggs, iii. p. 272 (1890). 
Carbo fuscicollis, FranH. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125. 
Phalacrocorax leucotis, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 298 (1849). 
Graculus sinensis, Blyth (nee Shaio $ Soild.), Cat. Mus. As. Soc. 


p. 298 (1849) : Layard, Ann. Mag. S. H. xiv. p. 271 (1854) 
Cevlon" ; Adam*, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 509 [Punjab, Ca&kmere], 
1859, p7 189; Jerd. B. hid. ii. pt. ii. p. 862 (1864) ; Holdsiu. 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 483 [Ceylon]; Hume, Sests $ Eggs Did. B. 
p. G60 (1*73); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 440 (1874) [Cliota Nagpur]; 
Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 409 fS. Ceylon, scarce]; Butler, Str. 'F. iv. 
p. 33 (1876) [Mt. Aboo]. w 
Urile ejrretta, "Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 176 (1855); id. C. P. xliii. 
p. 577 (1856) [breeding-plumage], 
Graculus fuscicollis, Blyth, Ibis,"lSQ7, p. 181 [part]; Bulger, H>is, 
18!>9, p. 170 [Sikhim"; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. B. Burma, p. 164 
(1875); Hume, Str. ~F. iv. p. 224 (1870) [Tenasserim] ; Oates, 
Str. F. v. p. 170 (1877) [Pegu: breeding]. 

Carbo sinensis, Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 350 (1875) [Pegu]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and underparts black glossed with deep steel-blue; 
upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars bronze, with, greenish 
reflections, each, featber with ratber a wide black border ; a number 
of tiny white plumules on each side of the bead above the eye 
and scattered here and there on the neck, and a tuft of hairy 
white feathers on each side of the neck behind the ear. Tail 
composed of 12 feathers. Iris greenish blue; bare skin round the 
eye dark brown with yellow specks, bare skin on the throat and 
by the sides of the bill yellow; legs and feet black. Total length 
about 25 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 10*6, tail 6'6, tarsus 1*7-1'8, 
outer toe and claw 3. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs in having no white tuft 
behind the ears ; the chin and feathers surrounding the gular 
pouch white; remainder of plumage worn and browner; the 
upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts being of a dull brownish 

TJte younger stages of this species appear to be very similar to 
those gone through by P. graadus. In the youngest examples the 
chin, throat, breast, and rest of underparts are mostly white; the 
top of the head, neck, and upper parts brownish; the upper back, 

376 
FHA.LACBOCOBA.CID.E. 

wing-coverts, and scapulars margined with darker brown, and the 
lower back and rump black glossed with steel-blue. Olrtu* examples 
have the whole of the underparts dark brown, only the more or less 
concealed bases of the feathers being white, and the upper parts are 
like those of the adult. At the third moult the adult breast-feathers 
are attained. 

Hab. India, Ceylon, and the Iado-Burmese countries as far south 
as Tenasserim. 

a-cl <S ad. et <£ Eastern Xarra, Sind, Feb., Hume Coll. 
2 imm. sk. March, June (S. Doig). 

e. 2 ad. sk. Hvdrabad, Sind, June 12 Hume Coll. 
~{E. A. Butler). ^ 
f Ad.sk. Shadada, Khandeish, Xov. 17 Hume Coll. 

(J. Davidson). 
g-L 
d 2 ad.sk. Delhi, Aug. & Sept. (C. T. Hume Coll. 
Bingham), 

h. Ad. sk. Jhansi. 
Hume Cull. 
/, m. d ad. et $ Logtak Lake, Manipur, Mar. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. {A. 0. JET.). 

n. 2 ad. bk. Tounghoo7May(i?.6f. Ward lam Tweeddale Coll. 
Ramsay), 
o-q. Ad. sk. Low er Pegu, Sept. E. W. Gate*-, E-q. 

r. 
Imm. sk. 40 miks X. of Rangoon, Hume Coll. 
April 12. 
s. 
Imm.sk. Xear Itantroon. Hume ('u 11. 
t. 
S -vix ad. bk. K\aikto, Lower Burma, Feb. b Hume C< 11. 
(If. Davison), 
a. 2 iaiin. bk. Thatone, Sept. 16 (W. D.). Hume Cull. 
IT. Phalacrocorax sulcirostris. 

Carbo suleirwstri*, Brandt* Bull. Acad. St. Pftersh. iii. p. *"5l» 
(ls37); 
Ca&sin, U. #. E:ipl. Exped.^ Orn. p. 374 (lfco>) "Manna Bay, Xew 
Zealand] ; Fmsch, Xeu-Guin. p. Ifc3 (l^t>>) Vat«i~. 

Phalacrocorax sp., G. R. Gray, Lis-f of B. pt. iif. p. 1*J |1^44i 
[Murray Scrubs]. 
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, G. R. Gray, List of B. ^t. ill. p. lv» 
(1844); Gould, B.Ausir. vii. pi 67 (1&4N:"Dir/r/L Orn. Austr. 

p. 124, pi. (IfcTO); id. B. Amir. p. 120. pi. "(1^77); Stilmd 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 609 {1879) "E>f; Xorth, Rec. 
Amtr. Mus. ii. p. 38 (1892) "Norfolk L": EarUrt, Xor. ZooL 
iii. p. 508 (1*96) [Loinfaok], 
(1arbo purpuragula, "Peale, Zool. Erpl, Exped., Birds, p. 200 f 1848). 
(iraculns sulcirostris, Reickenb. JSatatores. pi. XXXT.S fiy%. 2.347-8 
(1850): G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 3G0 ]Batjan, Ambuina"; Schl 
Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 13 (1803); G. R. Grav, Hand-L B. 

iii. p. 129 (1871); Fmsch, J.f.O. 1872, p. 258; v. Pet. Zfca,1873, 
p. 124 ; Finsch, J.f O. 1874, pp. 174, 214 "North I., X. Zealand1; 
Zens, J.f 0.1877, p. 381 ]Ceram]; Rosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 324 
[Oeram], p. 373 [Am], p. 564 [Xew Guinea] (lS7fr-9). 
Halireu^ 
sulcirostris, Bonap. Lhmp. A v. ii. pT 178 (1853| : Rose/ib, 
Sat, Tijd^chr, Ned. Ind.xxv. p. 2oo (1863). 

1. PHALACKOCORAX. 
377 

Microcarbo stictocephalus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 178 (1855). 
Graculus stictoceplialus, G. R. Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 252; id. Hcmd-l. 

B. iii.p. 129 (1871); Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 203 
(1877); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 25 (1888) ; North, Nests $ 
Eggs Austr. B.y. 367 (1889). 
Phalacrocorax stictoceplialus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 495 

(1865) ; Rainsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 335 [Port Denison]; id. P. Z. S. 

1877, p. 348 B[N.E. Queensland]; Layard, Ibis, 1888, p. 492 

pe w Caledonia]. 

Graculus fuscicollis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 181 [part]. 

Garbo squamatus, Mus. Vindob. MS., fide v. Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 124. 

Microcarbo sulcirostris, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 365 (1874) ; id. Ann. 

Mus. Civ. Genov. x. p. 166 (1877) [Sorong]; id. Orn. Pap. iii. 

p. 408 (1882) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 403 (1883) 
[Halmahera, Ceram, Aru]; Everett, J. Str." B. As. Soc. Beng. 
no. xx. p. 188 (1889) [S. Borneo]. 
Pbalacrocorax 
purpuragula, Sharpe, Toy. Erebus $• Terror, Birds 
App. p. 34 (1875). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and underparts brownish black, with a dull oil-green 
gloss; upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars ash, each feather 
with a moderately wide black border ; a number of white plumules 
on each side of the head above the eye and scattered here and there 
on the neck; a small tuft of rather long, narrow white feathers behind 
the ear. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris deep green; bill 
lead-colour, with the culm en black, and the under mandible finely 
and irregularly lined with a darker shade of lead-colour; skin 
surrounding the eye and gular pouch brownish black, the latter 
strongly tinged with blue; legs and feet black. Total length about 
25 inches, culmen 1*6-1*8, wing 9*5-104, tail 4'7-5*5, tarsus 1*71*
8, outer toe and claw 2*9-3. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
white plumules on the head and neck are absent. 

Immature birds, apparently in the second year's plumage, differ 
from the adult in having the head, neck, and underparts brownish 
black, and the upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts deep brownish 
grey, less distinctly margined with brownish black. 

Hah. Coasts of Australia, ranging east to New Zealand, Norfolk 
Island, and New Caledonia, north to New Guinea, the Moluccas, 
Java, and South Borneo. 

a. 2 imm.sk. Batjan Island {A. R. W.). Wallace Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Old Coll. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
e. Vix ad. sk. North-west Australia. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
f, q. P imm. Fitzroy River. N.W. Australia, Capt. Bow\er Bower 
sk. Aug., Oct. (T. H. Boiuyer [P.]. 
Bower), 
h, 
i. Ad. et Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. 

h. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Mus. [P.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Port Jackson.PI 
Australian Mils. [P." 

m. Imm. sk. Murray Paver. Sir G. Grey [P." 
PHAL A CROCORACTD-E. 

18. Plialacrocorax vigna. 
PMaiague, Piso, Be India, etc. xvi. p. S3, fig. (1655). 
PMaiague Brasiliensium Pisoni, WUlughby, Orn. p. 252, pi. Ixii. 

(1676). 
? Le Puffin du Bresil, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 108 (1700). 
Fou brim, de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 76 [no. 974]. 
? Brasilian Petrel, Latham, Gen. Sijn. iii. pt. ii. p. 398 (1785). 
? Procellaria bvasiliana, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 564 (1788). 
Hydrocorax ^igua, Vieill. N. Diet. aVHist. Nat. viii. p. 90 (1817, 

ex Azara) [Paraguay]. 
Oarbo graculus, Temm. {nee Linn.) Man. oVOm. ii. p. 897 (1820), 

iv. p. mo (1840) ; Werner, Atl. Ok. dEur. Order 15, pi. 88 
[adult in breeding-plumage, good] (1828). 
Halieus brasilianus, Licht. Verz. JDoubl. p. 8(i (1823): Wied. Beitr. 

iv. p. 895 (1833) ; Srhomb. Faun. Brit. Guian. p. 764 ('l843) ; 
Burmeist. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, iii. entrega decimaquinta, 
p. 249 (leS8) [Patagonia]. 
Carbo brasilianus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 83, pi. cvi. (1825). 
Puifinus brasilianus, #/^7*. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii.pt. i. p. 228 (1826). 
Plialacrocorax niger, King, Zool. Jour. iv. p. 101 (1828) ."Straits of 


Magellan]. 
Halieus brasilianus, J. E. Gray, in Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 591 (1829). 
Carbo myhtacalis, Less. Traite d'Om. p. 604 (1831) [Brazil"; 

Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 628. 
Plialacrocorax graculus, Gould (nee Linn.), B. Eur. v. pi. 408 (1837) 
[adult in breeding-plumage]. 

Graculus brasilianus, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool i. p. 490 (1847); Peichenb. 
Natatores, pi. xxxiii. tigs. Sfel-882 (1850) ; Bonap.Consp. Av. p. 172 
(1855); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 22 (1863); Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 553 [Central Peru],- Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. vii. 

p. 24 (1877) [Chili]. 
Plialacrocorax brasiliensis, Eraser, P. Z. S. 18-13, p. 119 rBay of 
Valdivia] ; Sclat # Salvin, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 304 [E. Peru] { Oustal. 
Miss. Cap Horn, vi. Zool. p. B. 142 (1891). 

Plialacrocorax brazilianus, G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 185 
(1844). 
Graculus magellanicus, Peichenb. Naiatores, pi. xxxv.d tigs. 2742-3 

(1850). 
Halieus brasiliensis, Burnt. J.f.O. 1860, p. 267 [R. Parana1. 
? Plialacrocorax mexicanus, Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 315 {"Honduras"!. 
Graculus glaucus, Schl. (nee Peichenb.) Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. 

p. 17 (1863). 
Plialacrocorax 
brasilianus, Sclat. fy Salmi, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 
[Ooncbitas, Argentine Rep.], 1869, p. 601 [Peru] ; iid. Ibis, 1870, 

p. 
499 [Goods Bav, Str^ of Magellan]; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 219 [Castillo, Veragua]; Berlepsch, J.f.O. 1874, p. 282 [Sta. 
Catharina] ; Sclat. $ Salvin, P Z. S. 1876, p. 17 [Peru] ; Bumf. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 162 [Flores L, Buenos Ayres] ; id. Ibis, 1877, pp. 40, 
188, 1878, p. 398 [Patagonia]; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 745 
[W. Peru]; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 624 [Salta, Buenos Ayres]; 
Saloin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 427 [Peru] ; Nutt P. U.S. Nat Mus. vi. 
p. 378 (1883) [Nicaragua]; Baird, Brew. $ Ridyw. Water-B. N. 
Amer. ii. p. 156 (1884) ; Barrows, Aide, i. p. 270 (1884) [Uruguay]; 
Berlepsch 8r Ihering, Zeit. yes. Orn. ii. p. 173 (1885) [Rio Grande 
do Sul] ; Tacz. Orn. Peroit, iii. p. 429 (1886) ; Salvin, Ibis, 188(5, 
1. PJEALACE0C0R1X. 
379 

p. 16b [British Guiana]; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 28, 123; 
Sclater $ Hudson, Arg. Orn. ii. p. 91 (1889); Kerr, Ibis, 1891, 
p. 2i0 Tilcomayo], 1892, p. 144 [Parana, Paraguay] ; James, Neio 
List Chit. B. p. 8 (1892): Berlepsch $ Stokm. P. 2. 8. 1892, p. 399 
lPero_; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 308 [Aruba]; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, 
p. 19 i L riu-uay]; Lane, Ibis, 1897; p. 186 [Chili]. 
Giaculus brasiliensis, G. B. Gray, Kand-l B. ill p. 128 (1871). 
Phalacroeorax vigua, Bidgw. P. U.8. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 138 (1889). 
Phaiaerocorax sp., Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 168 [Santa Elena, 
Argentine Eep.; immature]. 

Adult hi breeding-plumage. Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and underparts deep gloosy black; upper back, wing-
coverts, and scapulars lanceolate, and of a deep ash-colour, narrowly 
margined with black; primaries brownish black ; secondaries more 
or less deep ashy; tail black. The naked skin on the throat is 
bordered hy a narrow white band which extends nearly or quite to 
the eye: a tuft of narrow decomposed white feathers on each side 
of the head aboye the ear; a line of small plumes of the same colour 
forming an irregular superciliary stripe commencing on tbe lores, 
and a few scattered white feathers and plumes on the neck. Tail 
composed of 12 feathers. 

Adult mah\ Total length about 30 inches, culm en 2-2, wing 11-3, 
tail tyit-7'2. tardus 2*1. 
Adult ft tnale. Total length about 28 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 
1<>%5, tail in moult Vr2, tarsus 2. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Sides and front of the head, 
neck, and chest rather browner than in the breeding bird; the 
white band bordering the bare throat absent, as well as the white 
plumes on the head and neck. 

" Iris dark blue 7? (E. W. White). BiH brownish horn-colour, 
darkest along the culmen ; naked gular skin dusky yellow. The 
adult at all seasons has the sides of both mandibles roughened, 
but most conspicuously so during the breeding-season. 

An immature example from Costa Rica has the top of the head 
and back of the neck dark brown, inclining to blackish on the back 
of the neck; back, wing-coverts, and scapulars lanceolate and mostly 
dark ashy edged with brownish ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts brownish black and somewhat glossed; feathers bordering 
the bare throat whitish, shading into pale brown on the neck and 
chest, and deeper brown on the breast and belly; quills and tail-
feathers blackish, pointed, and margined at the extremity with 
brownish white. 

In a quite young example (in first year's plumage) the upper parts 
are like those of the above but browner; the sides of the head, 
throat, and fore part of neck pure white; rest of underparts the 
same, but many of the feathers on the chest, sides, and flanks with 
pale brown middles. 

Adtdt birds from the Pacific coast of South America, especially 
those from the more southern parts such as Chili, appear to differ 
from typical examples of P. vigua m the following particulars;— 

PHALACRO COBACIDJE. 

380 

The tail in both sexes is distinctly shorter (in males about 6*5 
inches, in the females about 0); the ash-grey colour of the upper 
back, wing-coverts, and scapulars is somewhat paler, and contrasts 
more clearly with the black margins to the feathers. The two 
forms, however, appear to pass imperceptibly into one another, and 
with our limited series I am not prepared to consider the Pacific 
bird as even subspecifically distinct from P. vigua. 

Hob. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America and Central 
America as far west as Texas. 

Culm. Wing. Tail. 

a. 
J ad. sk. 1-9 1M (j-2 Chupat, Patas*onia, H.Durnford,Esq. 
Nov. 12. ° _ 
[P.]


b. Imm. sk. 1-75 10-6 6-2 Chupat, Patagonia, H.Dumford,E&q. 
c. $ imm. sk. 1-9 10*6 6-4 Santa Elena, A rgentine A. Holland, Esq. 
Rep., Sept. 15. [O.]. 
d. Imm. sk. 1-9 10-6 6-5 Buenos Ayres. H. St. Lpeker, 
Esq. [P.J. 
e. Vix ad. sk. 2*2 11-3 6*8 worn. Brazil. Dr. J. E. Grav 
[P.]f. 
$ ad. sk. Imper-11-3 0-9 Rio de Janeiro, Capt. W. II. 
feet. Brazil, Sept. Milner [P.]. 
<7-Ad. sk. 2-1 11-2 6-3 in Bahia, Brazil. Salvin-Godman 

Coll. 

moult. 

h. 2 vix ad. 1-9 10-5 6-1 in Bahia. M.Claussen[P.]. 
sk. 
moult. 

i. Ad. sk. 2-15 11-1 7-2 Para. R. Graham, Esq. 
[P.1. 
7c.Ad. sk. 2-15 11-1 6-8 Cayenne. H. Cf. Rothery, 
Esq. [P.]. 
L Imm. sk. 2-lo 10-6 6*1 worn. British Guiana (Schom-Zoological Soc. 

burgh). Coll. 

m. Imm. sk. 2-15 11*0 6*9 worn. [British Guiana.] Sir R. Sckoniburgk 
[P.]. 

n. Imm. sk. 2-2 11-0 7-0 Camacusa, Brit. GuiSalvin-
Godman 
ana, April 11 (JET. Coll. 
Whitely). 

0. Vix ad. sk. 1-9 10-1 7*0 worn. Fort Stockton, Texas Salvin-Godman 
(H. E. Dresser). Coll. 
P- 
S ad. sk. 2-05 10-7 7-0 Huamuchal, GuateSalvin-
Godman 
mala, Feb. (O. S.). Coll. 

q. 
$ ad. sk. 1-9 104 6-2 in Lake Peten, GuateSalvin-
Godman 
moult. mala, April (O.8.). Coll. 
r. Imm sk. 2-3 11-3 7-0 Costa Rica (Endres). Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
s. 
Juv. sk. 2-15 11-2 In moult. Costa Rica (Entires), Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
t. 
S imm. sk. 2-15 11-3 0-5 Castillo, Yeragua Salvin-Godman 
(Arce). Coll. 
u. Vix ad. sk. 2-1 11-5 0*2 very Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman 
worn. (C. Buckley). Coll. 
V. Vix ad. &k. 1-95 11-0 6'4 worn. Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman 
(C. Buckley). Coll. 
1 . PIHLACROCOBAX. 
381 

Culm. Wing. Tail. 

ir. d ad. sk. 1-7 11*5 54 worn. Laguna de Langui, 
Peru, Feb. 22 (J21 

Whitehj). 

J. vimm.sk. 1*95 10«7 
6'0 Paracas Bay, Peru, 
Oct. (Admiral A. 
k _ , -5". Markham). 

y. Ad. «k. 2-1 H-3 
6«4 Chili. 
r. 
^ ix ad. fck. 2-2 10*6 64 in Valparaiso. 
moult. 
a\ 
4 imm.sk 185 0*8 Yen worn Santiago, Chili (Ley& 
in moult. bold). 

h. 
iimm.pk. llio 104 5 8 Laraquete,Ghili,Aug. 
2 (A. A. Lane). ' 
c . ~ ad. ©k. 245 
114 m Corral, Chili, Oct. 13 
(-4.-4.Z<w?s). 
«?'. 2 ad. *k. 1-9 10-7 6-0 Corral, Chili, Oct. 8 
(-4. -4. Lane).
«'. Imm. ric. 2-05 10*8 04 in No locality, June. 

moult. 

/ . Skeleton. 
Upper Ucayali. 

//. !Sk**l**ton. Chili. 
>i'. Skull. Pilcomayo, Jan. 24. 


Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 

Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 

H. Brydgps [C.]. 
Capt.Brett[P.J. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Berkeley James 
Bequest. 
Berkeley James 
Bequest. 
Berkeley James 
Bequest. 
Earl of Derby 
[P.]. 

E. Bartlett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Purchased. 

A. 
Busk, E&q. 
[P]. 
Siibsp. a. Phalacrocorax mexicanns. 

C'arbo mexicanus, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 56 (1837) 
[Mexico], 
Phalacrocorax graculus, I)1 Orb. {nee Linn.) in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 
Area, p. 305 (1839) [part, Cuba]. 

Phalacrocorax resplendens,£e«&?;/e (nee And.) Av.Cuba,]*. 119 (1850). 

Phaiacrocoiax townsendi,Lembeye (necAud.) Av. Cuba,^. 120 (1850). 

(iraculus mexicanns, Bonap. Ccmsp. Av. p. 173 (1855) * Baird, B. N. 
Amer. p. 879 (I860); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 45 [S. Texas]; 

G. It Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 128 (1871); 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. 
p. 303 (1872); id. B. N.-W. 
p. 588 (1874); Gundl J.f.O. 1875, 
p. 401 [Cuba]; Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat Mus. no. ir. p. 50 (1876) 
[Tehnantepec]; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878) 
[Texas]; Ridyw. Bull Mutt Orn. G v. p. 31 (1880) [Illinois]; 
Snow, B. Kansas, p. 13 (1875) [near Lawrence, Kansas]. 
Phaiacroeorax mexicanns, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 20~7 [Jalapa]; 
Moore, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 65 [Lake of Peten]; Sclat. <J-Satmn, Ibis, 
1859, p. 233 [Lake of Peten J ; Nutt P. U.S. Nat Mus. vi. p. 396 
(1883) [Nicaragua] ,* Cones, Key N Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 728 (1884) * 
Baird, Brew. $* Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. loo, fig. (488*); 
Ridyw. Man. N. A. B. p. 79 (1887); Cory, Auk, v. p. 71 (1888) 
[Cuba]; id, B. W. hid. p. 272 (1889) [( uba]; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 
p.870lCozumen ; Cory, Cat. B. W. Lid. p. 85 (lb92) j A. O. U. 
CkeckX 2nd ed.p. 43 (1895). 

Phalacrocorax lacustris, Gundl MS., fide Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 879 
(1860). 
Graculus •floridanus, Schl (nee Aud.) Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. 

p. 23 (1863). 
Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus, Ridgxo. P. U.S. Nat Mus. xii. 
p. 130 (1889). 
382 
PHALACROCORACIDJC. 

Adult in breeding-plumage [October-December]. Very similar 
to P. vigua, but altogether smaller. Iris green; gular sac 
orange. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage [March]. The sides of the head, 
neck, and chest brown ; the white band bordering the bare throat 
absent, as likewise the long decomposed white feathers forming the 
ear-tufts. The tiny white plumules are, however, still present. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. 

Adult male. Total length about 28 inches, culmen 1-75-1*85, 
wing 10-5, tail 6*4, tarsus 1*95. 
Adult female. Total length about 26 inches, culmen 1*05-1*7, 
wing 10, tail Q-8-6'3, tarsus 1*8. 

Immature birds. Ptesemble the young of P. vigua of the same 
age. Iris green ; bill dark fleshy, culmen and upper part of lower 
mandible dusky ; gular sac brownish ; feet deep black (Sumichrast). 

Bab. Gulf of Mexico ; Texas, West Mexico, and Central America 
as far east as Nicaragua ; Cozumel Island, Cuba, and San Salvador. 

Culm. Wing. Tail. 

a. 
c? vixad.sk. 1-65 10*5 &4 Brownsville, Texas, Salvin-Godman 
March 21 (F. R CoU. 
Armstrong). 
b. 
(5 vix ad. 1-75 10-3 6*45 Brownsville, Texas, Salvin-Godman 
sk. March 21 (F.B.A.). Coll. 
c. 
5 imm. sk. 1*75 9*5 5*5 in Brownsville, Texa-, Salvin-Godman 
moult. March 21 (F.B.A.), _ Coll. 
d. 
J vix ad. 1*6 10-0 5-9 Aransas Bav, Texas, Salvin-Godman 
sk. June 2 (P. B. A.). Coll. 
e. 
<$ ad. sk. 1*75 10*1 0*2 in Corpus ChrLti, Salvin-Godman 
moult. Texas, Oct 6 (F. Coll. 
B. A.). 
P $ ad. sk. 1*7 9*8 5*8 Corpus Christi, Sah in-Godiiiaii 
Texas, Oct. 18 (F. Coll. 

B. A.). 
9- 
$ ad. sk. 1-75 10*5 G'45 Corpus Christ!, Sal v in- Godman 
Texas, Dec. 14 (F. Cull. 
JB.A.). 

h. 
<$ ad. sk. 1-7 10-4 o-8 very Corpus Chiisti, Salvin-Godman 
worn. Texas, Dec. 23 (F. Coll. 
B. A.). 
i. 
2 imm. sk. 1*8 0*5 0*5 in Valles, San Luis Po~ Salvin-G odman 
moult. 
tosi, May (W. B. Coll. 
Bichardson). 

k. 
tf imm. sk. 1-75 10-2 <H5 Tampico, E. Mexico, Salvin-Godman 
June ( W. B. JR.). Coll. 
1. <$ vix ad. sk. 1-65 9-7 6'1 worn. Presidio,Mexico,Jan. Salvin-Godman 
2 {A. Forrer). _t Coll. 
7)1. 2 vix ad. 1*7 9-6 6*3 Presidio,Mexico,Feh. Salvin-Godman 
ski 1(A.F.). CoU. 

n. 
5 ad. sk. 1-65 10-0 6*0 Santana, nr. GuadSalvin-
Godman 
alajara, Jalisco, vV. Coll. 
Mexico, April % 
{W.Lloyd). 
Culm. 
1-85 

1-85 

17 

1-75 

1-75 

17 

1-85 

1-8 

175 

17 

1-65 

Wing. 
10-1 

10-0 
9-5 
9-9 
9-5 
9-8 
9-9

10-1 
97 
9-5 
97 

1 . PHALACROCORAX. 
Tail. 

6-2 Chapala, Jalisco, 
Mexico, Aug. 26 
(W.B.R). 

5-9 Chiapam, Guatemala, 
Jan. (O. £.). 
5-5 Chiapam, Guatemala, 
Jan. (O. &). 
5*45 in Duenas, Guatemala, 
moult. (0. S.). 
5-85 Duenas, Guatemala, 
Sept. (0, &). 

6-0 Lake Peten, Guatemala, 
April (0. &). 
5-9 Cozumel 1., Yucatan 

(G. F. Gaumer). 
6-4 in Cozumel I., Yucatan 
moult. ' [G. F. G.). 
5-9 Cozumel I., Yucatan 
((?. F. G.). 
5-6 Cozumel I., Yucatan 

(G. F. G.). 
5-6 Cozumel I., Yucatan 
(G.F. G.). 
^^r 

Fig. 3.—P. carunculattis. 

383 

Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 

Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 

r.
s.
t.
«.

v.
w.
.r.

y.
o. £ ad. sk. 
p. J ad. sk. 
q. Imm. sk. 
Imm. sk. 
Imm. sk. 
Vix ad. sk. 

 Ad. sk. 
Ad.sk. 
Vix ad. sk. 
Vix ad. sk. 
Vix ad. sk. 

Fig. 4.—P. atriceps. 

38 4 
PffALACROCOfiACID-E. 

10. Phalacrocorax cariHLCulatus. (Pig. 3, p. 383.) 
Caruneulated Shag, 
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 003 (1785) [part, 
Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand]; id. Gen. Hist B. x. 

p. 429 (1824). 
Peleeanus carunculatus, Gmel S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 576 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 880 (1790); Bonn at. Tail. Encycl. Metk. i. p. 50 
(1790); Dumont in Levraitlfs Diet Sei. Xat. x. p. 453 (lbl8) ; 
Forst. Icon. ined. pi. 104 ; id. Descr. Anim. p. 102 (1844). 

Hydrocorax carunculatus, 
VieilL X. Diet, d Hist. Xat. viii p 84 
'(1817). 
Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Steph. hi Skate's Gen. Zool. xili pt i 

p. 94 (182d); Butler, Tr. X. Zeal. Inst ix. p. 338, pL xv.' hg. 2 
(1877) [Queen Charlotte Sound]; id. Man. B. X. Zml. p. 03 (lEs2i 
[nee local]; id. B. X. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 155 {1888) ~pai*t, Xew 
Zealand] ; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 303 [nee 3. America"*. " 
Carbo purpurascens, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St.Petersb. iii [p. 50(1837). 
Graculus cirrhattis, G. B. Gray {nee Gmel), Ibis, 1^62, p. 2*51. 
Graculus carunculatus, Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, pp. 174, 213 r"part"\ 
Phalacrocorax cirrhatus, Huttoa (nee GmeL), Tr. Z. Zeal Inst xi 

p. 336 (1879) [part]. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage (Feb.). Top of the head? sides of 
the throat, sides and back of the neck black glossed with dull metallic 
bluish green ; interscapular region and greater part of scapulars and 
wings glossed with oil-green; lower bapk, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dark metallic bluish green ; quills and tail-feathers black; a 
wide alar bar, formed by the inner median wing-coverts, and a 
dorsal patch white; some of the outer scapulars also white and 
forming a white band; middle of the throat and fore neck and rest 
of underparts pure white; the white feathers on the throat 
extending in a narrow band for a considerable distance along the 
middle of the bare inter-ramal skin. Xo trace of a crest on the 
top of the head; nasal caruncles well-developed. Tail composed of 
12 feathers. Total length about 30 inches, caimen from feathers on 

forehead to tip 2-55, depth to cutting-edge 0*5, wing 12-3, tail 
5-3, tarsus 2-6, outermost toe and claw 4-7. TMm. BothscIiiMCook's 
Straits, 4 Feb., 1895.] 

Adult female (a less mature specimen than the above). Similar in 
plumage, but the alar band is imperfectly developed and much 
narrower; the dorsal patch is also less developed, and none of the 
outer scapulars show a trace of white. Xo trace of a crest, but the 
nasal wattles are well-developed. Dimensions similar to the above 
[_Mus. Rothschild: Cook's Straits, 4 Feb., 1895.] 

" Nasal caruncles red; naked space round the eye bluish parole feet 
yellowish brown" (Buller). 1 F ' 
Immatvreferrtale. Has all the dark parte of the plumage brown 
slightly glossed with green, especially on the, lower back and mam the 
wing-coverts and scapulars paler brown and with whitish 
margins; the white underparts are like those of the adult Masai 
caruncles imperceptible; the oilmen is even longer than that of 
either the male or female adult^length 2-7 inches, depth to cutting-
edge 0-45. [Mus. Rothschild: Cook's Straits, 4 Feb 1895 1 
Hal. Queen Charlotte Bound, New Zealand. * 

1. PHALACEOCOEAX. 
385 

20. Phalacrocorax onslowi 
(Iraculus 
earunculatus, Button (nee Gmel), Ibis, 1872, p. 249 
[Chatham Is.] ; Travers, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 221 (1873) [Pitt I.]. 
Phalacrocorax earunculatus, Button (nee Gmel), Tr. N. Zeal Inst. 

v. p. 224 (1873); Buller, B. N. Zeal p. 332, pi. left-hand 
fig. (1873) [necsyn/j; id. Tr. N. Zeal hist. ix. p. 338, pi. xv. fig. 1 
(1877) rchatham Is.]; id. Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 93, pi. xxiv.fiff.1 
(1882) [descrip. & pi. only]. 
Phalacrocorax cirrhatus. Butter (nee Ghwl), Man.B. N. Zeal p. 93 
(18*2) > c local.]. 
Phalacrocorax onslowi, Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 533 ["Chatham I«-1 J 
Buller, Tr. X Zeal I^c.xxvii. p. 129 (1895). 
Phalacrocorax rothschildi, Forbes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 635-537, 540 
"Chatham Is.]. 
Phalacrocorax imperialis, Buller (nee King), B. N. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. 

p. 153, pL xxxviii. fig. 2 (1888/ [Chatham Is.]. 
Adult in breeding-plumage (March). Differs from P. earunculatus 
in its much smaller size and in possessing a well-developed 
crest; back of the head and neck glossed with purplish or steel-blue; 
lower back and rump similarly coloured. Nasal wattles well-
developed. The alar bar is always, and the dorsal patch generally 
well-developed, and in the most adult examples some at least of 
the outer scapulars are white. Tail composed of 12 feathers. 
tl Caruncles at base of bill yellow ; skin round eye blue, between 
eye and mouth orange ; legs scarlet1J (Buller). Total length about 
25 Inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 2*15, depth to 
cutting-edge at nostril 0*35, wing 10*4, tail 4-5, tarsus 2-55, outermost 
toe and claw 3*9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but without 
a crest. 

Immature. Differs from the adult in having the dark parts of the 
plumage brown, darkest on the back, scapulars, and rump, which are 
slightly glossed with green, and palest on the wing-coverts and 
outer scapulars, which are edged with white. \_Mus. Rothschild.] 

Hab. Chatham Islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk Chatham Islands. Dr. H.O. Forbes [0.]. 
(Types of P. rothsckildi, 
Forbes.) 

21. Phalacrocorax stewarti. (Plate Y. A.) 
? Tufted Shag, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 606 ( 785) [Queen 

Charlotte Sound, New Zealand]; id. Gen. Mist B. x. p. 431 (1824). 

? Pelecanus cirrhatus, Gmel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 576 (1788) [14 tail-

feathers *] ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 890 (1790); Bonnat Tabl. Encyel. 

Mith. i. p. 49 (1790). 

Hydrocorax cirratus, Vieill N. Diet, d'fflst. Nat. viii. p. 84 (1817). 
Pelecanus cirratus, Dumont in Levraulfs Diet Sat. Nat. x. p. 453 
(1818). 

* This is doubtless an error. 
VOL. XXVI. 

386 PHALACBOCOKACIDJE. 

Phalacroeorax cirrkatus, Steph. in. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 95 
(1826). 
Phalacroeorax cariinciilatus, Buller, B. N. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 155 
(1888) [part: south of South Island, N. Zealand]. 
Phalacroeorax colensoi, Butter, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. ICO (1888) 
[part: The Bluff, Southland, New Zealand]. 

Adult in full breeding-plumage. Much like P. onslowi in plumage, 
but the neck is somewhat greener• a -well-developed crest, -white 
alar bar, and dorsal patch are present, but there is no trace of nasal 
tuattles, the lores being thinly feathered; behind and above the 
eye a thin patch of white hair-like feathers. Tail composed of 12 
feathers. Eyelid light blue ; naked skin on lores and sides of face 
very dark blue; a row of small red warts between the culmen and 
the eye; naked skin at base of lower mandible and gular pouch 
arterial red. Total length about 29 inches, culmen from feathers on 
forehead to tip 2*4, depth to cutting-edge 0-35, wing 11*6-11*7, tail 
5*1-5*3, tarsus 2*8, outermost toe and claw 4*3. 

Although the bill is nearly as long as that of P. carunculatus, it 
is not nearly so stout. 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but without 
a crest. 

Immature. Yery similar to the immature of P. onslowi. In a 
bird apparently changing to the adult plumage the white alar bar 
is strongly developed. 

Bab. Stewart Island and South Island, ~New Zealand. 

a-c. $
ad. e 
ad., vixt imm. sk. 
The Bluff, Southland, New Zealand, 
Feb. 
BaronA.Yonlliurel 
[P.], (Types of 
the species.) 
22. Phalacroeorax colensoi. 

Phalacroeorax colensoi, Buller, B. N. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 160 (1888) 
[AucklandI. only]; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 538, 539, 540-Buller, 
Ibis, 1895, p. 39 I id. Tr. K. Z. Inst xxvii. p. 129 (1895). 

Adidt in full breeding-plumage. Yery similar in general appearance 
to P. onslowi, having a well-developed crest, but as in P. stewarti 
the nasal wattles are entirely absent. The alar bar is generally less 
defined and there is never any trace of the white dorsal patch * the 
white band down the fore-neck, which unites the throat and chest, 
is much narrower, the dark sides of the neck being only narrowTly 
divided from one another. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Total 
length about 25 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 
2*05, depth to cutting-edge 0*25, wing 106-10*9, tail 5, tarsus 2*35, 
outermost toe and claw 3*07. 

An immature bird has the white alar bars entirely wanting. 

Bab. Auckland Island. 

a. Imm. sk. [Auckland Island.] L. W. Milles, Esq. 
b. $ ad. sk. Auckland Island, March. Hon. W. Rothschild 
[E.]. 

1 . PHALACK0C0EAX. 387 
23. Phalacrocorax campMli. 
PMacrocorax magellanicus, Hution (nee Gmel), Tr. N. Zeal Inst. 
xi. p. 838 (1879) [Campbell 1.1; Buller, Man. B. N. Zeal p. 94 
(1882). 
Phalacrocorax nycthemerus, Cab. fide Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 177 
(1855) rdescrip. null.] ; Eutton, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 357 
(1870); Bidler, Man. B. 2s. Zeal p. 96 (1882) [Macquarie Is. !]; 
id. B. X Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 167 (1888) [ Campbell I.]. 
Urile campbelli, Filhol, Bull Soc. PHlom (2) ii. p. 132 (1878) 
[Campbell I.]. 
Phalacrocorax campbelli, Filhol, Mem. Pass. Venus a Vile Campbell, 

iii. pt. ii. p. 55 (1885). 
Adidi in breeding-plumage. Differs from P. colensoi in having 
the fore-neck entirely black, the white on the chin and throat 
forming an isolated patch; as in P. colensoi, there is a well-
developed crest, the nasal caruncles are absent, the white alar bar 
narrower, and the white dorsal patch is entirely wanting. There 
are a number of hair-like white feathers forming a thin patch above 
the eye and scattered over the head and neck. Tail composed of 
12 feathers. Total length about 25 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 2*1, depth to cutting-edge 0*25, wing 10*5, tail 
4*i), tarsus 2*4, outermost toe and claw 3*6. 

Naked skin in front of the eye blue with crimson dots ; feet fleshcolour 
(Hnttoti). Bill blackish brown, yellowish towards the gape; 
feet dark brown (Buller). 

Immature Urds have the dark parts of the plumage mostly dark 
brown slightly glossed with green, the white throat-patch being as 
widely separated from the breast as in the adult. [Mus. Rothschild.'] 

Hub. Campbell Island. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Campbell Island, July. Hon. W. Rothschild 
24. Phalacrocorax bougainvillii. 
Carbo bougainvillii, Lesson, Toy. Thetis et de L1Fsp6randeyu. p. 331 

(1837) [Chili]. 

Carbo albigula, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersh. iii. p. 57 (6th Oct., 

1837) [Chili! 

Halia^us albigula, Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Orn. p. 313 (1845). 

Phalacrocorax albigula, G. B. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 187 (1844) 

[Valparaiso]. 
Graculus bougainvillii, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. i. p. 491 (1847); 

Q. R. Graif, Hand4. B. iii. p. 128 (1871); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, 
p. 554 [Chorillos, Central Peru]. 
Graculus albigula, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxxii.bfigs. 2309-10 (1850). 
Urile bougainvillii, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 176 (1855). 
Carbo atriceps, Cassin (nee King), U.S. JELrpl Fuped., Orn. p. 3/1 
Phalacrocorax bougainvillei, Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 430 (1886)  
Berlepsck &. Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 399 [Peru]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Top of the head and crest dark oil-
green rest of the head and neck black glossed with dark steel-blue ; 

8 ' 2 c 2 

388 
PHALACEOCOEACIDiE. 

middle of the interscapular region, lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and thighs glossed with dark bluish green; sides of the 
upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars dull bronze-green, with 
narrow margins of darker greenish blue; chin and throat, base of 
fore-neck, and rest of underparts pure white; a patch of white 
plumes above the eye and scattered here and there on the neck ; 
quills and tail-feathers brownish black. Tail composed of 12 
feathers. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2*85-2'9, depth to 
cutting-edge 0*35, wing 11-4-11-8, tail 4*3-4-5, tarsus 2-55-2-66, 
outermost toe and claw 3*7-4. 

Vios adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but 
the head and neck with a dull greenish gloss, much the same as 
that on the lower back and rump ; sides of the back, wing-coverts, 
and scapulars of a more brownish bronze, and with much less 
gloss, the darker margins being also much less conspicuous. 

Hah. Pacific coast of South America; Peru and Chili. 

a. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. Mr. A. Bartlett rE.~j. 
b. Vix ad. sk. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett & Capt. 
Fitzroy, B.N. [P.]. 
25. Phalacrocorax magellanicus. 
Magellanic Shag, Lath. Gen. Sy?i. iii. pt. ii. p. 604 (1785) ; id. Gen. 
Hist. B. x. p. 430 (1824). 

Pelecanus magellanicus, Gmel. S. N i. pt. ii. p. 576 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 889 (1790); Bonnat. Tall. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 51 
(1790) • Forst. Icon. ined. pi. 105. 

Hydrocorax 
magellanicus, Yieill. N. Diet, d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 87 
(1817). 
Hydrocorax leucorraster, Vteill. N. Diet. d'Hist. JSat. viii. p. 90 
(1817) [Russia!]. 
Phalacrocorax magellanicus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiiL pt. i. 

p. 89 (1826) ; G. JS. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 186 (1844); Jacq. £ 
Pucker. Voy. Bole Sud, iii. p. 128 (1853); Sclater, P. Z. S. Ifc60, 
p. 391; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 167 [Falkland Is.]-7 Sclat. fy Salcin, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 499 [Port Churruca]; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 
[Straits of Magellan]; Oustal. Miss. Cap Horn, vi. Zool. p. B. 
150 [part] (1891). 
Phalacrocorax sarmientonus, King, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 30 [Straits of 
Magellan]. 
Phalacrocorax erytkrops, King, P. Z S. 1831, p. 30 [Straits of 

Magellan]. 
Carbo leucotis, Cuv., Lesson, TraitediOm.^. 604 (1831) [Falkland Is.]. 
Cormoran magellanique, Hombr. §• Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atl. Ois. 

pi. 31 bis (1842-53). 

Graculus magellanicus, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. i. p. 492 (1847); Schl, 
Mm. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 21 (1863) [nee " d "]; G. R. Gray, 
Hand4. B. iii. p. 128 (1871). 

Graculus sarmientonus, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. i. p. 490 (1847). 
Urile magellanicus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii p. 177 (1855) j Bidgio. P. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xii. p. 139 (1889) [San Martin I.]. 
Phalacrocorax mentalis, Temm., Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 175 (1855) 
[juv. only]. 

1. PHALACROCORAX. 
Carbo magellanicus, Cassin, U.S. Expl. Evped., Orn. p. 370 (18-58). 
Graculus penicillatus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec, p. 18 (1863) 
ijartj no. IK 

Adult in full breeding-plumage. Entire head and neck black, with 
dark steel-Mae gloss ; interscapular region and wings dull oil-green, 
each feather indistinctly and narrowly margined with darker colour; 
lower back, rump, upper and under tail-coverts, flanks, and thighs 
black glossed with dark steel-blue, and thickly interspersed with 
long narrow white feathers ; similar feathers are sparsely scattered 
over the head, neck, and upper parts ; a small white patch on the 
ear-coverts; chest and rest of underparts white; quills and tail-
feathers brownish black. The crest, which is well-developed, is 
probably retained for a short period only, being apparently shed 
before the scattered white filaments make their appearance among 
the plumage of the upper parts. Xasal caruncles not very marked ; 
naked skin on the sides of the throat carunculated. Tail composed 
of 12 feathers. Total length about 26 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 1*8-2 3, depth to cutting-edge 0*3, wing 9*610*
0, tail 5*1-6, tarsus 2-2*3-. outermost toe and claw 3*7. 

Adult in wiiii"r pluiiinge. Chin, throat, and fore-neck white like 
the rest of the underparts. 
Iris reddish brown; lids and wattled skin on throat of a blood-red 
colour; legs and feet yellow. 

A number of specimens show every intermediate stage between 
the particoloured neck with tbe fore part white and the entirely 
Mack neck* In all these specimens the white feathers are apparently 
being east and replaced by black ones. In several examples the 
whole neck is entirely black, with only the chin and throat white ; 
some specimens in this plumage have the long white feathers 
characteristic of the breeding-season. 

An immature male has the entire head, neck, and chest as well as 
the upper parts brownish black with some greenish gloss, especially 
on the lower back; only the inter-ramal band of feathers on the 
throat white, as well as a number of tiny plume-like white feathers 
scattered about the head and neck; the breast and belly lighter 
brown than the chest and mixed here and there with white 
feathers. 

A more mature bird has the plumage similar to the Above, but all 
the feathers of the breast and rest of underparts are white with 
brown extremities, giving these parts a mottled appearance. 

A still older bird has the plumage very similar to the above, but 
with rather more greenish gloss on the upper parts, and the underparts 
below the breast pure white, with only a few scattered feathers 
with brown tips. 

Hob. Southern coasts of South America, and Falkland Islands. 

a-c. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood, R.N. [P.]. 
d e. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Tweeddale Coll. 
fl Ad. sk.
g. Vix ad. sk. 
Berkeley Sound, Falkland 
Berkeley Sound, April(P. MeCormick). 
Is. 
19 
Antarctic Exped. 
McCormick Bequest. 

PHALACROCORACID.E. 

h, <$ imm. sk. Staten I., Tierra del Fuego. M. Symonds Clarke, 
Esq.'[P.]. 

i. 
Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan (Capt. The Admiralty [P.l. 
P. P. King). (Type of P. eryihrops, Kino-.) 
Jc. Imni. sk. Straits of Magellan {Capt. The Admiralty [P.]. 
P. P. King). ' 
/. $ ad. sk. Trinidad Channel, Straits of Dr. Coppinger [P.], 
Magellan, Feb. 27. 

m. 
<$ imm. sk. Port Tamar, Straits of Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Magellan, March 27. 
w. 
Sternum and Staten Land. M. Symonds Clarke, 
pectoral girdle. Esq! T.] . 
o. 
Head in Falkland Islands. i Challenger' Exped. 
spirits. 
26. Phalacrocorax atriceps. (Fig. 4, p. 383, &fig. 5, p. 391.) 
Phalacrocorax atriceps, King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 102 (1828) [Straits 
of Magellan]. 

Phalacrocorax imperialis, King, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 30 [Straits of 
Magellan]; Selat. § Salvin, P. Z. S. 1878, p. (\6'I [Me>sier 
Channel]; iid. Yoy. Chall, Zool pt. viii. p. 120, pi. xxv. fig. 1 
(1880); Sharpe, RZ. S. 1881, p. 11 [Tom Bay, Magellan" ; Forbes, 
Ibis, 1893, pp. 534-537, 541. 

Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Gould, Zool. Toy. Beagle, pt. iii. Birds, 

p. 145 (1841) [Port St. Julian] ; Mat. $ Salvin,'Ibis; 1869, p. 284 
[Sta. Magdalena], 1870, pp. 499, 500, 504 [Port Chronica]; Hut-
ton, Tr. N. Zeal Inst xi. pp. 332-337 (1S79) [part]; Ousted. 
Miss. Cap Horn, yi. Zool p. B. 144 [part], pi. yi. fig. in hack-
ground] (1891). 
Phalacrocorax cirrhatus, G. It. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 180 
[spec, a] (1844); Mat. § Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 [Straits of 
Magellan]. 

Graculus cirrhatus, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool i. p. 490 (1847). 

Hypoleucus cirrhatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 174 (1855). 

Urile carunculatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 176 (1855). 

Graculus elegans, Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. xxiy. p. 305 (1858) 

[Chili]. 

Graculus carunculatus, Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, yi. Pelec. p. 20 (1863) 
[part]; G. JR. Gray, Hand-1. B.iil p. 128 (1871) [part]. 

Halieus atriceps, Burmeisi. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ay res, iii. entrega 
decimaquinta, p. 249 (1888) [Magellan], 

Adult in breeding-phimage. Very similar to P. albivenier and 

P. verrucosus, but easily distinguished by the different disposition 
of the black and white on the head and neck; in the two former the 
ear is situated in the middle of the black plumage, but in the present 
species the opening is in the middle of the white plumage : the black 
plumage commences behind the eye, passes along the sides of the 
crown and down the back of the neck in a much narrower band ; 
the crest and wattles appear to be less developed than in P. cdbiventer, 
and, in the most adult specimens, in addition to the white alar 
bar there is a large dorsal patch of the same colour. Tail composed 
of 12 feathers. Iris brown; naked skin round the eyes bright 
Prench blue; nasal caruncles saffron mixed with gamboge-yellow ; 
1 . PHALACBOCOEAX. 
391 

Fig. 5.—P. atriceps, 

Fig. 6.—P. verrucosus. 

Fig. 7.—P. albiventer. 

PHALA.CR0C0EACTD2E. 

392 

marks between the eye and angle of the gape orange; legs and 
feet scarlet (Darwin). Total length about 29 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead to tip 2*4, depth to cutting-edge 0*4, wing 11*3, 
tail 5*2, tarsus 2-65, outermost toe and claw 4*1. 

In younger examples the dorsal patch is less developed or absent. 

There is a nearly adult specimen from South Georgia in the 
Eothschild Museum which appears to belong to this species; the bill 
is, however, considerably shorter. In this specimen the alar bar 
is present, but there is no trace of a white dorsal patch ; a fairly 
long crest is making its appearance, while above and behind the eye 
there are a few white scattered hair-like feathers, indicating that 
the bird is in breeding-plumage. The South Georgia bird may prove 
to be a distinct form, but without more material it is impossible to 
form an opinion. Total length about 29 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 2, depth to cutting-edge 0 35, wing 11*2, tail 5, 
tarsus 2-5, outermost toe and claw 4. 

Hah. South-west coast of South America. ? South Georgia. 

a. c? vix ad. sk. Dorral, Chili (Weishaupt). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. 
<3 ad. sk. Island of Chiloe, Dec-Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{Meed). 
c. 
$ ad. sk. Hale Cove Harbour, Mes-l Challenger' Exped. 
sier Channel, Jan. 2. 
d. Imm.sk. Straits of Magellan (Capt. The Admiralty [P.]. 
P. P. King). 
e. Skull. Straits of Magellan. • Challenger' Exped. 
/. Skeleton Chili. Purchased, 
(mounted). 

27. Phalacrocorax albiventer. (Pig. 7, p. 391.) 
Carbo albiventer, Lesson, TraitetfOm. p. 604 (1831) [Falkland Is.] ; 
Puchetrm, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 627. 
Phalacrocorax cirrliatus, G. P. Gray (nee Gmel.), List of B. pt. iii. 

p. 186 (1844) [specs, b, c, ij. 
Graculus cirrhatus, G. R. Gray, Voy. Erebus §* Terror-, Birds, p. 19 
(1845). 
Graculus albiventer, Gay, Hist Chili, Zool. i. p. 491 (1847). 
Urile purpur&«cens, Bonap Consp. Av. p. 177 (1855) 
Pkalacrocorax carunculalus, Sclater (nee Gmel.), P. Z. S. 1860, 

p. 391; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166 [Falkland Is.]; Oustal Miss, 
Cap Horn, vi. p. B. 144 [part], pi. vi [front figure only] (1891). 
Phalacrocorax albiventris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 [eggs]: 
Sclater fy Salv. Voy. Chall, Zool. pt. viii. p. 157. pi. xxv. %. 2 
(1880) * Forbes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 535, 540. 

Halieus verrucosus, Burmeist. (nee Cab.) An. Mus. Nae. Buenos 
Ayres, iii. entrega de'eimaquinta, p. 249 (1888) [Patagonia]. 
Urile albiventer, Ridgw. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 139 (1889) [San 
Martin I.]. L 

Adult in full breeding-plumage. Yery similar in general appearance 
to P. onslowi, but the white band of feathers on the infcer-rama! 
region scarcely extends beyond a vertical line drawn from the angle 
of the gape, and the purple-black of the sides of the head commences 
almost in a line with the commissure of the bill, whereas in P. ons


1 . PHALACROCORAX. 
393 

hwi it commences much nearer the median line of the throat. There 
is a well-developed crest, which generally appears to have a tendency 
to curl forward, a thin patch of white hair-like feathers above and 
behind the eye. Nasal caruncles well-developed, white alar bar 
moderately so, and the white dorsal patch is always wanting. Tail 
composed of 12 feathers. Total length about 27 inches, culmen 
from feathers on forehead to tip 2*3, depth to cutting-edge 0*35, 
wing 11-3, tail 5*3, tarsus 2-5, outermost toe and claw 4. 

One example, with a fairly well-developed crest and nasal 
caruncles, has no trace of the white alar bar; apparently this 
specimen, though mature, is not a very old bird. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
crest and the patch of white feathers behind the eye are absent, 
and the plumage of the upper parts less brilliant. 

Hah. Extreme south of South America and Falkland Islands. 

a, L Ad. et vix Falkland Islands (Leeonte). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. bk. 
c. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Tweeddale Coll. 
d, e. Ad. sk. et Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped. 
st, 
/ . 3 ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Berkeley Sound, E.
Falklands, Aug. 3 (It 
McCormiek) 
Port St. Julian, Patagonia. 
McCormiek Bequest. 
Sir W. Burnett & 
h. § im*£- sk. Tom Bay, Straits of MaCapt.
Fitzroy, E.N. 
[P.]. 
Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 

gellan, April 4. 

28. Phalacrocorax verrucosus. (Fig. 6, p. 391.) 
Phalacrocorax eirrhatus, G. H. Gray (nee Gmel), List of B. pt. iii. 
p. 18(5 (1844) [specs, d-h]. 
Graculus 
carunculatus, Corns <§• Kidder (nee Gmel), Bull U.S. 
Mat. Mus. ii. p. 7 (1875), iii. p. 8 (1876) [Kerguelen]; SchL Mus. 
Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 20 (1863) [part]; ?Fmscli, J. f. Os1870, 

p. 375 [Crozette Is.]. ^ > 
Halieus (Hypoleucus) verrucosus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1875, p. -540/1876, 
pi. i. fig. 1 [Kerguelen]. 
Phalacrocorax verrucosus, Selater Sf Salvin, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 652 
[Betsy Cove, Kerguelen]; Selater, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 [eggs] 
Sharpe, Phil Tram, extra vol. 168. p. 149 (1879) [Kerguelen] 
Selat. |< Salv. Voy. Chall, Zool. pt. viii. p. 122, pi. xxvi. (1880), 
Studer, Forschungsr. < Gazette? iii. p. 103, pi. 15 (1889); Forbes, 
Ibis, 1893, pp. 535, 540. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Practically similar to P. albiventer, 
but the black on the sides of the head is continued downwards in a 
narrow band which runs between the white throat and the naked 
skin and extends halfway towards the middle line of the throat. 
]STone of the specimens shows any trace of a white alar bar. The 
bird described appears to be fully adult and in the most complete 
breeding-plumage. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Total length 

PHALACKOCOEACID-E. 

about 27 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 2*1, depth 
to cutting-edge 0*4, wing 10*6, tail 5, tarsus 2-35, outermost toe 
and claw 4. 

Two specimens obtained on the 13th of January during the 
voyage of H.M.S. 'Challenger,' though apparently fully adult, 
show no trace of a crest, but a careful examination shows that the 
shorter feathers on the top of the head are being renewed by moult, 
the crest having obviously been cast. The nasal caruncles are well-
developed. 

An adult shot on the 4th of July shows the crest partially 
grown, and the nasal caruncles largely developed, but no trace of 
an alar bar. 

A younger male (obtained on the 13th of January) has the 
lower breast and belly mixed with dark brown feathers, otherwise 
the upper parts are very similar to those of the adult and the nasal 
caruncles are well-developed. 

Two still younger females (obtained on the 13th of January) have 
all the underparts brown with the exception of the chin and 
throat; the upper parts brown, mixed here and there with, metallic 
feathers like those of the adult. 

The more mature of these two birds has fairly well-developed 
nasal caruncles, but in the younger example they are entirely 
wanting. 

Hob. Kerguelen's Land; ? Crozette Islands. 

a-c. Ad. et imm. Kerguelen's Land. Antarctic Exped. 
sk. 
d-h. S 9 ad. et Betsy Cove, Kerguelen, Jan' 
Challenger' Exped. 
imm. sk. uary 13. 

i. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen McCorniick Bequest. 
Julv4 (R.McCoimick). 
k. Vix ad. sk. [* New Zealand.] Antarctic Exped. 
I. Skull. Kerguelen. ' Challenger' Exped. 
m, n. Ad. et pull. Bet«y Cove, Kerguelen. 'Challenger' Exped. 
in spirits. 
o-a\ Embryos Betsy Cove, Kerguelen, June. i Challenger * Exped. 
in spirits. 

29. Phalacrocorax varins. 
Pied Shag, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. G05 (1785) [Queen Charlotte 
Sound, N. Zealand]; id. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 428"(1824). 
Pelecanus varius, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 576 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. 

ii. p. 890 (1790); BonnaL Tail. Encijel Meth i. p. 51 (1790). 
Hydrocorax fuscescens? Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. SG (1817). 
Hydrocorax varius, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 90 (1817). 
Pelecanus fuscescens, Vieill. TabL JEneycl. Meth. i. p. 341 (1^20). 
Phalacrocorax varius, Steph. in Shairf's Gen. Zoul. xiii. pt. i. p. 92 
(1826); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 187 (1844); BulUr, B. X. 
Zeal?. $28 (1873) [part syn.] ; id. Man. B. N. Zeal p. 95 (1882) ; 

* Cf. H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 541. 
1- PHALACEOCOBAX.

 395 

>pl xxxviiL 

fe^'alssf68'1^^; id*B'K ^*2nded*iL p> U9

 For$t Icm'ined* pL 106; iL JDescr'Anim' p*104 

FiituTpka?

Grn^ 1F?5> ?•*-?• GraV> V°yErebus $ Terror, Birds, p. 19 
t^njwteri-bc^res, pl. xxxv.fig-. 874 (1850) : G. R. Gray, 
?V v £' P; 2o/n5 &% Mus. Pays-Bas vi. W . ?p. 20 (1863) 

LparV V Sal^n^iL ?'M' GraV> Handl B

~- "i- P-128 (1871) [part] ; 

iW*, Z/. O. 1874 pp. 174, 215 TNew Zealand only]. 
Carbo fucosus, Peak, ZooL JExpl. Exped., Birds, p. 268 (1848). 
Hypoleucus varius, Beichenh. Nat. Syst. Tog. p. vii (1852); Bonap. 

Consjp. Av. p. 173 (1855). 
Carbo h^oleucus, torn («cc -Brcwaft), tftf. -E*»/. JSW. , Ora. 

p. 8/ 2 (18o8) [Bay of Islands, N. Zealand]. 
Carbo leucogaster, Gwsm (««j Vieill nee Gould), U.S. Expl Exped., 
Orn. p. 372 (1858) [New Zealand]. 
Gracnlus leucogaster, JfcwcA («ec r*w&, K*C 0OK&), Ifc*, 1882, 

p. 402 [Bay of Islands, New Zealand]. 
-4<Zw7*. Top of the head, back of the neck, lower back, ramp, 
Tipper tail-coyerts, and thighs brownish black, glossed with very 
dark green; upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars bronze-grey, 
with a slight greenish gloss, each feather bordered with black, 
glossed with green ; sides of the head, chin, throat, rest of neck, 
and underparts pure white; quills and tail brownish black. Tail 
composed of 12 feathers. Iris sea-green, a bright yellow spot 
on the bare space in front of the eye; naked skin round eye dark 
blue; gular sac yellow; bill dark horn or brownish yellow, 
paler at the tip and towards the base of the lower mandible ; legs 
and feet black (Butter). Total length about 28 inches, culmen 2*52-
6, wing 11*5-11-8, tail 5-5-5-6, tarsus 2-5, outer toe and claw 4. 


Younger examples have the plumage of the upper parts browner, 
with less green gloss, the white feathers of the neck mixed with 
brown feathers, and most of the feathers of the breast and belly 
brown at the extremity, producing a mottled appearance. 


Eab. New Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. * Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. 
New Zealand. Colonial Museum, 
Wei ling-ton [P.]. 
d. e. Ad. sk. et New Zealand. AntarcticExped. [P.]. 
imm. sk. 
/, g. Ad. et viz New Zealand. Sir E. Home [P.]. 
ad. sk. 

h. 
Tix ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott 
[P.]. 
t, Ad.sk. North Island, New Zealand. G-. Carrick Stett, Esq. 
[P.]. 
h, I Ad. sk. *Christchureh, South Island, Baron A. von Hug-el 
Eeb. [P.]. 

* The smaller of these two birds has the general colour of the back, wingcoyerts, 
and scapulars purplish black, with scarcely a trace of green gloss, and 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black with almost no green gloss. 
396 PHALACR0C0RACID2E. 
m Imm. sk. Fort Chalmers. South Island, Baron A. von Hugel 
n 9 imm. sk.
o. Skull.
Feb. 
Invercargill, South Island,
Dec. 26. 
Hardy Bay, New Zealand. 
[P.]. 
Baron A. von Hugel 
[P.]. 
i Challenger' Exped. 

30. Phalacrocorax gouldi. (Fig. 8.) 
Phalacrocorax leucogaster, Gould (nee VieilL), P. Z. S. 1837, p. 156 
[N. S. Wales]; id. Spi. B. Austr., App. p. 7 (1838) [N. S. Wales] ; 
id, B. Austr. vii. pi. 69 (1843); G.R. Gray, List of B. pt, iii. 
p. 187 (1844) [Tasmania] ; Gould, Handb.B. Austr. ii. p. 492 (1865). 
Graculus leucogaster, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxxv.figs. 875-6 (1850); 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pekc. p. 20 (1863); G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. 

iii. p. 128 (1871); Ramsay, P. Linn. Soe. N. 8. W. ii. p. 203 (1877); 
id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 25 (1888); North, Nests §• Eggs Austr. 
B. p. 366 (1889); Le Souef, Ibis, 1895, p. 421 [Albatros L, Bass 
Straits]. 
Hjpoleucus leucogaster, Reichenb., Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 173 
(1855). 
Hypoleucus gouldi, 
Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 413 (1882); id. Ann. 
Mus. Civ. Genoc. xviii. p. 404 (1883) [LouLsiade Archipelago]. 

Fig. 8.—P. gotddi. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Top of the head, back of the neck, 
middle of the upper back, lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and 
flanks black, glossed with dull steel-blue; sides of the upper back, 
scapulars, and wing-coverts glossed with dull oil-green, each feather 
narrowly bordered with black; sides of the head, chin, throat, 
and underparts pure white; quills and tail-feathers brownish black 
with some greenish gloss. The feathering is continued along the 
lower mandible for some distance beyond the commissure of the bill. 
Back of the neck ornamented with numerous white plumules, and 
there are a few scattered feathers of the same sort on the back and 
flanks. These are absent in the non-breeding season. " Iris green; 
bill and feet black ; naked skin at the base of the bill and round 
the eye purple " (Gould). Total length about 24 inches, culm en 

1. PirALACROCORAX. 
397 

l'85-2, wing 9-5-10*4, tail 3-7-4, tarsus 2-15, outer boo and claw 
o*4. 

Bab. East and South coasts of Australia; Tasmania ; hmisiado 
Archipelago. 

a. 
Ad. sk. [South Australia.] Gould (\>ll. 
New South Wales. Australian Museum
b. Ad. sk. 
[PA 
Tasmania. K. 1\ Kam a\, 10wi. 

c. Ad. sk. 
[P.l
Lewis, Tasmania. Gould Ooil

d. Imm. sk. 
31. Phalacrocorax hypoleucus. (Fig. 9.) 
Carbo hypoleueos, Brandt, Bull, Acad. 8t. Piterib, iii. p. 65 (1837). 
/>. vii 
viivii.
.. n^>8
88 (1843)]>^>

Phalacrocora
PhalacrocoraPhalacrocorax
xx hypoleucus 
hypoleucushypoleucus,
,, Gould, 
Gould,Gould, B. Auxtr. 
Auxtr.Auxtr. (1843), 

Phalacrocorax varius, Goidd (wee GmeL), Ilandb!^nAnstr.''t.^KAustr. ii 
iiii.
.. p 
pp. 
.. 190 
(1865) [part, Australia]; JFa//cer, 16w, 1892, p. 258 [Adele L,N.W 
Australia]. 

Graculus varius, JFwwc/*, J"./. O. 1870, p. 376; 1872, p. 258 (Great 
Barrier); G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 128 (1871) [part]; Ramsay, 
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 24 (1888); North, Nests # EMAustr. B. 

p. 365 (1889). 
-%flf 
Fig. 9.—P. hypoleuom. 

Adult Very similar to tho adult of P. gouldi, but at onco 
distinguished by its much longer bill and by tho feathering on 
the throat, which is not continued along the lower mandible beyond 
the commissure. " Iris pale green; bare space in front of eye 
bright orange, eyelid and naked skin beneath the eye rich indigo-
blue • throat and cheeks light bluish ash; bill dark horn-colour, 
lighter at the tip; legs and feet black" (Gould). Total length 
about 27 inches, culmen 2*7, wing 10-8, tail 4-7, tarsus 2-35, outer 
toe and claw 3*8. 

Bab. West Australia. 
a 9 ad. sk.
* 
Freycinet's Harbour, Shark Bay, 
W. Australia, April 10 (F M. 
Voyage of II.M.S. 
''Herald/ 
Bayner). 

PHALACKOCOKACIDJL 

398 

32. Phalacrocorax melanoleucus. 
Hyclrocorax melanoleucos, Vieill N. Bid. cCHist. Nat. viii. p. 88 
"(1817; [Australia]. 

Phalacrocorax 
melanoleucus, Sfeph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xni. pt. I. 
p 93 (1826); Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 70 (1843) ; G. R. Gray. 
List of B. pt. iii. p. 187 (1844) ; Macgill Voy. ' Rattlemal^ ii. 

p. 359 (1852) [Torres Straits]; Gould, Handb. B. Austr.Ji. p. 493 
(1865); Marie, Act Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870) [New 
Caledonia]; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 106 (1872); gutter, B. N. 
Zeal. p. 333 (1873); Legge, P. R. S. Tasm. 1874, p. 35; Ra?nsm/, 
F. Z. S. 1877, p. 348 [N.E. Queensland]; id, P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. 
iii. p. 302 (1878); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiy. p. 6(59 (1^79) 
fKei]; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 102 (1880) Tt. 
Moresby] ; Billler, Man. B. N. Zeal p. 94 (1882); id. B. N. Zeal. 
2nd ed. ii. p. 173 (1888) [New Zealand, rare]; Hartert, JVoi?. Zool. 
iii. p. 598 (1896) [Lombok). 
Carbo dimidiatus. Cuv., Lesson, Train d1 Orn. p. 604 (1831) [ Anstralia_; 
Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 183 (lbGo). 
Phalacrocorax 
flavirhynehiis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 157 ]N. S. 
Wales] ; id. Syn. B. Austr., App. p. 8 (1838) [East coast of 

N. S. Wales]. 
Graucalus flavirostris, G. R. Gray, in Dieffenb. Trav. JV. Zeal. ii. 
App. p. 201 (1843). 
Phalacrocorax sp., G, R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 188 (1844) [New 
Zealand]. 
Graculus 
melanoleucus, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. XXXY. fiirs. 872-3 
(1850) ; G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198; id. R Z. S. 1SO0, p. Stfft 
[Bat]an]; id. Ibis, 1862,p.251 [New Zealand]; Schl. Mus. lymjs-IJas, 

vi. Felec. p. 15 (1863); G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 129 (1-71) ; 
v. Feb. Ms, 1873, p. 124; Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, p. 223 ; id. Mus, 
Godeffr.Kdtviii. p. 48 (1875); Briigg. Abh. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 99 
(1876) [Celebes]; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 203 
(1877); Lenz, J.f. 0.1877, p. 381 [Ceram] ; Rosenb. Malay. Arch. 
p. 373 [Am], p. 564 [New Guinea] (1878-9); WAlb. <$-Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 135 (1879) [Fly E.] ; Nehr. J.f.O. 
1879, p. 410 [egg] ; Meyer, Verli. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 7C7 (1882) 
[Sumba] ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. pp. 25, 38 (1868) TLord 
Howe I.]; North, Nests $ Eggs Austr. B. p. 366 (1889). 
Haliseus 
melanoleucus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 177 (1855) ; Rosenb. 
Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 255 (1863) [Ceram]. 
Halieus leucomelas, Vieill. fide Gloger, J.f.O. 1857, p. 14. 
? Graculus hypoleucus, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858. p. 198 [£»ouisiade 
Arch.], 1861, p. 438 [Kei Is.]. 
Carbo melanoleucus, Hartl fy Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 4 , 9, 118, 
1872, pp. 90,114 [Pelew Is.]. 
Microcarbo melanoleucus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vii. p. 796 
(1875) [Halmahera] ; id. Orn. Rap. iii. p. 410 (1882) "Soron*", 
Agg. p. 211 (1891); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 40% (ISnS) 
[New Guinea, Salawatti, Aru, Kei, Moluccas, Ceram, Amboina, 
Halmahera, Ternate, Celebes, Timor, Sumba]; Fleske, Butt. Acad 
St. Fttersb. xxix. p. 539 (1884) [Ternate]; Guillem. P. Z. K 1885, 

p. 665 [Mysol, Waigiou]; Bkisius,^ Zeit. ges. Orn. iii. p. 173 (1886) 
[Celebes]; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) ix. p. 591 (1890) 
[Rigo]. 
?Phalacrocorax leucogaster, Shame (nee Vieill.), J.Linn. Soc xiii 

p. 505 (1878) [Port Moresby]. 
' * 
1. PHAL1CE0C0RAX. 
Graculus dimidiatus, Rosenb. Malay. Arch, p. 279 (1878-9) [Celebes]. 

Carbo melanurus, Bemst. JDaghoeh, p. 119 (1883) [Soron^]. 

Graculus (Melanocarbo) inelanoleucus, Bemst. Dagboek, p. 119 (1883) 

[Sorong]. 

Adult in Iree&ing-plumage. Crown, nape, back of the neck, and 
upper parts shining black, with a dull greenish gloss ; remainder of 
plumage white, except the vent and under tail-coverts, which are 
sooty black; feathers at the base of the culmen white; wing-coverts 
an d "scapulars shining greyish black, margined with black ; feathers 

o n the forehead forming a short crest, the longest of which are less 
than an inch long; the white feathers on the sides of the head and 
neck considerably lengthened and forming a kind of mane on each 
side of the neck; black feathers on the top of the head and neck 
ornamented with scattered narrow white plumes. Tail composed 
of 12 feathers. Iris dark brown ; bill yellow, except the culmen, 
which is dark horn-colour; lores and skin round eye dull olive; 
throat yellow; legs and feet black. Total length in flesh 23 inches, 
cnlmen 1*2, wing 8*8-9, tail 5*8-6, tarsus 1*45, outer toe and 
claw 2*8. 
Adult in non-hreeding plumage. The black feathers of the crest 

an d white feathers forming the lateral manes are much shorter, and 

th e narrow white feathers on the top of the head and back of the 

neck are absent. 

A young example has the black feathers of the crown extending 

t o the base of the culmen; the top of the head and back of the neck 

margined with pale brown, and the upper back, wing-coverts, and 

scapulars with brownish white; the feathers of the underparts, 

especially those of the chest and breast, yellowish brown towards 

th e extremity. 

Hob. Coasts and rivers of Australia, ranging east to New Zealand 
an d New Caledonia, north to New Guinea, the Moluccas, and Pelew 
Islands, west to Lombok. 

a. Ad. sk. Pelew Islands. Mr. Cohen [0.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Celebes. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Celebes. 
Leiden Museum [P.]. 
S. 
Imm. sk. Halmahera. A. R Wallace, Esq. 
[C.]. 
e. $ imm. sk. Batjan. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
[C-J


f 9 ad. sk. Ceram. A. B. Wallace, Esq. 
Jm + [0.]. 

a Ad. sk. Australia. 
Purchased. 

h Vix ad. sk. W. Australia. Governor of West 

Australia [PA 

%9 h. 6 vix ad. et Fitzxoy River, North-west Capt. Bowyer Bower 

5imm.sk. Australia, Oct. (T. H. [P.]. 

Bowyer Bozver). 

I rf ad.sk. Gulf of Carpentaria, lat.l7°80', J. P. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 

long. 14SP, Sept. 18. 

m 2 imm. sk. Horn Island, Torres Straits, Voyage of H.M.S. 

"+

 Sept. (Dr. Coppinger). ' Alert.' 

400 PHALACKOCOR VCIDJ3. 
n-p. Imm. sk. Oape York, North-east AnsSah 
in-Godman Coll. 
trail a. 
q. Ad. skr. J imm. sk.
s, 25. Ad. et imm. 
Port Denison, Queensland. 
Moreton Bay. 
New South Wales. 
Old Coll. 
E. Haigitt, Esq. [P. . 
Australian Museum 
sk. [p-]w, 
Imm. sk. Murray District, Victoria. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

33. Phalacrocorax brevirostris. 
Phalacrocorax brevirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26; G. R. Gray, 
List o/B. pt. iii. p. 188 (1844); Fuller, B. N. Zeal p. 330, pi. right-
hand fig. (1873); Sutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 42 ; Buller, Ibis, 1874, p. 121 
[Chatham Is.]; id. Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 94, pl.xxxiv. %. 2 (lb&2) ; 
id. B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 168 (1888). 

Graculus brevirostris, G. R. Gray, Voy. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, 

p. 20 (1845) ; Reichenb. Si/n. Av. pi. xxxii.b $s. 2308 (1550); G. R. 
Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 252 [Bay of Islands] ; SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. 
Pelec. p. 16 (1863); G. R. Gray, Sand-l B. iii. p. 129 (lb71); 
Finsch, J.f. 0. 1870, p. 377 [Avon R.", 1872, p. 259; id. J.f.O. 
1874, pp. 174, 216. 
Graculus melanoleucus, G. R. Gray (nee Vieill), Voy. Erebus # 

Terror, Birds, p. 20 (1845). 
Carbo flavagula, Peale, ZooL Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 270 (1348), 
Halioeus brevirostris, Bonap. Comp. Av, p. 178 (1655). 
Carbo brevirostris, Cassin, U.S. Ed pi. Exped., Ota, p. 375 (1858). 
Pelecanus carboides, Ellman, ZooL 1861, p. 7472. 
Phalacrocorax finschi, Sharpe, Voy. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, A pp. 

p. 34 (1875) [partial albino]; Buller, Man. B. Al Zeah p. 05 
(1882). 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Entire plumage glossy black, with a 
slight greenish tinge on the upper parts and sides of the body ; the 
line of feathers from the nostril to the eye, sides of the head, chin, 
throat, and fore part of the neck pure white; wing-coverts and 
scapulars shining greyish black, margined with deep black; a erebt 
of rather stiff elongate feathers on the crown, the longest measuring 
about 1*5 inch; a few scattered white plumules on the back of the 
head and neck. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris deep chocolate-
brown ; naked skin in front of the eye and bordering the poach 
greenish yellow; bill bright yellow, changing into black on the 
ridge and towards the hook; legs and feet black (Buller). Total 
length about 22 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 8*6-9, tail 6, tarsus 1*4, 
outer toe and claw 2*7. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Only differs in having the feathers 
of the crest shorter and the white plumules absent. 

Young in first plumage has the upper parts much like those of 
the adult, but with a general brownish tinge; the head, neck, and 
underparts very dark brownish black, paler on the chin and throat. 

A rather older specimen is rapidly attaining a white throat, the 
chin and many of the feathers of the throat being white, while the 
tips of the feathers of the fore-neck and chest are pale brown ; this 
appears to be due to wear. 

1 . PHALACR0C0E1X. 
In a still older birdthe chin and throat are white and the fore part of 
the neck, chest, and breast are largely mixed with pale whitish brown. 

A fourth example, which appears"to be still older, has the chin and 
the whole of the throat pure white, while the feathers of the rest of 
the underparts are dirty white, fringed and centred with dark brown. 

A nearly adult bird differs from the adult in non-breeding 
plumage in having the feathers of the neck, breast, and back 
narrowly margined with whitish brown. 

The above stages of plumage I believe to be those which are 
normally gone through by P. brevirostris, but there are a number 
of differently marked forms in both adult and immature plumage 

•which appear to be abnormal. One example in the British Museum, 
as already described by Euller, has the underparts nearly pure 
white, only a few of the feathers being partially or wholly black; 
a second has the black and white feathers of the underparts mixed 
in equal proportions; a third has only the chest-feathers mixed 
with white, while in a fourth the plumage is normal, but there are 
a few white feathers on the lower part of the abdomen. 
It is quite clear that these variations in plumage are not due to 
season, sex, or age, and they may be accounted for in two ways— 
partial albinism, or, possibly, by interbreeding with stray specimens 
of the Australian P. melanoleucus. It is certain that P. melanoleucus 
does occasionally wander to New Zealand, for there is an immature 
specimen obtained there in the Bothschild Museum. I am not 
aware that any example of P. brevirostris "has up to the present 
time been met with in Australia. 

It seems probable that the two specimens in the British Museum 
which have been referred by Dr. Sharpe to a distinct species, 

P. finscliii are merely partial albino varieties of P. brevirostris 
(cf. Buller, < Birds of New Zealand/ ed. 2, ii. p. 169). It should, 
however, be noted that in both specimens the vent and under tail-
coverts are white, but in the type one or two black feathers are to 
"be found next the tail. 
Hob. New Zealand and Chatham Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [C.]. 
e, d. Ad. et vix New Zealand. Colonial Museum, 
ad. sk. [var.]. Wellington [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Exped. [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. [var.]. New Zealand. Antarctic Exped. [P.], 
(Type of T.Ji?isc7ih Sharpe.) 
y, h. Vix ad. et New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott 
imm. sk. P3*]-_ 
i, h. Imm. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes i_P.J. 


I. 
Ad. sk. Taranaki, N. Island, Purchased. 
New Zealand. 
m-o. Ad. et 2 Christehurch, S. Island, Baron A. von Hiigel 
imm. sk. New Zealand, Feb. [P.]. 
jp-r. d $ ad. et Dunedin, Nov. Baron A. von Hiigel 
c? imm.sk. [var.1. _ [**•]• _,. _ 
8 
Imm. sk. The Bluff, Southland, Baron A. von Hugel 
New Zealand. - [P.]


TOL. XXVI. 
2n 

PHALACEOCOEACIDJE. 

402 

34. Plialacroeorax javanicus. 
? Hydrocorax niger *, VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. viii. p. 88 (1817) 
* [India]. 
PPelecanus niger, Vieill Tail. Encycl Meth. i. p. 342 (1820). 
Carbo javanicus, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 197 (1822) [Java]. 
Javan Corvorant, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 419 (1824)._ 
Phalacrocorax javanicus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt.i. p. 90 
(1826) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 170 [Deccanl. 
Carbo africanus, Lesson (nee Gmel), Traite d'Orn. p. 604 (1831) 

[part male]; Pucheran, Pen. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 626 [Bengal]. 
Carbo pygmeus (sic), J. JS. Gray, III Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 56 (1834). 
Carbo melanoanathos, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 57 

(1837). 
Carbo nudigula, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. vi. p. 290 (1839) 
[India]. 
Carbo pygmaeus, Hodgs. (nee Gmel.) Icon. ined. no. 552; id. in 
Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86 H844). 
Plialacroeorax pygmaeus, G. P. Gray (nee Gmel), List of B. pt. iii. 

p. 188 (1844); Davidson $ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. "94 (1878) 
[Deccan] ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 234 (1878) "Ganse^ to Godaverf; 
Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 315 (1878) fFaridpur': Kume § Davison, 
Str. F. vi. pp. 49tf, 521 (1878) rTena^eiinf; Anders. B. W. 
Yunnan, p. 097 (1878) [part]; Doig, Str. F. \m. p. 372 (1879) 
[E. Narra: breeding]; Butt. Cat B. Sind, p. 82 (1*79); id. Str, 
F. ix. p. 442 (1880)1 Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 96 (1880) "tS. Konkan]; 
Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1191 (1880) [part]; Beid, Sir. F. x. p. 88 
(1881) [Lucknow]; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 248 (1882) (P^mf. Davidson, 
Str. F. x. p. 327 (1882) [Khandeish]; Gates, B. Biirmah, ii. 
p. 234 (1883); Parher} Ibis, 1883, p. 194 "breeding in S. Cevlon]; 
Davison, Str. F. x. p. 419 (1883) [Mysore "and W\naid"; Swinh. 
8r Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 138 [Central India"); dates, Iln'% 1888, 
p. 73 [Bbamo]; Hume, Str. F. xi% p. 352" (1888* [Manipur"'; 
Hartert, J.f. 0.1889, p. 407 [Salanga]; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests 
# Eggs, iii. p. 273 (1890) ; Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 71 [Calcutta Distl. 
Graculus pygrnasus, 
G. P. Gray (nee Gmel), Cat. Hodgs. ed. i. p. 149 
(1846); Blyih, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 299 (1849); Layard% Ann. 
Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 272 (1854) [Ceylon]; Adams, P.Z. S. 1858, 

p. 509 [Punjab]; Irbi/, Ibis, 1861, p. 247 [Oudli and Kumaonl; Schl 
Mus. Paijs-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 13 (1863) "[part1; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. iii. p. 1491 (1873) [part]; Blyth # Wold. Cat Mamm. 8f B. 
Burma, p. 164 (1875); Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 204 (1876) "Deccan" ; 
Humefy Inglis, Str. FT. p. 47 (1877) [Cachar"; Oates, Str. F. 
y. p. 170 (1877) [Pegu: breeding]. 
Graculus pygmseus indicus, Reichenb. Natatores. pi. xxxi.a fig, 2304 
(1850). 
Graculus 
javanicus, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxxiv. figs. 869-70, 
pi. red * fig. 2307 (1850); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. pt. ii. p. 863 (1864) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 18677 p. 181; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 483 [Ceylon] ; 
Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 34 (1876) [Mt. Aboo]; Marshall, Ibis^ 18Mf 

p. 425 [Charnba]. 
Microcarbo melanognatbus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 179 (1855); 
Ball, Str.F. ii. p. 440 (1874) [Chota Nag-pur]. 
Microcarbo javanicus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 179 (1855). 


* Yieillot probably referred to this species, but the brief description might 
equally apply to P. fuscicottis :—" II a le bee rougefttre, le plumage totalement 
d'un beau noir, et la taille de notre Sarcette?' 
1 . PHA1ACE000EAX. 
Microearbo niger, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 180 (1855) 
Graculus melanognathus, G. R. Gray, Sand-l. B. iii p. 129 (1871) • 


Td 660 F

(1873) ! **• 8tr

%r%? -£"& 4' F?gSa-£ P--- i- P- 289 

(lb; 3) Smi-]; Adam, Sir F. i. p. 403 (1873) [Samthur Lake]; 

U p 484 (1874

tlSZ>r¥''--F-n-> [Tenasserim]; Lloyd, Ibis, 1876 

p. -£bu [KattiawarJ. 
Microearbo 
pygmseua tfafoa& 0bc. Born. p. 366 (1874); JEberefc, 
"Br -4s" ^oe* •Se^' no* xx' P- 188

•m ,- 
(1889) [Borneo! 
I halacrocorax rnelanognathus, Butler, Str, F. vii p 190 (1878) 

r' 
v ; 

LSind].

^«fe m breeding-pluifiage. General colour shining black with a 
slight greenish gloss; feathers of the upper back with shining black 
shafts; the scapulars and wing-coverts silvery grey changing to 
dark ashy-grey, each feather much pointed and bordered with black; 
a line of scattered white plumes, commencing above and in front of 
the eye and continued along the sides of the head; top of the head 
and back of the neck with white hair-like filaments; the black 
feathers on the occiput and back of the neck considerably elongate 
and forming a kind of mane. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Bill 
brown, livid purple in the breeding-season ; naked skin round eyes 
and on throat as well as the legs blackish, livid in summer. Total 
length about 22 inches, culmen 1*15-1*25, wing 7*5-8, tail 5-2-5*4, 
tarsus 1*35, outer toe and claw 2*35. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
feathers bordering the naked gular patch are white, the white 
filaments o n the head and neck are absent, and the feathers on the 
occiput an d back of the neck are much less elongate than in the 
breeding bird. 

In worn specimens the silvery grey on the scapulars and wing-
coverts nearly disappears, and the feathers are of a uniform blackish-
grey tint. 

Nestling* Head naked; neck, middle of upper back, lower back, 
and under/parts covered with very dark smoky-brown down; wing-
coverts an d scapulars dark grey, margined with black; half-grown 
quills pointed and narrowly margined with brownish white; a line 
of feathers down the middle of the lower back black, with a slight 
dark greenish gloss ; a similar line down the middle of the breast 
deep brownish black with a slight gloss. 

Immature in first plumage. Head, neck, and underparts dark 
brown, darkest on the back of the neck and flanks; chin and 
throat whitish; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brownish 
Hack with a slight gloss; scapulars and wing-coverts dark ashy-
grey, much like those of the adult, but very narrowly fringed with 
pale brownish. 

Sab. India, Ceylon, and the Indo-Burmese countries, southward 
through th e Malay Peninsula to Java and Borneo. 

a Imm.sk. Rohri Dist., North Sind, Nov, 19 Hume OolL 
b A imm. sk.
(A. 0. JET.). 
Mado Mehur, N. Shad, Jan. 20 Hume Coll. 
{A. o. m). 
e 2 imm. sk. Manchar Lake. Hume Coll 
* + 2 i) 2 

404 

d. Imm. sk. 
e. J ad. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
g. $ imm. sk. 
h, i. Ad. et imm. 
sk. 
#. <£ imm. sk. 


/. § imm. sk. 

m. $ ad. sk. 
w. c? ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p, 
q. <$ ad. et ? 
imm. sk. 

r. 
$ imm. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
t. tf imm. sk. 
w. Imm. sk. 
imm 
sk. 

% ID. S 2


x. Ad. sk. 
y. Pull. sk. 
»-&'. <$ ? imm. 
sk. 
c'. Imm. sk. 
d'7 e'. Imm. sk. 
f'-i'. Vix ad. et 

imm. sk. 
ft', 2'. Vix ad. et 
imm. sk. 
m, nf. Ad. et vix 
ad. sk. 
o'-t'. Ad.etimm. 
sk. 
u\ Imm. sk, 

z/? w\ Vix ad. sk. 
cc'. Imm. sk, 
?/\ Imm. sk. 
z'. Imm. sk. 
a2. Imm. sk. 


J2. J1 imm.sk. 

e2. Ad. sk. 
d2, a2, <? 2 vix ad. 
sk. 

f2 

. 2 imm. sk. 
g2. Imm. sk. 


PHALACROCORACID^). 

Gkizni Creek, Karachi (H. 
Gould). 

Mt. Abu, June 18. 
Bepalpur, near Mhow, Bee. 11. 
Pimpalner, Kkandeish, Feb. 7 


[J. Davidson). 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Kbandala, April 22 (5. £. 
Fairbank). 

North-east Ceylon, April 20. 

Trineoniali, Oct. (G. Stevens). 

Battikaloa, Feb. 19 (& Chapman). 


Madras. 
Madras. 

Sambalpur, Central Provinces. 

Jan. 7. 
Eaipur. 
Raipur, Feb. 8. 
Kampti. 

Seoni. 


Bengal (Dr. Falconer). 
Bengal. 
North-West Provinces. 


Sirsa Bist. (cold season). 
Etawah. 
Nepal. 


Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 

Behar. 

Bhotan Boars, Jan.-Mareh & 
May (L. Mandelli). 
Bhotan Boars (F.' W, Man


teiro). 
Buxa Boars, Jan. (L. M,). 
Calcutta, Feb. (J. Biddnlph). 
North-east India. 
Assam. 
Upper Assam. 

Bibraghur, April 6 (J. JR. 
Cripps). 

Chataka, Hills of Assam. 
North Khasia Hills, Feb. 

{A. W. Chennell). 
Tengapani, Assam, April, 
Cachar. 


India Museum [P.], 


Hume Coll. 
Colonel Swinhoe [P.], 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum [P.]. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Colonel VT. V. Leg'a'e 


H. Bauncler&; Esq. 
Tweecidale Coll. 


India Museum [P.], 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Br. II. B. Ilinde 


Hume Coll. 


India Museum HP.]. 
India Museum [P.1. 
Capt. Stackhouse 


Pinwill "P.". 
Hume ColL 
Hume Cull. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
TV. 
India ""Museum [P.]. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
!?•;• 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P.]. 


Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Br. E. Bowdler 

Sharpe ~P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Godwin-xAusten Coll, 
Tweeddale ColL 

Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

1 . PHAL.1CE0C0E1X. 
h2.,i2. c? ad. et 
imm. sk. 

A2 

. J 1mm. sk. 
I2. Ad. sk. 


m--. § imm. sk. 

n1 -q-. S ad. et 
2 imm, sk. 

V1 

. 
$ ad. sk. 

s-7 £. 2 ad. et 

imm. sk. 

u2,. Imm. sk. 

V2. (S ad. sk. 

vr . £ ad. sk. 

X2 

. . Ad. sk. 

(S yix ad. sk. 

f-

z~. S vix ad. sk. 

(f\, 2 imm. &k. 
b\ 2 imm. sk. 
c\ Imm. sk. 

(V,. Ad. sk. 

e\ Ad. sk. 

, $ imm. -k. 

r<

g\ Imm. sk. 

h\ , P. Skulls. 

Dwarf Shag,

Manipur, Feb., March (A. 

0. J5T.). 
Arrakan, Jan. 
Mungla, Sanda Valley, 3000 
ft., Yunan, May. 
Sittang River, "April 15 

(R. G. Wardlaio Ramsay). 
Tounsrhoo, May, Dec. (R. G. 
W:R.). " 

Pegu, Dec. 23 (R. G. W. JR.). 
Pegu, Oct. 

Xear Rangoon. 

Moulniein, Salween R.; Jan. 27 

(IF. Davison). 
Thatone, Jan. '27 (TV. D.).
Salween River, Dec. 29 (W. 

Limborg). 

Assoun, Haungtharaw R., 
Feb.3 (IF. Li). 
Yeaboo, Attaran River, 

March 10 ( W. D.). 
Amherst, March 8 (W. D.). 
Tavoy, March 19 ( W. D.). 
Tahkamen, Siam, March 23 

(8. S. Flower). 
Java. 
Java. 

Java. 

West Java. 

Xepal. 

Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


E. 
W. Oates, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Bangkok Museum 


[E.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
East India Co. [P.]. 
(Type of the species.) 
Seebohm Coll. 

A. R. "Wallace, Esq. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
35. Phalacrocorax pygmseus. 
Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 607 (1785) [Caspian 
Sea] ; id. Gen. Mist. B. x. p. 431 (1824). 

Pelecanus pygmseus, Gniel 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 574 (1788) ,* Lath. Incl 
Om. ii. p. 890 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tail Bncyel Meth. i. p. 44, 
pi. xiv. fig. 3 (1790). 

Phalacrocorax pygmseus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 300, pi. Ixxiv. 
fipr. 1 (1811);" Dumont, in LevrauWs Diet Sci. Nat. x. p. 452 
(1818); Steph. in Shaids Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 97 (1826) j Nutt. 
Man. Orn. p. 487 (1834) [United States!]; Keys. w. Bias. 
Wirhelth. p. 233 (1840); Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 303 
(1840) ; Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl. p. 131 (1844); Rilpp. Vog. 
N.O.-Afr. p. 140 (1845) [Egypt, Abyssinia]; Degl Orn. Dump. 

ii. p. 380 (1849); Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 361 (1855): Beugl Vog. 
N.O.-Afr. p. 72 (1856); Binderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 167 (1860); 
Tristram, P. Z. S, 1864, p. 455 [Palestine]; Filippi, Tiagg. Pers.l 
p. 352 (1865) ? Bolle, J. f. O. 1865, p. 421 [Sardinia]; Degl # 
Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 356 (1867); Tristram, Ibis, 1868, p. 331 
[Palestine]; Elwes 8? Bucklei/, Ibis, 1870, p. 336 [Macedonia, 
Danube! ,* Eomeyer, J.f. 0.1870, p. 231 [N. Germany] ; Fritsch, 
Nat. V8g.Europa%y.m (1870), Atl pi. 53. figs. 2, 3 (1871); 
PffALACEOCOBACTOiE. 

Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 295 (1872); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 34& 
[Sardinia]; Tacz. J. / . 0.1876, p. 189 [Ussuri]; Dresser, Ibis, 
1876, p. 414j «& J?. ^r<5», vi. p. 173, pi. 391 (1876) [part]; 
Blanf. B. Fers. ii. p. 298 (1876) ; Bogd. B. Caucas. p. 182 (1879) ; 
Tristram, B. Z. S. 1881, p. 826 [Lake of Antiochl; Seebohm, Ibis, 
1883, p. 36 [Caspian]; Badde, Orn. Caucas. p. 469 (1884): 
Altton, Ornis, ii. p. 425 (1886) [Danube]; Badde u. Walt, Ornis, 

v. p. 124 (1889) [Transeaspia] ; Sdater, Ibis, 1894, p. 107 [Wiirtemburg]; 
Beiser, Orn, Balcanica, ii. p. 193 (1894), iv. p. 143 
(1896)• Sclater, Ms, 1895, p. 169 [Zurich]. 
Hydrocorax pygmseus, Yieill. N. Diet d'Hisi. Nat.xm. p. 88 (1817). 

Oarbo pygmseus, 
Temm. Man. d?Orn. ii. p. 901 (1820), iy. p. 568 
(1840); Meyer $ Wolf, Tasehenb. ill. p. 235 (1822); Werner, 
Atl. Ois. ffiJEur. Ord. 15. pi. 90 (1828); Gould, B. Eur. v. 
pi. 409 (1837) • Cam, Cm. Sard. p. 200 (1842); Bree. B. Bur. 

iv. p. 178, pi. (1867); Severtz. Turkest. Jeminie, p. 70 (1873); 
id. Zeit. ges. Orn. iv. p. 21 (1888): Tschusi u. Dalkc Torre, Ornis, 
vi. p. 267 (1890) [Hungary]. 
Halieus pygmseus, 
LicJit. Verz. Doubl. p. 86 (1823); Xaam. Nat, 
Vog. DeutscU. xi. p. 112, pi. 281 (1842) ; Fischer, J.f.O. 1872, 

p. 390 [St. Petersburg; very rare]. 
Graculus 
pygmseus, Reichenb. Naiatores, pi. ssxii. fisrs. 856-859 
(1850); Schl. Mm. Pays-Bos, vi. Pelec. p. 13 (1863) [part ; 
Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 129 (1871) ; Danf. § Brown, Ibis, 187o, 

p. 431 [Transylvania]. 
Gracultis pygmasus algiriensis, Reichenb. Natatores. p i xxxii.b 
figs. 2305-6 (1850). 
Oarbo niepcii, Malh. Orn. Jig. p. 38 (1855). 
Microcarbo pygmaeus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 179 (1855) : Gigl. 

Avif.ItaLy. 273 (1886); Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 271 (1886); Meyer, 

Vog.-Skelet. pt. xii. pi. carfii. (1888-89). 
Phalacrocorax pumilio, Lichtjide Bonap. Consp. Ai\ ii. p. 180 (1857). 
Haliaetus (sic) pygmaeus, Tacz. Bull. Soe. Zool. Br. 1877, p. 163 

[Poland]; id. Ornis, iv. p. 504 (1888) [Poland, very rare]. 
Phalacrocorax javanieus, Sharpe (nee JSorsf.), Tr. Linn. Soe, (2) v. 
pt. 3, p. 92 (1889) [Bala Moighab]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Forehead, lores, feathers surrounding 
the eye and naked throat black; rest of head deep reddish brown, 
gradually becoming paler on the occiput and upper part of the neck; 
lower part of the neck and remainder of the plumage shining black, 
with a slight greenish gloss most conspicuous on the underparts; 
scapulars and wing-coverts dark grey, each feather margined with 
black. Head, neck, back, rump, and entire underparts with 
scattered white plumules. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris 
green; bill, naked skin round eyes and on throat black; feet 
blackish grey. Total length about 22 inches, oilmen 1*1, wing 7*8-8, 
tail 5'5, tarsus 1*4, outer toe and claw 2*6-2*7


Adult in non-breeding plumage. Chin and feathers surrounding 
the bare throat white; forehead, lores, feathers round the eye, as 
well as the head, neck, and chest reddish brown; feathers of the 
upper back narrowly edged with whitish brown. 

Nestling. Fore part of head, chin and throat naked; rest of the 
head and neck, sides of the belly and vent covered with very dark 
smoky-brown down ; chest, breast, and underparts brown, mottled 

1. PHALACROCOKAJ:. 
with darker brown ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and sides of the 
breast black with some greenish, gloss ; wing-coverts and scapulars 
shining grey in some lights, changing to black glossed with dark 
green> each feather being bordered with black. 

Immature in autumn jplwnage. Head and neck reddish brown, 
shading into white on the chin and feathers bordering the throat, 
and into lighter brown on the fore part of the neck and chest ,* back 
and rump mostly black, each feather with a narrow sandy margin ; 
wing-coverts and scapulars grey, devoid of metallic gloss, each 
feather margined with black and fringed externally with sandy ; 
underparts dirty white, more or less mottled with brown and 
shading into black on the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts. 

Hah. Coasts, lakes, and rivers of Central and South Europe, 
North Africa, and South-west and Central Asia; apparently straggling 
as far north as Poland in the West and the Ussuri in the East. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Algiers. Purchased. 
b, e. Ad sk. Ghuelma, Tunis. Purchased. 
d. Pull. sk. Banat Disk, Hungary, June. Baron A. von Hiigel 
e,f. d2 Tix ad. Adalia, Asia Minor, Dec. 22 Seebohm Coll. 
sk. (C. G. JDanford). 

q. Imm. sk. Bagdad. 
Kenneth Loftus, Esq. 
. . . 
[?•]• 

h7i. (S $ imm, sk. River Tigris (Commander India Museum [P.]. 

Jc, L 2 imm. sk. Bala Morghab, Afghanistan; Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 
Jan. & Dec. 

36. Phalacrocorax africanus. 
African Shasr, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 606 (1785); id. Gen. 

jffwfc J?.£p.420(1824). 

Pelecanus africanus, GmeL S. N. i. pt. ii, p, 577 (1788); Lath. Ind. 

Orn. ii. p. 890 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl Encycl MSth. i. p. 51 

(1790). 

Hydrocorax africanus, Vieill. N. Bid. d1Hist. Nat. viii. p. 88 (1817). 

Phalacrocorax 
africanus, Steph. in Sham's Gen. Zool. xiii, pt. i. p. 85 
(1826); Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 488 (1834) [United States!]; Hartl. 
Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 44 (1844); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. 

p. 188 (1844); Biipp. Vog. N.O-Afr. p. 140 (1845) [Nile]; Hartl. 
J. f. O. 1854, p. 308; Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 361 (1855); Heugl 
Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 72 (1856); Hartl. Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. g. 260 
(1857) ; Heine, J. f. 0.1860, p. 202 [Gamma B,] ; Gumey, Ibis, 
1862, p'. 154 [Natal]; Kirlz, Ibis, 1864, p. 338 [Zambesi]; Mtmteiro, 
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 89 [Benguela]; Bocage, J. Acad. Lisb. no. ii. 
p. 150 (1867), no. viii. p. 351 (1870); Sharpe, Bis, 1870, p. 448 
PVblta, Fantee]; Antin. § Salvad. Cat. Ucc. Bogos, p. 152 (1873) 
[Bogos]; Dresser, B. Europe, vi. p. 169, pi. 390 (1876); Ayres, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 273 [Transvaal]: Shelley, R Z. S. 1881, p. 602 
[Usambara Hills, E. Africa]; Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 523 [E. Niger"!; 
Sharped ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 781 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, 
p. 307 [Jipi] ; Bendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 226 [Gambia] ; Sibree, Ibis, 
1892, p. 272 [Madagascar]; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 540 [Bipon 
Palls, Nile] ; Reichenow, J. /. 0.1892, p. 4 ; id. Vog. Deutsch
PRALACEOCOEACID.E. 

408 

O.-Afr. p. 22, fig. 9 (189-1) ; Shelley, Ibis,18U, p. 28, 1896, p. 241 
[Nyasaland]; Kuschel, J.f 0. 18952 p. 83 [eags[ ,\ IF. L. Selater, 

Carbo 
Pucheran, Rev. it Mag. Zool. lboO. p. 626; Harteri, J. f. O.1886', 

p. G12 [Niger]. 
r Phalacroeorax-pTgrnaeu«5, Chilclr. in BenJiam <§*Clappertoas Trav. 
in Afr.. App. p* 206 (182(5) [Central Afiica[. 
Carbo atiicanoid.es, Smith. Rep. Eiped. Cent. Afr.,App. p. -57 (1886) 
[New Latakoo] ; ztf. Wilhtyh. Sac. p. 123 [reprint lbbO[. 
Carbo longicaudus, Steams. B. IV. Afr. ii. p. 2~JO, pi. 31 11^37). 
Gracuiu^ "africmus, Reitlieab. Xatatore*, pi. xxxiv. fi2. **07 (1850) : 

&?/</. Mvs. Pay^-Bas, vi. Pelec.y. 15 (18H3j : id. P. Z~S IbtiO, p. 426 
[Madagascar]: Layarcl B. S.^Afr. p. 3bl (18071 : #fZr/*y. *y Pollen, 
Rech. Faun, Maclagas. pt. ii. "Ois. p. 137 (ISf-Jb); Gumey, Ibis} 
1868, p. 264 [Natal"; Layard, Ibis, 180J>? p. 77 [Graham^-town", 

p. 377 [Berg K.]; Blanf. Zool Abyss, p. 441" Hb70) "Lake 
Ashangf: Finschfy HartL Tog. O^t-Afr.y. ^47 (1^70); Finsch, 
Tr. Zool'' Soe. yii. pt. iv. p. 330 (1870; ; Gray, Iland-l B. iii. 
p. 129 (1871); Gurney% ed. Anders**. B. Damoral p. 370 (1872); 
Bocaqe, J. Acad. Lisb. no. xiii. p. 70 flb72j, no. x%iii. pp. 290,294 
(1873) ; Hevgl Orn. X.O.-Afr. ill p. 1493 (1^73); Bartleit 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 69 [S.E. Madagascar.; Bnrratt, Ibis A b7«, p. 214 
[Leydenburg I)htr.j ; Ayi-es, Ibis, Is77, p. 354 [TiansvaaT ; 
i*Ysc/2. w. -feezc/i. /. f. 0. 1878, p. 247 _Tan«f : Borage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 522 (18M); Sharpe in Oat*^ MatnhehJnuil. p. 328 
(1881) ; i?d$/>i, /./ . 0. Ibb2, p. 179 [Ugalla Ft.": SchaL J.f.O. 
Lbb3, p. 33b Ttonibe H.~; Bohm.f.t. 0. l^<>, p. 37; ^P/NC/J. 
J./. 0. 18NJ, p. 114 [E. itrlca]: Butiihjf Softs LnjrL Mvs. vii. 
p. 252 (1885) Liberia" ; Grandidirr, ILi^t. Madaga^,. Oi<. p. 685. 
pK 282, 283 (lbb5) ; lf«zW*. J"./. 0. Ibb7, pp. 137,144 [Katuma, 
Marungu]. 
Graculus longicaudus, Reiehetib. Xatutore^yi. xxxiv. fij*. 5t>8 (1850). 
Mieroearbo africanns, Bonap. Consp. A v. ii. p. 178 (Iboo). 
y Graculus coronatus, Wahlberg, J.f.O. ISO", p. 4 "Possession L. 
S.W.Africa]. 
Halieus africanus, Barf I. J.f. 0. 1860. p. 175: id. Orn. Madagas. 

p. 86 (1861) ; id. Tog. Madagas. p. 398 (1877|. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour of plumage shining 

black, with, a dull greenish gloss; upper back and wing-coverts 

grey, tipped and narrowly bordered with Hack and, when freshly 

moulted, narrowly fringed with whitish buff; scapulars brownish 

grey, and similarly marked to the back and wing-coverts. Feathers 

bordering the forehead and fore part of the crown white, with the 

tips of the shafts dilated and black and having the appearance of 

short stiff bristles; a tuft of white hair-like feathers above the ear. 

Tail composed of 12 feathers. 

Iris bright crimson; eyelids pinkish flesh-colour; bare skin of 
face flesh-colour or bluish; bill chrome-yellow ; ridge, tip and part 
of lower mandible more or less light dusky brown and more or less 
barred; legs and feet black. 

Total length about 22 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 8-8*6, tail 6, 
tarsus 1*4~1*5, outer toe and claw 2*7. 

1. PHALACEOCOEAX. 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. Top of the head and neck brown, 

darkest above, palest below ; feathers of the upper back, scapulars 

and wing-coverts margined with brownish white; chin and throat 

white; base of neck and chest brownish white : breast and belly 

white : plumage otherwise similar to the preceding. 

Young in first plumage (Potchefstroom, May). Top of the head 
and back of the neck dark brown, paler on the cheeks and sides of 
the neck ; upper back and shorter scapulars brownish black, each 
feather margined with brownish white; rest of scapulars and wing-
coverts brownish grey, rather widely margined with dark brown 
and fringed with brownish white ; chin and throat white; fore-neck, 
chest, and upper breast brownish white ; rest of breast and belly 
dirty white ; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts black; quills and 
tail-feathers blackish, pointed at the extremity and margined with 
brownish white. 

Yery soon the adult plumage begins to make its appearance 
among the feathers of the upper parts, the new scapulars and 
wing-coverts being conspicuous. "When this plumage is complete 
the young resembles the adult in non-breeding plumage. 

In the adult the very marked change into the shining black 
breeding-plumage appears to be generally attained by moult, but, in 
some examples* at least, some of the white feathers of the underpays 
become black by change of colour without a moult. 

Hah. Africa south of about 20i° X lat.; Madagascar. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 
Fayooin, Egypt, Mar. 6 (G. E. S.). Shelley Coll. 

c. Ad. sk. Lake Ashangi, Abyssinia. 8000 W. T. Blanford, 
feet, May 4. Esq. [C.]. 
d. Imm. sk. Zanzibar. Shelley Coll. 
Lake Xyasa, June (A. Wkyte). Sir H/H. Johnston 
e. S ad. sk. 
[p.]. 

Lake Shirwa (A. 
IF.). Sir PL H. Johnston 

/ . Ad. sk. 

[P.]. 

Lake Shirwa, Sept. 20 (A. W.). Sir H. H. Johnston 

g. 
Imm. sk. 
Upper Shire River, Nov. (A. W.). Sir H. II. Johnston 
k-j. Ad. et 

[p.]


imm. sk. Xr. Mpimbi, Shire River, July Sir H. H. Johnston 

h. Ad. sk. (J. McDonald). [P.]. 
I Ad. sk. Matabili (W. R fy C. G. Oates). Shelley Coll. 
7n-o. <$ Sad.et Potchefstroom, May to July (T. L. J. H. *Gurney, Esq. 
J imm. sk. Ay res). [P.]. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
LP-]


)-j s. Ad. et South Airica. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
imm. sk. 
t S ad. sk. Latakoo, S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 

(Type of C. africanoideSf Smith.) 
u,v. d $ ad. Rio Coroca, Angola, Jm.(Ane?iieta). Shelley Coll. 
sk. 

w. 
<S ad. sk. Huilla, Mossamedes, Feb. (An-Shelley CoU. 
ckieta). 
a\ Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
[0.]. 

41 0 PHALACROCORACIDJB. 
y. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Sir E. Sabine T.]. 
z, a'. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Governor Kendall 
y. Ad. sk.
c'~f. Ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.
ti. Ad. sk. 
Gold Coast. 
Accra, May (J. Smith). 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar (JRev. J. Wills).
[P.]. 
Shellev Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Dr. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 
J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
H. <$ ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk. 
Madagascar, May 23. 
TV. of Antananarivo, Madagascar, 
Purchased. 
Rev. W. Beans 
July. Cowan [C.]. 

Sub-family II. PLOTIXJ2. 

Articulation of cervical verfebrce very peculiar, producing the 
curious kink in the neck of the Darters which cannot be obliterated 
without, lacerating the surrounding muscles. The first eight 
(including the atlas and axis), when placed in their proper relations 
to one another, form a continuous curve with a strong concavity-
forwards, the long eighth vertebra being nearly parallel with the 
bill when held horizontally. 

The superficial temporal muscles meet behind the skull along a 
median fibrous raphe, which becomes ossified into a feebly-developed 
bony style in P. anhinga. 

Left carotid artery only present. 

Peculiar hairy covering of the pyloric portion of the gastric cavity 
largely developed. 

Skin not in the least emphysematous. 

Body nearly uniformly clothed with small, rather soft, contour-
feathers and very delicate down-feathers. Besides the lateral spaces 
of the trunk, only a narrow inferior space is found: all other spaces 
wanting. 

2. 
PLOTUS*. 
Type. 
Anhinga, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 476 (1700); Corns, Bi/IL 
Nutt. Orn. C. iii. p. 101 (1878) [derivation of name".. P. anhinga. 
Plotus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 218 (1760*).. T.. P. anhinga. 
Plottus, Scop, Introd. Mist. Nat. p. 474 (1777) ........ P. anhinga. 

Bill slender, compressed, straight and very sharply pointed ; the 

* The following works refer to the anatomy and osteologv, etc. of Flatus:— 
Brandt, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (0) v. pt 2, pp. 82, 99, 132, 178, pis. IT., v. 
(1839) [osteology of P. anhinga]; Eyton, Osteol. Av. p. 218 11867); Nitzsch, 
Pteryl., Engl. ed. p. 151 (1857); Donitz, Arch. f. Anat. u. Pbys. 1873, p. 357 ; 
O-arrod, P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 335-345, pis. xxvi.-rmii. [anatomy, P. anhinga} ; 
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 304 [bursa Fabricii]; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 679-681 
[anatomy of P. rufm {levaillanti)]; Mivarfc, Tr. Z. S. x. pt. vii. pp. 315-378, 
pis. lviii., Ixi.figs. 6-10 (1878) [axial skeleton]; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, pp. 7, 23,24 ; 
Forbes, P. Z. & 1882, pp. 208-212,figs. 1, 2 [anatomy of P. Melanogaster];
Oazin, Ann. SeL Nat. (6) xviii. Art. 3, 1 p. (1884); Shufeldt, Ibis, 1804, 
pp. 364-365,fig. 1 [fibula]. 
2 . PLOTTTS. 
411 
cutting-edges of the mandibles serrated along the terminal half; no 

lateral groove; nostrils rudimentary. Neck very long and slender, 

with a bend at the eighth and ninth vertebrae, and provided with a 

peculiar mechanism which enables the bird, by suddenly straightening 

the 
neck, to transfix with its bill the fishes it captures. Wing 

pointed, the primaries stiff and strong, the second or third quill 

longest; scapulars elongate and lanceolate. Tail long, cuneate, and 

composed of twelve rigid feathers; the middle pair of tail-feathers 

as well as the innermost secondaries transversely ribbed. Tarsus 

short, outer toe longest; claws curved, that of the middle toe 

pectinate. 

Range, Lake of Antioch, North Syria; Africa south of about 

20° X. latitude; Madagascar: Mesopotamia to the Indo-Chinese 

countries, through the Malay Archipelago, to New Guinea, Australia, 

and New Zealand. Tropical and subtropical America. 

Key to the Species. 

I. Tail not tipped with white. 
A. 
Outer webs of the seeondary-coverts mostly 
reddish brown, entire fore-neck from throat 
downward chestnut. 
a. 
Black at the base of the fore-neck and chest 
not divided from the base of the hind-neck 
and upper back by chestnut bands rufus & ad., p. 412* 
b. Black at the base of the fore-neck and chest 
divided on each side from the base of the 
hind-neck and upper back by a chestnut 
band, terminating at the shoulder rufus J ad., p. 412. 
B. 
Outer webs of the secondary-coverts mostly 
silvery white ; the fore-neck never entirely 
chestnut. 
c. 
Scapulars much elongate, more than 5 
inches in length. 
a\ Black at the base of the fore-neck and 
chest not divided from the brown base 
of the hind-neck and upper back by [? very old $, p. 414, 
buff bands melanogaster 3 ad., 

b\ 
Black at the base of fore-neck and chest 
divided on each side from the hind-neck 
and upper back by a wide buff band, [p. 414. 
terminating at the shoulder melanogaster $ ad., 

d. 
Scapulars less elongate, less than 5 inches 
in length. 
c'. Neck and underparts black; an elongate 
patch of chestnut on the base of the [p. 417. 
fore-neck novce-hollandzce <$ ad.; 

d\ Fore-neck and underparts white...... novw-liollandice $ ad., 
EL. Tail tipped with white. [p. 417


C. Pore-neck 
and chest black like the rest of 
the underparts mikinga <$ ad,, p. 419. 
B. Pore-neck and chest whitish or buff ., anhinga $> ad., p. 419* 
PHALACE0C0BACIDJ3. 

1. Plot us rufus. 
L'Anliinga du Senegal, D'Aubent. PI En I. ix. pi. 92 "no. 107]. 
L'Anhinsra roux, Buff. Hist. Xat. Ois. viii. p. 453 (lf81). 
Black-bellied Darter, var. c. Rufous Darter, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. 

p. &2G (1785). 
Plotus rufus, Lacep. et JDaudin, in Buff. Hist. Xat. (lSn0 Didot) 
Quadr. xiv. p. 319, Ois. xvil. p. 81 (1799); Licht. Terz. JDoubl p. 87 
(182.3). 

Plotus congensis, Cranch in Tuclr-y, Ecped. Pdi\ Zaire, App. iv. 

p. 408 (1818) ; G. II. Gray, Gen. B. Iii. p. 064 (1848}; Zayard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 378 (1807; ; Barratt, Ibis, 1870, p. 214 Transvaal, 
Orange Free State. British l\anraria_. 
Plotus 
levaillantii, Licht. Terz. DoubL p. S7 (1823) Kaffir Land] ; 
Teinm. PL Col T. pi. 120 "no. 3b0~ (1825) ; Schinz. Xat. Abbild. 
Tog. p. 391, pi. 134, nV. [1833) ; ~G. It Gray, list of B. pt. iii. 

p. i82 (1844): Pdlpp. Toy. X.O.-Afr. p. 140 (1845J ; Reichenh. 
Xatatores, pi. xxxii. nos. 3*52-3(1850); Hartl Beitr. Orn. TT.-Afr. 
p. 44 (1852); Hartl. J.f O. 1854, p. 307 ] W. Africa] ; Bonap. 
Consp. Av. ii. p. 181 11855); Heugl Tog. X.O.-Afr, p. 71 (1856] ; 
Hartl Syst. Orn. JT-Afr. p. ^ (1857) ; JJulle, J.f O. 1858, 
p. 473 [Soudan] ; Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 251 "Natal": Heine. J. f. O. 
1860, p. 202 [R. Camma]; Hartl J.f.O.IbOl, p. 273 ]W. Africa]; 
jSchl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vf. Petec. p. 25 (1803) : Gnrney. Ibis, 1803, 
p. 332; Kirk, Ibis, 1804, p. 338 "Zambesi Retiioo : Hartmann, 
J.f O. 1864, p. 144 "X.E. Africa1 ; Monteiro. P. Z. S. 1MJ5, p. 89 
[Benguela] ; Finschfy Hartl Toy. fMt-Afr. p. b41 (1^70) ;' G. JR. 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 125 (1871) ; Gumey, ed. Auderss. B. 
Damaral. p. 307 (1872); Hetty/. Orn. X.O.-Afr. iv. p. 1475 
(1873); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 391 Transvaal] ; liriehutotr. J.f.O. 
1874, p. 373 [Cameroon?] ; Bocaye. J.f.O. 1^70, p. 293 ]Ilurnbe], 
p. 434 [Bi^sao], p. 441"]Cunene R.1 ; Iteiehemjir, J.f.O. 1877, 
pp. 8, 10 [Loanaro Coast"; Fischer 4* lieichenow, J. f. O. 1878, 
p. 247 [Tana 1; Sharpe § Bouvier, Bull Sue. Z. Fr. iii. p. 80 
(1878) [Congo-]; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 773 ]S.E. Madagascar]; 
Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 519 (1881) ; Holub S-Pelz. Beitr. Orn. 
S. Afr. p. 333, 2 pis. (1882); Bohm, J.f O. 1882, p. 179 Xgalla 
R.]; Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. 418 ]Lake of Antioch, Nl Syria, 
breeding]; id. Surv. IT. Palest, p. 108, pi. xiii. (18^4); Sharpes 
ed. Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 782 (1884) ; Bohm, J.f O. 1^85, p. 37: 
Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 114 [Lamuj Tristram, Ibis, 1^86, p.41,' 
pi. iii.; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 336 "Oranare Free State"; E?nin, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 474 [Albert Nyanza] ; lleichenmc, J.f O. Ifcb7, p. 4o 
[Kagehi, \ ictoria* Nyanza] ; Matschie, J. f O. 1887, p. 144 
[Marangu]; Schaloiv,"j f. O. 1887, p. 220 Tanganyika" ; Shelley, 
P. Z. S. 1888, p. m ]Lad6, Equatorial Africa"]: id. Ibis. 188% p. 307 
[Lainu Dist.1 ; Reichenoic, J.f.O. 1889, p. 265 [Quaqua R.], 
1890, p. 107 [Canieroons"; Sharpe in Gates, Maiab^kland, p. 33o 
(1889); Kendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 220 [Gambia'; Reichenoic, J.f O. 
1892, p. 4 [VictoriaNyanza, eggs1; id. Tog. Eeutsch-O.-Afr. p. 23, 
fig. 10 (1894); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 28 "Upper SMre R.]; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1894, p. 119 [Suakimj: Fleck, Jf O. 1894, pp. 385, 379 
[S.W. Africa]; Kuschel, J.f O. 1895, p. 83 ""eggs"; Rekhenow, 
J f O. 1896, p. 45 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1897, p. 551 [Songue, N. 
Nyasaland]. 
Rufous-winged Darter, Lath. Gen. Hist. R. x. p. 453 (1824). 
Plotus melanogaster, Children (nee Gmel.) in Denham Sr Ckipperton, 
Trav. in Afr., App. p. 200 (1820) [Interior of Africa]; Heugl 

2. PLOTUS. 413 
J.f. 0. 1862, p. 408 [Bogos]; ScMeg. § Pollen, Becker. Faun. 
Malagas, pt ii. Ois^j. 137 (1868) [Madagascar]; Earth Vog. 
Madagas. p. 396 (1877); Grandidier, Eist Madagas., Ois. p. 690. 
pis. 284, 2So (1885) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, pp. 266, 272 [Madagascar]. 
Anhinga"4 levaillanti, Lesson, TraiU d'Om. p. 599, pi. 114, fia\ 2 

(1831). ' * b 

Plotas capensis, Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 77 [Berg It., nesting]. 

Plotus cliantrei, Ousfalet, Ann. Soi. Nat. (6) Art. 7, p. 8 (1882) 

[Antiochl: Tristram, Ibis, 1886, p. 42. 
Plotus $p.,~ Forbes, Ibis, 1883, pp. 505, 507, 514, 510, 522, 523 

[B. Niger]. 
Adult male. Top of the head and back of the neck dark brown• 
throat and fore-neck rufous, darkest towards the basal part of the 
neck; a white band commencing below the eye and extending for 
about five inches down each side of the neck* a narrow line of 
feathers bordering the naked skin round the eye, as well as the forehead, 
and throat white; base of the neck, middle of the npper back, 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and rest of underparts black with 
an oil-green gloss; sides of the upper back, wing-coverts, scapulars, 
and inner secondaries black, with narrow white shaft-stripes ; scapulars 
falcate and elongate, the longest measuring about 8*5 inches ; 
outer webs of the secondary-coverts mostly dark brown or reddish brown ; 
quills and tail-feathers shining black: the outer webs of the innermost 
secondaries and middle pair of tail-feathers transversely ribbed* 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Total length about 36 inches, culmen 
from feathers on forehead 3*25, wing 13*1-13-7, tail 9*2-10, tarsus 
1*6-1*7, outer toe and claw 3*2. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top 
of the head and middle of the back of the neck reddish brown, the 
latter bordered on either side for half its length by a deep black 
band; the black fore-neck and chest bordered on each side by a 
rufous band which is continued to the shoulder, and the longest 
falcate scapulars not measuring more than 6 inches. Total length 
about 36 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 3, wing 13*1, 
tail 9*3-9*5, tarsus 1*6, outer toe and claw 3*1. 

Iris red; bill dark yellowish green; tarsi and feet blackish 
yellow {T. Ayres). 

Young in down. Head, neck, and upper back covered with rustcoloured 
down; a white stripe down each side of the neck commencing 
behind the gape; rest of the body covered with white 
down; the feathers of the wing, tail, and scapulars but slightly 
developed; while among the down on the breast black feathers 
fringed with brown are beginning to make their appearance. Total 
length about 20 inches. 

The immature male appears to assume the black plumage of the 
adult on the breast and underparts immediately on leaving the down. 
This is apparent from the young bird described above. 

A young male from Fyasa-land evidently in first plumage has the 
entire underparts black, the feathers being only slightly fringed 
with buff at the extremity. 

414 
PHALA.CKO COR A.CIDM. 

Immature female in first plumage has the entire underparts silky 

buff, only the sides and flanks being brown. 

In a more mature specimen, with the black and white marks on 

the sides of the neck well-developed, the scapulars long and falcate, 

.and the innermost secondaries and middle pair of tail-feathers 

strongly ribbed, the buff of the underparts is being replaced by the 

black plumage of the fully adult; this change is almost entirely 

produced by moult, though some of the feathers are undoubtedly 

changing from buff to black without a moult. 

Eab. Lake of Antioeh, Xorth Syria; Africa, north of about 20c 

ET. latitude: Madagascar. 

a. Imm. sk. Near Sualdm. Capt. R. H. Penton 
rp._. 
b. 
5 ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, 
Sept. 29. Emm Pasha [P.]. 
/ij d. Ad. sk. Upper Shire River, Nov. 
(.4. llliyte). Sir H. H Johnston 

e. <$ imm. sk. Songue, N. Nyasa-land, July 
(A. W.). 
Sir II. H. Johnston 
/. <$ ad. sk. Zambesi (Brads/iaw). 

[pr. 

g. § imm.sk. Marico, Transvaal (F. Oates). 
Shellev Coll. 

W. E.'& C. G. Oates, 
h. S imm. sk. Potchefstroom. 
Esqrs.T.l. 

F._A. Barratt, Esq. 

i. 
J ad. sk. Kin g willianiist o wn. 
Lit*uf. An-tey "P.]. 

h. S ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. 
J. 
II. Gurnev," Esq. 
rP.~. 
I 
$ ad. sk. South Africa (Layard). 

Shelley Coll. 

m-o. S 2 ad. South Africa. 

Purchased. 

et pull. sk. 

p. J imm. sk. Bengueia. 
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
G. . 
q. J ad. sk. West Africa. 
Capt. Sabine [P.]. 
r. 
$ ad. sk. Eg*ga, Niger River. Capt. M. Ferryman 
"P.". 
s. 
$ juv. sk. Madagascar (C. BeivsTier). Shelley Coll. 
i. Skeleton (mounted). 
Purchased. 
2. Plotns nielanogaster. 
Black-bellied Darter, 
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 624 (1785); id. 
Gen. Hist. B. x p. 4-51 (1824). _ 
Plotus melanogaster, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 580 (1788) [nee /3, y, 8]; 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 895 (1790); Bonnat. Tail. Bncycl. MM. I 

p. 41, pi. sii. fig. 2 (1790) [nee a, b, c, d] ; VieilL K Diet. d'Hist. 
Nat. i. p. 546 (1816); Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 30 (1822) 
[Sumatra]; Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125 [Ganges],-Syhes, 
P. Z. S. 1832, p. 171 [Deccan]; G. M. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. 
p. 181 (1844) •; ffodgs. loon. ined. no. 655; id. in Graxfs Zool Misc. 
p. 86 (1844); G. M. Gray, Cat Eodgs. p. 148 (1840); id. Gen. 
B. iii. p. 664 (1848); Layard, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) xir. p. 271 
(1854) [Ceylon]; Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 181 (1855); Irby, Ibis, 
1861, p. 247 [Oudh & Kumaon]; Sc/d. Mus. Pai/s-Bas, vi. Pelec. 
p. 26 (1863) [part]; Jerd, B. Ind. iii. p. 865 (1864); 
v. Martens, 
J. f 0.1866, p. 30 [Luzon]; Blyih, Ibis, 1867, p. 181; G. R. Gray, 
Kand-l J5. iii. p. 125 (1871); Holdsw. P. Z. & 1872, p. 483 
2 . PLOTUS. 
415 
[Ceylon]; Walden $ Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 96 [Negros L] ; Hume, 

JSests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 661 (1873) j id. Str. F. I pp. 121,133, 

??9, (^S) I Sind]; Adam, Str. F. L p. 403 (1873) [Sambhur Lake]; 


BaMtr-I\^' (1874) [ChotaNagpur]; Salvad. Ucc. Borneo,

 iL P 484

P* f2i ft^'J?"*^ ^'-^-(1874) PTenasseriml iii. 

p. 194 (18/o) [Pegu]; Z V ) I3/s? 1875, p. 409 [Ceylon] j J^tfft 
$ Walden, Cat. Mamm. fy B. Burma, p. 165 (1875); Butler, Str. 
F. IT. pp. 34, 35 (1876) pit. Aboo & N. Guzerat]; Fairtcmk, Str. 
F. iv. p. 264 (1876) [Decean Pavers]; Oafes, Str. F. v. p. 170 
(1877) [Pegu, nesting] ; Hume $ Davison, Str.F. vi. p. 496 (1878) 
[Tenassenm]; Davidson § Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 94 (1878) 
LDecean^; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 98 (1878) [Oodeypore]; Ball Str. 
F. vii. p. 234 (1878) [Ganges to Godaveri]; Anders. B. W. 
Yunnan, p. 698 (1878); Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 315 (1878) 
[Faridpur_: Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 364 (1879) [Nepali; Doig, Str. 
F. Tm. p. 372 (1879) [E. Xarra, breeding]: Butler, "Cat B. Sind, 
p. 82 (1879); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 145 [Celebes]; STiarpe, P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 353 [Labuan] ; Tidal, Str. F. is., p. 96 (1880) [S. Konkan]; 
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 442 (1880) [Decean & Mahratta country]; 
Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1194 (1880); Beid, Str. F. x. p. 88 (1881) 
[Lucknow]; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 248 (1882) [Pegu]: Davidson, 
Str. F. x. p. 327 (1882) [W. Khandeisb]; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 203 [Malacca, Perak]; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 419 (1883) 
[Wynaad & S. Mysore]; Barker, Ibis, 1883, p. 194 [Ceylon, Feb. 
to April, breeding] j Blasius, J.f. 0.1883, p. 140rCelebes]; OateSl 
II Burmah, ii. p. 235 (1883); Swinh. # Barnes, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 138 [Central India]; Tristram, Ibis, 1886, p. 41; Blasius, Zeit. 
ges. Orn. iii. pg. 175, 209 (1886) [Celebes]; Whitehead, Ibis, 1888, 
n. 412 [Borneo]; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 353 (1888) [Sylhet, Cacbar, 
Manipur]; Hartert, J.f.O. 1889, p. 407 [Salanga]; Everett, J. 
Str, Br. As. Soe. xx. p. 188 (1889) [Borneo]; Oates, ed. Hume's 
Wests 4* Dggs, iii. p. 274 (1890); Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 149, 285 
[N. Borneo]; Hartert, J.f.O. 1891. p. 302 TMindoro]: Hose, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 420 [Sarawak]. 
Anhinga melanogaster, Pennant, Ind. Zool. 2nd ed. p. 53, pi. 15 
(1700). 
Plotus levaiHanti, Griff, (nee Lieht.) ed. Cuv. iii. pi. facing p. 65Q 
(1829); MfnSville, Icon. Beg. Anim., Ois. pi. Q5.fig. 1 (1829-38); 
Ewer, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 93 [N. W. of Bengal]. 

Plotus 
novas-hollandise, G. M. €h-ay (nee Gould), Gen. B. iii. 
p i ckxxiv. (1848); Reichenb. Natatores, pL xxxv.a nos. 2648-9 
(1850). 

Adtdt male. Chin, throat, and upper part of the fore-neck mottled 
with white; a narrow white line, about five inches long, commencing 
above the gape and continued down the sides of the neck; 
head and neck brown, darker and slightly glossed on the crown and 
along the back of the neck, and paler down the middle of the fore-neck, 
each feather being margined with pale brown and giving the whole 
a finely scaled appearance; upper back brownish black, each feather 
narrowly margined with rufescent and streaked with white on the 
lateral parts ; .rest of back, rump, lower part of fore-neck, and underpants 
black with an oil-green gloss; wing-coverts, scapulars, and 
innermost secondaries black, each with a long silvery-white streak 
down the middle; scapulars much elongate and pointed, the longebt 
niessiixing about 9 inches; the innermost secondary transversely 

PHALACEOCOKACIDJS. 

416 

ribbde along the basal two-thirds of the outer web ; quills and tail 
black, the middle pair of tail-feathers strongly ribbed on the outer 
web and the outer pairs slightly rayed. Tail composed of 12 feathers. 
Iris yellow ; bill dusky on the culmen, yellowish on the sides and 
on the lower mandible ; legs black (H. R. Godwin-Austen). Total 
length about 35 inches, culm en from feathers on forehead 3*5-3-6, 
wing 13-14, tail 8*6-9, tarsus 1*7, outer toe and claw 3*2. 

The fully adult female (if the sex of several specimens in the 
British Museum is correctly determined) appears to be perfectly 
similar in plumage to the male, the only difference being that the 
bill is decidedly shorter, 3-1-3*2 inches. In some females, however, 
which appear to be perfectly adult, the black bases of the fore-neck 
and the chest are divided on either side from the back by a whitish-
buff band, as in immature birds. 

Immature birds have the plumage of the same general colour as 
the adult, but the neck is much lighter and of a pale brownish 
white, becoming white down the middle of the fore-neck : the black 
on the base of the fore-neck and chest is bordered on each side by 
a whitish-buff band; the streaks on the upper plumage are of a 
more yellowish white, and the long pointed scapulars are absent or 
half developed; the quills and tail-feathers are pointed and narrowly 
margined at the tips with pale whitish brown, and the ribs on the 
innermost scapulars and tail-feathers are but slightly indicated; 
the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are brownish black. 

Young in down. Head, neck, upper back and underparts covered 
with white down, among&t which the plumage of the immature is 
more or less visible; quill- and tail-feathers half-grown, pointed 
and narrowly margined at the extremity with pale brownish white; 
scapulars and wing-coverts much like those of the adult, but fringed 
externally with brown. Total length 28*5 inches. 

Bab. Prom Mesopotamia to India, Ceylon, and the Indo-Chinese 
countries ; through the Malay Peninsula to Borneo, Celebes, and the 
Philippine Islands. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Babylon {Commander Jones).. India Museum [P.1. 
b. $ ad. sk. [India.] 
Old CoU. 
c. <S imm. sk. banipur, Sindh, Feb. (M. India Museum [P.]. 
Gould). 
d. Imm. sk. Xhandeish. 
Tweeddale Collv 
e. J imm. sk. Mhow, Oct. 18. Colonel Swinhoe ^P.\ 
fg. <$% ad.sk. Sirsa Dibt. Hume Coll. 
h-k. J ad. et Urneewalla, Sirsa Dist., Mar., Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Nov. 
I, on. <$ $ ad. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon Dist, Aug. Hume Coll. 
& Oct. ( W. if. Chill). 


n. c? ad. sk. Karnaul, near Delhi. Hume Coll. 
o. $ ad. sk. Delhi. Hume Coll. 
l>-r. <$ J ad. et Etawah. Hume Coll. 
$ imm. sk. 
s-w. 
<$ ad. et Nepal. B. H. Hodfffcon, Esq. 
imm. sk. 

[p.i. 
%-e\ <$ $ ad. sk. Sikhim, March^ April, Nov.., 

Hume Coll. 

Dec. (L. MandeUi). 
/' . $ imm. sk. Bhotan (JPembmion' India Mu&eum [P.]. 

2. PLOTUS. 
417 
(J. 2 ad.sk. 
ti. \<$ imm.] sk. 
i!. $ ad. sk. 
#. S ad. sk. 
Z', m'. S ad. et 
imm. sk. 
ri. <$ ad. sk. 

o'. § ad. sk. 
p'. <3 imm. sk. 
q\ $ ad. sk. 
r\ s'. $ imm. sk. 

f. 2 ad. sk. 
u'. $ a^-skr'. 
§ ad. sk. 

wr. d ad. sk. 

x\ S ad. sk. 

y\ $ imm. sk. 
z'. $ ad. sk. 


«2. <$ ad. sk. 
£2-f2. d $ ad. 
sk. 
g2. £ ad. sk. 


Jr. ? ad. sk. 
i*. J ad. sk. 


X;2. $ imm. sk. 
Z2. c? ad. sk. 
TO2. $ ad. sk. 

n2-p*. Imm. et 

pull. sk. 
q2. $ ad. sk. 
r2. c? ad. sk. 


s2. Pull. sk. 
t2, u\ S $ ad. 

sk. 
*;2. <^ ad. sk. 
toK Skull. 
„r2. Skeleton, 


Behar (B. H. Hodgson). 
Bengal (Falconer). 
Madras, June 9 (E.G. Wardlaw 


Ramsay). 
Assam. 
Assam (McClelland). 

N. Khasia Hills, Feb. (A. W. 
Chennell). 
Nazirpur, Myniensing. 
Kamlangpani, April 8. 
Manipur, March 19 (A. O.H.). 
Lower Pegu, April 11. 


Near Rangoon. 
Sittang River, Dec. 30 (R. G. 


W. JR.). 
Tenasserim. 
Assoun, Lower Burmah, 
March 4 ( W. Davison). 
"Wimponsr, Lower Burniah, 

Jan. 2 (W. D.). 
Pinang (Dr. Cantor). 
Prov. Wellesley (Dr. Cantor). 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Malacca. 

Johore. 

Saigon, Cochin China. 

China. 

Luzon, Philippine Is. 

Mindoro. June 6. 

Laguna, Mindoro, June 20 

(F. S. Bourns). 
Kina Benua River, Labuan. 

Borneo. 

Paitan R., N. Borneo, July. 

Kawla Tutau, Baram R. 

Celebes, Sept. 2. 

Menado, N. Celebes. 

India. 

India Museum [P.]. 
India Museum [P.J. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Godwin-Austen Coll. 
India Museum [P.], 

Tweeddale Coll. 

God win-Austen Coll. 
Godwin-Austen OoU. 
Hume Coll. 

E. W. Oates, Esq. 
ro.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

J. D. C. Packman, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 

India Museum [P.J. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Capt Stackhouse 

Pinwill [P.]


A. R. 
Wallace, Esq. 
[P.]. 
M. Pierre [P.]. 
J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
[PA 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Steere Coll. 

E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
170. 
Governor Ussher 
[0.]. 
Rajah Brooke [P.]. 

A. 
H. Everett, Esq. 
[0.]. 
C. Hose, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Purchased. 

3. Plotus novse-Iiollaiidiae. 
New Holland Barter, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 453 (1824). 

Plotus novae hollandise, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 34 [S. Australia]; 
id. B. Austr. vii. pi. 75 (1847) ; Reichenb. Si/n. Natatores, pl.xxxi.a 
nos. 2302-3 (1850) ,* Bonap. Consp. Av. ill p. 181 (1855); Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 496 (1865); G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 

p. 125 (1871); Buller, Tr. N. Zeal Inst. vii. p. 217 (1874) [New 
TOL. XXVI. 2 E 
PHALACEOCORACIDJD. 

Zealand]; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. i. pp. 386. 395 (1876) 
[Port Moresby], ii. p. 203 (1877), iii. p. 302 (1878) [LaloM B.], 

iv. p. 102 (1879); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 349 [Australia & S.E. 
New Guinea]; Biggies, P. Austr. ii. pi. 121 (1877; ; Puller, 
Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 97 (1882) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 406 
(1882) [S.E. New Guinea]; Tristram, Ibis, 1886, p. 41; Bvller, 
B.N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 175 (1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. 
p. 24 (1888); North, Nests # Eggs B. Austr. p. 3C3 (lfc89); id. 
Rec. Austr. Mus. i. p. 147 (1891) [eggs]. 
Plotus melanogaster, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 20 (1863) 
[part]. 
Anhinga novae hollandise, Hartert, Kat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 236 
(1891). 

Adult male. General colour glossy black, brownish on the crown 
and back of the neck; a wide white stripe commencing below the 
eye and extending for about four inches down each side of the 
neck; a rather wide band of white feathers bordering the bare 
throat; an elongate patch of chestnut about 4 inches long on the 
basal part of the fore-neck• sides of the upper back, scapulars, 
wing-coverts, and inner secondaries with elongate white shaft-
stripes ; the scapulars are much shorter than in the Indian and 
African species—the longest not exceeding 4 inches; the innermost 
secondaries and middle pair of tail-feathers transversely 
ribbed. Tail composed of 12 feathers. A dull-orange buff ring 
round the pupil, succeeded by a second ring of marbled brown 
and buff, which is bounded by an outer circle of orange-buff; 
naked skin at the base of the lower mandible wrinkled and yellow; 
upper mandible olive, under mandible dull yellow, both becoming 
brighter towards the base; feet yellowish flesh-colour, becoming 
brown on the upper part of the outer toes. Total length about 31 
inches, culm en from feathers on forehead 2-8-3, wing 13*2-14. 
tail 8*4-9, tarsus 1-9, outer toe and claw 3*2-3-4. 

Adidt female. General colour brown above, white below ; top of 
the head, back of the neck, and middle of the upper back brown, 
each feather margined with whitish and producing a finely mottled 
appearance; the wide white stripe on each side of the neck is 
present as in the male, but bordered on either side by black bands 
which unite, and extend towards the base of the neck for about an 
inch beyond the white; rest of the upper parts like those of the 
male; entire underparts white. Iris buff, latticed with brown; 
naked skin at the base of the bill and throat orange-yellow; feet 
pale yellow. Total length about 29 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 2-9-3, wing 13*5-13-9, tail 8*9, tarsus 1*7, outer toe 
and claw 3-2-3*3. 

The immature male resembles the female, but the feathers of the 
top of the head, back of the neck, and upper back are brown without 
conspicuous white margins; there is a rufous patch towards the 
base of the fore-neck, and some of the white feathers of the chest 
and breast are tipped with black; the innermost scapulars and 
middle tail-feathers are indistinctly rayed. 

The immature female resembles the adult female, but the outer 

2. PLOTTJS. 
4] 9 
webs of the innermost secondaries and middle pair of tail-feathers 
show merely slight traces of transverse rays. 
Hah. Australia, ranging to South-east New Guinea and Few 
Zealand. 

a,b. <S $ ad. sk. Australia. 

Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 

e. J juv. sk. Australia. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 

d. $ ad. sk. Australia. 
Metcalfe Smith, Esq. 

e. $ ad. sk. Mt. Anderson, N. W. Australia, Capt. Bowyer Bower 
Nov. 10 (T. m Bowyer 
Bower). fro. 
f,ff. tf? ad.sk. Victoria River, Feb. 10. XR.Elsey,Esq.[P.]. 
h, i. J ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

k. 2 ad. sk. Xew South Wales. Hume Coll. 
I <$ ad. sk. Xew South Wales. Gould Coll. 
m. 
2 &d. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum 
[p.]. 
n-p. <$ ad. et J New South Wales. 

Australian Museum 

imm. st. 

[p.]. 

q. 2 imm. sk. South Australia. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 

r. J ad. &k. [India.] 
Sir George Elliot 

4. Plotus anhinga. 
L? Anhinga, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 476 (1760) [Brazil & Cayenne]. 
Plotus anhinga, Linn. S. N. i. p. 218 (1760); Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. 

p. 580 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 895 (1790); Lacep. § 
Daudin, in Buff. Hist. Nat. (18mo, Didot), Quadr. xiv. p. 319, Ois. 
xvii. p. 74 (1799); Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. i. p. 544 (1816); 
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 132 (1826) ; Wied, Beitr. iv. 
p. 900 (1832); Schinz, Nat. Abbild., Vdg. p. 390, pi. 134. fig. 
(1833); Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 507 (1834); And. Orn. Biog. iv. 
p. 136, pi. 316 (1838) ; id. B. Amer. vii. p. 154, pi. 420 (1839) ; 
G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 181 ('1844); TscMdi, Faun. 
Peru., Orn. p. 314 (1845); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 664 (1848); 
Cab. in Scho?nb. Faun. Brit. Guian. p. 764 (1848); Reichenb. Natatores, 
pi. xxxii. nos. 354-5, pi. cvi.c nos. 2945-6 (1850); Lembeye, 
AD Cuba, p. 120, pi. 19 (1850); JBonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 180 (1855); 
Selater, F. Z. S. 1857, p. 207 [Jalapa]; Gundl J. f. 0.1857, p. 239 
[Cuba], 1861, p. 349; Moore, F. Z. S. 1859, p. 65 [Peten Lake]; 
Selater 8f Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 233 [Peten Lake]; Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 883 (1860); Brewer, Fr. Bast Soc. vii. p. 308 (1860) [Cuba] ; 
Taylor, Ibis, i860, p. 316 [Honduras] ; Gundl J.f.O. 1862, p. 96 
[Cuba]; Schl Mus. Fays-Bas,VL. Pelec. p. 25 (1863); Taylor, Ibis, 
1864, p. 96 [Orinoco]; Fit*. Atl. Nat. Vdg.fig. 337 (1864); Baird, 
J.f. 0.1866, p. 343 [England]; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 45 [Texas] ; 
v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 379 [Costa Rica]; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. 
B. 2i. p. 125 (1871); Corns, Key N. Amer. B. p. 306 (1872); 
Selat | Salv. F. Z. 8. 1873, p. 304 [E. Peru]; Selater, P. Z. S. 
1873, p. 2, rig. [Maranham]; Gundl. J. f 0.1875, p. 405 [Cuba: 
habits]; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 50 (1876) [S.W. 
Mexico] ; Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. iv. p. 13 (1879) [Alabama]; 
Maynard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 470 (1881); Bartlett, F. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 247; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 248; Brewst. Bull. Nutt 
Orn. C. vi. p. 41 (1881) [Florida]; Broton, Bull Nutt. Orn. C. 
vii. p. 42 (1882) [South-west Texas]; Cvues, Bull Nutt Orn. C. 
2 E2 
PHALACROCOKAC1BJE. 

vii. p. 61 (1882) [Western Kansas]; Nehrl. Bull Kutt. Orn. C. vii. 
p. '226 (1882) ; Bailey, Bull Xuti. Orn. C viii. p. 42 (1883) 
[Georgia] ; Baird, Brew. 4'* Ridgw. Water-B. X. Amer. ii. p. 166 
(1884); Coues, Key X. Am. B. p. 730 (1884) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, 
iil p. 434 (1886): Berlepseh, J. f. 0. 1887, pp. 28, 123 [Pilconm 
o], 1889, p. 100 [Tonantins, Prov. Solimoesl; Salcin, Ibis, 
1889, p. 376 [Cozuniel I.]: Konigswald, J. f. 6. 1896, p. 387 
[Sao Paulo]; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, pp. 157, 162 [South. Guyana]. 
L'Anhinga de Cayenne, BAubent. PL JBnl. ix. pi. 90 ]no. 959]. 
L'Anhinara noir de Cayenne, U Anient. PL JBnl. ix. pi. 91 "noJ 960]. 
L'Anhinsa, Buf. Hist Xai. Ok. viii. p. 448, pi. xxv. (1781). 
White-bellied Darter, Lath. Gen Syn. hi. pt. ii. p. 622 (1785) 

juv.]; id. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 449 (1824). 

Black-bellied Darter, Tar. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. Ill, pt. ii. p. 624, pi. evi. 

(1785) ] $ ad.]; id. Gen. Mist. B. x. p. 452, pi. clxxxiv. (1824). 

Black-bellied Darter, var. B, Black Darter, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 

pt. ii. p. 625 (1785) ]# ad.]. 

Plotus tupinambis, Bo/mat. Tall. Bneycl. Jleth. i. p. 40 (1790). 

Plotus inelanogajster, Wilson (nee GmeL), Amer, Orn. ix. p. 79, 

pi. 74. %,. 1, 2 (1814); Tieill Gal Ois. p. 190, pi. 278 (1825); 

Lesson, Traite d"Orn p. 599 (1831); Steph. in Shale's Gen. ZooL 

xiiL pt. i. p. 181 (1826). 

Plotus leueogaster, Tinll X. Diet d1 Hist. Xai. L p. 545 (1810) 

""Florida". 

Black Darter, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 454 (1824). 

Black-bellied Darter, Steph. in Slums Gen. ZooL xiiL pt. i. pi. 15 

(lb20). 
Anhinga anliin^a, Bulgw. Man. X. A. B. p. 77 (18^7); Lloyd, Auk, 

iv. p" 184 (1^87) ]W. Texas] ; Cory, Auk, y. p.71 (18bs;) [Cuba]; 
Chapman, Auk, v. p. 2158 "(1888) [Gainesville, Florida]"; Scott, 
Auk, v. p. 377 (1888) "Tarpon Sprioyb, Florida: breeding March 
to July"; Pindar, Auk, TL p.312 (1S&9) [Fulton Co.. Kentucky]; 
Goss, Tr. Kansas Acad. Sci. xi. pp. 58-59 (1889) "Kanbas: 
habits"; Cory, B. W. Ltd. p. 272 (lbfc9); BrewsL$ Ckapm. Auk, 
yiii. -p. 137 (1891) [Suwanee R.]; Bryant, Zoe, ii. p. 49 (1891) 
[habits: Tepic & Mazatlan R.} Mexico"; Scott7 Auk, ix. p. 211 (1892) 
[Caloosabatehie Reg., Florida" ; Attwater, Auk, ix. p. 231 (1892) 
[San Antonio, Texas[; Cory, Cat. W. huh B. p. 84 (1892); 
Wayne, Auk, xii. p. 364 (1895) "Anciila R., Florida: breeding]; 
A. O. U. Check-L p. 41 (lbOo). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, middle of upper 
back, rump, tipper tail-coverts, and underparts Mack, glossed with 
oil-green; the feathers down the upper half of the back of the neck 
considerably elongate and forming a mane; down each side of the 
mane and along the middle of the head are lines of loosely-webbed 
brownish-white feathers, these are apparently retained only for a 
very short period; the sides of the upper back, wing-coverts, 
scapulars, and innermost secondaries black with white middles; 
the scapulars are falciform and but moderately elongate, the longest 
measuring less than 5 inches; greater secondary coverts mostly 
silvery white, only the inner half of the inner web being black ; 
the outer webs of the innermost secondaries slightly, and of the 
middle tail-feathers strongly ribbed ; rest of the quills black; 
tail-feathers black, shading into dark brown on the snbterminal 
part and rather widely tipped with brownish white. This 

2 . FL0TTJS. 421 
character alone serves to distinguish the present species from 
any of the allied forms. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris bright 
carmine; upper mandible dusky olive, the edges yellow; lower 
mandible bright yellow, the edges and tip greenish: bare space 
round the eye bluish green; gular sac bright orange ; tarsi and toes 
dusky olive anteriorly, the hind parts and webs yellow; claws 
brownish black. Total length about 36 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 3-15-3*6, wing 13-13*8, tail 9*5-10-5, tarsus 
1*5, outer toe and claw 2*9. 

Adult male in non-breeding 'plumage. Similar to the above, but 
lacking the elongate black and brownish-white feathers on the head 
and neck. 

Advli female in breeding-plumage. Top of the head and back of 
the neck brown, all the feathers fringed with whitish or rufous 
buff, producing a somewhat mottled appearance; sides of the head, 
throat, and underpart of the neck and chest pale whitish buff, 
becoming richer on the chest; head and sides of the neck with 
irregular scattered bands of loosely-webbed dirty white feathers; 
upper back black, each feather margined with brown and with 
a white middle; rest of the upper parts much like those of the 
male ; a narrow band of dark chestnut divides the chest from the 
black breast and underparts. Iris paler red (pinkish); rest of soft 
parts like those of the male. Total length about 36 inches, culmen 
from feathers on forehead 2*9-3*3, wing 12*5-13*5, tail 9-10*2, 
tarsus 1*5-1*6, outer toe and claw 2-8-2*9. 

Adult female in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but 
the whitish feathers on the head and sides of the neck are absent. 

Immature males and females appear to resemble one another in 
the early stages, the plumage being generally like that of the adult 
female, but the upper parts are browner, the wide white stripes 
down the middle of the innermost secondaries rudimentary; the 
primary and secondary quills margined with whitish at the extremity, 
the ribs on the innermost secondaries and middle pair of 
tail-feathers merely indicated; the dark chestnut band at the base 
of the chest absent, and the breast and rest of underparts pale 
brownish white. 

Young in down entirely covered with pale buff-coioured down, 
shading into white on the scapulars, wings, and lower parts of 
the body. 
Rah. Tropical and subtropical America. 

a.
b. 
S ad* sk. 
J ad. sk. 
North America. 
North America (H. W. RenHardwicke 
Bequest. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
shaw). 
c. d. J ad. et Florida. W. B. Dismore, Esq. 
imm. sk. [P.]. 
e. $ imm. sk. St. John's River, Fla., Jan, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. J. Maynard). 
f. $ ad. sk. Hernando Co., Fla., Mar. 14 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Greene Smith). 
g. $ imm. sk. Oklawaha River, Fla., April Salvin-Godman Coll 
(C. H. Merriam). 

PHALACROCOEACID^. 
h-o. <$ $ ad., Tarpon Springs, Fla., Jan., Mar., Salvin-Godman Coll. 

422 

imm. et pull sk.
p 2 ad. sk.

q-x. 8 2 ad. etimm. sk.

y. 
J juv. sk.
z. 2 ad- sk.
a'. Imm. sk.
V. Juv. sk.
c', cV. $ ad. etimm. sk.
e', /'. <$ 2 a<^
sk.
ff', ti. S $ a$. sk.

i'. Imm. sk.
k'. tf ad. sk.


V. J ad.sk.
m'. <$ ad. sk.
n% o'. <S 2 vix
ad. sk.
p'. d imm. sk.

q'. J imm. sk.

r. S vix ad. sk.
s'. 
Ad. st.

t'. Juv. sk.
u'. Jad.sk.

v'. Juv. sk.

wr. Skeleton.

 Aug., Sept. (TV. E. D. Scott). 
Okahumkee, Fla., April 19

(C. H. J/.). 
Brownsville, Texas, Mar-May 
(F. B. Armstrong), 
Tampico, Mexico, March

(JF. B. Bichardson). 
Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). 
Yzabal, Guatemala, Sept.

(0.6'.). 
Lake of Peten, Guatemala,
April (O.S.). 
Coztimel I , Yucatan (G. F. 
Gaumer). 

 j^icoya, Costa Rica, March

 (E. Arce). 
Lapruna de Castillo, Yeragua

(E. Arce)^ 
South America. 
Rernedios, Antioquia, U. S.
Colombia (T. K. Salmon). 
R.Napo,Ecuador (C. Buckley). 
Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. B.). 
Rupurumi R., Brit. Guiana, 
Feb., March (JET. Wh'tely). 
Interior of British Guiana.

 Georgetown, July 11.

 Essequibo River, March 8.

 Cayenne.

 Brazil. _ 
Caicara, Central Brazil, Xov. 11

(J. Xatterer). 
Corrientes, Rio Parana, Sept.

 Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Purchased. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 J. 
J. Quelch & F. V. 
McConnell, Esqs. 
yr. 

 F. 
" V". McConnell, 
Esq. TV. 
F. 
V. ~ McConnell, 
Esq. T.~. 
H. C. Eothery Esq. 
M.T'laussen [P.]. 
Salvin-Gudman "Coll. 

 H. Durnford, Esq. 
Seehohra Coll. 
STJLIDJ3. 
423 

Family II. SULIDiE. 

Palatines fused in the middle line, with a slight median keel; a 
well-marked nasal hinge ; postorbital process emarginate. Greater 
part of the carina sterni and the region of the sternum bearing the 
coraeoid grooves produced far forward beyond the anterior lateral 
process of sternum (W. P. Py craft). 

1. 
SULA * 
Type. 
Sula, Brmon, Orn. vi. p. 494 (1760); Lacepede in Buff. 
Hist. Sat. (18oio, Didot), Quadr. xiv. p. 318 (1799) *.. S. sula. 
Dysporus, Illiger, Prodromus, p. 279 (1811) S. bassana. 
Piaticus? Brcfinesque, Analyse, p. 69 (1815); Reielienb. Av. 

Syst. Sat. p. vi (1850) S. bassana. 
Sularius, Bqfinesque, Analyse, p. 72 (181o) S. sula. 
Moris, Leach, Syst Cat Mamm. ty B. Brit. Mus. p. 35 

(1816) S. bassana. 
Moms, Tieill. S. Diet d'Hist Sat. xii. p. 35 (1817) S. sula. 
Disporus, Ayrmix, Index Univers. p. 127 (1846) S. bassana. 
Piscatrix, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Sat p. vi (1850) S. piscator. 
Abeltera, Heine, in Seine ^- Reichen. Somencl. Mus. 

Hein. p. 351 (1890) 
S. sula. 

Bill stout, subeylmdrieal, and pointed, tapering gradually towards 
the extremity, which is very slightly curved but never hooked ; 
a linear groove on each side of the culmen; nostrils completely 
closed in adults; cutting-edges of mandibles serrated, that of the 
upper mandible deeply cleft at the junction of the maxilla with the 
quadrato-jugal bar; chin and upper part of throat more or less 
naked. "Wings very long and pointed, the first primary longest, 
Tail long and wedge-shaped, composed of from twelve to eighteen 
feathers. Tarsus short; outer and middle toes subequal; claws 
curved, that of middle toe broad and pectinate. 

Range. Temperate and Tropical seas. 

* The following papers refer to the osteology, etc., of the genus:—Owen & 
Yarrell, P. 2. S. 1831, p. 90 [air-cells in S. bassam]; Brandt, Mem. Ac. 
St. Petersb. (6) v. pt. ii. pp. 104, 139, 181, pi. vi. (1839) [osteologyof S. sula]:
Hitzsch, Pteryl., Engl. ed. p. 150, pi. x.figs. 8, 9 (1S67); Eyton, Osteol. AY, 
p, 220, pi. 6L. (1867); Mirart, Tr. Z. S. x. pt. vii, pp. 315-378, pis. lix. 
fig. 7, lx. figs. 1-5 (1878) [axial skeleton); Shufeldt, P. XL S. Nat. Mus. x. 
p. 382 (1887); Bignon, C. E. Soc. Biol. 1889, pp, 93-94 [air-cavities in 
S. bassana]. 
424 
SULIDJE. 

Key to the Species. 

I. 
Feathering on the throat cleft and extending 
forwardln a double point between the rami 
of the mandible as far as the notch in the 
upper mandible; a naked band down the 
middle of the throat. 
A. Plumage 
mostly white; head and neck 
washed with ochraceous buff. (Adults.) 
a. Naked band on throat about 2 inches 
in length and not continued down the 
fore-neck. 
a'. All the tail-feathers pure white ... . bassana, p. 425. 


V. 
Two middle pairs of tail-feathers 
sooty-black, four outer pairs white.. serrator, p. 428. ^ 
b. Naked band on throat continued down 
the middle of the fore-neck and nearly 
6 inches in length capensis, p. 429. 
B. 
Plumage mostly dark brown, each feather 
with a white spot at the extremity. 
(Immature.) 

c. Naked band on throat about 2 inches 
in length and not continued down the , , 4n~ 
J bas9am

fore-neck . 
t P-4^* 

el Naked band "on throat* continued down I *^rfl#or7 p. 428. 
the middle of the fore-neck and about 
0 inches in length capeam, p. 429. 


II. 
Feathering on the throat truncate and with 
an entire margin, falling far short of the 
notch in the upper mandible. 
C. Plumage of 
the upper parts, a^ well as 
the head and neck, mostly pure white. 
e. Tail mostly browniVh black : outer 
webs offlight-feather* brownish black. 
c'. Bill pale greenish or bluish horn cganops ad., p. 430. ^ 
cT. Bill red variegata ad., p. 434. 

/ . 
Tail pure white, outer webs of flight-
feathers hoary grey ."... pkcator ad., p. 432. N 

D. Plumage of the upper parts dark brown, tie 
feathers of the back and scapulars shading 
into whitish at the extremity. 
g. Feathers of the head and upper neck 
narrow and pointed, brown on the 
basal two-thirds, white along the 
middle and at the tip; wing-coverts 
uniform dark brown nebouxi ad., p. 435. 
h. Feathers of the head and neck rounded 
and pure white, like those of the 
underparts; wing-coverts dark brown, 
fringed with white at the extremity 
like those of the back variegata imoi., p. 434. 
E, Plumage of the upper parts uniform deep 
sooty-brown. 
i Head and upper half of neck sooty-
brown eyanops imm., p. 430. 

h. 
Head, neck, and chest uniform deep 
sooty-brown, like the back. , , -* , >0« 
'• *** «* ^ *«• *** 1 S2&5 fil t%o. 

1. SULA. 
425 
f. 
Breast and belly pale brown. 
a". Outer webs of flight-feathers 
washed with hoary grey piscator imm., p. 432. 
b". Outer webs of flight-feathers dark 
brown sula imm., p. 436. 
/. 
Head white, shading into grey on the f 
neck hrewsteri tf |d., p. 440. 

1. Sula bassana. 
Le Grand Fou, Brisso?i, Orn. vi. p. 497 (1760) [Florida, immature]; 
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 372 0-781). 
Le Fou de Bassan, JBrisson, Orn. vi. p. 503, pi. xliv. (1700) [Bass 
Eock: adult]; D'Aubent. Pi. Enl ix. pi. 78 [no. 278]. 

Pelecanus bassanus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 217 (1766) ; Gmel S. N. i. 
pt. ii. p. 577 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 891 (1790) ; Bonnat. 
Tail Encycl. Meth. i. p. 48, pi. 15. fig. 4 (1790) ; Brock, etc. 
Teutsche Orn. pi. 118 (1800-1837); Cuv. Regn. Anim., Ois. p. 526 
(1817). 

Le Fou taehete de Cayenne, DAnient. PI Enl. ix. pi. 77 [no. 986]. 
Le Fou taehete, Buff."Kid. Nat Ois. viii. p. 375 (1781). 
Le Fou de Bassan, Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. viii. p. 376 (1781). 
Gannet, Lath Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 608 (1785); Pennant, Arct. Zool. 


ii. p. 582 (1785) : Tarrett, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 381 (1843) ; 
Thumps. Nat. Hist Irel iii. pp. 254,451 (1851); Waiters, N Hist. 
B. Irel p. 238 (1853). 
Spotted Booby, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 614 (1785). 
Pelecanus maeulatus, Gmel. 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 579 (1788) ; Bonnat. 
Toll. Encycl Meth. i. p. 49, pi. 16. fig. 1 (1790). 
Sula vulgaris, Lacep. ty Daudin, in Buff. Hist Nat. (18mo, Didot), 
Quadr. xiv. p. 318; Ois. xvi. p. 294 (1799). 


Sula major, Lacep. fy Daudin, in Buff. Hist Nat. (18mo, Didot), 
Quadr. xiv. p. 318, Ois. xvi. p. 298 (1799); Brehm, Handb. Yog. 
Deutschl p. 812 (1831). 

Sula maculata, Lacep. $ Eaudin, in Buff. Hist Nat (18mo, Didot), 
Quadr. xiv. p. 319, Ois. xvi. p. 302 (1799); Werner, Atl Ois. Eur., 
Ord. 15. pi. 91 (1828); Lesson, Train ffiOrn. p. 600, pi. 116. 
fig. 2 (1831); 8chinz, Nat.Abbihl Vog. p. 385, pi. 33. fig. (1833); 
Harcourt. Sketch of Madeira, p. 167 (1851) ; Gray, B. West Scotl. 
pp. 458, 514 (1871). 

Sula 
bassana, Lacep. fy Eaudin, in Buff. Hist Nat. (18mo, Didot), 
Quadr. xiv. p. 319, Ozs.xvi. p. 303 (1799); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. 

ii. p. 306 (1811); Steph. in Shato's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt, i. p. 100 (1826); 
Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl p. 813 (1831); Nutt Man. Orn. 
p. 495 (1834); Nils*. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 472 (1835); Gould, B. 
Eur. v. pi. 412 (1837); Aud. Orn. Biog. iv. p. 222, pi. 326 (1838); 
id. B. Amer. vii. p. 203, pi. 425 (1839) ; Korner, 8kand, Fogl. 
pi. 59. fig. a (1839-46); Temm. Man. £Orn. ii. p. 569 (1840); 
G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 182 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. m 
(1845); Degl Orn. Europ. ii. p. 383 (1849) ; Reichenb. Natatores, 
pi. xxxx. nos. 356-361 (1850) ; Macgill. Br. B. v. p. 405, 
fig. 86 (1852): Kjcerboll Damn. Fugle, p. 392, pi. Ii. b, Suppl. pi. 34. 
(1852); *Bonap. Comp. Av. ii p. 165 (1855); Hartl. Syst. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 258 (1857); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 871 (1860) ; 
Bryant, P. Bost Soc, viii. p. 68 (1861) [Gulf of Saint Lawrence: 
breeding] ; Bernhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 19 [Greenland: accidental 
and rare!; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,vi. Pelee. p. 37 (1863); Cunningham, 
Ibis, 1866, pp. 1-23, pi. 1 [pull.]; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 430, 
[E. 
Morocco]; Degl Sr Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 347 (1867) ; 
420 
SULID.E. 

Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 458 [Portugal]; Elites, Ibis, 1869, pp. 23-30 
[Stack I., Orkney; Boreray, St. Ivilcla, breeding]; Droste, J. f. 0. 
1869, p. 388 [Faroes]; Fritsch, Nat. Tog. Europas. p. 449 (1870), 
Atl. pi. 57. fig. 6 (1871) ; G. R. Gray. Hand-l B. iii. p. 120 
(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 [S. Spain" ; Minnigerode, 

J. f. 0. 1871, p. 73 [Hanover]; Coues, Key NAmer. B. p. 298 
(1872); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 187 [Heligoland]; 1)%, Orn. 
Gibraltar, p. 207 (1875); Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 306 (1877) ; Kum-
lien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. p. 94 (1879) [Xova Scotia, 
Labrador]; Dresser, B. Europe, vi. p. 181, pl7 392 (IfeSO); 
Maynard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 463 (1881) : Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 216 [Italy]; Booth, Rough Xotes, iii. pt. v/p k 1-6 (18^3); 
Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander] ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 98 
[Trafalgar]; Coues, Key JST. Amer. B. p. 720 (1884); Barringion, 
Zool. 1884, pp. 473-9 [Ireland, breeding]; TIssher, Zool 1«84, 
pp. 479-482 [Ireland, breeding] ; Baircl, Breiu. $• Ridgw. Water-
B. N. Amer. ii. p. 171 (1884) ^Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 043 
(1885); Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 91; Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 249 [Gibp. 
76 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 314 [Portugal" ; Lucas, Auk, v. 
pp. 130-135, 278 (1888) [Gannet Hock, Gulf of Saint Laurence""; 
Gigl Avif. Hal pt. i. p. 428 (1889) ; Sound. III. Man. Brit B. 
p. 353 (1889) ; Lilford, Col Fig. Brit B. pt. xii. (lfeOO) ; Turk, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 8 [Blasket Is."; Evans, Ibi% 1891, p. 09 [Incubation 
39-45 days]; Gathe, Heligoland, p. o63 (1891), Engl eel p. 543 
(1895) ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893. p. 198 [Canary K] ; A. O. U. 
Cheek-l p. 41 (1895) ; Pearson, Ibis, 1895,"p. 247* [Iceland". 
Sula 
alba, Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb. der Deutschl ii. p. 582, pi. 
(1810); Temm.Man. cVOm. p. 593 (1815); id. Man. dJOm. ii. 

p. 905 (1820). 
Moris bassana, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. § B. Brit. Mus. p. 35 
(1816). 
Moras bassanus, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 39 (1817). 
Dysporus bassanu=*, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1^25) ; Sundev. Ann. 

Mag. N. H. xix. p. 236 (1847) ; Tobias, J. f. O. 1853, p. 217; 
Reinhardt, J. f. 0.1854, p. 443 [Greenland^; Sundtv. Si\ Fogl 
pi. ly. figs. 4, 5 (1850): Sharjye, Handb. B.Gr. Brit. ii. p. 21b, 
pi. liii. (1896). 

Common Gannet, Lath, Gen. Hist B. x. p. 432 (1824). 
Soland Gannet, Steph, in Share's Gen. Zool. xiiL pt. i. pi. 11 (1826). 
? Sula leucophea, Steph. in Shaids Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 106 (1820) 


[Cayenne ?]. 
Sula nielanura, Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 413 (1837); Tenim. Man. 

6!Orn. ii. p. 569 (1840) [Iceland]. 
Sula americana, Bonap. Comp. List, p. 60 CI838). 
Fou intermediaire, Lefevre, Naumannia, 1851, pt. 4, p. 38 [Europe". 
Sula lefevrii, Baldamus, Naumannia, 1851, pt. iy. p. 38 footnote; 

Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 165 (1855); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 300 
(1877). 
Lulu (sic) ba&sana, Fitz. Atl Nat. Yog. fig. 335 (1804). 

Adult. General colour pure white*; the back and sides of the 
head and neck washed with ochraceous buff; primaries and 
primary-coy erts black. A narrow bare patch extending from 
the chin for about two inches down the middle of the throat. 

1. SULA. 427 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. The cutting-edges of the mandibles 
serrated. The inner margin of the middle toe-nail pectinate. 
Iris pale yellowish white ; hill pale bluish grey, tinged with 
green at the base; bare space round the eyes, lines on the bill, and 
gular space black; feet brownish black, the scales light greenish 
blue or emerald-green; claws greyish white. 

Adult male. Total length about 36 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 3-95, wing 19, tail 8-8, tarsus 2-25. 
Adult female. Total length about 36 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 3-85, wing 18*8, tail 8*7? tarsus 2-25. 

Young when first hatched are naked and of a slaty-black colour ; 
iris dark hazel; naked skin round the eye livid slate-colour; bill dull 
slate, white at the point. Subsequently they become entirely 
covered with white down. 

Young in first plumage. Head, neck, upper parts, wings, and tail, 
as well as the under wing- and under tail-coverts, sooty brown, each 
feather except the quills with a triangular white spot at the tip; 
the longer upper tail-coverts mostly white on the outer web, and 
the shafts of the tail-feathers whitish; breast, belly, and rest of 
underparts mottled with white and brownish grey, each feather 
being white with a greyish-white extremity. Cutting-edges of the 
mandibles and the inner margin of the middle toe-nail entire. 

Gradually the head, neck, and underparts become mostly white, 
while the upper parts remain smoky-brown, indistinctly spotted 
with white at the extremity. As age advances, the brown plumage 
of the upper parts is gradually replaced by white. 

According to Booth, who kept a number of these birds in confinement, 
making careful notes on their changes of plumage, the fully 
adult dress is not attained until the sixth year. On the other hand, 
Macgillivray asserts that the adult plumage is attained by the end 
of the second autumn 

It is not unlikely that the natural changes of plumage are 
retarded, or even arrested, in these birds when kept in confinement. 
This is certainly the case in the birds of prey, and I am inclined to 
believe that in a wild state the Gannet attains its fully adult 
plumage by the end of the third year. All the changes as observed 
by Booth are beautifully figured in his ' Eough Notes,' iii. 
pt. v. pis. i.-vi. 

Hob. Coasts of the North Atlantic, extending south in winter to 
the Gulf of Mexico, and to North Africa, Madeira, and the Canary 

Islands. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. J ad. sk. 
Great Britain. 
Great Britain. 
Ilardwicke Bequest. 
Leach Coll. 
a. Imm. sk. Great Britain. Bullock Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Shetland. Old Coll. 
e-q. Ad. sk. et st.
h. Ad. sk. 
St. Kilda. 
Kintyre, Argyll, Scotland, 
Theodore Walker, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Duke of Argyll [P.]. 
i-n. S $ ad. etApril S. 
Bass Kock. E.Bidwell, Esq. [P.]. 
pull. st. 
o. Ad. sk. Bass Rock. May. Hargitt Coll. 

428 
STTLXD^. 

p-r. $ J ad. sk. Bass Rock, Aug. 26. 

s-v.Ad..,imm. ,jllV. Bass Rock, July. 
et pull. sk. 


w. Pull. sk. [Bass Rock.] 
x. 
Pull. sk. [Bass Rock.] 
y. 
Ad. sk. Lancashire Coast i (J. W. 
Lloyd), 
s,A!'. Ad.etju-v \ sk. Devonshire. 

V. Ad. sk. Pagham Harbour, Sussex. 
</. Ad. sk. Rye, Sussex, Xov. 9. 
d'. Juv. st. Yarmouth. 
6'. Ad. sk. Norfolk Coast (j. m 
Gurney). 

/'. Ad. sk. Fame Inlands. 
(/. PuU. st. Xo locality. 

V. Skeleton. Great Britain. 
ir 

. 
Skeleton. Great Britain. 

7c'. Sternum. Great Britain. 

1'. Skeleton Kintyre, Arprvll, Scotland. 

(mounted). 

m'. $ ad. skeleton. Kintyre, April 8. 

n'. Sternum. Europe. 

J. 
L. Bonhote, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Baron 
A, von Hus>el 
[p.]. 

Purchased. 


Gould Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


^Montagu Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Old Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Old Coll. 


Purchased. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Zool. Sue. Coll. 
Dukeof Argyll ~P;. 


Duke of Argyll T>.], 
Lefetre Coll. 


2. Siila serrator. 
Sula australis, Gould (nee Steph.}, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 177 [Tasmanian 
seas]; G. R. Gray in Dieff. Trav. K. Zeal. ii. App. p. 200 (1*43) ; 
id. List o/B. pt. iii. p. 183 (1844; ; Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 70 
(1846); Reichenb. Natatores* pi. x\i\\e no*?. 2267-S (1^50); 
Bllman, Zool. 1801, p. 7472; Layard, Ibis, 1803, p. 240 rhabits'; 
Gould, BLandb. B. Avstr. ii. p. 504 (1805). 
Sula serrator, G. R. Gray, Toy. Erebus and Terror, Birds, p. 19 
(1845); Bonap. Consp. A v. ii. p. 106 (1855); G. R. Gray, Ibt\ 
1862, p. 250 rXew Zealand : part s^nf : Sc/il. Mvs. JPra/^Bas. \i. 
Pelec. p. 38 "(1803); Button, Ibis. 1670. p. 3U6* rXew "Zealand" ; 

G. R. Gray, Hand-l 
B. iii. p. 126 (1871) : Bvller, B. X. Zeal. 
p. 323 (1873); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 300 (1877); Ramsay, 
B. Linn, Soc. K S. XT. ii.p.203 (1877 j ; id. Tab. List Austr. JJ. 
p. 24 (1888); Korth, Nests fyRffys B. Austr. p. 303 (1889). 
Pelecanus serrator, Banks, Icon. ined. pi. 30 (fide G. R. Gray). 
Sula plumigula, /. Naiterer: fidePelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 52 "Australia]. 
Dysporus serrator, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, pp. 174, 213'Xew Zealancl, 
Australia]; Btdler, Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 91 (1882); Id. B. X. Zeal 
2nd ed. ii. p. 177 (1888) ; McLean, Ibis, 1892, p. 254 [X. Zealand: 
lay only one egg]. 

Adult Very similar to S. bassana, and, as in that species, the naked 
band down the middle of the throat is short, extending for about 
two inches only. It may, however, be at once distinguished by 
having the two middle pairs of tail-feathers dark brownish black. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris olive-white ; hill brownish 
horn-colour, slightly tinged with bine ; space round the eye leaden-
blue ; bare skin at the base of the bill and down to the middle of 
the throat nearly black; front of tarsi and toes sickly greenish 
yellow; webs brown. Total length about 30 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 3-4-3*6, wing 18, tail 8-8-4, tarsus 2*2. 

1 . SULA. 429 
Lnmatture. Closely resembles the young of 8, basmna of a similar 
age. 

Mob. Coasts of Australia and New Zealand. 
a, b Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e, d. Imm. sk. Xew South Wales. Australian Museum 

[P.]. 

eff. Ad. et imm. &t. Port Jackson. Australian Museum 
A^* S^

f' Tasmania. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Xew Zealand. Colonial Museum, 
"Wellington [E.l. 
i, k. Ad. sk. Xew Zealand. Sir E. Home [P.]. 
/. Ad. tk. Xew Zealand. Antarctic Exped. 

m. Ad. sk. Cook's Straits. Hume CoU. 
». Skull. 

o. Head in spirits. Xew Zealand. Sir W. L. Buller [P.]. 
3. Smla capensis. 
Dysjporus capensis, Lieht Vers, Doubl p. 86 (1823); Finsch fy Earth 
Vog. Osi-Afr. p. 84*2 (1870) [Mosambique]; Sundev. Ann. Mag. 
Ar» JET. xix. p. 236 (1847). 

Sula melanura*, Macgill Br. B. v. p. 419 (1852) [Bass Bock!]. 
fc'ula capensis, G. B. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 188 (1844); Rekhenb. 
Xatatores, pi. xxix.o no. 2292-3 (1850) ; Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. 

p. 16?) (1856); Cfeawi, Z7.& J&jtf. j&p«£ p. 305 (1858) j tfcW. 
Ifw. Pcuf$-Basf vi. Pate, p. 39 (1863); Zayarrf, 3.S.Afr.y.279 
(1867) ; <?. J2. 6Vfly, JE&wa*-/. i?. iii. p. 126 (1871); Gtonwy, erf. 
Anderss. B: Damaral p. 365 (1872) ; #M%, lbis} 1875, p. 87 
rCape to Port Elizabeth]; Socage, J.f. 0.1876, p. 292 [Loanda]; 
JIutae, Sir. F v. p. 306 (1877); Bekhenow, J.f. 0. 1877, p. 10 
[Loango Coast J; Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 520 (1881); Sharpened. 
Lmjard, P. S. Ajr. p. 775 (1884); Fischer, J". / . O. 1885, p. 114 
[Zanzibarj; Meichenow, Vog. Deutsch-O.-Afr. p. 24 (1894) 
[Zanzibar]; W. L. Sclaier, Ibis, 1896, p. 523 [Dassen I.]. 
Adult. Very similar to 8. hasscma, but easily distinguished by the 
greater length of the bare patch, which extends down the middle of 
the throat and foreneek for about 6 inches, and by the colonr of 
the tail-feathers, which are brownish black instead of pure white. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris pale yellow; naked skin on the 
sides of the face and down the middle of the throat bluish black; 
feet livid. Total length about 31 inches, culmen from feathers on 
forehead 3-f>, wing 18-18*3, tail 7-5, tarsus 2*35. 

An immature bird with the head and neck like those of the adult, 
and the rest of the upper parts smoky brown mixed with white, 
especially on the npper back, has the chest and rest of imderparts 
white, each feather with a pale brown middle and submarginal band, 
producing a mottled appearance. 

Rah. Coasts of South Africa, ranging north to Loango on the 
west, and Zanzibar on the east. 

* There can be no doubt that the bird described is S. capenm: possibly a 
mistake may have been made in the locality or the label have been accidentally 
changed. 

SUIXDJB. 

430 

a. Ad. sir. Ambriz, Angola. J. J. 3Ionteiro, Esq. [Cr . 
/;. J imm. sk. Mossamedes, March Shelley Coll. 
(.4wctofo). 
<\ Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased. 

4. Sula cyanops. 
Pelecanus piscator, Forst. (nee Linn.) Icon. ined. fh 107 [Norfolk L, 

9th Oct. 1774]. 
r* Brown and White Booby, Zatf& Gen. Hist. B. x. p . 441 (Ifc24). 
*Sula dactylatra, Less. toy. Coquille, i. p. 494 (1826) [Ascension] 


id. TraitS d?0m. p. 601 (1831); Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. W5» 
(1855); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 311 (1877); Cory, B. Bahama Is. 

p. 194 (1880) ; Milne-Fdiuards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) xiii. Art, 4, 
p. 35, pi. 13 (1882). 
Dysporus cyanops, Sundevall, Physiogr. Scillskapefs Tidsk. I. p. 218, 
Finseh, Ibis, 1880, p. 434 [Gilbert Is.]; Oates, M. Burmah, ii 

p. 231 (1883). 
Sula personata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p 21 [X. & X.E. coasts of 
Australia]; id. B. Austr. vii. pi. 77 (1846) ; jReiehenb. Natatores, 
pi. xxix.c n o. 2291 (1850) ; Cassia, U.S. JExpL Biped, p. 3118 
(1858) ; Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 269 [Xepean & Philip Is., breeds]. 

Sula cyanops, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. f06 (1855) ; Sr/il. Mm, Pitm-
Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 39 (1863); Gould, Handb. B. Jtitdr, ii. p. ?M 
(1865); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 294 (1872); Heitgl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. 

p. 1480 (1873); Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 367 (1874); Sakmf Tr. 
Z. S. ix. p. 496 (1876) • Streets, Bull U.S. Nat Mm* Til. p. 24 
(1877) [Christmas I.] ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 303 (1*77) [Mekran 
Coast]; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 307 (1877); Masters f P. Linn, Sue. 
N. S. W. i p. 64 (1877); Bamsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. IF. ii. 
p. 203 (1877) [East Cape], iv. p. 102 (1870) [Louisiade, Duke of 
York, Solomon Is.]; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 81 (1870); id. Sir. II 
•viii. p . 388 (1879) [Coast of Sind]; Penrose, Ibis7 187% pp. 275f 
281 [Ascension]; Sdat 8f Salv. Voy. Chall.ZmL pt. ix. p. 120 
(1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1180 (1880) ; Murray, Sir. F. x. 
p. 165 (1881); Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p.'416 (I8B&); Salvin, 
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 427 [Galapagos]; Baird, Brew. 4' JRidaw. Water-
B. N. Amer. ii. p. 176 (1884); Cory, B. Haiti *f & Domingo, 
p. 170 (1885); Bidgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 75 (1887) ; Cory, Auk, 
v. p. 71 (1888); Ramsay, Tab. last Aust. B. p. 24 (1888); Cory, 
B. W. Ind. p. 272 (1889); Cheeseman, Tr. N Z. Inst, xxL p. lit 
(1889) [Curtis I.]; North, Nests $ Fgys B. Amir. p. 379 (IBBSI) 
[Lord Howe & Norfolk Is.]; Etheridge $• North, Lord Home Z, 
p. 16, pi. i. fig. 2; Wiglesw. Abh. Mm. Dresd. 1890-4)1, p. 72; 
Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 293, 300 [Phoenix Is.]; Walker, Mmf 
1892, p. 257 [Adele I., N.W. Australia]; Cory, Cat, W. Ind. II 
p. 84 (1892); Bothschild, Avif. Laymn, pt. i. p. 25 (1803); A. O. U. 
Check-l. p. 40 (1895). 

Sula nigrodactyla, Less., fide Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 205 (1855). 

Sula bassana, Newberry (nee Linn.), Rep. JSxpl Suro. yL pt. iv. p 107 

(1857). 
Sula elegans, Bryant, P. Post. Soc. vii. p. 125 (1859) [Bahamas: 
breeding]; Cory, B. Bahama Is. p. 194 (1880). 

* The description of S. dactylatra given by Lesson is unrecognizable. 
1. 
SULA. 431 
Sula melanops, Eeugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 351, pi x. figs. 2, 3 [Bur-da-

Retschi, Somali Coast]. 

? Sula piscatrix, Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 483 (1876) [Laccadives]. 

Sula abbotti, Midgiv. P. U.S. Mat. Mus. xvi. p. 599 (1893) [As


sumption I., Ind. Ocean]. 

Ada t. Pure white, except the primaries, secondaries and their 
covert',, as well as the tail-feathers, which are brownish black; the 
quills and coverts, however, have the basal part of the inner web 
mostly white, and the basal part of the tail-feathers is white. The 
chin and upper part of the throat entirely naked ; feathers terminating 
in a nearly straight line across the throat. Tail composed 
of 16 or occasionally 18^ feathers. Iris yellow; bill horn-colour, 
greenish grey, or greenish yellow; naked skin round the eyes and 
on the throat dark slate to bluish black; legs and feet slate-grey, 
brownish grey, bluish grey, or greenish yellow; webs darker.* 
Total length about 36 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 
4-3-4-4, wing 17-5-17-8, tail 7-1-7-6, tarsus 2-3. 

Resiling covered with white down. 

In the youngest examples which I have examined the head, neck, 
and upper parts are mostly smoky brown, mixed here and there with 
white, or partly white feathers ; between the base of the neck and 
upper back a rather marked zone of whitish feathers ; chest, 
breast, and underparts pure white ; under wing-coverts almost pure 
white, one or two of the outermost feathers mixed with brown. 

In nearly adult specimens the lesser wing-coverts, lower back, 

and rump are mixed with the brown feathers of the immature; 

otherwise the plumage is like that of the adult. " Iris pale green ; 

gular skin slate; bill pale bluish horn ; legs and feet lavender-blue " 

{E. A. 
Butler). 
Hah. Tropical seas throughout the world. 
a-c. Ad. etpull. Ascension 1., Dec. (Dr. D. Gill). Dr. Frank Penrose 
sk. [P.]. 

d. Jmm. sk. At sea, off the Cape of Good E. M. Langworthy, 
Hope. Esq. [P.]. 
e,f. 
tf$vixad. Mekran Coast, May 14 (E. A. Hume Coll. 
sk. Butler), 


g. Irtim sk. Tenasserim. 
J. D. C. Packman, 
Esq. [P.]. 
h, L 2 a(i*s&- Raine Island, N.E. Australia. 'Challenger' Exped. 

k. Ad. sk. Norfolk Island. E. Saunders [C.]. 
/, m. Ad. sk. Norfolk Island. Seebohm Coll. 
n. 
Juv. sk. Curtis Island, Kermadec Group, Miss E. Eastwood 
Feb. 13. [P.]. 
* Judging from the descriptions published by various authors, the colours 
of the soft parts in 8. cyanops vary greatly [cf. Hume, Str. F. v. p. 310 (1877)]. 
Too much importance must not, however, be attached to these differences, for 
after making allowance for the changes of colour caused by age, season, and sex, 
it must be borne in mind that some of the records are probably taken from 
birds some hours after death, when the colours of the gular pouch and legs are 
entirely altered, while borne descriptions are taken from dry skins. 
432 
FTJLIDJ3. 

t>. Skeleton. lidm Island, N.E. Australia. ' CliallengerJ Exped. 

p. hum. skeleton, 
q. Skull. 
r. Ad. inapiritb. Baine Island, N.E. Australia. i Challenge ' Exped. 
5. Sula piscator. 
Le Fou bran, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 499, pi. xliii.fig*. 1 (1760). 
Le Fou Wane, Briss. Orn. TL p. 501 (1760); Buff. Hist. Na$. Ois. 

viii. p. 371 (1781).
Pelecanus piscator, Linn. S. N. i. p. 217 (1766) [adult] ; Gmel & N 
i. pt. ii. p. 578 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 802 (1790); BonntiL 
Tabl JEncycl Meth. i. p. 49 (1790). 
Pelecanus fiber, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 218 (1766) [immature]; Gmel, 

S. N i. pt. ii. p. 579 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 893 (1790); 
Bonnat Tabl. Encycl Mm. I p. 48, pi. 16. fig. 2 (1790). 
Le petit Fou brun, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 374 (1781). 
Lesser Gannet, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 611 (1785); id. Gen, 

HzstB.x. p. 437(1824). 
Brown Booby, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 613 (1785); id. Gen. 

Hist. B. x. p. 441 (1824). 
Moms piscator, Vieill N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat xiL p. 40 (1817). 
Sula Candida, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 103 (1826). 
Sula fiber, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 105 (1826). 
Sula ervtbrorhyncha, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 601 (1831), 
Sula rubripes, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 156 [N. S. Wales]; id. Syn. 

B. Austr., App. p. 7 (1837-8); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii, 
p. 183 (1844). 
Sula piscator, 
Gould, B. Atistr. vii. pi. 79 (1846); Blyth, Cat. Mus. 
As.Soc. p. 297 (1849) [Maldives & Bay of Bengal]; Reichenb. 
Natatores, pi. xxix. no. 853 (1850); Hartl Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 258 (1857); Casein, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 365 (1858) ; Jerd. 
B. Ind. iii. p. 852 (1864); Gould, Bandb. B. Ausir. ii. p. 509 
(1865); Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 151 [Eodriguez] ; Salvin, Ibis, 
1866, p. 200 [Half Moon Cay, Belize Coast]; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. 
B. iii. p. 126 (1871); Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 203 
(1877); Streets, Bull. IT. S. Nat Mus. ml p. 23 (1877) [Fanning 
Group, Christmas I.] ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 112 (1880) ; 
Sclat # Salv. Voy. Chall, Zool. pt. ix. p. 120 (1880); Layard, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 233 [Loyalty Is.], 1881, p. 134 [N. Caledonia]; 
Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 419 (1882); Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. 
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 182 (1884); Gtdllem. P. Z. S. 1885, 
p. 417 [Silam, Borneo] ; Grandidier, Hist. Madagasc, Ois. p. 695 
(1885) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 335 [Obagos Group]; Midgw. 
Man. N. A. B. p. 76 (1887); Cory, Auk, v. p. 72 (1888) [West 
Indies]; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 24 (1888) ; Cory, B. W. 
Ind. p. 273 (1889); id. Cat W. Ind. B. p. 84 (1892) ; A.. O. TI. 
Cheek-l. p. 40 (1895). 
Dysporus piscator, Simdev. Ann. Mag. N. H. xix. p. 235 (1847); 
Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 831 [Pelew Is.]; Finsch | Hartl. Beitr. 
Faim. Centralpolynes. p. 255 (1867); Oates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 230 
(1883). 

Sula mbripeda, Peale} Zool U.S. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 274 (1848). 
Sula piscatrix, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxix.c nos. 2294-5 (1850) ; 

G. R. Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 250 [N.Zealand] ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 
vi. Pelec. p. 40 (1863); Pollen § Van Dam, Rech. Madagasc. 
1 . SUXA. 
433 
pt. ii. p. 140 (1888); Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 231 [Hainan]; Sdvad. 
Uec. Borneo, p. 368 (1874); Hume, Str. F. v. p. 312 (1877) ; 
JECartL Yog. Madagasc. p. 397 (1877); Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, p. 70 
"Coeos, Keeling Is.]; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 516 [Christmas I., 
Indian Ocean ; Everett, J. Sir. B. As. Soc. xx. p. 187 (1889) 
[Borneo]; Seebohm, B. Jap. p. 213 (1890); Wir/lesiv. Abk Mus. 
Bread. 1890-91, p. 72 ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 294, 300 [Phoenix 
Is.]; Mothschild, Avif. Zaysan, pt. i. p. 27 (1893). 

Siila brasiliensis, Beichenh. (nee Spiv) Nataiores, pi. xxix. no. 851 
(1850). 
Piscatrix Candida, Peichenb. Av. Sysi. Nat. p. vi (1852); Bonap. 
Consp. Av. ii. p. 166 (1855); Jouan, Mem. Soc. Cherbourg, ix. 

p. 241 (1803) "New Caledonia]. 
Dysporus hernandezi, Gundl J.f.O. 1878, p. 298 [Cuba]; 188]r 
p. 401. 
Sula 
coryi, Maynard, Contr. Sci. i. pp. 40-48, pp. 51-57, pi. v. 
fig*. i; 2, pp. 142-143, pi. xii. (1889) [Cayman Brae & Little 
Cayman]; Cory, Cat W. hid. B. p. 84 (1892). 

Adult. General colour pure white* primaries, primary-coverts, 
outer webs and tips of secondaries and secondary-coverts hoary grey, 
inclining to blackish on the outermost quills in freshly-moulted birds, 
and to blackish in worn specimens Chin and upper part of the 
throat naked, the feathers ending in a straight line across the throat. 
Tail composed of 14, or sometimes 16 feathers. Iris grey; bill 
greyish blue, shading into pink or reddish towards the base; naked 
skin round eye blue; gular pouch dark slate or black; legs and feet 
vermilion, red or dark pink, almost magenta. 

Adult male. Total length about 29*5 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 3*5, wing 15-5, tail 8*3~9*0, tarsus 1*4. 
. Adult female. Total length about 28 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 3'2~~3*45, wing 14*7-14*8,tail 8*2-8*3, tarsus 1*4. 

Immature in first plumage. Entire plumage above and below 
brown, lighter on the breast and belly ; primaries and secondaries 
and their coverts like those of the adult, but the inner webs of 
the secondaries black. Cutting-edges of the mandible sometimes* 
serrated, and the inner margin of the middle claw pectinate. Bill 
bluish pink, the latter predominating towards the base * naked skin 
round eye dark leaden hue; gular pouch flesh-coloured. 

In more adult specimens (perhaps in the plumage of the second 
year) the head, neck, and underparts are white ; the back, wings, and 
tail brown as in the immature; and the middle tail-feathers daik 
brownish grey toward the base, shading into white toward the 
extremity. 

A still more adult bird has a large amount of white or partially 
white feathers mixed with the brown of the back and wings. 

 should imagine that the fully adult plumage is not attained 
until the third or perhaps the fourth year. This species may be 
recognized in all stages of plumage by the hoary grey appearance-
on the outer webs of the quills. 

Hob. Tropical and Sub-tropical seas throughout the world, except 
the Pacific coast of America. 
VOL. xxvi. 2 F 

434 brLiDJL 

a, Ad. sk. 

b. Juv. sk. 
e. d inim. sk. 
<£ Juv. sk. 
e,f. Ad. et juv. i 
$r-e\ Ad. et juv.: 
'k. 2 ad. sk. 
/. J inim. sk. 


§ imm. sk. 

a. JUT. sk. 
Imm. sk. 

Juv. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 

cJ juv. sk. 

d ad. sk. 

t~v. Imm. et juv. 
sk. 
w~y. S ad., $ juv., 
et pull. sk. 

z. $ ad. sk. 
«', 5'. Imm. et juv. 
sk. 
c'. Ad. sk. 

d'. Juv. sk. 
e'. 5 juv. sk. 


f. Juv. sk. 
V. Ad. sk. 
A'. Ad. sk. 
z'-f. Ad., imm, et 
juv. sk. 
m'; w'. Skeletons. 


o'. Sternum. 

Krusenstern Rocks, North 
Pacific (O. SHOW). 
Maldon I , 25° S. of Sand


wich It. {A. Campbell). 
Howland I (J. E. Gurnet/). 
Samoa Is. 
Fijian Seas. 

Queensland (J. T. Cocker ell). 
Paine I., N.E. Australia. 
Eaine L, May 29. 

At aea off Cape York. Aug. 29, 
Avala. Mindanao, Philippine 
Is., Oct. 11 (J. B. 8.). 
At sei off Cochin China(JltcMe). 

Sandakan, N.E. Borneo. 
Christmas I., Indian Ocean. 

Nassau L, S. of Sumatra, 
August (Br. Qtppinger f. 
Diego Garcia, Indian Ocean. 


Seychelles. March 18-20 

(E. Dmcker). 
Farquhar I.? August (G. 
Steve/is). 
Rodriguez (H. H. Slater). 

Mauritius (Beirslier). 

I. of Trinidad, Lat. 20° 23' S., 
Long. 24° 43' TT., Aug. 20. 
Redonda I., W. I. (Sptnce). 
St. Vincent, W. L, Jan. 

Jamaica (W. Osburn). 
Jamaica. 
Honduras (Dyson). 
Half-Moon Kt% Biitish 

Honduras, MaV 9 (O.S.). 
Rodriguez (H. A Slater). 

6. Sula variegata. 
Seebuhm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Rev. J. B. Stair rP.l 
Yovaore of H.M.S. 


•"Herald?. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i ChallengerJ Exped. 
Voyage of i Rattlesnake.' 
i Challenger' Exped. 
Steere Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll, 

Governor Ussherf P.". 
Capt. Maclear, E.X". 
TV. 
Vovaare of H.M.S. 
'"Alert.' 

G. C. Bourne, Esq. 
Hunie Coll. 

Howard Saunders, 
Esq. [p.:.. 
Transit of Venus 
Exped. 
Shelley Coll. 

Earl of Crawford 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

G. Stephens. Esq. 
[C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Cuming Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Transit of Venus 
Exped. 
' Challenger? Exped. 

Sula sp., Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 120 [Chili]. 
Dysporus variegatus, Tschudi, Faun. Peru.. Orn. p. 313 (1845) ; id. 


J.f. 0. 1850, p. 188. 
Sula cyanops, JReiehenb. Natatores, pi. xxix.c nos. 2280-90 (1850). 
Sula variegata, JSumef Str. F. v. p. 317 (1877) ; Salczn, P. Z. S. 
1883, p. 427 [Peru]: Bidqus. Man. N. A. B. p. 75 (1887); Tacz. 
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 433 (1886); Berlepsdi $ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, 

p. 399 [Peru] j Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 185 [Chili]. 
Adult Entire plumage pure white, except the primaries and 

1 . STJLA. 
435 
their coverts, which, are brownish black, the secondaries and their 
coverts as well as the longer scapulars, which are dark brown except 
towards the base, and the outer tail-feathers, which are dark brown, 
the middle pairs inclining to whitish on the basal half. Tail composed 
of 16 feathers. Bill in dry skin red, paler towards the tips 
of the mandibles; naked skin round eye and on throat blackish; 
tarsi and feet yellowish brown. Total length about 29 inches, 
culmen from feathers on forehead 4*15, wing 17*3, tail 6-5, tarsus 2. 

Immature in first plummy. Head, neck, and under tail-coverts pale 
sooty-grey, the feathers on the front of the forehead white ; nape, 
rest of upper parts, and Hanks dark brown, the scapulars and wing-
coverts shading into whitish at the extremity ; under wing-coverts 
like the back; axillaries, chest, and rest of underparts white. Most 
of the feathers of the breast with greyish-brown middles, producing 
a slightly mottled appearance. 

Immature (? plumage of the second year). Head, neck, entire 
underparts, and scapulars pure white; back, wings, scapulars, sides 
of the chest, flanks, and under wing-coverts brown, each feather 
tipped or fringed with white, widest and most conspicuous on the 
scapulars. Iris light brown ; base of bill, gular pouch, legs and feet 
light purple. 

In a twarly adult bird (? in plumage of the third year) almost the 
whole of the upper and lower back and many of the lesser and median 
wing-coverts are pure white as in the adult. Total length about 
29 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 3*9. 

Hab. Coasts of Chili and Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. West coast of America. Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood, E.N. [P.]. 
b. Imm. sk. West coa*t of S. America. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 
<?. Imm. sk. Coa*t of Peru. Rev. W. HennahpP.]. 
d. Vix ad. sk. Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Admiral A. H. Markham). 
e. Juv. sk 
San Lorenzo L, Peru (A. Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
II. M.). 
f. 
Nr. ad. sk. Chorillos, Peru. Howard Saunders. 
Esq.. [PA 
g. 
(S imm. sk. Coast of Ohm (i£G2feerf). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Coquimbo, May (Br. Cop-Voyage of H.M.S. 
h, i. <$ imm. sk. 

piager). 
'Alert.' 

k. Imm. sk. Valpariaso. Capt. Brett [P.]. 
I Skeleton. Chili. 
7. Sula nebouxi 
Sula nebouxii, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) xiii. art. 4, p. 37, 
pi. 14 (1882) [Pacific coast of America]; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. 
2nd ed. p. 584 (1896). 

Sula 
gossi, (Ridgw. MS.), Goss,Auk, v. p. 241 (1888) [San Pedro 
Martir L]; Reichen. & Schal. X f. 0.1883, p. 400; Ridqw. P. U.S. 
Nat Mm. xii. p. 114 (1889); Shufeldt, Auk, vi. p. 137, (1889); 

A. O. 27. Check-!, p. 40 (1895); Breiust. etc. Auk, xiv. p. 124 (1897). 
Adult 
Head, upper part of neck, and sides of lower neck smoky2F2 


436 STFLIDiB. 

brown, streaked with white, each of the narrow pointed feathers 
having the basal two-thirds brown and the middle and terminal 
portion pure white ; anterior part of the forehead and feathered part 
of the throat, behind the gular sac, nearly uniform white ; base of 
the hind-neck, a band across the lower back, upper tail-coverts, base 
of fore-neck, rest of nnderparts, axillaries and innermost under 
wing-coverts white; rest of back and wings brown, each^of the 
feathers of the back and scapulars shading into whitish at the 
extremity ; primary-quills brownish black: secondaries brown like 
the wing-coverts ; middle pair of tail-feathers white, shading into 
brown on the terminal portions of the outer webs; outer pairs 
mostly brown, more or less white along the basal half of the shaft. 
Tail composed of 16 feathers. Iris yellow; bill dull olive-blue; 
bare space round bill, eyes, lores, and gular sac slate-blue; legs, 
feet, and webs bright clear ultramarine-blue, with a slight greenish 
tint on webs (N. S. Goss). 

Adult male. Total length about 34 inches, enlmen from feathers 
on forehead 4*25. wing 16*1, tail 8-5, tar&us I'D. 
Adult female. Total length about 34 inches, enlrnen from feathers 
on forehead 4*5, wing 17*3, tail (imperfect) 7*6, tarsus 2'2. 
Hob. Pacific coast of America, from the Gulf of California to the 
coast of Chili, and Galapagos Is. 

a, b. S 2 ad.sk. Tre^ Marias 3X, W. Mexico. Sah in-Gudman Coll. 
April 10 (A. Forrer). 

c. Ad. sk. Charles I , Galapagos, Feb. Sah in-Godman Coll. 
(Admiral A. H. Markham\. 
d. Ad. sk. Coast of Chili. C. Crawley, Esq. [Pf, 
*l

8. Sula sula. *-'
Booby, Catesb. Car. i. p. 87, pi. 87 (1731); Lath. Gen. Hist B. x. 

p. 439 (1624). 
Le Fou, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 405 (1760). 
Peleeanus sula, Linn. &. N. i. p. 218 (1760); Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. 
p. 578 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. ?>92 U79Q); Bormat TabL 
Encycl. Meth. i. p. 47, pi. 15. fig. 3 (1790): Bqffl. Tr. Linn. Soe. 
xiii. p. 330 (1822) [Sumatra]. 
Le Fou de Cayenne, If Anient. PL Enl. ix. pi. 75 rnu. 973]. 
Le Fou conunira, Buff. Mist. Nat. Oh. viii. p. 308^ pi. xxix. (1781). 
Le petit 'Fou.Buff. Hist Nat Ois. viii.p. 374 {1781). 
Peleeanus leucogastra, Bodd. TabL PL Enl. p. 57 (1783). 
Common Booby, Lath. Gen. Stjn, iii. pt. ii. p. 012(1785). 
Lesser Boobv, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii, p. 014 (17fe5): id. Gen. Hist. 
B. x. p. 442 (1824). 
Peleeanus parvus, Gmel. 8. N i. pt. ii. p. 579 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Om. ii.p. 893 (1790); Bonnat. TabL Encyl. Metk. I. p. 48 (1790). 
Sula parva, Lacep. fyBaudin, in Buff. Hut Nat. (18mo, Didot), Quad?'. 

xiv. p. 318, Ois. xvl p. 300 (1799); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool 
xiii. pt. i. p. 107 (1826); Jouan, Mem. Soc. Cherbourg, ix. p. 240 
(1863) [New Caledonia]; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 321 (1877). 
Moras sula, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hid. Nat. xii. p. 38 (1817). 
Moras parvus, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat xii. p. 41 (1817). 
Sula brasiliensis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p, 83, pi. cvii. (1825) [Islands 

off Rio]. 

1 . STJLV. 437 
Sula fusca, VieilL Gal Ois. ii. p. 194, pi. 277 (1825); Nutt Man. 
Orn. p. 500 (1834) ; And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 63, pi. 207 (1835) ; id. 

B. Amer. vii. p. 216, pi. 426 (1839); D1 Orb. in Sagra's Hist. Cuba, 
p. 308 (1839); Temm. $ Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 131 (1842); Gould, 
B. Austr. vii. pi. 78 (1846); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 417 (1847); 
Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxix. no. 850, pi. xxix.c nos. 2296-7 
(1850); Gundl J. f O.1857, p. 238 ; Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 51 
(1859); Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 316 [Honduras]; Gundl J.f O. 
1861, p. 348 [Cuba]; Swinh. Ibis, 1869. p.347 [Formosa], 1870, 
p. 367 [Hainan] ; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W\ iv. p. 84 (1879) 
[Savo, Solomon Is.]; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 540 [N. Britain]; 
Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. 144 [Savo, Solomon Is.]; Hamilton, Tr. 
N. Z. Inst. xxi. p. 128 (1889) [Napier, N. Z.} 
Sula australis, Step>h. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 104 (1826) 
[Bahamas ; Brazilian coast]; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 318 (1877); 
Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 493 (1878) [Penang; Singapore] ; 
Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 960 (1880). 

Sula Mica, Less. Traits d'Orn. p. 601 (1831). 
Dysporus sula, Neuwied, Beitr. iv. p. 890 (1832); Bonap. Consp.Av. 


ii. p. 164 (1855); Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 351; A. $E. Newton, Ibis, 
1859, p. 369 [St. Croix]; Martens, J.f. 0.1866, p. 29 [Philippines] ; 
Finsch 8? HaHl. Beitr. Faun. Centralpolynes. p. 260, pi. iii. fig. 6 
[egg] (1867) ; Hartl P Z. S. 1867, p. 831 [Pelew Is.]; Finsch $ 
Haril J.f 0.1870, p. 122 [Tongatabu] ; Dohrn, J.f. 0.1871, p. 8 
[Cape Verde Is.]; Finsch, J.f O. 1872, pp. 33, 58 [Samoa]; 
Bayard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 [Fiji]; David <$• Oustal Ois. Chine, 
p. 530 (1877); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 145 [Celebes] ; Finsch, Ibis, 
1880, p. 434 [Gilbert Is.]; Oates, B. Brit Burmah, ii. p. 229 
(1883); Blasius, J.f 0. 1883, p. 140 [Celebes]. 
Pelecanus plotus, Forst. Baser. Anim. p. 278 (1844) ; et Icon. ined. 

108\

Sula fiber (wee Linn.—S. piscator imm.), {?. R. Gray, List of B, 
pt. iii. p. 183 (1844); Blythfiat. Mas. As. Soc. p. 296 (1849); Cassin, 

U.S. Expl Exped. p. 363 (1858); Selater fy Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 
p. 233 [San Salvador]; Bryant, P. Bost. Soc. vii. p. 123 (1859) 
[Bahamas; breeding-habits]; Baird, B. N Amer. p. 872 (1860); 
G. R. Gray, P Z. S. 1861,~p. 438 [Mysol]; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 250 
[Enderby L, Lord Howe I.J; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. 
p. 41 (1863); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 851 (1864); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 
pp. 96,173 [W. Indies] ; Hartlaub, Ibis, 1864, p. 232 [Fiji Is.] ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1864, pp. 381,385 [Brit Honduras]; Gould, Handb. 
B. Austr. ii. p. 507 (1865); Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 331 [Prince's 
I.]; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 405 [Bay of Bengal]; G. R. Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 126 (1871); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 298 (1872); 
Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. p. 1483 (1873) ; Salmd. TIce. Borneo, 
p. 369 (1874); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 324 (1874) [Cocos & Preparis Is.]; 
Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 483 (1876) [Laccadives]; Masters, P. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 64 (1876); Blanf E. Pers. ii. p. 299 (1870) ; 
Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 386 (1876), ii. p. 203 (1877); 
Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bidl Soc. Z. Fr. iii. p. 80 (1878) [Landana] ; 
Brewer, Bull Nutt. Orn. C. iv. p. 191 (1879) [Massachusetts] ; 
Cory, B. Bahama Is. p. 191 (1880) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 521 
(1881) ; Maynard,B, E. N. Amer. p. 465 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 800 [Borneo]; Everett, J. Str. B. As. Soc. xx. p. 188 
<1889) [Sandakan, N. Borneo]; Van Kempen, Bull Soc. Zool.F?\ xiv. 

p. 105 (1889) [N. France]; Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 257 [Adele I 
1ST. W. Australia]; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 179 [Aden] ; Yerbury, Ibis, 
438 SULIDJC. 

1896. p. 40 [Aden ; Red Sea]; Cholmley, Ibis, 1897, p. 209 [Red 
Sea] ; Alexander, Ibis, 1898, pp. 89, 93, 99,100, 105, 108,114,117 
[Cape Verde Is.]. 

Dysporus brasiliensis, Mpp. Vb'g. N.O.-Afr. p. 140 (1845) [Red 
Sea]; SeugL Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 71 (1856). 

Sula leucogastra, Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. S. Ib78, p. 651 [Ascension: St. 
Paul's Rocks]; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, pp. 275, 281 [Ascension]; 
Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1177 (1880); Sclat. 4* Salv. fty-Chad., 
Zool pt. ix, p. 119 (1880) ; Blakist. $ Prger, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. 

p. 102 (1882) [Benin Is.];' Saluad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 421 (lb82); 
Cozies, Keg N. Amer. B. p. 720 (1&84) ; Baird, Brew. $ Ridgw. 
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 178 (1884) ; Cory, B. Haiti fy S. Domingo, 
p. 171 (1885) ; Blasius, Ornis, lb8S, p. 683 [Sanghir]; Ramsay, 
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 24 (1888); Sharpe, J. Linn. Soc, Zool. xx» 
p. 480 (1883) [Fernando Noronha] ; North, SesU $JBggsB. Austr. 
p. 364 (1889); Seebohn, B. Jap. p. 212 (1890); Wiglesio. Abh. 
Mus. Dread. 1890-91, p. 72; Seebohn, Ibis, 1890, p. 107 [Ronin 
Is.], 1891, p. 192 [Volcano Is.] ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 294, 
300 [Phoenix Is.]. 
Dysporus parvus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 164 (1855). 
Sula sula, Verr. $ Des Mtirs, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 442 [New-
Caledonia] ; Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 75 (1887); Cory, Auk, v. 

p. 72 (1888) [Antilles]; id. B. W. Ind. p. 273 (IS^J); Scott, Auk, 
vii. p. 307 (1890); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 84 (1892) ; Rothsch, 
Avif. Laysan, pt. i. p 29 (1893); A. O. U. Check-l. p. 40 (1895). 
Sula sinicadvena, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1865, p. 109 [near Foochow], 
Dysporus fiber, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 402 [Cuba: habits ; 1878, 

p. 191 [Porto Eico]. 
Adult. Head, neck, chest, entire upper parts, "wings, and tail dark 
sooty-brown; breast, rest of tbe underparts, axiliaries, and the 
under wing-coverts of the secondaries pure \\ bite. Tail composed 
of 14 feathers. Iris silvery white, white, or giey; bill whitish 
green or greenish blue, becoming flesh-coloured or bluish at the 
base; naked skin on sides of face and gular pouch bluish, greenish. 
or yellowish; legs and feet pale green or leal-green, sometimes 
inclining to yellowish. 

Adult male. Total length about 28 inches, cuimen from feathers 
on forehead 3-85-3-9, wing 14-14*9, tail 7'5-7*9, tarsus l-G-1-7. 
Adidt female. Total length about 28 inches, cuimen from feathers 
on forehead 4, wing 15-3-15-6, tail 7*5-7*7, tarsus 1*8-1*9. 

Immature in first plumage. Differs in having the head, neck, 
chest, entire upper parts, wings, and tail brown, much lighter 
than in the adult; the breast, belly, and underparts still paler 
brown, the feathers fringed with whitish brown, and. generally 
sharply denned from the darker chest; axiliaries and secondary 
under wing-coverts mixed with smoky-brown. 

In more mature birds (? plumage of the second year) the breast, 
belly, and underparts are largely mixed with white, only the 
subterminal portion of each feather being smoky-brown. 

In a still more mature bird (? plumage of the third year)* the 
head, neck, chest, and upper parts are darker brown, and "more*like 
those of the adult; and the breast and belly thickly mixed with the 

1 . SUXA. 
439 
pure white feathers of the adult. These appear to be entirely 
attained by moult, many half-grown ones being concealed beneath 
the plumage. 

Birds from Fernando Xoronha and Bahia appear to be perfectly 
similar to tbose from Australia [cf. Hume, Str. F. v. p. 321 (1877)]. 

Eab. Tropical and Sub-tropical seas throughout the world, 
except the Pacific coast of America, where its place appears to be 

taken bv S. Irewsteri. 

0. JUT. sk. Half-Moon Key, Brit. Hon^
duras, May 9 (0. &), 
b. Ad. &k 
e, d. $ ad. et imm. 
sk. 

e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
\j. JUT. sk. 

h. Juv. sk. 
/, k. Ad. et juv 
sk. 
/, m. Ad. sk. 

n. Ad. sk. 
o. J juv. sk. 
;A q. Ad. et pull.
bk.

r. d ad. sk. 
2 T*x a<^

s, t.- sk


tt. Juv. sk. 

r, w. Tix ad. sk, 

x. $ ad. sk. 
y, z. Ad. et imm. 
sk. 
cL $ juv. sk. 

If. Vix ad. sk. 
c\ d\ d ad. et $ 
juv. sk. 
e',f. 2 ad. et pull. 
sk. 
g\ $ ad. sk. 

h! 

. 2 ad. sk. 
i, k\ 6 2 a(*. sk. 

/'. Juv. sk. 

Lion Hill Station, Panama

(McClelland). 
Grenada, W. I., Sept. (D. W. 
Smith), 

St. Vincent, W. L, Aug. 26 

(D. m &).
St. Nevis, W. I. 
Bahia, Brazil (JVucherer). 
Fernando Xoronha, Sept. 2. 


Fernando Xoronha. 


St. Paul's Rocks, Aug. 29.
Salt Creek, St. Paul's Rocks,
Dec. '2(ItMeC). 
Boatswain-biid I., Ascension, 

April 1. 
Boats wain-bird L, Ascension, 
Dec. (Dr. I), Gill). 
Prince's I., West Africa. 

I. of St. Thomas, Feb. 26
(F. Newton). 
At sea off the Cape of Good
Hope.
Little Aden. 


Pere Mull Par, Laccadives,
Feb. 20 (A. 0. H.). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor), 

Between Malacca andPenang,

Aug. 12 (W. Davison). 
Malacca, July (Dr. Maingay).
Straits of Malacca, Aug.

Flying-fish Cove, Christmas I.,
Aug. (C. W.Andrews). 
Tamsuy, Formosa (R.
Sioinhoe). 

At sea, S. of Japan, April 6.
Peel Island, May 11 (P. A.
Moist). 

Mindanao, Philippine Is.

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godraan Coll. 

Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

T. Cottle, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Stanley, E.N. 
[P.]. 

H. N. Ridley, Esq. 
[C.]. 
i Challenger' Exped. . 0 „ _x.

...___ 
MacOormickBequest. 

1 Challenger' Exped. 

Br. Frank Penrose 

[P.]. 
Br. Baikie [0.]. 
Lisbon Museum [P.]. 

 E. 
M. Langworthy, 
"" Esq. [P.]. 
Colonel J. W. Yerbury 
[P.l. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 F. W. Styan, Esq. 
Br. J. Murray [P.]. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

' Challenger' Exped. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Cuming Coll 

SULID^B. 

m\ S ad. sk. Dinagat, June (A. -ST. Tweeddale Coll. 

Everett). 

Zaniboanga, May {A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 

o\ Juv. sk. Tiga I.; N. Borneo. A. H. Everett. Esq. 

[C.]. 
p'. Ad. sk. Labuan L, Borneo. A. H. Everett, Esq 

//. d ad. sk. Celebes, Sept. C. Hose, Esq,. [0.]. 
/•'. Ad. sk. North-east Halmahera. Wallace Coll. 
s'. Vix ad. sk. Salawatti, Wallace CoU. 
t'. Imm. sk. Amboina. Wallace Coll. 
u'. S himi. sk. Ke Island. Wallace Coll. 
»'. Imm. sk. Huon Gulf, N.E. New Guinea Tweeddale Coll. 
(Dr. Comrie). 
ID'. Ad. sk. Murray I., Tories Straits. Rev. J. Macfarlane 

[p.[. 

a1'. <$ ad. sk. Raine L, N.E. Australia. ' Cfialfeneer' Exped. 
?/. (J imm. sk. Raine L, June 15. Old CoU." 
a'. Imm. sk. Queensland {J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll 
«", 6". c? imm» s^. Levuka, Fiji, Mar. 21 (E. Tweeddale Coll. 


L. Layard). 
e". Ad. sk. Howland I. Hume Coll. 
<T'. Ad. sk. Asuncion I., Pacific, Long. Lieut. Davies [P.]. 
150°E.,Lat. 3&°N.,May80. 
e". Juv. sk. [Straits of Magellan^ (Copt The Admiralty [P.]. 

P. R King). 
/' . <j> skeleton. Costa Rica, Sept. 10. Capt. W. II. Milner 

P.'. 
/'. Sternum, Jamaica. P. H. (fosse, Esq. [C/;. 
A", *". Heads in Raine I., N.E. Australia. * Challenger' Exped. 

spirits. 

St. Paul's Rocks. i Challenger" Exped. 

k", l". Pull, in 

spirits. 
m", n". Ad. et pull. 1 Challenger" Exped. 
in spirits. 

9. Sula brewstexL 
Dysporus leucogaster Sundev. {nee Bodd.), P. Z. 3. 1871, p. 125 

"(Galapagos Is.). 

Sula leucogastra, Salvin, Tr. Z. S. ix. p, 498 {1876) "Galapacos Is." • 

Streets, Bull. U.S. JSat Mus. ml p. 22 (1877) [Gulf of California^ 

Sula fiber, Cooper, Bull. Kutt. Orn. C. ii. p. 9U (1&77) [Coast of 

California]. 

Sula brewsteri, Goss, Auk, v. p. 242 (1888) TSan Pedro Martir L] ; 
Shufeldt, Auk, vi p. 67 (1889) ; A. 0. UCheck-L p. 40 (1895) ; 
Midgw. Man. N. A. B. 2nd ed. p. 585 (1896). 

Adult male. Much like 8. sula, but the head and throat are 
white, shading into smoky grey on the neck, the colour gradually 
deepening into brown on the chest and interscapular region. 

Bill olive-blue; lores and bare space round eyes indigo-blue; 
gular sac dull slate-blue with a greenish tint; legs, feet, and webs 
light pea-green (ZV. 8. Goss). 

Adult female. Somewhat larger than the male, and similar in 
plumage to 8. sula. 

1 . STJLA. 441 
BiH pale bluish horn ; lores slate-blue, bare space round eyes and 
gular sac pale yellowish green; legs, feet, and webs lighter in 
colour and with a yellower tinge (K S. Goss). 

Eight examples in the Bothschild Museum, from Jalisco, Mexico, 
and the Tres Marias Is., measure as follows:— 

Adult males. Adult females. 
Culm. 
in. 
Wing.
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
! 
Culm. 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail.
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
3-5 14-2 7-2 1-7 3-7 15-7 7-3 1-8 
3-7 14-4 7-2 1-65 3-9 15-5 7-2 1-8 
3-5 14*5 7*5 1-65 3-8 15-9 7-3 1-75 
3-6 14-8 7-3 1-75 •9 15-7 7*3 1-85 

ffdb. Pacific coast of America and adjacent islands, from the 
Gulf of California to the Galapagos Islands. 

FKEGATIMJ. 

U2 

Family III. FREGATIDM. 

Palatines fused at the posterior end only, A large vomer. 
No nasal hinge. m 
Sternum broader than long; carina extending the whole leng.h 
of the corpus sterni. Furculum fused dorsally with the head of 
the coracoid, and ventrally with the carina sterni. (IF. P. Pt/craft.) 

1. 
FBEGA.TA.* ™ 
Type, 
Fregata, [Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 506 (1760)]; Lacipede in 
Buff. Hist. Nat. (18mo, Didot), Quadr. xiv. p. 317 
(1799) , F . a^utta* 

Tachypetes, Vieill.t, Analyse, pp. US, 70 (1810); id. N. 
Diet, d'llist. Nat. xii. p. 141 (1817) F. abulia. 
Fregatta, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. ZooL xiii. pfc. L p. 119 

(1820) F. aquila. 
Attagen, ifowp, NatilrL Syst. p. 170 (1829) F . abulia. 
Atagen [Moe/iriny, Av. Gen. p. 82, no. 108 (1752)]; 

G. B. Gray, List Gen. B. 2nd ed. p. 101 (1841) .... F- aquila. 
Bill long and strongly hooked at the extremity, both mandibles 
being curved downward at the tip; culmen subeylindrical and 
concave; lateral grooves deep and dividing into two at the derfcruni 
or nail, the lower branch terminating in a notch on the margin. 
Nostrils situated in the groove, basal and linear; a large naked 
gular pouch. Wings very long and pointed, the first quill being 
considerably the longest. Tail long and deeply forked, composed 
of 12 feathers. Tarsus very short and feathered; middle toe 
longest; web between toes deeply emarginate; elaws long and 
curved, that on the middle toe pectinate on the inner side. 

Banye. Inter-tropical seas. 

Key to the Species. 

I. Breast and sides Mack. (Males.) 
a. 
Size larger: culmen S-6-4-4; wing 20*5-25-8 ; no 
white patches on the flanks aquila p Mt$ 
b. 
Size smaller: culmen 2-3-3-5; wing 19*2-21-0; a * 
white patch on each flank arid p 447 
II. Breast and sides white. (Females.) ' * 
c. Size larger: culmen 4-3-5*2; wing 22-9-26-7; no 
white collar round the back of the neck aouila, p 443 
a. Size smaller: culmen 3-2-3-6; wing 20*1-20-8* a 
white collar round the back of the neck \ . arid p 447 
MA Thf

 £o}lo^h!M work s refer to the osteology, etc., of the zmm'~*~Bmmli

Acad'

^S ; St* ^tersb. (6) y. pt. ii. Livr ITDD 84 117 fmim^t"

 18fc pi

(1839); Nitasch, Pteryl., Engl, erf p. 149 (1867).PP* ' ' ^ * 

1. FEEaATA. 44& 
1. Fregata aqxiila. 
Man of War Bird, Edwards, Glean. N. H. pt. ii. p. 209, pL 309 
(1760) adult female". 
La Fregate? Brissm. Orn. TI. p. 506, pi. xliii. ftg. 2 (1760) [Coasts 

of America]; Btff. Hist. Sat. Ois. MU. p. 381, pi. xxx. (1781). 
La Petite Fregate, Bribsoa, Orn. vi. p. 509 (1780). 
Peleeanii;, aquilus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 216 (1766); GmeL S. N. i. pt. ii. 

p. 572 (1788;: Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 885 (1790) ; BonnaL Tail. 
EncycL Merit. i. p. 45, pi. xiv. fig. 2 (1790); Cuv. Meg. Anim.. Ois. 
p. 525 (1817> 
La Grande Fregate de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 79 
[no. 961], 

Frigate Pelican, Lath. Gen. Syn. ill pt. ii. p. 587 (1785). 

Lesser Filiate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. Hi. pt. ii. p. 590 (1785) : id. 
Gen. Eik. B.x. p. 412 (1824). 
White-head id Friirate Pelican, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 591 
(1785); id. Gen."Hist. B. x. p. 413 (1824). 
Palmer •* ton Frigate Pelican, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 592 (1785) ; 
id. Gen. IlisL B. x. p. 414 (1524). 
Peleeaiius minor, GmeL S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 572 (1788); Lath. Ind, 
Om. ii. p. 8eo (1790). 
Pelecanus leueoeephalus, GmeL S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 572 (1788); Lath. 
Ind, Orn. ii. p. 8<5 (1790). 
Pelecaiius palmerstoni, GmeL S. N. I. pt. ii. p. 573 (1788); Lath, 

Ind. Orn. ii. p. 886 (1790). 
Carbo aquilus, Meyer n. Wolf, Tasch. der Deutschl ii. p. 580 (1830). 
Tadtypetf^ aqiiiia, VieilL N. Diet. (fEist Nat. xii. p. 143 (1817) j 

MVGUL Ok. ii. p. 187, pi 274 (1825); Spiv, AD. Bras. ii. p. 82, 
pi. ev. (1825); MineviUe, Icon. Bey. A?ii?n., Ois. pL 64. fig. 2 
(I&s9-tf6); Lesson, Traits dOm. p. 606, pi. 115. rig. 1 (1831) ; 
Vigor*, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 62 [gular air-sac]: Neuweid, Beitr. iv. 

p. 885 (1*32); Schinz, Nat AbbikL, Tog. p. 387, pt. 133. fig. (1833); 
Nuti. Man. Orn. p. 491 (1834); And, Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 495, 
pl. 271 (1835); id. B. Amer. vii. p. 169, pi. 421 (1839); Tschudi, 
Faun. Peru., Orn. p. 314 (1845); Sundev. Ann. Mag. N. H. xix, 
p. &^ (1847): Cub. in Schomh. Faun. Brit. Guiana, p. 763 (1848); 
Gambel, J. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 227 (1849); Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. 
p. 16f> (1855); Neioberry, Pep. Expl. Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 106 (1857); 
Gvndl J.f 0. 1857, p. 239 [Cuba]; Cassin, U.S. Expl. Evped. 
p. 35^ (1858); Sclat. $ Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 233 [both coasts Centr. 
America]; A. §* E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 369 [St. Croix]; 
Bryant, P. Bost. Soc. vii. p. 126 (1&59) [Bahamas: breeding-
habits] ; Jones, Wat. Bermuda, p. 51 (1859); Baird, B. 2V. Amer. 
p. 873 (1860); Gadd, Handb. B. Austr. ii p. 499 (1865); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 45 [S. Texas]; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285 [Weser] ; 
Mnsch $ Eartl. Beitr. Faun. Cmtralpolynes. p. 265 (1867) [part]; 
Mettiss, Ibis, 1870, p. 105 [St. Helena]; Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 
[Fiji]; id. Ibis, I860, p. 233 [Loyalty Is.] ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 
p. 306 (1872); Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, pp. 33, m [Samoa], 1874, 
pp. 174,216 [N. Island, New Zealand; Australia"!; Gundl. J. f. O. 
1875, p. 406 [Cuba: habits]; Cab. $ Beichen. J.f. 0.1876, p. 329 
fKerguelen]; Masters, P. Linn. Soc. Is. S. W. L p. 64 (1876) 
[Torres Strait*]; Lawr. Bxdl. U.S. Nat Mm. iv. p. 51 (1876) 
444 
FKE&ATIDJE. 

Layard, Ibis, lfc>77, p. 363 [New Caledonia]; Shaipe, Phil. Trans. 

clxviii. (extra vol.) p. 151 (1879); Penrose, Ibis, 18/9, p. 276 [Ascension] 
; Deane, Bull. Xutt. Orn. C. iv. p. 64 (1879) [Xova Scotia]; 
Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 333 [Marshall Group] ; Cory1B. Bahama Is. 
p. 200 (1880); Finsch, J. f. 0. 1880, pp. 296, 310 "Carolines1; id. 
Ibis, 1881,p. 109 rKu&kai],p. 115, Ponape", p. 540 Xew Britain] ; 
Maynard, B. B."X. Amer. p. 472 (1881); Bulla-, Man. B. X. 
Zeal p. 98 (1882); Steams $ Cones, X. Engl B.-Life. pt. ii. p. 341 
(1883), Cones, Key X. Am. B. p. 731 (1^4); lieid. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xxx. p. 263 (lfe84) ^Bermuda"; Cory. B. Haiti § 
B. Domingo, p. 17_3 (1885); Merriam, Auk, ii. p. 113 (1885) 
[Godbout, Canada ; Goss, Auk, iii. p. 113 (18b0j [Kansas]; 
Buller, B. X. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. Ib2 (18S8); Simroth, ^Archiv f. 
Xaturg. i. p. 194 (18fc8^ "Azores]; Berlepsch, J.f.O. 1892, p. 104 
[Onracoa]; Peters, J. f O. 1892. p. 121 ; Chridy, Ibis, 1897, 
p. 342 [San Domingo]. 
Tachvpetes minor, 
Vieill. X. Diet. WHist. Sat xii p. 144 (1817); 
Buller, Man. B. X. Zeal p. 99 (18S2); id. B. X. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. 

p. 185 (1888). 
Greater Frigate Pelican, Lath. Gen. Eht. B. x. p. 410 (1824). 
Fregata leucocephalus, Steph. in Skates Gen. ZoJ. xiii. pt. i. p, 122 
(1826) ; Eeichenb. Xatatores, pi. xxxi. no. 373 (1650). 
Fregata palmer&toiii&, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 123 
(1826). 
Common Frigate-Bird, Steph. in Skates Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. pi. 13 
(1826). 
Fregatta aquilus, Steph. in Skates Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 120 
(182G); Midler, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 43b [Salanga]. 

Fregata aquila, B'Orb. in Sar/ras Hist. Cuba, p. ;J09 (1839); Gould, 
Zool. lroy. 'Beagle,' pt. iii. Birds, p. 140 (lb41) Jralapagos]; 
Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 422 (1847); Reichenb. Xatatores, pi. xxxi. 
no. 372 (1850); Hart I J.f. 0. 1854, p. 170 X4alapago&" ; Taylor, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 150, 1860, p. 316 Fonseca Bav, Hondura-: nesting]; 
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Belie, p. 2 (18153); Tayhr, Ibis, 1864, 
pp. 96, 172; Sperling, Ibis, lb68, p. 295 fCumoro Is." ; Buller, 

B. X. Zeal p. 339 (1873); Sahad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 304 (1874); 
Salvin, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 490 (1876) ^Galapasroa": Butler, Cat. B. 
S. Bombay, p. 112 (lfc80); Sclat. f Salv. Toy. Ckall, Zool pt. ix. 
p. 117 (1880) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1204 (l^^Oj; Salmd. Orn. 
Pap. iii. p. 400 (1882); Milne-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. (O) xiii. Art. 4, 
* 
p. 37 (1882) [Crozetls.]; Salvin, P.Z.S. IfebS, p. 427 rPeru]; 
Oates, B. Burmak, ii. p. 227 (1883); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, 
p. 335 [Diego Garcia, Indian Ocean]; Tanz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 427 
(1886) j Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 516 [Christmas? I., Indian Ocean] ; 
Mdgio. Man. X. A. B. p. 83 (1887); Cory, Auk, v. p. 69 (1888); 
Butcher, Auk, v. p. 173 (18fc8) [Long L] ; Scott, Auk, v. p. 378 
(1888) [Florida]; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 370 [Yucatan]; Feitden, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 501 [Barbados]; Palmer, Pr. Cal Acad. (2) ii. 
p. 88 (1889) [Humboldt Bay, California]; Everett, J. Sir. Br. As. 
Soc. xx. p. 187 (1889) [Borneo!; Scott, Auk, vii. p. 307 (1890); 
Bryant, Pr. Cal Acad. (2) iLp7260 (1890) [Lower California]; 
Wujlesio. Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, p. 71 ; Hartert, Kat. Mm. 
Senekenb. p. 235 (1891); Scott, Auk,Ym. p.363 (1891) rJamaica], 

ix. p. 211 (1892): Cory, Cat. W. 2nd. B. p. 85 (1892); Lam. 
Auk, x. p. 362 (1893) [California]; Hartert, 2bis, 1893, p. 308 
1. FREGATA. 
445 
[Aruba and Madagascar]; Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, pt. i. p. 21 

(1893)• Field, Auk, xi. p. 120 (1894); A. O. U. Check-l. p. 40 

(1895) ; Butler, Auk, xiv. p. 200 (1897) [Indiana]; Alexander, 

Ibis, 1898, pp. 90, 114,117 [Cape Verde Is.]. 

Tacliypetes palmerstoni, Cassin, U.S. Frpl. Erped. p. 359 (1858). 

Attagen aquilus, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 853 (1864); Beavan, Ibis,l868, 

p. 405 ; G.R. Gray, Kaml-l. B. iii. p. 131 (1871). 
Fregata caroliniana, Lesson, fide G. R. Gray, B.and-1 B. iii. p. 131 
(1871). 
Atagen aquilus, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc, N.S.W. ii. p. 203 (1877); 
id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 25 (1888). 
Fregata minor, Buller, B. N. Zeal p. 342 (1873) ; Hume, Str. F. \x. 

p. 119 (1880); Ridyw. Man. N. A. B. p. 83 (1887); Sibree, Ibis, 
1892, p. 271 [Madagascar]. 
Fregata 
strumosa, Kittl fide Hartert, Kat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 235 
(1891). 

Adult male. General colour of plumage black, inclining to sooty-
black on the underparts ; feathers of the head, upper back, and 
scapulars elongate and pointed, the former with a dull oil-green 
gloss, the latter glossed with bronze-green in freshly-moulted birdsr 
but becoming purplish with wear; no trace of white patches on the 
flanks. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris dark brown; bill 
light purplish blue, white in the middle, the curved tips dusky -7 
inside of mouth carmine ; gular pouch scarlet or orange, bare space 
about the eye purplish blue ; feet light carmine above, orange 
beneath (J. J. Audubon). Total length about 40 inches, culmen 
from feathers on forehead 3-6-4*4, wing 20-5-25-8, tail 14-0-14-8, 
tarsus 0-7. 

Adult female. Feathers of the head less elongate than in the 
male and with little or no gloss ; upper back and scapulars slightly 
elongate and almost devoid of metallic gloss ; back of the neck dark 
brown; fore-neck, chest, breast, and sides of belly pure white; 
lesser and median wing-coverts brown, with paler margins and 
dark middles; rest of plumage like that of the adult male. Iris 
dark brown; bill bluish horn-colour; orbits and gular skin dark 
plumbeous, with a tinge of violet; feet carmine. Total length 
about 40 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 4-3-5*2, wing 
22*9-26*7, tail 14*7-19-0, tarsus 1*0. 

Male and female immature. Head, neck, and upper part of chest,, 
as well as the middle of the lower breast and belly, white; sides 
and upper breast dark sooty-brown; rest of the plumage like that 
of the adult female. Iris dull dark blue; naked skin on throat 
lavender ; bill horn-colour, darker at base; feet pale pinkish blue.. 

Hob. Tropical and Sub-tropical seas. 

cf ad. Ascension 1J ad. Ascension 1J ad. Ascension 1cf ad. Seychelles(5* ad. Malacca<$ iram. Torres Straits

?(3*imm. Queensland(5 ad. Queensland<$ ad. Queensland^ ad. Laysan$ ad. California$ ad. W. Mexicotfad. Floridatfad. FloridaS ad. Cayman, W.Icf ad. Brit. Honduras$ ad. Galapagos<$ ad. Galapagos(51 imm. Perug ad. Arubacf ad. Brazil2 imm. Ascension 12 ad. Gambia$ ad. Madagascar2 imm. Seychelles2 ad. Ceylon2 ad. Eaine 12 ad. New Zealand2 ad. New ZealandP imm. Samoa2 imm. Samoa

:22 ad. LaysanQ ad. N. America2 imm. California9 imm. Mexico2 ad. Mexico

1 ad. Florida

ad. Florida! ad. Florida; ad. Guatemala

ad. Brit. HondurasV imm. Brit. HondurasP imm. CozumelV ad. Panama2 imm. Peru2 ad. St. Vincent, W.IPad. Aruba2 imm. Trinidad2 ad. Brazil

FEEGATID^. 

Oilmen, 
in. 
3*6 
40 
3*6 
3*9 
3*6 
3*9 
3 5 
3 9 
40 
40 
4*1 
4*5 
39 
4'0 
4*0 
4*4 
4*4 
4*2 
4*1 
44 
3*9 
3*8 
5*2 
4*4 
4*3 
4*7 
4*5 
4*5 
4*G 
4*4 
4*3 
4*5 
4*3 
4 5 
4*9 
4*4 
4*5 
4*7 
46 
4*7 
4*5 
4*8 
4*6 
4*6 
4*3 
4*7 
4*7 
4*2 
4*7 

a, b. S ad. sk. Ascension Island. 
c~e. S 2 ad. et Ascension Island. 
imm. sk. 
f-h S ad.Juv.et Ascension Island, Dec. 
piill. sk. (Dr. D . Gill). 
I 2 ad. sk. E . Gambia, W . Africa. 
Ai, I. <$ ad. et 2 Seychelles. 
imm. sk. 
m. d imm. sk. Diego Garcia, Indian 
Ocean, Sept. 29. 
n. 2 ad. sk. Ceylon (JET. Nemtt). 

Wing. 

m. 
22*3 
22 8 
22*4 
23*2 
20o 
22*5 
20*9 
21-5 
21*7 

24*5 

24*0 

23*6 
24-3 
25-7 
25*4 


25-8 

in moult. 
23-2 
24*0 worn

23*3 
in moult 
22*0 

22*7 

20*8 

25-0 
25*5 
26*5 

24*0 
25*5 
26-0 
25*5 
24*2 
26*7 
25*3 
25*0 
24*3 
25-0 

23*5 

Tail. 
in. 

15 2 
16-0 
15-3 
17-6 
14-0 
14-4 
11*0 
16*5 
14-8 


18*5 

16*7 

15-6 
17*6 
18*8 
19-5 
17-0 

188 
14*5 worn. 
broken. 

15*5 

in moult. 
14*7 

13 0 
broken. 


17*0 
16*5 
17*5 


17*8 
18*8 
19*5 
14-3 in moult. 
17*0 
17*0 much worn. 
100 
17*8 
16-2 
15*0 in moult. 

14*0 

24*2 in moult 19-0 

J. Noble, Esq. [P.]. 
i ChallengerJ Exped. 
Dr. Frank Penrose [P.]. 

Kev. D. F. Morgan [P. I 
Shelley Coll. 

G. C. Bourne, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
1 . FBEGA.TA. 
447 
$. £ ad. sk. Malacca (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 

p. 5 imm. sk. Celebes, Nov. C. Hose, Esq. [0.1q. 
$ imm. sk. Oomaga I., Torres Straits, 
Voyage of H1.S. 

March 22 (J. Macgillivray). 

' Rattlesnake.7 

r-t. 6 ad. etimm. Queensland Coast (J. t. 

Salvin-GodraanColl. 

sk. Cockerel!). 

u. J ad. sk. Raine Inland, X.E. Australia. Gould Coll. 
v, Imm. sk. Samoa. Gould Coll. 
to. Imm. sk. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Wkitmee 
[0.1. 
p. 
5 ad. sk. North America. H.R.H. Duke of 
Sussex [P.]. 
y. 
<j ad. sk. Santa Clara, San Francisco, Oapt.Kellett& Lieut. 
California. 
Wood, R.N. [P.]. 

z. 2 IEIE1* sk, La Paz, Lower California, Dec. Salvin-Godman^Coll 
(A. Forrer). 
a'. Imm. sk. Tamaulipas, Mexico (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson), 
b'-e'. d 2 a&-s&* Tarpon Springs, Florida, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jnlj(W.B. D. Scott). 
f\ <$ ad. sk. Little Cayman, W.I., April 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. J. Maynard). 
(f. 9 ad. sk. St Vincent, W. I., May 15 (D. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. Smith),
a<*« s^


h'. 2 Ckamperico, Guatemala. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i\ <J ad. sk. Belize Coast, Brit. Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (O.S.). 
k'~m'. 2 ad., imm. Man o* War Key, Turneff La- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
et pull. sk. goon, B.Honduras,May 8 (0.8.). 


n . 
2 imm-s&- Cozumel I., Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer), 
o'. 2 ad.sk. Panama. Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood, R.N. [P.]. 
p'f 
q'. <$ 2 iffon* Payta, Peru, Jan. (Ad?niral Salvin-Godman CoU. 
sk. A. .H". Marhham). 

f. cJad.sk. Brazil. 
Gld Coll. 
s. Jad.sk. BaMa, Brazil (Wueherer). Salvin-GcdmanColl. 
t\ Ad. sk. Rio, Brazil. Capt. Milner [P.]. 
«'. 2imm.sk. I. of Trinidad, Lat. 20° 23" S., Earl of Crawford 
Long. 29° 43" W., Aug. 20. [P.]. 
v'. SkeL, mounted. Ascension Island. ' Challenger' Exped. 
wf. Skeleton. Ascension Island. i Challenger' Exped. 
at. SkuU. 
y\ Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. 
sf-d". Ad., juv. et Ascension Island. ' Challenger' Exped. 


pull, in spirits. 
e"-g"* Eggs contg. Ascension Island. ' Challenger7 Exped. 
embryos, in spirits. 
h". <$ ad, in spirits. Christmas I., Indian Ocean. J. J, Lister, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Fregata ariel. 
Attagen ariel, Gould, in Gray18 Gen. B, iii. p. 669 (1845) ; id. B. 
Austr. vii. pi. 72 (1848); Bayard, Ann. Mag. N. BC. (2) xiv. p. 271 
(1854) [Ceylon]; Kreft, Bis, 1802, p. 191 [Brampton Shoals]; 
Rosenb. J.f. 0.1864, p. 138 [S. New Guinea; Torres Straits]. 

Tachypetes 
minor, Verr. 8f Des Murs (nee GmeL), Rev. Mag. Zool 
1860, p. 442 [New Caledonia]; Eartl. Orn. Madagase. p. 87 
(1861); Jouan, Mem. Soc. Cherbourg, ix. p. 241 (1863) [New 

448 
PBEGATID2E. 

Caledonia]; Gould, Sandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 499 (1865),• Marti 
P Z. S. 1867, p. 831 [Mackenzie Group"!* Swinhoe, Ibis, 1868, 
pp. 54-58 [AJ J ; Fimch, J.f. 0. 3874; pp. 174, 216 [South I., 
Kew Zealand ; Australia]; Masters, P. Linn. Soc. N. S.W.i. p. 64 
(1876) ; Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 25 (1877) [CkrLtmas & 
Palmyra Is.] ; Hartl. Tog. Madagase. p. 899 (1877) ; Lagard, Ibis, 
1878, p. 2G5 [Huon I., X. Caledonia : breeds]; Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, 

p. 71 [Cocos, Keeling Is.l; North, Nests 8r Fggs B. Austr. p. 364 
(1889). 
Freaata 
minor, Schl. (nee G?nel.), 3Ius. Pags-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 3 
(1863) ; Schleg. £ Pollen, Rech. Madagasc. pt. ii. p. 141 (186S) ; 

G. P. Gray, Mund-l. B. iii. p. 131 (1871) ; Salvad. Uco. Borneo, 
p. 364 (1874): Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 447 (1*78) ; Sclat. $Salv. Toy. 
Chall, ZooL pt. ix. p. 117 {1880) • Ler/ge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1203 
(1880j ; Sahad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 404 (1^82); Oates, B. Bvrmah, 
ii. p. 228 (18^3); Buttikofer, N. Leijd. Mus. yiii. pp. 58, 63 (1886) 
[Teniniber Is.] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1833, p. 204 Talawan"• Everett, J. 
Str. B. As. Soc. xx. p. 187 (1630); Seebohm, B.Jap, p. 214 (1390); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 61; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, p. 149 "Labium" -. 
Lister,!. Z. S. 1601, pp. 290,300, pi. rPWnix L».~; Jffdrtert, Ibis, 
1893, p. 308 [Madagascar]; Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 128 [X.E. Luzon], 
Fregata ariel, *" Peichenh. Nataiores, pi. xxxi. no. 375, pL xxxv^ 
nos. 2545-6 (1850). # 
Tachypetes pahnerstoni, 8clater {nee Guiel), P. Z. S. Ifc84, pp. 9,10 
[Huabeine]. 
Tachypetes chambeyroni, Montroaziery Bull. Soc. Geogr. Fr. (0) 
xif. p. 610 (l&76)"[Huon and Surprise Is.]. 

Attagen minor, Ramsay (nee GmeL), P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 203 
(1877); David 4' Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 534 (lfc77); Eelham, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 202 [Pulo Xongso, Singapore]• Seebohm, Ibis, 1684, 

p. 33 [Japan]; Pamsag, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 25 (18*38) ; La 
louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 487 [Swatow coast]. 
Tachvpetes aquila, var. minor, Grandidier, Hist. Madagase.^ Ois. 

p. 705, pis, 286-288(1885). 
Adult male. General colour black, inclining to sooty-black on. the 
underparts ; feathers of the head, upper back, and scapulars elongate 
and pointed, the former with a dull oil-green gloss, the latter dark 
metallic green In freshly moulted specimens, but becoming bronze or 
purple with wear ; a large white patch on eachflanlc. Tail composed 
of 12 feathers. Iris black; naked skin round the eye and gular pouch 
red; bill grey; feet black. Total length about 30 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 2-3-3*5, wing 19*2-21, tail 11-13*3, tarsus 0-75. 
Adult female. Has the head like that of the male, but differs in 
having the feathers of the back and scapulars less elongate and 
of a brownish-black colour with scarcely a trace of metallic gloss; 
breast, sides of belly, flanks, and a ivide collar round the nech 
white; lesser and median wing-coverts pale brown, with whitish 
margins and deep brown shaft-stripes; plumage otherwise like that 
of the male. Iris red ; bill grey; bare skin round the eye and on 
the throat red, but not so light as that of the male; feet red. 
Total length about 30 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 
3*2-3-6, wing 20*1-20*8, tail 11*3-13*5, tarsus 0*7. 
Male and female immature. Head and neck white, shading into 
brown on the chest, breast, sides of the belly, lower neck, and 
upper parts; middle of the belly and flanks white. It will thus 

1. FKEGATA. 
449 
be seen that the colours of tlie above parts are just the reverse of 
those of the adult female, the white parts being dark and vice versa; 
rest of the plumage much like that of the adult female. Iris black ; 
bill and feet whitish with a shade of blue. 

Culmen. 
in. 
Wing, 
in. 
Tail. 
c? ad. Madagascar 3-1 
$ iram. Luzon 3-1 20-5 122 
$ ad. Palawan 3-3 
d ad. Ceram 3-5 19-2 12-0 
<$ ad. 
tf ad. 
Admiralty Is 
N.W. Australia .. 
3*5 
3-5 
20 9 
21-0 
12-7 
13-0 
6 ad. 
tf ad. 
Cape York 
Raine I 
33 
2-3 
19-8 
20 6 
12-9 
11-0 
£ ad. 
J ad. 
c?ad. 
2 ad. 
§ ad. 
imm. 
imm. 
ad. 
imm. 
imm. 
ad. 
ad. 
ad. 
ad. 
ad. 
juv. 
Brampton Shoals 
Fiji 
Windward Is. .. 
Mauritius 
Farquhar I 
Labuan 
Xiabuan 
Labuan 
Amoy 
Hakodadi 
New Guinea 
Torres Straits .. 
Woody Wallis I. 
Eaine I 
Baine I 
Baine I 
3-5 
3-2 
3-5 
3-2 
3-2 
3-3 
3-3 
3-5 
3-3 
3-2 
3-4 
3-5 
3-5 
3-6 
34 
3-5 
20-2 
20-6 
imperfect 
20-1 
20-6 
20-2 
20-0 
20*3 
20-2 
20-1 
13-3 
11*2 in moult. 
11-8 
12 0 
13-0 
11-2 
10-5 (worn). 
12-0 
12*3 
11-3 
20-4 12*2 
20-8 13-5 
20-7 12-6 
f-grown. 

Hah, Tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging; 
west to Madagascar and east to the Society Islands. 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Mauritius (Capt. Beiosher). Shelley OolL 
b. 
? ad. sk. Farquhar L, Aug. (G. Stevens). Howard Saunders, 
Esq. [P.I 
c. d. Imm. sk. Labuan, Borneo. Governor ussher [P.], 
e. 2 imm. sk. Amoy, China, July 17 (JR. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
/ . Imm. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Oct. Capt.T.Blakiston[P.]. 
g. 
$ imm. sk. Cape Engaho, N.E. Luzon, J. Whitehead, Esq. 
May SI. [0.]. 
h. 
6 ad. sk. Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
ro.]. 

i 
J ad. sk. Admiralty Islands. 

1 Challenger' Exped. 

A*. Imm. sk. New Britain. 

Rev. G. Brown [0.1. 

/. 
o ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New Guinea. 

A. Goldie, Esq. [C.J. 
2 ad fc^-Woody Wallis I., Torres Str. 

on.- 
Earl of Derby [P.]. 

Port Essington, N. Australia. 

7i. <$ ad. sk. 
Capt. W. Chambers, 

R.N. [P.]. 
o. S ad. sk. Cape York, N.E. Australia. 
Gould Coll. 

;;-*. 6 $ ad., Raine I., N.E. Australia. 

< Challenger' Exped. 
juv. etpull. sk. 
tL $ ad. sk. Brampton Shoals (Lieut. Seebohm Coll. 
Richards). 

v. $ ad. sk. Ovalau, Fiji Is., Feb. 15 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JE. L. Layard). 
2#. $ ad. sk. Huaheine, Windward Is. Old Coll. 

x. 
Skeleton. Old Coll. 
y-cL 
Sterna. Eaine I., N.E. Australia. ' Challenger' Exped. 
VOL. XXVI. 

2* 

450 
PHAUTBLOJSIJD^E. 

Family IV. PHAETHONTIDiE. 

Nostrils pervious. Palatines completely separate one from 
the other; vomer present; a deep nasal hinge ; carina extending 
nearly the whole length of the corpus sterni; free end of clavicle 
not provided with a facet for articulation with the acrocoracoid. 

{ W. P. Pycrafl.) 
1. PHAETHOlSr * 
Type. 
Lepturus, Moehr. Av. Gen. p. 64 (1752); Bris. Orn. 


vi. p. 479 (1760) P. sethereus. 
Phaeton, Linn. S. N. i. p. 219 (1766) P. sethereus. 
Phaethon, Illiger, Prodromus, p. 280 (1811) P. sethereus. 
Tropicophilus, Leach, fide Stephens in Shaiv's Gen. 
Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 124 (1826) , P. asthereus. 
Phoenicians, Bonap. Consp. Av, ii. p. 183 (1855) P. rubricauda. 
Bill compressed, pointed, and slightly curved throughout, the 
cutting-edges of the mandibles serrated; nostrils distinct, linear ; 
wings long, first primary rather longer than the second; tail 
composed of from 12 to 16 feathers, the middle pair being greatly 

•elongate and attenuated ; tarsus very short. 
Range. Intertropical seas. 
Key to the Species. 

I. 
Outer primaries with the outer web white to 
the base; elongate middle tail-feathers carmine 
with black shafts rubricauda, p. 451. 
II. 
Outer primaries with the greater part of the 
outer web black; elongate middle tail-feathers 
white or apricot-colour. 
A. Bill mostly yellow; back uniform, not transversely 
barred with black; scapulars with 
the terminal half mostly black ,* outer web 
of first primary white at the tip for at least 
half an inch. 
a. Black on outer web of outer primaries 
ceases an inch or more from the extremity; 
the third piimary nearly as 
widely tipped with white as the first; 
basal two-thirds of both mandibles more 
or less blackish horn-colour. 
a\ General colour of plumage pure white . Upturns, p. 453. 

* The following worts refer to the osteology and anatomy, etc., of the 
genus:—Brandt, Mem. Acad. St. P&ersb. (6) v. pt. ii. Livr. ii pp. 122, 150 
190, pi. x. (1839), Livr. v. pp. 240-252, 274, pi. v. (1840) [anatomy, etc.] \ 
Nitzsch, Pteryl., Engl. ed. p. 151 (1867); Eyton, OsteoL Av. p. 219 (1867). 
1 . PHJJBTHOBT. 
451 
b'. General colour of plumage rlcli apricot 
or orange-salmon fulvus, p. 455. 

b. 
Black on outer web of first primary extends 
to -within about half an inch of the extremity 
; on the second and fourth quills 
it reaches nearly to the tip, while the 
outer web of the third is either entirely 
black, or sometimes very narrowly tipped 
with white ; bill uniform yellow, except 
above the nasal opening americanus, p. 456. 
B. 
Bill mostly red or coral-red ; back and scapulars 
transversely barred with black; 
outer web of first primary black almost to 
the tip. 
c. 
Bill uniform bright coral-red, a conspicuous 
black band behind the eye; middle pair 
of tail-feathers very long (about 20 
inches) * atkereus, p. 457. 
d. 
Bill orange or orange-red, dusky along 
the cutting-edges of the mandiblea and 
at their extremities; black band behind 
eye rudimentaiy or absent: middle 
pair of tail-feathers less elongate, not 
exceeding 12 inches indicus, p. 459, 
1. Phaethoii rubricauda. 
Le Paille-en-queue a brins rouges, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 357 
(1781). 
Paille-en-queue de 1'Isle de France, B'Aubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 74 
[no. 979]. 

Phaeton rubricauda, 
Bodd. Tabl PL Enl p. 57 (1783) ; G. B. Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 063 (1847); Cassin, US. Expl. Exped. p. 395 
(1858) j Newton, Ibis, 1801, p. 180 [Round L, off Mauritius :'* 
breeding] ; G. B. Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 250 [New Zealand]; Schl 
Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelec. p. 44 (1863); Jerd. B. Bid. iii. p. 849 
(1864) ; Finsch §* Hartl. Beitr. Faun. Centralpolynes. p. 248 
(1867) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868; p. 405 [Andamans]'; Schley. $ 
Pollen, JRech. Madayasc. pt. ii. p. 140 (1868); G. B. Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 125 (1871);, Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. p. 1472 
(1873); Saluad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 370 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. ii. 

p. 322 (1874) [Bay of Bengal] ; Tristram, Ibis, 1876, p. 266 [New 
Hebrides]; Layard, Ibis, 1870, p. 393 [Fiji] ; Streets, Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. vii. p. 25 (1877) [Christmas I.]; Bamsay, P. Linn. Soc 
N. S. W. ii. p. 203 (1877) [N. Australia & B. New Guinea] ; Butter, 
Tr. N. Zeal Inst: x. p. 219 (1878); Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 265 
[Huon I., N. Caledonia: breeding]; Finsch, J.f. 0.1880, p. 2915 
[Caroline Is.]; Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 233 [Loyalty Is.], 1881, p. 115 
[Ponap£], 1882, pp. 542, 544 [Australia] ; Butter, Man. B. N. Zeal 
p. 97 (1882); Oates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 224 (1883) ; Grandidier, 
Mist Madayasc., Ois. p. 697, pis. 281,281 A (1885); Croivfoot, Ibis, 
1885, p. 268 [Norfolk, Nepean & Philip Is.: breeds] ; Butler, B. 
N. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 186 (1P88) ; North, Nests <§- Eggs B. Austr. 
p. 362, pi. xix. lig. 1 (1889) ; Seebohm, B.Jap, p. 213 (1890); id. 
Ibis, 1890, p. 107 [Bonin & Ivrusenstern Is.], 1891, p. 192 [Volcano 
Is.l; Wiqlesw. Abh. Mus. Bresd. 1890-91, p. 73 ; Stejn. P. U.S. 
2G2 

452 
PHAETH03STTII)^. 

Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 492 (1891) [Japan] ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 293, 
300 [Phoenix Is.]; Rothseh. Avif. Laijsan, pt. i. p. 33 (1893): 
Reiche?iow, Jog. Deutsch-O.-Afr. p. 24 (1894). 

Bed-tailed Tropic Bird, Lath. Gen. Sgn. iii. pt. II. p. 619, pi. ev. 
(1785); id. Gen. Hist B. x. p. 447, pi. 183 (1824); Steph. in 
Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. pi. 14 (1826). 

Black-billed Tronic Bird. Lath. Gen. Syn, iii. pt. ii. p. 619 (1785) 
id. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 446 (1824). 

Phaeton phcenicurus. Gmel S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 583 (1783); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 894 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl Enr-ycl Meth. i. p. 39 (1790); 
Laeep. # Daitdin, in Bvff. Hist. Xat. (ISmo, Didot), Qvcidr. xiv. 

p. 319, Ois. xvi. p. 283 '(1799) : Vieill. X. Diet. (THitt. Xat. xxv. 
p. 466(1817); id. Gal Ois. ii. p. 199, pi. 270 (1825); Steph. in 
Shaio's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 128 (1826); Menevide, Icon. Reg 
Anim., Ois. pi. 65. fig. 3 (1829-38): Lesson. Traiti dOnu p. 625 
(1831); Schinz, Xat. Ahhitd. For/, p. 388, pi. 134. % . (1833): Brandt 7 
Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (6) v. pt. 2, Livr. v. p. 2o2, pi. 1 (1840) ; 
G.B. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 182 (1844); ffipp. Tog. X.O.-
Afr. p. 140 (1845): Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 73 (1848); Reichenb. 
Natatores, pi. xxx. nos. 350-51, pi. xxxv.a nos. 2551-2 (1850): 
Heugl Tog. X.O.-Afr. p. 71 (1856); v. Pek. SB. Ak. Wien, xli. 
p. 331 (1860) rxorfolk I J ; Hartl. Orn. Madagase. p. 8Q (1861); 
Kreft. Ibis, 1862. p. 192 .""Brampton Shoalsl; Jouan, Mem. Soe, 
Cherbourg, ix. p. 241 (1863) "New Caledonia"; Walker, P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 879 ; Roch $ Xezcton, Ibis. 1863, p. 175 "Madagascar" ; 
Layard, Ibis. 1863, p. 247 HKodrifiruez, Hound I.: habits"; Goidd. 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 501" (1865) ; Hartl Tor/. Madagdsc. p. 393 
(1877); Lister, P. Z. S. 18*8, p. 529rChristmas L, Indian Ocean". 
Phaeton melanorhvnchns, Gmel S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 5^2 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 894 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl. JSnn/cl. Meth. i. p. 40 
(1790); Brandt, Mem. Acad St. Petersb. (6) v. pt. ii. p. 271 
(1840). 

Phaeton melanorhyneos, Vieill. X. Diet, dlli.st. Xat. xxv. p. 405 

(1817); Steph. in Skald's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 127 (182B). 
New Holland Tropic Bird, Lath. Gen. Hist B. x. p. 44* (1824). 
Phaeton sethereus, 2s*utt. {neeLinn.) Man. Orn. p. 503 (1834) "part]: 

And. 0m. Biog. iii. p. 442, pi. 262 (1835); Reichenb. Xafatore's. 
pi. xxix.c no. 2299, ]*iw. (1850) : Sclat. § Sal v. Voy. Chall. Zool 
pt. ix. p. 118 (1880)TBaine L\ ' 

Phaeton 
nov£e-ho3Jandia?j Brandt. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (6) v. 
pt. ii. p. 272 (1840). 
Phaeton erubescene, Ba?iJcs, Icon. ined. y\. 31 ; G. R. Gray, List of 

B. pt. iii. p. 182 (1844); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 250. 
Phoenicians rubricanda, Bonap. Consp. Ac. ii. p. 183 (1855). 
Phaeton Candidas, Verr. § JDes Mvrs {nee Temm.), Rev. Mag. Zool, 
1860, p. 442 [N. Caledonia] ; Lmjanl Ibis, 1882, p. 541. 
Phaeton rubrieaudatus, Finsch <§* Hartl Votj. OsihAfr. p. 839 (1870); 
Finsch, J.f. 0.1872, pp. 33, 57 [Samoa]. 

Adult General colour of the plumage pure white, with a beautiful 
pinkish, tint in freshly-killed specimens: a black band on the sides 
of the head passes through the eye and terminates in a crescent-
shaped mark above the gape; innermost secondaries with an irregular 
black band down the middle ; flank-feathers with the middles 
greyish black ; all the quills and outer tail-feathers with the upper 
surface of the shaft black, except at the extremity; middle tail


1. PHAETHOJS. 453 
feathers very long and much attenuated, the shafts and the parts 
of the webs immediately bordering them black; the remainder of 
the webs scarlet, shading into white at the base. Tail composed of 
16 feathers. Iris black; bill orange-red; legs and upper part of 
the toes and webs faint blue, rest of toes black. Total length about 
£6 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 2*55-2*65, wing 12k313-
4, taH 17-18*5, tarsus 1*2. 

Young birds in first plumage. Have the top of the head, back of 
the neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and many of 
the lesser and median wing-coverts barred with black; the four 
miter primaries and their coverts black along the shaft, the black increasing 
in width towards the extremity ; the fifth and sixth primary


•quiUs spotted with black near the extremity; the outermost secondaries 
black, margined with white; the tail-feathers spotted with 
black towards the extremity, the middle pair being white with 
black tips and not much longer than the second pair; the black 
patch in front of the eye rather more developed than in the adult. 
'Bill blackish. 
Hab. Tropical portions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 

a-d. S 2 ad. sk. Hound Island, Mauritius. Hume Coll. 
e7f. Ad, et juv. sk. Hound Island, Nov.
Bewsher). 
(Cap. Shelley Coll. 
jg-k. 6 2juv. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
ad. et Flying-fish Cove, Christmas 
I., Aug. (C. W. Andrews). 
Flying-fish Cove, Christmas 
L,Aug. (C.W.A.). 
Dr. J. Murray [P.]. 
Dr. J. Murray [P.]. 
m. Ad. sk. 
», o. Ad. sk. 
j). 5 j uv - sk-
Coast of Australia. 
Coast of Australia. 
Itaine I., North-east Australia. 
Hardwicke Bequest, 
Linnean Society [P.], 
• Challenger' Exped. 
g. Ad. sk. Norfolk Island. Howard Saunders, 
r. Ad. sk. New South Wales. 
Esq. [P.]. 
Australian Museum 
.s. Ad. sk. Howland Island. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
t. Ad. sk. Krusenstern Islands, spring Seebohm Coll. 
(0. Snow). 
ih Ad. sk. 
•v, w. cf ad. et 
juv. sk. 
Krusenstern Islands, spring 
(0. Snow). 
Society Islands. 
Howard Saunders, 
Esq.. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
2. Phaethon leptnrus. 

Tropick Bird, Bdw. N. Hist. B. iii. pi. 149 (1750). 
Le Paille-en-cul blanc, Briss. Oni. vi. p. 485, pi. xlii. fig. 2 (1760). 
Le Paille-en-queue blanc de 1'Isle de 1'Ascension, JJAubent. PL Enl 


ix. pi. 73 [no. 369]. 
Le petit Paille-en-queue, Buf. Hist. Nat., Ois. viii. p. 355 (1781). 
White Tropic Bird, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 618 (1785). 
Phaeton lepturus, Lacep. Sr Daudin, in Buf. Hist Nat. (18mo, Didot), 
Quadr. xiv. p. 319, Ois. xvi. p. 280 (1799). 

Phaeton candidus, Temm. Man. d'Qrn. i. p. cxii (1820) ; G. B. Gray, 
List ofB. pt. iii. p. 182 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 663, pi. clxxxiii 
(1847); Bti/th, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 296 (1849); Jouan, Mim, 

PHAEIHO>TTIDiE. 

Soc, Cherbourg, ix. p. 241 (1863) [New Caledonia]; Schleg. Mus* 
Pays-Bus, vi. Pelec. p. 43 (1803) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 850 (1864); 
Schleg. P. Z. S. I860, p. 426 | Reunion] ; Schleg. § Pollen, Peck 
Madagasc. pt. ii. p. 138 (1868); Hartl. $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, 

p. 9 [Pelew Is.]; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, pp. 33, 57 [Samoa] -r 
Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 [Fiji] ; HartL Fog. Madagasc. p. 394 
(1877); Finsch, J.f. 0.1880, pp. 296, 309 [Caroline Is.] ; Nicholson? 
Ibis, 1882, p. 70 [West L, Java]; Salmd. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 425 
(1882) ; Grandidier, Hist Madagasc, Ois. p. 01)9, pis. 2/9-280 
(1885) ; Sfejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 493 (1891) [Japan]. 
Common Tropic Bird A, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 445 (1824). 
Phaeton setkereus, var., Griff, ed. Cuv. pi. facing p. 6->7 (1829). 
Phaeton alb us, Schinz, Naturg. Ahbild. Vog. p. 389 (1833;. 
Phaeton flavirostris,i?mi<fr, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. Ii. p. 349 (1837); 


id. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (6) v. pt. ii. Livr. v. p. 263, pis. 3, 4 
(1840) [Reunion] ,* Reklienb. Natatores, pi. xxx. nas. 853-4 (1850); 
Nezvton, Ibis, 1861, pp. 1H>, 181, 270 ^Mauritius]; Hartl Orn. 
Madagasc. p. 80 (1861); Roch § Newton, Ibis, 1803, p. 175 [Madagascar] 
; Layard, Ibis, 1803, p. 248 ^habit-j ; Beavan, Ibisf 
1867, p. 334 [Andaman Is.]; Newton, Ibi*, 1807, p. 345 
[Seychelles]; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 124 (1871); Hume, 
Str. F. ii. p. 323 (1874) [Boss Rand], v. p. 498 (1877) [Cachar] ; 
Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. iv. p. 84 (1879) [Sa-vo, Solomon 
Is.]; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 277 ."Ascension] ; Leqge, B. Ceylon, iii. 

p. 1172 (1880); Sclat. $ Sah^Voy. Chall, Zool pt. ix. p. 119 
(1880); Finsch, Ibi*, 1880, p. 333 [Marshall Group", p. 434 
[Gilbert Is.], 1881, p. 109 [Kushai I.], p. 115 [Ponapej ; Tristram, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 144 [Savo, Solomon Is.]; Oates, B. Burmah, ii. 
p. 225 (1883). 
Phaeton edwardsii, Brandt, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (0) v. pt. ii. 
p. 271 (1840); Reichenb. Natatores, pi. xxix.c no. 2298 (1850). 
Lepturas candidus, Bonap. Comp. Ar. ii. p. 183 (1855). 
? Phaeton aethereus, Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. IV. ii. p. 203 
(1877) [N. Australia & S. New Guinea]. 

Adult General colour of the plumage pare white ; a black band 
bordering the sides of the head passes through the eye and terminates 
in a crescent-shaped mark above the gape; a black band along the 
wing formed by the black tips of the median wing-coverts ; scapulars 
and innermost secondaries with the terminal half of both webs 
obliquely black; four outermost primaries with the outer web and 
a portion of the inner next the shaft black to within about an inch 
and a half of the extremity; fifth with only a narrow line of black 
along the shaft, and the outer web black for a short distance from 
its base; long flank-feathers broadly striped down the middle of the 
terminal half with greyish black; shafts of quills and tail-feathers 
black on the upper surface, white towards the tip. Tail composed 
of 12 feathers. Basal two-thirds of the upper and lower mandibles 
dark blackish horn; culmen, cutting-edges, and terminal third 
yellow. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 1-8-2, wing 10-10*0, 
tail 17-3-21, tarsus 0-8-0-9. 

Young, Top of the head, back, scapulars, innermost secondaries, 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and flanks barred with black, most of the 

1 . PHAETH02T. 
455 
bars being stibcrescentic in shape; otherwise fche plumage is much 
like that of the adult. 
Hah. Inter-tropical seas, except the east coast of North America 

a, b. Ad. sk. Fernando Noronha. i Challenger' Exped. 

c. Vix ad. sk. Ascension Island. X Noble, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Ascension 1, (Lieut. M. Howard Saunders, 
Squire, R.N.). Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Ascension I. TV. E. de Winton, 
Esq. [P.]. 
/, g. <S ad. sk. Boatswain-bird I., Ascension . l Challenger7 Exped. 

h. 
<$ ad. sk. I. of St. Thomas, Feb. 27 Lisbon Museum [P.]. 
(JF*. Xeicton). 
i. 
2 ad. sk. I. of Cabras. Lisbon Museum [P.]. 
k. 
§ imm. sk. Indian Ocean, S.E. of MaEarl 
of Crawford 
dagascar, Oct. 29. [P.]. 
t~n. $ $ ad, sk. Rodriguez [Rev. H. H. Transit of Venus 
Slater). Exped. 
o, j>. Ad. sk. Round I., Nov. (Capt. Shelley Coll. 

Bewsher). 
q< r. Ad. sk. Mauritius. Hume Coll. 
s-n. Ad. sk. Reunion. M. Van Dam [P.], 

r. J ad. sk. Seychelles. Shelley Coll. 
w. <S JUT. sk. Cachar (J. Itiglis). Hume Coll. 
./*. Ad. sk. Pelew Inlands (0. Finsch). Hume Coll. 
//. 5 ad. sk. At sea to the north of New f Challenger' Exped. 
Guinea, March 19. 

z. ? ad. sk. Tongataboo. ( Challenger' Exped. 
a'. Ad. sk. Samoa. Rev. J. B. Stair [P.]. 
h'9 c'. Ad. sk. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Whitmee 
[C.]. 
d'. Ad. sk. Upolu, Samoa. Howard Saunders, 
Esq. [P.]. 
e',f. Ad. sk. South Seas. Old Coll. 

g'. Skull. 'Challenger' Exped. 
h'-N. Skeleton, Rodriguez (Rev. H. H. Transit of Venus 
2 sterna. Slater). Exped. 
/'. Skeleton. Salvin-Godman Coll, 

3. Phaethon Mvus. 
Le Paille-en-cul fauve 
(Lepturus fulvus), Briss. Orn. vi. p. 489 

(1760). 
Yellow Tropic Bird, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 619 (1785), 
Phaeton fulvus, Brandt, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (6) v. pt. ii. p, 269 

(1840). 

Phaeton flavirostris, Reichenh. (nee Brandt) Natatores, pi. xxx. 
fig. 852 (1850); Lister, P. Z. & 1888, p. 528 [Christmas L, 
Indian Ocean]. 

Phaeton 
flavo-aurantius, Lawr. Ann. Lijc. JSf. York, vii. p. 142 
(1862); Grant, Bull. B. 0. C. no. xlix. p. xxiii (1897) [Christmas 
I., Indian Ocean]. 

Adult. Markings exactly similar to those of P. lepturus, bnt the 
general colour of the plumage rich salmon, inclining to orange, 
somewhat paler on the under surface. Tail composed of 12 feathers. 

PHAEIHONTIDJG. 

Basal two thirds of the tipper and lower mandibles dark blackish 

horn; ridge of culmen, cutting-edges, and tips of mandible yellow; 

tarsi and basal half of toes yellowish, remaining portion and claws 

black. Total length about 32 inches, culmen from feathers on 

forehead 2, wing 10-5-10-7, tail 21, tarsus 0*75. 

Bab. Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. 

a. $ ad. sk. Christmas I., Oct. 5. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 
b-d. 
(S 2 ad. sk. Flying-fish Cove, Christmas Dr. J. Murray [P.]. 
"l.;Aug. (C. W. Andreics). 


4. Phaethon americanus. 
Tropick Bird, Catesb. Car. ii. App. pi. 14 (1743) [Bermuda; Porto 
Eico]. 
Phaeton astkereus, Aud. (nee Linn.") B. Amer. vii. p. 228, pi 427 
(1839). 

Phaeton flavirostris, Bryant (nee Brandt) P. Bost. Soc. vii. p. 128 
(1859) [Bahamas: habits; breeding] ; Baird. B. N. Amer. p. 885 
(1860); Albrecht, J.f. 0. 1861, p. 57 ^Bahamas]: Gundl. J.f. 0. 
1861, p. 348, 1862, pp.96, 190 [Cuba]: Saluin, Ibis, 1870, p. 116 
[Costa Pica]; Cozies, Key N. Amer. B. p. 307 (1872); Gundl. 

J.f 0.1875, p. 403 [Cuba: habitsj, 1878, p. 191 [Porto Eico"; 
Cory, B. Bahama Is. p. 204 (1880) ; Coues, Bull. Kutt. Dm. C.v. 
p. 63 (1880) [Western Xew York]; Maynard, B. JE. X. Amer. 
p. 473 (1881); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 732 (18*4); Baird, 
Brew. $ Bidyw. Water-B. K. Amer. ii. p. 186 (1884); Meid, 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. xxv. p. 2G3 (18^4) [Bermuda": Cory, B. 
Haiti fy 8. Domingo, p. 175 (1885); id. Auk, v. p"'73 (18t6) 
[Bahamas; Antilles] ; Ridgw. Man. JST. A. B. p. 74 (1889) ; Cory, 
B. W. Ind. p. 274 (1889); Scott, Auk, viii. pp. 249-256 (1891) 
[Jamaica] ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind.B. p. 84 (1892); A. O. U. Cheek-L 
p. 39 (1895); Brentiss, Auk, xiii. p. 239 (1896) [Bermuda] 
Phaeton americanus, Grant, Bull, B. O. C. no. xlix. p. xxiii (1897) 
[Bermuda to West Indies]. 

Adult. Closely allied to B. lej)tiiru$, from which it differs in the 
following particulars:—the black on the first primaiy extends to 
within half an inch of the extremity, on the second and fourth it 
nearly reaches the tip ; the third quill is entirely black or sometimes 
very narrowly tipped with white, and the fifth has the outer web 
black to within about an inch rf the extremity. Bill uniform yellow, 
with little or no trace of dusky on the base of either mandible. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Total length about 30 inches, 
culmen from feathers on forehead 2-2-1, wing 10*5-11*2, tail 16*821-
5, tarsus 0*85-0*90. 


Bab. East coast of K America from Bermuda to the West 
Indies. 


a. Ad. sk. Bermuda. 
Capt. S. G. Eeid [P.1. 
b-n. 
$ 2 ad. sk. Bermuda, May (C. B. Mer- Salvin-Godman Colli 
et st. riam). (Types of the species.) 

o. Ad. sk. West Indies (Sir G.Ktiyler). Howard Saunders, 
Esq. [P.]. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
Dominica, West Indies (F.A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oder). 

1. PHAETKON. 
457 
f, r. 6 ad. sk. at. Vincent, "W. L, Feb. 3 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(D. IT. jS/A/rt). 
a-z. 
Ad., inini. et Bermuda, May, June. ' Challenger' Exped. 
embryo (in spirit). 

o. PhaSthon aethereiis. 
Le Paillfc-en-cul, Briss. Orn. vi p. 450, pi. xlii. fig. 1 (1760). 
Paille-en-queue tie Cavenne, If Anient, PL Enl ix. pi. 72 ("no. 998], 
Le Grai.d Riille-en-^ii^ue, Z^C ilisf. ito. 0<s. viii" p. 354, 

_ pi. xxvill. (17*d). 
Common Tronic-bud. Lath. Gen. Syru iii. pt. ii. p. 015 (1785); id. 
Gen. Eihf. B. x. p. 443 (1824). 
Phaeton aether*»uN jC//w. 8. X. i. p. 219 (17C6); Gmel. S. X. I. pt. ii. 

p. 581 (178-| "nee A -/ ; XAM. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 893 (1790); 
Bmmd. TabL Eneyel Mlik. i. p. &* (1790) ; Xac^p. # Daudin, 
in Buff. Hist. Xat. < 18UK>, Didot), QKtfffr. xiv. p. 319, O/s. xvi. 
f. 279 (irm j: Leaeh. ZooL *ViV. Ii. p. 140, pi. 113 (1815); Tieill 
K Diet tfHist. Xrt. xxv. p. 400 (1817); Steph.in Maw's Gen. 
Z&QL xiii, pt. i. p. 125 (ls2fj); Lemon, TraiU d'Or/i. p. 625, 
pi. 114. tiif.i. (1^311; 5/-////^ XatAlMld. Voq. p. 389, pi. 138, 
iijr. (1833); J70r//. //* Sayra, IlkL Cuba, p 312 (1839) ; Brandt, 
Mem. At ad, *S7. Peiersb. 01} v. pt. ii. Livr. v. p. 257, ] 1. ii. (1840) ; 
G. It Grmji Li*t tf B. pt iii. p. lM> (1844); ndwdi, Faun. Peru.. 
Orn, p. 314 f 1^45 I; 6V.%v». U. Jamaica, p. 430(1 *47); 6-*. i?. Gray, 
Gen. />'. iii. p. n*<;J 1IM7); lievhenb. Xafafore.% pi. xxx. no. 349 
|1850): Bmmpr Cimyp At. ii. p. 183 (1855); i/w-tf. %6'f. 0rw. 
lf.~A.fr. p. 257 |IH57); Xeicberry, Hep. Expl Sure. vi. pt. iv. 

p. 10(5 (1857|; OMM//, r.*V. 2£*/>/. JSiywrf. p. 304 (1858); Jiwws, 
Jtorf. Bermuda, p 52 (lb59j; J . #• I?. Xewton, Ibis, 1859, p. 370 ; 
GmidL J. f. O. 1H)2, p. 96 rCubal; &?///. J/?/«. Pat/s-Bas, T>1. Pelec. 
p. 43(18113); J%s. Atl Xat Vot/. % . 338 (18*34); Tai/lor, Ibis, 
Ixfli, p. 172 "Wtvt Indies*": JZW. JZw, 18(54, p. 232*[Fiji Is.]: 
Bohr a, P. Z. X MM, p. 331 "Prince's I] ; Finseh fyHartl. Beitr. 
Faun. Central poly net. p. 250(18*57); Fritsch, Nat. Vi}}. Fieropa's, 
p. 453 |1870j: Meiiiss, B*\ 1870, p. 105 [St. Helena]: G. P. 
Gray, Ikmd-l B. iii. p. 124 (1871); Dohrn, J.f.O. 1871, p. 8 
rCape Wrde 1<.~: Finseh, J.f.O. 1872, pp. 33, 57 [Samoa"); 
"ijaynrd, Ibis, lS7tt, p. 393 [Fiji]; Salvin, Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 497 
{187l>) rGaIapagr<">3"; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 270 [Ascension]: 
Selat. fSalo. VvylChalL, ZmL pt. ix. p. 118 (1880) [Ascension ]; 
Finsch, J. f. 0.1880, p. 310 [Caroline Is.] ; id. i/>w/l880, p. 333 
fMfirsliairGrotip",
y p. 434 [Gilbert Is.], 1881, p. 109 [Knshai I."1; 
Hume, Sir. F. x. p. 146 (1881); Baird, Brew. $ Zidf/w. Water-B. 
W* Amer. ii. p. 189 (1884) ; Cones, Key K Amer. B. p. 732 (1884): 
Taez. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 436 (1886); Ridgw. Mail. X. A. B. p. 74 
(1887); Con/, Auk, v. p. 74 (1888)f We^t Indies]; Sltarpe, J. Linn. 
Sot., Zml xx. p. 480 (1888) [Fernando Koronlia1; Cory, B. W. 
Ind. p. 275 (1889); Anthony, P. Calif. Acad. (2)li. p. 80 (1889) 
[Lower California]; Bryant, P. Calif. Acad. (2) ii. p. 253 (1890) 
[Lower California}; Cory, Cat W. tnd. B. p. 84 (1892); Berlepsch 
| Stokm. IKZ.S. 1892, p. 399 [Peru"!; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1892, 

p. 500 [Anjruilla, IV. I.]; Hartwiy, Orn. Monatsher. i. p. 172 
(1893) [Madeira]; A. O. U. Chech-Ly.2fo (1895); Alexander, Ibis, 
1898, pp. 90,99,109, 117 [Cape Verde la.]. 
Pbaeton eate«byi. Brandt, Mam. Acad. Sf. Peferth. (0) v. pt. ii, 

p. 270 (Ib40}'[Bermuda; PortJIlico[. 
PHAEIHOXTIDJS. 

Adult. General colour white; a black band bordering the sides of 
the head passes through the eye and terminates in a crescent-shaped 
mark above the gape; back and sides of the neck, back, rump, 
upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and most of the lesser and median wing-
coverts barred with black; the five outermost primaries with the 
outer web and part of the inner web next the shaft black, only the 
extreme tip being white; some apparently fully adult specimens 
have the third quill partially, and the fourth and fifth entirely 
margined on the outer web with white; the remaining primary-
quills with a black median stride extending to within about an inch 
of the tip ; outer primary-coverts, innermost secondaries and their 
coverts, mostly black, margined with white* long flank-feathers 
with blotched gre} i^h-black bars ; outer tail-feathers with a few 
irregular black markings near the shaft; the upper surface of the 
shafts black, white at the extremity. Tail composed of 14 feathers. 
Iris black; tarsi and upper part of toes yellow, rest of toes and 
claws black; bill bright coral-red. 

Adult male. Total length about 40 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 2*4-2*5, wing 11-5-11*7, tail 26, tarsus 1*15-1*2. 
Adult female. Total length about 40 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 2*6, wing 13, tail imperfect, tarsus 1*15. 

An immature bird differs slightly from the most adult in having 
the second primary-quill partially, and the third, fourth, and fifth 
wholly margined with white on the outer web; the markings on 
the innermost secondaries take the form of irregular blotched 
black bars * the bill in the dried skin is orange-yellow, tinged with 
red. 

Quite young birds with the quills half-grown have the plumage 
very similar to that of the adult, the primaries and secondaries 
being similarly marked; but the tail-feathers, except the two outer 
pairs, are blotched with black at the extremity, and the long flank-
feathers are mostly black, toothed with white on the margins. Bill 
yellow. 

Hab. Tropical portions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 

a. Imm. sk. Acajutla, San Salvador, Central Salvin-Godman ColL 
America. 
b. Juv. sk. Nicova, Costa Rica, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(R Arce). 
c. d. 
<$ ad. sk. Anguilla, W. Indies (IF. JR. Salvin-Godman Coll 
Elliott). 
e. Ad. sk. RedoiidaIsland, W.I. (Spenee). Salvin-Gudmau Coll. 
f, y. 
Ad. sk. Guadeloupe, W. I. (F. A. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Ober). 

h. Ad. sk. St. Lucia, W. I. (Semper). SJvin-Godman Coll, 
i. Ad. sk. Maranham, S. America (IL Salvin-Godman ColL 
Wendebom). 
kf I Ad. sk. Fernando Noronha. H. N. Ridley, Esq* 
[P.]. 

m. Jad.sk. Boatswain-bird I., Ascension. lChallenger' Exped, 
n~p. Ad., imm. et Boatswain-bird L, Ascension. Howard Saundersf 
pull. sk. Esq. [P.], 

1 . PHAECHOX. 
459 
q. Ad. sk. Boatswain-bird I., Ascension, Dr. Frank Penrose 
Jan. 4 (Br. D. Gill). [P.]. 
r. Skeleton. [Ascension L". i Challenger? Exped. 
s, t. Ad.in spirit*. ^Ascension L~. L Challenger' Exped. 
6. Phaethon indicus. (Plate YI .*) 
Phaeton setkereus, Sunder, (nee Linn.) Ann. Mag. K. H. xix. p.234 
(1847); Blyth, Cat. Mas. As. Soc. p. 296 (1849): id. Ibis, 1867, 

p. 178 "Bav of Benu-aF: Fimch £ Ilartl. Tog. CM-Afr. p. 840 
(1870) ""part"; Heuql. bra. X.O.-Afr. iv. p. 1467 (1873) [part]; 
Hunv>, &r. F I pp. 2S0. 441 (1873) [Gulf of OmaiT, ii. p. 323 
(1874) 'Andaman^, Cocoa" ; Blanf. E. Pers. ii. p. 299 (lb76). 
Phaeton 
rubrieauda, Blanf. {nee Bodd.) Zool. Abyss, p. 441 (1870) 
[Annesley Bay]. 
Phaeton iL&icus 'Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 481 (1876) [Mekran _Coast] ; 

B. &. Bombay, p. 112 (1830); Leqqe, B. Ceylon, i'ii". p. 1173 
(1880): Hume, 8tr. F. x. p. 147 (1831) ; Dates, B. Bunnah, ii. 
p. 22.5 (1883); Yerhunj, Ibt\ 1830, p. 23 fAden]; Sharpe, Ibis, 
lfe-0, p. 108 [.Muscat^; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 179 [Aden]; Yerbury, 
Ibis, IbliO, p. 40. 
Adult "Much like P. ct>iheren$, but smaller and readily distinguished 
by the following particulars:—The black band on the sides 
of the head is nearly obsolete behind the eye, only the bases of the 
feathers being black; the middle pair of tail-feathers always comparatively 
short; and the bill is orange-red, with the cutting-edges 
and tips of the mandibles blackish. Tail composed of 14 feathers. 
Iris blackish brown ; bill orange or orange-red. dusky round the 
nostrils, along the cutting-edges of the mandible and at their 
extremities; legs and upper part of toes greyish white ; rest of toes 
and claws black (A. 0. Hume). 

Adult male. Total length about 24 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 2-15-2*4, wing 10-6-11-6, tail 7*5-9*6, tarsus 0*9-1. 
Adult female. Total length about 24 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 2-2-2*3, wing 10*9-11-4, tail 7*5-11*9, tarsus 0*95. 
Hah. Northern parts of the Indian Ocean, from the Eed Sea and 
Persian Gulf to the Straits of Malacca. 

a. 
§ ad. sk. AnnesleyBay,RedSea,Jan.30. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[Cj. 
b. Ad. sk. Muscat, Persian Gulf. Col. Miles [P.]. 
c~h. <S $ ad. sk Mekran Coast, off Oemara, Hume Coll. 
Feb. (A. O. H). (Types of the species.) 
i-L 6 $ ad. sk. Mekran Coast, May 14 (E. A, Hume Coll. 
Butler). 
7n. 
$ ad. sk. Near Pigeon I., off the coast Hume Coll. 
of Kanara, Feb. 9 {A. O. jff.). 

n. Ad. sk. Straits of Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum [P.]. 
* The plate is not quite correct; the black band on the sides of the head 
should be nearly obsolete behind the eye. 
46 0 PE LECANJLDJE. 

Family V. PELECANID/E. 

Palatines fused in the middle line, and provided with a deep 
median keel. Purculum fused with the carina sterni, which is 
about three quarters of the length of the corpus sterni. (TP. P. 
Pi/craft.) 

1. PELECAffUS * 
Type 
Onoerotalus, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 519 (17G0) .. P. onoerotalus. 
Pelecanus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 215 (1766) P. onoerotalus. 
Cyrtopelicanus, Reichenb. NatiirL tiyst. Vog. 

p. vii (1853) P. eiythrorhynehiLS. 
Leptopelicanus, Reichenb. NatiirL 6'yst. Vog. 
p. vii (1853) P. fuscus. 
Catoptropelicanus, Reichenb. NatiirL Syst. Vog. 
p. vii (1853) P. -conspicillatus. 
Bill greatly elongate and much depressed, narrower and higher 
.at the base, broader and flattened towards the end, composed of a 
median bar, runniug the whole length of the bill, and terminating 
in a strongly hooked nail, and of two lateral portions divided from 
the median bar by a very narrow groove, in the basal part of which 
the small nostril opens, llami of lower mandible thin and flexible, 
supporting a very large distensible gular pouch. Wings very large; 
tail short, composed of 22 or 24 feathers. Tarsi compressed, reticulate. 


Range. Tropical and temperate regions of the Old and JSTew 
Worlds. 

* The following works refer to the osteology and anatomy, etc., of the group:— 
Owen, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 9 [anatomy of P. rufescens $ ]; Martin, P. Z. S. 1835, 
p. ]6 [anatomy of P. rufescens J] ; Brandt, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (6) v. pt. ii. 
Livr.ii.pp. 110,141,183, pis. vii. & viii. (1839) [osteology of P. crispus] ; Parker, 
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 328 [anatomy of P. onoerotalus]; Hunter, Ess. Obs. Sat. 
Hist. ii. p. 326 (1861) [anatomj of P. onoerotahes and P. fuscus]; Gullirer, 
P. Z. S. 1862, p. 102, and 1875, p. 488 [red corpuscles in P. onoerotalus]; 
Milne-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) iii. pp. 137-142 (1865) [air-cells] ; G-iebel, Zeit. 
ges. Naturw. 1865, pp. 250-257 [osteology of P. erythrorh/nckus, P. crispus, 
P. onoerotalus]; Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p^S , figs. 20, 20 a [skull of P. onoerotalus] 
; Eyton, Osteol. Av. p. 219, pis. 7 L, 38. fig. 2 (1867); Nitzsch, Pteryl., 
Engl. ed. p. 149 (1867); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 335 [P. rufescens and P. onoerotalus 
have left carotid only], p. 340 [pectoral muscle], and p. 342 [stomach] ; 
Alix, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 287 (1877) [anatomy]; Mivart, Tr. Z. S. x. 
[anatomy of P. fuscus]; id, J. Anat. Phys. xxxiii. pp. 165-186, pis. 400427* 


1 . PELECANITS. 
461 
Key to the Species. 

, No ring of feathers round the naked ocular 
space. 

A. 
Base of the lower mandible entirely 
naked. 
a* Feathers on the forehead terminating 
in a point. 
a7. Larger: forehead swollen : tail with I onocrotalus, p. 462, 
24 feathers j sJiarpti, p. 462. 
b'. 
Smaller; forehead not swollen ; tail 
with 22 feathers roseits, p. 466. 

b. Feathers on the forehead terminating 
in a coneaTe line at the base of the 
culmen. 
c*. Pouch extending less than halfway 
down the neck ; underparts white. 


a". Larger; wing 27-2**1 inches; a 
full crest of long, soft, pointed 
feathers, about 4 inches in 
length. Wings and back white 
at all seasons crispus, p. 468. 

y\ Smaller; wing 22-25 inches. 
"Wings white, lower back vinaceons 
in the breeding-season; 
wings brown, lower back white 
in the non-breeding reason. 


a\ Sides of the upper mandible 
with large bluish-black spots ; 
feathers of the head, crest, and 
neck soft and curly, with black 
bases ......../ phUippensis, p. 47L 

bz. Sides of the upper mandible 
without spots; leathers of the 
head and neck narrow and 
straight, showing no visible 
black bases; a full occipital 
crest of long narrow feathers. I'ufescms, p. 474. 

d'. Pouch extending about halfway 
down the neck; general colour of 
underparts dark brown. Back of 
the neck dark velvety brown in 
the breeding-season; entirely white 
in the non-breeding season. 


c". Breast and belly brown, without 
or with indistinct traces of white 
shaft-stripes; occipital crest 
short, less than 1*5 inch. 


c3. Pouch dull greenish brown or 
olive-brown fuscus, p. 475. 
# . Pouch red (in the breeding-
season) . californicus, p. 478, 

d". 
Breast and belly brown, with 
well-marked white shaft-stripes; 
occipital crest well-developed, 
2*5 inches thagus, p 480. 

±62 
PELECAXIDJE. 

B. 
Babe of lower mandible feathered; culmen 
ornamented with a horny excrescence 
in the breeding-season >.. . erythrorhynchus, p. 481. 
II. 
A ring of feathers surrounding- the naked 
ocular space conspicillatus, p. 483. 
1. Pelecanus onocrotalus *• 
Onocrotalus, Gesner, Ar. iii. p. 605, fis\ i. & App. p. 94, fio% i. 
(1555). 
The Pelican, Edwards, Nat. Hist B. ii. p. 92, pi. 92 (1747) 

[S. Africa]. 
Le Pelican, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 519 (1760); D'Aichent. PL JEnl ix. 
p. 169, pi. 03 [no. 87]; Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. viii. p. 282, pi. xxv. 
Peelcanus onocrotalus, a. orientalis, Linn. 8. JS. i. p. 215 (1766). 
Great White Pelican, Lath. Gen. 8yn. vi. p. 575 (1785). 
Pelecanus onocrotalus, Gmel. 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 569 (1788) ; Latham, 


Ind. Orn. ii. p. 882 (1790) [part]; Bonnat. Tab!. Bnmjcl Meth. i. 

p. 42, pi. 13. fig. 2 (1790); Lacep. $ Daudin, in Buff. Hist. Nat. 
(18mo, Didot), Quadr. xiv. p. 320, Ois. xvi. pp. 204, 224 (1799); 
Bechst. Orn. Deutschl. p. 390 (1802); Lath. Gen. 8i/n., Suppl. ii. 
p. 362 (1802); Meyer # Wolf, Tasch.der Deuisch. Yoq. p. 574 pi. 
(1810) ; Pallas, Zoogr". Posso-As. ii. p. 292 (1811) [part]; VieilL 
N. Did. d'Hist Nat. xxv. p. 138 ('1817); Cuv. Peg. Anim., Ois. 
p. 523 (1817); Temm. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 891 [part]'(1820), & iv. 
p. 560 (1840); Steph. in Skaivs Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 109, pi. 12 
(1825); POZLV, Orn. Prov. ii. p. 342 (1825); Werner. Atl Om. 
dPJur., Ord. 16, pi. 85 (1828) ; Cuv. Per/. Anim., Ois. p. 561 
(1829); Brehm, Tag. Deutschl. p. 824, pi. 40. fiar. 1 (1831); Less. 
Traite d'Orn. p. 602, pi. 116. fier. 1 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat Pais. 
p. 56 (1832); Brehm, Isis, 1832, p. 1108; Bruch, Lsis, 1832, 
p. 1108; Bonap. Lsis, 1832, p. 1191; Brandt, Anim. Possic. Nov., 
* PELECANUS SHARPII. 
Pelecanus sharpei, Socage, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 173, 409 [Angola]; id. J. 
Acad. 8c Lisb. xi. p. 166 (1871); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1871, p. C>32,fig. 1, 
pi. Ii.; HeuqL Orn. KO.-Afr. iv. p. 1502 (1873); Socage, J.f.O. 1876, 
pp. 292, 434; id. Orn. Angola, p. 525 (1881); Yon Washington, Ann. 
Hofmus. Wien, iii. p. 63, fig. (1888). 

Pelecanus onocrotalus var. sharpii, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Bdg. ii. p. 8 (1883). 

[Adtdt male.] Above white; lower neck, interscapular region, and back 
slightly tinged with rose-colour; below washed with cinnamon, a large patch 
of rufous chestnut on the breast; forehead much swollen ; feathers on the forehead 
ending in a point; a short erect crest on the nape. Pill yellow, the 
middle and sides blackish, tip and margins red ; naked cheeks reddish ; gulai* 
sac greenish yellow; feet dark flesh. 

Bah. Angola, S.W. Africa. 

I have not examined typical examples of this form, and am uncertain^whether 
it is really a distinct species or merely a colour-variety of P. onocrotalus. The 
cinnamon-coloured uncWparts may be caused by the presence of iron in the 
water frequented by these birds. As shown, when describing the latter species, 
the short erect crest is merely a characteristic of the male sex, and not a specific 
character as suggested by Professor Barboza du Bocage (cf. P. Z. S. 1870, 

p. 173). 
1. PELECANUS. 463 
Aves, fasc. I. p. 44, pi. v. (1836); Biipp. Mus. Senek. ii. p. 185 
(1837) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 405 (1837); £&&. ^tM. Akad. Berl. 
1833, p. 436, pi. iii. fig. 1; Demid. Voy. Buss. Mend, ill. p. 295 
(1840); Keys. u. Bias. WirbeUh. p. 89 (1840); Benoit, Orn. Sicil. 

p. 190 (18401; Schinz, Europ. Fauna, i. p. 365 (1840) ; Neumann, 
Vog. DeutscM. xi. p. 150, p3. 282 (1842<; Drapiez, Diet Sci. Nat 
viii. p. 384 (1842); G. B. Gray, But o/B. pt. iii. p. 180 [part]; id. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 6**8, pi. 183. fig. 4 (1*45); Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. 297 (1849j; Rnche?ih. Natatores, pi. xxxvi. Has. 370, 377 (1850) ; 
-fifor*/. #«&•. Or/2. 7T.--4/r. p. 44 (1852j ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 362 
(1855); Sundec. Sv. Fogl. pi. 81. iig. 1 (1856) ; Heugl Voq. NO.-
Afr. p. 71 (1850): Hard. Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 259 (1857) [Seneganibia, 
Mozambique]; Zinderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 168 (1860); 
Potcys, Ibis, I860, p. 355 ; Sthleq. Mus. Pays-B as, vi. Pelecani, 
p. 30 (1863); Jerd. B. lad. iii. p. 854 (lb68); Fiiz. Ail Nat. Vog. 
Iig. 334 (1*04): Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 455 [Palestine]; 
Admits. Ibis, 1804, p. 35; Wright, Ibis, 1564, p. 1§4 [Malta]; 
Sperling, Ibis, 1804, p. 2S9 [Mi^ulonglif ; ATr/;, Ibis, 1864, p. 338 
(Zambesi, breeding, 1805, p. 406; FdipjjU Viagg. Pers. i. p. 352 
(1805) "Astrakan" f Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 174, pL (1807): Bayard, 
B. S^Afr.ip. 381 (1807) ;_ Degl § Gerbe, Orn. Europ. 'ii. p. 342 
(1867J ; Tat/lor, Ibis, 1807, p. 71 ; Chapman, Trav. 8. Afr., Apjh 
p. 424 (1^) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 264, 265, tigs. 1 & 2; 
Gurnet/, Ibis. 180S p. 264, & 1809, p. 403 "Pas de Calais] ; Elliot, 
P. Z. S. 1809, p. 570 ; Taylor. Ibis, 1809, p. 54; Fiasch § Hartl. 
Vog. Od-Afr. p. ft4S (1870); Ehces fy Buckley, Ibis, lb70, p. 335 
[Sea of Marmora"; Fritsch, Nat Vog. Europe? s, p. 447 (1870); 
All pi. 40. %ri. 0 & 8 (lb71); Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 317: Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1871*, p. 032; .F/?2,SY-£, Beitr. Oni. NO.-Afr. iv. p. ccix 
(1871); a A'. Graf/, Hand4. B. iii. p. 120 (1871) ; Shelley, B. 
Egypt^ p. 293 (1872); Bemmelen, Zool. Gart. 1872, p. 264 
^breeding"": Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 345 [Sardinia]; Heugl. Orn. 
^N.O.-AfK iv. p. 1406 (1873); Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 288 (1873) 
[Upper Sind]; Severtz. J. f. O. 1873, pp. 344, 389; id.^ Turkest 
Jei'otnie, p. 70 (1873); Marchand, Bet. Mag. Zool. (3) iii. p. 143, 
pi. 3 (1875) ; Severtz. J.f.O. Ib75, p. 185; Danf. 8/ Brown, Ibis, 
1875, p. 430 [Transylvania]; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 414; Blanf. 
E. Pers. ii. p. 299 (1876) [Caspian]; Sintenis, J.f.O. 1877, p. 68 
[Dobru<Lcha~; Dresser, B. Bur." ri. p. 193, pi. 393 (1879); 
Schmidt P. Z. S. 1830, p. 318; Gir/l Mis, 1881, p. 216; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1682, p. 231 "Astrakaif, 1883, p. 36 [Caucasus]; Dubois, 
Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. p] 7 (1883); Badde, Orn. Caucus, p. 472 (1884); 
Alteon, Orms,'l880, p. 425 [Dobrarlseha] ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 269 
(1886); Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 272 (1887) ; Hume, Str. F. x. p. 488 
(1887); Tschudi § Dalla Torre, Omis, 1887, p. 349,1888, p. 360, 
1890, p. 260 [Aiistro-llimgary]; Koenig, J. f. O. 1888, p. 297 
[Algeria]; Tacz. Omis, 1888, p. 505 [Poland]; Bilford, Ibis, 
1880, p. 347 [Cyprus]; Badde $ Walt Omis, 1889, pp. 124, 237 
[Transcaspia] ; Falser, Omis, 1890, p. 541 [Egypt]; Hartert, Ibis, 
1892, p. 519 [E. Prussia] ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 179 [Aden] ; 
Beiser, Orn. Balcanica, ii. p. 190 (1894); Chapman, Ibis, 1894, 
p. 348 [W. Jutland]; Blasius, Omis, -viii. pt. iv. p. 685 (1896). 
White Pelican, Bath. Gen. Hist x. p. 397 (1824). 
Onocrotalus brissonii, Chiklren, in Denham fy Clapperton, Trav. in 
Afr., App. p. 205 (1826) [Lake Tchad]. 
Onocrotalus phoenix, Less. Man. Orn. ii. p. 371 (1828). 
Pelecanus longirostris, Hiwte, Str. F. v. p. 491 (1877) [Dacca] 

464 • YELECASIBJE. 

There can be little doubt that the true P. onocrotalus of Southern 
Europe and Africa is specifically distinct from the smaller Indo-
Chinese form, P. roseus, though the two forms grade one into 
another in the countries between Fao, at the head of the Persian 
Gulf, and Sind. 

P. onocrotalus may be distinguished by its much larger size, 
longer bill, swollen forehead, rising abruptly above the base of the 
culm en, and by the number of tail-feathers, which appears to be 
invariably 24. 
Owing to the scarcity of European examples in museums, I have 
been able to examine only a limited number of skins of typical 

P. onocrotalus, but these all agree one with another in possessing 
24 tail-feathers. Several living examples in the Zoological Society's 
Gardens have also been examined, and all possess 24 tail-feathers. 
P. roseus is characterized by its smaller size, shorter bill, especially 
in the females, the absence of any frontal swelling, and by 
having the tail invariably composed of 22 feathers. Upwards of 
100 Indian and Burmese specimens show no variation in the number 
of tail-feathers. 
A careful examination of specimens from Sind and Fao, at the 
head of the Persian Gulf, shows that some specimens possess 22 tail-
feathers, while others have 24, and that in other respects most of 
the birds from these countries are intermediate forms. The two 
species evidently intergrade, and no doubt interbreed. 

Typical P. roseus is said to wander as far west as South-eastern 
Europe and K orth-east Africa, and it probably also occurs in South 
Africa, for there is an adult female Pelican which has for many 
years been living in the Zoological Society's Gardens, and which 
appears to be a hybrid between P. onocrotalus and P. roseus. This 
bird, procured in the Orange Free State, has the swollen forehead 
of the former species, but the short bill, about 12 inches in length, 
and 22 tail-feathers characteristic of the latter. 

It must, however, be remembered that hybrid birds are often 
wanderers, and it may be that the smaller birds reported from 
South-east Europe and ^Torth-east Africa are intermediate forms bred 
in the countries where the ranges of the species overlap. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. The whole plumage white tinged with 
beautiful rosy pink ; primaries black with white shafts ; primary-
coverts black: secondaries varying from blackish in those next 
the primaries to ash-colour in those next the body; breast-patch 
ochreous yellow. 

The male has little or no crest; the longest feathers on the occiput 
and nape, measuring scarcely two inches, are not much longer than 
those forming the mane. 

Male. Iris deep hazel-red; orbital region pale purplish white 
with a yellow tinge; base of upper and lower mandible dull leaden 
slate-colour; the midrib paler at the base, darkest in the middle, and 
shading off into greyish pink near the nail; sides of the upper mandible 
between the midrib and the edges of a pale gamboge-yellow, 
with streaks of light red radiating from the edge, which is uniform 

1 . PELECAS"[JS. 465 
bright light red, shading off into pale yellow near the light red nail; 
terminal half of the lower mandible pale greyish yellow, upper edge 
near the base of a dusky red; pouch gamboge-yellow; tarsus and toes 
pale pinkish straw-yellow; webs greyish yellow (#. Doig). 

The female has a full crest composed of long, narrow, pointed 
feathers directed backward, the longest measuring from four to 
five inches. 

Colours of the soft parts very similar to those of the male. 
The differences between this species and the following, P. roseits, 
have been stated above. 

Typical examples of P. onoerotahis measure :— 

Total length. Culm. Wing Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
Adult male. Antioeh 17*7 28-5 5-5* 
[Adult female.] Dobrudscha abt. 72*0 16-8 27"0 7-8* 5-1 
Adult female. Astrakan abt. 70*0 18'0 28"5 5-6 

8-2 

[Adult female.] [Senegal] 17'7 29'5 
[Adult male.] Lake Shirwa ... abt. 66'0 17*3 27*0 7-0 "(im


5:2* 

perfect). 
[Adult male.] Lake Shirwa ... abt. 73-0 17*0 26-0 8-7 

5-5 

* Paris Museum. 
Intermediate examples between P. onocroialus and P. roseus measure :— 

Total length. Culm. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
Several adult Eastern Sarra... 72-0 15*25-17-25 28*5 8*0 5'5-5-75 
males. 
Several adult Eastern Narra... 00-0 12*25-13'5 24-0-26-3 7-0-8-0 4-5 
females. 
Nearly adult Fao, Persian abt. 50'0 13*3 In moult. 7*8 5'0 
male. Gnlf. 

Typical examples of P. roseus measure :— 
Total length. Culm. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
Several adult Pegu 62-0 14-0-15-8 28-0 8*0 5-5 
males. 
Several adult Pegu 54*0 10-8-12-0 25'0 7*0 4-5 
females. 

Young bird (balf in down). General colour dull rufous-brown; 
the bead, neck, breast, and underparts in down; the mane partially 
represented by erect downy featbers; wing-coverts, back, and 
scapulars pale rufous-brown, the latter mixed with grey; primary-
quills black; secondaries ash-brown, becoming ash-grey on the 
innermost secondaries. Culmen 6*9 inches. 

Young in first plumage* Crest not more than half an inch long, 
composed of soft loose feathers; a line of similar feathers down 
the hind-neck; head and neck white, tinged with rust-colour; the 
whole lower plumage rust-colour; upper plumage dingy white* 
the middles of the feathers darker; tail dark brown; winglet 
blackish; primaries black with wbite shafts; outer secondaries 
ash-brown, scapulars and inner secondaries dark brown.; lesser 
and median wing-coverts brown; greater coverts ash-brown ; under 
wing-coverts brown, edged with whitish brown; no indication of 
a breast-patch. Culmen 12 inches. 

VOL. xxvi. 2 H 

46 6 
PE1ECANID-2E. 

The change to matwe jplumage consists of the feathers turning 
white, and in the assumption of a breast-patch in both sexes, and a 
lengthened crest in the female. The full plumage is probably not 
attained until the third or fourth year. 

Hab. Southern Europe and Africa, ranging eastward into 
Northern India. 

a. Juv. sk. Dalmatia. 
H. E. Dresser, Esq. 
b. $ ad. sk. Moldavia. 
Purchased. 
c. $ ad. sk. Dobrudscka, May 22. Old Coll. 
d. e. Imm. sk. Earpt. Sir Savile Crosslev 
[P.~. 
f,g. Ad. et imm. [Abyssinia.] Dr. Puppell [C.]. 
sk. 
h 
$ ad. sk. Lake Shirvra, British Central Sir H. II. Johnston 
Africa. Sept. [p.]. 


i. d 
ad. sk. Lake Snirwa. Alfred Sharpe, Esq. 
"P.j. 
k 
$ imm. sk. Dacca, K.E. India. Hume Coll. 
(Type of P. longirostris, Hume.) 

The following specimens are more or less intermediate between 

P. onocrotalus and P. roseus:— 
a-q. J ad. et Fao, Persian Gulf, Feb., Oct., "W. D. Gumming, 
imm. sk. & Dec. ^ Esq. [P."'. 
h-q. <$ $ ad. et Eastern Xarra, Sind (Scrope Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Doiff)p-
v. $ $ ad. et Mado Mekur, Cpper Sind, Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Jan. (A. O. H.). 

2. Peleeanns roseus. 
Le Pelican rose de l'Isle de Lucon, Sonnerat, Toy. X Guin. p. 91, 
pi. liv. (1776) [adult]. 
Le Pelican brim de lisle de Lucon, Sonnerat, Toy. X. Guin. p. 91, 
pi. liii. (1770) [juv.J. 
Eose-coloured Pelican, Lath. Gen. Syn. vi. p. 579 (1785); id. Gen. 
Hist. x. p. 401 (1824). 
Manilla Pelican, Lath. Gen. Syn. vi, p. 483 (1785); id. Gen. Hist, 

x. p. 401 (1824). 
Pelecanus roseus, Gmel. S."N. i. pt. ii. p. 570 (1788): Latham, Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 883 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tail. Hncyel. Meth. i. p. 43, 
pi. 13. fig. 3 (1790); ? Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 363 (1874) ; 
Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 245 (1875) ; Gates, B. Brit Burmah, ii. 

p. 239(1883). 
Pelecanus manillensis, Gmel. S. N, i. pt. ii. p. 571 (1788); Lath. 
Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 883 (1790). 
Pelecanus javametis, Ho?*sJield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 197 (1822); 
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 116 (1825); Blyth, Cat. 
Mm. As. Soc. p. 297 (1849); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 509 [Punjab]; 
Irby,Ibis, 1861, p. 247 [Oudk & Kumaon]; Jerd.B.Ind. 

iii. p. 857 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 179; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 268; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 581; Hume, Str. F. I p. 128 
1. PELECANUS. 
467 
tl873) [Sind]; ? Salwd. Ucc. Borneo, p. 363 (1874); Blyth § 

Wakl B. Burma, p. 164 (1875); Ball, Str. F. iii. p. 294 (1875) 
[Cliota Nagpur]; Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 494 (1878) 
LTenasserimj; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 314 (1878) [Faridpur]; 
Butler, Cat, B. Sind, p. 81 (1879); Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 119 
(1880); Rsid, Str. F. x. p. 87 (1881) [Lucknow] ; Murray, Zool. 
Sind, p. 330 (1884); Hume, Str. F. x. p. 489 (1887), xi. p. 351 
(1888) [Manipur]. 

Javan Pelican, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 403 (1824). 
Pelecanus minor, Riipp. Mas. Seneh. ii. p. 185 (1837) ; Keys. u. Bias. 
Wirbelt. p. 89 (1840); RUpp. Voy.N.O.-Afr. p. 132, pi. 49 (1845) 

^Lower Egypt]; G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 668 (1845) ; Brehm, 
Vogelf p. 362 (1855); Heugl. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 72 (1856); 
Btyth,lhis, 1867, p. 180; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 580; Fritsch, 
Nat. Vog. Europas, p. 447 (1870), Atl pi. 46. fig. 1 (1871); 
Gurneys ed. Anderss. B. Bamaral p. 371 (1872); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 294 (lb72); Oates, Str. F. x. p. 247 (1882) [S. Pegu] ; 
Radde, Orn, Caucas. p. 473 (1884); Hume, Sir. F. x. p. 489 
(1887); Sahad. Ucc. Ital p. 272 (1887) ; Reiser, Orn. Balcaniea, 

ii. p. 191 (1894). 
Pelecanus 
niitratus, Licht. Abh. Ahad. Berl. 1838, p. 436, pi. iii. 
%. 2; G. JR. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 189 (1844); id. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 668 (1845); Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 162 (1855); Jerd. 
B.Ind. iii. p. 8O(J (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 178; Sclater, 
P. Z.S. 1868, p. 266, tig. 3; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 632; G. R. 
Gray,Hand4. B. iii. p. 130 (1871); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. 
p. 1500 (1873) ; David $ Oustal Ois. Chine,?. 531 (1877) ; Socage, 
Orn. Angola, p. 524 (1881) ; Hohcb u. Pelz. Beitr. Orn. S.-Afr. 
p. 343 (1882) ; Sharped ed. LayardJs B. S. Afr. p. 776 (1884); 
id. Ibis, 1891, p 116 [Fao] ; Flech, J.f 0. 1894, p. 380 [S.W. 
Africa]. 
Pelecanus calirhynelms, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); 
id. Icon. ined. pi. 149. no. 92. 
Pelecanus onocrotalus, G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 189 (1844) 
[part, India]; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 325 [Japan?], ? 1865, 

p. 352 [Ainoy]; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 179 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 420 [Foochow] ; Adam, Str. F. i. p. 403 (1873) [Sambhur] ; 
Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 32 (1876) [N. Guzerat], v. p. 235 (1877) 
[Deesa]; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 98 (1878) [Oodeypurl; Ball, Str. 
F. vii. p. 233 [Midnapur; Lohardugga]; Goeldlin, J.f.O. 1879, 
p. 382 ; Doig, Str.F. x. p. 510 (1887) [E. Narra]. 
Pelecanus pygniaeus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 362 (1855). 
Pelecanus glganteus, Brehm, J.f.O. 1855, p. 94 [X.E. Africa]. 
Pelecanus megalophus, Heugl. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 72 (1856). 
Pelecanus onocrotalus, var. minor, Dubois,-Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. p. 7 
(1883). 
Pelecanus rufescens, v. Pelzeln, Ibis, 1886, p. 372 [Lower Danube]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to P. onocrotalus, but smaller, 
and distinguished by having a shorter bill, especially in the female, 
the forehead devoid of any swelling, and the tail compose! of 22 
feathers. 

As in P. onocrotalus, tbe male has a very short crest on the 
occiput and nape, while in the female there is a full crest of 
narrow pointed feathers, the longest measuring nearly five inches. 

As may be seen from the measurements given above (p. 465), the 
2H2 

PELECAKTDiE. 

bill of the adult female is not nearly so long as that of the male, 
while in P. onocrotalus both sexes have the bill equally developed. 
The colours of the soft parts appear to be similar to those of 

P. onocrotalus. The younger stages of plumage are also like those 
of the latter species. 
Hal. Indo-Chinese countries, ranging eastward to Java, Borneo, 
the Philippine Islands, and possibly Japan, and westward to Southeastern 
Europe and Africa. 

a-c. <$ § ad. et Sultanpur, Gurgaon Dist., Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. N.W. India, Nov.( W. N.Cku 11). 

d. § ad. sk. Sambhur, Nov. (E.M.Adam). Hume Coll. 
e. (S imm. sk. Oodeypur, Feb. (G. King). Hume Coll. 
f~m. 
2 ad. et Fyzabad, Oudh. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. 

n, o. c? S ad. sk. Etawah, Jan. & March. Hume Coll. 
p-r. J ftd. et Futtekgliur, March (A. AnderHume 
Coll. 
imm. sk. son).

Sj t. 8 imm. et Allahabad, Jan. 24 (A. 0. JEJ). Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 

u. § ad. sk. Faridpur, Feb. lo (J. JR. Hume Coll. 
Cripps). 
v. $ ad. sk. Calcutta. 
Hume Coll. 
zv, 
cc. 8 2 'mm' Dacca. Hume Coll. 
sk. 


y. 
Vix ad. sk. Madras. Dr. T. €\ Jerdon 
'P.'. 
«-£'• 8 S ad. et Pegu, Aug., Sept., Oct. Gate-"Coll. 
imm. sk. {JB. W. 0.). 
r'-d". 8 2 ad.et Thatone, Sept., Nov. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. 

e". Imm. sk. Klang, Malay Peninsula, July Hume Coll. 

(W, Davison). 
/" . Imm. sk. Penang {Br, Cantor). India Museum [P.], 
g". Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum' PA 
h". Imm. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [I5.V 
i". Ad. sk. Foochow, China, Dec. (R. Seebohm Colli 

Sioinhoe). 
h". Ad. sk. Java (JSorsfield). India Mu>eum [P.]. 
(Type of P. jaianiem, HbisfV 
/'. Skeleton. India. Director of Kew 
Gardens rP.~. 
m". Skeleton. Egypt. Zool.fcSoc. Coll. 

3. Pelecanus crispns. 
Dalmatian Pelican, And. 
Le Pelican de Smyrne, Bonn. Tabl. JEncycl. Metli. i. p. 43 (1790). 
Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pall, {nee Linn.) Zoogr. JRosso-As. ii. p. 292 


(1811) [part]. 

Pelecanus 
crispus, Bruch, Isis, 1882, p. 1109; Werner, Atl Ois. 
dEur., Ord. 15, pi. 86 (1828) ; Brandt, Anim. Home. Koo., Aves, 
fasc. i. p. 59, pi. vi. (1836); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 408 (1837); 
Licht Abh. Akad. BerL 1838, p. 487, pi. iii. fig. 4; Schinz, Europ. 
Fauna, i. p. 365 (1840); Temm. Man.cTOim. iv. p. 5G2 (1840); 
Keys. u. Mas. WirbeltK p. 89 (1840); Demid. Toy. Muss. Mirid. 

1 . PELECANUS, 469 
iii. p. 297 (1840); Xaumann. Yog. Deutschl. xi. p. 180, pi. 283 
(1842); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 668 (1845); Brehm, Yogelf. 
p. 361 (1855) ; Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 161 (1855); Heugl. Ydg. 
MO.-Afr. p. 71 (1856) [Egypt; Nubia]; Tristram, Ibis, 1859, 
p. 37 [S. Palestine]; Simpson, Ibis, 1860, pp. 202, 395 [JBtolia] ; 
Binderm. Yog. Griechenl. p. 168 (1860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 355 
[Epirns]; Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelecani, p. 32 (1863); 
"Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 455; Filippi, Yiagg. Pei*s. i. p. 352 
(1865) }Xake Goktseha]; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 167, pi. (1867) ; 
Degl 4r Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 344 (1867); Sclater, P. Z. S. 
(1870;, Atl. pL46 figs. 5 «k 7 (1871); Finsch, Beitr. Orn. N.O.' 
' ~ " .130(1871); 

Afr. iv. p. ccix (1871); G. R; Gray,Hand~l B. iii. p. 130 (1871); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 317 [Egypt]; Saunders, Ibis, ]~" 

, 1871, p. 398 

Afr. iv. p. 1507 (1873); "Swinlioe, Ibis, 1874, p. 182 [Shanghai]; 
Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, p. 226 (1875) [Valencia and Balearic Is.j; 
Danf. 4* Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 430 [Transylvania]; Blanf. E. Pers. 

ii.p. 299 (1876) [Baluchistan and Caspian Sea]; Sintenis, J.f. 0. 
1877, p. 68 [Dobrudscha]; Prjeval. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. 
p. 140 (1878) [Daki-nor and Hoang-ho Vallev]; Hume, Str. F. vii. 
p. 9S "Qodevpun, p. 448 (1878); Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 199, pi. 394 
(1879) ; Bitler,X'at. B. Sind, p. 81 (1879) j Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 318; Giql Ibis, 1881, p. 216; Meid, Str. F. x. p. 87 (1881) 
[Fyzabail, Umlh]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 [Astrakan], 1883, 
p. 36 "Caucasus'"; Dubois, Bull Mus. Belg. ii. p. 8 (1883); Murray, 
ZooL~Shul p. 328 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cancan, p. 470 (1884); 
Giql Avif. Ital. pp. 268, 461 (1886); Alleon, Omis, 1886, p. 426 
[Dubradscha"; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 272 (1887): Doig, Str. F. x. 
p. 508 (1887) [E. Narra, Sind]; Koenig, J. f O. 1888, p. 297 
{Algeria]: Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 347 [Cyprus]; Radde $ Walt. 
~Ornis, 1889, pp. 124, 174 [Transcaspia]; Tschusi $ Dalla Torre, 
Omis, 1890, p. 2(56 [Austro-Hungary]; Gigl Ibis, 1894, p. 453 
[Italy] ; Reiser, Orn. Balcanica, ii. p. 192 (1894), iv. p. 140 
(1896). 
Pelecanus patagiatus, Brehm, Yogelf. p. 361 (1855). 
Pelecanus orientalis, Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 255. 
Pelecanus sp., Riekett fy La louche, Ibis, 18963 p. 493 [Foochow]. 


Adult in breeding-plumage* General colour of the plumage silvery 
white; primary-quills black, with black shafts; primary-coverts 
black; secondary-quills mostly ashy, white along the inner web 
and towards the base; median and greater wing-coverts, back, and 
scapulars with black shafts; top of the head covered with long 
loose plumage, forming a broad, thick, and slightly curly crest overhanging 
the occiput, the longest feathers being more than 4 inches 
in length; the feathers of the back of the neck lengthened and 
forming a mane ; a patch of golden-yellow or reddish-golden feathers 
on the upper breast. Tail composed of 22 feathers. 

Adult male. Total length about 64 inches, oilmen 16-5, wing 28, 
tail 9, tarsus 4*8. 

PJBLEOAWIDJB. 

470 

Adult female. Total length about 63 inches, culmen 14*5? wing 21', 
tail 8-7, tarsus 4*5. 

Iris varies from pale straw-yellow to white ; bill greyish pink, 
edges of mandibles for the terminal two-thirds yellowish red: nail 
orange : orbital region livid purple: pouch deep yellow, varying to-
deep orange-vermilion in the most adult; legs and feet dull pinkish 

grey. 

When once fully adult the plumage in this species is not subject 
to seasonal change, but in non-breeding birds the yellow patch on 
the chest disappears, 

Young in down. Lesser and median wing-coverts pale sandy 
brown; greater wing-coverts ashy, primary- and secondary-quills, 
primary-coverts, and winglet blackish; scapulars and tail-feathers 
ashy, tipped with brownish white; forehead, top and sides of head 
covered with dark smoke-coloured down ; rest of the body covered 
with pure white down. Culmen 5'5 inches. 

Ohs. It is not known how many years the young of P. crispus 
takes to attain the fully mature plumage, but probably at least 
three. The scapulars, secondaries, and tail-feathers, when freshly 
moulted, are of a fine mealy or silvery grey, but the grey soon 
wears off, and the feathers become of a dark brown colour, which 
gradually fades to a pale brown or sandy brown. Thus a very 
marked change in colour takes place without a moult. 

Young in first plumage. Back and scapulars mealy grey ; wing-
coverts and secondaries much worn and of a pale sandy-brown; 
lower back and rump pure white, the latter with dark shaft-stripes; 
tail-feathers white, brown on the outer web; when freshly moulted 
they are of a silvery grey, edged with white; rest of the plumage 
white; the crest and mane only slightly developed. 

More mature specimens (probably in the second year's plumage) 
resemble the above, but the feathers of the back and scapulars are 
white, with grey or brownish-grey middles and dark shaft-stripes, 
and the plumage is altogether whiter. 

Hah. South Europe and JSsorth Africa, ranging eastward through 
Northern India to China and South-east Mongolia. 


a. Ad. sk. South Europe. Old Coil 
b, c Pull. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. TV. D. Gumming. 
t.sq. jP.j. 

d-g. (S ad. et inim. Mekran coast, Feb. (A. 0. H.). Hume Otill. 
sk. 


h. Imm. sk. Sind. 'Hume Coll. 
i-m. 5 imm. sk. Eastern Narra, Jan. (8. Doig). Hume Coll. 
n. $ imm. sk. Madho Mehur, Jan. (A. 0. H.). Plume Coll. 
o, p. $ ad. sk. Kiver Indus, Dec. {A. 0. H.\ Hume Coll. 
q. $ ad. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon Dist. {W. Hume Coll. 
N. Chill). 
r. c? ad» sk. Delhi, Dec. IS {€. T. BingHume 
Coil. 
ham). 
s-u. Ad.etimm.sk. Fyzabad, Oudh. Hume Coll. 
v, to. $ ad. et <J Mynpoorie Dist., Feb. 24. Hume Coll. 

imm. sk. 

1 . PELECAOTS. 
471 
x. $ ad. sk. Etawah, Nov. 7. Hume Coll. 
y. Imm. sk. Eoochow, Chim. Dec. C. B. Bickett, Esq. 
». Ad. sk.
a\ Ad. sk. 
Shanghai. 
Shanghai.
[P.]. 
Dr. E Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 
Shanghai Museum 
b'* S imiJi- sk. Xingpo, Jan. 18. Shanghai Museum 
G1 . Skeleton.
[P.]. 
Director of Kew 
Gardens [P.]. 
4. Pelecanus phUippensis. 

Le Pelican des Philippines, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 527, pi. xlvi. (1760); 
D'Aubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 65 [no. 965] ; Bonn. Tabl Eneyel Meth, 

i. p. 43 (1790). 
Philippine Pelican, Latham, Gen. Sun. vi. p. 588 (1785) ; id. Gen, 
Hid. x. p. 40*2 (1824). 
Pelecanus philippens>, 
Gmel 8. N. I pt. ii. p. 571 (1788); Latham, 
Ind. Orn. ii. g. 883 (1790); HorsMd, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 
^ 197 (1822) [Java]; G. M. Gray, Gen. B. hi. p. 668 (1845); 
Bonap Cony. Ar. ii. p. 162 (1855); Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 297 (1849); Schley. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pehcani, p. 33 (1863) 
[part]: Jerd.B. Ind. iii. p. 858 (1863); Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 325 [China" ; Schomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 265 [Siam] : Sivinhoe, Ibis, 
1865, p. Ill Amoy\ 1866, p. 297 [Swatow]; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 180; Sclater, PlZ. 8. 1808, p. 268; Swmhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 420 "Amovl; Selaier, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 633, figs. 2, 3 ; Holdsw. 
P. Z 8. Ib7:l, p. 4S2 rCeylon]; Hume, Sir. I\i. p. 2b8 (1873) 
[Sind]; id. Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 658 (1873); td. Str. F. ii. 
pp. 48, 324 (1874); Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 240 (1875); Legge, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 409 [Ceylon] ; Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 224 (1876) 
[Kyaikto, Tenaswaim]; Bidler, Str. F iv. p. 33 (187G) [N. Guzeratj; 
David <$* Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 531 (1877) \nee synonymy]; 
Gates, Str. F v. p. 169 (1877) [Pegu : breeding]; Butler, Str. F. 
v. p. 235 (1877) [Deesa]; Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 495 
(1878); Oates, Str. F vii. p. 41 (1878); Davidson $ Wmden, 
Str. F vii. p. 93 (1878) [Deccan] ; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 315 
(1878) [Faridpurl; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 72 (1879) [Malay 
Peninsula]; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 81 (1879); id. Cat. B. & 
Bombay, p. 93 (1880); td. Str. F ix. p. 442 (1880) [Belgaum]; 
Beid, Sir. F. x. p. 87 (1881) [Lucknow]; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 247 
(1882) [Pegu]; Dubois, Bull. Mm. Belg. ii. p. 9 (1883); Hume, 
Str. F. xi. p. 351 (1888) [Manipur]; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 327, 
491 [Lower Yangtse] ; La Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 486 [Foochow and 
Swatow]. 
Pelecanus gangeticus, Hodgs. in Gratfs Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844); id. 
Icon. ined. pi. 149. no. 582. 
Pelecanus "brevirostris, Hodgs., fide Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 162" 

(1855). 
Pelecanus philippinus, Gould, P. Z. S.1859, p. 150 [Tavoy], 
Pelecanus crispus, Swmhoe (nee Bruoh), Ibis, 1860, p. 68 [Amoy]y

1862, p. 254 [Foochow]. 
Pelecanus philrppinensis, Blyth 8? Wold. Cat. Mamm. # B. Burma, 

p. 164 (1875); Anderson, B. W. Yunnan, p. 695 (1878); Leggey
B. Ceylon, iii. p. 1198 (1880). 
472 PELECAtflD^. 

Pelecanus manillensis, Oates {nee Gmel), B. Brif.BurmaTi, ii. p. 2SQ 

(1883) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 276 (1890); 

Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 434 [Hainan], 1894, p. 336 [Lower Yangtse : 

breeding]. 

Pelecanus phillipensis, Murray^ Zool Sind, p. 330 (1884). 

Pelecanus rufescens, Hume [nee Gmel), Str. F, x. p. 490 (1887) 

[part, India, etc.]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage (September to February). General 
colour pare white; forehead, top of the head, fairly long crest, 
cheeks, and neck covered with dense curly, very soft, pure white 
feathers, with their black bases more or le^s visible : the hind-neck, 
from the crest to the upper back, covered with soft greyish-brown 
feathers, forming a mane ; upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
white, tinged, especially on the lesser wing-coverts, with creamcolour; 
winglet, primaries, and primary-coverts brownish black, with 
the upper surface of the shafts dark ; secondaries greyish brown, paler 
on the outer web and shading into brownish grey on the innermost 
secondaries; an interscapular line down the middle of the upper back; 
lower back, rump, flanks, under tail-coverts, asillaries, and under 
wing-coverts vinaceous ; rest of underparts pure white, the chest and 
upper breast tinged with yellow ; tail-feathers ashy, paler towards 
the tips and with dark shafts. Tail composed of 22 feathers. 

Bill pinkish yellow, the lateral portions of the tipper mandible 
with large bluish-black spots; the nail and terminal halves of both 
mandibles orange-yellow ; central portions of the hides of the lower 
mandible smeared with bluish black; pouch dull purple, blotched 
and spotted with bluish black; eyelids and skin round the eye 
orange-yellow ; skin in front of eye livid ; legs and feet very dark 
brown ; claws yellowish horn : iris stone-white, varying to pale 
yellow, clouded with brown (E. W. Oates). 

Total length 51-59 inches, culmen 12*f>-14*5. wing 22-24, tail 
8-9*5, tarsus 3*3-3*8. The female is somewhat smaller than the 
male, but not conspicuously so. 

Adult in non-breeding jAumage (March-August). Plumage similar 
to that of the young after the first moult. 
Nestling. Covered with white down; iris dark brown; bill pale 
plumbeous ; legs china-white; pouch pale bluish white. 

The down on the wings soon turns to pale rufous ; and the scapulars, 
when they appear, are brown, edged with ferruginous; the 
wing-coverts, on making their appearance, are furnished with a 
dense fringe of rufous down, which, however, soon falls off, leaving 
the feathers with rufous margins ; the scapulars are developed very 
rapidly, and their ferruginous margins are diminished in extent as 
the bird grows ; the down on the head and neck gives place to 
brownish feathers, and the crest and loose feathers of the mane on 
the hind-neck soon make their appearance. 

The young bird, when fully fledged, retains its first feathers for 
at least one year, the only change being that the brown colours 
become darker and the rufous edgings abraded and consequently 
less marked. The impressed spots on the bill are not indicated till 

1. KELECASrUS. 
47 3 
the sixth, month, and even at the end of twelve months these spots 
are quite indistinct, compared with those of the adult bird. Towards 
the end of the first year a livid spot appears in front of the eyes and 
soon becomes clearly defined. The nail and the terminal third of 
the edges of the bill are yellow, legs and toes flesh-colour. 

After the first movlt, at about twelve months of age, the whole 
head and neck are covered with short, soft downy feathers, the bases 
of which are black, the tips white; and the cre&t and mane are 
developed to the same extent as in the adult; the shoulders and 
scapulars are wood-brown; the lesser and median coverts to the 
secondaries wood-brown, the feathers all edged with paler; the 
greater coverts darker brown, edged with light brown; the coverts 
to the tertiaries greyish brown, edged with pale fulvous. The 
whole of the coverts are narrow and sharp-pointed; the winglet, 
primaries, and their coverts dark brown ; the secondaries brown, 
tinged with ashy on the outer webs : the whole back, rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and flanks white ; the tail dark brown, with the base 
white; the lower plumage whitish brown, each feather being white 
with the tip brownish, the feathers close, dense, and soft. 

In June of the third year, or when the bird is about thirty months 
old, the moult into adult breeding-plumage is commenced and the 
change is entirely effected by October, except that in this first 
breeding-season the wing-coverts never become entirely white as 
in the old bird, the feathers of these parts being a mixture of long, 
bharp-pointed, white feathers, and comparatively blunt brown ones. 
Between June and October the pouch, which has hitherto been 
spotless, becomes blotched with livid as in the adults, the blotches 
extending to the face ; the legs turn to dark brown; the iris becomes 
paler brown; and the spots on the bill become firm and well-
defined. 

Mr. E. W. Gates, having kept large numbers of P. philippemis 
in confinement, has had exceptional opportunities of studying the 
changes of plumage, and the above descriptions are the results of his 
observations, published in his * Birds of British Burmah/ ii. p. 236. 

Eat. India and Ceylon, ranging southward through Burma to the 
Malay Peninsula and eastward to China, Hainan, and the Philippine 
Islands. 

a. 
Tram, sk. Belgaum, India, Nov. (K A, Hume Coll. 
Butler). 
Hume Coll. 
e 2 imm. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon Disk, Hume Coll. 
Sept. 2(W. N. Chill). 
df em Imm. sk. Eyzabad, Oudb, Jan. Hume Coll. 
fi-L Ad. et imm. Etawah. 

b. Imni. sk. Jhansi. 
Hume Coll. 
J sk. 

t, k. Ad. sk. Mynpoorie Dist., Feb. Hume Coll. 
\ m. Imm. sk. Nepal (B. Jff. Hodgson). India Museum 
[P.]. 

B. H. Hodgson, 
n. 
o. Ad. et imm. Nepal. 
ESCL.P?.]. 
sk. 

p, q. Imm. sk. Rangoon, April (E. W. Oates). Hume Coll. 

474 
PELBCANID-3E. 

Pes-u, Jan., March, and June-E. W. Dates, Esq, 
juv., et pull. sk. Bee. [C.]. 
u'-~w'. (S ad. sk. Kyaikto, Lower Burma, Feb. Hume Coll. 
(W.Davison). 
xf-a\ d ? ad. et Tliatone, Sept.-Xov. ( W. D.). Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. 
b\ tf imm. sk. Salween River, above Moul-Hume Coll. 
mein, March 6 (C. T. Bingham). 
c3. $ imm. sk. Province WelleJey (Dr. CanIndia 
Musetim[P,"\ 

tor). 
d3. Ad. sk. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum "P.1. 
e3. Imm. sk. Malacca, July. Hume Coll. 

f~h\ S ? ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Pinwill [P.], 
V3. Ad, sk. Malacca. Dr. Cantor [P.], J 
/c3. <$ ad. sk. Cochin China. M. Pierre [P.]. 
Z3. Ad. sk. Swatovr, China (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
mz,n*. Ad.etirmn. Java {Eorsfeld). India Museum ~Pft 

sk. 
o3. Skull. Nepal. B. XL Hodgson, 
Esq. IP.;. 
pB, q*. Bodies. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, 
Esq. "P.-. 

5. Pelecaiius i ufesceEss. 
Red-backed Pelican, Lath. Gen. tiyn. \i. p. 5b4 (1785) "West 
Africa]; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 404 (1&24). ^ 

Pelecanus 
rufescens. Gmel. h. K. i. pt. ii. p. 571 (1788;; Latham, 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 884 (171*0); Bo/mat. Tail. EncycL Metk. I p. 44 
(1790); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 114 (1825); 
Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas, ii. p. 31, pi. 21 (1826); LichL Abh. 
Ah. Berl 1838, p. 439, pi iii. %. 3; Drapiez, Diet. Sei. Not. viii. 

p. 385 (1842); Eraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 144 rXiirer"; G. R. Gray, 
List of B. pt. iii. p. 189 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 608 (1845); 
Strickl. P. Z. S. 18-30, p. 221 [Kordofaif; Marti Beitr. Orn. W.-
Afr. p. 44 (1852) [Gambia, Siger, Gold Coa>ff; Brthm, J.f O, 
1855, pp. 92, 93; Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 162 (1855): ELeugh 
Tog. K.O.-Afr. p. 71 (1856); Hartl Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 259 
(1857); Eeugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 352 [Aden]: Gurmy, ibis, 1861, 

p. 135; Blyih, Ibis, 1807, p. 180; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 382 
(1807) [Cape Town]; Sclater, P. Z. & 1808, p. 267,*pi. xxvi ; 
Elliot, P. Z. S. I860, p, 583 [part, Africa"; Finsch 4* Marti. Vog. 
Ost-Afr. p. 849 (1870); Bldnf. Zool Abyss, p. 442 (1870) "Dis^i 
Island]; G. R. Gray, Eand-l B. iii. p. 130 (1871); Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 633; Finsch, Beitr. Orn. K.O.-Afr. Iv. p. ccix (1871); 
Antin. e Saluad. Cat. Ucc. p. 153 (1873) [MassowalT; Heugl 
Orn. KO.-Afr. iv. p. 1503 (1873); id. J. f O. 1875, p. 58; 
Bocage, J.f.O. 1876, p. 292 fRio Coroca]; Fiseh. $ Reich. J.f O, 
1878, p. 247 [Tana B.; Lamu], 1879, p. 295; Sharped eil Layar$s 
B. 8. Afr. p. 777 (1884); Bohm, J. f. 0.1885, p. 62 [Karema, 
Tanganyika); Fiseh. J.f 0.1885, p. 114; Earteri, J. f. 0.1886, 
p. 612 [Niger]; Hume, Str. F. x. p. 490 [part, Africa] & p. 501 
(1887) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 272 [Madagascar] ; Rekhenow. Voq, 
Deuts.-O.-Afr. p. 24 (1894). 
Pelecanus cristatus, Less. Traite $0rn. p. 602 (1831). 
Pelecanus pbaeospilus, Wayler, Isis, 1832, p. 1233. 


1 . 
PELECANUS. 475 
Pelecanus philippensis, Sehleg. (nee GmeL)7 Mus. Pays~Bas, vi. 
Pelecani, p. 33 (1863) [part, Africa]. 
Pelecanus phillipensis (sic), 2?ta/. (wee GmeL) Zool, Abyss, p. 442 
(1870) [2ullaj ^ ^ ' ^ * 
Pelecanus philippensis, var. rufescens, Dubois. Bull Mus. Belg* ii. 

p. 9 (1883). 
Pelecanus onocrotalus, Terbury (nee Linn.), Ibis, 1886, p. 24 [Aden]y 
& 1896, p. 40. 
J.iw^ in breeding-plumage. Host like P. pJiilippensis, which it 
resembles in having the general colour white, and the interscapular 
line, lower back, rump, &c. vinaceous. It may, however, be at 
once distinguished by the following characters: the sides of the 
cuknen are entirely devoid of the large, impressed, bluish-black 
spots ; the feathers covering the top and sides of the head as well 
as the neck are narrow, straight, and smooth; the feathers of the 
crest are long and pointed as in the female of P. onocrotalus, and 
more than 4 inches in length in the most adult male, and the colours 
of the soft parts are entirely different. Tail composed of 20 feathers. 
Adult male. Total length about 58 inches, culmen 14*5, wing 2o7 
tail 7*8, tarsus 3*5. 
Iris yellowish brown, mottled darker; bill yellowish white; nail 
at tip of upper mandible orange; pouch flesh-colour, with fine 
tran&verse, equidistant, and parallel yellow lines; legs yellowish 
white ( W. T. Blanford). 
Adult in uon-h reeding plumage. Resembles the adult of P. philippensis 
in a similar plumage. 
In the hiiiaatvre stages of plumage this species closely resembles 

P. plillippeash of a similar age, 
Hub. Africa, south of about 1G° x.: latitude; ; Aden. 

a. Ad. sk. [Africa.] Purchased. 
b. Irani, sk. i Africa.] Old Coll. 
c. d. Ad. et mini. Gambia. Governor Kendall 
sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
f. Imm. sk. 
(j. Ad. sk. 
Biver Niger. 
Zulla, Abyssinia, June 12. 
Dissi I., Annesley Bay, 
[C]. 
Dr. Baikie [C I 
W.T. Blanford, Esq. 
[CI. 
W. T." Blanford. Esq. 
h. S ad. sk. 
i. J imm, sk. 
Aug. 30. 
Kkartooni, Sept. 
Aden, June 1. 
20. 
[0.]. 
Purchased. 
Col. J. W. Yerbury 
fa Skeleton. 
/. Sternum. 
[Africa.] 
Abyssinia. 
Purchased. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
6. Pelecanus fuscus. 

The Pelican of America, Edwards, Nat. Hist. ii. p. 93, pi. 93 (1747) 
[West Indies]. 
Le Pelican brun, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 524 (17C0) ; Buffon, Hist Nat, 

Ois. viii. p. 306 (1781). 

Pelecanus onocrotalus /3. occidentalis, Linn. S. N i. p. 215 (1766). 

Pelican brun d'Anienque, JD'Aubent. PL EnL ix. p. 187, pl.64 

[no. 957]. 

PELECANIDJE. 

Brown Pelican, Lath. Gen. Si/n. vi. p. 580 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. 

p. 405 (1824); Nidt. Man. Orn. p. 476 (1834). 
Charles-Town Pelican, Pennant, Arct. Zoo!, ii. p. 580 (1785) ; Lath. 
Gen. Syn. vi. p. 585 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 406 (1824) 
[Cayenne]. 

Dusky Pelican, Pennant, Arct. Zooi. ii. p. 5S0 (1785). 
Pelecanus f'uscns, Gmel. S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 570 (1788) ; Bonnat. Tabl. 
Encycl. Meth. i. p. 43, pi. 13. fig. 4 (1790); Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 883 (1790); Lacep. $ Daudin, in Buff. Hist. Xat. (18mo} 
Didot), Quadr. xiv. p. 320, Ois. xvi. p. 220 (1799); Vieill. Xouv. 
Dict.dHist. Nat. xxv. p. 140 (1817); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zooi. 
xiii. p. 112 (1825); Bonajj. Isis, 1832, p. 1191; Wilson, Am. Orn. 
iii. p. 203 (1832); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 376 (1835), v. p. 212 
(1839), pis. ecli., ccccxxi.; Lieht. Abh. Akad. Deri. 1838, pi. iii. 
fig. G; Audubon, Synopsis, p. 309 (1839) ; d'Orb. in Sagra, Hist 
Cuba, p. 300 (1839); Drapiez, Diet. Scl Xat. viii. p. 385 (1842); 
G. B. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 189 (1844); And. B. Amer. vii. 
pp. 'S2,191, pis. ccccxxiii. &cccexxiv. (1844); G. B. Gray, Gen. B. 
iii. p. 668 (1845); Gosse. B. Jam. p. 409 (1847); Cab. in Schomburgk, 
Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 764 (1848) ; Cassin, U.S. Expl Harped. 
p. 356 (1858); Jones, Xat. Bermuda, p. 51 (1859): Bryant, Pi\ 
Bost. Soc. X. H. vii. p. 122 (1859) [Bahamas1; Sclater § Salvin, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 233 ; A. $ E. Xewton, Ibis, 18o9, p. 368 "St. Croix";; 
Sucld. Xat. Hist Wash. Terr. p. 266 (1859) '"part, Texas"; Baird, 
B. X. Amer. p. 870 (1860); Brewer, Pr. 'Bost. Soc. X. H. vii. 
p. 308 (I860) [Cuba]; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 310 (Atlantic only); 
id. Ibis, 1862, p. 129 j Florida] ; Schley. Mus. Pays-Bat, vi. Pelecani, 
p. 28 (1863) [part, Mexico]: Taylor, Hois,u1^04, pp. 90, 173 
[W. Indies]; Salvin, Ibis, 1864, pp. 374, 377 [Brit. Honduras"; 
Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. ~>r2 (1806); Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 
X. Y. viii. pp. 101, 298 (1807) [Sombrero]; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 268, pi. xxv. fad. in breeding and non-breeding plumao-e"; 
Sundev. CEfv. K. ^Vet-Akad. Fom. 1869, p. 603 nPoxto Rico" ; 
Elliot, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 586 [part] ; Frantz. Jf. 6. 1869, p. 379 
[Costa Rica]; Martin, Zooi. Gart. 1870, p. 37 ""habits"1 ; G. M. 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 130 (1871); Clarke, Am. Xatx. p. 252 
(18/1) [E. Florida] ; Gimdl. J.f.O. 1871, p. 278, & 1875, p. 397 
[Cuba], & 1874, p. 314, & 1878, p. 163 [Porto Rico]; Cones, Key 
X. Am. B. p. 300 (1872) [part]; v. Pelzeln. Ibis,~187S, p. 5i; 
Sennett, Bull U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878) {"Texas"; Gundl. 
Anal Soc. Esp. Hist. Xat vii. p. 416 (1878); Lawrence^ P. U.S. 
Xat Mus. i. p. 6i5 [Dominica], p. 196 [St Vincent], p. 2M 
[Antigua], p. 240 [Barbuda] (1878), p. 274 [Grenada", p. 359 
[Martinique] (1879) ; Cory, B. Bahama Is. pt 196 (1880); id. 
Auk, v. p. 70 (1880); Bidgw. Bull Xidt Orn. C. v. p. 31 (1880) 
[Illinois]; Maijnard, B. E. X. Amer. p. 467 (1881); Cory, Bull 
XuU. Orn. C. vi. p. 155 (1881) [Haiti]; A. § E. Xewton, Handb. 
Jamaica, p. 112 (1881); Beckh. Bull Xutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 165 
(1882) [Louisiana]; Xehrl. Bull. Xutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 225 (1882) 
[S.E. Texas]; Steams $ Coues, X. Eng. BAife, p. 338 (1883); 
Dubois, Bull Mus. Belg. ii. p. 10 (1883) [part]; Baird, Brew. $ 
liidgw. Water-B. X. Amer. ii. p. 139, fig. (1884); Cory, B. Haiti 
Sf San Domingo, p. 172 (1885); A. O. U. Check-l p. 112 (1886;; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 168; Bidgw. Man. X. A. B. p. 82 (1887); 
Scott, Auk, v. p. 377 (1888) [Florida]; FeUden, Ibis, 1889, p. 501 
[Barbadoes]; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 [Cozumel]; Con/, B. W. 
Ind. p. 271 (1889); Scott, Auk, vii. p. 307 (1890) [Dry Torfcugas, 
1 . PELECANTTS. 477 
Florida]: Cory, Auk, viii. p. 48 (1891) [Antigua]; Korthrop, Auk, 

yiil. p. "79 (1891) rAndros Inland] ; Brewsi. fy Chaprn. Auk, viii, 

p. 137 (1891) [Siiwanee E.J; Gundl. Auk, viii. p. 190 (1891); 
Jamison, Auk, viii. p. 233 (1691) fPine Island]; Lcmr. Auk, viii. 
p. 230 (1891) [Florida : breeding Cory, Auk, viii. p. 295 (1891) 
FBerrr I.1; Scott, Auk, viii. p. 363 (1891) [Jamaica]; Cory, Cat. 
IT. Ind.'B. p. 85 (1892); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1892, pp. 66, 104 
[Curasao"; Peters, X f. O.1892, p. 122 [Curacao1; Moseley, Notes 
Toy. Chall pp. 30, 13 (1892): Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 308 [Araba], 

p. 326 [Curacao], p. 336 [Bonaire1-; A. O. U. Check-L ed. ii. p. 46 
(1895); Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 342 [San Domingo]. 
Pelecanus carolinensis, Gruel. S. N i. pt. ii. p. 571 (1788): Latham, 
Inch Or*, ii. p. 8S4 (1790): Bonnat Tabl. Encycl. Meih. i. p. 52 
(1798); TieilL Xoiiv. Diet. d/Kist. Nat. xxv. p. 140 (1817); Steph. 
in Skate's Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. i. p. 115 (1825). 

Le Pelican bizarre d'Ainerique, Borkhausen, etc., Teutsehe Cm. 

pi. 59 (1807). 
Black-bellied Pelican, Lath. Gen. Mist x. p. 403 (1824). 
Leptopelicanus fuscus, Reielmib. Natiirl. Syst. Toy. p. vii (1853). 
Onocrotalus fuscus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 163 (1855). 

Adult male and female in breeding-plumage (February-August), 
Back of the head and feathers bordering the gular pouch white, rest 
of the head, crest, and upper margins of the pouch clad in sharp, 
rather stiff plumes oi a pale yellowish straw, but these are apparently 
only found in the most adult examples, and some birds in 
otherwise complete breeding-plumage have the entire head and 
borders of the gular pouch white, rest of the neck dark velvety brown, 
the feathers on the nape forming a short reddish mane. As the 
plumage becomes worn the general colour of the neck changes to 
reddish chestnut: plumage of upper parts pale ashy or silvery grey, 
the feathers of the back, rump, lesser and median wing-coverts and 
scapulars edged with blackish brown, producing a striped appearance 
; primaries black, with the basal three-quarters of the shaft 
white ; secondaries and tail-feathers mostly ashy, becoming 
brownish when worn ; a patch of stiff yellow plumes at the base of 
the fore-neck ; rest of the underparts smoky brow7n, the sides of 
the breast and flanks with narrow white shaft-stripes. Tail composed 
of 22 feathers. 

g. Total length about 52 inches, culmen 13*2, wing 22, 
tail 6, tarsus 3. 
$ . Total length about 49 inches, culmen 11*5, wing 20, tail 5*8, 
tarsus 2*9. 
In breeding-plumage. Iris yellowish; bill greyish, tinged with 
brown and spotted irregularly with carmine; tip of upper and 
terminal half of lower mandible blackish, naked space round the 
eye blue; pouch dull greenish brown or olive-brown (purple 
according to Cory); tarsi and feet black. 

Adidi male and female in non-breeding plumage (Sept. to Feb.). # 

Differ from the above in having all the feathered parts of the neck 

pure white, except the base of the fore-neck. 

Young in the Jirst year. Head brown ; neck pale whitish brown, 

PELECANIDJS. 

rather paler in front; upper back, wing-coverts, and scapulars 
brown, with paler brownish-grey middles to the feathers; lower 
back and rump much like those of the adult; upper tail-coverts 
mostly brown; underparts white, the sides of the breast, belly, and 
flanks mixed with brownish. The quills resemble those of the 
adult. As age increases the top of the head and feathers bordering 
the pouch become mostly white and the underparts largely mixed 
with greyish-brown feathers, with indistinct whitish shaft-stripes. 

Birds in the first plumage resemble the above ; but the feathers 
of the back, wing-coverts, and scapulars are brown, edged with 
pale brownish buff. 

Nearly mature birds (probably those in the third year) have the 
upper and under parts like those of the adult, but do not assume 
the dark velvety-brown neck in the breeding-season, these parts 
remaining white like those of the adult in winter-plumage ; the pale 
straw-coloured feathers of the head are intermixed with a few dark 
brown plumes characteristic of the immature plumage. 

Bab. Coasts and islands of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean 

a. Ad. sk, North America. I-LB.H. The Duke of 
Sussex rJP.~. 
b. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon XV. 
d. <$ imm, sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-GodmaifColL 
Feb. 3 (W. I?. I). Scott). 
e-i. (S 2 a(i-sk-Tarpon Springs, May 13-17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

k Ad. sk. Tarpon Springs. Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Ang.SiJF.RI). &). 
/, m. <$ ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May 22 {F.B.Armstrong). 

n. Imm. sk. Honduras. T. Dyson, Esq. [OV. 
Glover's Reef, Brit. HonSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
o7 p. <$ $ imm. si 

duras, May 12-14 (0. 

Salvin). 
</, r. Ad. et imm, Cozuniel Island, Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (67. F. Gaumer). 

8. Imm. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. 
t} u. Imm. sk. St. Vincent, March 18 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(D. W. Smith). 
v. Imm. sk. Union L, St. Vincent, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oct. 17 (D. W.S.). 
ID-C'. <$ 2 ad. et Grenada, Aug.-Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. (D. W.S.). 
d\ Imm. sk. British Guiana (Bugle). Purchased. 
e'. Imm. sk. No locality. McCormick Bequest. 
/' . Sternum. Jamaica. P.H.Gosse,Esq.[C.]. 

Subsp. a. Peleeanus California^. 
Pelecanus fuscus, Gamb. {nee Gmel.) J. Acad. N. Set. Fhilad. (2) i. 

p. 227 (1848) [California]; Netcberry, JRep. BxpL Surv. vi. pt.'iv. 
p. 108 (1857) 5 SuckL Nat. Hist Wash. Terr. p. 260 (1869) [part, 
1 . PELECANTJS. 
479 

California"1,; Schlep. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelecani, p. 28 (1863) 
[part, California]; Sclater § Salvm, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 373 [Panama]: 
Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 270 ; Brovm, Ik's, 1868. p. 426 [Vancouver!; 

JosS] ; 'Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883,P;427 [Charles L, Galapagos]. 

Pelecanus (fuscus '?) californicu*, Bidgio. in Baird, Brew. Sr Bidgio. 

Waier-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 143 (1884) [San Francisco to Cape St. 

Lucas]. 

Brown Pelican, Cooper, Auk, iii. p. 125 (1886). 

Peleeanus califomicus, Ridgic. Auk, iii. p. 2G7 (1886): Cooper, Auk, 

iii. p. 401 (18S6) : A. 0. U. Check-L p. 112 (1886); Bidgio. Man. 
N. A. B. p. 82 (1887) ; Blake, Auk, iv. p. 329 (1887) [Santa Cruz 
I., Cal.]; Anthony, P. Cal Acad. Set. (2) ii. pp. 83-85 (1889) 
[habits]; Bryant, P. Cal Acad. ScL (2) ii. p. 257 (1889) [Lower 
California: habits"; Zaior. Auk, ix. p. 353 (1892) [Washington 
Co.]; A. 0. U. Check-L ed. ii. p. 46 (1895). 
Resembles P. fuscus and goes through precisely the same changes 
of plumage. The measurements of both species are the same. 

In the breeding-season the gular pouch is said to be reddish, 
especially towards the base, instead of greenish; and the bare skin 
round the eye brown instead of blue. (L. Btiding.) 

The former character appears to vary, for Mr. Alvin Seale writes:— 
** 1 question the accuracy of the statement in Rldgways £ Manual? a4? 
regards redness of pouch of P. califor nicus during the pairing-
season. My experience would indicate that the colour ranges from 
yellowish to dusky during the pairing-season." On the other hand, 
Mr. Anthony informs me that the " adult birds have red gular 
pouches ; L e. the basal portion of the pouch is red. The immature 
bird may show some rosy colour, but, as a rule, it is confined to the 
adults in full plumage, and is, I think, quite constant." 

Though P. californieus is here admitted as a subspecies of 

P. fuscus, it seems doubtful whether it has any right to rank as 
such. 
"With, this form I have included the birds from the Galapagos 
group ; the culmen is somewhat larger than in .typical Californian 
birds and measures 14-14-5 inches, but the plumage is similar. 

In addition to an immature bird in the British Museum, I have 
examined several adult examples from Galapagos in the Rothschild 
Museum. 

Hah. Pacific coast of E". America from Washington Co. southward 
to Panama and thence to the Galapagos group. 

a. Imm. sk. San Francisco, California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. {E. W. Nelson). 
b-~i. <$ $ ad., imm., Monterey, California, Feb. Alvin Seale, Esq.[C.]. 
et juv. sk. & Sept. 
k, I <$ ad. sk. San Diego Ray, Cal., Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
14-15 [H. W. Henshaw). 
m, n. 2 imm* sk. Mulege, Lower California, Sahia-Godman Coll. 
March 2-7 (P. Ferrari-
Perez). 

PELECAFIILE. 

o, limn. sk. Chiapam, Pacific coast of SalTin-Godman Coll, 
Guatemala, Jan. (0. S.). 
« Ad sk Panama. Capt.KeHett& Lieut, 
^ Wood, R.N. [P.^. 
q Imni.sk. Charles L, (Mapagos, Feb. Salvin-Godman GolL 

{Admiral A. H. Markham). 


7. Pelecanus thagus. (PLATE V. B.) 
Pelecanus thagus, Molina, Mist Nat. Chili, p. 212 (17S6) & p. 220 
(ed. Gall 1789); Gmel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 577 (1788); Latham, 
Inr]. Orn. ii. p. 884 (1790); Lacep. $ Daudin, in Buff. Hist. 
Nat <18mo, Didot), Quadr. xiv. p. 320, Ois. xvi. p. 228 (1799): 
Yieili. Nouv. Diet d'llist. Nat xxv. p. 140 (1817). 

Saw-billed Pelican, Lath. Gen. Hist x. p. 409 (1824) [CHIP. 

Pelecanus fuscus, Vieill {nee Gmel.) Gal Ois. ii. p. 192, pi. 270 
(1825); Less. TraiU aVOm. p. 603 (1831); Blyth, Cat. Mm. As. 
Soc. p. 297 (1849); Schleq. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pebcani, p. 2b 
(1863) [part, Chili]; Tacz.Orn. PSrou, in. p. 424 (1880). 

Pelecanus molinas, G. P. Gray. List ofB. pt. iii. p. 1&9 (1844); &/. 
to. B. iii. p. 668 (1845); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 2'J9; Elliotn 

P. Z. S.1869, p. 588, pi. xliv. [immature] * G. B. Gray, Hatid-l. 
B. iii. p. 130 (1871) ; Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 424 (18&»f; Jleqen 
J.f. 0.1890, p. 165 [Callao]; James, N. List Chil. B. p. b (!*$£): 
Berkpsch 8f Stohm. P. Z, 8. 1892, p. 399 [Peru] ; Lane, Ibi», 1*97, 
p. 185 [North and Central Chili]. 
Pelecanus thayus, Tsch. Faun. Peru., Orn. p. 312 (1846). 
Onocrotalus thagus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 164 (1855) "part, Chili, 
Bolivia]; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 553 [Central Peru]. 
Pelecanus barbieri, Oustal. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ii. p. 208 (1878). 
Pelecanus fuscus, var. molinse, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. p. 11 

(1883). 

Adult (probably female) in breeding-plumage. Tery similar to the 
adult of P. fuscus, but the pale straw-coloured occipital crest is 
much more developed (about 2-5 inches long) and the entire 
brownish-black underparts are finely streaked with white, each 
feather having a narrow white shaft-stripe. The base of the 
culmen and sides of the forehead are covered with warty carunculations. 
Tail composed of 22 feathers. Iris light yellow; bill 
yellow, sides and tip of both mandibles red; pouch black with bine 
stripes; legs and feet slate-colour. Total length about 60 inches. 
culmen 14-16-2, wing 22*7, tail 6'5, tarsus 3 6. 

The immature bird passes through similar changes of plumage 
to those already described under P. fuscus. One of the birds from 
Valparaiso is exceptionally large—culmen 15*7 inches, wing 24-IL 

According to MS, notes kindly supplied by Mr, E. W. Gates 
" A fine adult in the Paris Museum, probably a male, measures • 
culmen 14-2 inches, wing 24, tarsus 3*4; and a nearly adult female, 
culmen 13-3 inches, wing 23*5, tarsus 3*4." 

Hah. Pacific coast of South America from Peru to Central Chili. 

a. $ imm. sk. Payta, Peru, Jan. {Admiral Salvin-Godman Coll. 
A. H. Marhham). 
1. PELECANUS. 481 
h' ^ d * sk -^hll^t'evu.(H Rowland). Salvin-Goftman Coll 
c 1mm. sk. Valparaiso, Chili. Capt. Bivtt [I\ l 
«» e. Imin. sk. Valparaiso. H. Berkeley James, 
-, . Esq. [P.]. 
/ . 6 imm . sk. Coronel, Chili, July 3 (,i. II. Berkeley James? 
T , A.Lane). * Esq, [P.]. 
f lmm- &• Chili. C. Crawley, Esq. [P.], 
h. Im m sk./. Skull. Chili. Purchased. 

8. 
Pelecanus eiythrorhynclras. 
* 
r" Onocrotalus mexieauus dentatus, Hernand. Hist. Mex. p. 672 
fig. (1651) [non-breeding plumage]. 
Onocrotalus mexicanus non dentatus, Hernand. Hist. Mex. p. 673? 
fig. (1(J51) [breeding-plumage]. 
L e Pelican a bee dentele, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 528 (1760); Bonnat. 
Tall. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 43 (1790). 
Saw-billed Pelican, Lath. Gen. Sijn. vi. p. 579 (1785) [Mexico]. 
Pelecanus onocrotalus, Font, (nee Linn.) Phil. Tram. Ixii. p. 419 

(1772) ; Pennant, Arct. Zoolii.-p. 578 (1785) ; Sioains. $• Richardson, 
Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 472 (1831); Wilson, Am. Orn. iii. p. 203 
(1832) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 471 (1834) [part, America]. 

Pelecanus erythrorliyncliu$*,6rWZ. S. N. i. pt.ii. p. 571 (1788); Bonnat* 
Tabl. Encycl. Meih. i. p. 44 (1790) ; Cassi?i,U.S. Evpl Exped. p. 355 
(1858); SuckL Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 265 (1859); Sclater fy 
Sdlvm, Lbis, 1859, p. 233; Baird, B. N Amer. p. 868 (1860); 
Boardman, P. Bosf. Soc. N. H. ix. p. 130 (1862) [Maine]; Schleg, 
Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pelecani, p. 35 (1863) ; Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 

p. 151 fSaskatchewan] ; Verrill, P. Essex Inst. iii. p. 159 (1864) \ 
Allen, P. Essex Inst. iv. p. 89 (1864); Sctimn, Ibis. 1865, p. 197 
Guatemala, Pacific coast] ; Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 100 
Colorado and Gila Rivers] ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 45 [S. Texas]; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 298 (1867); Coues, P. Bost. Soc. 
iV. H. xii. p. 125 (1868) [S. Carolina: winter]; Elliot, P. Z. S. 
1809, p. 588 ; Gillman, Am. Nat.iY. p.758 (1871) [Lake Huron]; 
Clarke, Am. Nat. v. p. 252 (1871) [Michigan; E. Florida]; Trippe, 
P. Bost. Soc. N. H. xv. p. 241 (3873) [S. Iowa: spring]; Bidgw. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x.p. 390 (1874) [Illinois] ; Snow, Cat. B. Kansas, 
p . 13 (1875) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Zool. iii. pp. 131, 183 (1876) 
[Kansas]; Bendire, P. Bost. Soc. xviii. p. 165 (1877) [breeding in 
Oregon] ; Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. iv. p. 198 (1879) [Oregon]; 
Roberts fy Benn. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. v. p. 19 (1880) [Minnesota]; 
Bidgw. Bull Nutt. Orn. C. v. p. 36 (1880); Mat/nard, B. E. N. 
Amer. p. 466 (1881); Bendire, Orn. $ Ool. vii. p. 129 (1882) 
[Oregon: breeding!; Chamberl. Bull Nutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 106 
(1882) [Gulf of S£ Lawrence]; Dubois, Bull Mm. Belt/, ii. p. 9 
(1883) ; Baird, Brew., # Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 133, 
figs. (1884) [habits]; Drew, Auk, ii, p. 18 (1885) [Colorado]; 
Beckh. Auk, ii. p. 144 (1885); Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 288 (1885) 
[Dakota]; Therm. Auk, iii. p. 89 (1886) [Ventura Co., California]; 
A. O. U. Check-l p. 112 (1886) ; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 148 (1886) 

* F o doubt based on a bird of the present species, to which the teeth have 
been added. 
vox. xxvi. ^ x 

PELECANID^J. 

482 

mann, Aide, v, p. 346 (1888) LIudiana] ; Scott, Aid', v. p. 37~7 (1888) 
dar, Aide, vi. p. #12 (188*.)) [Kentucky ai.d Missouri]; 

p. 292 (1892) [ftaine]; BrimLAuh, x. p. 242 (1893) [X. Carolina!; 
Butcher, Auk, x. p. '270 (1893) j Long IJ : Wayne, Aide, x. p. 337 
(1893) [Suwanee ft.], xi. p. 85 [Long I.]~ 
Pelecanus 
trachyrhynchus, Latham. Ind. Orn. ii p. 884 (1790) : 
Shaiv, Mus. Lever, p. 209, pi. (1792); Stepk. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL 

xiii. pt. i. p. 117 (1825); Licht. Abh. Akad. Bed. 1838, p. 433, 
pi. iii. fig. o ; G. JR. Grew, List of B. pt, iii. p. 189 (1844); id. Gen. 
£. iii. p. 668 (1845); Gamb. J. Acad. K Sci. Philad. (2) i. p. 227 
(1849) [California] ; Baird, in Mansbury's Hep. p. 324 (1852) ; 
Woodhouse, Sitqr. Rep. p. 105 (1853) ; Sewberry, Bej). JSa.pL Surv. 
vi. pt. iv. p. 109 (1857); Coues, P. Bsse.v Inst. v. p. 302 (1868) 
[N. England] ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18*58, p. 200; Frantz. J.f.O. 1869, 
p. 379 [Costa Rica]; Bidr/w. Ibis, 1809, p. 350; G". 11. Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 130 (1871) ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. p. 300 
(1872); v. Peheln, Ibis, 1873, p. 54; Coues, B. K-W. p. Q8& 
(1874); Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. i. p. 60 (lb76) [New Hampshire"; 
Purdie, Bull. Kutt. Orn. C. ii. p. 22 (1877) [Xew England'; 
Bennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 63 (1878) [Texas] ; Steam$~§ 
Coues, N. Bug. B.-life^. 337 (1883); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 403, 
pi. xlvi., 1884, p. 410. 
Rough-billed Pelican, Lath. Gen. Sy?i. vi. p. 580 (1785); id. Gen. 
Hist. x. p. 408 (1824). 
Pelecanus tkagus, Steph. {?iec Molina) in Shawns Gen. ZooL xiiL 

pt. i. p. 117 (1825) ;Brapiez, Diet. Sci. Nat. \ul. p. 384 (1842). 
Onocrotalus hernandezii, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1233. 
Pelecan, Kutt. Man. Orn. p. 471 (1834). _ 
Pelecanus americanus, And. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. B% pi. cccxi. (1838); 

id. Synop. p. 309 (1839); id. B. Amer. vii. pp. 20, 170, pi. eecexxii. 
(1844); Trippe, P. Essex List vi. p. 119 (1871) [Minnesota]. 
Pelecanus brachydactylus, Licht., Me G. M. Gray, Gen. B. iiifp. 068 
(1845). 
Cyrtopelecanus trachyrhynchus, Mezchenh. j\ aturl. Sy&t. Tog. p. vii 
(1853); JBonap. Cmisp. Av. ii. p. 163 (1855). 
Pelecanus occipitalis, Bidgio. Amer. Sports, iv. p. 297 (1874) 

[Nevada]. 
Pelecanus brachyrhynehus, Cabanis, J.f.O. 1884, p. 442. 
White Pelican, Mcllwr. Auk, i. p. 395 (1884) [Lake Ontario]; 

Merriam, Auk, ii. p. Il l (1885). 

Adult. General colour of plumage pure white; primary quiUs 
black, with, the basal half of the shaft white; secondaries mostly 
black, margined with white, the white margins widest on the innermost 
feathers. Base of lower mandible densely feathered. Tail 
composed of 24 feathers. Iris pearl-white ; naked skin round eye 
orange ; orbit red. Bill orange, paler on the culnien, the nails and 
cutting-edges of mandible reddish; lower mandible deeper red towards 
the base; pouch pale yellow, shading into deep orange towards the 

1 . PELECANUS. 
483 
base; legs and feet orange-red. Total length about 60 inches, 
culmen 13*5-14*5, wing 24, tail 7, tarsus 4*8. 

In hi'btditig-piutiuvje a thick crest of narrow pointed white 
feathers covers the occiput and nape ; and a patch of feathers on the 
chest and the lesser wing-coverts are lanceolate and of a pale 
lemon-yellow. An elevated horny ridge is developed along the middle 
of the terminal half of the cnlnien. 

In tiOiL-hwliai-jjlMAige the horny appendage on the culmen is 
shed, as well as the cre&t. 
Tomigtr ucautjAcs resemble the adult, but the lesser wing-coverts 
are brown, margined with sandy white. 
Hob. Temperate Xorth America, ranging north to about 50° X. 
latitude, and south in winter to Central America. 

c.Ad.sk.
b-d. Ad. *k. 
Xorth America. 
Xoith America. 
H.Golding,Esq_. [P.*,. 
Purchased. 
e,f 1mm. sk. 40th Parallel. X. American Bounq. 
Ad. sk. Cuyahoga It., Ohio.
dary Coram. [P.]. 
Prof. "J. P. Kirtland 
rp.]. 
Ji.i. d ad. -k. Corpus CViai, Texas, Dec. 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
fl\. IJ. Armstrong). 
k, I S "id. et Iliiamuelialj Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ imm. sk. (O. Salvin). 

i). Pelecantis conspicillatus. 

Xew Holland Pelican, Lath. Gen. Mist x. p. 402 (1824). 
Pelecanus con-picillatus, Ttmm. PL Col. v. pi. 118 [no. 276] (1824) ; 
Lew. Traite cTOni. p. 602 (1831); Drapiez, Diet. Sci Nat. viii. 

p. 3&.J (1842;; G. £. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 189 (1844); id. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 068 (1845); Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 74 (1847); 
Bonap. Camp. Ai\ ii. p. 101 (1855); Elsey, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 28 
[X.W. Australia: breeding in March and April]; Schley. Mus. Pays-
JBas, yi. Pelecani, p. 30 (1803); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 480 
(1805 j ; Ramsay, Mis, I860, p. 335; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 590; 
Biggies, Orn. Austr. p. 123, pi. (1870); G. R. Gray, JBLand-l. B. 
iii. p. 130 (1871); v. Peheln, Ibis, 1873, p. 53 [? type]; Ra?n$ay, 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 348: Biggies, B. of Austr. ii. p. 119, pi. (1877); 
IT Alb. Ibis, 1877, p. 372 LFly R] ; Saluad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 414 
(1882) [Kdtiiu It.: Port Moresby]; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. 
p. 10 (1883); Ramsay, Tabl L. Austr. B. p. 25 (1888); North, 
Nests $ Eggs B. Austr. p. 308 (18S9); Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 257 
[Adele Is., X.W. Australia]; le Souef, Ibis, 1895, p. 423 [Albatross 
I.]; Reichenoio, J.f O. 1897, p. 216 [German Xew Guinea]. 
Pelecanus 
australis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt, i. p. 113 
(1825). 
Catoptropelicanus conspicillatus, Reichenb. Natiirl. Syst. Vog. p. vii 
(1853). 

Adult, Xaked space round the eye surrounded by feathers. 
General colour of plumage pure white; quills and their coverts, 
scapulars, outer row of lesser wing-coverts, sides of rump, shorter 
upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers black; the primaries with the 

2i2 

PELECAKTDJ2. 

basal half of the shafts white on the upper surface. Tail composed 
of 22 feathers. 

Gular pouch and mandibles yellowish white, the latter stained 
with blue, which gradually increases in depth to the tip ; apical half 
of the cutting-edges of the mandibles yellow, gradually increasing 
in depth to the tip ; nail of both mandibles greenish yellow; irides 
dark brown ; eyelash indigo-blue ; orbits pale sulphur-yellow, 
bounded by a narrow ring of pale indigo-blue; legs and upper part 
of the meta-tarsi yellowish white; feet, webs, and lower part of the 
meta-tarsi pale bluish grey, the two colours blending with each 
other at the middle of the metatarsi: nails dull yellowish white 

(J. Gould). 
Total length about 60 inches, culmen 17-18, wing 24-25, tail 7*5, 
tarsus o. 

In breeding-plumage there is a moderately long erect crest on the 
back of the head and neck; the feathers on the chest and the rest 
of the lesser and median wing-coverts are long and pointed and of 
a pale straw-yellow. 

In non-breeding plumage the crest is dropped, and the feathers of 
the chest and wing-coverts are replaced by white feathers like the 
rest of the plumage. 

In a nearly mature bird the feathers of the crest and mane are 
smoky-brown, tipped with white, and the scapulars, &c. are brownish 
black instead of deep black. 

Eab, Australia and Tasmania, ranging north to New Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Essington. N. Australia. Capt. W. Chambers 
ii.x. ;PA 
l), c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Queensland. 
New South Wales. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
e-k Ad. sk. & New South Wales. Australian Museum 
sk.
i. Ad. sk. South Australia. 
^P.]. 
HfMuni. Esq. rP.~. 
1c. Ad. sk.
/. Imm. sk.
m. Skeleton. 
Bass Straits {H. M. Rapier). 
Green's Island, Tasmania. 
Australia. 
Toy. H.M.S.« Herald/ 
Gould Coil. 
w. Imm. skel. Australia, Zool. Soc. Coll. 
o. Skull. Australia. 

COLY3IBm2B. 
485 

Order XVIII. PYGOPODES. 

(By "W. E. OGILVIE-GEA^T.) 

Skull holorhinal and schizognathous; nares pervious; vomer 
cleft posteriorly for about -J- or | its length; basipterygoid processes 
absent; lachrymal not extending downwards to join the quadratojugal 
bar; quadrate with an elongate orbital process; maxillopalatine 
processes laminate, not rod-shaped; dentary suture of 
mandible more or less completely obliterated; angulare truncate 
posteriorly; furculum without a facet for articulation with the 
acro-coracoid; pre-ilia not rising up to meet in the middle line 
above the fused neural spines of the synsacrum; post-ilia much 
longer than the pre-ilia and vertically compressed ; tibio-tarsus with 
the cnemial crest produced upward far beyond the articular surface of 
the femur; tarso-metatarsus laterally compressed; outer toe longest. 
Ehamphotheca simple, Xestling nidifugous. (W. P. Pycraft.) 

Key to the Families. 

L Hallux on a level with the other toes ; 
front toes united one to the other 
by a web; tall composed of 18 or 
20 short stiff feathers 1. Colymbidae, p. 4-85. 

II. 
Hallux raised above the level of the 
other toes ; toes provided with wide 
lateral lobes united at the base; tail 
vestigial 2. Po&icipe&i&ae, p. 502. 
Family I. COLYMBIM. 

Supraorbital grooves very deep; temporal fossae deep, separated 
one from another by a median sagittal ridge; lachrymal more or 
less fused with the nasal; all the vertebras free; spina externa, no 
spina interna; metasternum projecting far beyond the posterior 
lateral processes; ventral lip of the coraeoid groove moderately 
developed; post-ilia not meeting above the neural spines of the 
synsacrum ; tibial bridge ossified ; patella vestigial (W. P. Pycraft). 
Sterno-tracheal muscles symmetrical {H. Gadoiv). Accessory semltendinosus 
absent (A, H. Garrod). Two carotids (A. H. Garrod). 
11 metacarpo-digital remiges. Hallux on a level with the other 
toes, which are united one to the other by a web. Tail composed 
of 18 or 20 short stiff feathers. 

48G 
COLIMBTDJR. 

1. COLYMBUS.* rv 
Type. 
Mergiw, firiwm, Orn. \i. p. 101 (17(50) 0, glacialis. 
GolymbuH, Linn. S. X i. p. 220 (1700) 0. beptentrionalis. 
f (iavia, iW. , Endiirid. JLibt. Xal. p. 38 (1788). No type. 
Urinator, Zffctf/;. /" /ty/f. 72*\7. JW/A (18mo, Dnlot) 

Quadr. xiv. p. 310 (1790) ; Cui\ Anat. Comj). 
I Tabic 2 (1800) 0. glacialis. 
Eudytes, 27/tyw, I'rodromus, p. 28^ (1811) C. seplentrionalis. 

Bill stout, straight, compressed, tapering to a sharp point; nostrils 
linear; wing composed of long stiff quills, tlio 1st and 2nd sub-
equal, and slightly the longest; tail composed of IS or 20 short 
stiff feathers; legs placed far back; tarso-metatarsi short and 
laterally compressed; front toes united one to the other by a web 
the fourth or outer toe being the longest; hind toe or halluxon 
the same plane as the rest. 

Range. Circumpolar. 

Key to the Species. 
Summer plumage. 


I. 
A triangular patch of vinaceous chestnut at 
the base of the fore-neck septenfrionalis, p. 487, 
II. Fore-neck pmplish or greenish black. 
A. 
Head and back of neck grey or whitish a^i; 
size smaller; wing Iko-lo inches. 
a. Nape and hind-neck do\ e-grey aretictts, p. 402. 
b. 
Nape and hind-neck dirty white or whitish 
ash pacificus, p. 494. 
B. 
Head and back of neck black ; size larger, 
wing 14-15 inches. 
c. 
Bill black ; ridge of culmen slightly convex, 
angle of genys indistinct glacialis, p. 49(3. 
d. 
Bill whitish or yellowish ; culmen almost 
straight, angle of genys strongly marked adamsi, p. 500. 
Winter plumage. 

I. 
Upper parts dark ash-brown, spotted with 
white sejrtentrionalis, p. 487, 
II. 
Upper parts uniform dark ash-brown ; wing-
coverts more or less spotted with white ; f arcticus, p. 492, 
size smaller, wung 11 -5-13 inches \pacificus, p. 494. 
* The following works refer to the anatomy, etc. of the group:—Coues, 
P. Acad. Philad. 1804, pp. 21-22 [crania of C. glacialis and O. adamsi] ; id. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. pt. ii. pp. 131-172, pi. v. (1867) [osteology and myology 
of C. glacialis]; Eyton, Osteol. Av. p. 213, pi. 1L. pi. si. fig. 2 (1867); 
Nitzsch, PteryL, Engl. ed. p. 152, pi. x. figs. 10, 11 (1807); Garrod, P. Z. S. 
1873, p. 470 [both carotids present in C. glacialis], p. 642 [muscles]; Sundev. 
Ibis, 1886, pp. 423, 457 [wing]; Shufeldt, P. U.8. Nat. Mus. x. p. 377 (1887) 
[anatomy of C. septenfrionalis]; Beddard, P. Z. S. 1890, pp. 430-442 [general 
* remarks]; Shufeldt, J. 
Anat. Phys. xxiv. pp. 169-187, pis. xi., xii. (1890), xxvi. 
pp. 199-203 (1892); Mitchell, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 143 [note on intestinal tract]; 
Beddard, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 468 [intercentra in C. septentriomlis]; Shufeldt, 
Ibis, 1898, pp. 46-51 [terrestrial attitudes]. 
1 . CQL YMBTTS. 
487 
III. 
Upper parts ^dark ash-brown, each feather 
margined with greyish ash; size larger, 
wing 14-15 inches. 
A. 
Ridge of culmen slightly concave, angle 
of genys indistinct glacialis, p. 490. 
B. 
Bidge of culmen almost straight, angle of 
genys strongly marked adamsi, p. 500. 
1. Colymlras septe:atrionalis. 
Le petit Plongeon. Bnsson, Orn. vi. p. 108, pi. x. fig. 2 (1760). 
Le Ploncreon a goige rouge, Brisson, Orn. yi. p. Ill pi. xi. fig. 1 
(1760) ; D'Aubent PI Enl is. pi. 55 [no. 308]. 
Colvmbus lumme "Gunn. Act. Nidr. i. pi. ii. fisr. 2 (1761); Brunn. 
Om. Bar. p. 3D ("1764)]. 

Colynibus borealis Brunn. Orn. Bor. p. 39 (1764)]; Lath. lnd. Om. 
il p. 801 (1790);" Tieill N. Diet dHist Nat. xxvii. p. 115 (1818). 
Colvmbus stellatus [Brunn. Orn. Bor. p. 39 (1764)] ; Gmel. 8. N. i. 

pt. ii. p. 587 (1788); Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 800 (1790). 

Colvmbus septentrionalis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 220 (1766); Gmel 8. N. 
i." pt. ii. p. 586 (1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 801 (1790); Temm. 
Man. iTOrn. p. 602 (1815); Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. 

p. 115 (1818); Temm. Man. cFOrn. ed. ii. p. 916 (1820); 8teph. 
in Shaw's Gen. ZooL xii. pt. ii. p. 238 (1824); Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. 
p. 200, pi. 2<2 (W'2r>); Werner, Atl Ois. £Eur. Ord. 15, p. 94 
(1828); Swains. $ Richards. Fatm. Bor.-Amer. p. 476 (1831) ; 
Selby, Brit. Orn. ii. p. 414, pis. lxxviii. & lxxviii* (1833); Schinz, 
Nat Abbild. Tog. p. 366, pi. 129 (1833); Niks. 8kand. Faun. ii. 
p. 501 (1835J; And. Orn. Bior/r. iii. p. 20, pi. 202 (1835), v. p. 625 
(1WJ); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi 395 (1837); Earner, Skand. Fogl. 
p. 22, pi. 01. fiprs. 3% 8b (1839-46); Keys. u. Bias. WirbeM. p. 236 
(18-10); Demid. Vou. Rim. Mind. iii. p. 505 (1840); Schinz, 
Europ. Faun. i. p. 357 (1840); Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 175 (1840); 
Cam, Orn. Sard. p. 201 (1842) ; Bouteiile, Om. Dauphini, ii. 
p. 321, pi. 71. fig. 3 (1843); And. B. Amer. vii. p. 299, pi. 478 
(1844); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 148 (1844); Mukle, 
Beitr. Orn. Gnechenl. p. 135 (1844); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 631 (1848); Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 493 (1849); Reiehenb. 
Natatores, pi. 10, nos. 44-48 (1850); Middend. Sibir. Reise, ii. 
pt. ii. p. 239 (1851); Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. p. 203 (1851) ; 
Macgill Brit. B. v. p. 301 (1852); Ejmrboll. Damn. Fugle, p. 406, 
pi. Ii. B., Suppl. pi. 34 (1852); Waiters, N. Hist. B. Lrel p, 223 
(1853); Heuf/l. Vbg. N.O.-Afr. p. 68 (1856); Sundev. Svensk. 
Fogl. pi. 53. fig. 1 (1856); Jattbert § Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 413 
(1859;; SehrencJc, Reis. Amur-l. i. p. 496 (1859); Walker, Ibis, 
1860, p. 167 [Bellot Straits, Arctic America] ; Cooper # Suckl. N. 
H. Wash. Terr, p. 279 (1860); Baird, B. NAmer. p. 890 (1860); 
Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 349 [Epirus & Albania]; Reinhardt, Ibis, 
1861, p. 14 [Greenland]; Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 92 [N. Norway]; 
Cones, P. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 228; Boss, Nat Hist. Rev. 1862, 
p. 290 [Mackenzie R ] ; Radde,Ost-Sibir.ilf.S82{\863)', Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322 [S. coast of China] ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 154 
[Brit. N. America]; Swvnh. Ibis, 1863, p. 433 [Formosa]; Wright, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 150 [Malta] ; More, ibis, 1865, p. 448 ; Newton, Ibis, 
1865, p. 517 [Spitsbergen] ; Gould, B. GL Brit, v. pi. 45 (1865) ; 
Degl Sr Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 594 (1867); Sehl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 32 (1867); WMtely, Ibis, 1867, p. 208 [Hakodadi]; 
Corns, P. Essex Inst. v. p. 309 (1868) [New England]; 
Collett, Fid. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1868, p. 191; B>ovm,ltris91868, 
48 8 
COLYMBUXZE. 

p. 427 ["Vancouver I] ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 457 [Portugal]; Ball, 
% Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 307(1869) [Yukon]; Turnb.B. 
k Pennsylvania, p. 49 (1869); Broste, J.f O. 1869 p 350 
[Faroe*]; Fritsch, Nat Tog. Europas, p. 500 (1870), Atl. pi. 60. 
fins. 1 & 3 (1871); Ilarting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 119 [Davis Straits]; 
G. II Gnn/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 92 (1871) ; It Gray, B. West ScotL 
p. 417 (1871); Goebel, J.f.O. 1871, p. 151 [S. Russia] ; Swmhoe, 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 415 [S. coast of China: winter]; Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 315 (1872),- Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 335 (1872); 
Hrnqlin, Ibis, 1872, p. 64 [Matthew's Straits] j id. J. f O. 
1872, p. 123 [Novaya Zemlya; Waigats]; Fritsch, J.f O. 18/2, 
p. 377 [Bohemia]; Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 75 
(1872) ; Ball, Avif. Aleut Isl. p. 10 (1874); Midgut. Ann. Lyc. 
N. York, x. p. 392 (1874) [Illinois]; Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 163 
[Hakodadi] ; Irby, Or??. Gibraltar, p. 219 (1875); Banf $ Brown, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 433 [Transylvania]; Seebohm 8f Brown, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 455 [Petcliora]; Bresser, B. Europe,\iii. p. 621, pi. (3'28 (1876); 
Palmen, J.f.O. 1876, p. 64 [Finland]; Bavidfy Oustal Ois. Chine, 
p. 512 (1877); Tacz. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 166 (1877) ]Polan&]; 
Blahist $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 211 [Tokio Bay; Yezo] ; Scott, 
Bull.Nutt. Orn. Gr.iv. 13.228 (1879) [New Jerseyj; Seebohm, Ibis, 
1879, p. 161 [Yenesay]; Kumlien, Bull. US. Nat Mas. xxv. 
p. 103 (1879) [Arctic America]; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 221 [Italy] ; 
Mayuard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 494 (1881); Ridyw. Bull. U.S. Nat, 
Mus. xxi. p. 56 (1881); Merriam, Bull. Ntdt. Orn. V. vi. p. 235 
(1881) [N.E. New York], A ii. p. 241 (1882) rCanaila"); Male, 
P. Z. S. 1882, p. 654 [Franz Jo*ef Land]; SeehiJun, Ibis, lfc82, 
p, 232 [Astrakan], p. 383 [Archangel], 1883, p. 35 Caspian Sea]: 
Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander]; IlartL J.f. (X IbSZ, p. 2b4 
[Alaska]; Nelson, Cncisei Coriuin,'' p. 115 (1883); Samite's, N.fy 22. 
Birds, p. 557 (1883) ; Stearns # Cones, N. Em/l. B.-life, p. 390 
(1883); Eadde, Orn. Caucus, p. 492 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amen 
B. 1st ed. p. 791 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 412 (JS85); 
Balla Torre $ Tschusi, Omis, 1885, p. 558. 1887, p. $4®, 1888, 
p. 360, & SuppL p. 334,1890, p. 264 [Austro-Huiipary] ; Saunders, 
ed. Tarrell, Brit.B. iv. p. 112 (1885); Luthen, 0«/i,"18t?5? p. 144 
[Denmark]; Merriam, Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885) [Point Barrow, 
Alaska; migration]; Booth, Eour/h Notes, iii. pt. xii. (1880) ; 
Gigl. Avif.Ital. p. 449 (1886); Slater $ Carter, Ibis, ]88tf, p. 52 
[Iceland]; Tschusi, Omis, 1886, p. 174 [local names"; Liitken, 
Omis, 1886, p. 97 [Denmark]; Salvad. T/cc. Ital p. 299 (1887): 
Grbndal, Omis, 1887, p. 602 [Iceland]; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 400 
[Portugal]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 350 [Gt Liakoff I."; Saunders, 
III. Man. Brit. B. p. 699 (1689) ; Gigl. Avif Ital. i. p."0G:J (1889), 
ii. p. 649 (1890), iii. p. 510 (1891); Seebohm, B. Jap. p. 3IM 
(1890) ; Styan, Ens, 1891, pp. 331, 509 [Lower Yangtze!; Lilford, 
Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xviii. (1891): Seebohm, Ibis, T892, p. 31 
[Heligoland]; La Toitche, Ibis, 1892, p. 503 [Foochow & Swatow"; 
Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 522 [E. Piussia] ; G'atke, Heligoland, En A 
ed. p. 575 (1895); Pearson, Ibis, 1896, p. 213 [lhi^ian LaplanjT, 
p. 219 [Kolguev], p. 225 [Novaya Zemlva] j Sharjje, Ifandk J$. 
Gt. Brit. iv. p. 187, pi. 114 (1897); Battije, Ibis, 1897, p. 600 
[Spitsbergen]; Clarke, Ibis, 1898, p. 274 [Franz Josef Lancll • 
Pearson, Ibis, 1898, p. 204 [Waigats]. 
Grey Speckled Dher, Pennant, Brit. Zool ii. p. 414 (1768). 

Bed-throated 
Diver, Pennant, Brit Zool. ii. p. 415 (1768)-id 
Arct. Zool ii. p. 520 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt ii p '344 
(1785); id. Gen. Hist x. p. 90 (1824); Nutt. 3/<w. Or/*, p.* 51W 

1. COLYMBUS. 48 9 
(1834); Tamil, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 335 (1843) ; Knox, Zool. 

(2) iv. p. 1499 (1869) [habits]. 
Plotus claudicans, Scop. Annus, i. p. 72 (1769). 
Fergus nsevia, Tunstatt, Orn. Brit, p. 3 (1771); Bonnat. Tabl 
Encijet. Meth. i. p. 73 (1790). 
Le Plonpeon, UAubent. PI. JEnl. ix. pi. 53 [no. 992] j Buff, Hist 
Nat Ois. viii. p. 254, pi. xxi. (1781). 
Le Lumme ou petit Plongeon de la mer da NorcL Buff. Hist. Nat. 
Ois. viii. p. 2G1 (1781). 
Speckled Diver, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 519 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. 
Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 341 (1785); id. Gen. Hist x. p. 91 (1824). 
llergtis stelktus, Bonnat Tabl. Emycl. Meth. i. p. 71, pi. 19.fig.2 

(1790). 
Alergus septentrionalis, Bonnat. Tabl. Encxjcl. Meth. i. p. 72 (1790). 
Urinator btriatus, LacSp. § Daudin in Buff. Hist. Nat. (18mo, Didot), 

Quadr. xiv. p. 810, Ois. xvi. p. 174 (1799). 
Urinator bailloni, Lacep. § Daudin in Buff. Hist. Nat (18mo, Didot), 

Quadr. xiv. p. 311, Ois. xvi. p. 176 (1799). 
Colymbus rufogularis, Meyer $• Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 453 (1810). 
Cepphus septentrionalis, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 342 (1811). 
Cepphus stellatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 344 (1811). 
Boreal Diver, Lath. Gen. Hist x. p. 94 (1824). 
Newcastle Diver, Lath. Gen. Hist x. p. 94 (1824). 
Eudytes septentrionalis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 87 (1823) ; Naum. 

Nat. Yog. Beutschl. xii. p. 434, pi. 329 (1844); Alston # Brown, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 72 [Archangel] ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 349 [Sardinia]; 
Ban, etc. J.f.O. 1876, p. 341 [Germany], 

Colymbus mierorhynchus, Brehm, Vogelfang* p. 405 (1855). 
Colymbus glaeialis", Sioinhoe (nee Linn.), Ibis, I860, p. 67 [Amoy: 
winter]. 

Urinator lumme, Stejn, P. U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 43 (1882); Baird, 
Brew, fy Bidgio. ' Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 457 (1884); Stejn. 
Butt. U.S. Nat Mus. xxix. p. 15 (1885) [Commander Is.], p. 314 
[Kanischatka]; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1Q86) [Nearer Is., 
Alaska]; A. O. U. Checkl p. 76 (1886); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 147 
(1886) [W. Manitoba]; Scott, Auk, iii. p. 383 (1886) [Arizona]; 
Toionsend, Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887) [N. Alaska]; Bidgio. Man. N. 
Am. B. p. 8 (1887) ; Nelson, Bep. N. H. Alaska, p. 37 (1887) ; 
Smith $ Palmer, Auk, v. p. 147 (1888) [Washington, D.O.j; 
Butcher, Auk, v. p. 170 (1888) [Long!.]; Scott, Auk, v. p. 874 
(1888) [Gulf of Florida]; Chamber!. Auk, vi. p. 213 (1889) [S. 
Greenland]; Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 320 (1890) [Hudson Bay]; Loomis, 

Auk, viii. p. 55 (1891) fS. Carolina]; MacFarl. P.' U.S. Nat 
Mus. xiv. p. 416 (1891) | Arctic America]; Hatch, B. Minnesota, 

p. 13 (1892); Mcllwraith, B. Ontario, ed.2,p. 34 (1894). 
Urinator septentrionalis, #e/^iW, J.f. 0.1895, p. 462 [W. Greenland]. 
Gavia lumme, Allen, Auk, xiv. p. 312 (1897) ; Grinnell, Auk, xv. 
p. 124 (1898) [Sitka]. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark ash-brown, 
with a slight oil-green gloss, many of the feathers often indistinctly 
spotted with white.* Sides of the head and neck, as well as the 

* The white spots, which are characteristic of the winter plumage, become 
abraded and often entirely disappear in the breeding-plumage. This was 
correctly pointed out by Adamson (' Some more Scraps about Birds,' p. 199), 
but contradicted by Seebohm, Hist. British Birds, iii. p. 414. Only a few 
feathers of the upper back are renewed at the partial spring moult. 
490 COLYMBIDJE. 

chin and throat dark grey; a long triangular patch of vinous 
chestnut down the middle of the fore-neck ; top of the head obscurely 
mottled with blackish ; nape, hind-neck, and sides of the lower 
neck blackish with a slight gloss, each feather margined on the 
sides with white, producing a strongly streaked appearance; feathers 
of the sides and flanks, a band across the vent, and most of the 
under tail-coverts dark ash-brown like the back ; chest and rest of 
underparts white : quills dark brown, white towards the basal half 
of the inner web. Tail dark brown, composed of from IS or 2() 
feathers. Ridge of the culmen slightly concave. Iris dark brown : 
bill black; legs blackish brown, with a greenish tinge on the 
outside and along the toes, middle of webs yellowish flesh-colour. 

Adult in non-bveerlhig phtmrtye. General colour above dark ash-
brown, each feather with paired white spots on the terminal 
margin; forehead, top of the head, and back of the neck dark ash. 
edged on the sides with white, and producing a finely mottled and 
slightly streaked appearance; sides and flanks much like the back ; 
sides of the face, chin, throat, and rest of underparts pure white; 
quills and tail-feathers brownish black, the latter tipped with white. 

Total length about 24 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 
2*1-2*25, wing 10-y-ll-7, tail 1-9-2-1, tarsus 2-9-3, outer toe and 
claw 3-5-3-8. 

Nestling. Covered with sooty-brown down, paler on the underparts, 
which become white as the bird grows older. 

Youwj in first plumage have the upper parts much like those of 
the adult in winter, but the feathers are edged, rather than spotted, 
with white; the forehead, crown, and hind-neck are mostly dark 
brownish slate, and the feathers of the fore-neck are fringed with 
brownish at the extremity, producing a more or less mottled 
appearance. 

In the adult the change of the head and neck from winter to 
summer plumage is pioduced by a spring moult. Some of the dark 
ash-brown feathers of the upper back are also renewed at this 
season, but the partial or total disappearance of the white spots 
from the upper parts is almost entirely due to abrasion. 

At the autumn moult the whole of the worn feathers of the 
upper parts are cast and replaced by the beautiful pearled feathers 
of the winter plumage ; the summer plumage of the head and neck, 
as well as that of the undei parts, is also cast and replaced by new 
feathers. 

Bah. Circumpolar; ranging south in winter to the Mediterranean, 
Black, and Caspian Seas, and Southern China; and on the American 
continent to California and the Ghilf of Florida. 

a. d ad. &k. Rashua, Kurile Is., June Seebohm Coll. 
(0. Snoio). 
b. 2 imm.sk.
c.Ad.sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Hakodadi,Japan(r.i?fa7«tow). 
Nagasaki. 
Hamilton I., Corea. 
Seebohm Coll. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.J, 
A. G-. Wilday. Esq. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Amoy, China, winterSzoinhoe), 
(JR.
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

1 . COLY3IBT7S. 
491 
g. Ad. sk. 
ft. Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 

/. 
$ ad. sk. 

m. $ ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
q. $ imm. sk. 
r. Juv. sk. 
s, *. 
Pull. sk. et 
St. 

u. Ad. sk. 
v9 u\ <$ ad. sk. et 
$ ad. sk. 

.c. d 2 a& st. 

//. J \ ix ad. si. 

z. 
$ ad. sk. 
a\ Imm. st. 

£'. Ad. sk. 

e'. J ad. sk. 

d3 

. Ad. sk. 
e'-(J. Ad. sk. 
h\ i\ 6 2 ad. sk. 

*'. Pull. sk. 

F, <J ad. sk. 

wf. J ad. sk. 

w\ Ad. sk. 

o\ Ad. sk. 

p'. Ad. sk. 

^. Ad. sk. 
r'y *'. $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 
t'. Ad. sk. 

w. Ad. sk. 
*\ Ad. sk. 
Aniov, winter (JR. 6'.). 
Ningpo, Feb. 18 (JR. S\). 
Valley of the Yenesay, E. 

Siberia, lat. m\z N., June 16 

(H. £}. 
Tundra of R. Podarata, W. 
Siberia, Aug. 10. 
Ob River, July 25. 

E. Koomboash, June 27 
(H. Piotuk). 
Archangel, summer. 

Smyrna, July 22 (J. A. JBJ. 
jSrowri). 
Havre, France, March 28 
(V.Pluche), 
Heligoland, Jan. (R. GiitJce). 

Orkney Is. 
Orkney Is. 


Gt. Britain, winter. 
Caithness, Scotland, June. 


Sutherland, June o. 


Cromarty Firth, Feb. 28. 


Portobello,Feb. 20 (T. Hope), 


Goodwick, S. Wale**. 
Devonshire, winter. 
Christehurch, Hants, Oct. 28. 
Sussex, autumn. 
Greenland, June. 
Frederieshaab, Greenland, 


July 1 (P. MjiUer). 
Egedesrnmde, S.W. Greenland 
(Whymper). 
Nanortalik, S. Greenland, 
June 14 (JR. Milller). 
Liehtenfels, S. Greenland 
June 10 (0. Finsch). 

N. America, summer. 
Cape Wilson, Lake Ontario, 
summer. 
Whale Island, N. Alaska 
July 1 (Dr. Robertson). 
[Alaska] summer. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, July, 

Aug. (E. W> Nehoii). 
Picmiktalik R., Alaska, July 1 

(E. W. NJ). 
Fort Simpson, summer. 
Vancouver I.; winter. 

Verreaux Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. 0. Finsch [0.]. 

Dr. 0. Finsch [C], 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. It. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hargitt Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 
Gould Coll. 

Purchased. 
Colonel L.H.Irby& 
Capt. S. G. Reid 
[P.]. 

G. A. St. Quintin & 
W. R. OgilvieGrant,
E*qrs.[P.]. 
G. A. St. Quintin, 
Ehq. [P.]. 
Col.H.W.Feilden& 


J. A.IIarvie Brown, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Rev. A. Morgan [P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col II. W. Feilden 

[P.]. 
Hargitt Coll. 

Hargitt Coll. 

Dr. R. Bowdler 

Sharpe [P.]. 
IludFon\sP>ayCo.[P.l 
Old Coll. 

The Admiralty [P.], 

Capt. Collinson [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.], 
J. K. Lord, Esq. 
[p.i. 
492 COtl'MBIBJS. 

w'. Ad. ak. Vancouver I., winter. • Mr. Wood•[?•]• 

*'. Ad.sk. Uulitaiia, autumn (I<G«M . Salvm-Groiman Co 11. 

,'. rf ud. „k. Monterey California, April 21. Mr. Alvm Seale [0.]. 

£ rfimui.sk. Veutur/oo , California, Salvm-Godman Ooll. 

Nov. 25(7/. W.IIemhaw). CTT 

*". Skeleton. HpitolKageL, Aug. Col. H. W. Fexlden 

rc has^d

//', e". Skeletons. EngLind. ^U 
1 . -n v 
d". Skeleton. Saivm-GodmaaOoll. 
/'. Skeleton with- England. Purchased, 

out skull, , 
/",,/'. Sterna. England. Purchased. 
h". Skull. England. Purchased. 

2. Colynibus arcticus. 
Le Plongeon a gorge noir, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 115 (1760). 
Colymbus arctics [Brrnvi. Orn. Boi\ p. 40 (1704)] ; Linn. 8. N. i. 

p. 221 (1706); Gmel. 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 587 (1788) [nee America]; 
Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 800 (1790) [part]; Temm. Man. tfOrn. 
p. rm (1815); Vieill N. Diet oV Hist. Nat xxvii. p. 117 (1818) 
|part]; Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. ii. p. 913 (1820); 8tepk. m 
Shaitis Gen. Zool xii. pt. ii. p. 236 (1824); Werner, Atl Oh* 
(VEur. Ord. 15, pi. 93 (1828); 8elby, Brit. Orn.il p. 411, pl.lxxviL 
(1833) ; Niks. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 499 (1835); Gould, P. Z. S. 
1835, p. 90 [Trebizond]; Thompson, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 54 [Co. 
Antrim] ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 394 (1837) ; Korner, Skand. Fogh 
p. 22, pi. 61. figs. 2 a, 2 b (1839-46); Schmz, Europ. Faun. i. 
p. 357 (1840); Demid. Voi/. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 306 (1840) ; 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 236 (1840) ; Temm. § SchL Faun. Jap. 
p. 123 (1842); Bouteille, Orn. Dauphine, ii. p. 310, pi. 71. &g. 2 
(1843); G. B. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 148 (1844); id. Gen. 
B. iii. p. 631, pi. clxxi. (1848); Degl. Orn. Furop. ii. p. 490 
(1849) ; Meichenb. Natatores, pi. 10,nos. 49-52 (1850); Middend, 
8ibir. Beise, ii. pt. ii. p. 239 (1851) j Thomps. Nat. Mist. Irel. iii. 
p. 201 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 294 (1852) : Kjarbott. Danm. 
Fmjle, p. 405, pi. Ii B, Suppl. pi. 34 (1852); Waiters, Nat Hist. 
B. Irel. p. 224 (1853); tiundev. Svensh. Fogl. pi. 53. figs. % 8 
(1856); Jaubert $f Lapomm. Rich, Orn. p. 413 (1859) ; Schrmclc, 
Reise Amur-L i. p. 495 (1859) ; Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 91 [N. 
Norway]; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322 [N. China]; Badde, 
0st-8ihr. ii. p. 381 (1803); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 448 [Gt. Britain]; 
Gould, B. Gr. Brit. y. pi. 44 (1865); 8chl. Mus. Pays-Basyii. 
Urinat p. 31 (1867); Whitehj, Ibis, 1867, p. 208 [Hakodadi] j 
Degl. 8r Gerbe, Orn. Furop. ii. p. 592 (1867); Collett, Vid. Sekk. 
Fork Christ. 1868, p. 191; Droste, J. f. O. 1869, p. 350 [Faroes]; 
Fritsch, Nat Vd(/. Europe! s, p. 499 (1870), Atl pi. 60. figs. 2 & 6 
<1871); G. B. Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 92 (1871) [part] ; It Gray, 
B. West. Scotl. p. 414 (1871); Heugl. J. / . O. 1872, p. 123 
[Novaya Zemlva; WaigatsJ; Fritsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 377 
[Bohemia]; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 721 (1874) ; Senertz. J. f. O. 
1875, p. 186 [Tian-shan]; Ban/. $ Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 433 
[Transylvania]; Seebohm $ Proton, Ibis, 1876, p. 455 [Lower 
Petchora] j Dresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 615, pi. 627 (1876) [nee 
America]; Palmen, J. f. O. 1876, p. 64 [Finland]; Tsehtm, 
J. f. O. 1877, p. 59 [Austro-Hungary], 1881, p. 212; Tacz, 
m i 8oc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 166 (1877) [Poland] ; Kumlien, Bull 
II. 8. Nat Mus. xv. p. 103 (1879) [Arctic America]; 8eebohm, 
1 . COLYMBUS. 
493^ 
Ibzs, 1879, p. 161 [Yenesay Valley]; Git/l. Ibis, 1881, p. 221 
[Italy] : Midgw. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mm. x\i. p. 55 (1881) ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 232 [Astrakan], p. 383 [Ai changel]; id. Ibis, 1883, 
p. 35 [Caspian Sea] : Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander]; Badde, 
Orn. Caucus, p. 491 (1884); Zuthen, Omis, 1885, p. 143 [Denmark] 
; Saunders, ed. YurrelL Brit. B. iv. p. 105 (1885) ; Seebohm, 
Mist Brit. B. iii. p. 407 (1885): Balla-Torre $ Tschisi, Omis, 
1885, p. 557, 1887, p. 347, 1888, p. 300, & Suppl. p. 333, 1890, 

p. 263 [Austro-Hungarv] ; Booth, Hough Notes, iii. pt. xii. (1880); 
Tschisi, Omis, 1886, * p. 174 [local* names]; Git/l Avif. ItaL 
p. 447 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 400 [Portugal]'; Satvad. TJcc. 
ItaL p. 298 (1887) ; Saunders, III. Man. Brit B. p. 697 (1889) ; 
BaddeS? Walter, Omis, 1889, p. 128 [Transca<pia]; Gig I. Avif. 
ItaL i. p. 662 (1889), ii. p. 649 (1890), iii. p. 510 (1891); Seebohm, 
B. Jap. p. 363 (1890); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 82 [incubation 
lasts 28 days] ; Hartert, His, 1892, p. 522 [E. Prussia] ; Seebohn, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 31 [Heligoland!; Meiser, Orn. Balmnica, ii. p. 204 
(1894); Gafke, Heligoland''Engl. ed. p. 575 (1895); Pearson, 
Ibis, 1896, p. 213 [Russian Lapland], p. 219 [Kolguev], p. 225 
[NoTaya Zemlya] ; Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit. iv.p. 185 (1897^; 
Pearson, Ibis, 1898, p. 204 [Waigats ; Dolgoi]. 
Black-throated Diver, 
Pennant, Aret. Z00L ii. p. 520 (1785); Lath, 
Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 343 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 89 
(1824); Tarrell, Hist. Brit B.m. p. 328 (1843); Knox, Zoologist 

(2) iv. p. 1504 (1809) [habits]. 
Mergus arcticus, Bonnat. Tail Encycl. Meth. i. p. 71, pi. 19. fig. 4 
(1790) [part]. 
Colymbus ignotus, Beehst. Nat. DeutscliL ii. p. 782 (1791). 
Urinator arcticus, Lacep. <$• Baudin, in Bvff. Hist. Nat. (18mo, Didot), 

Quad. xiv. p. 311, Ois. xvi. p. 182 (1799); Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. v. p. 43 (1882); Baird,Brew. 8> Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. 


ii. p. 452(1884). 
Colymbus leucopus, Beehst. Orn. Taschenb. pt. ii. p. 364 (1802). 
Colymbus atrogularis, Meyer § Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 499, pi. (1810) r 
Colymbus arcticus, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 341 (1811). 
Colymbus balthictis, Hornsch. § Schilling, Verz. Po?n??ie?*sch. Vbg. 
p, 21; Brehm, Handb. Fog. Beutschl p. 975 (1831). 
Colymbus macrorhynchos, Brehm, Handb. Tog. Beutschl. p. 974 
(1831). 
Eudytes arcticus, Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 87 (1831); Namn. Nat, 
Vog. Beutschl xii. p. 418, pi. 328 (1844); Bock, J.f.O. 1865, 

p. 367 [moult]; Alston fy Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 72 [Aichangel] ; 
Bau, etc., J.f. 0.1877, p. 341 [Germany]. 
Colymbus megarhynchus, Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 405 (1855). 


Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy black; 
scapulars and a band of feathers on each side of the upper back 
with wide subterminal white bands, or quadrate spots, giving these 
parts a tessellated appearance; wing-coverts spotted with white. 
Head and back of neck dove-grey, shading gradually into sooty-
black on the chin and throat: fore-neck deep shining purplish 
black, bordered on the sides and above by series of black feathers, 
margined with white on the sides, giving these parts a^ strongly 
striped appearance: base of neck and sides of chest striped in a 
very similar manner, but the white marginal bands wider ; sides and 
flanks mostly black; a band crossing the vent between the thighsr 

494 
C0Lr!EBII>J3. 

and most of the longest under tail-coverts sooty-Hack; rest of 
underparts, including the under ^ring-coverts, pure white; quills 
and tail-feathers "black. Tail composed of 10 or 18 feather*. 
Bidge of the culmen distinctly convex and similar to that of 

C. glacialis, but smaller. Iris hazel-brown; bill bluish black, 
lighter to^ arrlb the base; legs and feet greenish, the inner side of 
the tarsus inclining to flesh-colour. Total length about 25 inches, 
culmen from leathers on forehead 2*1-2*4, wing 11*7-13, tail 
2*1-2*4, tarsus 3*1-8*2, outer toe and claw 4*1-4*8. 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. General colour above deep ash} 

brown ; top of the 
head and back of the neck ash, shading into 

smoky-brown on the sides of the neck ; sides and flanks brownish 

black • chin, throat, fore-neck, and rest of underparts pure white. 

The spring moult in this species is much more extensive tLiii in 

G, septentriuaalis, for not only the head and neck but the whole of 

the upper paits are cast and replaced by the breeding-plumage-

Young in down. Upper parts dark smoky-brown, underpaid jah-r, 

Toting in first ylmnage somewhat resemble the adult in winter 

plumage, but all the feathers of the back, wing-covert*, K*apularsf 

rump, and upper tail-eovertb are widely margined with prey. 

Hah. North of Europe and Asia ; ranging westward to the Faroe 
Islands and Iceland, and south in winter to the Mediterranean, 
Black and Caspian Seas. 

a. Ad. fck. Great Britain,summer. Old Coll. 
b. Imm. sk. Great Britain, winter. Old CoU. 
0, d. <$ 2 ad. sk. Sutherland, June. Col. L. II. Irb* & 
Capt. 8. (J. lirM 
[P.*. 

e.f. 
Ad. et pull. Loch Knockie, Inverness, Mav ll&imti CHIL 
sk. & July {E. H.). 
a. Imm. st. Fulham, Middlesex. W. J. Brodt-rip. E*q. 
h, Imm. sk. Beccles, Suffolk, Nov. Seeboiiui CoIL 

i. 
$ imm. sk. Havre, France, ^Xov. 25 Ilargitt Coil. 
(V.Pluehe). 
h. <$ ad. sk. Alf heim, N. Norway, June. E. Lort Phillip 
Esq. [P.;. 
1, m. 3 ad. sk. Valley of the Yenesay, Seeboftiii Coll. 

E. Siberia, June 16. 
n. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, May Seebohm CoIL 
(T. Blakiston). 
O-T. Ad. et imm. Yokohama, winter (H. Pryer). Seebohm CoIL 
sk. 

o. <j> ad. sk. Nagasaki, Dec. 25. F. Binder, E*tq, "P.". 
t9 u. Sterna. L " 
Subsp. a. Colymlrag pacifisms. 

Speckled Diver or Loon, Pdw. Wat. HzsL B. iii. p. 146, pi 14fl0 #T/I). 
»? Striped Diver, Pennant, Aret. Zool. ii. p. 510 (1785); Ln*h* Qm. 
Sun. iii. pt. ii. p. 345 (17Bo) * id. Gen. Hisi. x. p. 0S (IhM i, 

* ? Oolymbus striatus, Gmel S. W. I pt. ii. p, 586 (1788); Lath. Iml 
* Probably founded on a bird of this species assuming the breediiig-plsiaiage. 
1, COLYMBUS. 

495 

Om. ii. p. 802 (1700); Temm. Man. cVOm. p. 604 (1815); Vieill 

X. Bid. dHist. Xat. xxvii. p. 119 (1818). 
* Colymbus 
arcticus, Gmel S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 5S7 (1788; [part; 
America]; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 800 (1790) [part]; Swain*. # 
Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 475 (1831); And. Orn. Biogr. iv. 
p. 345, pi. 340 (1838); id. B. Amer. yii. p. 295, pi. 477 (1844): 
Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 888 (i860) ; Walker, Ibis, LS00, p. 167 
[Bellot^ Straits, Arctic America]; Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, p. 154 
[Brit. X. America]; Cones, P. Essex Insl. v. p. 309 (18(58) [New 
England]; Ball $ Barm. Tr. Chicago Ac. i. p. 307 (1809); 
Hartiny, P. Z. S, 1871, p. 119 [Berino- Straits]; Cones, Key N. 
Am. B. p. 334 (1872) [part; N. America]; Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. 
Bremen, ill. p." 74 (1872); BJdqic, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, x. p. 392 
(1874) ["Illinois"!; Stearns § Coues, X. Enql BAife, p. 389 
(18S3) ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 791 (1884) [part]. 
Melius btriatiis, Bonnat. Tail Eacycl. Meth. i. p. 73(1790). 
Black-throated Diver, Xutt.Man. Orn. p. 517 (1834) [partJ. 
Colymbus pacificus, Lawr. in Baird's B. X. Amer. p. 889 (1860) 

[Puget Sound, California]; Cooper $ Suchl. X. II. Wash. Terr. 

p. 279 (1860) ; Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1802, p. 228, 1806, p. 100; 
id. IbU, 18G0, p. 272 [habits]; Brown, Ibis, 1808, p. 427 
[Vancouver I.] ; Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Xat. Mus. xxi. p. 56 (1831); 
Merriam, Auk, ii. p. 03 (1885) [Point Barrow, Alaska; migration]. 
Colymbus arcticus, var. pacificus, 
Ross, Xat. Hist, Rev. 1862, p. 289 
[Mackenzie II.]; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. p. 335 (1872); id. 

B. A.-?r^,p."722(1874). 
Colymbus arcticus pacincus. Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 791 
(1884). 
Urinator 
arcticus, A. O. IT. Checkl. p. 76 (1886); Ridgw. Man. X. 
Am. B. p. 7 (1887) [part]; Nelson, Rep. X. H. Alaska, p. 30 
(1887); Clarke, Auk, vii. p. 320 (1890); MacFarl. P. U.S. Xat 
Mus. xiv. p. 416 (1891) [Arctic America]; Hatch, B. Minnesota, 

p. 12 (1892); Butcher, Auk, x. p. 265 (1893) [Long. I.]; 
Mclhoraith, B. Ontario, ed. 2, p. 32 (1894). 
Urinator pacificus, 
Stejn. P. U.S. Xat. Mus. v. p. 43 (1882); Baird, 
Brew. # Ridqw. Water-B. X. Amer. ii. p. 455 (1884) ; Turner, 
Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaska]; A. O, U. Checkl 

p. 70 (1886); Enermann, Auk, iii. p. 88 (1886) [Ventura Co., 
Gal]; Nelson, Rep. X. H. Alaska, p. 37 (1887); Ridgiu. Man. X. 
Amer. B. p. 8 (1887); MacFarl. P. U.S. Xat. Mus. xiv. p. 416 
(1891) [Arctic America] ; Stejn. P. U.S. Xat. jfcftw. xv. p. 291 (1892) 
[Hakodadi] ; Lawr. Auk, ix. p. 353 (1892) [Washington, B.C.] 
Gavia arctica, Allen, Auk, xiv. p. 312 (1897). 
Gavia paciflea, Allen, Auk, xiv. p. 312 (1897) ; Grinnell, Auk, xv 


p. 124 (1898) [Sitka]. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Differs only from typical C. arcticus 
in the paler colour of the nape and back of the neck, which is dull 
smoky-white. Tail composed of 16 or 18 feathers. Total length 
about 24 inches, cnlmen from feathers on forehead 2-2*4, wing 
11-4-11-7, tail 2-2*3, tarsus 2-7-3, outer toe and claw 3-6-4. ^ 

Adult in non-breeding plumage and young similar to 0. arcticus. 

* I have not seen any specimen of typical C. arcticus from jSforth America: 
all appear to belong to the pale-naped form C. pacificus. 
C0LYMBIDJ2. 

Hal. Northern and North-western parts of North America, ranging 
south in winter to California. It has been recorded from Japan. 

496 

a. 
Ad. sk. Winter I., Melville Peninsula, Old Coll. 
Arctic America, summer. 
b. Ad. sk. Repute Bay. Dr. J. Rae [P.]. 
(. 
el 
Ad. 
Ad. 
sk. 
. sk. 
Cft. Shue Lake, summer.
Kotzebue Sound. Alaska. 
B. It. Eo^s, Esq. y:_. 
Old Cull. 

summer. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. 
r/. Ad. sk. 
[Kotzebu* Sound], bummer.
St. Miclu* l \ Alaska, May 2.
St. Michael's, June 29 {E.W. 
Capt. Collinson [P.]. 
Sal\ in-GodmaiTColL 
Sahm-Hodman Coll. 
Nelson). 
h. Ad. sk. California, summer. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
rp v 
u 
i, h.*<$ $ ad. sk. Monterey, California, May. Mr^Alvin Seale [0.1. 
/. g imm. sk. Ventura^ Nov. 20 (H 7T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Henshaic). 
3. Colymbus glacialis. 

Le Grand Plongeon, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 105, pi. x. fie:. 1 (1700); 
D'Aubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 52 [no. 914" ; Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. viii. 

p. 251 (1781). 
Le Plongeon tachete, Brhson, Orn. Vi. p. 117 (1760). 
Le Grand Plongeon tacliete, Brisson, Orn. ri. p. 120, pL xi. fk 2 
(1760). 
Oolymbu^ imber sen imnier, ~Gvnnerust Trondh. Sehk. Sh\ i. pi. iii. 

Colyinbus immer [Bruun. Orn. Bar. p. 38 (1704> : Linn. S. A. i. 

p. 222 (1706); (imeh S. N i. pt. ii. p. ON* (17-8); Lath. hid. 
Om. ii. p. 800 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 116 
(1818). 
Colymbus torquatus [Br'umi. Om.Bor.fAl (1764)"; Keys. u. Bias. 
Wirbelth. p. 230 (1840); Cooper & Sue id N H. Wart. Terr. p. 278 
(1860); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 8SS (1860); Coues. P. Ac. Philad. 
18<51, p. 248 [Labrador!, 1862, p. 227, 1864, p. 21, 1806, p. 100 

[Colorado II.] ; Boss, Nat Hut llev. 1862, p. 2fc9 Mackenzie IV; 
Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 154 [Brit. X. America""; Dresser, Ibis, 
I860, p. 46 ["S. Texas] ; Broicn, Ibis. 1868, p. 4271 Vancouver If; 
Coues, P. Essex Inst v. p. 309 (1868) [Xew England]; Ball > 
Bann. Tr. Chicago Ac. i. p. 307 (1809) [Yukon": Mayaard, P. 
Bost Soc. N. II xiv. p. 385 (1872) ,rXew Haven""; Coues, Key N. 
Am B. p. 334 (1872); Dull, Avif. Aleut, p. 10 (1873) "Shumagin 
Is.] ; Coues, B. N-Wed, p. 719 (1874) ; Kvmlien. BuiLU. S. Nat. 
Mus. xv. p. 103 (1879) [Arctic America]; Scott, Bull. Nutt Orn. 

C. iv. p. 228 (1879) [New Jersey]; JRoberts § Banner, Bull. Nutt. 
Om. C. v. p. 20 (18*0) "Minnesota!; Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. 
vi. p. 285 (1881): Ridgw. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mm. xxi. p. 55 (1881) ; 
Maynard, B. E.'N. Amer. p. 493 (1881) [N.E. New York\ iii. 
p. 241 (1882) [Canada] ; Samuels, N. § E.' Birds, p. 555 (1883); 
* The male, probably a wounded or sickly individual, dated 24th May, is 
still in very worn winter plumage; the summer plumage is beginning to make 
its appearance on the wing-coverts only. The female killed on the 14th May 
is in full summer plumage. 
1. COLYMBUS. 497 
Coues & Prentiss,^ Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. xxvi. p. 110 (1883) 
[Columbia Distr.]; Stearns fy Coues, N. Engl. BAife, p. 388 
(1883); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 789 (1884); Agersb. 
Auk, ii. p. 289 (1885) [S.E. Dakota]. 

Colymbus glacialis, Linn, S. N. i. p. 221 (1766); Gmel. S. N. i. 
pt. ii. p. 588 (1788); Lath. Ind. Dm. ii. p. 799 (1790) ; Borckk, 
etc. Teutsche Orn. pi. 116 (1800-37) ; Wilson, Am. Orn. ix. p. 84, 
pi. 74. fiar. 3 (1814); Temm, Man. (TOrn.ip. 597 (1815): VieillN. 
Diet. d'Hist Nat. xxvii. p. 116 (1818): Temm. Man. d'Om. ed. ii. 

p. 910 (1820); Steph. in Shaws Gen. Zool. xii. pt. ii. p. 283, pi. 61 
(1824) ; Werner, Att. Ois. d'Bur. Ord. 15, pi. 92 (1828); Swains. 
pi. 393 (1837); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 43, pi. 306 (1838); Kb'rner, 
Skand. Fogl p. 22, pi. 01. %. 1 (1839-46) ; Demid. Voy. Buss. 
Mind. iii. p. 306 (1840); Selling Bur op. Faun. i. p. 356 (1840); 
Bouteille, Orn. Dauplwie, ii. p. 317, pi. 71. fig. 1 (1843); G. P. 
Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 148 (1844): Aud. B. Amer. v. p. 282, 
pi. 476 (1844) ; G. P. Gray. Gen. B. iii. p. 631 (1848); Degl. 
Om. Bur. ii. p.&488 (1849); Peiehenb. Natatores, pi. 10, nos. 5350 
(1850); Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. p. 194 (1851) ; Haraourt, 

P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 [Madeira]; Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 283 
(1852); Kjterhott. Damn. Fugle, p. 404, pi. li B, Suppl. pi. 34 
(1852); Waiters, N. Hist B. Irel. p. 224 (1853); Sundev. Svensk. 
Fogl. pi. 53. fiff. 4 (1856); Newberry, Pep. B.rpl Surv. vi. pt. iv. 
p. 110 (1857) [California and Oregon]; Jaubert ty Lapomm. Pick. 
Orn. p. 412 (1859); Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 167 [Bellot Straits, 
Arctic America]; Peinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 14 [Greenland]; Fitz. 
Atl Nat., Fog. fig. 340 (1864); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 43 
(1865); Degl # Gerbe, Orn. Burop. ii. p. 590 (1867); Sc/tl Mus. 
Pai/s-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 30 (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 457 
rPortugal]; CoIIett, Vitl Selsk. Fork. Christ. 1868, p. 191 ; Droste, 
"J.f.O. 1869, p. 349 [Faroes]; Tumb. B. B. Pennsylvania, p. 49 
(1869); Fritsch, Nat. Tog. Buropa's, p. 498 (1870), Atl pi. 60. 
figs. 4, 5 (1871); G. P. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 92 (1871); Gray, 
B. West. Scotl p. 411 (1871); Fritsch, J. f. O. 3872, p. 377 
[Bohemia]; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 349 [Sardinia]; Danf. $ 
Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 433 [Transylvania]; Potoley, Orn. Misc. i. 
p. 125 (1876); Palmen, J.f.O. 1876, p. 64 [Finland]; Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 166 (1877) [Poland]; Dresser, B. Bur. viii. 
p. 609, pi. 626 (1880) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 221 [Italy]; Irby, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander]; Hartl. J. f. 0. 188*3, p. 283 
[Alaska]; Saunders, ed. YarreU, Brit. B. iv. p. 96 (1885); Seebolmi, 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 402 (1885); Dalla Torrefy Tschusi, Omis, 
1885, p. m7, 1887, p. 349, 1888, Suppl. p. 334, 1890, p. 264 
[Austro-Hungary]; Liitken, Omis, 1885, p. 144 [Denmark]; 
Tsehusi, Omis, 1886, p. 174 [local names]; Gigl Avif. Ital. 
p. 446 (1886); Booth, Bough Notes, iii. pt. xiv. (1887); Salvail 
Hoc. Ital p. 298 (1887); Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 400 [Portugal]; 
Grondal, Omis, 1887, pp. 589, 59(5 [Iceland: local name]; 
Saunders, III Man. Brit. B. p. 693 (1889); Gigl. Avif. Ital i 
Great 
VOL. xxvi, 

C0T.YMBIDJ3. 

498 

X«nvll, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 320 (1843); Knox, Zoologist, (2) iv. 
p, 1S03 (1809) [habits]. w ^ _ . . _ r n™ 
L'lmbrim divs Mora du Nord, D'^«torf. ^ JS?il]X. pi. D4 [no. 9o2, ; 
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 258, pi. xxii. (lj 81). 
ImWr Dher, PefimnttArct. Zool.h.V.ol8 (I<85);Lath. Gen. 6yn. 

iii. pt. ii. p. 840 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 87 (1824). 
Northern Diver, Pennant, Arct Zool ii. p. 518 (l/6o); Zrfta. Gen. 
fyn. iii. pt. ii. p. 377 (1785); 2& Gen. Hist. x. p. 84 (1^4;. 
MerViw facialis, itowwrf. JW . Encycl MetJt. i. p. 70, pi. 19. fig. 1 
(171)0 f 
Mei'gus immer, Jfc»m<tf. M/ . JSfc^A Meth. i. p. 72 (1790). 
Urinatorgtocialis,i^c4p. # Daudin,inBuff. Hist. Nat. (38mo Didot), 

Qwtfr. xiv. p. 311, Ow. x\i. p. 179, pi. 14 (1799); Schaloic7J.f.O. 
1895, p. 461 [W. Greenland]. 

Uriuator immer. Lacep. % Baudin, in Buff. Hist. Nat. (18mo Didot), 
Quadr. xiv. p. 310,Ois. xvi. p. 171 (1799); Stefn. P. U.S. Naf. 
Mas. v. p. 43 (1882); Buird, Bieio. # Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. 

ii. p. 446(1884). 
Cepphus torquatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 340 (1811). 
Cepphus iinber, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 344 (I811)._ 
Colymbus hyemalis, Brehn, Lehrb. Bur. Tog. ii. p. 883 (1824) ; 
id. Handh" Fog. JDeutschl. p. 972 (1831). 
Colymbus maximus, Brehm, Handb. Yog. DeutscM. p. 971 (3831). 
Loon or Great Northern Diver, Nidt.Man. Orn. p. 513 (1844). 
Eudvtes glacialis, Natmi. Nut. Yog. Deutsehl xii. p. 397, pi. £27 

(1844) j Ban, etc. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 341 [Germany]. 
Colymbus glacialis, var. torqiuatus, Ridgic. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, x. 

p. 392 (1874) [Illinois], 
Colymbus adambi, Babbington {nee G. R. Gray), B. Suffolk^ p. 24»>, 
pi vii. (1886). 
Colymbus arclicus, Slater & Carter, Ibis, 1880, p. 51 TXortli Iceland]. 
Urinator iinber, A. O. U. Cheek-l. p. 75 (1886); Evermann, Auk, iii. 

p. 88 (1886) [Ventura Co, Cal.]; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 147 (1880) 
[W. Manitoba]; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 184 (1877) 'W. Texas"; 
Ridgic. Man. N. Am. B. p. 7 (1887); Nelson, Rej>. N. H. Alas&t, 
p. 35 (1887); Warren, B. Pennsijl p. 3 (1888) ; Merrill, Auk, v. 
p. 140 (1888) [Oregon]; Chapman, Auk, v. p. 268 (1888) 'Florida! ; 
Bmrm. AziJc, v, p. 845 (1888) {"Indiana"]: Seolt, Auk,\. p. 373 
MQOQ\ rr3„li? ~-<? VI.* *J„1 . T) J. A. .7? _ nr*/\ nn n ,-, «-v ^ 

Auk, viii. p. 55 (1891) [S. Carolina];' MacFarh P* U,& Natl 
Mm. xiv. p. 416 (1891) [Arctic America] ; Hatch, B. Minnesota 

p. 10 (1892); Maekay, Auk, ix. p. 292 (1892) [migration": 
Mcllwraith, B. Ontario, ed. 2, p. 30 (1894); Merrill Auk, xfr 
p. 354 (1897) [Idaho]. ' 
Gavia imber, Allen, Auk, xiv. p. 312 (1897); Grirmelh Auk, xv 
p. 124 (1898) [Sitka]. ' J 
Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy black, all 
the feathers truncate and ornamented with twin pairs of quadrate 
white spots, which are largest on the scapulars ; wing-coverts, lower 
back, rump, sides, and flanks like the back, but the white spots are 
rounded aud much smaller. Head and neck black, with a purplish 
shade on the crown, changing into dull green on the sides of the head 

1 . COLYMBUS. 499 
and upper part of the neck; sides and fore part of the base of the 
neck purplish blue, or dark greenish blue* base of hind-neck purplish 
bronze; across the base of the throat a band of black feathers 
margined on either side with white, and a similar but larger band on 
each side of the neck, forming a collar, interrupted on the back and 
front of the neck; sides of the chest and breast black with some 
greenish gloss, and streaked with white; rest of underparts pure 
white, with the exception of a band of feathers across the vent, and 
the longer under tail-coverts, which are mostly deep sooty brown ; 
quills and tail-feathers brownish black, with a slight greenish gloss. 
Tail composed of 20 feathers. Iris reddish ; bill blackish horn, the 
cutting-edges and tip light bluish horn ; legs blackish, lighter on 
the inner side. Total length about 30-32 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 3*1-3*5, wing 13*9-14*5, tail 2*8-2*9, tarsus 
3*4-3*65, outer toe and claw 4*5-4-9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage, General colour above dark 
brown, each feather margined with ash-grey : head and neck brown, 
with a slight greenish gloss, merging into white on the throat and 
fore-neck ; wing-coverts, sides, and flanks like the back ; a band of 
feathers across the vent, and the longer under tail-coverts mostly 
brown ; rest of the underparts pure white ; quills and tail-feathers 
brownish black, the former glossed with bronze. 

Nestling. Head, neck, upper parts, and sides deep sooty-brown, 
paler on the throat and fore-neck; chest and underparts pure 
white. 

Young very similar to the adult in winter plumage, but the bill 
is much shorter. 

Hub. Northern parts of North America ; ranging east to Greenland, 
Iceland, the Farce Islands, and North-western Europe, and 
west to the Asiatic shores of Bering Straits ; south in winter to 
California, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mediterranean. 

a. Ad. sk. North Europe, summer. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Great Britain, summer. Old Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Pembrokeshire, autumn. Kev. A. Morgan [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Cornwall, summer. Montagu Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Devonshire, winter. Montagu Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Cley, Norfolk, winter. Purchased. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Greenland, June. Hume Coll. 
V. $ ad. sk. Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, Dr. E. Bowdler 
June 1. Sharpe [P.]. 
7c. $ ad. sk. Fredericsbaab, S. Greenland, Col. H. W. Feilden 
June 3 (P. Mutter). [P.J. 
/, m. <S J ad. sk. Nanortalik, S. Greenland, Hargitt Coll. 
June, July (22. Mnller). 

n. Ad. sk. North America, summer. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o, p. Ad. sk. et North America, summer & Hudson Bay Co. 
' sk. winter. [P.]. ^ 

q. Ad. sk. North America, summer. Hardwicke Bequest, 
r Ad.sk. North America, summer. Sir John Franklin 
[p.]. 
2 K 2 

COLYMBIDJS. 

s. 
Imm. sk. N oi th America. Lord Odo Ruv^ell 
[P.]. 
t. 
Ad. sk. Canada, summer. Government of 
Canada [P.]. 
u. 
Imm. sk. New Brunswick (H. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dresner). 
v. 
Imm. sk. Locust Gro\e, New Ycrk, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. (C. H. Merriam). 
w. 
Pull. sk. Adirondack*., N. Y., July 16 Salvin-Godman C ill. 
(C.H.M). 
x. 
y. 6 ad. et Bis; Moose Lake, N. Y., April-Salvin-Godman Coll 
pull. sk. July (C.H. 3/.). 
z-a'. 
Ad. sk. Lake Ontario, spring & C. J. Phelips, E*q. 
summer. [P.]. 

V. 
$ ad. sk. New IIa\en, Connecticut, Salvin-Godman Coil. 
April 23 (C.I1. M.). 
c. <5 ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Jan. 6 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W.E. I). Scot 11 
d\ $ imm. sk. Corpus Chriyti, Texa^, Nov. 6 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
e\ Ad. sk. California, summer. J. H. Gurnev, E*q. 
[P.]. 
f'.g'. 6 ? ad.sk. Monterey, California, April, Mr. Alvin Seale [C.]. 
June. 
ti,i'.6% ad.sk. West side Rocky Mts., J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
summer. 
/c'. cJ ad. sk. Fort Simpson, summer. B. R. Ross, Esq. 
!?•]• 

Vancouver Lland. 

I'-n. Ad. et 
Mr. Wood [P.]. 

imm. sk. 
o', p'. Skeletons. 
q'. Imm. skeleNorth 
Europe. 

ton. 
r'. Skull. 
s'-v'. Sterna. 

4. Col5ruil3iLS adamsi 
Colymbus hiemalis, Wieym. {nee Brelim) Arch. Naturg. 1836, 

p. 200. 
Colymbus glacialis, Middendorff (nee Linn.), Sihir. Reise, ii. pt. ii. 
p. 238 (1851); ? Heugl J.f.O. 1872, p. 123 [Nowa Zemha; 
Waigats]. 
Colymbus adamsi, 
G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 167 [Bering Straits" ; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 18-39, p. 206 [Suffolk coast] ; Sminhoe, Ibis, 1861, 

p. 268 [Amovl; Cones, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 227; Ross, Nat. 
Hist. Rev. 1862, p. 289 [Mackenzie R.; Gt. Slave Lake]; Elliot, 
B. N. Amer. ii. p. Ixiii (1869); G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 92 
(1871); Finseh, Abh. Nat. Ver, Bremen, hi. p. 72 (1872); Stein-
hoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 146 THakodadi] ; Blakist. § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 211 [Yezo]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 161 [Yenesay Valley! ; 
Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 55 (1881); Tacz. Bull Soc. 
Z. Fr. viii. p. 345 (1883) [Karnscbatka]; Nelson, Cruise { CorwinJ 
p. 114 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32 [Hakodadi]; Merriam, 
Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885) [Point Barrow, Alaska^: migration]; Seebohm, 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 405 (1885); id. Zoologist, (3) ix. p. 144 
(1885); Saunders, III Man. Brit. B. p. 695(1889) ; Seebohm, B. Jap. 
p 362 (1890^1; Ridgw. Ibis, 1890, p. 129; Pearson $ Bidwell, Ibis, 
1 . COLYMBUS. 501 
1894, p. 228 [N. Norway]; Collett, Ibis. 1894, p. 269, pi. viii. 
[Norway]; Dresser, B. Eur. ix. Suppl. p. 413, pi. 722 (189C); 
Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit. iv. p. 182, pi. 113 (1897) ; Pearson, 
Ibis, 1898, p. 204 [Novaya Zemlya]. 

Colymbus glacialis, var. adamsii, Sivinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322 
[Sea of Ochotsk]. 
Colvmbus torquatus, -var. adamsi, Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 334 
(1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 720 (1874). 
Urinator adamsi, Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mm. v. p. 43 (1882); Baird, 

Breio. £ Bidgio. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 450 (1884); Stejn. 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 14 (1885) [Commander Is.], p. 313 
rKamschatka]; A. O. U. Check-!, p. 75 (1886); Ridgw. Man. 

X. Am. B. p. 7 (1887); Townsend, Auk, iv. p. 12 (1837) [N. 
Alaska]; Nelson, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 36 (1887); MaeFarl 
P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 416 (1891) [Arctic America]. 
Colymbiis torquatus adamsi, Cones, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 790 
(1884). 
Colymbus glacialis adamsi, Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb. v. p. 145 (1894). 
Gavia adamsi, Alien, Auk, xiv. p. 812 (1897). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to C. glacialis, but at once 
distinguished by the bill, which is much stouter and of a yellowish 
or whitish colour, shadiug into dusky towards the base; the culmen 
is, moreover, almost perfectly straight from the forehead to the tip, 
and the angle of the genys is sharply defined, whereas in C. glacialis 
the culmen is distinctly curved downward and the angle of the genys is 
inconspicuous ; the feathers on the throat and upper part of the fore-
neck are purplish, like the base of the neck, instead of dark green, 
and the white edges to the feathers forming the band across the 
throat are rather wider and longer: otherwise this species is perfectly 
similar to C. glacialis. Tail composed of 18 feathers. Total length 
about 32 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 3-4-3*7, wing 
14-4-14-9, tail 2-6, tarsus 3*3-34, outer toe and claw 4-5-4-9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to C. glacialis, but at 
once distinguished by the shape and whitish colour of the bill. 
The immature resembles the adult in non-breeding plumage, but 
the bill is shorter. 

Hob. Northern parts of North America and Asia as far west as 
Novaya Zemlya, ranging south in winter to Japan, and occasionally 
to Norway and the British Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. [North America.] Old Coll. 
b. £ ad. sk. Fort Simpson, summer. B. R.
[P.]. 
Ross, Esq. 
c. Ad. head. Fort Simpson, summer (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JETardisty). 
d. Ad. sk. Arctic coast, east of Fort Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Anderson, summer (i2. B. 
Macfarlane). 
e. Ad.sk. Alaska, summer {Adams). II.M.S. 'Enterprise.' 
(Type of the species.) 
/ . Ad. sk. Kotzebue Sound, summer Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{E. W. Nelson). 
g, h. S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Feb 20 (Henson). Seebohm Coll. 
i. 2 imm. sk. Hakodadi, Jan. 2o (Ilen^on). Tweeddale Coll. 

PODICIPEDIDJE. 

502 

Family II. PODICIPEDID^E * 

Supraorbital grooves feebly developed or absent; lachrymal free ; 
dorsal vertebrae 1-4 fused; no spina externa or interna ; ventral and 
dorsal lips of eoraeoid groove strongly developed; metasternum 
notched, not projecting beyond the level of the free ends of the 
posterior lateral process; post-ilia meeting in the mid-dorsal line 
above the neural spines of the synsacrum ; tibial bridge tendinous ; 
patella large, vertically elongated (W. P. Pycraft). Sterno-tracheal 
muscles asymmetrical (IT. Gadow). Ambiens, femoro-caudal, and 
accessory semitendinosus absent (A. H. Garrod). Left carotid 
only present (A. H. Garrod). 12 meta-carpo-digital remiges. 
Hallux raised above the level of the other toes, which are provided 
with wide lateral lobes united at the base. Tail vestigial. 

Key to the Genera. 

A. 
Secondary - quills equal to or not much 
shorter than the primaries; metatarsus considerably 
shorter than the middle toe and 
claw. 
a. 
Oilmen moderately curved downwaid 
toward the tip, or nearly straight; 
leathers of forehead normal 1. PODICIPES, p. ZQ2, 
I. 
Culmen strongly cuived downward towards 
the tip ; feathers of forehead bristly... . 3. PODILYMBUS, 
B. 
Secondary-quills short, the longest about "p. 553. 
equal to the ninth or tenth primary; metatarsus 
equal to or very little shorter than 
the middle toe and claw ; culmen very long [p. 540. 
and pointed 2. JECHMOPHOBCS, 
1. 
PODICIPES. 
Type. 
Colymbus [Bris&wi, Orn. vi. p. 83 (1760)] ; IUiger, 
Prodromus, p. 281 (1811) P. cristatus. 
Podieeps, Lath. Suppl Gen. Syn. p. 294 (1787) .. P. cristatus. 
Dytes, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 41 (1829) P. auritus. 
Pedetaithya, Kaup, Nat Syst p. 44 (1829) P. griseigena. 
Proctopus, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 49 (1829) P. rjisiieollis. 
Lophaitlryia, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 72 (1829) ...... P. cristatus. 

* The following works refer to the anatomy, etc., of the group :—ISltzsch 
Pteiyl., Engl. ed.p. 152, pi. x. fig. 12(18(57); Evton, Osteol. Ay. p. 214, pi. 2 L, 
pi. ad. fig. 1 (1867); Garrod. P. Z .8.1873, p. 470 [left carotid only is present in 
P. cristatus and P. minor), pp. 629, 642 [muscles], 1875, pp. 343, 348 [plantar 
tendons]; Gulliver, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488 [red blood-corpuscles]; Nathusius, 
J. f. 0. 1882, p298 [egg-shell] ; Sundevall, Ibis, 1886, pp. 400,425, 457 fwinffl • 
Becldard, P. Z. S. 1890, pp. 430-442 [general remarks]; Shufeldt, J. Anat 
187xi

?J&8, XX^'aP?-169~> Pls--& *"• (1890), xxvi. pp. 198-203; Beddard, Ibis, 
18*M, p. 6b [remarks on maxillo-palatine in P. cornutusl * id. P Z S 1896 

Shufeldt, Ibis, 1898, pp. 46-51 [terrestrial attitudes]. ' J 7 

1 . PODICIPES. 
503 
Type. 
Dasyptilus, Swains, Class. B. ii. p. 369 (1837) P. polioeephalus. 
Polioeephalus, Selby, Cat. Gen. fy Subgen. Types 

Aues, p. 47 (1840) P. polioeephalus. 
Pedeaithyia, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 632 (1846); 
id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 93 (1871) P. griseigena. 
Lophaethvia, Agassiz, No?nen. ZooL, Index Universalis, 
p.'620 (1848) P. cristatus. 
^ Tachybaptus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. pi. ii. (1849); id. 
Nat. Syst. Tog. p. iii (1852; P. fluviatilis. 

- Otodytes, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. Vog. p. iii (1852) . . P. nigricollis. 
- Rollandia, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856) P. rollandi. 
Centropelma, Sclater §* Salvin, Bxotic Orn. ii. p. 189 
"~ (1869) '. P. micropterus. 
^ Colymbetes, Heine in HeinefyReiehenoio, Nomencl. 

Slus. Hein. p. 364 (1890) P. polioeephalus 
^ Calipareus, Bonap. 1855; fide Gray, Hand-l. iii. 

p. 94 (1871) 
P. calipareus, 
Culmen short, fairly Jong, or long, somewhat curved downward 
toward the tip, straight, or slightly upturned. Feathers on forehead 
normal. Secondaries equal to, or not much shorter than the 
primary quills. Metatarsus considerably shorter than the middle toe 
and claw. 

Range. Throughout the world. 

Key to the Species in breeding-'plumage. 

I. 
Size small: culmen from feathers on forehead 
to tip less than 1 inch ; wing less than 
5 inches; outer toe and claw not exceeding 
2 inches. 
A. 
With no long hair-like feathers on the sides 
of the head or ear-coverts. 
a. 
Lower part of throat and fore-neck 
chestnut. 
d. 
Crown and nape dark brown like the 
forehead; general colour above brownish 
black. 
a". Primaries ash-brown ; outer webs 
of secondaries ash-brown, inner 
webs mostly white. 


a3. Chestnut on sides of head not 
extending to hinder margin of 
eye, but divided by a wide blackish 
tract; underparts mostly 
black fluviatilis, p. 507. 

P. 
Chestnut on sides of head extending 
to hinder margin of eye. 
&4. Chin, upper part of throat, and 
feathers below the eye blackish ; 
underparts mostly silvery white, philippemis, p. 511. 

bA 

. Chin blackish, upper part of 
throat and feathers below the 
eye deep chestnut, like the rest 
of the fore-neck ; underparts 
mostly black tricolor) p. 517. 

POEICIPEDID-U. 

504 

b". Basal half of inner primaries mostly 
white; secondaries white, the terminal 
part of the outer web often 
margined with ash-brown ....... .

b'. Forehead and fore part of crown black, 
hind part of crown and nape chestnut; 
general colour of upper parts white 
with dark shaft-stripes

b. Chin and throat as well as the upper part 
of the fore-neck white; a chestnut patch 
on each side of the nape
c. Chin and throat black, shading into dark 
smoky brown on the fore-neck; a deep 
chestnut band down each side of the 
neck, commencing behind the eye..... .
d. 
Chin and throat black, fore-neck as wellas the sides of the head and neck uniform 
grey •
B. 
"With long hair-like feathers on each side of 
the head. 
e. Feathers on the head, especially along the 
sides of the crown, with dark bases and 
elongate white hair-like tips; ear-eoverte 
not white; breast and underparts silvery 
white, 
c'. Chest washed with pale rufous-buff; 
inner primaries and secondaries almost 
pure white

d\ Chest chestnut ; inner primaries and 
secondaries widely tipped with dark 
brown

/ . 
Feathers of the sides of the crown elongate, 
with white base and black tips; 
ear-coverts pure white; breast and 
underparts vinaceous rufous

II. 
Size somewhat larger: culmeu from feathers 
on forehead to tip 0*6-1*3 inches; wing 4*65*
9*; outer toe and claw 2*1-2*6. 
C. Breast and belly chestnut; head 
and neck 
black; ear-coverts white ; long feathers on 
sides of head white with black tips
D. Breast and belly silvery white. 
g. Fore-neck and chest chestnut; head and 
conspicuous ruff round neck blackish; 
a wide rufous-buff band on each side of 
tne crown

.. * • •

h. Fore-neck black. 
e. 
Elongate feathers on the sides of the 
crown and ear-coverts chestnut, contrasting 
with the golden superciliary 
plumes; inner primaries pure white..
f. 
Elongate feathers on the sides of the 
crown and ear-coverts golden straw, 
capensis, p. 518. 

albescens, p. 518. 

pelzelni, p. 518. 

 nova ftollandia, 

 [p. 519. 
domimeus, p. 520. 
pdmcephalus, p, &>•?. 
rufipeetusf p. 523. 

americanus9 p. 524. 

roUandi7 p. 526. 

auriim, p. 5i>7. 

nigncdlh, p. 5S2 

* More than 5 inches long except hi JP. tacsmowskii. 
1. PODICIPES. 
505 
slightly tinned with rufous, scarcely 
contrasting with the superciliary 
plumes ; inner primaries ash-brown .. californicus, p. 535. 

i. 
Fore-neck white. 
g'. Wing about 5-3 inches; culmen 0*60*
8 ; outer toe and claw "2'2. 
c". Forehead and crown pale mouse-
brown ; elongate plumes on sides of 
head and ear-coverts golden straw. calipareus, p. 536. 

d". Forehead and crown ash; elongate 
plumes on sides of head and ear-
coverts ash with a slight golden 
tinge juninensis, p. 538. 

h'. 
Wing about 4*6 inches; culmen 1*151*
3; outer toe and claw 245 ; forehead 
and crown dark ash ; elongate 
plumes on head and sides of ear-
coverts darK ash taczanowskii, p. 538. 

III. 
Size largest: culmen from feathers on forehead 
to tip 1-4-2*4 inches; wing 4*5-8*3*; 
outer toe and claw 2 8-3*2. 
E. Humeral feathers dark brown. 
A\ Breast and belly dull vinaceous rufous, 
tipped with silvery; fore-neck white; 
wing 4-5-4*6 inches micropterus, p. 538. 

/. 
Breast and belly silvery white; fore-neck 
chestnut. 
i'. Size smaller: culmen 1*4-1-7 inches; 
wing 6*3-7*2 ; outer toe and claw 2*8 . griseiyena, p. 539. 
k'. Size larger: culmen 1-7-2-4 inches; 
wing 7*2-8*3 ; outer toe and claw 3*2. holboelli, p. 542. 

F. 
Humeral feathers nearly pure white; lesser 
wing-coverts forming a wide white band 
along the edge of the wing; a full long 
occipital crest; upper neck surrounded by 
a conspicuous hood oistatus, p. 544. 
Key to tlie Species in non-breeding plumage. 

I. 
Size small: culmen from feathers on forehead 
to tip less than 1 inch; wing less than 5; 
outer toe and claw not exceeding 2. 
A. 
Sides of head and ear-coverts whitish, buff 
or dusky; never streaked. 
a. 
Primaries ash-brown; outer webs of secondaries 
ash-brown, inner webs mostly \ fiutiatilis^ p. 507. 
white I fpMippensis, p. 511. 
b. 
Basal half or more of the inner primaries f capensi*, p. 513. 
white, tips ash-brown; outer secondaries | %albescens7 p. 518. 
white, the terminal part of the outer web^ \pelzelni, p. 518. 
often margined, sometimes widely, with | novte Jiollanolice, 
ash-brown l_ [p. 519. 
* More than 6 inches long except in P. micropterus. 
f P. tricolor apparently does not assume a non-breeding plumage, the chestnut 
throat and neck and the black breast being found throughout the year. 
J P. albescens and P. pclzelni have not been examined in non-breeding 
plumage. 

PODICIPEDIDJE. 

c. 
Inner primaries with at lea&t the basal 
part of the outer web ash-brown ; the 
inner web and tip white; secondaries 
white, washed with ash-brown on the 
outer web

d. 
Inner primaries and outer secondaries pure 
white, with generally a very small brown 
or ash-coloured spot near the tip of the 
outer web
e. 
Inner primaries and outer secondaries 
white, rather widely tipped on both 
webs with dark ash-brown, extending 
further towards the base on the outer 
web p ...
B. 
Sides of head and ear-coverts white with 
dark brown tips, producing a streaked 
appearance
II. 
Size somewhat larger: culnien from feathers 
on forehead to tip 0*6-1-3; wing 4*6-5*9 f; 
outer toe and claw 2-1-2*6. 
C. 
Sides of head and ear-coverts white, with 
blackish tips, producing a striated appearance
D. 
Sides of head and ear-coverts golden, buff 
or dusky, never streaked. 
f. Inner primary quills pure white
g. 
Inner primary quills ash, sometimes narrowly 
tipped with white. 
a'. Forehead, crown, occiput, and nape 
uniform brownish black. 
a". Terminal half of the culnien nearly 
straight and slightly tilted upward * 
wing 4'9-5*35 inches ..... .

b". Culnien slightly curved downward 
toward the tip; wing 5'Q5~0'9 
inches ,

b'. Forehead and crown mouse- browm or 
ash, contrasting strongly with the 
sooty-black occiput and nape. 

c". 
Wing 5*2-5*5 inches* culnien 0*60-
8; outer toe and claw 2-2. 
a3. Forehead and crown mouse-brown,

W. Forehead and crown ash ,
d". 
Wing about 4*6 inches; culmen 1*31*
5,* outer toe and claw 2*45

III. 
Size largest: culmen from feathers on forehead 
to tip 1-4-2*4 inches; wing 4*5-8*3% ; 
outer toe and claw 2*8-3*2. 
E. Humeral feathers dark brown. 
h. 
Wing 4*5-4*6 inches: least wing-coverts 
brown, like the rest of the wing 
dominionsj p. 520. 

poliocephalus, p. 522. 

*ruJipecUt*, p. 52:). 

america/ius, p. 524. 

*rollaadi\ p. 526. 

iiigricoilis, p. oZ"2. 

 calif or aicus, p. 535. 

auritus, p. 527. 

calipareus, p. 538. 
ju?ii?iensi$7 p. 538. 

taczanowskii p. d:J8. 

micropterus, p. 538. 

* P. rufipectus and P. rollandi have not been examined in non-breedinoplumage. 
° 
t More than 5 inches long except in P. faczonowslii. 
\ More than 6 inches long except in P. micropterus 

1. PODJCiPES. 
507 
/. Wing 6-3-8*3 inches: lea-t wing-coverts 
white, forming a band along the edge of 
the wing widest towards its base. 


c'. Size smaller: culmen 1"4~1*7 inches; 
wing 6*3-7*2 ; outer toe and claw 2-8 griseigena, p. 539. 
d!'. Size larger: culmen 1*7-2*4 inches; 
wing 7*2-8*3 ; outer toe and claw 3*2^ holboelli, p. 542. 

F. 
Humeral feathers nearly pure white; lesser 
wing-coverts forming a wide white band 
along the edge of the wing eristatus, p. 544. 
1. Podicipes fluviatilis. 
La Grebe de riviere on le Castagneux, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 59 (1760). 
La Grebe de riviere noirastre, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 02 (1760). 
Colunbus atiritus, y, Linn. S. N. i. p. 223 (1706). 
Little Grebe, Pennant, Brit. Zool. ii. p. 398 (1768) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. 


iii. pt i. p. 2S9 (1785); Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 29 (1824). 
Colvmbus iluviatilis, Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. 3 (1771). 
Le Castagneux, D1 Anient. PL EnL ix. pi. 49 [no. 905]; Buff. Hist. 
2sat. Ok. viii. p. 244, pi. xx. (1781). 
f Colvmbus pvrenaieus, Lapeirouse, K. Vet. Akad. Kya Handl. iii. 

p. il l (1782). 
Black-chin Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 292 (1785): id. Gen. 
I&*.x.p. 31 (1824). 
Podiceps minutus, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 294 (1787); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 18S2, p. 309 [Japan]. 
Podiceps hebridalis, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 295 (1787). 
Colvmbus minor, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 591 (1788); Bonnat. TabL 

Encyl. Meth. i. p. 57, pi. 46. fig. 5 (1790) ; Naum. Nat. Voq. 
Deutschl ix. p. 785, pi. 247 (1838); Ban, etc. J.f. 0.1877, p. 341 
[Germany]. 

Col\ mbus liebridicus, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 594 (1788) ; Bonnat. 
TabL Eneijcl. Meth. i. p. 58 (1790). 

Podiceps 
minor, Lath. hid. Orn. ii/ p. 784 (1790); Meyer fy Wolf, 
Taschenb. ii. p. 436 (1810); Temm. Man. aV Orn. p. 471 (1815); 
YieilL N. Diet oVHist. Nat. xiii. p. 441 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 
ed. ii. pt. ii. p. 727 (1820) ; Steph. in Shaitfs Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. 

p. 13, pi. 2 (1826); Werner, Atl. Ois. dEur. Ord. 14, pi. 11 (1828); 
Selby, Brit. Orn. ii. p. 401, pi. ixxv. fig. 2 only (1833) ; Nilss. Skand. 
Faun. ii. p. 494 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 392 (1837) ; Komer, 
Skand. Fogl. p. 22, pi. 60. fig. 6 (1839-46); Sehinz, Europ. Faun. 
i. p. 355 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 234 (1840); Benoit. 
Om. Sicil. p. 172 (1840); Demid. Voy. Puss. Mtrid. iii. p. 305 
(1840); Cara, Orn. Sard. p. 166 (1842) ; Bouteille, Om. Dauphine, 
ii. p. 229, pi. 59. fig. 5 (1843); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 134 
(1844); G. P. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 151 (1844) [nee spec. £-m]; 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1846); Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 507 
(1849); Peichenb. Natatores, pi. 11. nos. 79-85 (1850); Thomps. 
Nat. Hist Irel. iii. p. 190 (1851); Kjmrboll. Danm. Fugle, p. 403, 
pi. xxxix. (1852); Waiters, N. Hist B. Irel. p. 221 (1853); Sundev. 
Svensk. Fogl. pi. 54. fig. 7 (1856); Jaubert § Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 
p. 498 (1859) ; Sakin, Ibis, 1859, p. 364 [Zana] ; Tristram, Ibis, 
1860, p. 82 [N. Sahara], p. 159 [Lake HalloulaJ: Poioys, Ibis, 1860, 
p. 349 [Epirus] ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit v. pi. 42 (1862); Tristram, 
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 [Palestine]; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 157 
rMalta]; More, Ibis} 1865, p. 448 [Gt. Britain]; Schl. 3Ius. Pays
508 rODlCIPEDlDJE. 

Baa, vi. Uriuat. p. 43 (1867) [part]; Smitli, Ibis, IStte, p. 4o7 
[Portugal]; Collett, Fid. Selsk. Fork. Christ 1868, p. 190; Droste, 
J f. 0.1869, p. 349 [Faroes]; Ehces $ Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p 341 
[Turkey]; Fritsch, Not. Fog. Europah, p. 505 (1870), Atl. pi. 61. 
Hers 12^ 13 (J 871); Goebel, J.f. 0.1871, p. 151 [S. JRu&sia^, ;-R. Gray, 

B. West Scotl. p. 409 (1871); G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. in. p. &4 
(1871) • Fritsch, J.f 0.1872, p. 378 [Bohemia]; Severtz. Tiirhest. 
Jevotnie, p. 69 (1873) ; id. J.f 0. 1873, p. 340 [Tian-shan_, 1875, 
p. 186; Broolce, Ibis, 1873, p. 349 [Sardinia" : Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, 
p. 221 (1875) ; Danf $ Frozen, Ibis, 1875, p. 434 "Transylvania ; 
Falmen,J.f 0. 1876, p. % [Finland]; Jesse, Ibis, 187«?_p. ByB 
[Corsica]; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 413; Liebe, J f O. 1^7*>, p. h"> 
[E. Hungary] ; Rudolf, J.f 0. 1879, p. 83 J>on~; Setbokm, Ui\ 
1882, p. 232 [Astrakan], 1883, p. 36 "Caucasus"1: Badde, Orn. 
Caxicas. p. 491 (1884) ; Liitfon, Omis, 188o, p. 143 Denmark : 
Seebohm, Hist Brit B. iii. p. 468 (1885); Dalla-Torre 4* 3MW, 
Omis, 1885, p. 556 [Austro-Hungarv], 1887, p. 346,1888, p. 3-30, 
& Suppl. p. 331, 1890, p. 262 : Booth, Bough Kates, ill pt. x. 
(1886); Tschusi, Omis, 1886, p. 174 [local narae&] ; Meyer fy 
Helm, Zeit. yes. Orn. iv. p. 398 (1887); Radde Sr Walter, 
Omis, 1889, p. 128 [Transcaspia] ; Seelohn, B. Jap. p. 307 (1890*; 
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 83 [Incubation lasts 20-24 dajs ; Lilford, 
Col. Fig. Brit B. pt. xx. (1891) ; Gdtke, Heligoland, Engl ed. 
p. 587 (1895). 
Podiceps hebridicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 785 (1790). 
Colymbus erythrocephalus, Hermann, Observ. Zool i. p. Ir>l (1804). 
Colyumbus (sic) minutus, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. &>5 (l>5llj. 
Podiceps pygmseus, Brehm, Handb. Voy. Deidschl. p. 966 f 13*31). 
Little Grebe or Dabchick, Nutt Man. Orn. p. 257 (1834; "Hudson's 
Bay!]; Yarrell, Hist Brit B. iii. p. 316 (1843). 
Sylbeocyclus europseus, Macqill Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 205 {1842J & 

2nd ed. ii. p. 205 (1846); V<£ Brit. B. v. p. 276 (1852). 
Podiceps palhdus, Brehm, Vogelfany, p. 403 (1855). 
Podiceps miviatilis, Deyl. St Gerbe, Orn. Furop. ii. p. 587 (1867); 

Dresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 659, pi. 633 (1880) ; Tristr. Sun. W. 
Palest p. 139 (1884); Saunders, ed. Yarrell, Brit. B. iv. p.137(18851; 
Gigl. Avif. ltd. p. 455 (1886) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 400 "Portugal]; 
Gigl. Avif Ital i. p. 669 (1889), ii. p 659 (1890), iii. p. 515 (1HM); 
Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 [E. Prussia] ; Reiser', Orn. Balcanica, ii. 

p. 204 (1894), iv. p. 148 (1896). 
Podiceps philippensis, Sivinhoe (nee Bonnat), Ibis, 1875, p. 4TAi 
[S. Yezo]; Blakist $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 211 [Japan! 
Sylbeocyclus minor, Tacz.Bull. Soe. Z. Fr. ii. p 166 (1877) [Poland! 
Tacbybaptes fluviatilis, Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 46 t Corsica ; 
Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 255 [Morocco]; Satead. Ucc. Ital p. 302 (18^7); 
Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 214 [Cyprus]. 
Podicipes fluviatilis, Saunders, III. Man. Brit B. p. 709 (1889); 
Newton, Ibis, 1889, p. 577 [babits of nestling]: Sharpe, Handb. 

B. Gr. Brit iv. p. 207 (1897). 
Podiceps nigricans, Stejn. F. U.S. Nat Mm. xv. p. 290 (1892). 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Forehead, lores, crown, and hind-
neck dark brown with a dull oil-green gloss; cheeks, chin, and 
throat sooty-black with a slight gloss; sides of head and rest of 
neck rich chestnut; upper parts brownish black with some gloss; 
sides of lower back and rump mostly pale chestnut or chestnufc-buff; 
chest brownish black; rest of undcrparts similar, but more or less 

1. P0D1CIPE8. 509 
mixed with silvery white, especially towards the middle of the 
"body; primaries brown; outermost secondaries brown, white on 
the basal two-thirds of the inner web; median and inner secondaries 
with the inner web and tip and often (in old birds ?) the basal part 
of the outer web white; under wing-coverts pure white; tuft of 
hairy feathers forming the vestigial tail mostly black. Iris reddish 
brown ; upper and lower mandible blackish, pale horn at the tip ; 
naked skin round the gape and at the base of the lower mandible 
yellow, in front of the eye blackish; feet slate-grey; outer side 
of metatarsus and soles blackish. Total length about 9-5 inches, 
culmen from feathers on forehead O65-0*8, wing 3*7-4, tarsus 
1*3-1*4, outer toe and claw 1 "8-1*9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Forehead, crown, back of the 
neck, and upper parts dark brown, very slightly glossed; cheeks, 
sides of the head and neck, base of fore-neck and chest dull brownish 
buff, rather darker below the eye and on the ear-coverts ; chin and 
throat pure white; rest of underparts silvery white, shading into 
brownish buff on the sides and flanks, and dark smoky-grey on the 
lower belly; plumage otherwise similar to the adult in breeding-
plumage. Basal half of the cutting-edge of the upper mandible and 
greater part of the lower mandible yellowish. 

Xestling in down. General colour black; breast and belly pure 
white; forehead shining silvery grey ; the head, neck, and back with 
longitudinal stripes of pale rufous, inclining to whitish behind the 
eye and on the throat. 

As the bird becomes older the down on the head and neck becomes 
beautifully patterned with brownish-black and silvery-white markings 
and stripes, and at the same time the upper parts change to dark 
brown with longitudinal stripes of dull rufous white. 

A half-grown bird obtained on the 25th of September resembles 
the adult in winter plumage, but the black-and-white pattern on 
the cheeks and sides of the head are still conspicuous; these 
markings, however, gradually disappear, and by the month of January 
the young bird is not to be distinguished from its parent in winter 
plumage; the bill being equally developed and the plumage absolutely 
similar. 

In most immature birds the brown on the outer webs of the inner 

secondaries extends beyond the shaft on to the inner web. 

In the beginning of February the bill becomes black like that 
of the bird in summer plumage; at the same time the chestnut 
feathers on the sides of the head and neck begin to make their 
appearance, while apparently simultaneously some of the white 
winter feathers of the throat become tinged with pale chestnut. 

By April the summer plumage of the head and neck is nearly 

complete, though a certain number of pale feathers are still inter


mixed with the plumage of the throat, sides of the head and neck. 

At this period the black feathers of the chest and underparts begin 

to make their ap earance. These are mostly the result of moult, 

and are complete by the beginning of May, when tho bird has 

assumed the full breeding-plumage. 

510 
PODICIPEDID3). 

Japanese birds in full breeding-plumage are practically similar to 
European examples. It is true they 'have rather less black on the 
throat and behind the eye, and that the underparts are somewhat 
more mixed with white; but these differences are very slight— 
merely a matter of degree. 

Chinese, Forniosan, and Philippine examples have the black on 
the throat still more reduced, the chestnut on the sides of the head 
extending to the eye, and the underparts still more mixed with white. 
I regard these as a fairly distinct subspecies. 

From Morocco, Fogaras in S.E, Hungary, and Albistan in Asia 
Minor, as well as from the Tigris and Euphrates, the Museum 
possesses examples intermediate between the typical European and 
the Afro-Indian forms, the white on the secondaries being much 
developed. From Tenasserim, Lower Burma, and Luzon there are 
intermediate examples between the Chinese and Afro-Indian forms. 

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, ranging westward into Central 
Asia; Japan. 

a} b. 2 ad. sk. Loch na Shanisli, near InHargitt 
Coll. 

verness, June {E. K.). 
c-e. cJ ad. et pull. st. Great Britain. J. Gould, Esq. [P.l. 
/. J imm. sk. Alnwick, Northumberland, W. E. de Win ton, 

Jan. 
Esq. "R]. 

g. $ ad. sk. Norfolk, Nov. \Gunn). 
J. H. Gumey, Esq. 
h, $ ad. sk. Norwich, Oct. J. H. Gurnev, Esq. 

i, k cS 2 ad. sk. Merton, May. Lord Wa Isi nsrha m 

/. S imm. sk. Gt. Yarmouth, Nov. 21 Seebohm Coll. 

(G. Smith). 
m, n. Ad. sk. Leicestershire. Theodore Walker, 
Esq. T.J. 


o. <$ imm. sk. Walberswick, Suffolk, 
Seebohm Coll. 

l\ov. 21 (Tyler). 

p. 
2 ad- sk. Bushey, Hertfordshire, Purchased. 
summer. 
q-u. Ad., juv. et Thames Valley, April 26. Gould Coll. 
pull. sk. 


v. Ad. sk. Chelsea. Montagu Coll. 
w, x. (J ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, Oct. 10 Tweeddale Coll. 
(W.Briggs). 
y, z- 6 2 ad. sk. Cookham, Aug1. (W.Briggs). Hume Coll. 
a'. $ ad. sk. Marlow, July 21. Gould Coll. 
b'-d'. Ad. et juv. Romney Marsh, Sept.-Dec. Dr. R. Bowdler 

sk. J 
Sharpe [P.]. 

Worthing, Sussex, Dec. 2 Hargitt Coll." 

e\ 2 *•&- sk. 

(E.S.).

f. Ad. sk. Avington, Hants, May. E. Shelley, Esq. [P.". 
>V< 6 2 ad. et Avington, Feb., May, Dec. Dr. R / Bowdler 
imm. sk. Sharpe f"PA 

q\ Ad. sk, Devonshire. 

Montagu Coif. 
r'. Ad. sk. River Dart, Devonshire. C. Coningham, Esq. 
[P.]. * 

/ . Ad. sk. Havre, France, Oct. (V. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Pfaehe). 

1. PODICIPES. 511 
t'. 3 ad. sir. Arcachon, S. France (E. Seehohm Coll. 

V. Seebohm). 
u'. Ad. sk. Morocco. Tweeddale Coll. 
0 . $ ad. sk. Tuscany, Italy, Oct. Seebohm Coll. 
w'., Ad. sk. Carlsruhe, Germany, Dec. Tweeddale Coll. 
(R. G. TV. JR.). " 
.r'. c? ad. sk. 31 linden, Hanover, April 1. E. Hartert, Esq. [P.]. 
y\ z . Ad. et imm. Xr. Tienna, Austria. Dr. R. Dowdier 
sk. Sharpe [P.]. 
a" ,b". 2 i^m. et Fopraras, Hungary, Sept., Hungarian National 
juv. sk.* Oct. Museum [E.]. 
c".. $ ad. sk. Lake Huheh, Palestine. Canon H. B. Tristram 
[p.]. 
d",e". £ % ad.sk.* Albistan, Asia Minor, Seebohm Coll. 
March 7 (C. G. Danford). 

'? y". (S 2 &&-s^** River Tigris ( Commander India Museum [P.]. r Jcmes). 
h" -A-". 6 2 ad.sk* Valley of the Euphrates India Museum [P.J. 

(Jones). 
i",. Ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 
m'". Ad. fck. Yezo (T. Blakiston). Tweeddale Coll. 
ri '. Juv. sk. S. Yezo, Sept. (T. BJ). Seebohm Coll. 
o"-x". Ad., imm. Yokohama {H. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 

et itiY. sk. 
y" '. Ad. sk. Yokohama (JET. Jones). Seebohm Coll. 
. Ad. sk. Shimosa, Jan, Capt. T. Blakiston 

a*,b*. 8 2 ad. sk. Nagasaki, Dec. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
c\ . d ad. sk. Usuki, Nov. 15. Seebohm Coll. 

<P. Skeleton. Great Britain. Zool. Soc. Coll. 
<?>.,f. <$ $ skeletons. Tring, Hertfordshire, May. Hon. Walter Rothschild 
[P.]. 
9r -&\ Sterna. 

Subsp. a. Podicipes philippensis. 

Castagneux des Philippines, J&Aubeni. PL JBnl. ix. pi. 50 [no. 945] j 

Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 246 (1781). 
Little Grebe, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 290 (1785). 
Colvmbus minor, ft Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 591 (1788). 
Podiceps minor, var. ft Lath. 2nd. Orn, ii. p. 784 (1790) ; Vieill. N. 

Diet d'JSist. Nat xiii. p. 445 (1817). 
Colvmbus philippensis, Bonnat. Tail. JEneycl. Jfleth. i. p. 58, pi. 46. 
fig. 3 (1790). 
Colvmbus philippic us, Lacep. 8f Daudin, in Buff. Mist. Nat. (18mo, 
jDidot), Quadr. xiv. p. 312, Ow. xvi. p. 102 (1799). 

Podiceps philippensis, Stejph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 16 
(1820) [part; Philippines] ; G. JR. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1846); 
Blyth fr Wold. Cat. Mamm. $ B. Barm. p. 166 (1849) [Arrakan; 
Tounghu]; Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 67 [China], 1870, p. 366 [Hainan]; 

Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 245 (1875) [Luzon] ; David $ Oustal Ois. 
Chine, p. 512 (1877); Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 436 [Yangtse-kiang]. 
Podiceps noctivagus, Temm. Tabl. Meth. JPl Col. i. p. 100 (1839). 

* An immature female from Fo|raras, Hungary, a female from Albistan, and 
two examples from the Tigris and Euphrates have the white on the secondary-
quills much developed: and are intermediate between the European and Afro-
Indian birds. These are probably hybrid*. 
512 
P0DIC1PED1DJ]. 

Podiceps minor, Swinhoe (nee Gmel.), P. Z. S. I860, p. 322 rChina; 
Foimosa]; id. Ibis, 18(33, p. 433, I860, p. 541 [Formosa] ; i£P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 415 [Hainan]; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 331, 510 [Lower 
Yangtse]. 

Tachybaptes fluviatilis, La Tonche (nee Tunst.), Ibis, 1892, p. 503 
[Foochow & Swatow]. 
Tachybaptes philippinenas, Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 472 [N. Luzon]. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Differs from P. Jhiviatilis in having 
the rufous of the face continued right up to the eye and over the 
greater part of the throat, leaving only the chin and a bmall portion 
of the upper throat blackish; breast and abdomen mostly silvery-
white and but slightly mottled with blackish ; the inner secondaries 
with the inner web and tip white and the rest of the outer web 

brown. Iris straw-yellow; bill black, whitish at the tip; naked 
skin at the base of the bill and between the rami of the mandible 
pale greenish yellow7; legs blaclish grey, with a slight tinge of 

green (R. Swinhoe). 
Adult in winter plumage. Is similar to P. jiuviaiilis, but differs in 
the greater amount of white in the primaries. 
Hab. South China, ranging south to Burma, Formosa, Philippine 
Islands, Hainan, and Borneo. 

a. Inim. sk.Burm 
BurmBurma
aa (Eaughton).(Haughton). Tweeddale Coll. 
b. (S ad. sk.*Tounghu 
TounghuTounghu,
,, Jul 
JulJuly
yy 3 
33 (R. 
(R.(R. G. 
G.G. Tweeddale Coll. 
Wardlaw Ramsay). 
c,d. d S ad. sk.* Lower Pegu, May. E.W.Oates.Esu T.]. 

<?,/. ? ad. sk.* Thamban,Thatone, Nov., Hume Coll.
Dec. (W. Damson). 

g. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
h~l. Ad. et imni. sk. Amoy, China, Jan., Nov. Seebohm Coll. 
(R. S.). 
m. Ad. sk. Canton. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
w. 
5 ad. sk. Yangtse Paver, Feb. Capt. T. Blakibton 
rP.1. 
(Maitland Heriot). 

0. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r,s. 2 ad. etimm.sk. 
t Ad. sk. 
Pa-chow, Ichang, Dec. 
Hankow, autumn (R. S.). 
Hankow, autumn (R. &). 
Kiukiang, April, Oct. 
Kiu-kiang, Oct. (F. W. 
E:A;Pratt,Esq.]C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
F.W.Styan,Esq.[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
w. <$ ad. sk. 
v. 2 ad-sk. 
u\ Ad. sk. 
Sty an). 
Ningpo Lake. 
Chekiang (R. S.). 
Formosa. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
F. W. Styan, E«,q. 
x. Ad. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
z. a'. Juv. sk. 
Formosa, summer (R. S.). 
S.W. Formosa (22. &\). 
Mt. Data, Lepanto, N.W. 
Luzon, Jan. 13 (J. W.). 
[P.]. * 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Subscribers to the 
Whitehead Exped. 
b', c'. Ad. sk.* Laguna de Bai, Luzon 
[p.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

* An adult male from Tounghu, two adult females in breeding-plumage 
from Lower Pegu and Thatone respectively, and an adult in full breeding-
plumage from Luzon, have the while on the secondary-quills much developed. 
These are apparently hybrids between the Indian and Chinese forms. 
I . PODICIPJSS. 
513 
<2'. O ad. sk. Laguna de Bai, Jan. IS. A. II. Everett Esq. 
[C.]. 
^—h\ g J ad. sk. Lapruna de Bai. Steere Coll. 
^*~r* c? ad.; 6 ? Guimaras, Jan. («/*. 2?. 6'.). Steere Coll. 
juv. sk. 
wi'. I mm. sk. Labtian, N. Borneo, Dec. A. PL Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 

2. Podicipes capensis. (Plates TIL & Till.*) 
Indian Grebe, La*h. Gen. Mist. x. p. 29 (1824). 

Podiceps 
philippen^, Syhes (nee Bonnnt.), P. Z. S. 1832, p. 170 
[Decern-: G. R. Gray, Cat. Ilodgh. ed. i. p. 147 (1846); Sunder. 
Ann. Mag. N. II. xix. p. 2S2 (18-47) [CVcutta]; Layard, Ann. 
Mag. X. H. (2) xiv. p. 270 (1^54); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510 
[Gashmere Sz Punjab ; Irk/, Ibis, 1861, p. 251 TOudh & Kumaon]; 
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 822 (1864); i?MOT, Ibis, 1868, p. 403 [N. W. 
India"7; G. R. Gray, Hand-L B. iii p. 94 (1871); Holdsio. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 480 [Ceylon"7; Legge, Ibi*, 1874,p. 407 [S. Ceylon]; Anders. 

B. W. Yunnan, p. 702 (1878): Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 101 [Gilgit\ 
Podiceps minor, var. pandubia, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. -p. 86 
(1844); id. Icon. ined. no. 008. 
Podiceps minor, Rupp. (nee GrneL) Toy. N.O.-Afr. p. 138 (1845) 
[Coast of Abyssinia]; Hntgl, Vdg. X.O.-Afr. p. 08 (1856); Hart/. 
Syst. Orn. W.-Afr.]>. 249 (1857); Heuyl. Ibis, 1859, p. 348 [Suez]; 
id. in Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1861, p. 28 [Abyssinian coavfc; Suez]; 

p. oil [Lake Jamie h, E<rypt]; Rartl. Orn. Madagasc. p. 83 
(1861); Gumey, Urn, 18*5:2, p. 153 jXatal]; Verr.in Maillard, 
Notes Reunion, Annexe A, p. 4 (1862); Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, 
p. 90 [Angola] ; Ayres, Ibis, 1809, p. 303 [Transvaal]; Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 374 (1867); Finsch $ Rartl. Vdg. Osi-Afr. p. 811 
(1870);" Blanf. Zool Abyss, p. 440 (1870) [Lake A&hangi] ; Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 314 (1872); Gumey, ed. Anderss. B. Damaral. p. 347 
(1872); Shelley $ Bicckl. Ibis, 1872, p.293 [Accra]; Hume, Nests 
§ Eggs hid. B. p. 646 (1873) ; Renders. $* Hume, Lahore to Yarh. 
p. 298 (1873) [Cashmere]; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. p. 1363 
(1873); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 214 [Potchefstroom]; Butler. 
Cat B'. Sind, p. 77 (1879); Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 271 [Transvaal] \ 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 529 (1881); Sharpe in dates' Matabeleland, 
p. 328 (1881); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 602 [Pangani]; Holub # 
Pefa. Beitr. Orn. S.~Afr. p. 331 (1882); Sharpens ed. Layard, B. 
S. Afr. j). 787 (1884); Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 138 [Central 
India] ; Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 351 [Transvaal!; Menzbier, Ibis, 
1885, p. 358 [farim R.] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 fFao]. 
Podiceps capensis, Licht. Nomencl. p. 104 (1854) [South Africa]: 

G. R. Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 94 (1871); Salmd. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 252 (1884) [Shoa]; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p 307 
[Lake Jipi] ; Salmd. Mem. Accad. Torino, (2) xliv. p. 564(1894) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1896, p. 241 [Lake SMrwa]. 
Tachybaptus capensis, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856), xliii. p. 640 
(1856). 
Oolymbus minor, Fiseh. fy Reichenoiv, J. f. O. 1878, p. 247 [Zanzibar] 
; Reichenoiv, J. f. O. 1889, p. 264 [East Africa]. 

*• The Plates VII. & VIIL, which were prepared some years ago for 
I>r- Sharpe, respectively bear the names Tachjbaptes capensis and T. albipenmX 

YOX. XXYI. 
2 L 

PODICIPEDID^K. 

514 

Podiceps fluviatilis, Legqe (nee Tunst.),B. Ceylon, iiL p. 1059 (1880); 
Sadly, Ibis, 1881, p. 593 [Gilgit]; Szainh. Ibis, 1882, p. 12o 
[Oandaharl 

Tucliylmptos iluviatilis, Oates, B. Burmah, ii p. 441 (18*3); id. ed. 
Hume's Nests $ Eggs, iii. p. 401 (1890); Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 4/8 
[Lake- Shirwal 

Podiceps fluviatilis capensis, Shelley, fins, 1885, p. 418 [Sonialiland]. 
Taehjbaptes minor, St John (nee Gmel), Iks, 1889, p. 180 [S. 
Afghanistan & Kelat]. 
Colyrobus fluviatilis, Beiche?io?o, J.f.O. 1890, p. 107 [Cameroons]; 
iff. Vdg. Deiftseh-O.-Afr. p. 17 (1894). 
Podiceps minor, Sharpe, Second York. Miss,, Aves, p. 148 (1891) ; 
Jesse, Ibis, 1897, p. 562 [Lueknow]. 
Tachybaptea capensis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xx. p. IT (1894); id. 
Ibis, 1895, p. 139; id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 515 [W. Somaliland]. 
Tachybaptes albipennis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xx. p. ir (1894); id. 

Ibis, 1895, p. 139 [Peninsula of India]. 
Podicipes capensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1897, p. 517 [Zululandj. 
Podicipes albipennis, Blanf. Faun. Brit. Ind. iv. p. 475 (1898). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Differs from P. minor in having the 
basal portion of the primaries and almost the entire webs of the 
secondary quills white with white shafts. In mohfc examples there 
is a more or less distinct brown band on the sub terminal margin of 
the outer web, but in some (the most adult?) most of the secondary 
quills are entirely white. The rufous on the sides of the head 
extends to beneath the eye, and the black is confined to the fore 
part of the cheeks, chin, and upper part of throat; the breast and 
belly are shining white, more or less mixed with blackish. Iris 
yellowish hazel, deep raw sienna or amber; upper mandible dusky 
black, base and lower mandible orange; legs and feet black 

(F. Oates). 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to P. minor, but at once 
distinguished by the amount of wfhite on the basal part of the 
primaries and on the secondaries. 
Hob. Madagascar and Africa; across South-western Asia to 
India, Burma, and Ceylon. 

a. Imm. sk. Fantee, W. Africa (Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
k Ad. sk. Accra, May (J. Smith). Shelley Coll. 
<\ Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esc. 
rcq. 
d. <J ad. sk. Lake Tchitina, TJpp. Eiver Shelley Coll. 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad.sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h, %. Ad. sk.
A-m. 6* 2-ad. sk.
Quillon, Congo, Sept. 3 
(Dr. Lucari). 
S. Africa. 
S. Africa (Capt. Spiller). 
S. Africa. 
Kingwilliamstown. 
Natal (T. Ayres). 
J. Rocke, Esq. rp.i 
Gould Coll. ""* 
Sir A. Smith [PA 
Lieut. Anstev fP1 
Tweeddale doll 
n. Ad.sk. Natal. j . H. Gurney/Esq. 
[P.]. " * 
4). Ad. sk. Pretoria, Tmmvaal(Pratt). Dr. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 

1. PODIOirBSe 
515 
P* 2 ad. sk. 
&9 >*• d 2 ad. et 

inim. sk. 
*• 2 ad.sk. 
%* Juv. sk. 
««. Ad.sk. 
*>-&'. tf S ad. et 

juv. sk. 
«'. Ad.sk. 
<^% e'. Ad. sk. 


/*. Ad. sk. 
.</. d ad. sk. 
^' . Ad.sk. 


*'. Imm. sk. 
f > &'. d" ad. sk. 
2'-5 ad.sk 
*»'. Ad. sk. 
«' . c? imm. sk. 
o'—u'. <$ 5 ad. sk. 
i?'. ^ ad. sk. 
ID* . $ ad. sk. 

A*% t/\ Ad. sk. 

ssr a". Ad. sk. 

&f'-d". S ? ad.sk. 
«",/". Ad.sk. 
*5r'\ Ad.sk. 
%T\ d ad. sk. 

3*%&".Ad,etiHmi. 
sk. 
^r'. $ ad. sk. 

w/\ 2 ad. sk. 
*n,"y o\ Ad. sk. 


JK>". Ad. sk. 

#•". 2 ad-sk« 

*/•"-2 ad. sk. 
sft-u". d ? adsk. 


Pot chefstro oui. 

Potckefstroora, July, Aug, 

(T. Ay res). 
Tamasancha,Matabeleland, 
Dec. 10 ( F. Oaten). 
Tchahana Vley, May (F. 0.). 

Xyasaland. 

Lake Shirwa, Xyasaland, 

May (A Whyie). 
Madagascar. 
Central Madagascar. 
Betsileo. 
Anjouan I., Comoro Group. 
Pangaai River (Sir J. 


KirJi). 
Zanzibar (E, C. Buxton), 
Machako3, Brit. E. Africa, 


May, Sept. 
Lamu, Sapt. 20. 


Somali-land. 

Gedais Wells, Somaliland, 
March 11. 
Angolala, Slioa, May (Sir 


W. C. Harris). 
Senafe, Abyssinia, April 13 

(W.Jesse). 

Lake Ashangi, Abyssinia, 
8000 feet, Mayl. 
Fao,Persian Gulf, April 11. 


Baghdad, Persia. 

Kandahar, March. 
Kashgar (Dr. Belleio)* 
India. 
Cashmere, June (G. Hen


derson). 
Cashmere (Dr. Betieio). 

Cashmere. 


Cashmere. 
Woolar Lake, Cashmere. 


Srinaggur, Aug. 1 (JF. Stoliczha). 


Srinaggur, 5,000 feet, 

May 13. 
Jhelum River, Mar. 17. 
North-West India. 

F. 
A. Barratt, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. 
II. Garney, Esq. 
[P.]. 
W.E.&C.G.Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

W. E. 
& 0. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Alfred Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Sir II. H. Johnston 
[P.]. 
Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Per. J. Shaw [C.]. 
Purchased. 
Shelley Coll. 


Shelley Coll. 
Dr. S. L. Hinde [P.]. 


P. 
J. Jackson, Esq. 
[pj. 
E. iiort Phillips, Esq. 
TO.]. 
E.Lort Phillips, Esq. 
[C.]. 
India Museum [P.], 

Tweeddale Coll. 

W. T. Blanford. 
Esq. 
[C.]. 
W.D. Cumming, Esq. 
Kenneth Loftus, Esq. 

[p.j. 
Colonel Swinhoe[P.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Hardwicke Bequest. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P.]. 

Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

E. M. Langworthy, 
Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 

J. Biddulph, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Dr. Aitchison [P.]. 
Capt. Stackhouse 

Pinwill [P.]. 
2x, 2 


516 

v". 2 ad. sk. 
w"-b\ ^?ad.et 

pull. sk. 
e\ Ad. sk. 
d3, e\ 2 ad. sk. 
f\ ? ad. sk. 

g\ Ad. sk. 

h\ Ad. sk. 
i\ Ad. sk. 

P. Ad. sk. 
Z3, m\ d 2 ad. sk. 
n3. Juv. sk. 
o\ c? ad. sk. 
p3. Ad. sk. 
f, rjj^i. sk. 

^-w3. Acl. et 
iinm. sk. 
r3. § imm. sk. 

w*-bK Ad. sk. 
c\ Pull. sk. 

<?1. 2 ad. sk. 

e4. Ad. sk. 
f, g4. Ad. sk. 

^4. Ad. sk. 
i\ Ad. sk. 

k\ Ad. sk. 

£44

, m. Ad. sk. 

n*. Ad. sk. 
oi. Ad. sk. 
2?4, <7l. Ad. sk. 
r4. Ad. sk. 

s4. <$ ad. sk. 
^-M1. Ad. sk. 
t;4. c? ad. sk. 

wl. Ad, sk. 

A-4. Ad. sk. 
y\ Ad. sk. 
z*~a5. <$ 2ad- sk-

PODICIPEDIME. 

Oodypur, Feb. 20. 
Sairibkur, Aug.-Dec. (B. 

M. Adam)." 
West coa^t of India. 
Deccan ($yl:es). 
Depalpur, near Mhow, 

Jan. 7. 
Matteran;Xov. (8. B. Fair-

bank). 
Mysore, Feb. 26. 
Ceylon (II XcviUe). 
Putlam, W. Ceylon, July 

15 (S. Chapman). 
Madras 
Saugor ( W. T. Hooper). 
Calcutta. 
Calcutta, Dec. 
Behar. 

Oudh, Nov., Dec, Jan. 

Kheri Dist., Guclii, Jan. 25 

(A. Anderson). 
Eta^ah, Dec. 
Delhi, Sept. 28 (C. T. 
Bingham). 
Kumaon Terai, March (J. 
^Biddulph). 

Nepal. 
Nepal. 

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Nepal Valley, Sept 11 {J. 
Sadly). 

Sikhim. 
NatiTe Sikhim. Nov. (L, 
Mandelli). 

Darjiling'. 
Miri Hills. 
Assam (McClelland). 
"Upper A^am. 


Manipur, Feb. 25 (A. 0. H.). 
Manipur. 
Momien, Yunan, 5,500 ft., 


June 5. 
Karen-nee, Jan. (R. G. 

Wardlaic Ramsay). 
ToungJra (R. G. TV. J?.). 
Near .Rangoon. 
Thamban, That one, Nov. SO 

(TV. Damon). 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum "P.". 
Colonel Swinhoe~P.~, 


Seebohm Coll 


Fliw Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweedrlalp Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
India Mu-eum "P.". 
E.Bhth, E-q. T~. 


Hume Coll. 


B. H. Ilodovnn, E-o, 
[P.: l 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

B. II. IIods>on, E^i 
India Museum P. . 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll, 

India Museum [P.". 

r-rodvs in- Austeii Coll. 

India Museum "P.". 
Dr. B. Buwdler" 

Shaipe yr. 
Hume Coll. 
Godwin-Austen Coll. 
Dr. J. Ander>on "P.]. 

Twteddale Coll 

TWddaie Coll. 
Hume Cull, 
Hume C< 11. 

1. PODiCIPES. 
517 
3. Podicipes tricolor. 
Podiceps (Svlbeocvclus) tricolor. G. II. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 366 
[Ternate]." 
Podiceps tricolor, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 36 [Bouru, Moluccas], 

p. 487 [Flores; Timor] ; G. II. Gray, Iland-L B. iii. p. 91 (1871); 
Vordefm. Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xlvi. p. 222 [Borneo]; Salvad. 
Ann. Mm. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 670 ("1879) [Kel; xviii. p. 411 
(1882); id. Ora. Pap. iii. p. 470 (1882); Blasius, J. f. 0. 1883, 

p. 140 "Celebes] ; Everett, J. Mr. Br. As. Soc. xx. p. 212 (1889) 
fBanjarmasinVA^/7*w7z, J. f. 0. 1894, p. 161 [Batjan]; Meyer 
$ Wiylesw. J.f. 0. 1&94, p. 253 [Sanghir & Talaut Is.]. 
Podiceps minor, var. tricolor, Briigg. Abk. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. 

p. 98 (1876) [Celebes]. 
Podiceps 
minor, Walden {nee Gmel.), Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 105 (1872) 
"Celebes]; Hose/lb. Malay. Arch. p. 279 [Celebes], p. 324 [Cerani], 

p. 373 [Aru ; Ke[, p. 404 [Ternate] (1878-79) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, 
p. 145 Celebes]. 
Adult iii hreedhvj-i>litmarje. Host nearly allied to typical P. fluvial 
din, the general colour of the upper parts being black and the 
chest and rest of underparts dark smoky-black slightly mixed with 
silvery white. As in P. ijliUi^jjeasis^ the dark patch on the chin 
barely extends on to the upper part of the throat; the chestnut on 
the neck and sides of the head extends to behind the eye, but the 
secondaries are brown with only the basal part of the inner web 
white. Bill black, base of lower mandible lemon-yellow, this colour 
extending up towards the eye {A. II. Wallace). Total length about 
9%3 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 0*85-~0"9, wing 4-4-2, 
tarsus 1*4, outer toe and claw 1*8. 

The British Museum does not possess any examples of this species 
in winter plumage. Two adult birds shot on the 11th May and 
23rd November respectively are similar to one another, both being 
in fully adult plumage. In the bird shot in November several of 
the chestnut feathers of the sides of the head and neck are being 
replaced, not by white winter plumage, but by chestnut, while 
many new feathers of the upper part of the chest are dark smoky-
black, like the old plumage of the rest of the underparts. 

I am thus led to the belief that P. tricolor does not assume a 
winter or non-breeding plumage like the rest of its allies. 
Ilah. Borneo, Celebes, Sanghir, Moluccas, Ternate, Batjan, N.W. 
New Guinea, Bouru, Ceram, Ke, Aru, Flores, and Timor. 

h. 2 ad. sk. Lake Wakolo, Bouru, Nov. 23. , Dr.H.O.Forbes [PA 
a. Ad. sk. 
b. 2 ad. sk. 
Flores (A. JR. TV.). 
Tondano Lake, Celebes, 
2000 feet, Oct. 
Wallace Coll. 
C. Hose, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d, e. Ad. sk. 
/. 2 ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
Menado, N. Celebes. 
Ternate {A. B. W.). 
Ternate, May 11 (Bernstein). 
Bouru {A. It. Jfr.). 
Gould Coll. 
Wallace Coll. (Type 
of the species.) 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

2*. Ad. sk. Timor. 
Wallace Coll. 

h. cS ad.sk. East Timor. Wallace Coll. 
PODICIPEDIDJS. 

518 

4. Podicipes albescens. 
Podiceps albescens, Mandelli MS.,fde Blanf. Sir. R v. p. 486 (1877) 
[Native Sikhim]; Blanf. Faun. Brit. Ltd., Birds, iv. p. 476 (1896), 

Adult in breediny-plumage. General colour above white; forehead, 
fore-part of the crown, chin, throat, and cheeks blackish; hind 
part of the head and nape, as well as the fore-neck, rich chestmd; 
feathers of the tipper back and scapulars with dark-brown shaft-
streaks ; wing-coverts -uniform white; primaries ash-brown, whitish 
towards the"" base, especially on the innermost• secondaries white, 
with dark shafts, the two or three outermost blotched with the 
same colour towards the extremity; numerals white, with the inner 
web mostly ash; rest of nnderparts pure shining white. Total 
length about 7*5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 0*75^ 
wing 3*7, tarsus 1*25, outer toe and claw 1*75. 

Hub. rTative Sikhim. 

a. Ad. sk Native Sikhim, Xorth India, Hume Coll. (Type 
Feb. (L. Mandelli). of the species.) 
5. Podicipes pelzelni. 

Podiceps pelzelnii,Haril. Orn. Madagasc. p. 83 (1801) ".Madagascar]; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1803, p. ICo; Itoclt $ E. XiKion, Ibis. IStttJ, p. 17o • 
Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 4G0; Schley. ^-Pollen, Rock. Madayatc. pt. ii 
pp. 151, 160, pi. xL (1808): G mud id. Rev. Mag. Zool. 1SC8, 

p. G; Sharpe, P. Z. & IbT'J. p. SCO: Bartletf, P: Z. S. 187% 
p. 778. 
Podiceps minor, var. pelzelni, O rand id. Mist. Madagmc.^ Oh. p. 710 
pis. cclxxvi.-vii. (18&3). 
Tackybaptes fluviatilis pelzelni, Silree, Ibisf 1892, p. "273. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper parts 
dark sooty-brown; forehead, top of the head, and back of the neck 
nearly black and slightly glossed vdth greenish; chin, throat, and 
cheeks pure white, shading into dull whitish biown on the base 
of the fore-neck; a chestnut patch on each side of the neck, commencing 
behind the ear-coverts and extending along the sides of the 
hind-neck for about two-thirds of its length; sides of lower back 
and rump pure white, some of the lateral feathers tinged with 
rufous; upper part of chest, sides, flanks, and lower belly sooty-

brown ; rest of nnderparts pure white; primaries brown, with the 
basal part especially of the inner web white, the amount of white 
gradually increasing so that the eleventh quill is white with a 
brown extremity ; secondaries white, with a broad brown band on 
the margin of the outer web, and a brown subtenninal blotch on 
the inner web of some or most of the quills; " iris dark brown ,y 

(0. Metier). Total length about 9-5 incnes, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 0*85-0*95, wing 4-4*25, tarsus 1*4, outer toe and 
claw 1*7. 
Hah. Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk, S.E. Madagascar. A. Crossley, Esq. ("0.1 
b. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev. J. Shaw [O.j. 
c* Skeleton, Madagascar, April 13, Dr. Forsyth Major [P.]. 
1 . PODICIPUS. 
519 
6. Podicipes uovse hollan&iae. 
New Holland Grebe, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 33 (1824). 
Podiceps novce hollandiae, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 18 


(18:26) [Australia] ; G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 033 (18-16); id. 
Hand-L B. iii. p. 94 (1871); Ramsay, P. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. ii. 
p. 200 (1877); iii. p. 302 (1878) [Laluki Rirerj; iv. p. 102 (1879)j. 
id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 22 (1888); Forth, Sests $ Lays B. 
Austr. p. 3 i3 (1889). 
Podicep» minor, Selby (nee Gmel), III Brit, Orn. pi. lxxv. fig. 1 
(1833). 

Podiceps gnlaris, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 145 [New South Wales] j. 
id. Syn. B. Austr. pi. fcr. 1 (1837-38); id. B. Afotr. vii. pi. 81 
(1843) j G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 151 (1844); Reichenb. 
Katatores, pi. 13. nus. 758, 759 (1850); G. P. Gray, Cat. B. N. 
Guin. p. 03 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Antfr. ii. p. 513 (1805); 
Ramsay, Ibis, IstJO, p. 335 FPort Denison]; id P. Linn. 8oc. 

y. S. W. i. p. 38Q (1876) ; Halvad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Genov. ix 
p. 40 (1870) [Bioto]; Layard, Ibis, 1877, p. 303, 1878, p. 200, 
1882, p. 537 "New Caledonia]; DA lb. § Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. 
Genov. x\iri. p. 411 (1882) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 461) (1882). 
Tacky bapte* gulaii^, Reichenoto, J.f. 0.1897, p. 210 [King; William's-
Land], 

Adiilt in breeding-plumage. General colour above sooty-black, 
washed with grey on the back and wing-coverts ; forehead, top of 
the head, and back of the neck black, with a slight greenish gloss*. 
chin, throat, cheeks, and upper part of the fore-neck deep black, 
shading into brownish on the basal part; a dark chestnut band on 
each side of the neck, tapering gradually and terminating in a narrow 
point behind the posterior margin of the eye; sides of the 
lower back and rump white more or less tinged with rufous ; 
tipper part of the chest, sides, flanks, and vent more or less 
mixed with smoky-black; rest of the underparts shining white; 
primary-quills brown, with the basal part of both webs white, the 
amount of white gradually increasing so that the eleventh quill has 
the basal two-thirds pure white and the terminal third brown ; the 
outer secondaries are similarly coloured, but the white gradually 
increases, so that on the middle and inner secondaries the brown is 
reduced to a marginal band on the terminal part of the outer web, 
and the remaining parts of the feathers as well as the shafts are 
white. Total length about 9*5 inches, culmen from feathers on 
forehead 0*8-0*9, wing 4*2-4*5, tarsus 1*4, outer toe and claw 1*85. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in having 
the chin, throat, cheeks, sides, and fore-part of the neck white like 
the rest of the underparts. 

Young bird. Has the sides of the head and neck patterned with 
longitudinal stripes of brownish black and white, but is otherwise 
similar to the adult in winter plumage. 

Hub. Java; Australia; New Guinea ; New Caledonia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
I, c. Ad. sk. S. Australia (Capt. Sturt). Gould Coll. 
d. Ad.sk. S.Australia. Capt.Sturt,RN.pP.]. 
PODICIPEDIDJB. 

<?. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Allan Cunningham, 
Esq, [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
//. Ad. sk. 
New South Wales, 
New South Wales. 
Gould Coll. 
Australian Museum 
[p.]. 
h, i. 2 a<*. sk* 
/•, I Ad. sk. 
New South Wales. 
Queensland (J. T. CockHume 
Coll. 
Salyin-Godruan Coll. 
erel!). 
JII, n. J ad. sk. Port Essington, Aug. (J, Tovao-e of H.3I.S. 
B. Jukes). <*Flv.' 
o. J juv. sk N.W. Australia, April. J. B.Elsey, E>q. [P.[. 
j). J imm. sk. Mt. Anderson, Nov. 6 (T. Capt. Bowver Bower 
E. Bowyer Boicer). •p.\ * 
(/, r. Ad. sk. 
.s*. Ad. sk. 
Java. 
Java. 
TweedTdale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
t. Ad. sk. Java. India Museum [P.]. 
if. Ad. [head & S.E. New Guinea (JET. E. Lord Walsingham 
legs]. 
i\ Ad. sk. 
Romilly). 
Balala, *i New Caledonia 
[?•:• 
Seeboiini Coll. 
(JE. L. Layard). 
w. Ad. sk. Ansi Vata, New Caledonia, Seebohm Coll. 
Feb. 2 (P. L. P.). 

7. Podicipes dominions. 
Le Grebe de rhiere de S. Domingue, Brm. Oni. vi. p. 04, pi. v. %. 2 
(1700) [San Domingo]. 

Colymhiis duminicus, i/w?. S. X. i. p. 2*23 (17GO,; Gmel. S. iV. i. 
pt. ii. p. 593 (17*8); Bonuat Tall EucycL Meth. i. p. 57 (1790); 
Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 87 (1^23); 6ft&. m Schontb. Brit. Guiana, 

p. 705 (1848); J>ffM/2. P /. 0.1800, p. 379 TW a Kit a'; -.4. O. U. 
Check-!, p. 74 (1880); ffidgic. Man. X. Urn. B. p."<> (1887); 
Cory, Cat W. hid. B. p. 81 (1892). 
Le Ca&tagnenx de Saint-L)< mingue, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 248 
(1781). 
White-winged Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 291 (1785); til. 
Gen. Eist. x. p. 32 (1824). 

Podicepa 
dominieus, Lath. hid. Dm. ii. p. 785 (1790) ; YiellL A". 
Diet. d'Eist. Xat. xiii. p. 446 (1817); Spic, At. Bras. ii. p. 78, 
pi. 101 (1825); Steph. in Skates Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. I. p. 7 (1&20): 

G. B. Gray, Gem. B. iii. p. 633 (1840); Gosse, B. Jamaua, p. 440, 
pi. cxx. (1847); Beiclumb. Xatatores, pi. 13. no. 748, pi. 111B. 
no. 21)41 (1850); Suite, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 237 [San DomingcT ; Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1857, p. 207 [JalapaJ ; Baird, B. X. Amer. pll xeix. figr. 1 
(1858); Sal tin $ Selater, Ibis, 1800, \\ 278 [Dueiias[ : Taylor, Ihis, 
18()0, p. 317 [Tigre Island, Honduras]; Biirmeist, lime La Plata, 
p. 521 (1861): Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, vii.p. 334 (1801); Marsh, 
P. Acad. Philad. 1804, p. 70 [Jamaica]; Sclat. 4'-Salrin, P. Z. & 
1864, p. 373 [Panama]; Leotand, OU."Trinidad, p. 528 (1866;; 
Bryant, P. Posf. >Sbe. xi. p. 97 (180G); Sehl. Mm. Pays-Bus, vi. 
Urinat. p. 47 (1867); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 [Veragua]; 
Sclat. Sf Sab. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 783 [Mericla] ; Coues, Key X Amer. 
B. p. 337 (1872); id. B. X.-West, p. 730 (1874); Gimdl. J. f. O. 
1875, p. 365 [habits]: Merrill, Ball. Xutt Orn. V. i. p. 88 (1876) 
[Texas!; Cory, B. Bahama Is. p. 222 (1880): Tacz. P. Z. S.1882, 
p. 40 [N.E. Peru!; Iku% Brew, fy BUlyic. Water-B. X. Amer. 
1. PODICIPES. 521 
il. p. 438 (1884); Cory, B. Haiti $ San Domingo, p. 185 (188*5) ; 
id. Aul; v. p. 155 (1888); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 . Cozumel I.] ; 
Cory, B. W. hid. p. 283 (1889). 

Oolymbus dominiceiibis, B'Orb. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 282 (1839); 
Scott, Auk, viii. p. 354 (1891) [Jamaica]. 
Sylbeoeyolus dominicus, Coues, P. Acad. Philad. 1862, p. 232 ; Sclat. $ 
u 8akm, JExof.^ Orn. ii. p. 190 (1869) j Later. Bull. (J.8. Nat Mus. 

iv. p. 5*2 (1870) [Tehuantepee]. 
Tacliybaptus dominicus, Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 [Monte Video]; 
Sclat. %-8ab:in, P. Z. S.1879, p. 548 sr Antiocjuia]; White, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. i ',29 ."Buenos Ayres] ; Zta. 0/72. Perou, iii. p. 495 (1886); 
Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 214 [Argentine Rep.]. 

Tacbybaptes dominicus, Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 405 [Patagonia]; 
Midgic. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 55 (1881); 8dat. $ Hudson, 
Argentine Orn. ii. p. 205 (1889). 

Podicipes dominicus, Coues,Key A'. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 996 (1884); 
Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 343 [Wan Domingo]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above brownisb black 
with a slight greenish gloss; forehead, top of the head, and hind-
neck black with green gloss; chin and throat dull sooty-black; 
sides of the head and rest of the neck ash-grey, shading into 
brownish grey at the base of the fore-neck; sides of the lower back 
and rump, white; chest, sides, and flanks washed with shining 
reddish brown ; breast and belly shining white, more or less mottled 
with dusky; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts dusky; inner 
webs of outer primaries mostly white, the amount of white gradually 
increasing so that the inner primary-quills are white on the 
entire inner webs, sometimes white with a dark shaft-stripe, or even 
pure white in old examples; secondaries white, with a brown band 
on the margin of the outer web; under wing-coverts pure white. 
Iris orange ; bill black, tip whitish ; feet black tinged with 
greyish (6-'. K. Lawrence). Total length about S'5 inches, culmen 
from feathers on forehead 0*8-0*9, wing 3*7-3*85, tarsus 1*15-1*25, 
middle toe and claw 1*6-1*8. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in having 
the top of the bead, neck, and upper parts browner, especially the 
fore-neck and chest; chin and throat white. 

The black throat begins to appear early in May, and the summer 
plumage is generally complete by the beginning of June. 

A quite young bird (Yucatan, Apiil), with the head and neck 
still partially in down, has the general appearance of the adult in 
winter plumage, but the top and sides of the head as well as the 
fore-neck are patterned with black and white much as in the young 
of P. fluvia tilis. 

A young male (Presidio, Mexico, Jan. 16) still shows traces of 
the white markings on the top and sides of the head, but is otherwise 
very similar to the adult in winter plumage * it may generally, 
however, be recognized by having the outer webs of all the primary-
quills brown. 

Hob. Haiti, Jamaica, Cuba, South Texas, Mexico, Central 
America, and South America as far south as Patagonia. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. Imm. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e,f. <S 2 ad. <k. 

g-q. 6 2 ad. sk. 

7\ ($ juv. sk. 

s. 2 a(^. sk. 
t. 
? ad. ,sk. 
u, v. Ad. sk. et st. 
to. Ad. &t. 

x. Ad. &k. 
y. Ad. sk. 
z, of. Ad. sk. 
V. Juv. sk. 
c'-k'. S 2 ad. sk.

V. $ ad. sk. 
m'. Ad. sk. 
rij o'. J ad. sk. 
p'. (S ad. sk. 

q\ r'. Ad. sk. 

s\ 
t'. 2 ad. sk. 

tt\ Ad. sk. 

v\ Ad. sk. 

ID'. Ad. sk. 

x'. 2 ad. sk. 

y'. Ad. sk. 

z'. Ad. sk. 
a". Sternum. 

PODICIPJKDIDJ:. 

Haiti. 
Jamaica. 

 Jamaica. 
San Cristobal; Cuba (G. F. 
Gaumer.). 

Corpus Chrwti, Texas, March 
& Dec. {F. B. Armstrong). 
Brownsville, Texa^, April-May 

{F. B. A.). 
Presidio, We^t Mexico, Jan. 

(A, For rev). 
Tepie,Maj20v W.R.Richard son).
Cocitepec, Vera Ciuz, June 30

(Ferrari-Perez). 

Guatemala. 
Guatemala (summer). 
BetalLuleu, Guatemala. 
Cuban, Vera Paz, Jan. (0. S. j. 
Lake of I)ueiidN7 Guatemala, 


Nov. (O. 8.). 
Buezotz, Yucatan, April (G. F. 

Gaumer). 
Cozumel I., Yucatan (G. F. G.). 
Costa Rica. {Entires). 
San Jose, Costa Pica (J. Car


miol). 
Castillo, Yeracrua (F. Arce). 
Panama (J. MeLeunnan). 

S. America. 
Antic quia, U S. Colombia { 7', 
K. Salmon). 
British Guiana. 


Brazil. 
Baliia, Brazil ( Wucherer). 
Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Sept. 11 


{J. Natterer). 
Cliapada, Matto Gro*so (H. H. 
Smith). 
Eastern Peru {Fan*its). 

Salle Coll. 
Dr. R.BowdlerSharpe 


[p.:. 
Purchased. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Gtdman Coll. 


Sah in-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


 Sah in-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 


Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
SJUin-Guinitn Coll. 
Sah in-Gt d i an Cull. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman ColL 


Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
fcsah in-Godman ColL 


Sah in-Ci odman Coll. 
Sahiu-Godman ColL 
Puielia-ed. 
Sahih-Gi tlman ColL 


J. 
J. Quelch & F. V. 
Mc Connell, Esqrs, 
'P.". 
MI Clausen ~P.]. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 


Salvin-Godman ColL 

Salvin-Godman ColL 

8. Podicipes poliocephalixg. 
Podiceph polioceplialiiN, Jardine 6c Selly, III. Orn. i. p. 13, pi. 13 
(1827) [Australia] j Gould, B. Au<tr. yii. pi. 82 (lfc>43); G. JR. 
Gray, List of B. pt. iii p. 151 (1844); id. Gen, B. iii. p. f 33 
(1840;: Reuhenb. Nat at ore<*, i>L 33. no. 755 (lfc50); SchL Mm. 
Pays-Bas, vi. Uiinal. p. 41 (18(57). 

Podiceps nestor, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 145 [X. S. Wales & Tasmania]; 
id. Syn. B. Austr. pi. fi>. 2 (lb57-58); ReifItenb.Natatoresf 
pi. 13. nos. 753, 754 (1830); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 512 
(18(55) ; G. R. Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 94 (1871): Ramsay, Tab. Lid 
Amtr. B. p. 22 (1888); North, Nests $Fyys B. Austr. p. 347 (1889). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above, including the 

1 . PODIOIPES. 
52% 
nind-neck, ash-brown; sides of lower back and rump white; some of 

the feathers of the back with pale greyish margins; forehead and 

crown brownish black, shading into deep black on the feathers of 

the occiput and nape, which are elongate and form a sort of hood; 

sides of the face, chin, and throat pale brownish white, the feathers 

on the forehead, crown, and sides of the head and throat with long 

white hair-like extremities, longest on the sides of the head; fore-

neck and chest white tinged with rufous ; belly and vent dusky; rest 

of underparts pare white ; the first three or four 
primaries mostly 

ash-brown, the fifth and sixth white tipped with ash-brown; the 

remainder almost pure white; secondaries white, narrowly margined 

with ash-brown towards the tip of the outer margin. Total length 

about 9-5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 0-6-0-8, 

wing 4-3-4*4, tarsus 1*5, outer toe and claw 1*9. 

Adult in noa-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in having 

the top of the head and back of the neck uniform greyish brown; 

the chin, throat, sides and fore part of the neck, as well as the chest, 

white; and the white hair-like filaments on the feathers of the head 

absent or rudimentary. 

Immature birds resemble the adult in non-breeding plumage. 

Hah, Australia and Tasmania. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia, Aug. 1 (L. Chandler), Gould Coll. 
b-cl. Ad. fck. Queensland {J. T, Cochereli). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<°; /. 6 2 ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum 
[p.]. 

a. Ad. sk. Murray R., A ictoria. C. D. E. Fortnum. 
Esq. LP-]h. 
Ad. sk. S. Australia, Dec. Hume Coll. 
i9k. Ad. etimm. S. Australia {J. Gould), Sir Gf. Grey [P.], 
sk. 
/, m. d ? ad. bk. S. Australia. Dr. R. II. Perks [0.]. 


w. Ad. sk. 
Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esu. 
[P.]. 
9. Podicipes rufipectus. 
Podiceps (Poliocephalus) rufipectus, G. B. Gray in Dieffenbach, TravF 
N. Z, App. p. 198 (1843) [New Zealand]. 
Podiceps 
rufipectus, G. JR. Gray, Toy. JErebus § Terror, Birds, 
p 16, pi. 19 (1845); id. Ibis, 18G2, p. 242 [Tairi R., S. Island]; 
Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 [Auckland]; Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. ii. 
pp. 50, 73 (1870); Finsch,J. f. O. 1870, p. 350,1872, p. 261,1874, 
pp. 174, 217; G. B. Gray, IlaiuU. B. iii. p. 94 (1871) : Bidler, B. 
JS\ Zeal. p. 350 (1873); id. Man. B. N. Zeal p. 75 (1882) ; id. B. 

N. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 280 (1888). 
Podiceps 
rufopectus, G. It. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1846) j id. 
List of B. pt. iii. p. 150 (1844) : BeicJienb. Natatores, pi. 13. no. 749 
(1850). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark brownish 
black, with more or less distinct sandy-brown edgings to the feathers 
of the back and scapulars ; sides of the lower back and rump mostly 
white; forehead, crown, and back of the neck black, darkest and 

324 
PODICTPEDID-E. 

somewhat glossed on the occiput and nape; sides 
of the head, chin, 

throat, and upper part of the fore-neck light brown ; the feathers of 

the head with grey hair-like tips, most marked on the sides of the 

crown and throat; base of fore-neck and chest light red; sides and 

flanks brown tinged with rufous; lower belly and rent dusk) ; breast 

and rest of underparts pure white ; outer primary-quills brown with 

the basal part of the inuer web white, the amount or white gradually 

increasing on the inner quills, so ihat the 9th to the 11th feathers 

have the basal two-thirds or more white, and the terminal portion 

brown ; secondaries ver\ similar to the three innermost piimaries, 

but the brown on the outer \^eb extends for some distance down the 

margin. Total length about 11 inches, culmen 
bom feathers on 

iorehead 0*8-0-95, wing 4*6, tarsus 1-6, outer toe and claw 1*9. 

Adult in non-brcedliKj phhuatji. Probably does not differ from the 
adult in breeding plumage. 

A quite young bird has the head and back of the neck daik brown 
with two stripes of white, one commencing above the e\ e, the other 
below, and continued to the nape; the chin and throat "white, base 
of the fore-neck and chest pale dull rtiions-biown; rest of the 
plumage much like that of the adult. 

la an older example the white stripes on the sides of the head, 
chaiaeteristic of immaturity, have disappcaied and the feathers of 
the top of the head have short hair-like whitish tips. 

Ilab. New Zealand. 

jtu Ad. sk. New Zealand. Dr. A. Sinclair ~P.~. 
(Tj pe of the species.) 

b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Gould Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. 
d} e. Ad. efc inim. New Zealand. Colonial Museum, 
sk. Wellington [E.]. 
/. Ad. &k. New Zealand. Dr. II. O. Forbes 

y-i. <$ 2 ad. et Port Couper, East coa&t of S. Capt." Stokes, E.N. 
jiu.sk. Island, New Zealand (F. ^P.\ 
tit range), 

k. Ad. sk. Waimate, East coast of S. Is- Antarctic Expedition 
land. [P.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Tain E.}fcsouth LJand*. Pert} Eaxi, E-q. [C.~. 

m. 
Ad. sk. Otago. Otago University" 
Museum Jt2.~. 
10. Podicipes amerieanus. 
Podiceps amerieanus, Gamot, Toy. Coqidlle, Zool. L p. 599 (1826) 
[Chili; Brazil]; G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. iVM (I&40): Gay, 
Hist Chili, Zool. i. p. 465 (1847): S'chL Mw*> Pam-Btm, vi. Urinat. 

p. 42 (1867). 
Podiceps chiliensis, Gamot, Toy. Coguffle, Zool i p. 601 (1826) 
[Ooacepcion] ,* G. M. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. GS3 (1840). 
Podiceps albicoliis, less. Traits d'Om. p. 594 (1831). 


* See G R. Ciu\ Vuj. Erebus and Terror, Birds, p. 16 (18ir>). 
1. PODICIFES. 
Podiceps chilensis, Gould, ZooL Voy. Beagle, pt. iii. Birds, p. 137 
(1841) iTierra del Fuego; Buenos Ayres'1; Gay. Hist. Chili, Zoo/. 

i. p. 464 (1847); Reichen.. Xafatores, pl.~13. no. 750 (1850). 
Podiceps 
rollandi, Gould {nee Q. & G.), ZooL Vol/. Beagle, pt. iii. 
Birds, p. 137 (1841) [part"!; G. P. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 151 
(1844); Praser. P. Z 8. 1843, p. Ill)'[Chili]; Gay, Hist. Chili, 
ZooL i. p. 4^3 (1847): &/af. # Salrin, P. Z. &'l8L8, p. 146 
[Oonchitasl; iid. Ibis. 1868, p. 189 [Straits of Magellan]; iid. 

P. 2. A 1869, p. 158 rTungasuca]; wf. Rrot. Dm. ii. p. 100 (1869) 
[part]: Durnf. Ibis," 1^77, p. 4^ rchupat E.]; Sharpe, P. Z. &'. 
188l/p. 17 rS. Chili ; Straits of Slasrellan; Patagonia]; White, 
P. Z. S. 1882, p. 059, 1883, p. 43 [Argentine Eepublic]: Sclater, 
P.Z.8. 1883, p. 432 [Chili]: Barrows, Auk, i. p. 317 (18*4) 
rLower Uruguay"; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 494 (1886); Sclat. & 
"Hudson, Argentine Orn. ii. p. 204 (1889) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 
[E. Pilconiavo"1: Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 214 [Argentine Republic!; 
Ztf?**, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 [Chili]. 
Eollandia naicra, Bonap. C. P. xlii. p. 775 (1856). 
Podiceps leucotis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874. p 563 [Central Peru]. 

Adidt in breeding-plumage. General colour above, including the 
head and neck, black, with some greenish gloss ; the feathers of the 
back, scapulars, and base of the fore-neck more or less distinctly 
edged with sandy-brown ; feathers of the crown lengthened and 
forming a crest; ear-coverts pure white ; long feathers of the sides 
of the crown white with black tips, which partially hide the ear-
coverts ; chin, throat, and fore-neck dark sooty-black ; rest of 
underparts, including the sides and flanks, dull rufous, inclining to 
vinaceous and with a silky gloss; the feathers of the sides and 
flanks with dark blackish extremities, and the breast and abdomen 
slightly varied with indistinct dusky bars ; primary-quills dark ash-
brown, white towards the basal part of the inner web, the amount 
of white gradually increasing on the inner feathers, the innermost 
being mostly white; secondaries pure white, the outermost and 
innermost with some ash-brown along the shaft and towards the 
extremity; wing-coverts dark ash-brown. Tris red; bill black; 
legs and toes slate-colour (II. Whiieley), grey, dark grey, or olive-
green (Dr. Coppinger). Total length about 11 '5 inches, culm en 
from feathers on forehead 0*65-0*9, wing 4-3-4*5, tarsus 1*4, outer 
toe and claw 1*9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in having 
the feathers of the top of the head much less elongate and edged 
with sandy-brown like those of the back; the back of the neck dark 
sooty-brown and but slightly glossed, the chin and throat pure 
white ; the sides and fore-part of the neck dull rufous buff, and the 
chest and rest of underparts white with a dull vinous tinge. 

As will be seen from the above measurements, the length of the 
culnien varies considerably among fully adult birds. 

Immature examples resemble the adult in winter plumage, bi,t 
the sides of the head, as well a* the chin and throat, are longitudii.ally 
streaked with brownish black. 

Bab. Central and Southern parts of South America, from Cental 

PGDICIPEDID^. 

Pern, the Argentine Republic and Uruguay, to the Straits of 
Magellan. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Lake Titicaca, Peru. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c Ad. sk. Lake Tungasuea, Peru, July "2 Tweeddale Coll. 

d. ¥ ad. bk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
'/. ? ad. sk.
'k Juv. sk.
i~q. Ad.sk.
r. 6 ad. sk.
s,t. Jgad.sk.

u, v. Ad. et imm.
sk.

w. $ juv. <k.
j,y. S S ad. sk.
z',a'. Ad.etjuv.
sk.

V. Ad. sk.
c\ Ad. sk.

d'. Ad, >k.

e'. tS ]uv. s^«

f, g\ $ ad. et

juv. sk.
ti. Juv. sk.
%'. Ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk.

/', m'. Ak. sk.

«'. Skeleton.
o'. Skeleton.

(E. IVhitely). 
Lake 
Jubin, May 13 (J. Kalinoivsld). 


 Bolh ia. 
Chili. 
Chili (E. C. lit id). 
Chili. 
Central Chili (Laadhf 1:j. 
Pro\hife of Santiago, Chili


(Id y bold). 

 TaKikuanu, Chili, Mar. & Sept.

(Dr. Cujqrinyeru 
Talcahua^o (Admiral A. M. 
Markka Hi), 
Rio Biduo, Jan. 13 (A. A.

Lane). 
Llan^iliae, Dee. iA. A. P.). 
East eoi-t of Chiloe I., Jan. 4

 (C. Darwin). 
Straits of" Magellan.

 Strait- of Magellan {Capt P. P.
£>/}. 

 Portland Biv, Strait, of Maurol-
Ian, Muvh 20 (Dr. L'jpping??), 


 Peckett Harbour, Straits ofMagellan, Jan. 4 (Dr. Coppwyer). 


 Buenos Ayre^, Feb., April (P.

 Withington). 

 Buenos A\ res. 
Lucan Bridge, Buenos Ayres. 
CMrilcav7BueiiosA}res,Aug.3.

 Santa Elena, Soriano, Uruguay,

Feb., April. 
Chili. 
Chili. 

11. Podicipes rollaiadl. 
Count Branieki jP.~. 

 Gould Coll. 

 T. Bridges, Esq. ~C.]. 
Tweeddale Cull/ 
Gould Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Voyage of H.M.S 
'Alert.' 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

 Berkeley James Coll. 

 Berkeley James Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 

 Sir "W, Burnett & 
Capt, Fitzrov "P.1, 
The Admhsiltv "P." 

 Vovasre of H.M.S 
k Alert.1 

 Voyage of H.M.S 
'"Alert.' 

 Sclater Cull. 

 Allan Peel, Esq. [C I 
Allan Peel, E*q. [C]. 

 H. Durnfurd. Ebq. 
O. V. Aplin, Esq, 
[CA 
Br. A" Giintlier [C.]. 

Podieeps rolland, Quoij § Gaim. Toy. TJranie, p. 133, pi. 36 (1824) 
[Falkland Islands]. 

Podieeps rollandi, Gould, Zool. Toy. Beagle, pt. iii. Birds, p. 137 
(1841) [part; Falkland Is.]; O. U. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. (m (1846); 
Reichenb. Natatores, pi. 13. nos. 751-752 (1850); Sclater9 P. Z. S. 
1860, p. 389; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162 ; ScM. Mm. Pa^s-Bas, vi 
Urinat. p. 42 (1867) ; Selat. $ JSaluin, Evot Orn. ii. p. 190 (1809) 
[part]; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 1(54 [Buenos Ayres: breeding 
habits]. 

Kollandia leucotis, Cuv., fide Bonap. C. M. xlil p. 775 (1856); &9 

B. Gray, Sand-l B. iii. p. 94 (1871). 
1 . PODICIPES. 
527 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Besernbles P. rollcmdi, but may be 
at once distinguished by its much larger size as well as by the 
colour of the breast and underparts, which are much brighter rufous 
chestnut. The general colour of the head and neck, including the 
chin and throat, is black glossed with bluish green, and the green 
gloss on the upper parts of the body is more pronounced. The 
amount of white on the secondary-quills varies considerably in 
apparently fully adult birds; some individuals have the middle 
quills nearly pure white, with only the parts of the web next the 
shaft ash-brown, while in others the same feathers have the outer 

web and a part of the inner web ash-brown. Most examples have 

the tips of the secondaries washed with rufous buff. " Iris fine 

red" (G. Darwin). Total length about 14 inches, culmen from 

feathers on forehead 1-1*2, wing 5-3-5*5, tarsus 1*8, outer toe and 

claw2*5-2-6^ 

The adult in non-breeding plumage apparently resembles that 

of P. rollandL I have not been able to examine an individual in 

non-breeding-plumage, but a bird which has partially attained 

the breeding-plumage has the greater part of the breast and belly 

whitish mixed with freshly-moulted chestnut feathers. 

Hab. Falkland Islands. 

a~e. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. AntarcticExped.pP.1 

f. Ad. sk. 
Falkland Is. (Leconte), Salvin-Goclman Coll 
g. $ ad. 8k. Falkland Is., July 21 {J. Mac- Voy. of II.M.S. 
gittwrai/). 
l Rattlesnake.' 

k, I Pull sk. Falkland Is. 
Gould Coll. 

k, I Ad. sk. Port Stanley, E. Falkland Is- Frank ArtJiy, Esq. 

land, Feb! (J. F. King), [P.], 

m, 
§ ad. sk. Fish-house Creek, Berkeley McCormick Bequest. 
Sound, E. Falkland L, 
June 13 (R. McC). 

12. Po&icipes auritus. 
Black and White Dob-ekick, Mw. Nat. Hist B. ii. pi. 96. fig. 1 

(1747). 

Eared or Horned Bob-chick, JEdiv. Nat. Hist. B. ii. pi. 96. fig. 2 

(1747), iii. pi. 145 (1750); Pennant, Arct. Zool ii. p. 497 (1785). 

La petite Grebe hupSe, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 42, pi. iii.fig.2 (1760); 

Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 235 (1781). 

La petite Grebe cornne, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 50 (1760); Buff. Mist. 

Nat. Ois. viii. p. 237 (1781). 

La petite Grebe, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 56 (1760). 

Colymbus auritus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 222 (1766); Bonnat. Tabl. EncycL 

Mith. I p. 56, pi. 45.fig.3 (1790); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 356 
(1811); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 14(1885) [Bering L], 

p. 313 [ Kamschatka] ; A. O. V. Check-l p. 74 (1886); Seton, Auk, 
iii. p. 147 (1886) [ W. Manitoba]; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 5 
(1887); Nelson, Rep. N. PL. Alaska, p. 35 (1887) ; Warren, B. 
Pmnmjlv. p. l,pl. 11 (1888); Scott, Auk, v. p. 373 (1888) [Gulf of 
Florida]; Bishop, Auk, vi.p. 144 (1889) [Magdalen Is.]; Clarke, 
Auk, vii. p. 320 (1890) [Hudson Bay]; Hartert, Kat. Mm. 
Senchenb. p. 245 (1891) ; MacFarl P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 415 
(1891) [Arctic America]; Hatch, B. Mi?mesota, p. 6 (1892); 
528 rODlCIPJJDIDJE. 

Scott, Aid; ix. p. 211 (1892) [CJaloosahatchie II., Florida!; 
Mcllwrait/i, B. Ontario, ed. 2, p. 20 (1894). 

Lesser Crested Grebe, Pennant, Brit. Zocl. ii. p. 390 (1768). 

"White and Dusk}'' Grebe, Pennant, Brit. Zool. ii. p. 397 (1768). 

? Colymbus nigricans, Scop, Annus, i. p. 77 (1769). 

Le petit Grebe, B'Aubent. PL Enl ix. pi. 43 rno. 942^ ; Buff. Hist. 
Xat Ois.xm. p. 232 (1781). 
Grebe de 1'EseliTonie, IfAnbent PL Enl ix. pi. 40 ~n >. 404]. 
Colymbus duplicxtus, P. L. S. Midi. Suppl. Linn. S. X. p. 107 

(1776). 
Dusky Grebe, Pennant, A ret. Zor>L ii. p. 498 (1785); Lath, Gen. 

Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 280 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 2(3 (1824). 

Eaied Grebe, var. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 280 (1785). 

Horned Giebe -f- var. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 287, pi. xci. 
(1785); id. 9en. Ilitt x. p. 25 (1824;. 
Podiceps nigricans Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 294 (1787). 
Colymbus cornutun, Gmel. S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 591 (1788): Xaum. Xat. 

Voy. JDeutscM. ix. p. 739. pi. 244 (1*38). 
Colymbus obseurus, Gmel. S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 592 (1783): Bonnat. 
Tabl. Eneycl. Meth. i. p. 53, pi. 45. tig*. o (1790). 
Colymbus caspicus, Gmel. S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 593 (1788): Bonnat. TabL 
Eneycl. Meth. i. p. 54 (1790). 
Podiceps obseurus. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 782 (1790): Vieill. X. Dirt. 
cTHist Xat xill p. 444 (}M 7). 
Podiceps easpieus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 7*4(1790); Menetr. Cat 
Jiais.\x 54 (1832). 
Colymbus eomo&us, Bonnat Tahl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 50 (179)) 
[Hudson Bay]. 

Podiceps cornuUis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 782 (1790) : Meyer ty Wolf, 
Taschenb. ii. p. 431, pi. (1810); Temm. Man. iVOrn. p. 400 
(1815); Vieill. X. Diet d'Hist Xat xiii. p. 443 (1817) ; Temm. 
Man. dPOrn. eel. ii. pt. ii. p. 721 (1820); Vieill. Gal. Ok. ii. p. 203, 
pi. 281 (1825); Steph. in Shair's Gen. %>ol. xiii. pt. i. p. 9 \l^'2u) 
[nee pi. 1 = P. cri^tutuV" ; MenArille. Icon. Beg, Anim., Oil, pL 60. 
Hg. 1 (1829-38); Swains. Sc Richard*. Faun. Bor.-Anier. p. 411 
(1831) i Gt. Slave Lake" ; Sehinz, Xat Abhild., Voy. p. 303, pi. 228 
(1833); Selby, Brit Ofn. ii. p. 397, pi. Ixxiv. figs. 1 & 2 (1*33); 
Niks. Skand. Faun.n. p. 489 (1835); Aw). Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 429, 
pi. 259 (1835), v. p. 02y (1839); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi 390 (1837); 
Komer, Shand. Foyl. p. 22, pi. 00. fig. 3 (1839-40); Sehinz, 
Europ. Faun. i. p. 353 (1840); Keys. it. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 235 
(1840); Fenoit, Orn. Skit. p. 174 (1840); Bemid. Voy. Buss. 
Merid. iii. p. 304 (1840): Boufeille, Orn. Bauphine, ii. p. 226, 
pi. 59. fig. 3 (1843); Q. It. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 150 (1844); 
'Aid. B. Amer. vii. p. 310, pi. 481 (1844); G. Li. Gray, Gen. B. 

iii. p. 633 (1840); Degl Orn. Europ. ii. p. 503 (1849) / Reiclmib. 
Natutores, pL 12. nos. 745-747 (1850) : Tlunnps. Xat Ilitt. Irel. 
iii. p. m (1851); Middend. Sihir. Beise, ii. p t ii. p. 238 (1-51j ; 
Kjcerboll. Damn. Fuyle, p. 401, pi. xxxix. (1852); Macyill. Brit. 
B. v. p. 264 (1852) (neefiar. =P . griseigena); Waiters, X Hht B. 
Irel p. 220 (1853); Brandt in Hofmann, X. Ural. Evped. ii. 
App. p. 71 (1856) j Schrenck, Meis. Amur-l i. p. 492 (1859); Jones, 
Nat. Bermuda, j*}-). 50, 87 (1859); Jaubert # Lapomm. Pick. Orn. 
p. 496 (1859); Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 895 (1860); Cooper iy 
Suekl. N. II. Wash. Terr. p. 281 (1860); Powys, Ifa\ I860, 
p. 349 [Butrinto, Epirus] ; Bernhardt, Ibis, 1801, p. 15 [8. Greei land]; 
Boss, Nat. Hist. Bev. 1802, p. 200 Alackenzie U] ^Blahistont 
1. PODICIPE*. 
529 
Ibis, 1862, p. 10 [Saskatchewan], 18G3, p. 154 [But. North 
America" ; Radde, Osi-Sib. ii. p. 381 (1863); Swmhoe, P. Z. S. 
1863, £.>22 [China: Amoorlandl; Wright, Ibis, 186-1, p. 137 
[Malta™: Sold. Mus. Paijs-Bas, vf. Urinat. p. 36 (18(57); Oottes, 

P. Essex Inst. v. p. 310 (1868) [New England]; Collett, Tid. 
Selsk. Fork. Christ. 18U8, p. 190; i?;ww, Ibis, 1868, p. 427 
[Vancouver I."1; Turnb. B. E. Pennsylvania, p. 49 (1869); Da// 
«• .Saw*. 2>. "Chicago Acad. i. p. 308 (1869) [Alaska]; Droste, 
J.f.O. 1869, p. 349 [Faroes]; G. P. Gray, Hcmd-l B. iii. p. 94J 
(1871) ; JR. Gray, B. West Scott, p. 407 (1871); Sioinhoe, P. Z. & 
1871, p. 415 "Arnov, winter"; Cones, JKeif X. Amer. JR. p. 337 
(1872) ; Mayhard, P. Bast. Sue. X. II xi'v. p. 38-5 (1872) [New 
Haven]; Finsch, Abl\. nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 76 (1872); lrhyf 
Ibis, 1873, p. 98 [Gibraltar] : Sevcrtz Ti/rkest. Jerotnie, p. 69 
(1873); id. J.f.O. Ls73, p. 386 [Tian-shan], 1874, p. 409; 
Cones, B. X.-West, p. 731 (1874);~ Sivinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 
[Plata datli]; Ban, etc. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 342 "Germany]; David fy 
Oustal Ois. Chine, p. 513 (1877) ; Tacz. Ball Soc. Z.*Fr. ii.p. 160 
(lb77) "Poland]; Scott, Bull. Xutt. Dm. C. iv. p. 228 (1879) 
[New Jersev1; 'Maynard, B.E. X. Amer. p. 496 (1881); Seebohm, 
Ibis, lb82, pi 231 [Abakan1, p. 369 [Japan]; Earth J. f. 0. 
1883, p. 284 rAlaska"1; tiamueh, X. <§• E. Birds, p. 561 (1883) ; 
Steam* & Coites, X "Engl B.-Ufe, p. 392 (1883); Radcle, Orn. 
Caitras. p. 490 (1884); Reid, Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. xxv. p. 277 
(18-4) [Bermuda]; Seebohm, IliM. Brit. B. iii. p. 462 (1885) ; 
Booth, Rough Xotes, iii. pt. x. (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 453 
(1886); id.^Anf. Ital. i. p. 667 (18b9), ii. p. 659 (1890) ; Seebohm, 

B. Japan, p. 367 (1890); La Touclxe, Ibis, 1892, p. 503 [Foochow] : 
Gathe, Heligoland, Engl. ed. p. 586 (1895). 
Podiceps 
arcticus, Boie, Tageb. Reise durch Xonveg. pp. 308, 350 
(1822); Werner, Ail Ok a? Ear. Ord. 14, pi. 7 (1828); Nilss. 
Skand. Faun. ii. p. 492 (1835); Korner, Skand. Fogl p. 22, pi. 60. 
fig. 5 (1839-46); Sehinz, Enrop. Faun. i. p. 354 (1840); Temm. 
Man. aVOrn. ed. ii. pt. iv. p. 450 (1840); Reichenb. Xatatores, 
pi. 12. nos. 742-744 (1850); Kjmrboll Damn. Fugle, p. 401, 
pi. xxxix. (1852) ; Liltken, Ornis, 1885, p. 143 [Denmark]; Bulla 
Torre # Tschusi, Ornis, 1883,.p. 5D6 [Au^tro-IIuno-ary], 1887, 

p. 345, 1888, p. 359, 1890, p. 261; Tschusi, Ornis, 1886, p. 174 
[local names] ; Grbndal Ornis, 1886, p. 268 [Iceland]; Meyer & 
Helm, Zeit. ges. Orn. iv. p. 398 (1887). 
Rufous-breasted Grebe, Lath. Gen. Mist x. p. 33 (1824). 
Podiceps ambiguus, Lesson, Traits $Orn. p. 595 (1831). 
Podiceps bicornis, Brehm, Handb. Fog. Deutschl. p. 960 (1831). 
Horned Grebe or Dobchick, Xutt. Man. Orn. p. 254 (1834). 
Colymbus arcticus, Xaitm. Xat. Tog. Deutschl ix. p. 755, pi. 245 


(1838). 
Sclavonian Grebe, Tarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 308 (1843). 
Podiceps sclavus, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 77 (1856). 
Podiceps anritus, Sundev. Svensk. Fogl pi. 54. rigs. 4-6 (1856); Berjl 

§ Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 584 (1867); WMtely, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 209 [JELikodadi]; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 40 (1870); Fritsch, 
Xat. Fog. JBuropa's, p. 504 (1870), At I pi. 61. tig. 10 (1871); 
G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 93 (1871); F,iUch,J f O. 1872, 
p. 378 [Bohemia]; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, p, 220 (1875); Severti. 

J. 
f. O. 1875, p. 186 rTian-shan] ; Danf # Brown, Ibis, 1877, 
p. "434 [Transylvania]; Palm6n, J f O. 1876, p. 64 [Finland"; 
Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 414; id. B. Europe, viii. p. 645, pi. 631 
VOL. XXVI. 2 M 

r>30 
PODICTPEDIDiE. 

(1870); Git/l Ms, 1881, p. 222 [Italy, rare]; Seebohm, Ibis, 
188,1 p. 30* [Caucasus]; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander] ; 
Httwuivrs, e<L Yarrell, Brit. B. iv. p. 128 (1885) ; Hartert, Ibis, 
1892, p. 521 \'E. Prussia]; Li/ford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxvii. 
(1893). 

I)yt«-s nurituR, JUthjio. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 55 (1881) ; Baird, 
Ihrir. # Ititlqw. Water-B. K Amer. ii. p. 432 (1884); 40w*&. 
Atrfc, ii."p. 28!*) (1885) [fcJ.E. Dakota] ; Sharpe, Handb.B. Gr. Brit. 

iv. p. 201 (1897). 
Podicipes conmtus, 6Wes # Prentiss, Bidl. U.S. IS at. Mus. xxvi. 

p. 110 (188;]) [Columbia Dist.]; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 795 (1884); Loomis, Auk, ii.p. 193 (1885) [S. Carolina] ; Seton, 
Auk, ii. p. 314 (1885) [Manitoba]. 
Podicipes 
auritus, Divon, Ibis, 1887, p. 400 [Gairloch: breeds]; 
Salmd. Uce. Ital p. 301 (1887); Saunders, III Man. Brit. B. p. 705 
(1889); JZixms, Ann. Scot. N. H. i. p. 171 (1892) [Gairloch birds 
identified with P. flumatilis\; Millais, Ibis, 1896, p. 455, pi. x. 
[change of plumage without moult]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above black, with 
greyish margins to the feathers ; head and throat black, the feathers 
on the hinder parts of the head and throat much lengthened and 
forming a thick frill; a band of hairy buff-coloured feathers on 
each side of the crown, commencing above the eye; back of the 
neck dark blackish grey; sides and fore-part of neck, chest, sides, 
and flanks rich chestnut; lower belly and vent dusky; rest of underpays 
pure white; primaries and outer secondary quill or quills ash-
brown, second and third often partially white, inner quills white, 
sometimes marked with ash-brown towards the extremity. Iris 
crimson, a narrow white line surrounding the pupil; eyelid grey; 
naked skin from the eye to the corner of the mandible, the angle of 
the gape, and the base of the lower mandible red; bill black, light 
bluish grey tinged with rose at the base of the culmen; tips of both 
mandibles bluish grey ; metatarsi greyish black on the outer side, 
light bluish grey on the inner side, with slight dusky markings at 

the joints. Total length about 13*5 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 0*95-1*05, wing 5-65-5*9, tarsus 1*75, outer toe and 
claw 2*2. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. General colour above including 
the top of the head, middle of the nape, and back of the neck black, 
the head with a slight greenish gloss * the feathers of the back with 
pale greyish-brown margins; upper part of the fore-neck duskyT, 
shading into dark sooty-brown on the sides of the neck; feathers 
of the sides and flanks tipped with dark ash; chin, throat, sides of 
nape, and rest of the underparts pure white. Iris blood-red; bill 
dark horny, pinkish towards the base, paler at the tip; tarsi and feet 
pearly grey* outer sides of the meta-tarsi, outer toe, and joints 
blackish. 

A quite young bird resembles the adult in winter plumage,, but 
the back of the head and neck are dull sooty-brown, and on the 
white cheeks and sides of the head there are three rather wide and 
partially interrupted streaks of dark sooty-brown. Culmen 0*8 inch, 
wing 5*7. 

1 . PODICIPES. 
531 
Hah. Circumpolar; ranging south in winter to the Mediterranean 
and Caspian Seas, Japan, and the northern United States. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. J ad. sk.
c-e. Ad. sk. et st.
/. S ad. sk.

g. $ ad. st.
h. 2 ad. sk.
i. Juv. sk.
k. Ad. st.
I 
d1 ad. sk. 

m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o, p. <$ $ ad. sk. 

q. J ad. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
*. Ad. sk. 

t Ad. sk. 

u. <$ ad. sk. 
v, w. J ad. sk. 

x, y. S ad. sk. 

z-c'. £ 2 ad. sk. 
d'-f. Ad. sk. 
#'.*Ad. sk. 

ti, i'. Ad. sk. 

h'. Ad. sk. 

V. Ad. sk. 
m'. Ad. sk. 
ri. Ad.st. 
o'-q'. 2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 
r'. 2 a<l- sk


s'. Ad. sk. 

/'. $ imm. sk. 
w'-a;'. C? ? ad. et 
juv. sk. 
y'. 2 ad. sk. 

 Iceland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Thorshavn, Faroe Is., May 13 Ilargitt Coll. 

{H. C. Milller). 
Gt. Britain. Montagu Coll. 
Meikle Ferry, Dornoch, Moray- J. M. Ohadwick, Esq. 
shire, Dec. 31. " [P.]. 
Castlesrresory, Kerry, S.W. Capt. H. England 
Irelahd^Jan. 25. •"° n

[P.]. 
River Dovey, Wales, Jan. 31. Colonel Morriss [P.J. 
Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
Torquay. C. Coninghani, Esq. 

[P.l. 
Avinsrton, Hants, Oct. 27 Shelley Coll. 
(G^E. 8.). 

Southend, January. Purchased. 
"Woodbridge, Suffolk. Dr. Theodore Fisher 

[P.J. 
Wells, Norfolk, Feb. 2 (P. C. Dr. R. Bowdler 
Abel). Sharpe [P.]. 
Helgeland, Norway, June 29. Christiania Museum 
[E.]. 
Havre, 
France, Feb. 28 (V. Hargitt Coll. 
Pluche). 


Tunis. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Siberia. Moscow Museum 
[P.]. 
Near Semipalatinsk, May 4 Dr. 0. Finsch [E.]. 

(Dr. Brehm). 

Amoy, China, Dec, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 

(P. Swinhoe). 
Tsu-shima, Feb., March (P. Seebohm Coll. 
A . mist). 
F. Danger, Esq. [P.j 
Nagasaki, Nov., Dec, Jan. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Yokohama (H. Pryer). 

Capt. T. Blakiston 

Hakodadi, Oct*. 

[P.]. 
Hakodadi, Oct. (P. P.). Seebohm Coll. 
North America. Lord Odo Eussell 

[P.]. 
North America. Hardwicke Bequest. 
North America. Sir G. Back [P.]. 
Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.]. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sept. (P. W. Nelson). 
Nulato, Alaska, spring (P. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

W. N.). 
Fort Rupert, Vancouver I., ) T7. „ TT , r o 
May 23 (Dr. Lyall). i VW of PLS' 

"Plumper.7 

Salt Spring Island (Dr. Lyall). \ P1»»— 
British Columbia, J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 


Washington, D.C., April 17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(H. W. Henshaw). 
2M2 

532 rODICIPEDID.^, 

x''. Ad. sk. Fort Dufferin, April. N. American Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
a'. d ad. sk. Detroit R., Michigan, April 15 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

{W.II. Collins), 
b". d ad. sk. Big Moose Lake, New York, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 5 (A. K. Fisher), 
c". d ad. sk. Little Tupper's Lake, New Salvin-Godman Coll. 
York, Oct. 22 {A. K. P.). 
d"-h". cJad.sk. New Haven, Connecticut, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April, Oct., Nov. (A. J. 
Dm/an Sc 0. H. Merriam). 

i", $ skeleton. Great Britain. Salvin-Godman ColL 

13. Podicipes nigricollis. 
La Grebe a oreilles, Brisson, Orn. u. p. 54 (1700). 
Colymbus auritus ft Linn. 8. N. i. j). 228 (1760). 
Eared Grebe, Pennant, Arct. ZooL ii. p. 499 (178-5); Lath. Gen. Syn. 


iii. pt. i. p. 285 (1785): id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 23 (1824); Yarrell, 
Sid. Brit. B. iii. p. 313 (1843). 
Colymbus auritus, Gmel (nee Linn.) 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 500 (1785); 
Naum. Nat. Yog. JDeutschL ix. p. 708, pi. 240 (18:38). 
Podiceps auritus, Lath, (nee Linn.) Ind. Orn. ii. p. 781 (1700); Meyer 
§ Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 435 (1810); Temm. Man. ePOrn. p. 460 
(1815); Tieill N. Diet cVHisi. Nat. xiii. p. 445 (1817): Temm. 
Man. d'Orn. ed. ii. pt.ii. p. 725 (1820); Sfeph. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL 

xiii. pt. i. p. 12 (1820) j Wrrner, AtL Ois. cFEur. Ord. 147 pi. 10 
(1828); Selby, Brit. Orn. ii. p. 390, pi. Ixxiv. fitr. 3 (1833); Schinz, 
Nat. Abbild., Tog. p. 364, pi. 129 (1833); Nils*. Shmd. Favn. 
ii. p. 494 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 301 (1837); Eraser, P. Z. S. 
1839, p. 135 [Erzeroom]: Korner. til-an(7. For/l. p. 22, pi. 60. fisr. 4 
(1839-46): Benoit, Orn. SiciL p. 173 (1840)'; Demid. Toy. Fuss, 
Mind. iii. p. 304 (1840) ; Key a. v. Bhis.JVirbelth. p. 235 {1840); 
Schinz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 354 (1840j; Temm. $f Sold. Faun. Jap. 
p. 123 (1842); Cam, Orn. Sard. p. 165 (1842); BouteUle, Orn. 
Daupkhie, ii. p. 228, pi. 50. fig. 4 (1843) ; Milhle, Beifr. Orn. 
Griechenl. p. 134 (1844); G. It Gray, List ofB. pt. iii. p. 150 (1844); 
id. Gen.B. iii. p. 683 (1846): JDegl. Om.'Earop. ii. p. 505 (1840); 
Beiclienb. Natatores, pi. 1L nos. 71-73 (1850) ; Tliomps. Nat. 
Hist. Irel. iii. p. 189 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 270 (1852); 
Kjarboll. Damn. Fuqle,^. 402, pi. xxxix. (1852); Waiters, N. Hist. 
B. Irel p. 221 (1853); Heugl Tog. N.O.-Afr. p. 08 (1,-50); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 364 rEl Bahei'ra & Lake *DJHinleli]; Sir nth. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 67; Tristram, Ibis, ISfO, p. 82 Is] Sahara], p 159 
[Lake Hallonla]; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 349 [Epir»^~ : Heugl. in 
Peterm. Geogr. MitthAMl, p. 28 [Suez], p."311 [Lake Taimeli, 
Eaguin, Egrpt: breeds]; Bla7ust. Ibis,JSf'd, p. 33l rN. Japan"; 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 157 [Malta1; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322 
[China]; Tristram, P. Z. &1864, p. 454 [Lake of Galilee"; Lai/ard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 374 (1867); Schl Mm. Pet/s-Bfts, vi. Urfnat. p. 40 
(1867); Collett, Vi&. Selsh. Fork. Christ. 1H>&, p. li,0: Blanf. ZooL 
Abyss, p. 440 (1870) [Lake Aslianjrf]; %. Ormt. U. West SeotL 
p. 409 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 415 '[Aiaoy; winter"; 
Severiz. Turkest. Jewtnie, p. 69 (1873); Tacz. Ihdl. Sue. Z. Fr. 
ii.p. 166 (1877) [Poland]: Ban, etc. J. f. OA877, p. 342[Geraianv]; 
Blakist. & Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 211 [Tolrio Bay; IW ; Itttdotf, 
J.f. 0.1870, p. 83 [Don] ; JRadde, Orn. Caucus, p. 490 (1884); 
1. PODICIPES. 533 
Hartuig, Omis, 1891, p. 184 [Madeira] ; Gdtke, Heligoland, Engl, 
ed. p. 587 (1895). 
Podiceps nigrieollis, Brelun, Handb. Tog. Deutschl p. 963 (1831) ; 
Jaubert 4* Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 497 (1859); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. 

v. pi. 41 (1863) ; Degl. £ Gerbe, Orn. Em-op. ii. p. 585 (1867) ; 
Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 209 [Hakodadi] ; Gurnei/,Ibis, 1868, p. 263 
"Transvaal]; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 457 [Portugal] ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 147 [Angola] ; Ehues £ Buchl Ibis, 1870, p. 341 [Turkey]; 
Friisch. Xat Tog. Europa's, p. 503 (1870), Atl. pi. 61. figs. 7 & 8 
(1871) ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 93 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt 
p. 313 (1872); Friisch, J.f O. 1872, p. 378 [Bohemia]; Gumey, 
ed. Anderss. B. Damaral. p. 346 (1872); Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
iv. p. 1301 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 349 fSardinia]; Swinh. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 163 [Hakodadi]; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, p. 220(1875); 
Secertz. J.f O. 1&75, p. 186r [Tian-skan]; Danf. fy Broion, Ibis, 
1875, p. 434 [Transylvania] ; Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 29 [Corsica]; 
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 414; Batmen, J.f.O.1876, p. 65 [Finland]; 
David fy Oustal Ois. Chine, p. 513 (1877); Dresser, B. Europe, 
viii. p. 051, pi. 032 (1878); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 77 (1879); 
Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 528 (1881); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 
[Abtrakan], p. 369 [Japan]; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander] ; 
Sharpens ed. Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 786 (1884); Saunders, ed. YarrelU 
Brit. B. iv p. 133 (1884) ; Tristr. Surv. W. Palest, p. 139(1884)'; 
Seebohm, Hist Brit B. iii. p. 465 (1885); Reid, Bis, 1885, p. 255 
[Morocco]; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 46 [Corsica]; Dalla Torre 
4* Tschusi, Omis, 1885, p. 556 [Austro-Hungary], 1887, p. 345, 
1888?p. 359, & Suppl. p. 331; Booth, Bough hotes, iii. pt. xii. 
(1886); Gigl Avif. Ital p. 454 (1886) ; Tschusi, Omis, 1886, 
p. 174 [local nanies]; Grbndal, Omis, 1886, p. 368 [Iceland], 
18b7, p. 591; Taii, Ibis, 1887, p. 400 [Portugal] ; Meyer $ Helm, 
Zeit (/es. Orn. iv. p. 398 (1887) ; Gigl. Avif Ital. i. p. 668 (1889), 
ii. p. 659 (1890), iii. p. 515 (1891); Seebohm, B.Jap, p. 366 (1890); 
Floericke, J.f.O. 1891, p. 194; Dresser, Ibis, 1891, p. 370 [Erzeroom] 
; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 82 [incubation lasts 21-24 days]; La 
Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 503 [Foochow & Swa-tow]; Hartert, Ibis, 
1892, p. 521 [E. Prussia]; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit B. pt. xxv. 
(1893); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 174 [Aden] ; Reiser, Orn. Balcanica, 
ii. p. 203 (1894), iv. p. 148 (1896). 
Podiceps recur virostris, Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 402 (1855). 
Dytes nkricollis, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 55 (1881). 
Podiceps cornutus, Seebohm (?iec GmeL), Ibis, 1883, p. 36 [Caucasus]. 
Podicipes auritus, Cozies, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 796 (1884) 
Colymbus nigrieollis, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 6 (1887). 
Podicipes nigrieollis, Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 707 (1889); 
Sahad. Ucc. Ital. p. 302 (1887); Blanf Faun. Brit. Ind. iv. p. 474 
(1898). 
Proctopus nigrieollis, Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit. iv. p. 204 
(1897). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above, including the 
head and neck, black with a slight greyish gloss; superciliary 
feathers, as well as those covering the hinder part of the cheeks 
and ear-coverts, elongate and hair-like, the former straw-coloured, 
the two latter chestnut; base of the fore-neck, sides and flanks 

•chestnut: the chest and rest of the underparts pure white; outer 
primaries ash-brown, obliquely white on the basal portion of the 
534 
PODICIPEDIDiE. 

inner webs; the amount of white gradually increasing on the 
inner quills, of which the innermost ones are pure white in some 
examples. Secondaries pure white. Iris crimson, a narrow white 
ring surrounding the pupil; bill slate-blue to blackish, reddish at 
the base; legs and feet outwardly black, inwardly leaden blue, 
dusky green at the joints. Total length about 12 inches, culmen 
from feathers on forehead 0*85-0*95, wing 5*2-5*3, tarsus 1*6, outer 
toe and claw 2*1-2*2. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. General colour above, including 
the top of the head, middle of the nape, and back of the neck black, 
washed with grey • chin, throat, and sides of the nape white; ear-
coverts and fore-neck brownish white; sides* and flanks white, 
widely tipped with dark slate; rest of the plumage as in the adult 
in breeding-plumage. 

The black on the chin, throat, sides of the head, and fore-neck, as 
well as the long feathers of the sides of the head, begin to make 
their appearance in the end of January and are generally complete 
by the beginning of March; the change of colour of these parts 
appears to be entirely due to moult; on the sides and flanks, however, 
many of the dark-tipped feathers become chestnut by changing 
colour. 

Hah. Central and Southern Europe, through Central Asia to 
China and Japan ; Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Cornwall. Montaaru Cull. 
A^insrton,ITant-, Oct. '11 fc?helL y Coll 
b. $ imm. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
Yarmouth, Xurfolk. Old Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. 
Europe. Gould Coll. 
eif* 6 ad. sk. Havre, France, Marek-Hargltt Cull. 
Sept. ( V.Phche). 


g. 
Ad. sk. Corsica. J. Whitehead, EbO> 
rP.~. 
h. Ad. sk. 
Morocco. Tweeddaie Coll. 
?. Ad. sk. 
Mogador. Howard .launders, 
Etq. y.\


h $ ad. sk. 
Benguela, S.W. Africa. 

J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
^ov. 15. 

LCI. 

l~o <$ $ ad. sk. El Baheira, Tunis, Mar. 7 
(0.&). 

Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

p. 
$ ad. sk. Lake Ashansri, Abyssinia, 
8000 feet, Mavi 
W.T.Blanford,Esq. 

q, S ad. sk. 
Aden, Oct. 3 (H. C Barnes). 

J. David&on, Esq. 
r, s. <3 2 ad. sk. 
Sea of Galilee. 
Muscat, Jan. 31. [p.]. 

t. Ad. sk. 
Sonmiani Bav, Mekran Canon Tristram rC.\ 
u-y. d* $ ad. sk. Coast, Feb. 10 (.4.0. H.). J)r.A.J.Jayakar:P.]. 
Piisnee, Mekran Coast, Hume Coll. 
z, J ad. sk. Feb. 16^. O. 1L). 

Hume Coll. 

Semipalatinsk, Siberia, 
a1. $ ad. sk. May 4 (Br. Brehn). 

Dr. O. Finsch [E.]. 

Amoy? China, Jan. 22 

V. <$ ad. sk. 
(JR. Swinhoe). 
Seebohm Coll. 

1 . PODICIPES. 535 
d. J ad. sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq. 
d'-ff-<5 S ad. sk.
g'-s'. Ad. et imm.
sk.
tf-w'. c? ¥ ad. sk.
x'. <$ ad. sk. 
Hakodadi, Japan, Jan.April 
(T. Blakiston). 
Yokohama, winter-summer 
(H. Fryer), 
Nagasaki, Dec. 12. 
Xai-a-aki, Dec. 10 {F.
Ringer).
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebolim Coll. 
F. Hinder, Esq. [P.]. 
Capt. ""T. Blakiston 
[P.]. 

14. Podicipes californicus. 
Eared Dobcliick or Grebe, Xutt. Man. Orn. p. 256 (1834). 
Podiceps auritus, And. {nee Linn.) Orn. Biogr. v. p. 108, pi. 404 
(1839); id. B. Amer. vii. p. 322, pi. 482 (1844); Baird, B. X. Amer. 

p. 807 (1800); Ro<s, Xat. Hist Rev. 1862, p. 290 [Mackenzie R.]; 
Stejn. Auk, ii. p. 340 (1885). 
Podiceps californicus, Heerm. F. Ac. Fhilad. vii. p. 179 (1854) 
[California™; Xeicberry, Rep. Expl. Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 110 (1857) 
[California: Oregon1; Heerm. F. R. R. Rep. x. p. 76, pi. 8 (1859); 
Baird, B. X. Amer."?. 896 (I860) ; Cooper 8? Suckl. X. H. Wash. 
Terr. p. 282, pi. 8 (18U0); Cones, Froc. Ac. Fhilad. 1802, p. 231, 
I860, p. 100 [Arizona] ; Sclater, F. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 [near City 
of Mexico'; ^Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 46 [S. Texas] ; Salvin, Ibis, 
18G6; p. 200 [Duenas]; Elliot, B. N. Amer. ii. pi. lxiv. (1869) ; 
Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. p. 466 (1871) 
[Platte li., "Wyoming]. 

Podiceps 
auritus, var. californicus, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 337 
(1872) ; id. B. X.-West, p. 733 (1874); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, 

x. p. 392 (1874) [Illinois]-Henshaw, Am. Xat. viii. p. 243 (1874; 
[S. Colorado] ; Snow, Am. Xat. viii. p. 757 (1874) [Kansas] ; id. 
Cat. B. Kansas, ed. 3, p. 14 (1875); Scott, Bull. Xutt Orn. C. iv. 
p. 96 (1879) [Colorado]. 
Dytes nigricollis californicus, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. xxi. p. 55 
(1881); Goss, Auk, i. p. 18 (1834) [habits] ; id. Ornith. # Oolog. 

viii. p. 2 [breeding habits] j Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 289 (1885) [S.fe. 
Dakota]. 
Podicipes auritus californicus, Allen § Brewst. Bull. Xutt. Orn. C. 

viii. p. 198 (1883) [Colorado] ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 796(1884). 
Coiymbus nigricollis californicus, Baird, Breiv. §* Ridgw. Water-B. 
X. Amer. ii. p. 434 (1884); A. O. U. Check-L p. 74 (1886) ; Evermann, 
Auk, iii. p. 88 (1886) [Ventura Co., Cat] ; Seto?i, Auk, iii. 
p. 147 (1886) [W. Manitoba]: Ridgw. Man. X. Am. B. p. 6 
(1887); Mearns, Auk, vii. p. 50 (1890) [Arizona] ; Hatch, B. 
Minnesota, p. 8 (1892); Mcllwraith, B. Ontario, ed. 2, p. 27 (1894) ; 
Thome, Auk, xii. p. 212 (1895) [Montana]. 
Coiymbus nigricollis, Anthony, Auk, iii. p. 163 (1886) [Oregon]. 

Adidt in breeding-plumage. Similar to F. nigricollis, but the long 
hair-like plumes covering the sides of the head and ear-eoverts are 
mostly pale straw-colour, and but slightly tinged with chestnut on 
the latter; all the primaries and the outermost secondary quill or 
quills are uniform ash-brown, only the innermost secondaries being 
pure white. Total length about 11*5 inches, culmen from feathers on 
forehead 0-9-1, wing 4*9-5-35, tarsus 1-6, outer toe and claw 2*2. 

536 
rODlCIPEDJDiG. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to P. nigricollis, but 

easily distinguished by the absence of white on the base of the 

primary and outer secondary quills. 

Hob. "Western North America, south in winter to Central America, 

and east to the Mississippi Valley. 

a. Imm. sk. 
b. Pull. sk. 
<, d. <$ ad. etimm. 
sk. 
ftf. Ad. sk. 

y, J ad. sk. 

h} i. <$ ad. et pull, 
sk. 

h. J imm. sk. 
/. Imm. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. 
Ad.sk. 
q. Imm. sk. 
i'-u. Ad. sk. et st. 
v. Ad. sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
-i*. 2 ad. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
z-c'. Ad. et imm, 
sk. 

Illinois (E. W. Kelson). 
Illinois, June 2. 

Souris R., Dakota, Aug. 
10 & 24 (E. Coues). 
49lh Parallel, June 3. 

Nevada, Sept, 12 (II 
Bischoff). 


Cold Springs, Nevada, 
July 27 (JET. W. 
Henshaw). 

Carson, Nevada, Nov. 6 

(H. W. H.). 
California (R. Herrkh). 
Lake Taboe, California, 
Sept 80 {H. W. B.). 
San Francisco Bay. 
Santa Baibara Islands. 

Mulege, Lower California,
Jan. 10 (F. Ferrari-
Perez). 

San Antonio, Texas, 

Oct. 21 (M. E. Dresser) 
Mexico. 
Mexico [White). 
Guaymas, W. Mexico. 

Atitlan, Guatemala, 
5000 ft, Dec. n (rr; 

B. Richardson). 
Cubulco, Vera Paz, Guatemala 
(0. 8.). 
Dueiias, Guatemala, Nov.

(O. &). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dr. E. Bowdler Sharpe 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

North-American Boundary 
Comm. [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Ivellett & Lieut. 
Wood, R.N. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 

Wood, R.N. [P.]. 
Sal\ in-Godman Coil. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll 

15. Podicipes calipareus. 
Podiceps 
calipareus, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. p. 727 (1826) 
[Falkland Islands]; Tsch. Faun. Peru., Orn. p. -315 (1845): Sclater, 

P. Z. S. I860, p. 389 [Falkland Is.] ; Abbott, Ws, 18nl, p. 182 [E. 
Falkland]; Sclat. 8> Salvin, Exot. Orn. ii. p. 100 (1869); iid. 
P. Z. S. 1869, p. 158 FTungasuca] ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 [Ohupat 
R] , 1878, p. 405 [Patagonia]; Mater $ Salvin, P. Z. S.1879, 
p. 041 [Bolivia] j White,P. Z. S. 1883, p. 43 [Argentine Eepublic]; 
Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 493 (1880); Sclat. $• Hudson, Argentine 
Orn. ii. p. 204 (1889); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137 [Tarapaea]. 
Podiceps 
kalipareus, lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. pi. 4o (1826) : 
Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, pt. iii. Birds, p. 136 (1841) [Patagonia: 
Falkland Is.] ; Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 [Bay of Valparaiso]; 

1. P0BIC1PES. 537 
G. R. Gray, List ofB. pt. iii. p. 150 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 633 
(1846); Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. i. p. 464 (1847); Yarrell, P. Z. S. 
1847, p. 55 [egg] : Rekhenb. Natatores, pi. 11. no?. 69, 70 (1850); 
G. R. Gray, Hand-l R. iii. p. 94 (1871): Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, 
p. 563 [Central Peru]. 
Podiceps occipitalis, Lesson, Pemety Toy. pi. xi.Jide; Schl. MILS. 
Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 41 (1867). 
Poclicipes calipareus, Lam, Ibis> 1897, p. 313 [Chili]. 


Adult in hreedi tig-plumage. General colour above dark slate-grey; 
forehead and crown pale mouse-brown ; occiput and nape deep 
l}lack* superciliary feathers, as well as those covering the cheeks 
and ear-coverts, dull golden straw-colour and produced into hairlike 
filaments, which, with the feathers of the crown, form a kind 
of frill; sides and flanks dark slate; rest of underparts pure shining 
white, merging gradually into mouse-brown on the throat- primary-
quills brownish grey, the innermost &ve or six margined with white 
at the tip; secondaries white, with the outer web partially margined 
or mixed with brownish, almost pure white in the most adult 
examples. Iris crimson ; bill dark horn : legs and feet pale slate (iZ. 
Bumford). Total length about 10*5 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 0*75-0*8, wing 0-2-0-5, tarsus 1*65, outer toe and 
claw 2*2. 

Adidt in non-breeding plumage. Resembles the above, but the 
long straw-coloured feathers on the sides of the head are entirely 
wanting. 

An immature bird is similar to the adult in non-breeding plumage, 
but the occiput and back of the neck are white with a slight 
brownish tinge, and the bill is shorter, 0*6 inch. 

Hab. Central and Southern South America from Central Peru 
and the Argentine Republic to the Straits of Magellan ; Falkland 
Islands'. 

a. Ad. sk. 
£, c. Ad. sk. 
Chili {Reed). 
Chili. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
T. C. Bridges, Esq. 
d-i. Ad. etjuv.sk. 
k. 3 ad. sk. 
/. J ad. sk. 
m. Imm. sk. 
n, o. c? S ad. sk. 
p, q. Ad. sk. 
r-t. <$ 2 ad. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
v, w. 6 $ ad. sk. 
Central Chili (Landbeck). 
Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, 
Mar. 3 (A. A. Lane). 
Taleakuano, Chili, Sept. 
(Dr. Coppinger). 
Straits of Magellan (Cajpt 
P. P. King). 
Chupat, Patagonia, Nov. 11. 
Falkland Is. 
Falkland Is. 
Falkland Is. (Leconte). 
San Salvador Bay, E. 
Falkland, Aug. 2 (JR. 
[o.]. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Voyage of H.M.S. 
'Alert.7 
The Admiralty [P.]. 
H. Durnford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Antarctic Exp. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
McCormick Bequest. 
x.
y.
z. 
Skeleton. 
Skeleton. 
Skeleton. 
McC). 
[Mexico 1] 
Chili. 
Straits of Magellan. 

538 
POPICIPEDID33. 

Subsp. a. Podicipes juninensis. 

Podiceps calliparseus jumnensib, JBerlepschfy Stohmann, Ibis, 1894, 

p. 112 [Lake Junin, 17,700 ft, Central Peru] 
Adult in breeding~plwna<je. Similar to P. calijja^eus,hut -with the 
forehead and crown dark ash, the cheeks and throat pure white, and 
the auricular tufts glossy brown with a faint golden tinge, as in 

P. taczanowskii. 
Two adult males (Rothschild Mus.). Culmen from feathers on 
forehead 0*8 inch, wing 5*3. 
Adult female. Total length about 11*5 inches, eulrnen from 
feathers on forehead 0*0, wing 5*3, tarsus 1*5, outer toe and 
claw 2*2. 

Hah. Central and Southern Peru. 

a. Q ad. sk. Lake of Tungasuea, July 2 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{H. WMtely). 
10, Podicipes taczanowskii. 

Podiceps taczanowskii, Berlepbch § Stohmann, Ibi% 1804, p. 109 
[Lake Junin, 17,000 ft., Central Peru]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to P. cnlijpa^vs, but distinguished 
by having a much longer and somew hat broader bill; 
the metatarsi and toes considerably longer and stouter; the 
auricular plumes ash-brown instead of golden-straw colour; the 
crown and fore-part of the head ash-brown, less sharply defined 
from the blackish occiput and nape: and the wing shorter. Iris 
red; tarsi and feet greyish olive on the inner side and grej ish brown 
on the outer side. Total length about 11*5 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 1*15, wing 4*0, tarsus 1*7, outer toe and 
claw 2*45. 

Eerlepsch and Stolzmann give the following measurements :— 

Tivo males. Total length 14*8-15*2 inches, culmen 1*28-1*325 
wing 4*88-5*16, tarsus 1*75-1*8. 

Two females. Total length 14*4-14*56 inches, culmen l*15-l*16y 
wing 4*6-4*96, tarsus 1*68-1*76. 

Hob. Lake Junin, 17,700 ft., Central Peru. 

a. J ad. sk. Lake Junin, Central Peru, Count Branicki [P.\ 
17,700 ft., May 27 {T. Kali7ioioski). 
17. Podicipes micropterus. 
Podiceps micropterus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 220 [Lake Titieaea, 
Peru] - G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 94 (1871 j . 

Centropelma 
micropteruua, Sdater Sf Salvin, JSuotia Orn. ii. p. 189, 
pi. 95 (1869); Gorman, Bull Mus. C Z. iii. p. 359 (1875) 
[habits]; Sdater <§• Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 041: Tacz.Orn. Perou. 

iii. p. 497 (1886). 
1. TODICIPES. 
539 
Adult. General colour above dark brown, largely mixed with 
chestnut on the sides of the lower back and rump ; the feathers of 
the back and scapulars rather elongate and pointed, with dark 
middles, paler margins, and pale sandy tips ; feathers of the forehead 
dull brown, those of the crown and occiput considerably 
lengthened, and of a rich chestnut colour, tipped with dark brown; 
feathers of the nape and upper hind-neck similar but shorter; 
lower part of the hind-neck dull brown • bides of the neck nearly 
pure chestnut, especially on the upper parts : feathers on the sides 
of the head behind the eye white, with long narrow black tips; 
chin, throat, lower part of cheeks, and fore-neck white; lower 
part of the fore-neck and rest of the underparts dull rufous, 
fringed with silvery white, producing a mottled appearance, the 
rufous being most conspicuous on the sides and flanks, where the 
feathers are blackish towards the extremity, and conspicuously 
white towards the base; primary-quills brownish-ash, inclining to 
whitish on the basal half of the inner web ; outer secondaries 
brownish-ash on the outer web, white on the inner web and at the 
tip ; rest of the wing dark brown. The pectination on the hinder 
margin of the tarsus, especially on the " heel," is very strongly 
developed, but not more so than in P. fliwiatilis or P. rollandi. 
Total length about 16 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 
1*25-1*5, wing 4*3-4*6, tarsus 2*0o-2*2, outer toe and claw 2*65


2-8. 

Young birds differ from the ad alt in having the general colour 
of the upper parts much paler and mixed with sandy; the back of 
the neck pale whitish rufous ; the chestnut on the top of the head 
duller and paler, inclining to brownish at the base; the underparts, 
sides, and flanks white, the outer secondary-quills with the outer as 
well as the inner webs largely or almost entirely white. 

Hah. Lake Titicaca, South Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Lake Titicaca, S. Peru, 12,644 ft. Gould Coll. (Type 
of the species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Lake Titicaca. 
Goidd Coll. 
c-f. 
Ad. et Lake Titicaca. Salvin-Godman ColL 
imm. sk. 

18. Podicipes griseigena. 
? Colymbus vulgaris, Scop. Annus, i. p. 78 (1769). 
Le Jougris, D'Aubmt. PL Enl. ix. pi. 48 [no. 901]; Buff. Hist. Nat. 
Ois. viii. p. 241 (1781). 
ColvmTbus grisegena, Bodd. Tall PL Enl. p. 55 (1783); Bau, etc. 

J.f.O. 1877, p. 341 [Geimanv] ; Baird, Brew. $ Itidgw. Water-B, 
N. Amer. ii. p. 426 (1884) ; Midgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 5^(1887). 
Columbus subcristatus, Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 37; pi. 18 
(1784); Gmel. S. N i. pt. ii. p. 590 (1788). 
Red-necked Grebe, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 499 (1785) • Lath. Gen, 
Sun. iii. pt. i. p. 288 (1785); id. Gen. Syn. SuppL i. p. 2G0, 
pi. cxviii. (1787); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 27, pi. 166 (lb24); Yarrell, 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 304 (1843). 

£40 
PODICIPEDIDJG. 

Colymbus pavotis, 8pamn. Mus. Carls. i. pi. ix. (1786); Gmel 8. N. 

i. pi. ii. p. 392 (1788). _ ^ r 
Podiceps rufxeollis, Lath Gen. 8y?i. 8uppl. i. p. 294 (1/8/) ; Seehohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 35 [Caucasus]. 
Oolvmbus rubricollis, Gmel. 8. JV. i. pt. ii. p. 592 (1788); Bonnat 
Tabl Encycl Moth. i. p. 54, pi. 46. tig. 4 (1790); Naum. Nat. 
Tog. Deutschl ix. p. 720, pi. 243 (1838). 

Colymbus lougirobtris, Bonnat. Tahl. Encycl. Metk. i. p. 54 (1790). 

Podiceps rubricollis, Lath. Bid. Orn. ii. p. 788 (1790); ZWw, .3f<zM. 
oVOrn. p. 405(1813); Ha?/. X Diet. d'ffist. Nat. xiii. p. 444 
(1817); 2fe?wH. J/w. (TOrn. ed. ii. pt. ii. p. 720 (1820; ; £&?M. 
w Shaztfs Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 8 (1826) ; Werner, Atl Ois. 
dEur. Orel. 14, pi. 6 (1828;; Selby, Brit. Orn. ii. p. 392, pi. Ixxii. 
(1833); Nilss. 8kand. FaunM p. 487 (1835) ; Thompson, P.Z. 8, 
1835, p. 79 [Belfast]; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 389 (1837;; Khmer, 
8kand. Fogl. p. 22, pL 60. % . 2 (1839-46); *V«JS«-, P. Z. S. 1839, 

p. 135 [Erzeroom] ; Bemid. Toy. Buss. Mend. iii. p. 304 (lft40) ; 
Bouteille, Orn. Bauphine, ii. p. 225, pi. 59. fig. 2 (1843) ; 6*. 12. 
Gray, List of B. pt. id. p. 149 (1844); Begl. Orn. Burop. ii. p. 301 
(1840) ; Reichen.. Natatores, pi. 11. nos. 64-68 (1850); Thomps. 
Nat Hist. Irel. iii. p. 184 (1851): Macqill. Brit. B. v. p. 259 
(1852); Kjarboll. Banm. Fugle, p. 400, pL hoax. (1852); Waiters, 
N Hist, B. Irel. p. 220 (1853); jStottfea. fiteasfc. Fogl pi. 54. fig. 3 
(1856); Jawfert # Lapomm. Rich Orn. p. 496 (1839) ; Povys, 
Ibis, I860, p. 349 [Butrinto, Epirus]; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 39 
(1863); Collett, Tid. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1868, p. 190; B. Gray, B, 
West Scotl p. 406 (1871); Rerertz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 69 (1873); 
Irby, Bis, 1873, p. 98 [Tangier]; Severtz. Jf 0.1875, p._18ll Tianshan]; 
Banf. § Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 434[Transylvania": Palm&n, 

J.f.O. 1876, p. 64 [Finland]; Shoes, Ibis, 1880, p/390 [near 
Copenhagen: breeding]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 [Astrakan], 
p. 383 rArchangel]; Badde, Orn. Caucas. p. 489 (1884); Seebohm, 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 459 (1883); Liitken, Omisy 1883, p. 143, 
1886, p. 97 [Denmark]; Bulla Torre § Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 555 
[Austro-Hungary], 1887, p. 343,1888, p. 359, SuppL p. 331, 1890, 
p. 261; Booth, Bough Notes, iii. pt. xiii. 2 pis. (1886); Tsehusi, 
Ornis, 1886, p. 174 [local names]; Grondal, Ornis, 1886, p. 368 
[Iceland]; Meyer $ Helm, Zeit. yes. Orn. iv. p. 398 (1887); GMke, 
Heligoland, Engl. ed. p. 585 (1895). 
Podiceps subcristatus, 
Meyer $ Wolf, Tasehenb. ii. p. 429 (1810): 
Xeys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 235 (1840); Schinz, Mump. Faun. L 

p. 353 (1840); Ileugl Toe/. N.O.-Afr. p. 68 (1856); Fritsvh, Nat 
Tog.Europa's, p. 302 (1870), Atl pi. 61. figs. 6, 9 (1871); Goebel, 
J. f O. 1871, p. 151 [S. Russia]; Fritsch, J. f O. 1872, p. 378 
[Bohemia]; Toes. Bull. 8oc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 160 (1877) [Poland]; 
Liebe, J.f.O. 1878, p. 84 [E. Hungary]; Rudolf, J.f.O. 1879, 
p. 83 [Don]. 
Colymbus cucullatus, Pcdl. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 355 (1811) 
[Russia]. 
Colymbus naevius, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 356 (1811) [Volga]. 
Podiceps canogularis, Brehm, Handb. Fog. BeutschL p. 958 (1831). 
Podiceps grisegena, G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p.6S3 (1846); Begl <f 

Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii f . 579 (1867); G. B. Gray, JSand-LB.nl 

p. 93 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. p. 1359 (1873); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 414. 
Podiceps griseigeua, 
8chl. Mus. Pays~Bas. vi. Urinat. p. 39 (1867) : 
Ehoes $ Buo/d. Ibis, 1870, p. 341 [Turkey]; Shelley, B. Egypt* 

a. 
b. 
c. 
d, 
f. 
a. 
i/ 

h 

i. 
h 

1. PODICIPES. 541 
p. 313 (1872); J% , Orn. Gibraltar, p. L>19 (1875) [Tangier]; 
Severtz. J.f 0. 1875, p. 198 [Tian-shan]; Dresser, B. JElirope, viii. 
p. 639, pi. 630 (1878) [part]; Giql. Ibis, 1881, p. 221 [Italy; 
Elba]; "larice, Ibis, 1884, p. 148 [Slavonia]: Gif/L Avif ItaL 
p. 452 (1886); id. Avif. ItaL i. p. 6(56 (1889), ii. p. (559 (1890), 
iii. p. 515 (1891) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1S91, p. 370 [Erzeroom] ; Hartert, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 521 [E. Prussia]; Zilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxvi. 
(1893); Reiser, Orn. Baleanica, ii. p. 203 (1894): Saunders, ed. 
Yarrell, Brit B. iv. p. 124 (1895). 
? Podiceps cueullatus, Severtz. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 198 [Turkestan]. 
Podicipes griseigena, Sttlrad. TJce. ItaL p. 301 (1887) ; Saunders, III. 

Man. Brit. B. p. 703 (1889). 
Loplisethyia grifaeigena, Sharpe, Handh. B. Gr. Brit. iv. p. 198 (1897). 

Adult in breeding-plumagj. General colour above, including the 
top of the head and back of the neck, dark brownish black with a 
grey gloss ; the feathers of the crown considerably lengthened and 
forming a full crest; sides of the head, chin, and throat grey, 
bordered with white on the sides of the crown and upper part of 
the neck; sides and fore-part of the neck rich chestnut, becoming 
somewhat paler on the chest; rest of the underparts silvery white, 
indistinctly mottled with brownish ash on the upper breast, sides, 
and flanks; primary-quills ash-brown, outer secondaries mostly or 
entirely ash-brown ; inner secondaries white; the lesser wTingeoverts 
"white, forming a white bar along the edge of the wing, 

•widest on the basal half. Iris carmine-red; bill black, the basal 
portion of the gape yellow; feet externally greenish blacky 
internally dull yellowish, the margins of the lobes dusky. Total 
length about 18 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 1*4-1*7, 
wing 6*3-7*2, tarsus 2*1, outer toe and claw 2*8. 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. General colour of the upper parts, 
including the top of the head and back of the neck, brown, darkest 
on the back and scapulars: sides of the head and base of the fore-
neck brownish white; chin, throat, upper part of the fore-neck, 
and rest of the underparts silvery white ; the feathers of the sides 
of the breast, sides, and flanks mostly tipped with ash-brown; 
plumage otherwise similar to the above. 

Hah. Europe and Western Asia, ranging south to the Mediterranean, 
Black and Caspian Seas, and the north coast of Africa, 

Culm. Wing 
Ad. sk. 
in. 
1*5 
in. 
6*8 Europe. Old Coll. 
Ad. sk. 1-65 6*5 Europe. Old Coll. 
Ad. sk. 1*5 6*8 Great Britain. Montagu Coll. 
e. Ad. st Yarmouth, Norfolk. Gould Coll. 
Ad. sk. 1*55 6*4 "Wells, Norfolk. Dec. 2b Col. II. W. Feilden 
Juv. st. Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Aug. 
[PJ. 
Dr. Theodore Fisher 
Ad. st. Southend, Janiu ry. 
IP.]. 
Old Coll. 
Ad. sk. 1*7 G-8 Torqiuy. C. Coningham, Esq. 
Imm. sk. 1-6 6*5 Abbeville, France. 
[P 4 
M. Baillon [C] 

PODICIPEDIDJE. 

542 

Culm. Wing >• 
in. in. 
1. $ ad. ak. 1-4 G'B Zah-Mesozeg, Asia Minor, Seebohm Coll. 
May o (C. G. Danford). 
m. S &&> st ' South Russia, March. Purchased. 
n. $ ad. &k. 1-33 0-3 Volga, May (II. F. Muller). Gould Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. 1-45 &i) Arehauuel (Sendee). Ilargitt Coll. 
p. Ad. &k. 1-03 7~2 Archangel. Br. R. Rowdier 
Sharpe [P.]. 
tj. Skeleton. 
r. Sternum. 
Subsp. a. Podicipes holboelli. 

Colymbus cucullatus, Pall Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. Z~)o (1811) [part, 
Siberia]. 
Podiceps cristatus, Swains. § Richards, (nee Linn.) Faun. Bor.-Amer. 

p. 410 (1881) [Saskatchewan] ; Cooper $ Suckl N II Wash. Terr. 
p. 280 (1860); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 893 (18G0) [Washington 
Territory] ; COUPS, P. Essex Inst. v. p. 310 (1868) [Xew England] ; 
Turnb. B. E. Pennsylvania, p. 49 (1869) ; Cozies, Key N Amer. B. 
p. 336 (1872); Ridcjw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, x. p. 392 (1874) 
[Illinois]; Coues,B. N.-West, p. 729 (1874); Merriam, Bull Nutt. 
Om.C. ii. p. 47 (1878) [Connecticut] ; Breicer, Bull Nutt. Om.C. 
ii. p. 52 (1878); Samuels, N. # E. Birds, p. 560 (1883) [New 
England]. 
Podiceps rubricollis, Swains. § Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 411 
(1831) [Gt. Slave Lake]; And. Orn. Bioqr. iii. p. 617, v\. 298 
(1835), v. p. 620 (1839); id. B. Amer. vii. p. 812, pi. 480 (1844) ; 
Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322 [Lakes of N. China; Amoorland ; 
Japan]; Turnb. B. E. Pennsylvania, p. 49 (1809); Seebohm, B. 
Japan, p. 364 (1890). 

Red-necked Grebe, Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 253 (1834) [part]. 
Podiceps rubricollis major, Temm. § Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 122, pi. 78 B 
(1842); Reichenb. Natatores, pi. H i B, no. 2940 (1850). 

Podiceps 
holbollii, Bernhardt, Videnik. Meddelelser, 1853, p« 76 
[Greenland]; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 [Greenland1; Coues, P. Ac. 
Philad. 1862, p. 231; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285 "[Holland] ; I)egl 
fy Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 581 (1867) ; Coues, P. Essex Inst. v. 

p. 309 (1869) [New England]; Merriam, Bull Nutt Orn. C. vi. 
p. 2S5 (1881); Ridgw. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 55 (1881) : 
Gigl. § Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 594 [Corea]. 
Podiceps subcristatus, Schrench, Reis. Amur-l i. p. 493, pi. 15. fig. 3 
(1859); Radde, Ost-Sib. ii. p. 381 (1863). 
Podiceps griseigena, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 892 (1860) [Hudson's 
Bay]; BlaJdst. Ibis, 1863, p. 154 [Brit. N. America]; Ross, Nat. 
Hist. Rev. 1862, p. 290 [Mackenzie R.]; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 427 
[Vancouver I.]; Ball § Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 308 (1869) 
[Alaska] ; Mat/nard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 495 (1881) ; Samuels, N 
8fE Birds, p. 559 (1883). 

Podiceps coopeii, Lawr., in Baird B. N. Amer. p. 893 (1860): Coues, 

P. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 230 [Washington Terr.]; Salvad. Atti 
Soc. Ital viii. p. 385 (1805); Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. 
p. 76 (1872); Ball, Avif. Aleut, p. 10 (1873). 
Podiceps affinis, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. viii. p. 385 (1865) rN. 
America]; id. J.f.O. 1868, p. 70. 
Podiceps subcristatus, var. major, Bybowshi, J.f.O. 1868, p. 339, 

1 . PODICIPES. 
543 
Podiceps griseigena, Tar. holbollii, Cones, Key X. Amer, B. p. 336 

(1872); id. B. X.-West, p. 730 (1874) ; Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. X. 

York, x. p. 392 (1874) [Illinois]. 

Podiceps cuculktus, Tacz. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 33G [E. Siberia], 1875, 

p. 257 [Ussim], 1876, p. 203; id. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. viii. p. 345 
(1883) [Kamschatka]. 
Podieipes~£rriseuena liolboelli, Merriam, Bull. Nidi. Or??. C. vii. 

p. 241 (1882) "Canada"1; Coues £ Prentiss, Bull. U.S. Xat. Mm. 
xxvi. p. 110 (1883) [Columbia Dist.]; Steams # Cones, X. Engl 
B.-life, p. 391 (1883); Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 794 
(1884); Seton, Aul; ii. p. 314 (1885) [Manitoba]. 
Podieipes cristatus, Stearns § Coues, X. Engl. B.-life, p. 391 (1883). 
Colvmbus holboellii, Baird, Brew. 8; Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. 
p*. 428 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. xxix. p. 11 (1885) 

[E. Siberia: Bering-I?, p. 313 [Kainschatka]; A. 0. U. Chech-l. 
p. 73 (1886); Seton, Au7c, iii. p. 147 (1886) [W. Manitoba]; 
Ridgw. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 5 (1887); Roberts, Auk, vii. p. 213 
(1890) [Minnesota]; MacParl. P. U.S. Xat. Mus. xiv. p. 415 
(1891) [Fort Anderson, Arctic America] ; Stejn. P. U.S. Xat. Mus. 
xv. p. 289 (1892) [Yezo]: Cory, Cat. W. 'hid. B. p. 81 (1892); 
Hatch, B. Minnesota, p. "5 (1892); Mclhvraith, B. Ontario, 2nd 
ed. p. 25 (1894) ; Merrill, Aide, xiv. p. 349 (1897) [Idaho]. 
Podiceps occidentalis, 
Tristram {nee Laivr.), Ibis, 1887, pp. 98, 262; 
Ridgw. Ibis, 1887, p. 361; Tristram, Ibis, 1889, p. 227. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Similar to P. griseigena, but larger; 
the bill especially being much stronger. Total length about 19 
inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 1-7-2*4, wing 7'2-SS, 
tarsus 2*3, outer toe and claw 3*2. 

Adult in aon-hreeding plumage. Similar to P. griseigena. 

Immature birds, with the cheeks and sides of the head longitudinally 
streaked with brownish black, resemble the adult in 
breeding-plumage in having the sides and fore-part of the neck 
washed with chestnut, but the chin and throat are white. 

Hah. Northern parts of North America, ranging* east to Greenland 
and west to Eastern Siberia ; south in winter to the Northern 
United States and Japan. 

Culmen. Wing, 
in. in. 


a. 
Ad. sk. 2-2 7-7 Eohkien, China. Gould Coll. 
7-3 Hakodadi, Japan, Jan. (T. Seebohm Coll. 
b. Ad. sk, 2-1 
Blahistoifh). 

c. Ad. sk. 1-9 
7*6 Kotzebue Sound, Alaska Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. W. Xelson). 
d. 
Ad. sk. 2-1 7-5 Kotzebue Sound (E. W. X.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s-k8-3 St. Michael's, Alaska, Oct. 0 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. S imm-- 2*0 
(E. W. X.). 
/. £ imm. sk. 1*9 7*5 St. Michael's, Oct. 7 (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. X.). 
g. Ad. sk. 1*9 
7.4 Fort Sinroson, June 2. B. R. Boss, Esq. [P.]. 
h. Imm. sk. 2*1 British Columbia (J. K. North American 
7-6 

Lord). Boundary Comm. 
[P.]. 
%. Imm. sk. 1-9 7*4 British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 

h. Imm. sk. 1*7 
7*2 British Columbia. J. K. Lord Esq. [P.I. 
544 
PODTCIPEDID.E. 

Oulmen. Wing, 
in. in. 
/ <$ imm. sk. 2*0 7*4 Howe Sound, British Co- Yov.H.M.S.'Pln uper/ 
lumbia, Oct. 24 (Br. Lyall). 
Wi.^imm.sk. V7 7*3 Godbont, Canada, Oct. 2o Salvin-Godn an Coll. 

(X. A. Comeau). 
n. cTad.sk. 2*2 7*7 L}ons FalK New Yoik. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
* V pi il 18 (C. H. Mm la m). 
o. 
9ad.sk. 2'2 7*5 Lyons Falls, April 18 (C. Salvin-Gndmin Coll. 
II M.). 
p. J ad. sk. 1*9 7-2 Lyons FalK, April 20 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
J. Bay an), 
q. J ad. sk. 1*85 7*3 Lyons FalF, April 23 (E. Salvin-Godmaii ColL 
L. Bay an). 
Two specimens in the Botkschild Museum measure as follows:— 

Culm en. "Wing, 

in. m. 
<$ ad. sk. 2*0 7*3 E-tuaiy of the Amur. 
Jad.sk . 1*9 7*4 Estuary of the Amur. 


A specimen from the Tristram Collection in the Liverpool Museum 
measures as follows :— 

Culmen. Wing, 
in, in. 
[c^lad.sk. 2'4 7-s Vancouver Island. (Cf.lhU,lt^7 
pp. 98,202; lo89. p. 227.) 

19. Podicipes cristatus. 
La Grebe, Bris,son, Orn. vi. p. 34, pi. iii. fitr. 1 (17C0) ; D'Aithent. PI 

Enl. ix. pi. 42 [no. 941": Buff. Mht. Xat.. Ois. ^m. p. 227 (17^1), 
La Grebe nupee, Brihson, Orn. \l p. 38, pi. iv. (17(i0j. 
La Grebe cornue, Brksuu, Orn. vi. p. 45, pi. v. %. 1 (17t>0j. 
Greater Dobchick, Edw. Glean. X. H. iii. p. 316, pi. 300. fiy. 2 

(1762). 

Colyrnbus cristatus, Zw;?. S. A. i. p. 222 (1760): Gutel. S. X. I. 
pt. ii. p. 589 (1788); Bonnat. Tabl Encycl Meth. i. p. 55 (1790); 
^ - Atfiw?. A«f. IV/. Beatsihl. ix. p. 036, pi. 242 (183b): Bau, etc. 
If. 0. 1877, p. 342 rGermany"'; Baird, JBreiv. fyBidyw. Water-B, 

N. Amer. ii. p. 426 (1884) ; Bidyw. Man. X. Am. B. p. 5 (16ST J. 
Corymb us urinator, Linn. S. X. i. p. 223 (1700) ; Gmel S. X. i. 
pt. ii. p. 593 (1788): Bonnat Tabl. Encycl Meth. i. p. 53 (179U), 
Great Crested Grebe, Pennant, Brit. Zool ii. p. 393 (170*8); id. 
Arct. Zool ii. p. 498 (1785); Tarrell, Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 207 
(1843). 

The Grebe, Pennant, Brit. Zool ii. p. 395 (176b). 
Le Grebe hupe, D'Aubent. PI Enl ix. pi. 44 "no. 944": Buff, Hi«t 
Xat. Ois. viii. p. 233 (1781). " 
Le Grebe cornu, B^Aubent. PI Enl ix. pi. 45 [no. 400" j Buff. Hist. 
Xat. Ois. viii. p. 235, pi. xix. (1781). 
Crested Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 281 (1785); id. Gm. 

Hist x. p. 20 (1824). 
Tippet Grebe, Lath. Grn.Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 2b3 (17bo). 
Podiceps urinator, Lath. Gen. Sun. Suppl i. p 294 (1787/ • lie HI 

N. Bid. aVIIist. Xat. xiii. p. 441 (1817). 
Podiceps cristatus, Lath Ind, Orn. ii. p. 780(1790} ; Meyer $ Wolf, 
1. PODICIPES. 545 
Taschenb. ii. p. 426 (1810); Borckh. etc. Teutsche Orn. pp. 114, 
115 (1800-37); Temm. Man. cVOm. p. 462 (1815); Vieill. N. 
Diet. d'Hist. Nat xiii. pp. 442, 443 (1817) ; Temm. Man. d'Om. 
ed. ii. pt. ii. p. 717 (1820); Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. 

p. 8 (1826); Werner, ML Ois. d'Eur. Ord. 14. pi. 5 (1828); Selby, 
Brit. Orn. ii. p. 394, pi. lxxiii. (1833); Abbott, P. Z. S. 1834, 
p. 134 [Trebizond]; Niks. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 484 (1835); Aid. 
Orn Biogr. iii. p. 595, pi. 292 (1835) [N. America!]; Gould, 
B. Eur. v. pi. 388(1837); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 134 [Erzeroom]; 
Earner, Skand. Fogl. p. 22, pi. GO. fig. 1 (1839-46); Keys. u. Bias. 
Wirbelth. p. 235 (1840) ; Benoit, Orn. SiciL p. 174 (1840); Bemid. 
Voy. Muss. Merid. iii. p. 303 (1840); Sehinz, Europ. Faun. i. 
p. 352 (1840); Cara, Orn. Sard. p. 165 (1842); Bouteille, Orn. 
Bauphine, ii, p. 224, pi. 59. fig. 1 (1843) ; Miihle, Beitr. Orn. 
Grieehenl. p. 134 (1844); Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 
(1844); id. Icon. ined. no. 834; Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 308, pi. 479 
(1844); G. P. Gray, List of B. pt iii. p. 149 (1844); id. Cat. 
Hodgs. ed. i. p. 147 (1846); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1846) ; 
Beg! Orn. Eui-op. ii. p. 498 (1849); Reichenb. Natatores, 
pi. 11. nos. 57-63 (1850); Tkomps. Nat. Hist. Irel iii. p. 172 
(1851); Kjmrboll. Danm. Fugle, p. 399, pi. xxxix. (1852); Macgill. 
Brit. B. v. p. 250 (1852); Waiters, N. Hist B. Irel p. 217 
(1853); Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 54. figs. 1, 2 (1856) ; Brandt in 
Hoffmann, N. Ural. Exped. ii. App. p. 71 (1856); Heugl. Vog. 
NO.-Afr. p. 68 (1856); Hartl. Syst Orn. W.-Afr, p. 249 (1857) ; 
Jaubert et Lapomm. Pick. Orn. p. 495 (1859); Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 

p. 364 [El Baheira]; Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 67; Tristra?n, Ibis, 
1860, p.1" 82 [Tuggurt, Sahara], p. 159 [Lake Halloula]; Powys, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 349 [Epirus]; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 251 [Oudh and 
Kuniaon]; Swinkoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322 [China]; Gould, B. Gr. 
Bnt. v. pi. 38 (1863); Fitz. Atl Nat. Vog. fig. 339 (1864) ; Jerd. 
B. Ind. iii. p. 821 (1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 157 [Malta]; 
Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 [lalestine]; More, Ibis,18Q5, 
p. 448 [Gt. Britain]; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 373 (1867); Whitely, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 208 [Hakodadi]; I)egl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. 
p. 577 (1867); SchL Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 34 (]867); 
Collett, Vid. Selsk. Fork. Christ. 1868, p. 189; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, 
p. 303 [Transvaal] ; Brake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154 [Morocco]; Blanf, 
Zool. Abyss, p. 440 (1870) [Lake A-hangi]; Elwes fy Buckl. Ibis, 
1870, p. 341 [Turkey]; Fritseh, Nat. Vog. Europa's, p. 501 (1870), 
Atl. p i 61. figs. 11, 14 (1871); Finsch, J. f. O. 1870, p. 379 
[New Zealand], 1872, p. 260, 1874, pp. 174, 217; Travers, Tr. 
N Z. Inst iii. p. 113 (1871) [habits]; G. P. Gray, Hand-l B. 
iii. p. 92 Q871); P. Gray, B. West Scotl p. 405 (1871); Goebel, 
J.f.O. 1871, p. 151 [S. Russia]; Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 415 
[S. coast of China; winter]; Gumey, ed. AmUrss. B. DamaraL 
p. 345 (1872) ; Fritseh, J.f O. 1872, p. 377 [Bohemia]; Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 312 (1872); Hume, Nests fy Eggs Lid. B. p. 645 
(1873)'; id. Str. F. i. pp. 142, 265 (1873); Butter, B. N. Zeal. 
p. 353 (1873); Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. iv. p. 1357 (1873); Brooke, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 349 [Sardinia]; Severtz. Turkest Jevotnie, p. 70 
(1873) ; id. J.f.O. 1873, p. 340 [Tian-shan], 1875, p. 185; Irby, 
Orn. Gibraltar, p. 219 (1875); Banf. $ Broivn, Ibis, 1875, p. 433 
[Transylvania.]; Anders. Str. F. iii. p. 274 (1875) ; Jesse, Ibis, 
1876, p. 382 [Corsica]; Palmen, J.f.O. 1876, p. 64 [Finland]; 
Bresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 414; Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 31 (1876); 
Butler, Str. F. v. pp. 224, 235 (1877); Bavid$ Ovztal. Ois. Chine. 
VOL. xxvi. -N 

rODICTPEDII>-*3. 

p. 514 (1877) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc Z. Fr. ii. p. 100 (18/t) [1 oland ; 
Anderson, P. Z S. 1877, p. 807 [N.W. India breeding]; Ltebe, 
J.f.O. 1878, p. 85 [E. Hungary]; Hume, Str. F. %ii. p. 40/ 
(1878); Butler, Cat. B. Si?id, p. 76(1879); Dresser BLurojoe, 
viii.p. 029, pi. 629 (1879); Brewer, Ibis, 1879, p. 112 [does not 
occur in N. America]; Rudolf, Jf 0. 1879, p. 83 W ; M 
Str. F. x. p. 85 (1881); Butter, Man. B. N. Zeal v. /4 (1882) ; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 TAstrakan], p. 369 [Japan]; 1&63, 
p. 35 [Caucasus]; irty, 2Hs, 1883, p. 190 [Santander] ; Sharpes 
ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 785 (1884); Radde, Orn. Caucas. p. 488 
(1884) ; Tristr. Surv. W. Palest p. 138 (1884) ; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 148 [Slavonia and Hungary] ; At/res, Ibis, 1885, p. 3o0 
[Transvaal] ; Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 255 [Morocco] ; Saunders, ed. 
Yarrell, Brit B. iv. p. 117 (1885); Booth, Rough Notes, in. 
pt. ix. pi. (1885); Seebohm, Hist Brit B. iii. p. 455 (1385;; 
Whiteheads Ibis, 1885, p. 46 [Corsica] ; Dalla Torre $ Tschusi, 
Ornis, 1885, p. 554 [Austro-Hungary]: 18S7, p. 343; 1-88, 
p. 358, and Suppl. p. 330; 1890, p. 260; Luthen, Ornis, 1885, 
p. 142 [Denmark], 1886, p. 97; Sharjpe, Ibis, 188**, p. 493 Fao], 
p. 499 [Buskire]; Gigl Avif. Ital p. 450 (1886); Bitter $ 
Tschusi, Ornis, 1886, p. 174 [local names]; Tait, Ibis, 1837, 
p. 400 [Portugal]; Meyer § Helm, Zeit ges. Orn. iv. p. 397 
(1887) ; Butter, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. p. 283 (1888); Hume, Str. F. 
xl p. 348 (1888); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 22 (1RB8) ; 
North, Nests $ Eggs B. Austr. p. 347 (1889) ; Radde <$-Walter, 
Omit, 1889, p. 128 [Transcaspia] ; Gigl. Acif. Ital. i. p. 064 
(1889), ii. p. 659 (1890), iii. p. 515 (1891); Seebohm, B. Jap. 
p. 365 (1890); Oates, ed. Hume's Nests $ Eggs, iii. p. 40i (1800); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1891, p. 370 [Erzeroom]; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. 
pt xviiL (1891); Sty an, Ibis, 1891, pp. 331, 509 'Lower Yangtse* ; 
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 82 [incubation lasts from 21-24 davsf; 
La louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 503 [Foockow]; Hartert, Ibis, 1*892, 
p. 521 [E, Prussia] ; Koenig, Jf. 0.1893, p. 104 [Tunis]; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 53 [Tsu-skiina]; Reiser, Orn. Bcdeanka, ii. p. 203 
(1891), iv. p. 148 (1896); Gdtke, Heligoland, Engl ed. p. 585 (1895). 
Colymbus cornutus, Bonnat (nee Gmel) Tabl. Encycl. Mifh. L p. 55, 

pi. 46. fig. 1 (1790); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 353 (1811). 
Podiceps cornutus. Werner (nee Gmel.), Ail. Oh. dCEurl Ord. 14, 

pis. 8, 9 (1828). 
Podiceps mitratus, Brehm, Handb. Vog. DeutschL p. 953 (1831). 
Podiceps patagiatus, Brehm, Handb. Vog. DeutschL p. 954 (1831). 
Crested Grebe or Gaunt, Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 250 (1834). 
Podiceps australis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 13o [Australia, Tas


mania] ; id. B. Austr. vii. pi. 80 (1844); G. R. Gray, Gen. 

B. iii. p. 633 (1846); Reichenb. Natatores, pi. 12. no. 937 < 183U); 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 511 (1865); G. R. Gray, Hand-h 
B. iii. p. 93 (1871); Biggies, B. Austr. ii. pL 122 (1877). 
Podiceps kectori, Puller, Essay N. Z. Orn. p. 19 (1865); Fimch 
Ibis, 1869, p. 380; Puller, Ibis, 1870, p. 459; Potts, Tr. N. Z 
Inst. ii. pp. 50, 74, pi. iv.fig. 5 [egg] (1870). 

Podiceps widkalmi, Goebel, J.f.O. 1870, p. 312. 
Podiceps rostratus, Yarrell fide Mansell-PleydelL Orn. & Conch 
Dorset, p. 47 (1874). 
Podiceps mfuscatus, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen^v. (2) i BO *>5 
251 (1884) [Shoa]. J -IF--, 
Podicipes cristatus, Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 300 (1887); Saunders III 
Man. Brit £, p. 701 (1889); Sharps, Second Turk. Miss., Ares] 

p. 148 (1891); Bknf Faun. Brit. Lid., Birds, iy. p. 473 (18981 
1. PODICIPES. 
Podicipes infuscatus, Shurpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 545 [Lake Naiwaaha]. 
Lophsethyia cristata, Sharpe, Handb. B. Gt, Brit. iv. p. 194 
(1897). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above very dark ash-
brown, inclining to blackish ; forehead and crown black, with a 
slight greenish-grey gloss, the feathers on each side of the crown 
elongate and forming a long double crest; lores, space in front of 
t»he eye, cheeks, chin, and throat white more or less tinged with 
rufous, and shading into rich chestnut on the long feathers covering 
the hinder parts of the head; the upper neck clad in long black 
plumes, forming a full ruff; lower part of the hind-neck deep ash-
brown ; lower part of the fore-neck and rest of the underparts silvery 
white, except on the sides and flanks, which are rufous chestnut 
tipped with dark ash or nearly uniform dark ash : lesser wing-coverts 
forming a ivide uhite hand along the edge of the wing; primary-
quills dark ash, more or less white towards the base of the inner 
web ; outermost secondary partially or entirely dark ash, remainder 
almost pure white except the last five or six which are dark 
brownish black ; humerals vMte, tipped with rufous or ash towards 
the extremity. Iris crimson, with a narrow golden ring round the 
pupil; culmen dusky ; sides of upper mandible dull carmine, base of 
lower mandible carmine, cutting-edges dusky, tip pale horn; inner 
side of the metatarsus, toes, and lobes pale yellowish brown with a 
slight greenish tinge; outer side of tarsus, basal phalanx of outer 
toe, joints, and claws blackish. Total length about 20 inches, 
culmen from feathers on forehead 1*6-2*1, wing 6*7-8*1, tarsus 2*52-
6, outer toe and claw 2*9-3*1. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. General colour of the upper parts, 
including the top of the head and hind-neck, dark ash-brown 
inclining to black; sides and flanks tipped with the same colour; 
rest of plumage pure white; wings as described above. 

Young. Similar to the adnlt in non-breeding plumage, but the head 
and neck are longitudinally striped and marked with dark ash-brown. 

Young in down. General colour of the upper parts whitish brown, 
shading into white on the neck and head, and longitudinally striped 
with deep smoky-brown; a rather large patch of the latter colour 
on each side of the crown immediately behind the bare red patch on 
the forehead; base of the fore-neck and rest of the underparts white. 

Hob. Central and Southern Europe and Asia as far east as Japan ; 
Africa ; Australia: Tasmania; New Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. Great Britain. W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.]. 
h. Pull. sk.
c. 2 irnm. sk. 
England. 
Frisknev, Lincolnshire coast, 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
,Nov. 23. 
d. e. S 2 ad. sk. Leicestershire. Theodore Walker, 
f,g. 3 2 ad. st.
A. S ad. sk. 
Norfolk, May. 
Yarmouth, Norfolk, Nov. 2.
Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Col. H. W. Feilden 
t, A\ $ 2 ad. sk. Wells, Norfolk, Feb. 2 (P. C.
Able).
PP.]. 
Dr.R.BowdlerSharp* 
[P.]. 
2x 2 

548 
/. $ ad. St. 


m. Juv. st 
ra. Ad. sk. 

o,p. 
Ad. etimra. 
sk. 
q-$. Ad. St. 

t. $ ad. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
v. S juv. sk. 
to. d ad. sk. 
x. 
Pull. sk. 
y. J ad. sk. 
%, 3 ad. sk. 
s*. Ad. sk. 
a'. 3 ad. sk. 
a'*, rf ad. sk. 
V. Jad.sk. 
c'. Ad. sk. 

d\ Ad. sk. 

<s'-^'. Ad. sk. 
h'-m'. 3 $ ad. 
sk. 
ri. S ad. sk. 

o'. Ad. sk. 
jp', q'. 6 2 ad. 

r-»7. S $ad. sk. 

w'. 3 ad. sk. 
.r', y'. c5" ad. sk. 

z'-c'. <$ ad. sk. 
d". Ad. sk. 
*". 2 ad. sk. 

/'. 6 ad. sk. 
g". S ad. sk. 

h"t i". 3 ad. sk. 

k". 6 ad. sk. 

r . Ad. sk. 
m". Ad. sk. 
PODTCIPEDIDJE. 

Southend, Jan. 24. 
Brighton. 


Poole Harbour, Dorset, Jan. 10. 

Devonshire. 

Torquay. 

Quillinge, S. Sweden, April. 
Holland. 
Havre, France, Nov. 27 (K 

Pluchj). 
River Volga, May {H. F. 
Moeschler). 
Astrachan, July (A. von 
Hiigel). 

El Baheira, Tunis, March 9 

(O. S.). 
Lake Ashangi, Abyssinia, 8000 
ft., May 2. 
Pretoria, Transvaal (Pratt). 

Potchefstroom, Sept. 2 {T. 
Ayres). 

Sea of Galilee. 

Erzeroom, Asia Minor, Sept. 21 
{Dickson §* Boss). 
Fao. 

Bushire, Jan. 

Mekran Coast (Copt. Bishop). 
Gwader, Mekran Coast, Jan., 
Feb. (A. 0. JBT.). 
Pusnee, Mekran Coast, Feb. 16 

(A. 0. m). 
Kashgar (Dr. Bellexo). 
Ajmere, N.W. India, Dec. 
(A. 0. H.). 
Gurgaon Dist., Jan. & April 

(W. N. Chill). 
Mynpuri, Feb. 1. 
Sandee, Futtehgtirh Dist, 
March 6 (A. Anderson). 
Allahabad, Nov. 10. 
Bareilly, Oudh, Feb. 
Zaidam, April (PrfevalsJcy). 
Manipur, Mar. 10 (A. 0. H.). 
Irrawaddy River, S. Pegu, 

Dec. 18 (E. W. Gates). 
Amojj China, April (B. 

Swinhoe). 
Ningpo, China, Dec. 27 (22. S.). 
Tsu-snima, Japan, Jan. (P. A. 

Hoist). 

Australia. 

Old Coll. 

W. 
C. Whitworth, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Baron A. von Hiigel 
[P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 


C. 
Ooningham, Esq. 
[P.]. 
C. Lundborg [^*1* 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hargitt CoU. 
Hargitt Coll. 

Hargitt Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

"W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Dr. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.J. 

J. 
H. Gurney, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Canon H. B.Tristram 
[C.]. 
Gould CoU. 


W. 
D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.]A. 
J.V.- Palmer, 
Esq. [P.]-
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm ColL 

Antarctic Exped.pp.]. 

2 . JECHMOPHORUS. 
- Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Purchased. 

Ad. sk. 

Australia. 
Gould Ooll. 

. Ad. sk. 

Queensland (J, T. Cockerell), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
. Ad. sk. Bourke, B. Darling, N. S. Gould Coll. 
Wales (Dr. Pechey). 

. Ad. sk. 

New South Wales. Australian Museum 
[P.]. 

s". Ad. sk. 

South Australia. Dr. E. H. Perks [C.]. 

t". Ad. sk. 

Tasmania. 
Gould Coll. 

u". 
Ad. sk. 

New Zealand. Sir George Grey [P.]. 

v". Ad. sk. 

New Zealand. Colonial Museum, 
Wellington [E.]. 

w" 
X". <J $ 

Tring, Hertfordshire, May 13. Hon. W. JRothschild 

skeletons. [P.]. 
*/". Skeleton. Lake of Constance. Dr. A. Giinther [C.]. 

z". Skeleton. 
«3, &3. c? 9 skulls. 
c3. J skull. Salyin-Godman Coll. 


d3,e\ Sterna. 

2. JECHMOPHORUS. 
Type. 

^Echmophorus; Cows, P. Acad. Philad. 1862, p. 229.. M. occiaentalis. 

Bill very long, slender and pointed; culmen slightly upturned; 
secondaries short, the longest equal to the ninth or tenth primary; 
metatarsus equal to or very little shorter than the middle toe and 
claw, Nuptial'and winter plumages alike. 

Range. North and South America. 

Key to the Species, 

I, Chin and throat dark grey; fore-neck chestnut, 
rest of underparts white; culmen 
2*7-3*3 inches, wing 7*3-7*8, outer toe and 
claw 3*2. major tf §, p. 549. 

II. 
Chin, throat, and fore-neck white, like the 
rest of the underparts. 
A. 
Size larger: culmen 2*4-3*1 inches, wing 
7-8*1, outer toe and claw 3*5 occidentalis £} p. 551. 
B. Size smaller: culmen 2*1-2*2 inches, 
wing 6*4-6*7, outer toe and claw 3*1 .. occidentalis $ , p. 551. 
(= clarhii) 

1. iEckmophorus major. 
Grebe de Cayenne, D'Aiihent. PI. Enl ix. pi. 46. fig. 1 [no, 404]. 
Le Grand Grebe, Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 242 (1781). 
Colymbus major, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 24 (1783) [Cayenne]. 
Cayenne Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 284 (1785); id. Gen. 


But. x. p. 34 (1824). 
Colymbus cayennensis, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 593 (1788) ; Bonnat. 
Tabl Encycl Mtth. i. p. 53, pi. 45. %. 1 (1790). 

Podiceps cayanus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p.'781 (1790); VieiH. 2V. Diet 
d'Hist. Nat xiii. p. 443 (1817) * Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. 
pt. i. p. 5 (1826). 

Colymbus 
bicornis, Licht Verz. Doubl p. 88 (1823) j G. R. Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1846); id. ELand-l. B. iii. p. 93. 
Podiceps leucopterus, King, Zool Journ. iv. p. 101 (1829) [Straits of 
Magellan]; Jardinefy Selby, III Orn. pi. 107 (1830) j G. R. Gray, 

550 POD1C1PEJDIDJL 

List of B. pt. iii. p. 140 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 023 (1846) ; 
Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. i. p. 403 (1847); Iteichanb. JKafatores, 
pi. 12. nos. 740-741 (1850); Sckl. Handl Dierk. i. p. 457, Atl. 
pi. viii. fig. S (1857). 

Podiceps loDgirobtris, Bonap. Icon. Faun. ItaL i. Ucc. Introd. p. 1 
(1832-41) [Sardinia!]; Degl. 8f Gerbe, Orn. Eur op. ii. p. 582 
(1867); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 349. 

? Podiceps chilensis, Fraser {nee Garnot), P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 
[Chili]; Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 55 [egg]. 
Podiceps major, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 033 (1846) ; Schl. Mas. 
Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat p. 38 (1867); Sclat. $ Salvm, Exot. Orn. ii. 

p. 190 (1869); itd. Ibis, 1870, p. 500 [Straits of Magellan!; Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 244 [N. Peru] ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 154 "[Buenos 
Ayres, breeding-habits]; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 432 [Chili]. 
Podiceps bicornis, Burmeist. JReise La Plata, ii. p._520 (lfcOl). 
./Echmophorus major, Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 [Banda Oriental & 

Buenos Ayres], 1878, p. 405 [Patagonia"; White, P. Z 8.1883, p. 433 
[Buenos Ayres] ; Barroics, Auk, i. p. 316 (1864) rLower Uruguay"; 
Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 402 (I860); Salvad. Tec. Hal p. 300 
(1887); Sclat. $ Hudson, Argentine Orn. ii. p. 202 (1880); Holland, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 213 [Argentine Rep.: breeds in October}; Lane, 
Ibis, 1897, p. 313 [Chili]. 

Colymbus salvadorii, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mi/s. xxix. p. 13'1885). 

Adult. General colour above, including the head and "back of the 
neck, brownish black, glossed with dark green, especially on the 
head and neck; feathers on the occiput and nape lengthened and 
forming a full short crest; the feathers of the back and scapulars 

•with rather well-marked brownish-white margins; lores, sides of 
the head, and throat grey, shading into white on the chin and 
darker grey on the upper part of the fore-neck ; sides and fore part 
of the neck chestnut; an indistinct band of the same colour continued 
down the sides of the breast to the shoulder; chest and rest of the 
underparts silvery white except the sides and flanks which are mostly 
ash-brown, sometimes washed with chestnut; outer primaries ash-
brown, whitish on the basal half of the inner web, the white 
gradually increasing on the innermost quills, which are mostly 
pure white; secondaries white. Total length about 20 inches, 
culmen from feathers on forehead 2*8-3*3, wing 2*7-3*3, tarsus 2*6, 
outer toe and claw 3*2. 
Immature. Differs from the adult in having the lores, sides of the 
head, chin, and throat white; the sides and fore part of the neck 
mostly greyish, tinged with chestnut; the sides of the breast, 
as well as the sides and flanks, mostly ash-brown, without any trace 
of chestnut. 

Young in down. General colour of the upper parts, including 
the head and neck, black, with rather wide longitudinal white 
stripes, which become more irregular and broken on the sides of the 
head and crown, where they form a distinct pattern ; chin, throat, 
breast, and rest of the underparts pure white : a naked patch on 
the middle of the crown. 

Hah. Central and Southern parts of South America from Northern 
Peru, the Argentine Republic, and Uruguay to the Straits of 
Magellan. 

551 

2. JECHM0PH0ST7S. 
(3ulrrien. 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
a. J ad. sk. 
b. S ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
3*0 
2-7 
3-05 
7'5 
7-3 
7%3 
Rio Negro, Brazil, May.
Chili (E. C. Reed).
Chili. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Old Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Imra. sk. 
g-l Pull. sk. 
w. $ ad. sk. 
3-3 
8-1 
2-8 
3-0 
7-3 
7-4 
7-6 
7-8 
Central Chili (Lcmdbeck).
Central Chili (Lcmdbeck).
Central Chili (Lcmdbeck).
Central Chili (Landbeck).
Coquimbo Bay, Chili,
NOT. (Admiral A. H. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Berkeley James Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
2-8 
3-2 
7-5 
7 8 
Markham). 
Straits of Magellan.
Straits of Magellan. 
Old Coll. 
Old Coll. 

p. 
<$ imm. sk. 2*8 7*7 Lomas de Zaniora, Buenos Sclater Coll. 
Avres, Dec. 11 (F. 
Withington). 
q. Ad. sk. 3*3 7*5 Rio Parana, April 16. H. Durnford, Esq. 
[0.]. 

2. iEcnmophor-as occidentalis. 
Podiceps 
occidentalism Later, in Baird1 s B. N. Amer. p. 894 (1858) 
[Washington Territory to California]; Newberry, Rep. Expl. 
Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 110 (1857) [California]; Cooper & Suck!. N. E. 
Wash. Terr. p. 281, pi. 38 (1860); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 427 
[Vancouver I.J ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 93 (1871) ; Coues, 
Key N. Am. B. p. 336 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 727 (1874) ; 
Hensh. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C.Vi. p. 214 (1881); Bryant, Auk, ii. 

p. 313 (1885) ; Seton, Auk, ii. p. 314 (1885), iii. p. 147 (1886) 
[Manitoba]. 
Podiceps 
clarkii, Lawr. in Bairtfs B. N. Amer. p. 895 (1860) 
[California and New Mexico]; Hensli. Bull Nutt. Orn. C. vi. 

p. 214 (1881); Bryant, Auk, ii. p. 313 (1885). 
iEchmophorus occidentalis, 
Coues, Br. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 229; 
id. Ibis, 1866, P. 273 [habits]; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

xxi. p. 55 (1881); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 793 (1884); 
Baird, Brew. $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 421 (1884) ; 
A. 0. U. Check-l p. 73 (1886); JEuermann, Auk, iii. p. 87 (1886) 
[Ventura Co., Call; Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 4 (1887); Merrill, 
Auk, Y. p. 140 (f888) [Oregon]; Snow, Auk, v. p. 201 (1888) 
[Kansas]; Goes, Auk, vi. p. 122 (1889) [habits]; Hatch, B. 
Minnesota, p. 4 (1892); Merrill, Auk, xiv. p. 347 (1897) [Idaho]. 
iEchmophorus clarkii, Coues, Br. Ac. Philad. 1862, pp. 229, 404; 
Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 55 (1881); Coues, Key N. 
Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 794 (1884); Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 4 
(1887). 

Podiceps occidentalis, var. 
clarkii, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 336 
(1872) ; id. B. N.-West, pp. 727, 728 (1874). 
JEchmophorus occidentalis clarkii, Baird, Brew. 8f Ridgw. Water-B. 

N. Am. ii. p. 423 (1884). 
Adult. General colour aboYe dark brownish black, each feather 
of the back and scapulars with a pale brownish-white margin ; top 
of the head and hind-neck deep sooty black, darkest on the occiput 
and nape, where the feathers are somewhat lengthened and form 
a short crest; lores, sides of the head and neck, chin, throat, 

P0D1C1PEDID.X. 

552 

and rest of the underparts pure silvery white, only the sides 
and flanks tipped with dark ash; outer primaries ash-brown, 
whitish on the basal half of the inner web, the white gradually 
increasing on the innermost quills, which are often nearly pure 
white; secondaries white, more or less widely edged with ash-
brown on the outer web and sometimes tipped with the same 
colour. "Iris bright orange-red with a shade of pink; bill rather 
bright yellow, culmen and genys more greenish; inside of legs and 
soles of feet black; outside of tarsus dull bluish green ; middle of 
each web yellowish flesh-colour " (K Coues). 

Adult male. Total length about 26*5 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead 2-6-3-1, wing 7-8-1, tarsus 3, outer toe and 
claw 3-5. 

Adult female. Total length 18*5 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead 2-1-2*2, wing 6*4-6-7, tarsus 2*7, outer toe and 
claw 3*1. 

Younger examples appear to differ in having the dark colour of 
the top of the head continued over the lores and cheeks below the 
eye. 

Young in down. General colour of the upper parts uniform 
dark smok3r-grey, the crown and back of the neck pale smoky-grey ; 
rest of the head, neck, and uuderparts white; a naked triangular 
patch on the middle of the crown. 

Bah. Northern and Western States of NTorth America, south to 
Mexico, 

Culmen. Wing, 

m. in. 
a. Ad. sk. 2*6 8-1 Biitish Columbia. North American 
Bound. ConimfPA 
b. Imm. sk.
c. Imm. sk,
d. d ad. sk. 
2*6 
3*0 
2-9 
7*9 
7*8 
7'8 
British Columbia. 
British Columbia. 
Lake Washoe, Nevada, 
J. K Lord, Esq. PA 
X K. Lord, Esq. > A 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. S ad. sk. 2-7 7>2 
June 2 (H. G. Parker $ 
H. W. Jttemhaw). 
Lake Washoe, May 7 ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . Imm. sk. 
a. rf imm.
sk, 
h. [5]imm.
sk. 
i. $ imm,
sk. 
k. J ad. sk.
/. <$ pull. sk. 
m. Imm, sk.
n. [$ ] ad.
fik. 
24 
2*8 
2*6 
4*2 
3*1 
2"2 
2*1 
7-2 
7*8 
7-5 
7*0 
7*4 
6*4 
6*7 
JS. Bryant). 
Lake Washoe, May 7 
(W.E.B.). 
Lake Washoe, May (TV. 
JS. B.). 
Lake Washoe, May (W.
KB.). 
San Francisco Bay (F. 
Gruber), 
Monterey, California, 
April. 
Eagle Lake, California, 
July 2 (B. W. B.). 
Valley of Mexico (B. S. 
le Strange). 
Ohapada, State of Jalisco, 
Mexico, Aug. (W. B. 
Richardson). 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Mr. Alvin Seale [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3 . PODILYMBUS. 
Three specimens in the Eothschild Museum measure as follows :— 

c? imm. sk.
cT imm. sk.
§[?<?] ad. sk.
Oulmen.
in. 
2*9 
2*6 
2-9 
Wing, 
in. 
7*7 
7*4 
7-3 
Alberta Territory, Canada, May 25. 
Santa Cruz, California, Jan. 1. 
California, Sept. 23. 
3. PODILYMBUS. w 
Type. 

Podilynibus, Lesson, Traite dOrn. p. 595 (1831) P. podicipes. 
Sylbeocyclus, Bonap. Saggio, p. 86 (1832) • Sclater, Ibis, 

"1874, p. 98 P. podicipes. 
Hydroka, Nuttall, Man. Orn. p. 259 (1834) P. podicipes. 
Nexiteles, Gloger, Hand-u. Hilfib. p. 473 (1842) P. podicipes. 

Culmen short, deep, and strongly curved downward towards the 
tip ; nostrils broadly oval; frontal feathers bristly; metatarsus about 
one-third of the length of the middle toe and claw. 

Range. Fort h and South America. 

1. Podilymbus podicipes. 
Podicipes minor rostro vario, Catesb. Carol, i. p. 91, pi. 91 (1731) 
[Carolina]. 
La Grebe de ITsle S. Thomas, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 58 (1760) [Island 

of St. Thomas]. 
La Grebe de riviere de la Caroline, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 63 (1760). 
Le Grebe de la Louisiane, jyAubent. Bl. Enl. ix. pi. 47 (no. 943) j 

Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 240 (1781). 
Le Grebe duc-laart, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 240 (1781). 
Le Castagneux a bee cercle, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 247 (1781). 
Colymbus podiceps, Linn. S. N. i. p. 223 (1766) • Gmel. S. N i. 

pt. ii. p . 594 (1788) ; Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Mith. i. p. 57, pi. 45. 
fig. 4 (1790). 
Colymbus ludovicianus, Bodd. Tabl. BL Enl. p. 56 (1783); Gmel. 

S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 592 (1788) ; Bonnat Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 54, 
pi. 46. fig. 2 (1790); Licht. Verz. JDoubL p. 88 (1823). 
K,ed-bill Grebe, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 497, pi. xxii, (1785); 
Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 292 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 35 
(1824). 

Louisiane Grebe, Bennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 498 (1785); Lath. Gen. 
Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 289 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 36 (1824). 
Black-breasted Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 289 (1785); id. 
Gen. Hist. x. p. 34 (1824) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 259 (1834). 
Colvmbus thomensis, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 592 (1788); Bonnat. 
Tabl. Encycl. Meth. L p. 54 (1790). 

Podiceps thomensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 784 (1790); Vieill. N. 
Diet. d?Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 446 (1817); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. 
Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 6 (1826); G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 
(1846). 

Podiceps 
carolinensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 785 (1790); Vieill. N. 
Diet. d'JHist. Nat. xiii. p. 446 (1817); Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 204 
(1825) ; Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 78, pi. 100 (1825) ; Steph. in Shato's 
Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 16 (1826); Swains,fyRichards. Faun. Bor.~ 
Amer. p. 412 (1831) [Gt. Slave Lake]; And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 359, 
pi. 248 (1835), v. p. 624 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. vii. p. 324, pi. 483 
(1844). 

554 rODICIPEDID^. 

Podiceps ludoviciauus, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 785 (1790) ; VieilL S. 
Diet dPIist. Sat. xiii. p. 447 (1817); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. 

xiii. pt. i. p. 18 (1826). 
Sylbeocyclns carolinensis, Bonap. Camp. List, p. 64 (1833) ; Gundl 
J. f. 0. 1856, p. 431 [Cuba]; Brewer, P. Post. Soc. X H. vii. 
p. 308 (1860). 
Colymbus carolinensis, D'Orb. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 285 
(1839). 
Podiceps antarctic us, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 209 "Va^jaraiso"; 

G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1840; ; Gay, Hist Chili, Zool. 1 
p. 405 (1847); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 3:,7. 
Podilymbus carolinensis, G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 152 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 033 (1S4«) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 433 
(1847); More, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 65 "Lake Peten]; Leoiaud, Ois. 
Trinidad, p. 529 (1860). 

Podilymbus brevirostris, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1846} ; 

Reichenb. Satatores, pi. 9. no. 2230 (1^50). 
Podilimbus brevirostris. G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. DL 172 (1*46). 
Podiceps anisodactylus, Reichenb. Sat at ores, pi. 13. no. 760 {1850}. 
Podiceps carolinen-sis, Reichenb. Satatores, pi. 13. no^. 750-757 

(1850) ; Jones, Sat. Bermuda, pp. 50,87 (1659) ; Sold. 31us. Pays-
Has, vi. Urinat. p. 47 (1807); Turnb. B. E. Pennsylvania, p. 49 
(1869). 

Podilymbus antarcticus, Ilartl. Saum. 1853, \\ 218 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1807, p. 337; Sclat $ Salt in, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 177; G. R. Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 95 (1871); Tacz. Or a. Perou, iii. p. 498 (18&0J ; 
Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 [Chili". 

Podylvmbus lineatus, Ileerm. P. Ac. Pldkid. vii. p. 179 (1^54) "California] 
; id. P. It. R. Rep. x. p. 77, pi. ii [juv.] (1^59), 

Podilymbus podiceps, Sclat. 4" Salvin, Ibis, 1^59, p. 234 "Duenas" ; 
Cooper $ Suckl S. H. Wash. Terr. p. 283 (1860); Bnird, B. S. 
Amer. p. 898 (1860); Ross, Sat. Hist. Rev. 1802, p. 2H0 "Mackenzie 
R.]; March, P. Acad. Philad. 1864, p. 70 ""Jamaica*: Dresser, 
Ibis, 1806, p. 46 [S. Texas'"; Couest P. R*sexlnst. v. p. 310 {180^) 
[New England] ; Sclater § Salvin, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 252 "Lake of 
Valencia, Venezuela]; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 "Veragua"; 
Sclater # Salvin, Ibis, 1370, p. 500 [Straits of Magellan]; G. It 
Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 95 (1871) ; 3Iaynard, P. Bost. Soc. xiv. 

p. 385 (1872) iNew Haven]; Coues, Ka/ S. Am. B. p. 338 
(1872) ; Ridgzo. Ann. Lyc. S. Fork. x. p. 392 (1874); Coues, B. 
S.-West, p. 737 (1874) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 307 "habits" ; 
Lawr. P. U.S Sat. 3Ius. i. p.488 (1878) [St. Vincent; Grenada];; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 765 "Montserrat"; Roberts §• Beaner, 
Bull. Suit. Orn. C. v. p. 20 (1880) [Minnesota"; Midytc. Bull. 
U.S. Sat. 3Ius. XJI p. 55 (1881); 3Iaipiard, "B. B.SAmer. 
p. 496 (1881); Hartiny, Zool. 1881, p. 334*]Weymoutli!] ; Sharpe, 
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 734 [Radipole near Weymouth]; Merriam, Bull. 
Nutt. Orn. C. vi. p. 235 (1881) [N.E. New York]; Samuels, 
JV. 8f B. Birds, p. 562 (1883); Goss, Ornithol $ Oolog. viii. p. 1 
(1883) [breeding habits]; Beard, Breic. fy Rklyw. Water-B. S. 
Amer. ii. p. 440'(1884); Reid, Bull. U.S. Sat. 3Ius. xxv. p. 277 
(1884) [Bermuda] ; Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 289 (1885) r&E. Dakota"; 
Seton, Auk, ii. p. 314 (1885), iii. p. 147 (1880) [Manitoba"; Goss, 
Auk, ii, p. 388 (18*5) [Kansas; breeding]; JScermann, Auk, iii. 
p. 88 (1886) [Ventura Co., CaL]; Brewst. Auk, iii. p. 179 (1880) 
[N. Carolina] ; Scott, Auk, iii. p. 383 (1886) [Arizona"; A. O. lT. 
ChecM. p. 75 (1886); Ridyw. Man. S. Am. B. p. 0 (1887); Goss. 
555 

3 . P0DILY3IBCS. 
Auk, iv. p. 8 (1887) [Kansas]; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 184 (1887) [W. 
Texasj ; Warren, B. Pennsyh. p. 2 (1888); Merrill, Auk, v. p. 140 
(1888) [Oregon] ; Cory, Auk, v. p. 156 (1888) ; Chapman, Auk, v. 

p. 268 (1888) [Florida]; Er.erm. Auk, v. p. 345 (1888) [Indiana] ; 
Sclat $ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 206 (1889); Cory, B. W. 
Incl p. 284 (1889); Pindar, Auk, vi. p. 311 (1889) [Kentucky] • 
Scott, Auk, viiL p. 353 (1891) [Jamaica] ; Cory, Cat W. Ind. B. 
p. 81 (1892); Hatch, B. Minnesota, p. 8 (1892) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 151 [E. Pilcomayo]; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 214 [Argentine 
Eep.]; Scott, Auk,ix. pp. 211,214 (1892) [CaloosahatcMe, Florida]; 
Collette, Tr. Kansas Acad. xiii. p. 49 (1893) [nesting habits] ; 
Mclhcraith, B. Ontario, ed. 2, p. 29 (1894); Merrill, Auk, xiv. 
p. 350 (1897) [Idaho]. 
Podilymbus sp., SalvingIbis, 1866, p. 200 [Lake Atitlan, Guatemala]. 
Podilvmbus podicipes, Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 241 
(1882) [Canada]; Stearns § Cones, N. Engl BAife, p. 393 (1883); 
Coues $ Prentiss, Bull U.S. Nat Mus. xxvi. p. 110 (1883) 
[Columbia Distr.] ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 797 (1884); 
Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit iv. p. 213 (1897). 

Podilymbus eurytes, JSonap. fide G. It. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 95 
(1871) [Monte Video]. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark brown, 
inclining to blackish on the crown and back of the neck, paler on 
the sides of the head and fore part of the neck; in some specimens, 
probably younger individuals, inclining to whitish on the lower 
part of the cheeks; chin and throat deep black; feathers of the 
sides and flanks dark brown, rufous buff towards the base; breast 
and rest of underparts mottled with black and silvery white, the latter 
colour generally predominating on the middle of the breast; primary 
and secondary quills ash, generally inclining to white on the inner 
web, especially on the inner primaries and secondaries ; the amount 
of white, however, varies greatly in individuals, some examples 
having only a small spot of white on the margin of the inner web 
of the secondaries. Iris rich dark brown, with a narrow outer 
ring of ochraceous white and an inner thread-like ring of pure 
white; bill milk-white, crossed with a black band across the middle; 
metatarsi and toes greenish slate-colour on the outer and plumbeous 
on the inner side. 

Adult male. Total length about 14 inches; culmen from feathers 
on forehead 0*75-1; depth of the upper mandible, measured from the 
feathering on the forehead to the cutting-edge, varies from 0*8 in 
the younger examples to 0*43 inch in the most adult; wing 5*1-5*6, 
tarsus 1*6-1*8, outer toe and claw 2*2-2-7. 

Adult female. Total length about 12 inches; culmen from feathers 
on forehead 0*7-0*9; depth of the upper mandible, measured from 
the feathering on the forehead to the cutting-edge, varies from 0*28 
in younger examples to 0*35 in the most adult; wing4*6-5, tarsus 
1*35-1*6, outer toe and claw 2*1-2*4. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in having 
the chin and throat white, the feathers of the fore-neck, sides, and 
flanks rather widely fringed with rust-red, and the breast an'd belly 
mostly pure white. 

55Q P0DICIPEDID2E. 

Young in down. General colour above dark brown, longitudinally 
striped with white; the head and neck handsomely marked with 
black and white ; a chestnut spot in the middle of the crown, and 
two chestnut bands across the nape ; chin, throat, breast, and belly 
white, shading into greyish brown on the sides and flanks. 

Young birds resemble the adult in winter plumage, but may be 
recognized by the dark brown markings on the sides of the head 
and throat which are characteristic of the young in down, and by 
the bill which, though as long as that of the adult, is not nearly so 
deep. 

Pour adult examples from Lake Atitlan, Guatemala, in the fullest 
breeding-plumage (apparently three males and a female), differ 
from any other examples I have examined in having the black of 
the chin and throat more extended and covering the upper part of 
the fore-neck. They have, moreover, the crown and back of the 
neck nearly black, and the cheeks and sides of the head brownish 
black. 

In the large series of birds before me no other example has the 
black throat-patch extending on to the fore-neck, but an old male from 
Central Chili has the black on the hind-neck nearly as strongly 
marked and the sides of the head of nearly as dark a brown. 
The same remarks apply to an old bird, apparently a female, from 
Barbados. 

I do not believe that the birds from Atitlan represent a distinct 
form, but am of opinion that the differences in plumage are due to 
age. 

It must be noted that the males of this species are very considerably 
larger than the females. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

Culmen. Wing. 

a. Pull. sk. 
in. in. 
North America. Purchased. 
1. Ad. sk. 6-7 4*7 49th Parallel, May 3. North-American 
JBound. Comm.pP.]. 
c. Ad. sk. 0*05 4-6 49th Parallel, Oct. 3. North-American 
Bound. Comm-fRX 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
0-85 
0-85 
5-3 
5*2 
New Brunswick, Sept. 29. 
New Haven, Connecticut, 
Oapt.aG.EeidrP.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. 30 (A* J. Bay an). 
/ . J juv. sk. 
g. c? ad. sk. 
h. S ad. sk. 
07 
0-85 
0-75 
4-6 
5-3 
5-3 
New Haven, Sept. 25J. D.). 
New Haven, Oct. 11J. D.). 
New Haven, Oct. 11 
(A. 
(A. 
(A. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. <$ juv. sk, 
h. c? juv. sk. 
1 Ad. sk. 
0-8 
0-85 
0-7 
5*2 
5-2 
4*8 
J. D.). 
New Haven, Nov. 1 (A. 
XI),), 
Sing Sing, New York, 
Sept. 16 (C. H. Merriam). 
Locust Grove, New York, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 26 (C. H. M.). 
m. Ad. sk. 0-85 5*4 Locust Grove (C.Z.Bagg). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

557

3 . PODILYMBTTS. 
Culiuen. Wing, 

in. in. 
n-p. Pull. sk. . . St. Clair Flats, Michigan 

( W. H. Collins). 
q. 
(S ad. sk. 0*8 5-1 Koshkonong Lake, Wisconsin, 
Nov. 20. 
r. d i mm-sk-0-85 5*4 Calumet, Illinois, Cct. 31 
(E. W. Nelson). 
s. Imm. sk. 0*75 4*7 Calumet, Illinois, Sept. 30 
(E. W. N.). 
t. 
6 ad. sk. 0-8 5*3 Cook Co., Illinois, Nov. 10 
{Greene Smith). 
t«. Pull. sk. Mt. Carmel, Illinois, July 23 

(E. W. N.). ^ m 
I?. ^ ad. sk. 0-85 5*4 Quantico, Virginia, Mar. 30 

(X. W. mnshaw). 
«**. Ad. sk. 0-8 5*15 Florida. 

x. $ ad. sk. 0-85 5*3 Tarpon Springs, Florida, 
April 18 {W. E.D.Scott). 
0-75 4*7 Lake Borgue, Louisiana,

y. <fPS] 
Mar. 1 (JK W. H.).

ad. sk. 

0-8 5*1 Lake Borgue, Mar. 1 (H.

s. ^ ad. sk. 
W. H.). 
a'. J imm. 0-8 5*2 Lake Borgue, Oct. 17 (H. 
sk. W. J£). 
b'. $ ad. sk. 0*85 5-6 Lake Borgue, Dec. 31 (H. 

W.H.f. 
c'. $ ad. sk. imp. 5*2 Texas (F. B, Armstrong). 
d'. <S ad.sk. 0*8 5*2 Corpus Christi, Texas, 
Oct. 23 (F. B. A.). 
0*65 4*6 Corpus Christi, Oct. 23 
ad. sk. (F. B. A.). 
/'. S *>&• s&-0*85 5*3 Corpus Christi, Oct. 28 
(F.B.A.). ^ 
g'. $ ad. sk. 0*85 5*2 Corpus Christi, Oct. 30 

(F. B. A.). 
£'. $ ad. sk, 0-85 5*4 Corpus Christi, Dec. 1 
(F. B. A.). 
*'. J ad. sk. 0*7 4*7 Corpus Christi, Dec. 1 

(F. B. A.). 
V 2 ad. sk. 0*75 4*6 Corpus Christi, Dec. 3 
[F. B. A.). 
l\ P ad. sk. 0*7 4*
4*4*8
88 Corpus Christi, Dec 12 
(F. B. A.), 
m'. Ad. sk. 0*8 5*
5*5*4
44 California. 
w'. 2 pull. .. .. Eagle Lake, California, 
sk. July 3 {H. W. S.). 
o\ $ ad. sk. 07 4*7 Matamoros, N.E. Mexico, 
Aug. 7 (H.E. Dresser), 


y . Ad. sk. 0*85 5*2 Duenas, Guatemala (O. 8.). 
q'. Ad. sk. 0*75 4*75 Duenas, G-uatemala (O. S.). 
r\ Ad.sk. 0*75 4*9 Duenas, Guatemala (O. $.). 
s'. Juv. sk. 0*75 4*9 Duenas, Guatemala (O. S.). 
(in quill) 
t'. Ad. sk. 0*85 5*2 Duenas, Guatemala (O. &). 
u'. Ad. sk. 0*85 5*3 Lake Atitlan, Guatemala 

(5000 ft.) (O.8.). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dr. Brewer [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
"W. B. Dismore, Esq. 

[p.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sir 0. Belcher [P.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

558 POBTCIPEJDID.E. 

Culm en • Wing. 
in. in. 


v',. 3 ad. sk. 0-9 5-4 Lake Atitlan, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. 7 (0. &). 
tv''. Ad. sk. 0-85 5-0 Lake Atitlan, Bee. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson). 
x' . $ ad.sk. 0-85 4-9 Lake Atitlan, Dec. 12 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. B. MX 
. Ad.sk. 0-85 4-7 Castillo, Yeragua (E. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
y' 

Arce). 
z'. rf juv.sk. 0-85 5-1 Castillo, Yeragua {E. A.). Salvin-Godman Cull, 
a"'. Ad. sk. 085 5-1 Bermuda. Capt.S.G.Reidf"C.]. 
b". Ad. sk. 0*9 5-2 Bermuda, Dec. 17. Capt. S. G. Reid "C.I. 

o". Ad. sk. 0-9 5-15 Bermuda, Dec. 27. Capt. S. G. Reid [C.J. 
d". ? ad. sk. 0-7o 4-7 Fermina, near Beniba, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Cuba, 100 ft, July (G. 

F. Gaumer). 
e". J ad. sk. 07 4-7 Jamaica (W. Osburn). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
'. Ad. sk. 0-7 4-5 Jamaica. R. S. Redman, Esq. 

f" 

[p.]. 
. Ad. sk. 0-65 4-6 Montserrat, West Indies 


9" Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Sturqe). 
h" . $ ad. sk. 0-95 5-2 Grenada, Oct. 10 (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Smith). 
i". Ad. sk. 0"85 4*6 Grenada (D. W. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k" . Ad. sk. 07 4-5 Barbados. P. H. Gosse, Esq. 
[C.]. 
I". <$ ad. sk. 0-9 O'O Tambo Lake, Peru, Nov. 4 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(H. Whitehj). 
m" r. Ad. sk. 

\ Chili. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
n".. Ad. sk. 0«75 5-i i! (Types of P. hr 'evirosfris, G. R. Gray.) 
o". Ad. sk. 0-85 5*4 Central Chili (Landbeclc). Berkeley James Coll. 

. Ad. sk. 0-9 5-6 Central Chili (Landbrek). Berkeley James Coll. 

P"' 

q"> Ad. sk. 0-75 5*0 Central Chili {Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll, 
r". Ad. sk. 1*0 5-6 Central Chili [Landbeck). Berkeley James Coll. 
s". S ad. sk. 0*95 5-5 Central Chili, summer (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

C. Reed). 
t". S ad. sk. 0-9 in Rio Bueno, S. Chili, Jan. Berkeley James Coll. 
moult. 18 (A. A. Lane). 
u". c? ad, sk. 0-9 5-4 Lag-una Llanquehui, S. Berkeley James Coll. 
Chili, Dec. 0 (A. A. L.). 
v". J ad. sk. 0-85 5-0 Lorn as de Zamora, Buenos Sclater Coll. 
Ayres (F. Withington). 
v>". . 2 a<*. sk. 0-8 4-9 Quilmes, Aug. 17 ( W. If. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hudson). 
x". <$ ad. sk. 0-85 5*1 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sul, Brazil (Joyner). 
&'-? ad. sk. 0-9 4*9 Sao Panlo, Brazil {Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Ad.sk.' 0-85 4*9 Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

i: Ad. sk. 5*1 Para. R.Graham, Esq. [P.]. 
a\ 0-85 

ALCLT5. 559 

Order XIX. ALOE* 

(By W. E. OGILYIE-GRANT.) 

Skull sehizorhinal; sehizognathous ; nares pervious : vomer free, 
blade-shaped, and cleft posteriorly; basipterygoid processes vestigial or 
absent; lachr\mal vestigial, fused with nasals ; supraorbital grooves 
deep : temporal fossse deep ; with a well-marked " cerebellar dome " ; 
maxillo-palatines laminate ; dentary suture of mandible with a well-
defined lower limb. All vertebrae free; hypapophyses of thoracic 
vertebras well developed; those of last cervical and 1st and 2nd 
thoracic bifid; neural spines and transverse processes with long 
tendinous ossifications ; metasternum rounded posteriorly, projecting 
beyond the posterior lateral processes ; corpus sterni greatly 
elongated ; a spina communis lying between the coracoid grooves; 
furcula with a facet for articulation with the acrocoracoid; pre-ilia 
separated one from another by the dorsal border of the neural 
spines of the synsacrum : post-ilia with a more or less extensive 
flattened dorsal surface separated one from another by the transverse 
processes of the synsacrum; pre-ilium longer than the post-
ilium ; ischia produced backwards far beyond the post-ilia; pubcs 
of great length, as long as or longer than the whole ilium ; posterior 
dorsal and ventral ribs of great length, running backwards as far as 
the free end of the pubes ; cnemial crest not greatly produced beyond 
the level of the articular surface for the femur; tarso-metatarsus 
not laterally compressed; toes webbed, 3rd toe longest. [Nestling 
nidicolous. [ W. P. Pycraft'] 

* The following w orks refer to the anatomy, osteology, etc. of the group:— 
And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 627 [anatomy of XI. grylle], p. 628 [anatomy of A. torda]
(1839); id. B. Amer. vii. p. 259 (1844) [anatomy of A. alle]; Owen, Tr. 
Zool. Soc. v. pp. 317-335, pis. li, hi. (1865) [osteology of PAmpennis]; Huxlev, 
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 430, 455 [skull of A. torda]; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 34, 
fig. 1 [skull of P. impennis\ p. 470 [both carotids present in A. torda and 
TJ, troile, left only in A. alle], p. 642 [muscles] ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307, 
310, 314 [Bursa Fabricii]; Bureau, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. pp. 377-399, pi. iv. 
(1877), iv. p. 28 (1879) [shedding of the sheath of the bill]; Coues, Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. C. iii. pp. 87-91 (1878); Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. 0. v. pp. 126-128 
(1880); Meyer, Abbild. Yogel-Skel. p. 42, pi. liii. (1884), pi. cix (1886) [U. troile 
and A. torda] ; Lindsay, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 690,fig. 1, & p. 694 [embryonic development 
of the sternum in JJ. troile]; Sundevall, Ibis, 1886, pp. 389, 456 
[wing]; Shufeldt, P. Z. S. 1887, pp. 43-47 [visceral anatomy of B. marmoraius 
and & antigmes]; id. Amer. Nat. p. 777 (1887); Mackay, P. R. Soc. 1888, 
pp. 394-402; Beddard, P. Z. S. 1888, pp. 252-258 [visceral anatomy of 
F. arctica]; Shufeldt, Auk, v. p. 328 (1888) [osteology of L. cirrkata]; 
id. J. Anat. Phys. xxiii. pp. 1-39, pis. i.-iv. (1888) [osteology of A. torda and 
P. impennis], xxiv. pp. 89-116, pis. vi.-viii. (1889) [osteology]; Lucas, Auk, 
vi. p. 195 (1889; [additional pair of ribs] ; Parker, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 170; 
Beddard, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 439 [anatomy of U. troile and F. arctica]; id. 
P, Z. S. 1896, pp. 542-547 [anatomy] ; 1897, p. 471 [intercentra]. 
560 
ALCJ3. 

Key to the Sub-Families. 

I. Feathering on the lores extending at least 
to the posterior border of the nasal 
opening, which is either exposed or 
overhung: and partially concealed by 
dense velvety feathers which may extend 
to the anterior margin 1. AZCiyJE, p. 560. 
II. 
Feathering on the lores not extending to 
the posterior border of the nasal opening, [p. 599. 
which is overhung by a horny scale ... . 2. FRATERCUL1X.E, 
Subfamily I. ALCIX^E. 

Key to the Genera. 

I. 
Bill deep, greatly compressed and transversely 
grooved; the outline of the 
culmen strongly curved downward. 
A. Tail composed 
of 14 feathers; inter-
ramal feathering extending far beyond 
a vertical line drawn from the anterior 
border of the nasal opening. Size 
very large : total length about 30 
inches 1. PLAUTUS, p. 562. 
B. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers; inter-
ramal feathering extending to a 
vertical line drawn from the anterior 
border of the nasal opening. Size 
moderate : total length about 18 
inches 2, ALCA, p. 504 
II. 
Bill short and stout, culmen rather 
strongly curved downward ; inter-
ramal feathering extending far beyond 
a vertical line drawn from the anterior 
border of the exposed nasal opening. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Size 
small: total length about 8*5 inches .. 5. ALLE, p. 569. 
III. 
Bill elongate and moderately compressed; 
culmen more or less curved downward 
towards the tip ; inter-ramal feathering 
extending to, or slightly beyond, a vertical 
line drawn from the anterior border of 
the nasal opening. 
C. Metatarsus 
distinctly shorter than the 
middle toe and claw. 
a. Tail composed of 12 feathers: lining 
of the wings pure white ....' 4. URIA (part), p. 572. 
A.ZCM. 
561 

b. Tail composed of 14 feathers ; lining 
of the wings mostly grey. 
«'. Nostrils linear and situated in 
deep fossae: size larger; wing 77*
6 inches 4. UEIA (part), p. 572. 

b'. Nostrils small and rounded, fossae 
very slight: size smaller; wing [p. 590. 
5-5*7 inches 5. BBACHYBHAMPHUS, 

B. , Metatarsus about equal to the middle toe 
and claw. 
c. Tail composed of 12 feathers 6. HICE-URIA, p. 594. 
d. Tail composed of 14 feathers 7. SYNTHUBOEHAMPHUS, 
[p. 595. 
Subfamily II. FRATERCULIN.E. 

Key to the Genera, 

I. 
Inner claw not different in size and 
shape from the rest; terminal portion 
of the upper mandible not transversely-
grooved. 
A. 
Tail composed of 14 feathers; bill 
moderately long, the length from gape 
to tip much less than that of the 
middle toe and claw. 
a. Breadth of upper mandible at base 
greater than its depth; culmen 
rather long and nearly straight; 
feathering on the lores distant from 
the posterior margin of the nasal 
opening by nearly the length of the 
nasal opening ; head and neck [p. 599. 
devoid of ornamental plumes PTYCHOBHAMPHUS, 
b. 
Breadth of upper mandible at base 
about equal to its depth ; culmen 
rather snort and curved throughout, 
the ridge rounded ; feathering on 
the lores terminating close to the 
posterior margin of the nasal opening 
; head and neck ornamented [p. 600. 
with plumes SlMOBHYNCHUS, 
c. Breadth 
of upper mandible at base 
less than its depth; culmen rather 
short and curved throughout, the 
ridge forming a blunt razor-edge; 
lower mandible strongly curved 
upward throughout and terminating 
in an acute tip; feathering on the 
lores distant from the posterior 
margin of the nasal opening by 
nearly the length of the nasal opening 
; sides of the head with ornamental 
plumes 10. PHALERIS, p. 607 
VOL. xxvi. 
* 2 o 

562 
ALCJE. 

B. 
Tail composed of 1G (rarely 18) feathers; 
bill rather long, the length from gape 
to tip about equal to that of the middle 
toe and claw ; sides of the head and 
neck with ormmental plumes ; 
during the breeding-season an elevated 
horn at the base of the 
culmen 11. CERORHYXCHA, p. 609. 
II. 
Inner claw much more strongly curved 
than the rest: bill very deep and much 
compressed; the breadth of the upper 
mandible at base much less than the 
depth ; terminal portion transversely 
grooved, the ridge of the culmen forming 
a blunt razor-edge. Tail composed of 
16 feathers. 
C. 
Basal outline of the terminal portion of 
the upper mandible convex; lower 
mandible without grooves. In the 
breeding-sea.-on a deciduous saddle-
shaped shield covers the base of the 
bill, and on each side of the crown 
there is a lengthened crest of silky 
golden feathers ". 12. LUXDA, p. 611. 
D. 
Basal outline of the terminal portion 
of the upper mandible couca\e or 
nearly straight and very oblique; 
terminal portion of lower mandible 
grooved. In the breeding-season a 
deciduous nasal shield, widest tow ards 
the cutting-edge of the mandible ; 
eyelids with deciduous horny appendages 
; no ornamental nuptial crests .. 13. FRATERCULA, p. 615. 
Subfamily I. ALCIN-3E. 

1. 
PLAUTUS. 
Type. 
Plautus, Briinnich, ZooL Fundamental p. 78 (1772) .. P. impennis. 
Pinguinus, Bonnat. Tabl. EncycL Meth. i. p. 28 (1790) P. impennis. 
Torda, Dumeril, ZooL Analyt. p. 72 (1S0G) P. impennis. 
Chenalopex, VieilL [ex Moehring, Av. Gen. p. do 
(1752)], N. Diet cFHiat Nat. xxiv. p. 132 (ISIS) . P. impennis. 
Mataeoptera, Gloger, Rand- u. Hilfsb. p. 475 (1842) . P. impennis. 
Gyralca, Steemtrup, Naturh* Foren. Vidensk. Meddel. 
1855, p. 114 P. impennis. 
Mandibles greatly compressed and transversely grooved, the 
outline of the culmen strongly curved downward* Inter-ramal 
feathering extending far beyond a vertical line drawn from the 
anterior border of the nasal opening, which is linear, and almost 
entirely concealed by dense feathering extending to the anterior 
border. Tail composed of 14 feathers. Metatarsus shorter than 
the middle toe and claw. Size large. 

Range. Now extinct. Foimerly inhabiting the coasts and islands 
of the North Atlantic south of the Arctic circle. 

1 . PIATTTUS. 563 
1. Plautus impennis. 
G are-Fowl. 
Northern Penguin, Edwards, Nat. Mist B. iii. pi. 147 (1750). 
Le Grand Pingoin, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 85, pi. vii. (1760); B'Aubent. 


PL Enl x. pi. 55 [no. 3671. 
Alca impennis, Linn. 8. N? i. p. 210 (1766); Gmel S. N i. pt. ii. 

p. 550 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Oru. ii. p. 791 (1790); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. ii. p. 939 (1820), pt. iv. p. 582 (1840); Meyer, 
Appendix to Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. der Beutschl i. p. 176 
(1822); Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 51 (1826); 
Werner, Atl. Ois. d'Eur. p. 103 (1828); Schinz, Nat. Abbild. 
Yog. p. 375, pi. 131 (1833; ; NutL Man. Orn. p. 553 (1834); 
Thompson, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 79 [Waterford]; Blyth, P. Z. S. 
1837, p. 122 [remarks on the osteology]; Gould, B. Eur. v. 
pi. 400 (1837) ; And. Orn. Biogr. iv. p" 316, pi. cccxli. (1838) ; 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 236 (1840); Schinz, Europ. Faun, 
5. p. 363 (1840); Naum. Nat. Vog. Beutschl xii. p. 630, pi. 337 
(1844); G. R. Gray, Lid of B. pt. iii. p. 153 (1844); Aud. B. 
Amer. vii. p. 245, pi. cccclxv. (1844); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 637 (1847); Begl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 528 (1849); Reichenh. 
Naiatores, pi. v. figs. 14-17 (1850); Thomps. Nat. Mist Irel. 
iii. p. 238 (1851) ; Maegill. Brit. B. v. p. 359 (1852); Kjcerboll. 
Banm. Fugle, p. 414, pi. liii. fig. 2 (1852) ; Waiters, N. Mid. B, 
Irel. p. 230 (1853) ; Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 223, pi. 103 (1853) ; 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 900 (1858) ; Newton, Ibis, 1861,^ p. 374 
[Iceland]; id. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 435-438 ; Fits. Atl Nat. Vo</. 
% . 346 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 450 [St. Kilda; Orkney 
Is.]; Neioton, Ibis, 1865, p. 116, 1866, p. 223; Schl. Mus. Pay's-
Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 13 (1867) ; Begl $ Gerbe, Orn. Europ. 
ii. p. 614 (1867): Bubois, Arch. Cosmol 1867, p. 30, pi. 3 ; 
Brown, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 361 [Greenland?]; Coues, P. Ac. 
Philad. 1868, p. 15; Fatio, Bull Soc. Orn. Suisse, ii. pt. i. pp. 585, 
pi. 1 (1868), pt. ii, pp. 147-157 (1870); Collett, Forh. Vid. 
Selsk. Christ. 1868, p. 193; Brandt, MSlang. Biol. vii. p. 203 
(1869); Feilden, Ibis, 1869, p. 358 [eggs]; Neioton, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 256; Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europa's, p. 490 (1870), Atl pi. 59. 
figs. 8, 9 (1871) ; R.JGray, B. W. Scotl p. 441 (1871); Potts, Tr. 
N Zeal Inst. iii. p. 109 (1871) ; Coues, Key N Amer. B. p. 339 
(1872) ; Goidd, B. Gt. Britain, v. pi. 46 (1873); Garrod, P. Z S. 
1873, p. 34, % . 1 [skull]; Allen, Bull Nutt. Orn. C i. p. 58 
(1876); Bresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 563, pi. 620 (1880); Cory, 
Beaut. Birds, pt. ii. pi. v. (1881); Grieve, J. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 479 
(1882); Blnsius, Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Braunsehiueig, iii. p. 89 
(1883); Collett, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, viii. pp. 65, 87 (1884) ; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 819 (1884); Blasius, J. f. O. 
1884, p. 58; Sundev. Svensfo Fogl p. 994, pi. lxxx. fig. 2 (1885): 
Seebohm, Mist. Brit. B. iii. p. 371 (1885); Dixon, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 90 [St. Kilda]; Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Mist. Brit. B. iv. p. 61 
(1885); Tschusi u. Balla-Torre, Ornis, 1887, p. 342 [Austro-
Hungary]; Grondal, Ornis, 1887, p. 593; Lucas, Rep. U.S. N\t. 
3Ius. 1887-8, p. 493, pis. Ixxi.-lxxiii.; id. Rep. Nat. Mus. 
Washington, 1888-89, p. 709; Saunders, III Man. Brit. B. 

p. 681 (1889); Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xviii. (1891) ; Sclaterf 
Ibis, 1891, p. 281,1892, p. 453. 
Great Auk, Pennant, Brit Zool ii. p. 507, pi. ixxxi. (1776) [St. 
Kilda]; id. Arct. Zool ii. p. 509 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 
pt. i. p. 311 (1785); id. Gen. Mist. x. p. 55 (1824); Steph. in 

2oiJ 

&m 
ALCiE. 

Slum's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 61, pi. iv. (1826); Selby, III, Brit 
Orn. ii. pi. lxxxii. (1834); Yarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. St50 
(1843); Grieve, " The Great Auk or Garefaid" pp. 1-141, App. 
1-58, 4 pis., woodcuts (1885); Lucas, Auk, v. p. 278 (1888;; 
Hardy, Auk, v. p. 380 (1888). 

Le Grand Pingouin, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. ix. p. 393 (1783). 
Pinguinus impennis, Bonnat Tail. Hncycl. Mith. i. p. 29, pi. x. 
fig. 2(1790). 
Pingouin impennis, Lacip. §* Daudin, in Buff. Hist. Nat. (18mo, 

Didot), Quadr. xiv. p. 313 (1799). 
Alca bortalis, Forst. Synopt Cat Brit. B. p. 29 (1817). 
A lea major, Merrem (ex Brisson) in JErsth u. Gruher, JEncycl. ii. 

p. 407 (1819). 
Auk, Mont. Orn. Diet 2nd ed. p. 12 (1831). 
Plautua impennis, Sttenstrup, Natitrh. Foren. Tidensk. Meddel. 
pp. 33-116 (1855) ; Preyer, J.f. 0. 1802, pp. 110, 337; Baird, 
Breio. 8f Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 407 (1^4) ; A. O. U. 
Checkrl p. 84 (1886) ; Pudyw. Man. N. Am. B. p, 19 (1887) ; 
Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit iv. p. Ill, pi. cv. (1897). 

Chenalopex impennis, G. Ii. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 95 (1871). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, and upper parts black, 
with a greyish gloss shading into deep sooty-brown on the sides of 
the head, chin, throat, and fore-neck ; a large oval patch in front of 
the eye, the tips of the secondaries, and the rest of the underpays 
pure white; the white extending upwards and terminating 
in a point in the middle of the fore-neck: under surface of the 
wings smoky-grey ; quills and tail black, the latter composed of 14 
feathers. " Iris hazel; bill black, with the grooves between the 
transverse ridges white; feet and claws black " (J. J. Audubon). 
Total length about 30 inches, culm en from feathers on forehead to 
tip 3*8-3'5, from gape to tip 4*35-4*4, greatest depth of both 
mandibles at base 1-5-V65, wing 5*9-0*4, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*9-2*2, 
middle toe and claw 3*15-3*45. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Appears to have the chin, throat, 
and sides of the occiput white; a dusky band commencing behind 
the eye and bordering the sides of the throat: otherwise the plumage 
resembles the above, the white patch in front of the eye being 
present. 

Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Labrador, summer. Lidth de Jeude Coll. 
b. <$ ad. st.* Papa Westra, Orkney Is., Bullock Coll. 
summer, 1812. 
e. Ad. skeleton. 
Funk I., Newfoundland. J. Matthew Jones, 
Esq. [P.]. 
d. Bones (various). Newfoundland. Purchased. 
2. AJQCA. 
Type. 
Alca, Linn. S. N. i. p 210 (1706) A. torda. 
Pingouin, Lacep. in Buff. Hist Nat. (18mo, Didot), Quadr. 

xiv. p. 313 (1799) A. torda. 
Utamania, Leach, Syst. Cat p. 42 (1816) A. torda. 
* Cf. Macgillivray, Brit. B. v. p. 361 (1852). 
2 . ALCA. 565 
^ Mandibles greatly compressed and transversely grooved, the outline 
of the culmen strongly carved downward and following the 
segment of a circle. Inter-ramal feathering extending to a 
vertical line drawn from the anterior border of the nasal opening, 
which is linear and almost entirely concealed by dense feathering 
extending to the anterior border. Tail composed of 12 feathers. 
Metatarsus shorter than the middle toe-and claw. Size moderate. 

Range. Coasts of the Xorth Atlantic, ranging south in winter to 
southern New England in America and the Mediterranean, and 
occasionally as far south as the Canary Islands. 

1. Alcatorda. 
Le Pingoin, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 89, pi. vlii. fig. 1 (1760); D'Aubent. 

PL Enl. x. pis. 53, 54 [nos. 1003, 1004]. 
Le petit Pingoin, Bnsson, Orn. vi. p. 92, pi. viii. fig. 2 (1700). 
Bazor-bill, Edwards, Glean. N. Hist. pt. iii. pi. 358. fig. 2 (1761); 

Pennant, Brit. Zool. ii. p. 509, pi. Ixxxii. fig. 2 (1776); id. Arct. 
Zool. ii. p. 509 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 309 (1785); 
Mont. Orn. Diet 2nd ed. p. 401 (1831); Selby, III. Brit Orn. ii. 
pi. Ixxxiii. (1834); Tarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 36G (1843). 

Alca unistilcata, Brllnn. Orn. Bar. p. 25 (1764). 
Alca balthica, Bribm. Orn. Bor. p. 25 (1764); Brehm, Handb. Vog. 
Deutsehl. p. 1002 (1831). 

Alca torda, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 210 (1766); Gmel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 551 
(17S8); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 793 (1790); Meyer § Wolf, Taschmb. 
der JDeutschl. p. 439, pi. (1810); Pallas, Zooc/r. Rosso-As. ii. p. 360 
(1811); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 616 (1815), id. Man. d'Orn. 
2nd ed. pt. ii. p. 936 (1820), pt. iv. p. 581 (1840); Werner, Atl. 
Ois. d'Eur. pi. 102 (1828) ; Meneville, Icon. Reg. Anim.,Ois.yl.61. 
fig-. 2 (1829-38) ; Less. TraiU tfOrn. p. 642, pi 119. fig. 1 (1831); 
Brehm, Handb. Tog. JDeutschl. p. 1003 (1831); Snhinz, Nat. 
Abbild. Vog. p. 374,pi 130 (1833); Nutt Man.Om. p. 547 (1834); 
Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 112 (1835), v. p. 628, pi. ccxiv. (1839); 
Niks. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 520 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 401 
(1837); Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 236 (1840); Schbiz, Europ. 
Faun. i. p. 363 (1840); Naum. Nat Vog. Deutschl. xii. p. 606, 
pi. 336 (1844); Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 247, pi. cccclxvi. (1844): 

G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 637 (1847); Begl. Orn. Europ. ii. 
p. 525 (1849); Reichenb. Natatores, pi. v. figs. 18-22 (1850); 
Thomps. Nat. Hist Irel. iii. p. 235 (1851); Xjcerboll. Damn. 
Fugle, p. 413, pi. liii. fig. i. (1852); Waiters, N. Hist B. Irel. 
p. 231 (1853); Schinz, Nat. Fog. p. 223, pi. 102 (1853); Baird, 
B. N. Amer. p. 901 (1858); Jaubert et Lapomm. Rich, Orn. p. 410 
(1859); More, Ibis, 1805, p. 451 [Great Britain]; Gould, B. Gt. 
Brit v. pi. 47 (1866) ; Begl. ty Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 612 
(1807); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 13 (1867); Collett, 
Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1868, p. 193; Brandt, Milang. Biol. vii. 
p. 204 (1869); Turnb. B. E. Pennsylvania, p. 50 (1869); Harting, 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 120 [N.E. coast of America]; Wright, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 230 [Malta]; Irbij, Orn. Gibraltar, p. 218 (1875) ; Palmen, 
J.f.O. 1876, p. 65 [Finland]; Dresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 557, 
pi. 619 (1877); Bau, etc. J.f.O. 1877, p. 342 [Germany); 
Barrozus, P. Bost Son. xix. p. 161 (1877); Maynard, B. E. N. 
5Q6 
k-Lcm. 

Amer.-g.407 (1881); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 221 [Italy]; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 383 [Onega Bay]; Samuels, N. # I?. Birds, p. 564 
(1883) j Irby, Ibis, 1883, p." 190 [Santander]; Baird, Brew. $> 
Ridgw. Water-B. N. A?ner. ii. p. 472 (1884); Liitken, Ornis, 
1885, p. 142 [Denmark]; Smidev. Svensk. Fogl. iii. p. 983, pi. lii. 
%. 2 (1885); Seebohm, Mist. Brit B. iii. p. 375 (1885); Saunders, 
ed. Tarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 55 (1885); JDiion, Ibis, 1885, 

p. 90 [St. Kilda]; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. pt. xi. (1886); A. 0. 
U. Check-l. p. 83 (1886) ; Tschusi it. Homey er, Ornis, 1886, 
p. 174 [local names]; Grbndal, Ornis, 1886, pp.367, 613 [Iceland], 
1887, pp. 587-600 ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 18 (1887) ; 
Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 296 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 399 [Portugal]; 
Brusina, boc. Hist. Nat. Croatica, iii. p. 149 (1888) ; 
Koemg, J. f. 0. 1888, p. 297 [Algeria], 1893, p. 105 [Tunis] ; 
Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 679 (1889); Bishop, Auk, vi. 
p. 145 (1889) [Magdalen Is.]: Fisher, Auk, Tii. p. 203 (1890) 
[N. Carolina] ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xii. (1890); Evans, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 83 [incubation lasts 30 days] : Hartert, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 522 [E. Prussia]; Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 207 [Canary Is.]; 
Rothschild. Ibis, 1893, p. 444 fmelanistic variety]; Irby, Orn. 
Gibraltar, 2nd ed. p. 394 (1895)"; Schaloio, J.f.O.. 1895. p. 459 
[West Greenland]; Sharpe, Handb. B. Gt. Brit. iv. p. 106, pi. civ. 
(1897). 
Alca pica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 210 (1766); Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 551 
(1788); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 361 (1811). 

Black-billed Auk, Pennant, Brit. Zool. ii. p. 511 (1776); id. Arct. 
Zool. ii. p. 510 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt i. p. 320 ( 178) 
id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 65 (1824). 

Le Pingouin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 390 (1783). 

Le petit Pingouin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 396 (1783). 

Alca baltica, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 551 (1788). 

Pinguinus torda, Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 29, pi. x. fig. 1 
(1790). 
Pmguinus pica, Bonnat. Tabl. BncycL Meth. i. p. 30 (1790). 
Pingouin torda, Lacep. SrBaudin, in Buff. Hist. Nat. (ISnio. Didot), 

Quadr. xiv. p. 313 (1799). 
Pingouin pica, Lacep. 8f Baudin, in Buff. Hist. Nat. (18mo. Didot), 
Quadr. xiv. p. 313(1799). 

Utamania torda, 
Leach, Sysf. Cat p. 42 (1816) ; Steph. in Shaw's 
Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 27 (1826); G. R. Gray, List of B. 
pt. iii. p. 153 (1844); Macgill. Brit B. v. p. 346 (1852); Fitz. Atl. 
Nat Vdg. fig. 345 '1864); Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 18 ; 
Fritsch, Nat. Vdg. Europa's, p. 491 (1870), Atl. pi. 59.fig.7 (1871) ; 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 340(1872); Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat 
Mus. xv. p. 103 (1879); Merriam, Bull Nutt Orn. C. vii p. 242 
(1882); Steams $ Cones, N. Bngl BAife, ii. p. 400 (1883); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 818 (1884); Butcher, Auk, 

ii. p. 38 (1885) [Long I, N.Y.] ; Gigl Avif. Ital. pp. 443, 569 
(1886); id. Avif. Ital. i. p. 656 (1889), ii. p. 663 (1890), iii. p. 518 
(1891), 
Utamania pica, Leach, Syst. Cat p. 42 (1816); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. 
Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 30 (1826). 

Alca hoieri, Ray [Syn. Av. p. 119 (1713)], fide Merrem in Ersch «. 

Gruber, Encycl. ii. p. 407 (1819). 
Bazor-billed A\xk,Lath. Gen. Hist x. p. 63 (1824). 
Alca glacialis, Brehm, Handb. Vdg. Beutschl. p. 1004 (1831). 

2 . ALCA. 
567 
Alca L4andica? Brehm, Kandb. Tog. Deutsekl p. 1005, pi. xlvi.fig. 2 

(1881). 

Alca niierorhyndiGS, Brehm, Vogelf, p. 410 (1855). 

Chenalopex torda, G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. ill. p. 95 (1871). 

Ailult %s\ breeding-plumage. General colour above smoky-black, 
shading into sooty-brown on the sides of the face, chin, and throat• 
a narrow white stripe from the base of the culmen to the anterior 
border of the e}e; fore-neck, chest, and rest of the underparts, 
including the under v, ing- and tail-coverts, pure white; quills dark 
brown, paler on the inner web-; secondaries tipped with white and 
forming a narrow white band across the wing when closed; tail 
dark smoky-brown, wedge-shaped, and composed of 12 feathers. 
Iris hazel; bill black, with a transverse white band across both 
mandibles; between the white band and the tip one or two distinct 
transverse folds ; feet black. 

Adult male. Total length about 17*5 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 1*3-1-4, from gape to tip 1-9-2-1, greatest depth 
of both mandibles at base 0*85, wing 7*2-7'3, tail 2*9-3, tarsus 
1*25. middle toe and claw 1*8. 

Adult female. Total length about 17*5 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 1*25, from gape to tip 2, greatest depth of both 
mandibles at base 0-8, wing 7*4, tail 3*3, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and 
claw 1*8. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in having 
the chin, throat, cheeks, and sides of the head behind the e}e 
white, like the rest of the underparts, and the narrow white stripe 
between the base of the culmen and the eye wanting. 

Young in down. Head, neck, and underparts covered with short 
whitish down; wings, sides, and flanks whitish buff; rest of the 
upper parts deep blackish-brown tipped with pale rufous. 

Nestling with first plumage partly developed. Closely resembles 
the adult in breeding-plumage, the upper parts as well as the chin 
and throat being dark smoky-brown, the white stripe between the 
eye and the base of the bill clearly defined, and the rest of the 
underparts white, slightly fringed with smoky-brown on the flanks. 

Young in first autumn plumage. Like the adult in winter, but 
the bill is smooth, uniform black, and not nearly so deep. 

Young in second autumn plumage. Like the adult in winter 
plumage, and has the transverse white stripes on the upper and 
lower mandible clearly marked, but there are no transverse folds 
between the white band and the tip of the culmen. 

Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. b. Ad. sk. North America, summer. Hudson's Bay Co. 
[P.]. 
c. Vix ad. sk. North America. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Woods Holl, Massachusetts, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. 15. 
e. Vix ad. sk Mingan, Quebec, Canada, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 20 (C. H.Merriam). 
/. 
($ pull. sk. 

g. Ad. sk. 
h, L Ad. sk. 

k. Ad. sk. 
I 
Ad. sk 

#j. 
J ad. sk, 

n, o. Ad. sk. 

jt?. J ad. sk. 

q. Juv. sk. 
r. Juv. sk. 
*. J ad. sk. 
t 
Ad. sk. 

w. (5 ad. sk. 
v. 5 imm. sk. 
iv. Imm. sk. 
#. Ad. sk. 

y. Ad. sk. 
<$ 2 a(*- et 

z-h'.

imm. sk. et st. 
if. $ imm. sk. 
A', /'. Imm. sk. 
m'. $ ad. sk. 

ri. S iami, sk. 

o'-V.tfS ad.sk. 

s'. Imm. sk. 

*'-#'. c? 2 ad* 
et imm. sk. 
y'~z\ J ad. et 

imm. sk. 
«"-&". <? ad. et 
imm. sk. 

Bird Koek, Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
July 19 (aX. Maynard). 


Bay of Fundy (G. A. Board-
man). 

Greenland, summer. 
Rittenbenk, Greenland, July 16 

(JBT. W. Feilden). 
Iceland. 
Vestmanna Is., Iceland; 

summer. 
Orkney Islands, summer (F. D. 
Godmari). 
Orkney Islands, June 10 (J. if. 

Dunn). 
Orkney Islands (J. 21. Dunn). 
Orkney Islands. 
Hoy, "Orkney Islands, May 5 

{JE. H.). 

Scotland, winter. 
Sutherland, Dec. 27. 


Cromarty Firth, Feb. 19. 


LofTiree, Bee. 14. 


Pembrokeshire, summer. 
St. David's. 
St. Bride's, S. Wales, April, 


Nov. 
Cornwall. 
Christchurch, Hants, Oct. 28. 
"Walberswick, Suffolk, Feb. 24 

(W. Tyler). 
Wells, Norfolk, Oct. 31. 
Flamborougb Head, summer. 

Norway. 

Christiansund, N. Norway, 
Oct., Dec. 
Heligoland, April, Nov. (L. 
Gtltke). 
Havre, Jan., March (V. Pluche). 

c"-~d". <$ ad. sk. Arcarchon, S. France, Jan., 
etimm. sk. Feb. 

e". Imm. sk. Catalan Bay, Nov. 

/" . Ad. sk. Tangier, Morocco, winter 

(Olcese). 
g". S skeleton. Sutherland, Feb. 25. 
hlt-k". Skulk 
r-o". Sterna. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Voyage of H.M.S. 
1 Alert.' 

J. Proctor [C.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Miss Bullock [P.]. 
Hargitt Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 
Heatley Noble, Esq. 

G. 
A. St. Quintin, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Colonel L. H. Trby 
[P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 

Lord Kensini^ton 

[P.]. 
Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 
Dr. A. Giinther p\j . 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. H. Bowdler 

Sharpe [P.]. 
Earl of Londesborough 
[P.], 
Sir T. M. Wilson 

[P.]. 

N. Hanson [0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hargitt CoU. 

W. L. 
S. Loat, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Colonel L. 
H. Irby 
DP-]-

Tweeddaie CoU. 


Heatlev Noble, Esq. 
Old Coll. 
Old Coll. 


3 . ALLE. 
569 
3. 
ALLE. m 
Type. 
Alle, link, Beschr. Nat Samml Univ. Rostock, i. p. 17 
(1806) A. alle. 
Mergulus, Vieillot [ex Ray, Sun. Av. p. 125 (1713)1, Analyse. 

p. 07(1816)..;........:. A. alle. 
Arctica, G. R. Gray rex Moehring, Av. Gen. p. 65 (1^52)], 
List B. pt. ill. p. lo7 (1844) A. alle, 
Bill short and stout: culmen rather strongly curved downward; 
the depth of the upper mandible at the base considerably less than 
the breadth. Inter-ramal feathering extending far beyond a vertical 
line drawn from the anterior border of the nasal opening, which 
is exposed and covered anteriorly by a scale. Tail composed of 
12 feathers. Metatarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw. 
Size small. 

Range. Arctic Ocean, ranging north to Pranz Josef Land, eastwards 
to Xovaya Zemlya, westwards to Greenland and the west 
of Baffin's Bay, and south in winter to the Forth. Sea and Atlantic 
as far south as the Azores and Canary Islands. 

1. Alle alle. 
Small Black and White Diver, Edwards, Nat. Hist B. ii. pi. 91 
(1747). 
Le petit Guillemot, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 73 (1760); jyAulent, PL 
Mil. x. pi. 50 [no. 917]; Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. ix. p. 354 (1783). 

Alca alle, Linn. S. N. i. p. 211 (17G6); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 795 
(1790); Meyer § tVo(ff Taschenb. der Beutschl. p. 443 (1810); 
Wilson, Amer. Orn. ix. p. 94, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 5 (1814)* Gould, B. 
Eur. v. pi. 402 (1837); Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 20 
(1867); Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 120 [Wolstenholm Sound],* 
Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 380 (1885). 

Little Auk, Pennant, Brit Zool. ii. p. 517, pi. lxxxii. fig. 1 (1776); 
id. Aret Zool ii. p. 512 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 327 
(1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 70 (1824) ; Selby, III Brit. Orn. ii. 
pi. Lxxxi. (1834); Yarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 358 (1843). 

Alca alee (sic), Gmel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 554 (1788). 
Lria grylle, Bonnat. {nee Linn.) Tail. Encycl MSth. i. p. 36, pi. ix. 
fig. 5 (1790). 

Alle nigricans, Link, Beschr. Nat Samml Univ. Rostock, i. p. 17 
(1806); Coues, Bull Mitt. Orn. C. iv. p. 244 (1879); Memam, 
Bull Mm. Orn. C. vii. p. 241 (1882) [Canada]; Steams $ Coues, 

N. Enql B.-life, ii. p. 395 (1883); Baird, Brew. $ Ridgw. Water-
B. N. 'Amer ii. p. 403 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 810 (1884); Dtttcher, Auk, i. n. 35 (1884) [Long I., N.Y.]. 
Uria alle, Pallas, Zooar. Rosso-As. ii. p. 369 (1811) ; Temm. Man. 
d'Om. p. 611 (1815); id. Man. cPOrn. ed. 2, pt. ii. p. 928 (1820), 
pt. iv. p. 578 (1840); Meyer, Appendix to Meyer § Wolf , Taschenb. 
der Beutschl. p. 178 (1822); Werner, Atl Ois. d'Eur. pi. 99 
(1828); Swains. $ Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 479 (1831) 
[Melville L]; Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 531 (1834); And. Orn. Biogr. 

iv. p. 304, pi. ccexxxix. (1838). 
Mergulus 
melanoleucos, Leach, Syst. Cat p. 42 (1816); Steph. in 
Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 34 (1826); Brandt, Bull. Acad. 

570 ALCJE. 

St. Pttersb. ii. p. 347 (1837); Thomps. Nat. Mist. Ire!, iii. p. 218 
(1851) ; Brandt, Melanq. Biol vii. p. 221 (1809) ; 22. Gray, 5 . 
JF. Scotl p. 431 (187i); Boioley, Orn. Mi*c. i. p. 126 (1875) 
[Melville Bay]. 

Meijrulus alle, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. xx. p. 209 (1818) ; id. 
Gal. Ois. ii. p. 237, pi. 295 (1825); Brehm, Handb. Voq. Deutschl 

p. 993(1831); Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 237 (1840); Naum. 
Nat. Voq. Deutschl. xii. p. 552, pi. 334 (1844) ; Aud. B. Amer. vii. 
p. 257, pi. cccclxix. (1844); Degl. Orn. Bur op. ii. p. 518 (1849) ; 
Reichenb. Natatores, pi. viii. figs. 48-50 (1850) ; Kjcerboll. Damn. 
Fugle,?. 411, pi. Iii. fig. 6 (1852); May ill. Brit. B. v.p. 341 (1852) ; 
Waiters, N. Hist, B. Irel p. 230 (1853) ; Schinz, Nat. Tog. p. 220, 
pi. 102 (1853); Baircl, B. N. Amer. p. 918 (1858) : Fitz. Alt. Nat. 
Vdg. fig. 342 (1864); Netaton, Ibis, 1865, p. 521 [Spitsbergen]; 
Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 102 [Azores]; Degl. <§* Gerbe, Orn. Eur op. 
ii. p. 605 (1867); Collett, Fork. Vid. SelsJc. Christ 1868, p. 193 ; 
Cones, P. Ac. PJiilad. 1868, p. 54; Gould, B. Gt. Britain, v. 
pi. 50 (1868); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 308 [Xovaya Zemlva] ; 
Fritsch, Nat. Vdg. Europas, p. 496 (lb70), Atl pi. 59. fi>.l 
(1871) ; a^ } Key N. Amer. B. p. 343 (1872); Heuyl Ibis, 1872, 
. 64 [Novaya Zemlya; Kara Sean; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 224 
Canary Islands] ; Heugl J. f 0."1872, p. 123 ; Dolmen, J.f 0. 
1876, p. 65 [Finland]; Dresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 591, pi. 024 
(1877); Barrows, P. Bost. Soc. xix. p. 156 (1877); Feildm, P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 28 [Port Foulke] ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 410 rGreeiilandl; 
Bau,etc J.f.O. 1877, p. 342 [Germany]: Kumlien, Bvll. U.S. 
Nat Mus. XT. p. 104 (1879) ; Maynard,B. E. N.Amer. p. 499 
(1881); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 383[Kola Peninsula]: Neale, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 653 [Franz Josef Land]; Sa?nuels, N. § E. Birds, p. 570 
(1883); Saunders ed. Tamil, Hist Brit B. iv. p. 85 (1885); 
Sundev. Svensk. Foql. iii. p. 1035, pi. Iii. fis:. 3 (1885); Dironn Ibis, 
1885, p. 90 [St. Kilda]; Slater § Carter, Ibis, 1886, p. 52 r X Iceland] 
; Grdndal, Ornis, 1886, p. 367 [Iceland], 1887, p. 594; 
Saunders, 111. Man. Brit. B. p. 689 (1889); Hartert, Ibis. 1892, 
p. 522 [E. Prussia]; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit B. p i xxiii. (1893) ; 
Clarke, Ann. Scot N. 3. iv. pp. 97-108, pi. iii. [rrfap] (1895) 
[visitation in Scotland]; Schalow, J. f. O. 1895, p. 40l ["West 
Greenland]; Pearson, Ibis, 1896, p. 225 [Novava Zemlva] ; Battye, 
Ibis, 1897, p. 599 [Spitsbergen]: Pearson, Ibis, 1898, p. 207; 
Clarke, Ibis, 1898, n. 272 [Franz Josef Land]. 
Uria minor, Merrem in JSrsch u. Gruber, Encycl. ii. p. 406 (1819). 
Common Sea-Dove, Stejph. in Shaivs Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 34. 
pi. iii. (1826). 
Cephus minor, Meneville, Icon. Reg. Anim., Ois. pi. 00. fig-. 5 

(1829-38). 
Eotch, Mont Orn. Diet 2nd ed. p. 438 (1831). 
Mergulus arcticus, Brehm, Handb. Vdg. Deutschl. p. 1036, pi. xlv. 

%. 3 (1831). 
Oephns alle, Schinz, Nat Ahbild. Vdg. p. 368, pi. 130 (1833). 
Cepphus alle, Schinz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 358 (1840). 
xlrctica alle, G. B. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 157 (1844) ; id. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 645 (1848); id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 101 (1871). 
Alle alle, A. O. U. Cheek-l. p. 84 (1886); Bidgxo.Man. N. Amer. B. 
p. 19 (1887); Chamberlain, Auk, vi. p. 213 (1889) [S. Greenland]; 
Wan-en, B. Pennsylvania, p. 10 (1890); Stone, P. Ac. Philad. 
1892, p. 146 [Cape York]; Brown, Auk, x. p. 204 (1893) [Virginia] ; 
Sharpe, Handb. B. Gt Brit iv. p. 127, pi. cix. (1897). 
3. ALLE. 
571 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Top of the head and upper parts 
black with a greyish gloss * rest of the head, neck, and chest sooty-
black ; secondaries tipped and scapulars margined on the sides with 
white; breast and rest of the underparts white, the inner webs of 
the inner flank-feathers dull black; quills and tail greyish black; 
the latter composed of 12 feathers. Iris hazel; bill black* feet 
and toes livid brown; toes darker. 

Total length about S*5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 
to tip 0*6-0'65, from gape to tip 0*9, greatest depth of both mandibles 
at base 04, wing 4*6-4*7, tail 1*3-1*5, metatarsus 0*85-0-9, 
middle toe and claw 1-2-1*3. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in having 
the throat, lower part of the cheeks, sides of the nape, fore-neck, 
and chest white like the rest of the underparts, the latter being 
however distinctly mottled with dusky, especially on the sides. 

A quite young bird, in summer (Aug. 9). Perfectly similar to the 

adult in breeding-plumage, but about half the size; the upper parts 

devoid of gloss, and the bill much slighter. The wing, with the 

quills only partially grown, measures 3*4 inches. 

Immature (in first winter plumage). May be distinguished from 

the adult by its smaller bill and by the lack of gloss on the upper 

part 

Young in down. Uniform dark smoky-grey, somewhat paler on 

the underparts. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a-c. Ad. sk. 
North America {JParry). The Admiralty [P.]. 
Godbout, Quebec, Canada. Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

d. Ad. sk. (N. A. Comeau). 
Grand Manan I., New Brims-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. wick, Feb. (H. Heirick). 
Grand Manan I., winter (H. JE. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Dresser). 
Bay of Ftuidy, winter (67. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. 
Ad. sk. jBoardman). 
Boston, Massachusetts, Nov. 15 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h~k. 2 ad. sk. (H. W. Hemhaw). 
Cape Walker, Baffin's Bay, McCormick Bequest. 
I Ad. sk. July26(E.McC). 
m} n. Ad. sk. Greenland, winter. Hume Coll. 

o. Ad. sk. Greenland, summer (Gov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Fencker). 
p. $ ad. sk. 
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, Nov. Dr. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 

q. Ad. sk. 
Faroes, winter (JEL. C. Mutter).Hargitt Coll. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
Thorshavn, Faroes, winter. Seebohm Coll. 
s. § ad. sk: 
Moray Firth, Dec. 10. J. M. Chadwick, Esq. 
[P.l. 
t. $ 
ad. sk. Fosdyke, near Spalding, LinT. 
J. H. Brogden, 
colnshire, Feb. 2. Esq. [P.]. 
w. c? ad. sk. 
Devonshire, winter. Montagu Coll. 
v. Ad. sk. Off Spitsbergen, lat. 79° 30' Capt. D. Gray [P.]. 
N., long. 4° E., summer. 
572 ALC/E. 
w_y. ^ 5 aa, et Wijdo Bay, Spitsbergen, A. Trevor-Battye, 
juv. sk.
z. J ad. sk. 
Aug\ 4. 
Cape Neale,
Land, July 2 
Franz Josef4 (F. G. JackEsq. 
[P.]. 
Jackson-Harmswortli 
Exped. [P.]. 
so?i). 
a'. Skeleton. Greenland. 
b'. Skeleton. Great Britain. Meinertzhagen Coll. 
c' d'. Skeletons. Old Coll 

4. XJBJA. 
n, 
Type. 
Uria, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 70 (1760) U. troile. 
Cepphus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fase. v. p. 33 (1769) U. grylle. 
Grylle, Leach in Rosb* Voy. Expl. Baffin's Bay, App. 

p. li (1819) U. mandti. 
Lonivia, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. ii. p. 345 (1837). U. troile. 
Cataractes, G. R. Gray [ex Moehring Av. Gen. p. 68 
(1752)], List Gen. B. p. 98 (1841) 
U. troile. 

Bill elongate and moderately compressed; culmen more or less 
curved downward towards the tip. Inter-ramal feathering extending 
to or slightly beyond a vertical line drawn from the anterior 
border of the nasal opening, which is linear and partially or almost 
entirely concealed by dense feathering extending nearly or quite to 
the anterior border. Tail composed of 12 or 14 feathers. Metatarsus 
shorter than the middle toe and claw. Size moderate. 

Range. Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and the northern parts of the 
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 

Key to the Species. 

I. Tail composed of 12 feathers; lining of wing white. 
A. 
Wing-coverts uniform greyibh black; tips of 
secondaries white. Size larger, wing 7*5-9* 1 
inches. 
a. Bill more slender and elongate; the feathering 
on the basal part of the upper mandible 
extending to the cutting-edge. 
a'. Feathers round the eye and along the crease 
behind it black troile, p. 573. 
br. Feathers round the eye and along the crease 
behind it white ringvia, p. 575. 

b. Bill stouter; basal part of the upper mandible 
not covered with feathers lomvia, p. 577. 
B. 
Greater and median wing-coverts forming a large 
white patch on the wing; secondaries not tipped 
with white. Size smaller, wing 6-6*4 inches. 
c. Basal half of the primary-coverts black 9rl/^ei P* 580. 
<£ Primary-coverts white almost to the base ... . mandti, p. 584. 
II. Tail composed of 14 feathers; lining of wing grey. 
C. A large double white patch on the wing, formed 
by the median and the tips of the greater wing-
coverts columba, p. 586. 
4. TIBIA. 
573 
D. 
Wing-coverts uniform greyish black or with 
narrow white tips to the larger coverts forming 
at rnobt three narrow white bands. 
e. Orbital region black snowi, p. 588. 
/ . Orbital region white carbo, p. 588. 
1. Uria troile. 
Le Guillemot, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 70, pi. vi. fig. i. (1760); Buff. Hist. 
Nat. Ois. ix. p. 350 (1783) ; D'Aubent. PL Enl. x. pi. 49 
[no. 9(33]. 

Guillemot, Edwards, Glean. N. Hist. pt. iii. pi. 359. fig. 1 (1762). 
Colvmbus troile, Linn. S. N. i. p. 220 (1766); Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. 
p" 585 (1788). 

Foolish Guillemot, Pennant, Brit. ZooL ii. p. 519 (1776) j id. 
Arct. ZooL ii. p. 516 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 329 
(1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 74 (1824) ,* Selby, III. Brit. Orn. 

ii. pi. Ixxix. (1834). 
Lesser 
Guillemot, Pennant, Brit. ZooL ii. p. 520, pi. Ixxxiii. fig. 1 
(1770); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 331 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. 

x. p. 77 (1824); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL ix. pt. ii. p. 246, p. 03 
(1824). 
Colvmbus minor, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 585 (1788). 
Uria troile, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 796 (1790); Bonnnt. Tail. Encycl. 

Meth. i. p. 35, pi. ix. fig. 3 (1790); Meyer 8f Wolf, Taschenb. der 
JDeutschL p. 445 (1810); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 606 (1815); 
Valenc. in Charts, Voy. Pittor. autour du Monde, Aliout. p. 25, 
pi. xx. (1822); Temm. Man. cVOm. ed. 2, pt. ii. p. 921 (1820), 
pt. iv. p, 573 (1840); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL xii. pt. ii. 

p. 244 (1824); Werner, Atl. Ois. d'Eur.yl. 95 (1828) ; Sivains. § 
Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 477 (1831); Brehm, Handb. 
Vog. JDeutschL p. 981 (1831) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 526 (1834); 
And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 142, pi. ccxviii. (1835); Niks. Skand. Faun. 
ii. p. 504 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 396 (1837); Sehinz, Europ. 
Faun. i. p. 360 (1840); G. P. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 156 
(1844); Be Kay, N. Y. ZooL ii. p. 279 (1844); Aud. B. Amer. 
vii. p. 267, pi. cccclxxiii. (1844); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 645 
(1848); Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 511 (1849) ; Reichenb. Natatores, 
pi. viii. fip:s. 32-36 (1850); Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. p. 207 
(1851); Kjmrboll. Danm. Fugle, p. 408, pi. Iii. fig. 4 (1852) • 
MacgilL Brit. B. v. p. 318 (1852); Waiters, N. Hist. B. Irel. 
p. 226 (1853); Newberry, Rep. Expl. Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 110 
(1857) [Coast of California; Farallone Is,] ; Jaubert et Lapomm. 
Rich. Orn. p. 408 (1859); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 449 [Great Britain] ; 
Degl 8? Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 598 (1867); Collett, Forh. Vid. 
Sekk. Christ 1868, p. 192; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 457; Brandt, 
MSlang. Biol. vii. p. 205 (1869); G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 101 (1871); R. Gray, B. W. Seotl. p. 420 (1871); Gould, B. 
Gt. Britain, v. pi. 48 [front figure] (1873) ; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, 
p. 218 (1875) ; Palmkn, J.f.O. 1876, p. 65 [Finland]; Blahist. f 
Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 211 [Hakodadi]; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. 
p. 180 (1880) ; Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 683 (1889); 
Maynard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 500 (1881); Blahist. $ Pryer, 
Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 91 (1882) ; Chamberlain, Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. C. viii. p. 9 (1883) [New Brunswick: rare]; Irby, Ibis, 
1883, p. 190 [Santander]; Baird, Breiv. fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. 
Amer. ii. p. 477 (1884); Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 89 [St. Kilda]; 
074 
ALCJ2. 

launders, ed. Tamil Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. G9 (18S5); Sundev. 
Svensk Fogl. iii. p. 1103, pi. lii. fig'. 4 (1885) ; Liitken, Ornis, 1885, 

p. 142, 1886, p. 97 [Denmark]; Grondal, Ornis, 1886, pp. 367, 
612 [Iceland]; A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 82 (188(3); Booth, Hough 
Notes, iii. pt. xiv. 2 pis. (1887); Bidgio. Man. N. Am. B. p. IS 
(1887); Bishop, Auk, vi. p. 145 (1889) [Magdalen Is.] ; Lilford, Col. 
Fig. Brit B. pt. xxi. (1892) ; Irbg, Orn. Gibraltar, 2nd ed. p. 304 
(1895); Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit. iv. p. 114, pi. cvi. (1897). 
TJria minor, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. ii. p. 246 (1824). 
Uria norwegica, Brehm, Handb. Vog. Beutschl. p. 983 (1831). 
Willock, Mont. Orn. Diet. 2nd ed. p. 545 (1831). 
Uria intermedia, Nilss. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 506 (1835). 
Lomvia troile, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. ii. p. 345 (1837) ; 


Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 75; id. Key N. Am. B. p. 346 
(1872); Barrows, P. Bost. Soe. xix. p. 160 (1877); Bean, P. U.S 
Nat. Mus. v. p. 172 (1882) [Cook's Inlet]; Merriam, Bull. Nittf. 
Orn. C. vii. p. 241 (1882); Steams $ Coues, N. JBngL B.-life, ii. 

p. 397 (1883); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 816 (1884); 
Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 297 (1887); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 83 [Incubation 
lasts 30-33 days] : Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 399 [Portugal"; Gigl 
Avif. Ital. i. p. 659 (1889). 
Uria lomvia, Kegs. u. Bias, (nee Pallas), Wirbelth. p. 238 (1840) ; 
JSfaum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. xii. p. 508, pi. 331 (1844); Heichenb. 
Natatores, pi. viii. figs. 39-42 (1850) ; Schi?iz, Nat. Vog. p. 221. 
pi. 102 (1853); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 913 (1858); Ball § Bann. 
Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) [Kodiak I.": Fritsch, Nat. 

Vog. Europa's, p. 493 (1870), At I. pi. 60. fig. 7 (1871); Ban, etc. 

J. f. 0. 1877, p. 342 [Germany 1; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. 
p. 51 (1877) [Abrek Bay^; Samuels, N. § E. Birds, p. 508 
(1883) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892; p. 522 [Danzig. 
Common Guillemot, Tarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 343 (1843). 
Uria briinnichii, Heerm. (nee Sabine) Hep. Evpl. Swi\ x. pt. iv. 

Birds, p. 75 (1859) ; Battye} Icebound on Kolguev, p. 20 (1&95;; 

id. Ibis, 1896, p. 155. 

Oatarractes troille, Brya?it, P. Bost. Soc. viii. p. 136, fur. 2 a (1861). 

Catarractes californicus, Bryant, P. Bo&t. Soc. viii. p. 142, figs. 3 & 5 
(1861) [Farallone Is.]. 
Alca lomvia, Schl. (nee Pallas) Mus. Pags-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 15 
(1867). 

Lomvia californica, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 18687 p. 79. 

Uria californica, Ball ty Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) 
[Sitka; Kodiak] ; Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 77 (1872*; 
Ball, Avif. Aleut, p. 10 (1873); id. P. Calif. Acad. v. pp. 34, 280 
(1873) [Aleutian Is.]. 

Alca troile, B?-esser, B. Europe, viii. p. 567, pi. 621 [bind figure^ 
(1877): Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 2 [variety!; Seebohm. Hist. 
Brit B. iii. p. 388 (1885); id. B. Japan, p. 273 "(1890) [part]. 

Lomvia 
troile, var. californica, Elliot, Seal 1st Alaska, p." 135 
(1881). 
Uria troile californica, Baird, Brew. $ Bidgic. Waier-B. N. A mer. 

ii. p. 483 (1884) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 20 (1885) 
[Commander Is.]; A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 82 (1886); Evermann, 
Auk, iii. p. 88 (1886) [Ventura, California]; Eidgw'.Man. N. Am. 
B. p. 18 (1887); Nelson, Pep. N. H. Alaska, p. 45 (1887); Stejn. 
P. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 118 (1887) [Commander Is.]; Tacz. Mem. 
Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 3219 (1893) [E. Siberia]; Loomis, P. 
Calf. Acad. (2) vi. p. 20 (1896) [California]; Grinnell, Auk, xv, 
p. 125 (1898) [Sitka]; Seale} P. Ac. Philad. 1898, p. 129. 
4. URIA. 575 
Lomvia troile califomiea, Coues, Key K. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 817 
(1884). 
Alca troile californica, SeeboTim, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 389 (1885). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above, including the 
top of the head, greyish black, becoming browner as the plumage 
becomes worn; sides of the head, chin, throat, and fore-neck of a 
browner tint, in some examples dark sooty-brown or even black; 
chest and rest of the underparts, as well as the under wing-coverts, 
white, the side- and flank-feathers streaked with dark grey ; quills 
greyish-black, paler on the inner web, the secondaries tipped with 
white; tail brownish-black, composed of 12 feathers. Iris dark 
brownish-black; bill dull black, inside of mouth bright yellow; 
back of tarsus, soles, webs, joints, and nails dull black; fore part of 
tarsus and toes between the joints brownish white. Total length 
about 18 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1*9, from 
gape to tip 2*7, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*55, wing 
7*5-8, tail 1-7-2*1, tarsus 1*45-1-5, middle toe and claw 2-2'2. 

Adult hi non-hreeding plkmiage. Differs from the above in having 
the chin, throat, fOre-neck, and sides of the head white ; the white 
patch on the sides of the occiput being margined below by a dark 
greyish-black postorbital band. Bill blackish horn, lighter on the 
base of the lower mandible, inner side of the metatarsus and toes pale 
brownish-white, outer half of the metatarsus, joints, and webs dusky 
brownish-blaek; nail black. 

Immature, Kesembles the adult in winter plumage, but the fore-
neck and white patches on the sides of the occiput are more or less 
mottled with dusky. 

Young in down. Upper parts brown; top of the head and nape 

blackish, streaked with white; throat and fore-neck brownish, 

mottled with white; chest, breast, and belly white. 

Uria troile, var. ringvia. 

Una ringvia, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 28 (1764); Sehinz, Europ. Faun. 

i. p. 359 (1840); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 157 (1844) ; 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 645 (1848); JDegl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 513 
(1849); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 914 (1858) : Beyl $ Gerbe, 
Om. Europ. ii. p. GOO (1867); Samuels, N. $ E. Birds, p. 570 
(1883); Baird, Brtio. § Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 481 
(1884); Sharjpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit. iv. p. 119, pi. cvii. (1897). 
Uria alga, Brilmi. Orn. Bor. p. 28 (1764). 
Uria troile leucophthalmos, Faber, Brodromus, p. 42 (1822). 
Uria lacrymans, Lapylaie MS., fide Valenc. in Choris Voy. Pittor. 


autour du Motide, AUout. p. 27, pi. xxiii. (1822); Werner, Atl. 
Ois. d'Eur. pi. 98 (1828); Lesson, Traits d'Orn. p. 638 (1831); 
Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 397 (1837); Macgill Brit. B. v. p. 326 
(1852); Waiters, N. Hist. B. Irel p. 229 (1853); R. Gray, B. 

W. Scotl. p. 424 (1871). 
Uria leucopsis, Brehm, Handk Vog. DeutscM. p. 982 (1831). 
Uria hrhigvia, Keys. u. Blasius, Wirbelth. p. 238 (1840) ; Naum. 
Nat Vog. Deutschl xii. p. 524, pi. 332 (1844); Reichenb. Natatores, 
pi. viii. figs. 37-38 (1850). 

576 
ALOE. 

Kinged or Bridled Guillemot, Yarnll, Hist. Brif. B. iii. p. 351 
(1843) j Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 68-1 (1889). 
Una leucophthalmos, Thomps. Nat. Kid. Irel. iii. p. 211 (1851); 

Kj&rboll. Danm. Fugle, p. 408, pi. Iii. fig. 5 (1852). 
Catarractes ringvia, Bryant, P. BosL Soc. viii. p. 139, fig. 2 (1861). 
Uria troile, var. ringvia, Collett, Fork. Yid. Selsh. Christ. 1868, p. 192. 
Lomvia ringvia, Coues, JP. Ac. Pkilad. 1868, p. 78 ; Goss, Tr. Kansas 

Acad. viii. p. 60 (1883) [BM Rock : breeding habits]. 
Uria wringria (sic), Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europe?s, p. 495 (1870), Atl. 

pi. 59. fig. 5 (1871). 
Uria rhingvia, G. B. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 101 (1871). 
Uria troile, Gould, B. Gt. Britain, v. pi. 48 [back figure] (1873). 
Alca troile, Dresser, B. Europe, viii. pi. 621 [front figure] (1877). 
Uria rhyngvia, Grondal, Ornis, 1887, p. 597. 

This variety differs from typical U. troile in having the feathers 
round the eye and along the crease behind it pure white. 


Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 
and Bering Sea, ranging south to Japan, California, New England, 
and Portugal, occasionally entering the Mediterranean Sea, and 
met with in the Atlantic down to about iat. 30° in winter. 


a-c. Ad. sk. Kurile Islands, autumn to winter Seebohm Coll. 

(0. Snow). 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Bering L, Commander Group, G.E. Barrett-HamilJuly 
3. ton, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad.sk. North-west America, summer. Capt, Kellett& Lieut. 
Wood, R.N. [P.". 
/. J ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, May 10 Salvin-Godmaii "Coil. 

(E. W.Nelson). 
g. $ ad. sk. Stewart I., Alaska, June (I?. iSalvin-Godman Coll. 
W. N). 
h. Ad. sk. California, summer. J. H. Gurnev, Esq. 
[IV. 
i-m. $ ad. et Monterey, California, Jan., May, Mr. A. Seale [C.J. 
irnni. sk. June, Aug. 

n, o. Ad. sk. Farallone Is., summer. Salvin-Godman Cull. 

p. Ad. sk.* Hudson's Bay, summer. Hudson's Bay Co. 
q. $ 
pull.sk. Bird Bock, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 15 (C. J. Maynard). 
r. c? ad. sk. Vestmanna Is., Iceland, summer. Hume Coll. 
s. 
2 ad. sk.* -Yestmannals., Iceland, summer. Plume Coll. 
t. <$ ad. St.* Orkney Is., summer (E. H.). Hargitt Coll. 
u. $ ad. sk. Orkney Is., summer (E. E,). Hargitt Coll. 
v-x. 
<$ ad. et Near Cara, Orkney Is., Dec. Haieitt Coll. 
pull. sk. (J. H. Dunn). 

y. $ ad. sk. Hoy Head, Orkney Is., Mar. 25
55 Hargitt Coll. 
(J. S. D.). 
%. Pull. sk. Hoy Head, Orkney Is., July 19, Gould Coll. 
a!. S ad. sk. Great Britain, summer. Montagu Coll. 
V. Ad. sk. Great Britain, winter. Dr. Leach [P.]. 
c', d'. $ ad. sk. Cromarty Firth, Feb. G. A. St. Quintin, 
Esq. [P.]. 
e'. 
cJ ad. sk. St. Kilda, summer. Theodore Walker, 
Esq. [P.]. 

* 
Bridled variety. 
f, g'. Ad.* etpull. sk.
ti-l'. Ad. sk.

m'-f. <$ $ad. etimm. sk. et st. 
u'. Pull. sk.

Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk.* 
Ad. sk. 

cJ imm. sk. 

J 
imm. sk. 

. o ad. sk * 
b'\ Ad. sk. 


a& s^.

c". J

dn-g". Ad. sk.*

h"-k". Ad, sk. 

I". O ad. sk. 

m"-o". Ad. sk. 

p"~r". 6 ? ad. 

et 5 imm. sk. 
s". 2 ad- sk.* 
t". d ad. sk. 
u". c?ad. sk.* 

v"-z". 6 $ ad. 

sk. 

«3. $ ad. sk.* 
b\ Ad. sk. 
c3. Skeleton. 
cF. (S skeleton. 
e3. S skeleton.

f. Skeleton. 
gz. Skeleton. 
hz 

. Skeleton.* 
i\ Skull. 
k*,l\ Skulls. 
m3, n3. Sterna. 

4 . URIA.. 
Isle of Skye, summer.

 St. David's, Pembrokeshire,
summer. 
St. Bride's, June, No\T.? Dec. 

 Lundy I., July. 

Devonshire. 
Isle of Wight, winter. 
Eastbourne, Sussex, Mav 


(G. E. S.). 
Tilburv, Essex, Oct. 
North "Creake, Norfolk, Dec. 23. 

Yorkshire Coast, summer. 
Flamborough Head, Yorkshire,
June. 
Flamborough Head, June. 

 Flamborough Head, summer. 

Flamborough Head, summer. 

Scarborough, Feb. Weight 

2 lb. 7 | ozs. 
Norway, summer (H. 8.). 
Christiansund, N. Norway, 


Aug. 30. 
Christiansund, Nov. 14. 
Heligoland, April (L. Gcitke). 
Heligoland, Jan. (L. G.). 
Havre, Dec, Jan. (V. Pluche). 

Havre, March (V. P.). 
Ferrol Is., N. Spain, summer. 
Greenland. 
Cromarty Firth, Feb. 


 St. Bride's, S. Wales, April 18. 

2. Uria lomvia. 
F. P. Johnson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 

Lord Kensington 

[p.i. 
H. Saunders, Esq. 
Montagu Coll. 

J. Bond, Esq. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
H. Grant, Esq. [P.I. 
Col. H. W. Feilden 
[P.I. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. H. Gadow [P.]. 
Dr. E-. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 
Earl of Londesborough 
[P.]. 
Earl of Londesborough 
[P.]. 

Y. H. Mills, Esq. 
[P.I. 
Seebolim Coll. 
N. Hanson [0.]. 
N. Hanson [0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hargitt Coll. 
Hargitt Coll. 
Dr. L. V. Seoane [P.]. 
Old Coll. 


G. 
A. St. Quintin, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Lord Kensington 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Old Coll. 
Old Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Old Coll. 
Old Coll. 


Una troille, Brunn. Orn. Bor. p. 27 (1764) [Iceland]. 
Uria svarbag, Brunn. Orn. Bor. p. 27 (1764) [Iceland]. 
Cepphus lomvia, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 345 (1811). 
Cepphus arra, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 347 (1811). 


* Bridled tarietv. 
VOL. XXTl. 

ALCJE. 

Uria briinnichi, Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii, p. 538 (1817) [Greenland] ; 
Meyer, Appendix to Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. der Beutschl. 

p. 178 (1822); Vcdenc. in Choris, Voij. Pittor. autour du Monde, 
Aleout. p. 26, pi. xxi. (1822) [Baffin's Bay; Davis Strait]; Swains. 
$ Richardson, Faun. B or.- Amer. ii. p. 477 (1831); Brelim, 
Handb. Tog. Beuischl. p. 984 (1831); tichinz, Nat. Abbild. Tog. 
p. 370. pi. 129 (1833); Nutt.Man. Orn. p. 529 (1834); Aud. Orn. 
Biogr'.m. p. 336, pi. ecxlv. (1835); Niks. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 506 
(1835) ; Go'dd, B. Eur. v. pi. 398 (1837); Temm. Ma/i. aVOrn, 
ed. 2, pt. iv. p. 576 (1840) ; Aud. B. Amer.\ii p. 266, pi. cccclxxii. 
(1844); G. JR. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 645 (1848); ? Thomps. Nat. 
Hist. Irel iii. p. 213 (1851); Kjarboll. Damn. Fugle, p. 409, 
pi. Iii. fig. 3 (1852) j Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 314 (1852); Nezcton, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 520 [Spitsbergen]; Turnh. B. E. Pennsylvania, 
p. 50 (1869); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 308 [Novava Zemlyal ; 
R. Gray, B. W. Scott, p. 422 (1871) ; Heugl Ibis, lb72, 
p. 64 [Novaya Zemlya; "Waigats L] ; id. J. f. 6. 1872. p. 124 
[Novava Zemlya; Tv'aisrats"!; Dresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 575, 
pi. 622 (1877); Blakibt § Pryer, Ibis, 1878. p. 211 [Yezo ; 
Kurile Is.]; Neale, R Z. S. 1882, p. 653; Serbohm, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 369 [Hakodadi], p. 383 [Archangel]; Blakut. k Pryer, Tr. 
As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 180 (1880), x. p. 91 (1882); Sundev, 
Svensk. Fogl. iii. p. 1114, pi. Ixxx. figs. 3, 4 (18S5); Saunders, 
ed. Yarrell, Mist. Brit. B. iv. p. 77 (IttSo); Tschun u. Homey er, 
Omis, 1886; p. 174 [local names!; Grondal, Omis. 1886, p. 366 
[Iceland]: Saunders, III Man. Brit. B. p. i>8o (1889); Schalow, 
J.f 0. 1895, p. 460 [West Greenland]; Lit ford, Col. Fig. Brit. 
B. pt. xxxii. (1896); Sharps Handb. B. Gr. Brit. iv.'p. 120 
(1897); Battye, Ibis, 1897, p. 597 [Spitsbergen"; Clarice, Ibis, 
1898, p. 270 [Franz Josef Land]. 
Uria francsii, Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. pp. 538, 588 (1817); Temm. 
Man. of Orn. ed. 2, pt. ii. p. 924 (1820); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. 
Zool. xii. pt. ii. p. 243 (1824) ; Werner, Atl O*. d!Eio\ pi. 00 
(1828); Schinz, Enrop. Faun. i. p. 360 (1840); Be Kay, N.Y. 
Zool., Birds, p. 280 (1844). 

Uria 
polaris, Brehm, Lekrb. Eur. Tog. pt. ii. p. 931 (1824); id. 
Handb. Vog. Eeutsckl. p. 984, pi. xlv. fig. 1 (1831). 
Franks*s Guillemot, Stepk. in Skate's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. ii. p. 243, 
pi. 62 (1824). 
Brunnich's Guillemot, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 78 (1824); Yarrell, 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 348 (1843). 
Uria troile, Kittl. (nee Linn.), Isi*, 1832, p. 1104 : id. Benhw. Beise, 

i. p. 302, ii. p. 224 (1858); Finsch, Abh. nat. Ter. Brem. iii. p. 78 
(1872). 
Uria arra, Keys. u. Bias. JVirheltL. p. 237 (1840); Naian. Nat. Tog. 
BeutscM. xii. p. 535, pi. 333 (1844) ; G. JR. Gray, List of B. 
pt. iii. p. 156 (1844); Ber/l Orn. Etirop.il p. 514 (1849); Baird, 

B. N. Amer. p. 914 (1858); Cassin, P. Ac. Pkilad. 1862, p. 324 
[Herald I.] ; Begl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 602 (3>67); Brandt, 
Melang. Biol. vii. p. 205 (1869); Ball <Sr Bam. Tr. Chicago Acad, 
i. p. 309 (1869) [Kodiak I.; St George I.]: Fritseh, Nat. Tog. 
JEuropa's, p. 494 (1870), Atl. pi. 59. fi*r. "6 (1871); Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 398 (1882) [Kamschatka; Bering I] ; Baird, 
Brew. $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 485 (18b4); Palmen, 
Tega-Exped. Vetensk. Iahttag. v. p. 385 (18*7). 
Catarractes 
lomvia, Bryant, P. BosL Soc. viii. p. 140. n>s. 1 & 4 
(1861). 
Alca brunnichii, Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vct.-Afatd. Fork. p. Il l (1863). 

4. TIBIA.. 
579 
Alca arra, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 16 (1867). 
Uria troile, var. briinnichii, Collett, Fork. Vid. Selsk. Christ 1868, 

p. 192. 
Loravia svarbag, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 80. 
Uria lomvia, G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 101 (1871); Tacz. 
J. f O. 1876, p. 203 [Ussuri]; id. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 51 
(1877); Baird, Brew, fy Ridyw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 485 
(1834); A. 0. U. Check-l. p. S3 (1886); Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. 
p. 18 (1887) ; Chamberlain, Auk, vi. p. 213 (i889) [S. Greenland]; 
Bishop, Auk, vi. p. 145 (1889) [Magdalen Is.] ; Averill, Auk, viii. 
p. 307 (1891) [Connecticut]; Stone, P. Ac. Philad. 1892, 5. 146 
[Strait of Belisle]; Be Haven, Auk, xiii. p. 171 (1896) [Virginia] ; 
Butler, Auk, xiv. p. 197 (1807) [Indiana]. 
Lomvia arra, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 346 (1872); Barroias, P. 
Bost. Soc. xix. p. 160 (1877); Kumlien, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. 


p. 105 (1879) ; Elliott, Seal-Is. Alaska, p. 135 (1881); Goss, Tr. 
Kansas Acad. viii. p. 59 (1883) [Bird Rock]; Nelson, Cruise 
Corwin, p. 117 (1883); Stearns $ Coues, N. Engl. B.-life, ii. 
p. 398 (1883); Corns, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 817 (1884); 
JDybowski # Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. k. p. 147 (1884); Murdoch, 
Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885) [migration]. 
Alca briinnichii, Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 410 [Greenland]. 

Uria lomvia arra, 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 17 (1885) 
[Commander Is.]; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer Is., 
Alaska]; A. O. U. Check-l p. 83 (1886); Nelson, Rep. N. H. 
Alaska, p. 45 (1887); Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 118 (1887) 
[Commander Is.]; Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 18 (1887); Tacz. 
Mem. Acad. St Petersb.xxxix. p. 1217 (1893) [E. Siberia],-Seale, 

P. Ac. Philad. 1898, p. 129." 
Lomvia arra briinnichii, Dittcher, Auk, ii. p. 38 (1885) [Long I., 
N.Y.]. 
Alca troile arra, Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 388 (1885); id. Ibis, 
1885, p. 364 [Japan ; Kurile Is.]. 
Alca troile briinnichi, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 388 (1885). 
Alca troile, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 273 (1890) [part]. 
Lomvia briinnichii, Pearson, Ibis, 1896, p. 2*25 [Novaya Zemlya]; 

1898, pp. 204-207 [Waigats, etc.]. 

Adult In breeding-plumage. Differs from U. troile not only in 
having the beak shorter and stouter and the culmen more strongly 
curved, but the upper parts are also greyish-black, in stronger contract 
to the sides of the head, chin, and throat, which are deep smoky-
brown ; the sides of the maxillary tomia are bare to the angle of 
the gape and not concealed by feathers, as is invariably the case in 

U. troile. Tail composed of 12 feathers. Total length about 19 
inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1-55-1-8, from gape 
to tip 2*5-3*1, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0-5-0-65, 
wing 7*8-9*1, tail 1-9-2-45, tarsus 1*45-1*65, middle toe and claw 
2*05-2*3. 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. Yery similar to U. troile, but 
apparently does not assume the white patches on each side of the 
occiput, all specimens examined having the sides of the head dark 
to the postorbital crease. 

Young in clown. Yery similar to the young of U. troile. 
According to Br. Stejneger the young bird about six months old 
has the basal part of the tomia feathered. 
2 P 2 

Specimens from Bering Sea are on an average slightly smaller 
than those from the North Atlantic. 
Hal. Arctic Ocean, coasts of the Xorth Atlantic and Bering Sea, 
visiting Norway in winter and more rarely the British Isles. 

a-c. cT ? ad. sk. 

d, e. Pull. sk. 

f,g. Ad.sk. 
h-k. <$ ad. sk. et 
sf. 
/. $ ad. sk. 

m. <S ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad, sk. 
jp. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. J irnm. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
t} u. Ad. et imm. 
sk. 

v. 
$ juv. sk. (albino 
var.). 
w. Ad. sk. 
x) y. Ad. sk. 
z. Ad. sk. 
a', b'. tf ad. sk. 
c'. Juv. sk. 

d\ Skeleton. 
e'~g\ Skulls. 

Hakodadi, Japan, Feb.April 
(Blakiston $• 
Benson). 

Itobben Island, Sea of 
Ochotsk, July 11. 

Kurile Is., summer (0. 

Snow). 

Copper I., Commander 
Group, Aug. 

Unalashka, May 27 (E. 

W. Nelson). 
Stewart I., Alaska, June 

(E. jr. N.). 
N.W. America. 
Port Leopold, Arctic America 
(Dr. Robertson). 
Whalefish Island, Arctic 
America (Br. liobertson). 
Grand Manan I., Xew Brunswick, 
Feb. (H. Herrick). 
Ipswich, Massachusetts 

(E. Greenwood), 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 


Frederickshaab, Greenland, 

Jan. 7 (P. MiiUer). 
Iceland, summer. 
Lat. 71° 50' K, long. 4° W.?

summer. 
Spitsbergen, summer. 
Advent Bay, Spitsbergen, 


June. 

Cape Grant, Franz Josef 
Land, Aug. 4 (F. G. 
Jackson). 

Spitsbergen, Aug. 11. 

Spitsbergen. 

3. Uria grylle. 
Spotted Greenland Dove, Edtuards, N. Hist.

Seebohm Coll. 

G. 
E.H. Barrett-
Hamilton, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 

G. 
E. H. Barrett-
Hamilton, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Kellett &Lieut. 
Wood, US. "P.". 
The Admiralty 'P.*. 

The Admiralty [P.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

The Admiralty 'Pf. 
Hume Coll. " "
"" J 

Col. H. W. Feilden 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Capt. B. Gray [P.]. 

The Admiralty [P.]. 

A. 
Trevor -Battye, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Jackson -Harms-
worth Expedition 
;p.i. 

Col. 
fi. "W. Feilden 
[P.]. 

A. 
Trevor -Battve, 
Esq. [P.]. 
B. i. pL 50 (1743) j 
Pennant, Brit. Zool. ii. pi. lxxxiii. fig. 2 (1776). 
Le petit Guillemot noir, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 70 (1700). 
Le petit Guillemot raye, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 78 (1760). 
Uria grylloides, Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 28 (1704). 
Uria balthica, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 28 (1704). 

4 . URIA. 581 
Colymbus grylle, Linn. S. N. i. p. 220 (1766): Gmel S. N. i. pt ii. 

p. 584 (1788). 
Cepphus laeteolus, Pallas, Spicil Zoo!, fasc. v. p. S3 (1769) [Holland]. 
Colymbus gryllus, Mull. Zool. Ban. Prodr. p. 18 (1776). 
Black Guillemot, Pennant, Brit. Zool. ii. p. 521 (1776); id. Arct. 
Zool ii. p. 516 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 332 (1785); 
id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 78 (1824); Selby, III. Brit. Orn. ii. pi. Ixxx. 
(1834); Yarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 355 (1843). 

Black Guillemot, var. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 333 (1785). 
Black Guillemot, vars. 0 & E, Lath. Gen. Sun. iii. pt. ii. p. 334 
T(1785). 
White Guillemot, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 335 (1785) ; id. Gen. 

Hist. x. p. 82 (1824). 
Colymbus lacteolus, Gmel S. N i. pt. ii. p. 583 (1788). 
Uria lacteola. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 798 (1790). 
Una nivea, Bonnat. Tabl. Enci/cl Meth.i. p. 37 (1790). 
Uria grylle rBriimi. Orn. Bor. p. 28 (1764)] : Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 797 (1799); Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. der Deutschl. p. 446 
(1810); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 608 (1815); id. Man. £ Orn. ed. 2, 
pt. ii. p. 927 (1820) ; Valenc. in Choris, Voy. Pittor. autour du, 
Monde, Aleout. p. 27, pi. xxii. (1822); Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 236, 
pi. 294 (1825); Faber, Isis, 1827, p. 635 [Iceland]; Werner, Atl. 
Ois. $Eur. pi. 97 (1828); Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Voy. p. 370, pi. 129 
(1833) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 523 (1834) [part]; Nilss. Skand. 
Faun. ii. p. 508 (1835); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 148, pi. ccxix. 
(1835) [part], v. p. 627, pi. ccxix. (1839); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 399 
(1837); Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 237 (1840); Schinz, Europ. 
Faun. L p. 361 (1840); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 157 
(1844) [part]; Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 272, pi. cceclxxiv. (1844); 
G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 645 (1848) ; Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. 
p. 316 (1849); Reichenb. Natatores, pi. viii. figs. 43-46 (1850); 
Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel iii. p. 214 (1851); Kjcerboll Danm. Fugle, 
p. 410, pi. lxii. figs. 1 & 2 (1852); Macgill Brit. B. v. p. 331 
(1852); Waiters, N. Hist B. Irel p. 229 (1853); Godman,Ibis, 
1861, p. 92 [Bodo]; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 450 [Great Britain]; 
Degl. 8r Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 602 (1867); Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 
1868, p. 68 [part] ; Brandt, Melang. Biol. vii. p. 207 (1869) [part]; 
Goidd, B. Gt. Britain, v. pi. 49 (1869); G. P. Gray, Hand-l B. 
iii. p. 101 (1871); R. Gray,B. W. Seotl. p. 427 (1871); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 345 (1872) [part]; Palmen, J. f. O. 1876, 
p. m [Finland] ; Dresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 581, pi. 623 (1877); 
Kumlien, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. p. 104 (1879) [melanistic 
varieties obtained]; Boardman, Bull Nutt. Orn. C. v. p. 190 
(1880) [winter plumage] ; Maynard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 500 (1881); 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 383 [Onega Bay] ; Samuels, N. 8f E. Birds, 
p. 567 (1883); Stearns $ Cones, N.-Engl Bird-life, ii. p. 396 
(1883); Saunders, ed. Yarrell, Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 81 (1885); 
Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 89 [St. Kilda]; Sundev. SvensJc. Fogl. iii. 
p. 1020, pi. Iii. figs. 5, 6 (1885); Liltken, Ornis, 1885, p. 142 [Denmark] 
; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. pt. xii. (1886); Groyidal, Ornis, 
1886, pp. 367, 612 [Iceland] ; Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 687 
(1889); Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 522 [E. Prussia] ; Lilford, Col. 
Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxiii. (1893); Collett, Fork Videnslc.-Selsk. Christ. 
1895, p. 3 [ U. motzfeldi is a melanism of TJ. grylle]; Schalow, J.f O. 
1895, p. 461 [West Greenland]; Pearson,Ibis, 1896, p. 213 [Medveji, 
Russian Lapland]. 
Uria leucoptera, Vieill N. Diet. oVHist. Nat. xiv. p. 35 (1817). 

582 
ALC^J. 

Uria arctica, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. pt. ii. p. 923 (1824). 
Uria inotzfeldi, Benicken, Isis, 1824, p. 889 [Greenland]. 
Uria unicolor, Faber, his, 1824, p. 981 [Greenland] ; Brehm, Ibis, 


1826, p. 988; id. Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 985 (1831); Schinz, 
Furop. Faun. i. p. 360 (1840). 
White-winged Guillemot, Steph. in Skate's Gm. Zool. xii. pt. ii. p. 250, 
pi. 64 (1824). 
Uria scapularis, Steph. in Shaiu's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. ii. p. 250 (1824) 

[part]. 
Guillemot, Mont. Orn. Diet. 2nd ed. p. 233 (1831). 
Cephus arcticus, Brehm, Handb, Yog. Deutschl. p. 988 (1831). 
Cephus grylle, Brehm, Handb, Vo'g. Deutschl. p. 987, pi. xlv. fig. 2 

(1831); Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 221, pi. 102 (1853). 
Grylle groenlandicus, Gray (ex Brisson), List Gen. B. p. 77 (1840). 
Cepphus grylle, Namn. Nat. Tog. Deutschl. xii. p. 461, pi. 330 

(1844) ; JReichenb. Natatores, pi. ix. fig. 2234 (1850); Gullett, 
Fork. Fid. Selsk. Christ. 1868, p. 101; Baird, Brew. $ Ridgw. 
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 492 (1884) ; Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. 

p. 228 (1884); A. 0. U. Oliech-l. p. 81 (1880); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. 
B. p. 16 (1887); Chamberlain, Auk, vi. p. 213 (1889) [S. Greenland] 
; Bishop, Auk, yi. p. 145 (1889) [Magdalen Is." ; Warren, B. 
Pennsylvania, p. 9 (1890); Stone, P. Ac. Philad'. 1892, p. 145 
[Disco]; Sharpe, Handb. B. Gr. Brit. iv. p. 123, pi. cviii. (1897). 
Uria 
mandti, Reichenb. (nee Licht.), Natatores, pi. yiii. fig-. 47 
(1850). 
Cepphus mandtii, Reichenb. (nee Licht.), Natatores. pi. ix. fig. 2233 
(1850). 
Cepphus grylle, yar. variegata, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. ix. fig. 2235 
(1850). 
Cepphus earbo, Newton (nee Pall.), Ibis, 1865, p. 518 footnote [Iceland]. 
Grylle coluniba, Fitz. Atl. Nat. Vog. fi>. 341 (1864); Fritsch, Nat 
Vog. Furopa's, p. 495 (1870), Atl. pi. 59.figs. 2, 3 (1871). 
Alca grylle, Schl Mas. Pays-Bas, yi. Urinat. p. 17 (1867) [nee Kamschatka]; 
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 383 (1885). 
Cepphus motzfeldi, Baird, Br etc. $* Ridgw. Water-B. N Am. ii. 

p. 497 (1884); Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 229 (1884): Ridgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 17 (1887). 
Alca mansfeldi, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 276 (1890). 


Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour sooty-black with a 
slight oil-green gloss; greater and median wing-coverts white, the 
former with the basal half black, sometimes showing as a narrow 
black band beyond the tips of the overlying coverts ; basal third of 
the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries, as well as the under 
wing-coverts and axillaries, white. Iris dark brown; bill black; 
inside of mouth, legs, and feet vermilion-red. Total length about 
13 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1*4, from gape to 
tip 1-95-2, greatest depth of both mandibles at base of culmen 0*4, 
wing §-§-'2, tail 2, tarsus 1-25-1-3, middle toe and claw 1*7-1*75. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. In less mature examples the 
underparts, including the chin, throat, cheeks, fore-neck, and rest of 
underparts, are mostly pure white; the top of the head, back, scapulars, 
and upper tail-coverts black, fringed or barred with white, the rumj> 
only being mostly white ; and the wings are similar to those of the 
adult in summer plumage. Tail composed of 12 feathers. As age 

4 . URIA. 
583 
advances the white winter plumage is less completely assumed, very 
old examples remaining in black plumage throughout the year. This 
Is beautifully shown by the large and almost perfect series of birds 
procured by Mr. Xikolai Hanson at Christiansund, Forth Xorway. 

Immature (in August). Above smoky-black, scarcely any of the 
feathers being fringed with white except those of the nape; the 
greater and median wing-coverts white, widely tipped with brownish 
black; the underparts mostly white, except the throat, fore-neck, and 
chest, which are mostly or largely mixed with smoky-grey, and the 
feathers of the sides and flanks, which are narrowly fringed with 
brown at the extremity. 

As age advances the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
become fringed with white, much as in the more adult bird in winter 
plumage, but the white tips to the feathers of the rump are much 
narrower. 

Immature in summer plumige (about 12 months old). Similar to 
the adult in breeding-plumage, but the greater and median wing-
coverts are tipped with dark smoky-brown, the wings of the first 
plumage being retained. 

Young in down uniform sooty-black, rather paler below. 

Hah. Xorth Atlantic: coasts of Forth Europe eastwards to the 
White Sea; British Isles, Faroes, Iceland, S. Greenland, Newfoundland, 
and South Labrador; in winter extending occasionally 
as far south as Massachusetts and the north of Prance. 

a7 b. Ad. et irnni. Bay of Fimdy, Eastern Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 

N. America, summer & 
winter (G.A. Boardman). 
c~f. Ad. et inirn. South Greenland. Hume Ooll. 
sk. 
g-i. <$ 2 ad. et Liektenfels, S. Greenland, Dr.R. Bo wdlerSh arpe 
imm. sk. Jan., April, Nov. [p.]. 
7c. Ad. sk. (var.)* Iceland. Purchased. 
/. Ad. sk. Vestmanna I., Iceland, Hume Coll. 


winter. 
m, n. $ ad. et Faroe Islands, May, June. Col. H. W. Feilden 
imm. sk. [P.]. 
o-q. Pull. sk. Faroe Islands, July 12 Hargitt Coll. 
(J5T. C. Millie?-). 

r. J ad. sk. Orkney Islands, summer. Seebohm Coll. 
s11. <$ $ ad. sk. Orkney Islands, May (JEJ. R.)Hargitt Coll. 
u-w. $ ad. sk. Orkney Islands, summer & Hargitt Coll. 
winter (J. JS. Dunn). 

x. Ad. sk. Orkney Islands, summer. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a(i-e

y-b'. <$ 2t Stromness, Jan. 13. J. G. Millais, Esq. 
imm. sk. [P.]


c'-i'. £ 2 ad- e t Thurso, Aug. Dr. A. Giinther[P.]. 
imm. sk. 

y. 
<$ ad. sk. St. Kilda, summer. Theodore Walker. 
Esq. [P.]. 
* Cf. Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 518 footnote, and Collefct, Fork. Yidensk.-Selsk. 
Christ. 1875,p. 3. 
584 
ALCJS. 

V. Pull. sk. 
m'-t\ <£ ? ad. et 
imm. sk. 
tt'-c'. 
c? 2 ad. et 
imm. sk. 

«". $ ad. sk. 
&"-*". J ? ad. et 
imm. sk. 
h"-t". 3 $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

(S $ a(i

u"-b\. et 
imm. sk. 
c2-/3. c? $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

g3-h3. d $ ad. et 

imm. sk. 
Z3, wi3. Skeletons. 
n3, o3. § skeletons. 
jo3-?*3. Skeletons. 
s3. Sternum, 

Norway, July (P. Colleti). 
Christiansund, N. Norway, 
Feb. 

Christiansund, March. 

Christiansund, July 27, 
Christiansund, Aug. 
Christiansund, Sept. 
Christiansund, Oct. 
Christiansund, Nov. 
Christiansund, Dec. 
Greenland. 
Christiansund, Oct., Dec. 

Stromness. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.I. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.]. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.]. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.J. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.]. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.]. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.]. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.]. 
Purchased. 
Old Coll. 
Nikolai Hanson [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

4. Uria mandti. 
Colymbus grylle, Phipps (nee Linn.), Toy. North Pole, p. 180 (1774) 
[Spitsbergen]. 
? Grylle scapulaiis. Leach in Boss, Toy. N. W. Pass., App. p. li (1819). 
Una mandtii, Licht. in Mandt, Ofrservat etc. Diss, inaug. p. 80 • 
(1822), of. Peinhardt, Ibis, lbG9, p. 240; Licht. Terz. JDoubL 

p. 88 (1823) ; Faber, Isis, 1824, p. 980 [Greenland1; Keys. u. 
Bias. Wirbelth. p. 237 (1640); G. P. Gray, Gen. B. Iii p. 645 
(1848); Degl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. JEurop. ii. p. C04 (1867); G. P. Gray, 
JIand-l B. iii. p. 101 (1871); Dresser, B. Europe, Till. p. 587 
(1877); Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1221 (1893) [E. 
Siberia]; Pearson, Mis, 1896, p. 225 [Novava Zenilya]: Battye, 
Ibis, 1897, p. 598 [Spitsbergen',; Pearson, Ihts, 1898,"pp. 204-207 
[Waigats, etc.]; Clarke, Ibis, 1898, p. 269 [Franz Josef Land]. 
Uria scapularis; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. ii. p. 250 (1824) 

[Partl-
Uria glacialis, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Tog. pt. ii. p. 924 (1824). 
PUria meisneri, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Tog. pt. ii. p. 1006 (1824) 
[Greenland]. 
? Cephus meisneri, Brehm, Handb. Tog. Deutschl. p. 989 (1831), 
Cephus glacialis, Brehm, JEandb. Jog. Deutsclil. p. 991 (1831). 
Uria grylle, Swains, fy Pichardson (nee Linn), Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. 

p. 478 (1831) [Tern Island, Arctic America]; G. P. Gray, List of 
B. pt. iii. p. 157 (1844) [part]; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 911, pL xevi 
%. 2 (1858) [Herald I.]; Casein, P. Ac. PMlad. 1862, p. 323 
[Herald I.]; Corns, P. Ac. PMlad. 1868, p. 68 [part]; Brandt, 
Mttang. Biol vii. p. 207 (1869) [part]; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 
p. 345 (1872) [part]; Finseh, Abh. not. Ter. Bremen, iii. p. 78 
(1872); Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 410 [Greenland]; Merriam7 Bull 
JSfutt Orn. C. vii. p. 241 (1882) [Canada]; Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, 
p. 653 [Franz Josei Land]; Nelson, Cruise Corwin, p. 117 (1883); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 814 (1884) [part]. 
Cepphus grylle, Newton (nee Linn.), P. Z. S. 1864, p. 495 [Spitsbergen]. 


4 . TTRIA. 
585 
Cepphus mandti, Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 517 [Spitsbergen]; Gilktt, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 307 [Novaya Zemlya]; Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 84 
[Novaya Zemlya * Waigatsl.]; id.J.f.O. 1872, p. 124; Baircl, 
Brew.''$ Ridgiu. Water-B. N Amer. ii. p. 490 (1884); Stepi. 

P. U.S. Nat. Mm. vii. p. 229 (1884); id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
xxix. p. 314 (1885) [Kamsehatka]; A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 82 (1886)• 
Hidgta. Man. N. Am. B. p. 16 (1887); Nelson, Rep. N H. Alaska, 
p. 44 (1887); Stone, R Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 145 [Melville & 
McCormick Bays]. 
Alea grylle, ScHeg. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. spec. 5, p. 19 (1867) 
[Kaoischatka]. 
Grvlle mandtii, Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europe? $, p. 496 (1870), At I. 
^ pi. 59. fig. 4 (1871). 
Una grvlle, var. mandtii, Palmen, Vega-Exped. Vetensh. lahttaq. v. 

p. 388 (1887). 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Yery similar to U. grylle, but distinguished 
by having the greater wing-coverts white almost to the 
base, the basal portion being grey, never black; the white on the 
basal half of the inner webs of the quills extends more than halfway 
to the extremity : the bill is also distinctly shorter and more 
slender than in U. grylle, and the difference, though difficult to express 
in words, can be easily appreciated on comparing the two species. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Iris dark brown; bill black; inside of 
mouth, legs, and feet vermilion-red; claws black. Total length about 
12 inches, culinen from feathers on forehead to tip 1*15-1-25, from 
gape to tip 1*7-1*85, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*35 
-0*38, wing 6*1-6-4, tail 1*8-1*9, tarsus 1*2-1*25, middle toe and 
claw 1*6-1*7. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from TJ. grylle in having 
the general colour of the upper parts much whiter, only the crown 
and middle of the back showing the black bases to the feathers * 
the wings are similar to those of the adult in summer plumage. 
Our series is not sufficient to show whether the older examples of 
this species cease to assume the white winter plumage, but this is 
probably the case. 

Immature. Resembles 
the adult in winter plumage, but the 

median wing-coverts are tipped with dark brown. 

Hab. Coasts of circumpolar seas: Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, 

Franz Josef Land, North Greenland and Arctic America, south to 

Labrador and Hudson's Bay ; Norton Sound, Alaska ; East Siberia 

and Kamsehatka. 

a-c. Ad. et vix North America. Purchased, 
ad. sk. 


d. Ad. sk. North America. Hudson Bay Co. [P.]. 
e. Imm. sk. North America. " B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . 
? ad. sk. Fort George, Brit. Coluiu- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
bia, July 15 (C. Drexler). 

g. 
? ad. sk. Ice Bay, Alaska (Dr. Voyage of H.M.S. 
Robertson). -Enterprise.' 
h~L £ 
ad. et imm. St. Michael's, Alaska, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Aug., Sept. (E. W. Nelson), 

m. Imm. sk. "Whaiehsh Island. The Admiralty [P.]. 
586 
ALC:E. 

n. 
Imm. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
;?. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. 
? ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
£. Imm. sk. 
w. J ad. sk.* 
v. 2 ad. sk. 
w. 5 ad. sk. 
x, 
y. Ad. et imm. 
sk. 

z. Imm. sk. 
a'-d. S 2 ad. sk. 
d'. Ad. sk. 
*'. Ad. sk. 

imm. sk. 
h'. Imm. sk. 
%. $ ad. sk. 
k'. <? imm. &k. 

Z'V. <J 2 ad. et 
imm. sk. 
f1^ q'. Skeletons. 

Queens Channel. 
Northumberland I., Arctic 
America (H. G. Dressel). 
Beech ey Island; June (Dr. 
Lyall). 
Cypress I. {Dr. Lyall). 

Washington Irving I., 
Smith Smmdj Dec. 12. 
Victoria Plead, Bache L, 
Grinnell Land, Sept. 5. 
Winter I., Melville Pen


insula. 
Tern Island, Melville Peninsula, 
July 30. 
Fort Chimo, t ngava, Jul v28 

[L. M. Turner). 
Gronwater Bay, Labrador, 
July 25 {JE/Coites). 
Godbout, Quebec, Canada, 
Feb. (X. A. Comeau). 
Greenland. 

X. Greenland, lat. 79°82° 
N., July, Aug, 
Spitsbergen. 
Ad\ ent Bav, Spitsbergen, 

July 2. " 
Advent Bay, Spitsbergen, 
June. 
Van Mijen's Bay, Spitsbergen, 
Aug. 12. 
Cape Starashchin, Spitsbergen, 
June 18. 

Cape 
Flora, Franz Josef 
Land, Aug. 11 {F. G. 
Jackson). 

Cape Neale, Franz Josef 
Land, July 25 {F. G. J.). 
Spitsbergen, Ang. 1. 

5. TJria colnmba. 
Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 
Sah in-Godman Coil. 

Gould Coll. 

Voyasre of H.M.S. 
' Plumper.' 
Col. H. W. Feilden 

rav. 

Col. XL ^Y. Feilden 
rP.~. 
The Admiralty [PV 

Sir John Franklin 

XV. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sah in-Godman Cull. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

The Admiialtv rIV. 
Col. H. W. Feilden 

"IV. 
The Admiralty 'P. \ 
Col H. W. Feilden 

p.\ 
A. Trevor - Batti e, 
A. 
Trevor - Bath e, 
Esq. j?;. 
A. 
Tre\ or - Batt ve, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Jack^on-Harmswortb 
Exped. [P.]. 

Jackson-Harm sworth 
Exped. "P.l. 
Col. H. W. "Feilden 

Black Guillemot, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 333 (1765). 
Black Guillemot, var. D, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 334 (1785.) 
Cepphus columba, Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 348 (1811); Kewton, 

Ibis, 1865, p. 519 ; Baird^ Brew. <§r Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. 

p. 494 (1884); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Xearer Is., Alaska"; 
Stejn. P. US. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 1>29 (1883) [part] : id. Bull US. 
Nat Mus. xxix. p. 21 (1885) [Commander Is.]; JBrninann^ Auk. 
iii. p. 88 (1886) [Ventura, California]; A. 0. U. Oheck-L p. 82 
(1886); Stejn. P. US. Nat Mus. x. p. 118 (1887) [Commander Is.]; 
* 
Cf. Swains. & Bich., Faun.-Bor. Amer. ii. p. 478 (1831). 
4 . TJRTA. 587 
Xelson, Rep. N. E. Alaska, p. 44 (1887); Ridgzo. Man. N. A?ner. B. 

p. 17 (1887) j Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Pitersb. xxxix. p. 1222 (1803) 
[E. Siberia]; Loomis, P. Calif. Acad. (2) vi. p. 19 (1896) [California] 
; Grinnell, Auk, xv. p. 124 (1898) [Sitka]; Seale, P. Ac. 
Philad. 1898, p. 129 [King's I.]. 
Una grylle, Kittl. (nee Linn.), Isis, 1832, p. 1105: 4d. Denkw. Reise, 

l. pp. 273, 291, ii. p. 221 (1858). 
Uria columba, Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. xcii (1840); Cassin, U. S. 
Rrpl Bxped. p. 346, pi. xxxviii. fig. 1 (1858); Cassin, in Baird, 

B. xY. Amer. p. 912, pi. xcvi. fig. 1 (1858); Cooper $ Suckl. N. E. 
Wash. Terr. p. 285 (1860); Cassin, P. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 323 
[Bering Straits]; Cones, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 72; Brandt, 
Melang. Biol vii. p. 207 (1869); Ball # Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. 
i. p. 309 (1869) [Sitka; Kodiak I.]; G. R. Cray, Eand-l B. iii. 
p. 101 (1871); Coues, Key 2V". Amer. B. p. 345 (1872); ? Finsch, 
Abh. not. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 78 (1872) [Alexandrovsk, E. Siberia] ; 
Ball, Amf. Aleut, p. 11 (1873); id. P. Calif. Acad. v. pp.35, 
279 (1873) [Aleutian Is.]; Bairows, P. Bost Sac. xix. p. 159 
(1877); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Br. ii. p. 51 (1877), vii. p. 398 (1882) 
[Bering I.]; Bean, P. U.S. Nat. Mm. v. p. 172 (1882) [Sitka]; 
Nelson, Cruise Corwin, p. 117 (1883) ; Hartl J.f. 0. 1883, p. 285 
[Alaska]; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 815 (1884); 
DybowskiSf Tacz. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. ix. p. 147 (1884); Palmen, Vega-
Biped. Vetensk. Idkitag. v. p. 391 (1887). 
Alca eolumba, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 275 (1890) [part], 

Advli in breeding-plumage. Like U. grylle, but the bill is stouter 
and more obtuse at the tip• the plumage is dark slate-black, with 
a grey rather than a green gloss; the under wing-coverts are 
mostly smoky-brown, and the white patch on the upper surface 
of the wing is divided on the outer half by a black V-shaped bar, 
produced by the basal part of the greater coverts, the outermost of 
which are black nearly to the extremity ; the quills have the basal 
part of the inner web greyish, never white; tail black, composed of 
14 feathers. Iris dark brown; bill black, inside of mouth, legs 
and feet bright red ; claws black. Total length about 14*5 incbes, 
culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1*35, from gape to tip 1*9, 
greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*45, wing 7, tail 2-2*05, 
tarsus 1*3-1*35, middle toe and claw 1*9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Very similar to U. grylle, but 
easily distinguished by the V-shaped black patch on the white 
wing-coverts. 

Immature. Similar to the adult in winter plumage, but the white 
wing-coverts are tipped with dark brown, and the white feathers 
of the underparts are narrowly fringed with the same colour. 

Young in down. Similar to that of U. grylle. 

Eab. Pacific coast of North America from California to Aleutian 
Islands and Sitka across Bering Sea, as far west at least as the 
Commander Islands, and perhaps to East Siberia. 

a, b. <3 2 a(*-sk. Bering I., Commander Group, G. E. H. Barrett-
July 12. Hamilton, Esq. 
[P.]. 

58S 
ALC-E. 

Cj cl Ad. sk. Bering-Straits. Capt Kellett & 
Lieut. Wood. R.X. 

e,f. d1 Jad.sk. Unalaskka I., x-Uaska, ITav 23 Salviii-Grodnian Coll. 

(F. W. Nelson). 
<7, 7i. Ad. et imm. N. W. coast of North. America. Purchased. 
sk. 
i, k, $ ad. et pull. Kodiak I., Alaska, July (W. J. Salyin-G odman Coll. 
sk. Fisher). 
£ J imm. sk. Kodiak I. (Br. Panthin). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
?)t, n. J ad. sk. Port Neville, Johnston Strait, YoyWo f H3X.S. 
Brit. Columbia (Dr. Lyall). 1 Plumper.* 


o. 
Ad. sk. Vancouver I , winter {/. K. Brit. N. American 
Lord). Boundary Comm. 
~P:. 

p. Ad. sk. California. 
Gould Coll. 
g. $ ad. sk. Monterey, California, April o. 
"Mr. Alvin Seale "C/". 
r. o* ad. sk. California. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s, 
t. J ad. sk Farallone Is., California, sumSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
mer (Jf. & Bryant). 

u. Ad. sk. Farallone Is., J une (F Gruler). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v. Skeleton. 
Purchabed. 
6. Uria snowi. 
Cepphus grylie, Whitely (neeLbm.),"IlakodadP.
Ibis, 1867, p. 210 ~Y\ 

Uria columba, '? Finsch (nee Pal las), Abh. nat. Ver. Brum. m. p. "i b 
(1872) [Alexandrovsk, E. Siberia": Blakist. ^ Fryer. Tr.As.Soe. 
Jap. x. p. 01 (1882) [Kurile Islands]; SeeboAm, Ibh, lt£4, p. 174 
[Kurile Is.; Hakodadij. 

Alca columba, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 275 (1890) 'part". 
Cepphus snowi, Stejn. Auk, xiv. p. 201 (1897) [Kurile Inlands]. 

Adult Similar to U. columba, but the wings are either entirely 
black, or with narrow white tips to the larger coverts, forming: at 
raost three narrow wbite bands. Tail composed of 14 feathers. 
Measurements as in U. columba. 

Immature. Has most of the greater wing-coverts irregularly 
marked with white on the sides, giving these parts a somewhat 
mottled appearance ; the underparts are white, the feathers, 
especially of the chest, sides, and flanks, being fringed with dark 
brown at the tip. 

Hab. Kurile Islands, ranging north to Southern Kamschatka and 
semth to Japan; ? East Siberia. 

a-c. <$ $ ad. sk. Keto
KetoKetoi I., Kuril 
KurilKurilee Llands 
LlandsLlands, Jun 
JunJune, e

i I., 
Seebohm Coll. 

(O. Snoio). 
d. 
$ imm. sk. Petropaulow&k, Kamschakta. G. E. II. Barrett-
Hamilton, Esq. jP. \ 
7. Uria carbo. 
Cepphus carbo, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 350, pi. Ixxix. (1811) 
[Bering Sea]; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. Il l B. figs. 2937-9 (1850); 
Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 519; Baird, Br etc. § Ridgw. Water-B. 

N. Amer. ii. p. 496 (1884); Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mm. vii. pp. 225,2±\) 
4 . TJRTA. 
589 
(1884) ; id. Bull US. Nat Mus. xxix. p. 22 (1885) [Commander 

Is.]; id. P. US. Nat Mus. x. p. 118 (1887) [Commander Is]; 

Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 17 (1887) ; Gigl § Salvad. P. Z. S. 

1887, p. 593 rCorea] ; Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petenb. xxxix. p. 1224 

(1893) [E. Siberia]. 
Una carbo, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 346 (1837); G. R. 

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 045 (1848); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 71 (1851); 
Middead. Sibir. JReise, ii. pt. ii. p. 239, pi. xxiii. %. 6 (1851); Baird, 

B. N. Amer. p. 913, pi. xcvii. (1858); Schrenck, Reis. Amur-l. i. 
p. 496, pi. xvi. %. 1 [egsr] (1859); Cassin, P. Ac. Philad. 1862, 
p. 323 [coast of Japan]; Cones, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 73; Brandt, 
Melaiig. Biol vii. p. 206 (1869); G. B. Gray. Kand-l B. iii. 
p. 101 (1871); Coues, Key N Amer. B. p. 345 (1872); Swinhoe, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 458 [Hakodadi]; Tacz. J.f. 0.1876, p. 203 [Ussuri]; 
id. Bull Sac. Z. Fr. ii. p. 51 (1877) [Abrek Bay]; Blakist. $ 
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 211 [Yezo]; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 180 
(1880), x. p. 90 (1882); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 815 
(1884). 
Alca carbo, Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 17 (1867)• Seebohm, 

B. Japan, p. 274 (1890). 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Bill long and stout, much more 
robust than in U. columba. General colour deep slaty-black, 
somewhat paler on the underparts, and inclining to brown on 
the shoulders, under wing-coverts, and axillaries; orbital region 
white^ extended posteriorly toward the ear-coverts; feathers above 
the nasal opening and on the chin and throat inclining to 
whitish. Tail composed of 14 feathers. Total length about 14*5 
inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1-65, from gape to 
tip 2*15-2*2, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*5, wing 
7-7*6, tail 1*85-2*1, tarsus 1*4-1*5, middle toe and claw 1*9-2*1. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Chin, throat, fore-neck, and 
underparts white, inner webs of the flank-feathers grey. 

Immature (February). Besembles the adult in winter plumage, 
but the fore-neck is greyish and the feathers of the sides, flanks, 
and belly are mostly fringed at the extremity with dark brown. 

Quite young bird (August). Has the upper parts as in the adult, 
the white ring round the eye nearly obsolete, the fore-neck, chest, 
sides, and flanks dark smoky-black, and the rest of the underparts 
white, widely fringed with brownish-black. 

Eab. Coasts of North-east Asia, from North Japan to the Kurilo 
Islands and Sea of Ochotsk; eastwards to the Commander Islands. 

a. Ad.sk. Japan. 
Purchased. 
b,c. 
$ J ad. sk. Hakodadi, Yezo, Japan, March, Seebohm Coll. 
April (T. Henson). 

d. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Jan. (H. Whitely). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. cJad.sk. Hakodadi, May31 (T.Blakiston). Seebohm Coll. 
/ . J imni. sk. Hakodadi, Aug. Capt. T. Blakiston 
g. Imm. sk. Uraga, Hondo, Japan, Feb. 27 Seebohm Coll. 
(O. Snoxo). 

ALCJ?. 

syo 

5. BEA.CHYRHAMPHUS. 
Type. 
Brachyranrphus, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. ii. 

p. 346 (1837) B. marmoratus. 
Apobapton, Brandt Bull Ac. St. Petersb. ii. p. 346 
(1837) B, marmoratus. 
Anobapton, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 774 (1856) B. marmoratus. 
Bill elongate and moderately compressed; culmen more or less 
curved downward towards the tip. Inter-ramal feathering extends 
slightly beyond a vertical line drawn from the anterior border of 
the nasal opening, which is exposed and rounded. Tail composed 
of 14 feathers. Metatarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw. 
Size small. 
Range. Coasts and islands of the Forth Pacific and Bering Sea. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 0650*
95 inch; outer tail-feathers brownish black. 
a. Upper parts barred with rufous chestnut 
(breeding-plumage): culmen 0'65-0*7 ... . marmoratus, p. 590. 
b. Upper parts barred with dull tawny and buff 
(breeding-plumage); culmen O8-0"95 perdix, p. 592. 
B. 
Culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 04 ; 
outer tail-feathers white brem'rostris, p. 593. 
1. Brachyrhamplms marmoratus. 
Marbled Guillemot, Pennant, Aret. Zool. ii. p. 517, pi. xxii. (1785) 
[W. coast of N. America]; Lath. Gen. Syn. Hi. pt. ii. p. 330, pi. xcri. 
(1785); id. Gen. Hist, x. p. 83, pi. 171 (1824). 
Colymbus marmoratus, Gmel. S. Ar. i. pt. ii. p. 583 (1788). 
Uria marniorata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 799 (1790); Bonnat. Talk 

Rncycl Meth. i. p. 37, pi. ix. %. 4 (1790); Steph. in Shavfs Gen. 
Zool xii. pt. ii. p. 249 (1824); KuU. Man. Orn. p. 525 (1834); 
Xittl Denha. Reise. i. p. 244 (1858) [Sitka]. 

Brachyranrphus marmoratus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersh. ii. 

p. 346 (1837); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 915 (1858); Cooper 4'-Suckl 
N. R. Wash. Ten\ p. 286 (1860); Brandt, Melang. Biol vii. p. 208 
(1869); G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 100 (1871); Peh. Ibis, 1873, 
p. 46; Bean, P. U.S. Kat. Mus. v. p. 171 (1882) [Sitka]; Earth 
J.f 0.1883, p. 285; Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. 
ii. p. 499 (1884); A. 0. U. Check-l p. 80 (1886); Siejn. Zeit. ges. 
Orn. iii. p. 218 (1886) ; Nelson, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 44 (1887); 
Ridgw. Man.N. Am. B. p. 15 (1887); Loomis, P. Calif. Acad. (2) 
vi. p. 19 (1896) [California]; Cantwell, Auk, xv. p. 49 (1808) 
[egg]; Grinnell, Auk, xv. p. 124 (1898). 
Brachyranrphus wxangelii, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 346 
(1837) [Aleutian Is.: winter plumage]; Baird, B. iV. Amer. p. 917 
(1858). ^ 

Uria townsendi, And. Orn, Biogr. v. p. 251, pi. ccccxxix. (1839) 
[mouth of Columbia B.]; id. B. Amer. vii. p. 278, pi. cccclxxr. 
(1844); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt iii. p. 157 (1844). 

Brachyrhamphus marmoratus, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 644 (1848); 
Reichenb. Natatores, pi. vi. figs. 2715-20 (1850); Sctater, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 237 [Vancouver Is.]: Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1808, p. 01 

591 

O. BRACHYRBAMPHTTS. 
[parr ; Ball $ Bonn. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) [Sitka]; 

Coues, Keif AT. Am. B. p. 344 (1872); Barrows, P. Bost Soc. xix. 

p. 157 (1877); Kelson, Cruise Corioin, p. 116 (1883) * Hartl J.f. 0. 
1883, p. 285 [Alaska]; Coues. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 812 
(1884). 
Brackyrhampkus wrangelii, G. JR. Gray, Gen. B. Hi. p. 644 (1848); 
Coues, Pr. Ac. Philacl. 1868, p. 63• Ball § Bonn. Tr. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 310 (1869) [Sitka]. 

Anobapton 
mannorata, Licht. Nbmencl. AD. MUS. Berol p. 105 
(1854). 
Brachyrhamphus wrangelli, Ball, Avif. Aleut, p. 11 (1873); id, 

P. Calif. Acad. v. p. 35 (1873) [Aleutian Is.]. 
Adult iti breeding-plumage. General colour above black, barred 
and mottled with rufous chestnut, all the feathers, except the -wingcoverts, 
being black tipped with rufous chestnut; the scapulars and 
inner flank-feathers rather more coarsely marked than the rest of 
the upper parts, the former making two rather distinct bands on 
the back ; wing-coverts black, fringed with greyish at the extremity: 
chin, sides of the head next the throat, and rest of underparts white, 
heavily mottled (tipped) with smoky-brown; under wing-coverts 
deep smoky-brown tinged with grey; quills black, paler on the 
inner webs *. tail black, composed of 14 feathers. Total length 
about 9*5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 0*65-0*7, 
from gape to tip 1-25-1*35, greatest depth of both mandibles at 
base 0*22, wing 5-5*2, tail 1*25-1*4, tarsus 0*65, middle toe and 
claw 1*1-1*2. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. General colour above blackish 
grey, all the feathers, except the crown and wing-coverts which 
are nearly uniform, being brownish black tipped with grey. A 
white collar round the back of the neck almost completely dividing 
the crown from the nape; most of the side- and flank-feathers with 
the inner web smoky-grey; chin, lores, and sides of the head next 
the throat, as well as the rest of the underparts, pure white ; under 
wing-coverts smoky-grey ; scapulars mostly white. Feathering on 
the lower mandible extending beyond a vertical line drawn from the 
anterior border of the nostril. 

Immature. Eesembles the adult in winter, but the upper parts 
lack the dark-grey tips to the feathers, and the white feathers of 
the chin, throat, and underparts are narrowly fringed with smoky-
brown. 

Hob. Pacific coast of Forth America and South California to 

Alaska. 

a-d. 
cT 5 ad. sk. UnalashkaL, Alaska, May & Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June (& W. Nelson). 
fi.Ad.sk. Itiuliuk, Unalashka,Nov.21 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W.H.Dall). 

f. J ad. sk. Kodiak I., Alaska, Mar. 2, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. Bischoff). 
g-i. Ad. et juv. N.W. coast of America. Purchased. 
sk. 
k-n. 
Ad. et juv. Vancouver I. (J. K. Lord). N. American Boundary 
sk. Comm [P.]. 

Q\)Z 
A-bUili* 

o. Ad. sk. Vancouver I., winter. Gould Coll. 
p-r. 
Ad. st. et Esquimalt Harbour, VanVoy.
H.M.S. < Plumper. 
imm. sk couver I. (Dr. Lyall). 

s. J ad. sk. Port Neville, summer (Dr. Voy.H.M.S.* Plumper.' 
Lyall). 

t. Imm. sk. Maple Bav, Vancouver L, Voy.H.M.S/Plumper.' 
(Dr. Lyall). 

w. Ad. sk. Fort Kupert, Vancouver L, Voy.H.M.S/Plumper/ 
summer (Dr. Lyall). 

v. Ad. sk. Puget Sound, Nov. 2 (Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Kennedy). 

«?. Juv. sk. Columbia River. Sir E. Belcher rp.]. 
x, y. Ad. sk. British Columbia, summer Government of Canada 
& winter. [p.]. 

2. Brachyrhamphus pei 'diz. 
Cepphus perdix, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 351, pi. Ixxx. (1811) 
[Sea of Okhotsk]. 

Brachyrhamphus wrangelii, Finsch (nee Brandt), Abli. nat. Ver. 
Brem. iii. p. 79 (1872) [part; Alexandrovsk, E. Siberia" * Sicialwe, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 458 [Hakodadi]. 

Uria sp., Swhihoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 166 [Hakodadi]. 
Brachyrhamphus marmoratus, Tacz. (nee Gmel) Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. 


p. 50 (1877) [Abrek Bay, E. Siberia], viii. p. 345 (18&3) ""Kamchatka]; 
Dijbowskify Tacz. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. ix. p. 147 (1884) 
[Kamschatka] ; Stejn. Orn. Fvplor. Kamtsch. p. 314 (18&5). 
Brachyrhamphus kittlitzi, SwinJi. (nee Brandt) Ibis, 1875, p. 458 
[Hakodadi]; Blahist. § Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 210 "Hakodadi_ ; iid. 
Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 180 (1880), x. p. 90 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 
1884, p. 174 [Hakodadi]. 

Brachyrhampus marmoratus, Seebohm (nee Gmel), Ibis, 1884, p. 30 
[Hakodadi]. 
Brachyrhampus wrangeli, Seebohm (nee Brandt), Ibis} 1884, p. 31 
[Hakodadi]. 

Brachyramphus perdix, Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. iii. p. 213, pi. vii. 
(1886) ; Bidqw. Man. JV. Am. B. p. 15 (1887); Tacz. Mem. Acad. 
St. Fetersb. xxxix. p. 1211 (1893) [E. Siberia]. 

Alca marmorata, Seebohm (nee Gmel), B. Japan, p. 278 (1890). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Resembles B. marmoratus, but distinguished 
by the longer bill, and by having the markings on the 
upper parts dull tawny and buff instead of rufous chestnut. The 
chin, cheeks, and throat appear to be mostly white in the full 
summer plumage, and the white ring round the eye, rarely developed 
in B. marmoratus^ is conspicuous. Tail composed of 14 feathers, the 
outer pairs more or less mottled with pale rufons buff. Total 
length about 10 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 
0*8-0*95, from gape to tip 1*5, greatest depth of both mandibles at 
base 0*26, wing 5* 1-5*6, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*7, middle toe and 
claw 1*25. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Yery similar to B. marmoratus^ 
but distinguished by its longer bill, and generally by the white 
ring surrounding the eye. 

Immature. Besembles the adult in non-breeding plumage, but 
the feathers of the upper parts are narrowly margined at the 

593 

O. BKACHYRHAirPHtTS. 
extremity with whitish buff, and some of the feathers of the breast 
and belly are fringed with smoky-brown ; the bill is much shorter 
than in the adult and measures 0-65 inch. 

Hah. Coasts of Xorth-east Asia from Japan to the Kurile Islands, 
Kamschatka, and the Sea of Ochotsk. 

a. 
Imin. sk. [Japan.] Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Japan, autumn. H. Whitely rC.]. 
c. $ 
ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Jap-m, Mar. 23 Seebohm Coll. 
(Ue?iso7i). 
d-f. 
<$ O ad. sk. Hakodadi, May & Nov. (T. Seebohm Coll. 
ec d ad. sk. Blaldston). 

g. 
J ad. sk. Kurile Islands (0. Snoic). Seebohm Coll. 
3. Brachyrhamphus brevirostris. 
Uria brevirostris, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 357 (1828) [San Bias, 
Mexico] ; id. Zool. Toy. Blossom, Birds, p. 32 (1839). 

Brachyramphus kittlitzii, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 346 
(1837) [Kamchatka"; Baird, B. KAmer. p. 917(1858); Brandt, 
Milang. Biol. vii. p. 213 (1869); Tacz. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 203 
T>surf; id, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 50 (1879) [Abrek Bay]; 
Baird. Brew. § Ridgw. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 501 (1884); Stejn. 
Oni. Rvplor. Kamtsch. p. 314 (1885); id. Bidl U.S. Nat. Mm. 

xxix. p. 314 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-l.^.Sl (1886); Nelson, Rep. 
N. IL Alaska, p. 44, pi. i. (1887); Ridqio. Man. N. Am. ^.p. 15 
(1887) ; Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1213 (1893) 
[E. Siberia]. 
Uria antiqua,~-4tte7. (nee GmeL) Orn. Biogr, v. pi. ccccii.fig. 2 (1839) ; 
id. B. Amer. vii. p. 263, pi. cccclxx. fig. 2 (1844). 
Bracliyrhamphus kittlitzii, 
G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 644 (1848); 
Cuues, Key N. Am. B. p. 344 (1872); Nelson, Cruise Corwin, 

p. 117 (1883); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 813 (1884); Turner, 
Contr. N. Mist. Alaska, p. 120, pi. ii. (1886); Batmen, Vega-
Kuped. Vetensk. lakttag. v. p. 393 (1887). 
Brach\rhamphus 
antiquus, Reichenb. [nee Gmel) Natatores, pi. vi. 
tig. *2713 (1850). 
Brach.vramphus brevirostris, Stejn. Zeit ges. Orn. iii. p. 211 (1886) ; 
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 15 (1887). 
Alca brevirostris, Seeboh?n} B. Japan, p. 279 (1890). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above grey mottled 
with buff; wing-coverts uniform dark smoky-brown; chin, throat, 
sides of the head, and chest, as well as the sides and flanks, mottled 
with white, buff and black, the bases of the feathers being white, the 
subterminal portion buff, and the terminal bar black; rest of the 
underparts mostly white, a few of the feathers with a subterminal 
marking of smoky-brown; under wing-coverts dark umber-brown 
with a slight ochreous tinge; quills brownish-black, paler on the 
inner web ; middle pair of tail-feathers brownish-black, tipped 
with white, the remaining pairs white, but the second, third, ai»d 
fourth pairs have the outer web partially brownish-black. Tail 
composed of 14 feathers. The inter-ramal feathering extends to a 
vertical line drawn from the anterior margin of the nostril. Total 

VOL. xxvi. * 
2 u 

594 
1LC2B. 

length about 9*5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to 
tip 04, from gape to tip 1*05, greatest depth of both mandibles at 
base 0*2-0-21, wing 5-5*7, tail 1*35-1*4, tarsus 0*65, middle toe 
and claw 1-1*1. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Easily distinguished from the 
adult of B. marmoratiis in non-breeding plumage, for, besides the 
remarkably short bill, the lores and sides of the head above the eye 
are white ; the crown, back, and upper parts uniform grey, and the 
outer tail-feathers white. 

Hob. Coasts of the Forth Pacific and Bering Sea: from Japan, 
the Sea of Ochotsk, and Kamschatka to the Aleutian Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Kamschatka, winter (L. TacSeebohm 
Coll. 
zanoicski). 
b, c, $ $ ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Kamschatka, summer (O.
Snow). 
[San Bias, Mexico] Aug 9. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 

[Type of B. brevirostris (Vigors').] 

6. MICBFEIA. 
Bill elongate and moderately compressed; culmen gradually curved 
downward towards to the tip. Inter-ramal feathering extending 
to a vertical line drawn from the anterior border of the exposed 
nasal opening, which is oval and covered anteriorly by a horny scale. 
Tail composed of 12 feathers. Metatarsus about equal to the 
middle toe and claw. Size small. 

Range. Coast of California. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Lining of wings pure white 
hypoleuca, p. 594. 
B. Lining of wings mostly smoky-grey craveri, p. 595. 
1. Mcroria hypoleuca. 
Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus, Xantus, P. Ac. PHlad. 1859, pp. 299, 
306 [Cape St. Lucas]; Coues, P. Ac. PMlad. 1868, p. 64; Elliot, 

B. N. Amer. ii. pi. lxxii. (1869) ; Cones, Key JV. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 813 (1884); Goss, Auk, i. p. 396 (1884) [S. California]. 
Brachyramphus hypoleucus, 
Baird, Brew. § Pddqw. Water-B. N. 
Amer. ii. p. 502 (1884); A. O. U. Cheek-L p. 81 (1886); Ridgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 15 (1887) j Mailliard, Auk, rv. p. 197 (1898) 
[Monterey], 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above, including the 
sides and flanks, uniform dark blackish-slate; chin, sides of the 
head below the line of the gape, a small patch of feathers above 
and below the eye, and the rest of the underparts, including the 
under wing-coverts, white; quills brownish-black, shading into 
white on the basal part of the inner web; tail blackish, and composed 
of 12 feathers. Total length about 8*5 inches, culmen 
from feathers on forehead to tip 0*75, from gape to tip 1*15-1-25, 

595 

7 . SYNTHLIBOBHAMPHUS. 
greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*25, wing 4*8, tail 1-3-1-4, 
tarsus 0*95-1, middle toe and claw 1*05-1*08. 
Hah. South California to Cape St. Lucas. 
a,L S ? ad. sk. San Benito L, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March 29. 


2. Mcruria craven. 
Lria craven, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. viii. p. 387 (1865) [Lower 

California]. 

Brachvrhamphus craveri, Coues, P. Ac. Pliilad. 1868, p. 66; Streets, 

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 32 (1877) [habits]; Coues, Key N. 

Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 814 (1884). 

Brachvramphus craveri, Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. 

ii. p" 502 (1884); A. O. TJ. Check-l p. 81 (1886) ; Bidgw. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. lo (1887). 
Adult. Differs chiefly from M. hypoleuca in having the lining of 

the wing smoky-grey and the tips of the greater and median under 

wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with white. Tail composed of 12 

feathers. " Iris dark brown; bill black ; feet green " (Xantus). Total 

length about 8'5 inches, bill from feathers on forehead to tip 0*7, 

from gape to tip 1*2, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*25, 

wing 4-46, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*95, middle toe and claw about 0*95. 

Through the kindness of Count Salvadori I have been enabled to 

examine the type of this species, which is undoubtedly an adult bird 

in worn breeding-plumage. It seems to me possible that it may be 

merely the breeding-plumage of M. hypoleuca, as has been already 

suggested by Dr. T. H. Streets. 

Hah. South California (near Cape St. Lucas). 

7. SYUTHLIBOEHAMPHUS. 
Type. 
Synthliboramphus, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. ii. 


p. 347 (1837) 
S. antiquus. 
Bill moderately elongate and compressed, the culmen curving 
gradually downward towards the tip. Inter-ramal feathering extending 
slightly beyond a vertical line drawn from the anterior 
border of the exposed nasal opening, which is rounded and overhung 
anteriorly by a small horny scale. Tail composed of 14 feathers. 
Metatarsus about equal in length to the middle toe and claw. Size 
small. 

Range. Coasts of North Pacific and Bering Sea. 

Key to the Sjoecies in breeding-plumage. 

I. 
Forehead without crest; white stripes narrow 
and confined to the sides of the occiput; black 
on the throat continued down the middle of 
the fore-neck antiquus, p. 596, 
II. 
Forehead with elongate crest of narrow black 
feathers; white stripes broad, commencing 
on each side of the crest and leaving only the 
middle of the crown black; grey on throat 
not continued down middle of fore-neck.... ivumisusume. p. 598. 
2G2 

596 
ALCJ8. 

1. Synthliborhamplnis antiques. 
Antient Auk, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 512 (178o). 
Ancient Auk, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 326 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. 


x. p. 70 (1824). 
Alca antiqua, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 554 (1788); Lath. 2nd. Orn. 
ii. p. 795 (1790); Bonnat. Tail. JEnet/cL Meth. i. p, S3 (1790); 
Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 53(5 (1834) ; Sclil Mus. Pays-Bas, \ I Urinat. 
p. 21 (1867); Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 270 (1890); id. Ibis, 1892, 
n. 96 (Tsu-shima]. 
Uria senicula, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 367, pi. Ixxxy. (1811). 
Fratercula antiqua, Stepk. in Shawns Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 42 
(1826). 
Uria antiqua; Kittl. Isis, 1832, p. 1104 ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. x. p. 100, 
pi. ccccii. [fig. 1 only] (1839): Temm. 8f Seld. Farm. Jap., Ares, 

p. 124, pi. Ixxx. (1842); And. B. Amer. yii. p. 203, pi. eecelxx. 
[fig. 1 only] (1844); Schrenck, Beis. Amur-l. i. p. 499. pl. xvi. 
figs. 2, 3 [eggs] (1859); Whiiely, Ibis, 1867, p. 209 [HakodadP ; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 166 [Hakodadi]. 
Synthliboramplms antiquus, Brandt,"Bid!. Acad. St. Petered, ii. 

p. 347 (1837); id. Melany. Biol. yli. p. 217 (1869J; Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 51 (1S77) [Abrek Bav^; Nelson, Crtute 
Corwin, p. 116 (1883); Baird, Breio. $• Pddqtc. Water-B. N 
Amer. ii. p. 504 (1884) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mi/*, xxix. p. L>3 
(1885; [Commander I.]; A. O. U. Cheek-l p.fcO (LbbO); liidqic. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 14 (1887); Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 118 
(1887) [Commander I. ; Tatz. Sltm. Acad. St. Peitrsb. \x\ix. 
p. 1215 (1893) [E. Siberia"; Bindire, Auk, xii p. 270 (1S95) 
[habits]; Loomis, P. Calif Acad. (2} vi. p. 17 (1«96) [California]; 
Mailliard, Atik, xy. p. 197 (1898) [Monterey]. 
Brachyramphus brachypterus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St."Petered, iL 

p. 346 (1837) [Unalaschka]; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 916 (IS^h 
Mergulus cirrhocephalus, Vigors, Zool Toy. Blossom, Birds, p. 32 
(1839). 
Brachyramphus antiquus, G. P. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 157, 
(1844); Cassin, U.S. JSxpl Bxped. p. 348 (1858); Baird, B. X 
Amer. p. 916 (1858); G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 100 (1671). 

Braehyrhamphus antiquus, G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 644, 
pl. clxxyii. (1848); Reichenb. Nataiores, pl. yi. fe. 2710-2 & 
2714, pl. ix. figs. 2230-32 (1850); Ball $• Bann^ Tr. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 310 (1869) [St. George I.; Amak I.; Sitkal; Ball P 
Calif. Acad. y. p. 280 (1878) [Aleutian I/I; BlaJzkt § Pryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 210 [Yezo]; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. yiiL p. 180 
(1880), x. p. 90 (1882). 

Braehyrhamphus brachypterus, G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p 644 
(1848); Coues* P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 67: id. Key N. Amer. B 
2nd ed. p. 814 (1884). 

Arctica eirroeephalus, G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 645 (1848). 
Uria cana, Kittl. Benho. Beise, i. p. 288 (1858). 
Brachyramphus temmincki, Cooper & SucJct. (nee Brandt), N H 


Wash. Terr. p. 287 (1860). 

Synthliborhamphus 
antiquum, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 56 * 
id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 344 (1872); Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver\ 
Brem. in. p. 80 (1872) [Kamschatka; Aleutian Is.]; Ball, Amf 
Aleut, p. 11 (1873); id. P. Calif Acad. y. p. 35 (1873) [Aleutian 
Is.]; Tacz. J.f O. 1876, p. 203; Bean,P. U.S. Nat. Mm v. 

p. 171 (1882) [Sitka]; Tacz. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. viii. p. 345 (1883) 
[Kamschatka] ; Cottes, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 811 (1884) ; 
/ . STffTHLIBOBHAMPHTJS. 

Dybowski § Toes. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ix. p. 147 (1884); Bennett, 
Auk, i. p. 99 (1884) [Lake Koskkonong, Wisconsin]; Turner, 
Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaska] ; Nelson, Rep. N. H. 
Alaska, p. 43 (1887). 

Alca umisozume, Rickeit, Ibis, 1894, p. 225 [Foochow], 1895, 

p. 168. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark slate; 
the head and neck mostly deep black, of a more sooty tint on the 
sides of the head, chin, throat, and fore-neck : on each side of the 
head a band composed of narrow white feathers commencing above 
the eye and, in some examples, more or less confluent with its 
fellow on the lower part of the occiput; the black on the fore-neck 
separated from the hind-neck by a wide white patch extending 
to the ear-coverts : sides of the chest, sides and flanks black, 
the former streaked with white; remainder of the underparts 
as well as the under wing-coverts pure white; quills blackish, 
becoming white towards the base of the inner web; tail black, 
composed of 14 feathers. " Iris dark brown; bill whitish-grey, 
brownish-black along the culmen and towards the base; feet bluish-
white, brownish-black at the joints; webs sooty-black, except the 
portion next the toes which is light blue; back of the metatarsus 
and soles of feet sooty-black " (P. A. Hoist). Total length about 
10*5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 0*55-0-6, 
from gape to tip 1*1-1*25, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 
0*2b-0%3, wing 5*1-5*2, tail 1*25-1*45, tarsus T05, middle toe and 
claw 1*15-1*25. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
whole of the fore-neck and throat white; the chin and sometimes 
the upper throat dark grey; the white stripes on the sides of the 
occiput absent; and the feathers of the sides and flanks mostly 
white with the inner webs grey. From the following species it 
may be distinguished by having the ear-coverts smoky-black. 

Bab. Coasts of the North Pacific: from Japan, the Kurile Islands, 
Sea of Ochotsk, and Kamschatka to the Commander Group and 
across Bering Sea to Alaska. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Hamilton I., South Corea, A. G. Wilday, Esq. 
summer. [P.]. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Baracouta Harbour, E. Siberia, Howard Saunders, 
Sept. (G. Stevens). Esq. [PA 
c. d. <3 $ a<*-sk- Tsu-skima, Japan, Mar. 19 Seebohm Coll. 
(P. A. Moist). 
e. S ad. sk. Nagasaki, Feb. 24 (C. Colling- Seebohm Coll. 
f, g. tS ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i~n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
wood). 
Nagasaki, winter (F. JR.). 
Yokohama, winter. 
Yokohama, spring and summer(JET. Fryer), 
Hakodadi, Jan. 28 (R. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
H. Pryer, Esq. [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
p. 2 ?.d. sk.
q-t. 3 ad. sk.
Whitely). 
Hakodadi, April (T. Blakiston). 
Kurile Is., June (0. Snow). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
et st. 

oy« AIC2E. 
u. Ad. sk. Kamschatka, summer, Praukfort Museum 
v. 2 ad. sk. Bering I , Commander Group,
July 8.
[E]. 
G. E. H. BarrettHamilton, 
Esq. 
IP.J. 
w. Ad. sk.
x. $ ad. sk. 
N.W. coast of America, summer. 
Kvska Harbour, July 8 ( W. M. 
Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
"Dull). 

2. Synthliborhamphus wnmizustLme. 
Una wumizusume, Temm. PI. Col v. pi. ^121 [no. 579] (1835) 
[Coast of Corea and Japan]; JReiclienb. Natatores, pi. viii. fig. 31 
(1850). 

Synthliboramphus temminckii, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. ii. 

p. 347 (1837); id. Melang. Biol vii. p. 220 (1869). 
Una umiztisume, Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 123, pi. Ixxix. 
(1842). 
Braelryrhaniphus temniinckii, G. P. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 644 (1848) ; 
Cassin in Peiry Exped.Jap. ii. p.233 (1857) j Elliot,B.N. Amer. 

ii. pi. Ixxi. (1869). 
Brachyrhamphus wumizusume, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. vi. figs. 
2708-9 (1850). 
Brachyramphus temmincki, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 910 (1858). 
Alca temmincki, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 22 (1867). 
Synthliborbamphus wunnizusunie, Cows, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, 

p. 58; id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 344 (1872). 
Brachyrampbus wuniizusume, G. JR. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 100 
(1871). 
Braehyrhamphus umizusume, Blahist. $* Pn/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 210 
[Hakodadi] ; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 90 -J18&2). 
Syntbliborhampbus umizusume, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 812 (1884). 
Synthliboramphus wumizusume, Baird, Brew. 4' Bidqw. Water-B. 
N. Amer. ii. p. 505 (1884); A. O. U. Check-Lp.bO (1886); Stein. 
P. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 524 (1886), x. p. 482 (lb87) "Idzu, 
Japan] j Bidgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 14 (1887) ; Nelson, Bep.N. H. 
Alaska, p. 44 (1887) [not met with]. 
Alca wumizusume, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 277 (1890). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Much like S. antiquus^ but the fore-
bead . ornamented with an elongate crest of narrow black semlrecumbent 
feathers; only the middle of the crown and occiput 
black; the white stripes commencing on each side of the crest, 
much wider and confluent on the hinder part of the crown ; the 
black on the sides of the chest not streaked with white, the dark 
grey on the throat not extending on to the fore-neck, and the 
quills brownish-black on the outer web and terminal third of the 
inner web, the remainder of which is white. Tail greyish black, 
composed of 14 feathers. Iris dark brown, bill yellowish horn, 
blackish along the ridge of the culmen and towards the base; legs and 
feet are apparently very similar in colour to those of 8. antiquus. 
Total length about 10*5 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead 
to tip'0*7, from gape to tip 1% greatest depth of both mandibles at 
base 0-35, wing 4-8, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-9, middle toe and claw 1*1. 

8. BTYCHOEHAMPHUS. 
599 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Said to be similar to the above, 
but the crest and white stripes on the head are absent, the throat 
white, only the chin being light plumbeous, and the sides and flanks 
white striped with slate-grey. 

Yovng in down. Said to be brownish grey above; the back and 
rump indistinctly streaked with greyish white; and the chin, throat, 
and rest of the underparts pure white, 

Kah. Coasts of Japan. 

a. Ad. sk. Japan, summer. Leiden Museum [E.]. 
Subfamily II. FRATERCULDL3E. 

8. 
PTYCHOEHAMPHTJS. 
Type. 
Ptvchoramphus, Brandt, Bull Ac. St. Petersb. ii. p. 347 
(1837) p. aleuticus. 
Bill rather long and stout, the length from the gape to the tip 
being much less than that of the middle toe and claw; breadth of 
upper mandible at base greater than the depth; culmen nearly 
straight; feathering on the lores distant from the posterior margin 
of the nasal opening by nearly the length of the nasal opening. 
Head and neck devoid of ornamental plumes. Inter-ramal feathering 
extends to a vertical line drawn from the posterior border of the 
nasal opening. Tail composed of 14 feathers. Metatarsus shorter 
than the middle toe and claw. Size small. 
Range. Pacific coasts of North America from the Aleutian 
Islands to Lower California. 

1. PtychorhamphtLS aleuticus. 
Uria 
aleutica, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 370 (1811) [Eastern 
parts of Bering Sea]. 
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. PStersb. ii. p. 347 
(1837) ; id. Milang. Biol. vii. p. 222 (1869) : Cows, Key N. Am. 

B. p. 343 (1872); Baird, Brezo. $ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. 
p. 517 (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. pp. 27, 314 
(1885); A. 0. TJ. Check-l p. 78 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. 
p. 12 (1887); Nelson, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 40 (1887); Lawrence, 
Auk, ix. p. 353 (1892) [Washington, B.C.]; Loomis, P. Calif. 
Acad. (2) vi. p, 17 (1896) [California]. 
Mexgulus cassinii, Gambel, P. Ac. Philad. 3845, p. 266 [Coast of 
California]; id. J. Ac. Philad. (2) ii. pi. vi. (1850). 
Phaleris aleutica, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 638 (1848); Coinde, 

Rev. Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 403 [St. Paul's I.]. 
Arctica cassinii, G. R. Ch'ay, Gen. B. iii. p. 645 (1848). 
Ptychorhamphus aleuticus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 910 (1858); 

Cones, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 52; Elliot, B. N. Amer. ii. pi. Ixix. 
(1869); Nelson, Cruise Cortoin, p. 116 (1883); Coues, Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 810 (1884); Kvermann, Auk, iii. p. 88 
(1886) [Ventura, California]; Stephens, Auk, x. p. 298 (1893) 
[habits]. 

Simorhynchus 
aleuticus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 26 
(1867). 

600 
ALCJE. 

Adult. General colour above uniform slaty-black: sides of the 
head, chin, throat, fore-neck and chest, as well as the sides and 
flanks, lighter than the back and of a dark smoky-grey; a small 
patch of white feathers above the eye ; breast and rest of underparts 
pure white. Tail blackish, composed of 14 feathers. Some 
specimens have an indistinct patch of white on the throat, and 
possibly this may indicate the approach of winter plumage. Iris 
white ; bill black, the basal portion of the mandible yellowish ; legs 
and feet bluish and dusky in life. Total length about 9 inches, 
culinen from feathers on forehead to tip 0*75, from gape to tip 0*9, 
greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*4, wing 4-5-4*9, tail 1*3, 
tarsus 0*95, middle toe and claw 1*3. 

Young in doivn. Dark smoky-black, inclining to grey on the 
breast and belly. 
Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Coast of California. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Farallone Is. (F. Gruber). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. d. <S ad. et Farallone Is. ( W. E. Bryant). Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
pull. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. San Miguel I. (Capt. S, Forney). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. San Miguel I., spring. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
</, h. $ $ ad. sk. San Geronimo I., March 15. A. W. Anthonv, E^q 
[P.]. 

9. 
SIMORHOTCHUS. 
Typo. 
Simorhynclius, Merrem in JSrsch u. Gruber, JEncyel. ii. 
pp. 405, 406 (1819); Stejn. Auk, ii. p. 341 (1885) S. cristatellus. 
Tyioramphus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. 

p. 348 (1837) S. cristatellus. 
Cicerouia, Reiehenb. Natiirl. Syst. Toy. p. hi (18o2) S. pusillus. 
Bill rather short, the length from the gape to the tip being much 
lesb than that of the middle toe and claw ; breadth of upper mandible 
at base about equal to the depth ; cnlmen curved downward 
throughout, the ridge rounded * feathering on the lores terminating 
close to the posterior margin of the nasal opening. Head with 
ornamental plumes. Inter-ramal feathering extending somewhat 
beyond a vertical line drawn from the posterior border of the 
nasal opening. Tail composed of 14 feathers. Metatarsus shorter 
than the middle toe and claw. Size very small or moderate. 

Range. Coasts of the Forth Pacific and Bering Sea ; from Japan, 
the Xurile Islands, and Kamschatka to the Commander Group, and 
across Bering Sea to Alaska. 

Key to the Species. 

I. 
An elongate frontal crest of narrow dark 
feathers curving forward. 
a. Belly grey; lores uniform brown; _ 
elongate white plumes behind the ^,^^^_ size 
larger, wing o*o inches *jp Wk. WMtatdkiSj p. 601. 
9. SIMORHYNCntTS.
b. 
Belly white ; a wlrite patch on the lores ; three 
lines of elongate white plumes above and in 
front of the eve, behind the eye, and across 
the lower part of the cheek: size smaller, 
wing 4*5 inches pyymccus, p. 603. 
II. 
No crest; forehead and lores ornamented with 
short narrow white plumes; aline of more elongate 
white plumes behind the eye : size small, 
wing 3'0-39 inches pusillus, p. 605. 
1. Simorhynclms cristatellus. 
Alca cristatella, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. p. 18, pis. iii. & v. figs. 7-9 
(1769) [Japan]; Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 552 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 794 (1790); Bonnat Tail. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 34, pi. xi. 
lig. 3 (1790). 

Alca tetracula, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. p. 23, pis. iv. & v. 
tigs. 10-12 (1709) [Kamschatka] ; Gmel, S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 552 
(1783); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 794 (1790); Bonnat *Tabl Encycl 
Meth. i. p. 34, pi. xi. rig. 4 (1790) ; Kittl. Be?iIao. Reise, ii. p. 214 
(1858). 

Alca cristata, Mull. S. N. Suppl. p. 104 (1776). 
Crested Auk, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 515 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. 

iii. pt. i. p. 323, pi. xcv. fig. 4 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. (57, 
pi. 170. fig. 4 (1824). 
Dusky Auk, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 515 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. 

iii. pt. i. p. 324, pi. xcv. fig. 3 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 68, 
pi. 70. fig. 3(1824). 
Uria cristatella, Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 370, pi. lxxxvi. ^1811). 
TTria dubia, Pallas, Zooyr. R'>sso-As. ii. p. 371, pi. lxxxvii. (1811). 
Uria tetracula, Pallas, Zooyr. Possu-As. ii. p. 371, pi. lxxxvih. (1811). 
Simorhvnchus cristatus, Merrem in Ersch u. Gruber, Encycl. ii. 

p. 406 (1819). 
Crested Stariki, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 47, pi. v. 
(1826). 
Phaleris tetracula, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 4(3 (1826); 

G. R. Gray, Gen. P. iii. p. 638 (1848) ; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. vi. 
fig. 2703 (1850) ; Middend. Sibir. Reise, ii. pt. ii. p. 239 (1851); 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 907 (1858) ; Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chicayo 
Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) [Plover Bay, E. Siberia]; Elliot, B. N. 
Amer. ii. pi. lxvii. (1869). 
Phaleris 
cristatella, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 47 
(1826); Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 536 (1834); Viyors, Zool. Voy. 
Blossom, Birds, p. 33 (1839) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 102, 
pi. ccccii. fig. (1839) ; id. B. Amer. vii. p. 253,pi. cccclxvii. (1844); 

G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 638 (1848) ; Reichenb. Natatores, 
pi. vii. figs. 2222-3 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer.y. 906 (1858); 
Schrenck, Reis. Ai?tyr-l. i. p. 500, pi. xvi. figs. 4, 5 (1859) ; Coinde, 
Per. Mar/. Zool. I860, p. 4ML Paul 1.]; Whitely, Ibis, L867, 
p. 209 [liakodadi] ; IlartinMKMs. 1871, p. 121 [Bering Straits] ; 
Ball, P. Calif. Acad, v.jp53,*38<U1873) [Aleutian Is.]; id. 
Avif. Aleut, p. 10 (IS7WTBarrows?P. Post. Soc. xix. p. 155 
(1877); Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 442 [Norton Sound]; Seebohm, 
Ifos,1879, p. 21. 
Thaleris dubia, 
Brandt, Ball. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 347 (1837); 
G R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 638 (1848). 

b'02 ALCJE. 

Tvloranipluis cristatellus3 Brandt} Bull Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 348 

'(1837). 

Phaleris superciliosa, Bonap. Comp. Lid B. p. 06 (1838). 

Phaleris superciliata, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 402, pi. ccccii. (1839). 

Tylorhamphus eristatellus, G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 153 

(1844); Tacz. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 203 [Ussuri]. 

Alcadubia, Kittl. Denkiu. Raise, I p. 300 (1858) [St. Paul I.]. 

Simorhvncnus eristatellus, Sckl Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 25 

(1867); Corns, P. Ac. PMlad. 1868, p. 37 ; Brandt, Meking. Biol 

vii. p. 223 (1869) ; G. R> Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 97 (1871) ; 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 342 (1872); Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. 
Brem. iii. p. 81 (1872) TSt. George I. ; Kamschatka] ; Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 51 (1877) [Abrek Bay] ; Bureau,'* Bull Soc. Z. 
Fr. iv. |p. 51, pi. T. figs. 3-5 (1879); Elliott, Seal-Tsl. Alaska, 
p. 134 (1881) : Dyboivski, Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. '28; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 368 [Kurile Is.] ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 398 
(1882) [Kamschatka]; Bean, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 171 (1882) 
[Bering Strait]; Nelson, Cruise Conuin, p. 116 (1883); Dybowski, 
Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. viii. p. 349 (1883); Baird, Brew. 8f Ridgw. 
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 512 (1884) ; Dyboiuski 8? Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Z. Fr. ix. p. 147 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 807 
(1884); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaska!; 
? Allen, Auk, ii. p. 388 (1885) [Massachusetts] ; Stejn. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 32, pi. iv. figs. 4, 5 (1885) fCommander Is.] ; 
A. O. U. Check-l. p. 79 (1886) {Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 118 
(1887) [Commander Is.]; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 13 (1887) ; 
Nelson, Rep. N. E. Alaska, p. 41 (1887) ; Palmen^ Vega-Exped. 
Vetensk Iakttag. v. p. 397 (1887); Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 
xxxix. p. 1231 (1893) [E. Siberia]; Seale, P. Ac. PMlad. 1898, 
p. 128 [King's I.]. 
Simorhynckus dubius, Coues, P. Ac. PMlad. 1868, p. 40. 
Simorhynchus tetraculus, Coues, P. Ac. PMlad. 1868, p. 43; G. R. 
Gray, Kand-l B. iii. p. 97 (1871); Tacz. Bidl. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 52 
(1877). 
Phaleris cristatella, Dallfy Bann. Tr. CMcago Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) 
[Kodiak Is.]; Blakist. §•Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 179 (1880), 

x. p. 89 (1882). 
Fratercula cristatella, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. ^85 (1890). 
Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above deep black; 
sides of the head, chin, throat, and rest of the underparts smoky-
grey, gradually merging into the darker colour of the upper parts ; 
on the forehead a long crest of narrow dark brown feathers, strongly 
curved forward in a semicircle ; across tlie cheek and ear-coverts a 
band of narrow elongate white plumes. Tail composed of 14 
feathers. The basal portion of the bill ornamented with several 
supplementary horny plates, including a detached semicircular 
concave plate above the angle of the gape. " Iris nearly white ; 
basal portion of both mandibles bright orange, extremity light 
bluish horn; inside of mouth flesh-colour; legs and feet bluish 
slate; webs dark slate; claws horn-colour" (G. E. H. Barrett-
Hamilton). Total length about 10*5 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 045-0*5, from gape 0*95-1, greatest depth of 
both mandibles at base 0-45-0-48, wing 5*5, tail 1*4-1*55, tarsus 
1*1, middle toe and claw 1*4-1*5. 

603 

9. SIH0KHYNCHT7S. 
Adult hi non-breeding plumage. Similar to tlie above, but the 
supplementary ornamental shields on the bill are cast, and the bill 
appears much smaller and of a dull brownish colour. 

^ Immature. Like the adult in non-breeding plumage, but distinguished 
by the smaller bill and by the absence of "the frontal 
crest and auricular stripes. 

Hah. Coasts of the .North Pacific and Bering Sea: from Japan, 
the Kurile Islands, Kamschatka to the Commander Group, and 
across Bering Sea to Alaska. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. J ad. sk. 
Japan, winter (Jff. Whitely). 
At sea between Yokohama 
Tweeddale Coll. 
H. Whitely, Esq. 
c-e. Ad. sk.
^and Hakodadi, Feb. 25. 
Kurile Islands, summer and 
[0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
f, g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
autumn (0. Snow). 
Kurile Islands, summer andwinter ( Wossnesenski), 
Kamschatka. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 
i-l6 
2 ad. sk. Bering I., Commander Group,
July and Dec. 
G. E. H. BarrettHamilton,
Esq [P.]. 

771,71. $2 ad.sk. St. Paul L, Pribvloff Group, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May, June {H. W. Elliott), 

o. 
2 ^d. sk. St. George L, Pribvloff Group, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 20 (M. W'K). 
2i-r. 
Ad. sk. K.W. America, summer and Purchased. 
winter. 

s. 2 ftd. sk. Alaska (E. W. Nelson). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t~to. Ad. sk. etst. St Michael's, Alaska, summer Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. W. A7.). 
2. Simorhynchtis pygmseus. 
Pigmy Auk, Pennant, Arct. ZooL ii, p. 513 (1785) [Bird I., Bering 
Sea]. 
Flat-billed Auk, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 328 (1785); id. Gen. 

Mist. x. p. 72 (1824). 
Alca pygmaea, Gmel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 555 (1788). 
Alca pygmea, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 796 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tall. 

Encycl. Meth. i. p. 33 (1790). 
Alca kanitsekatica, Lepeclun, Nov. Act Petropol. xii. p. 369, pi. 8 
(1801). 
Uria crinita, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 301 (1811) [nom. nudum]; 

Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 25 (1885). 
Uria mystacea, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 372, pi. lxxxix. (1811). 
Alca cristatella, Cuv. in Choris, Voy. Pittor. autour du Monde, 

Aleout. p. 18, pi. xii. (1822) [I. of St. Lawrence]; Vieill. Gal 
Ois. ii. p. 242, pi. 297 (1825). 
Phaleris cristatella, Temm. (nee Pall.) PI Col. v. pi. 122 [no. 200] 

(1823) ; Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 374, pi. 130 (1833). 
Mormon superciliosa, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 89 (1823). 
Phaleris pygmea, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. i. p. 48 (1826); 

G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 638 (1848); Baird, Brew, ty Ridgw. 
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 510 (1884). 
Phaleris cristella, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 980. 
Phaleris camtschatica, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Peiersb. ii. p. 347 

604 ALOJS. 

(1837); G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 038 (1848); Iteiehenb. Xata


tores, pi. vi. lius. 2701-2 (I860) ; Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 908 

(1858). 

PhalerLs mystacea, Cassia in Terry Erped. Jap. ii. p. 234 (1857) ; 

Blakist. Jf Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 210 [part J; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 21; Blaki'st ty Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 179 (1880), 
x. p. 89 (1882). 
yiinorh)iichu!s camt*chaticus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 25 
(186/"); Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 41 ; Brandt, Melang. Biol. 

vii. p. 227 (1869); Coues, Key X. Am. B. p. 342 (1872; ; Finsch, 
Abh. Xat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 81 (1872) [Cn alashkaj ; I)yboivski\ 
Orn. Ceniralbl. lbS2, p. 41 ; id. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 298 {1882), 
viii. p. 349 (1883); Dybotoski § Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ix. p. 147 
(1884). 
Simorhvnchus cassini, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1808, p. 4o [Aleutian 
Is.] {Brandt, Melang. Biol vii. p. 235 (1809); Baird, Tr. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 324, pi. xxxi.fig*. 2 (1869); Dull ty Banti. Tr. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 309 (1869; [Ounimak Pass". 

Simorhynclius pygmaeus, Brandt, Melang. Biol. vii. p. 228 (1869); 
Ridgic. P. U.S. Is at. Mus. iii. p. 211 (IbbO); Xehon, Cruise Coricin, 

p. 116 (1883J ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. *08 (1884) ; 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. xxix. p. 25, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2 (ISbo) ; 
Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaska"; A. O. U. 
Check-l p. 79 (1886); Ridgw. Man. X. Am. B. p. "13 (1&S7) ; 
Kelson, Hep. N. II. Alaska, p. 42 (1887); Slept. P. U.S. Xat. Mus. 
x. p. 118 (1887) [Commander Is.]; Tacz. Ment. Acad. St.Petersb. 
xxxix. p. 1235 (1893) [E. Siberia]. 
Simorhvnchus kamtschaticus, Bureau, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. iv. p. 00, 
pi. vi. (1879). 
JFratercula pygmrea, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 286 (1890). 


Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour very dark slate, 
becoming paler on the lower breast and shading into white on the 
belly and under tail-coverts; forehead with an elongate recurved 
crest of narrow dark feathers; a triangular white patch on the 
lores, from which spring two bands of narrow white plumes, one 
passing up the side of the forehead and terminating at the side of 
the crest in two or three long narrow filaments, the second dividing 
the cheek from the throat; in addition to these a third band of 
similar white feathers commencing behind the eye and terminating 
in three or four narrow plumes; quills and tail dark brown, the latter 
composed of 14 feathers. "Iris white; bill milky white at tip 
and at base of lower mandible; rest of bill, including the culmen, 
upper tomia, and a median cross-band on the lower mandible vivid 
blood-red; nasal cuirass and a small portion in front of the nostrils, 
as well as the soft cere at the base, blackish brown; feet light 
bluish grey, with the joints somewhat brownish violet, soles and 
webs blackish" (L. Stejneger). Total length about 7*5 inches, 
culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 0*4-0*42, from gape to tip 
0-65-0*72, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0*3-0-3;, wing 
4-5, tail 1-25-1-35, tarsus 0-85-0*9, middle toe and claw 1*2-1*25. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Appears to be very similar to the 
above. Apparently, as in S. cristatellus> the frontal crest as well 

9. SBIOPJIYXCHCS. 
005 
as tlie elongate tufts of white plumes are retained throughout the 
year. 

Immature. Similar to the above, but the crest and ornamental 
plumes are absent or faintly indicated by a patch of whitish feathers 
on the lores. 

Young in down. " Dark smoky-brown above, lighter and of a more 
greyish tint on the abdomen " (L. Stejueyer). 

Hah. Coasts of the l^orth Pacific : from North Japan, the Eurile 
Islands, and "Kamschalka to the Commander Group and across 
Bering Sea to Alaska. 

a-c. J ad. etimm. Kamschatka. Purchased. 
sk. 
d-k. $ 2 ad. et Ushisir, Kuriie Is. (0. Snow). Seebohm Coll. 
itnm. sk. et st. 

I. 
§ juv. sk. At sea off the Commander G. E. H. Barrett-
Group, Aug. 19. Hainilton,Esq.[P.]. 
m, Juv. sk. Cupper I , Commander Group, G. E. H. Barrett-
Aug. 10. Hamilton, E.sq [P.]. 
?i. Skeleton. 

3. Simorhyiiehus pusillus. 
Una pusilla, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 373, pi. xc. (1811) [Kams


chatka]. 
Minute Auk, Lath. Gen. If hit. x. p. 72 (1824). 
Phaleris corniculatus, Eschscholtz, Zool Ail. Heft iv. p. 4 (1831). 
Phaleris microceros, Brandt, Bull. Acad St. Petersb. ii. p. 347 (1837); 

Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 908 (1858); Ball § Bonn. Tr. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) [Aliaska; St. George I.; Plover Bav]; 
Hurting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 121 [Bering Straits]. 

Phaleris pygmaea, Brandt, Bull Acad. St Petersb. ii. p. 347 (1837). 
Cerorhinca occidentalis, Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, p. 33 
(1839) [St. Lawrence I.]. 
Phaleris nodirostris, Bonap. Comp. List B. p. 66 (1838) rde^crip. 
null.]; And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 101, pi. ccccii. fig. 3 (1$39); id. 

B. Amer. vii. p. 255, pi. cccelxviii. (1844); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
p. 638, pi. clxxv. (1848); Reichmb. Natatores, pi. vi.'fig*. 2704-5, 
pi. vii. tigs. 2224-6 (1850). 
Ciceronia nodirostris, Reichenb. Natilrl. Syst. Vog. p. iii (1852). 
Phaleris pusilla, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 909 (1858); Coinde, Rev. 

Mag. Zool 1860, p. 403 [St. Paul I.] ; Cassin. P. Ac. Philad. 
1862, p. 324 [Bering Straits]; Elliot, B. N. Amer. ii. pi. Ixviii. 
(1869); DattSf Bonn. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) [Aliaska]; 
BlaMst # Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 179 (1880), x. p. 89 
(1882). 

Simorhynckus pygmseus, Schl. (nee Gmel.) 3fus. Pays-Bas, vi.Urinat. 

p. 23 (1867); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 31 [Hakodadi]. 
Simorhynchus microceros, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 46; G. R. 
Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 98 (1871). 
Simorhynchus 
pusillus, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 48 ; Brandt, 
Melang. Biol vii. p. 230 (1869); Corns, Key N. Am. B. p. 343 
(1872); Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 81 (1872) [St. Paul 
L]; Elliott, Seal-Isl Alaska, p. 134 (1881); Coues, Key A7". Amer. 

B. 2nd ed. p. 808 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 35, 
606 ALCJ2. 

pi. iv. fig. 3 (188-5) [Commander Is.]; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 

(1885) [Nearer Is., Alaska]; A. O. U. Check-l p. 79 (1886); 

Pahnen, Vega-Exped. Tetensk. Idkttag. v. p. 398 (1887); Kelson, 

Pep. N. H. Alaska, p. 42 (1887) ; Bidgw. Jlan. K Am. B. p. 13 

(1887); Stejn. P. U. S. Nat Mm. x. p. 118 (1887) [Commander Is.]; 

Seale, P. Ac. Philad. 1898, p. 129 [King's L, St. Georoe l."\ 
Ciceronia pusilla, Tacz. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 203 [Ussuri]; id. Bull. 
Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 51 Q877); Bgbowski, Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 28; 
Kelson, Cruise Corwin, p. 110, pi. (1883) ,* Dybowski, Bull Soc.Z. 
Fr. viii. p. 350 (1883) [Bering- I.]; Dybowski $ Tacz. Bull. Soc. 

Z. Fr. ix. p. 147 (1884) ; Baird, Brew. § Ridgw. TTaier-B. K 
Amer. ii. p. 507 (1884); Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. 
p. 1229 (1893) [E. Siberia]. 
Ciceronia microceros, Saunders, Ibis, 1883, p. 348. 
Fratercula pusilla, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 287 (1890). 
Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above deep black ; 
forehead and lores ornamented with short narrow pointed white 
plumes, con tinned backwards in a line across the cheek ; a line of 
longer white plumes commencing behind the eye, and passing across 
the ear-coverts; chin smoky-black ; throat white ; fore-neck and 
upper chest mostly smoky-black; rest of the nnderparts mostly 
white, more or less mottled, especially on the breast, with smoky-
black; inner secondary quills tipped with white; generally a more 
or less distinct patch of white on the scapulars ; lesser and median 
under wing-coverts dusky, greater coverts white ; tail black, composed 
of 14 feathers. Iris white; terminal half of bill dark reddish, 
basal half and tubercle dusky (in dry skin). Total length about 6'5 
inches, tubercle at base of culm en 0-1, culmen from feathers on 
forehead to tip 0*35-0*38, from gape to tip 0*6-0*63, greatest depth 
of culmen at base 0*25-0*28, wing 3*6-3*9, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*75, 
middle toe and claw 1*05. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in wanting 
the tubercle at the base of the culmen; the bill is smaller and more 
compressed, and the entire underparts white, with the exception of 
the chin and upper part of the throat which are dark smoky-grey, 
and generally a few feathers of the belly which are tipped with the 
same colour. " Iris white; bill horny brown, genys and tomia somewhat 
lighter, extreme tip of lower mandible whitish; feet light 
whitish cobalt-blue, joints darker inclining to purple; soles and 
webs blackish " (L. Stejneger). 

Immature. Similar to the adult in winter, but the bill is smaller 
and the white plumes on the forehead and lores are absent. 
Young in down. Said to be uniform sooty-slate, paler and of a 
more greyish tint on the underparts. 
Hob. Coasts of the Forth Pacific: from Japan, the Sea of Ochotsk, 
and Kamschatka to the Commander Group, and across Bering Sea 

to Alaska. 
a~d. S 2imm. sk. 
e. d imm. 
/. Ad. sk. 
ad. etsk. 
Hakodadi, March (Henson). 
Hakodadi, May. 
Kamschatka, summer. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 

10 . PHALERTS. 607 
g, h. S S ad. sk. Bering I., Commander Group,
winter. 
Gr. E. II. BarrettHamilton,
Esq. [P.]. 
i. Ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
l-t. <3 J ad. sk. 
u, v. <S ad. sk. 
w, x. Ad. sk. 
Bering Strait, summer.
St. Paul L, Pribyloif Group,
summer.
St. Paul L, Pribyloif Group,
May, June (H.W. Elliott). 
St. George L, PribyloifGroup, June (K. W~E.). 
Alaska, April (E W. Nelson). 
Purchased. 
G. E. H. BarrettHamilton, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman (Joll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. St Michael's, Alaska (E. W.X). Salvin-Godman Coll 

10. 
PHALERIS. 
Type. 
Pbaleris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. pt. i. p. cxii 
(1820) P. psittaculus. 
Cyclorrhynchus, Kaup, Natilrl. 8yst. p. 155 (1829).. P. psittaculus. 
Ombria, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft iv. p. 3, pi. 17 

(1831) P. psittaculus. 
Bill deep and compressed, the breadth of the upper mandible at 
the base being less than the depth, and the length from gape to tip 
much less than that of the middle toe and claw; culmen rather 
short and curved throughout; the ridge forming a blunt razor-edge; 
lower mandible strongly curved upward throughout and terminating 
In an acute tip ; feathering on the lores distant from the posterior 
margin of the nasal opening by nearly the length of the nasal 
opening. Sides of the head with ornamental plumes. Inter-ramal 
feathering extends to a vertical line drawn from the posterior border 
of the nasal opening. Tail composed of 14 feathers. Metatarsus 
shorter than the middle toe and claw. Size rather small. 

Range. Coasts of the North Pacific, from the Kurile Islands across 
Bering Sea to Alaska. 

1. Phaleris psittaculus. 
Alca psittacula, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. p. 13, pis. ii. & v. figs. 46 
(1769) [Bering Sea] ; Gmel. 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 553 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 794 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl. Emycl Meth. i. p. 33, 
pi. xi. fig. 2 (1790). 

Perroquet Auk, 
Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 514 (1785); Lath. Gen. 
Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 325, pi. xcv. fig. 2 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. 

p. 69, pi. 70. fig. 2 (1824). 
Lunda psittacula, Pallas, Zooor. Rosso-As. ii. p. 366, pi. lxxxiv. 
(1811). 
Simorhynchus psittaculus, Merrem, m Ersch u. Graber, Eneyd. ii. 

p. 407 (1819); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 24 (i867); 
Cones, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 36; G. P. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. 
p. 97 (1871); Owes, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 806 (1884) 
Phaleris 
psittacula, Temm, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. pt. ii. p. 929 
(1820) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 44 (1826); Nutt. 
Man. Orn. p. 534 (1834); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 638 (1848); 
Fitz. Atl. Nat. Fog.fig. 343 (1864) ; Wahlgrm, Jagaref. Tidshrift, 
1867, p. 108 [Sweden]; Karting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 121 [Bering 
Straits]; Coues, Key N Amer. B. p. 342 (1872); Vian, Bull. 

608 ALCJE. 

Soc. t. Pr. i. p. 1, pi. i. (1870) [Sweden]; Barrows, P. Bost. Soc. 

xix. p. 155 (1877); Tacz. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 52 (1877), viii. 
p. 346 (1883) [Kamschatka]; Elliott, Seal-Isl. Alaska, p. 134 
(1881); Blakist. $ Fryer, Ir. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 89 (188*2) ; Bean, 
P. U.S. Nat, Mus. v. p. 171 (1882) [Skumagin Is.] ; Nelson, Cruise 
Corwin, p. 115 (1883); Dyhowski $ Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ix. 
p. 147 (1884) ; Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1227 
(1893) [E. Siberia]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 174 [Kurlle Is.]. 
Cvclorrlrynckus psittaculus, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 155 (1829^; 
'Baird, Brezo. $ Rirfqio. Water-B. N Amer. ii. p. 515 (1884^ ; 
Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaska]; Stejn. Bull. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 38, pi. iv. %. 6 (1885) rCommander It,."; 
A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 78 (1886); Stejn. P. US. Nat. Mus. x. 
p. 119(1887) [Commander Is.1; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 12 
(1887); Nelson, Pep. N. H. Alaska, p. 40 (1887) ; Grinnell, Auk, 
xv. p. 124 (1898) [Sitka]; Scale, P. Ac. Philad. 1898, p. 128 
[Point Barrow; St. George I.]. 
Ombria phittacula, Eschscholtz, Zool Atl. Heftiv. p. 3, pL 17 (1831); 
Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 348 (1837) ; BeicJtenb. 
Natatores, pi. vii. figs. 2226-7 (1850); Middend. Sibir. Beise, ii. 
pt. ii. p. 239 (1851); Baird, B. A. Amer. p. 910 (1858); Brandt, 
Melang. Biol vii. p. 237 (18(59); Elliot, B. N Amer. ii. pi. Ixx. 
(1869); Finsch, Abh. not. Ver. Brem iii. p. 82 (1872) rSea of 
Ochotsk; Kurile Is.]; Ball, P. Calif. Acad. v. p. 280 (1873) 
[Aleutian Is.]; Bureau, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. iv. p. 48, pi. v. fie's. 1, 2 
(1879); Di/boicski Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 40; id. Bull. \Soe. Z. 
Fr. vii. p. 297 (1882). 

Fratercula psittaeula, Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 284 (1S90). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above deep smoky-
black, paler on tke bead, neck, sides, flanks, and under wing-coverts ; 
breast and rest of underparts white; a band of narriw, elongate 
white feathers commencing below the eye and continued across the 
ear-coverts; quills and tail black, the latter composed of 14 feathers. 
u Iris white ; bill salmon-red ; nasal shield darker, greyish brown ; 
soft part along the base of the upper tomia whitish flesh-colour; 
interior of mouth whitish; feet bluish white, tinged with yellow; 
on the joints a well-defined dusky spot: webs blackish, along the 
toe bluish white; sides of tarsus and toes, as also the nails, black " 

(L. Stejneger). Total length about 10*5 inches, culmen from 
feathers on forehead to tip 0*65-0*7, from gape to tip 0*95, greatest 
depth of both mandibles at base O'55-O'O, wing 5-7-6, tail 1-551*
9, tarsus 1*15-1 "2, middle toe and claw 1*65-1*7. 
Adult in non-breeding plumage. Eesembles the above, but the 
chin, throat, and fore-neck are white, like the rest of the underparts, 
only the sides of the throat being mottled with dusky. 

According to Dr. L. Stejneger the basal parts of the bill are shed 
after the breeding-season. The basal portion of the bill is showrn 
to be a more complicated structure than had hitherto been supposed, 
being made up of at least six separate pieces. The ^portions cast 
appear to be quickly renewed, for adult birds in non-breeding 
plumage have the bill similar to that of the adult in full breeding-
plumage. 

Bab. The same as that of the genus. 

11 . CEKOEHTITCKA. 
a,b. £ ad. sk. Kiirile Islands, June (0. Snow). Seebohm Coll. 

c. (S ad. sk. Commander Islands. G. E. H. BarrettHamilton,
Esq.[P.]. 
d-f. d 2 ad. sk. Bering I., Commander Group, G. E. H. Barrett-
summer. Hamilton, Bsc[.[P.]. 
g, k. Ad. sk. Bering Straits, spring. Purchased. 
i,J. 6 2 ad.sk. St. Paul L, PribvloiF Group, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

June, July {H. W. Elliott). 

k. 
Ad. sk. St. George I., Pribyloff Group, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 1 (JST. W. E.). 
l,m. Ad. sk. Alaska, April, June (E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Kelson). 
n-q. Ad. sk. St. Michael's, winter to spring Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(E. W. N.). 
r. Skeleton. Kamschatka. 
Purchased. 
s. Trunk. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
11. CEROEHYNCHA. Typ e 
Cerorhinca, Bonap. Ann. Lyc. N. 7. ii. p. 428 (1826). C. monocerata. 
Chimerina, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft iii. p. 2, 
pi. xii. (1829) C. monocerata. 
Ceratorrhina, Bonap. Oss. Beg. An. p. 134 (1830) ; id. 
Saggio, p. G2 ^1831) C. monocerata. 
Cerorhina, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. PUersb. ii p. 348 
(1&37) C. monocerata. 
[BonaP-ComP-List B> P- 6 6 (1838)«

Cerorn^caClia' 
°- monocerata. 

Bill rather long, the length from gape to tip being about equal to 
the middle toe and claw; feathering on the lores terminating some 
distance from the posterior border of the nasal opening. Head and 
neck with ornamental plumes. Inter-ramal feathering extending to 
a vertical line drawn from the middle of the nasal opening. During 
the breeding-season an elevated horny excrescence at the base of the 
cultnen. Tail composed of 16 (rarely 18) feathers. Metatarsus 
shorter than the middle toe and claw. Size moderate. 

Range. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific and Bering Sea : 
from Japan, the Kurile Islands and Kamschatka to the Commander 
Group, across Bering Sea to Alaska, and south to Lower California. 

1. Cexorhyncha monocerata. 
Alca monocerata, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 362 (1811) [Coast 

of Alaska]. 
Phaleris cerorhyncha, Bonap. Zool Journ. iii. p. 53 (1828). 
Cerorhynca occidentalis, Bonap. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. p. 428 (1828); 

Less. TraitS W Orn. p. 641 (1831). 
Chimerina cornuta, Eschscholtz, Zool. Ail Heft iii. p. 2, pi. xii. 

(1829); Bureau, Bull Soe. Z. Fr. iv. p. 43, pi. iv. (1879). 
Cerorhina orientalis, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 348 (1837). 
Ceratorhyncha occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 104, pi, ccccii. 

fig. (1839). 
? Alca torda, Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 125 (1842). 
VOL. XXVI. 2 K 


610 ALCJE. 

Una occidentalism And. B. Amer. vii. p. 264, pi. cccckxi. (1844). 
Cerorhina occidentalism G. P. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 639 (1848). 
Ohimerina monocerata, Peichenb. Natatores, pi. vi. figs. 2706-7 

(1850). 
Ceratorhyncha monocerata, Cassin, in Perry PJ.vped. Jap. ii. p. 233 
(1857) ; id. U.S.Eipl. Exped. p. 349 (1858); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 209 [HakodadiJ; Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 28; Sidnhoe, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 166 [Hakodadi] ; BlaUst. fy Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 211 
[Yezo]; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 92 (1882). 
Cerorhina monocerata, Cassin, in Baird's B. N. Amer. p. 905 (1858); 
Cooper $ Suckl. N. E. Wash. Terr. p. 284 (lfe60); Ball Sp Bonn. 
Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 309 (1869) [Sitka] ; G. P. Gray, Kand-l. 

B. iii. p. 97 (1871); Tacz. J.f.O. 1876, p. 203 [Ussnri] ; Bolau, 
J.f.O. 1882, p. 341 [Vladivostok]; Kelson, Pep. K. JEC. Alaska, 
p. 40 (1887). 
Cerorhina suckleyi, Cassin, in BaircVs B. N. Amer. p. 906 (1858); 
Cooper § Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr, p. 284 (1860). 
Sirnorkynckus monoceratus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 2Q 
(1867). 
Sagmatorrhina suckleyi, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 32. 
Ceratorhina monocerata, Brandt, Melang. Biol. vii. p. 239 (I860); 

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 341 (1872); id. Keif K Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 805 (1884) ; Henshaw, Auk, ii. p. 387 (1885); Tacz. 
Mem. Acad. St. Pttersb. xxxix. p. 1241 (1893) [E. Siberia]. 

Cerorhyna monocerata, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 52 (1877). 

Fratercula monocerata, Barrows, P. Bost. Soc. xix. p. 154 (1877) ; 
Seelohm, B. Japan, p. 283 (1890) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 96 [Tsuskima]. 


Cerorhyncha monocerata, Baird, Breio. 4* Pddgiv. Water-B. K. 
Amer. ii. p. 520 (1884); Bidgic. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 12 (1887). 
Cerorhincha monocerata, Evermann, Auk, iii. p. 88 (1880) [Ven


tura, California]. 
Cerorkinca monocerata, A. O. U. Check-l p 78 (1886); Stejn. P. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 118 (1887) [Commander Is.]; Loomis, P. 
Calif. Acad. (2) vi. p. 16 (1896) [California]; Griymell, Auk, xv. 
p. 124 (1898) [Sitka]. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark brownish black; 
sides of the head, chin, throat, fore-neck, and chest, as well 
as the sides, flanks, and under wing-coverts, smoky-grey; breast and 
rest of the underparts white, generally more or less clouded with 
smoky-grey * a band of elongate narrow white featters commencing 
above and behind the eye, and extending along the sides of the 
occiput; a similar band of somewhat longer feathers commencing 
at the angle of the gape passes across the cbeek; quills and tail-
feathers brownish-black, the former paler on the inner web. Tail 
composed of 16 (in one specimen of 18) feathers. " Iris pale 
amber; bill orange-yellow, cutting-edges of both upper and lower 
mandibles dusky; ridge of culmen and anterior and posterior edges 
of horn black; corner of mouth white; feet whitish-yellow, with 
slight dusky markings at the joints ; back of metatarsi and soles of 
feet blackish " (P. A. Hoist). 

Adult male. Total length about 14 inches, horn at base of culmen 
048, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1 4-1*45, from gape 

12. LTJNDi.. 
611 
to tip 1*9-2*1, greatest depth of both mandibles at base (without 
horn) 0*8, -wing 7*1-7*3, tail 2-1-2*2, tarsus 1*15-1*25, middle toe 
and claw 1*7-2. 

Adult female. Total length about 14 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 1*3, from gape to tip 1*75, greatest depth* of both 
mandibles at base (without horn) 0*7, wing 7, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*1, 
middle toe and claw 1*75. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but the 
horn-like process absent, and the breast and abdomen more uniform 
white. 

Immature. Besembles the adult in winter, but the bands of 
narrow white feathers on the sides of the head absent, and the bill 
smaller and of a browner tint. 

Young in down. Uniform sooty greyish-brown, much like the 
young of L. cirrhata, but somewhat lighter in colour, and with a 
more slender bill. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Tsu-shima, Japan, March 19 
Seebohm Coll. 
(P. A. Hoist). 
b. S ad. sk. Nagasaki, Feb. 27. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.], 
c-g. Ad. etimm. Yokohama (H. Prye?'). Seebohm Coll, 
h. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, April 1 (H Whitely). Gould Coll. 
I Ad. sk. Hakodadi, May 11 (H. W.). Tweeddale Coll. 
k, I. <$ £ ad. sk. Hakodadi, May 12 (Henson). Seebohm Coll. 
m. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi {T. Blahiston). Seebohm Coll. 
n. $ imm. sk. Hakodadi, April. Seebohm Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Kurile Islands ( Wossnesenski). Seebohm Coll. 
p. Ad. sk. Kamschatka (Dybozoski). Seebohm Coll. 
q7 r. Ad. sk. N.W. America, summer. Purchased. 
s. 
Ad.sk. N.W. coast of America, winter. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
[p.]. 
t-v. 
Ad. et juv. Fort Eupert, Vancouver I., Voyage of H.M.S. 
sk. May 22 (Dr. Lyall). ' Plumper.' 

y. Ad. sk. Puget'sSound,Nov. (Dr. Piers). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z. <$ imm. sk. Monterey, California, Jan. Mr. A. Seale [P.]. 
a'-e'. c? $ ad. et San Diego, Dec. (H. W. Hen- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. shaw). 
/' . 
Ad. sk. San Miguel I., California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
spring. 

12. LUHDA. 
Type# 
Lunda, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 363 (1811) L. cirrhata. 
Gymnoblepharum,' Brandt, Bidl. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. 

p. 349 (1837) L. cirrhata. 
S igmatorrhina, Bonap. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 202, pi. xliv. .. L. cirrhata. 
Cheniscus, G. M. Gray [ex Moehring, 1752], Hand-l. B. 
iii. p. 96 (1871) 
L. cirrhata. 
Bill very deep and much compressed, the ridge of the culmen 
forming a blunt razor-edge; the breadth of the upper mandible at 
the base much less than the depth; the terminal portion of the 

*> T» 9 

612 ALC2E. 

upper mandible transversely grooved, the lower mandible entire, 
and the basal outline of the terminal portion of the upper mandible 
convex. Inter-ramal feathering scarcely extending to a vertical 
line drawn from the posterior border of the nasal opening, which is 
distant from the feathers on the lores by more than its entire length. 
Tail composed of 16 feathers. Metatarsus shorter than the middle 
toe and claw; the inner claw much more strongly curved than the 
rest. During the breeding-season a deciduous saddle-shaped shield, 
widest towards the ridge of the culmen, covers the base of the bill, 
and on each side of the crown there is a lengthened crest of silky 
golden feathers. 

Range. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific and Bering Sea: 
from ISforth Japan, the Kurile Islands and Kamschatka to the Commander 
Group, across Bering Sea to Alaska, and south to Lower 
California. It has been met with on the coast of Maine and off 
Greenland. 

1. Lun&a cirrhata. 
Alca cirrhata, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. p. 7, pis. i. & v. figs. 1-3 
(1769) [Kamschatka]; Gmel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 553 (1788); Lath. 
Ltd. Orn. ii. p. 791 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tahl Bncycl Meth. i. p. 32, 
pi. x. fig. 4, pi. xi. fig. 1 (1790); Moschler, J.f. 0.1856, p. 335 
[Greenland] ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 96 (1871): Bolau. 

J.f. 0. 1880, p. 132. 
Le Macareux de Kamtckatka, D'Aubent. PL Fnl. x. pi. 52rno. 7611: 
Buff. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 368 (1783). 
Tufted Auk, Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii. p. 513 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. 

iii. pt. i. p. 313, pi. xcv. fig. 1 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 57, 
pi. 170. fig. 1 (1824). 
Lunda cirrhata, Pallas. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 363, pi. Ixxxii. (1811); 

67. R. Grayx List o/B. pt. iiL p; 152 (1844); Reichenb. Natatores, 
fst 

Coues, 

chatka]; Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 297 (1882); vd. Gi-n 

Centralbl 1882, p. 40; id. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. viii. p. 348 (1883);" 

Nelson, Cruise Corwin, p. 115 (1883); Baird, Breto. fy Ridgw 

Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 532 (1884); Dybowski $ Tacz. Bull. Soc 

Z. Fr. ix. p. 147 (1884); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer 
Is., Alaska]; Allen, Auk, ii. p. 388 (1885) [Coast of Maine and 
Greenland; accidental]; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 43, 
pis. i. & ii. (1885) [Commander Is.]; A. O. U. Check-l. p 77 
(1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 10 (1887); Nekon, Rep, N 
H. Alaska, p. 38, pi. ii. fig. 5 (1887); Palmen, Veqa-Exped 
Vetensk. lakttag. v. p. 402 (1887); Stejn. P. U.S. Nat Mns. x. 
p. 119 (1887) [Commander Is.]; Lawrence, Auk, ix. p. 41 (1892) 
[Washington, D.C.I; Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Pitersb. xxxix. p. 1243 
(1893) [E. Siberia]; Grinnell, Auk, xv. p. 124 (1898) fSitkal* 
Seale, P. Ac. Philad. 1898, p. 127. J ' 
Mormon cirrata, Naumann, Isis, 1821, p. 781, pi. vii. fig. 1. 
Fratercula cirrhata, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 240, pi. 296 (1825); Steph. 
in Shaw's Gen. Zool, xiii. pt. i. p. 40 (1826); Vigors, Zool. Journ. 

12 . LTJNDA. 
613 
iv. p. 358 (1829); id. ZooL Toy. 'Blossom; Birds, p. 33 (1839) ; 
G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 637 (1847); Cassm, U.S. Expl. Eaped. 
p. 348 (1858); iV*. P. Ac. Philad. 1862' p. 324 [Sea of Ochotsk]; 
Finsch, Abh. not. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 82 (1872) [E. Siberia, Kamschatka, 
Alaska]; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 341 (1872); Barrows, 
P. Bost Soc. xix. p. 151 (1877) ; Elliot, Seal-Isl. Alaska, p. 134 
(1881); Stearns $ Coues, N. Engl BAife, ii. p. 395 (1883); 
Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 281 (1890). 
Fratercula carinata, Vigors, ZooL Journ. iv. p. 358 (1829) [N.W. 
America"]. 

iiormun 
eirrhatus, Kittl. Isis, 1831, p. 1104; id. Kupfertaf. Nat. 
Tog. i. p. 3, pi. i. fig. 2 (1832) ; Schmz, Nat. Abhild. Vog. p. 373, 
pi. 130 (1833); Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 539 (1834) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. 

iii. p. 364, pi. ccxlix. (1835) ; id. B. Airier, -vii. p. 234, pi. cccclxii. 
(1844); Middend. Sibir. Beise, ii. pt, ii. p. 240 (1851) ; Newberry, 
Bep. Expl Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 110 (1857); Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 902 (1858) : Schrenck, Beise Amur-l. i. p. 503 (1859) ; Cooper 
$SucM. N.H. Wash. Terr. p. 283 (1860); Ball £ Bann. Tr. 
Chicago Acad. i. p. 308 (1869); Ball, P. Calif. Acad. v. pp. 34, 279 
(1873) [Aleutian Is.] ; id. Avif. Aleut p. 10 (1873); Tacz. J.f. 0. 
1876, p. 204 [Ussuri]; id. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 52 (1877) 
[Abrek Bay, E. Siberia]; Blakist. §* Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 210 
[Kurile Is.*; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 179 (1880), x. p. 88 
(1882) [Kurile Is.]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 21; Saunders, Ibis, 
1883, p. 348; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 398 (1882) [Bering 
Is.]. 
Sagmatorrhina latliami, 
Bonap. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 202, pi. xliv. [immature] 
; Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 31; Elliot, B. N. Amer. 

ii. pi. Ixvi. (1869). 
Sagmatorrhina labradoria, Cassin {nee Gmel.) in Baird1s B. N. 
A?ner. p. 904 (1858); Ball 8f Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 309 
(1869) [Kodiak I.]. 

Lunda cirrata, Brandt, Melang. Biol. vii. p. 244 (1869); Bureau, 
Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 395, pi. v. fig. 4 (1877), iv. p. 32, pi. iii. 
(1879) [shedding of bill-ornaments]. 

Phaleris cirrhata, JHarting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 121 [Bering Straits]. 
Fratercula cirrata, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 804 (1884). 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour black; tbe crown, 
back of the neck, and upper parts shining black ; the throat, hinder 
parts of the head, and underparts dark smoky-brown; anterior 
half of the face white, the two sides being united to one another by 
narrow white bands across the fore part of the forehead and chin; 
above the eye a tuft of elongate straw-coloured silky feathers, 
the posterior ones, which are much the longest, being curved 
forward; quills dark brown, paler on the inner web; tail black, 
composed of 16 feathers. " Iris white; terminal part of upper 
and lower mandibles deep orange-red ; basal part light olive-green, 
almost apple-green along the ridge of the culmen; angle of the 
mouth and narrow naked strip of skin between the bill and the 
feathering on the face, as well as the ring round the eye, vermilion; 
legs and feet bright red ; claws horn-colour" (G. E. E. Barrett-
Hamilton). Total length about 16 inches, culmen from feathers on 
forehead to tip 2-2-2-3, from gape to tip 1*85-1-9, greatest depth of 

ALCJ3. 

both mandibles at base l*7-l'7o, wing 7*5-7*9, tail 2'5-2-Qo, 
tarsus 1-3-1*35, middle toe and claw 2-2. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs from the above in lacking 
the long superciliary tufts; the white feathers on the fore part of 
the face replaced by blackish-grey, and the horny covering of the 
basal part of the bill absent. " Basal part of the bill dark brown; 
ring round the eye and feet pale salmon-red'* (L. Stejneger). 

Immature. Similar to the adult in non-breeding plumage, but 
easily distinguished by having the breast and rest of the underparts 
largely mixed with whitish, only the tips of the feathers being 
smoky-grey. 

In still younger examples the grey tips to the feathers of the 
chest and belly are less developed, and the underparts have a whiter 
appearance. 

Nestling* still partially clad in down. Breast and belly pure 
white. 
Young in down. Deep smoky-black, somewhat paler on the 
underparts. 
Bab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Pull. sk. E. coast of Siberia, July. Purchased. 
b-d. 6 2 ad. sk. Kurile Islands, July (0. Snotc). Seebohm Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Kamschatka,surnmer (0. Snow). Seebohm Coll. 
/. 
§ ad. sk. Kamschatka, June 23 (Dr. Seebohm Coll. 
JSchrenck). 

g. $ ad. sk. Petropaulowsk, Kamschatka, G. E. H. Barrett-
autumn. HamUton,Ebq.nP.\ 
h-m. (S ? ad. sk. Bering I., Commander Group, G. E. H. Barrett-
June, July. Hamilton?Esq.[P.l. 
n-p. Ad. et pull. Copper I., Commander Group, G. E. H. Barrettsk. 


Aug. 5. 
Hamilton,Esq.[P.]. 

q. Ad. sk. Bering Straits. Capt.KeUett& Lieut. 
Wood, R.N. [P.]. 
r. Ad. sk. Bering Straits. Purchased. 
s. Imm. sk. Bering Straits. Purchased. (Type of 
Saffmatorrhina fathami, Bonap.) 
t 
& ad. sk. St. Paul I., Pribvloff Group. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 7-10 (M. W. Mbit). 

u. Juv. sk. Alaska (JE. W. Kelson). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v-z. (5 J ad., juv. St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
et pull. sk. Sept.-Oct. (K W. K). 
a',V. 6 2 ad.sk. Stewart I., Alaska, June, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(B. W. N.). 
* This was correctly described by Dybowski, but according to Dr. Stejneger 
the colour of the underparts is not pure white, though in some individuals it is 
quite light; the latter author is, moreover, of opinion that the grey-tipped 
feathers of more adult birds are not produced by a fresh moult. I find, however, 
that in a full-grown young bird (type of 8. laihami) there are a number 
of partially grown breast-feathers; these, unlike those of the adult, are all white 
with grey tips, and similar to those covering the rest of its underparts; and 
it may be that after all Dybowski is right, and that a moult takes place 
between these two phases. 
13 . FR1TERCTJLA. 
c. 5 ad. sk. Kodiak L, Aug. 3. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d\ d ad. sk. Eosario Channel, Vancouver I. Voyage of H.M.S. 
(Dr.Lyall). ' Plumper.' 
e',f. Ad. sk. Haro Channel, Vancouver J. Vovage of H.M.S. 
{Dr.Lyall). l Plumper.' 
g'. Ad. sk. Coast of California (J.Xantus). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h'. Ad. sk. San Francisco, Dec. (K W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Nelson). 
i'-m. cT ad. et Farallone Is., California, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

pull. sk. (F. Gmher). 
71'. Skeleton. Kamschatka. Purchased. 
o'. Skull. 

13. FRATEBCULA. 
Type. 
Fratercula, Brmo?i, Orn. vi. p. 81, pi. vi. fig. 2 (1760) F. arctica. 
Mormon, Illiger, Prodromes, p. 283 (1811) F. arctica. 
Larva, Vieill. Analyse, p. 67 (1816) , . F. arctica. 

CeratoMepkarum;-Sra^,i?z^/. Acad. St Petersb. ii.p. 348 
(1837) F. arctica. 

Bill very deep and much compressed, the ridge of the culmen 
forming a blunt razor-edge ; the breadth, of the upper mandible at 
the base much less than the depth; the terminal portion of both 
mandibles grooved, and the basal outline of the terminal portion of 
the upper mandible concave, or nearly straight and very oblique. 
Inter-ramal feathering not extending to a vertical line drawn from 
the posterior border of the nasal opening, which is distant from the 
feathers on the lores by nearly its entire length. Tail composed of 
16 feathers. Metatarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw; the 
inner claw much more strongly curved than the rest. 

During the breeding-season a deciduous shield, widest towards 
the cutting-edge of the mandible, covers the base of the bill, and the 
eyelids are ornamented with deciduous horny appendages ; but there 
are no ornamental crests. 

Range. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, Bering Sea, Arctic 
Ocean, and Korth Atlantic. 

Key to the JSjpecies in breeding-plumage, 

I. 
Sides of the head and chin grey; black collar on 
the fore-neck not extending beyond the throat; 
basal half of the mandibles dark slate; nails of 
the outer toes moderately curved arctica, p. 616. 
II. 
Sides of the head white, with a narrow ^rey 
stripe behind the eye ; black collar on the tore-
neck continued up to the chin; basal half of 
the mandibles yellow; nails of the outer toes 
strongly curved . , comicidata, p. 620. 
616 
ALOffl. 

1. Fratercula arctica. 
Le Macaraux, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 81, pi. vi. % . 2 (1760); D'Aubent. 
PI. Enl. x. pi. 51 [no. 275]; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 358 
(1783). 

Puffin, Edwards, Glean. N. Hist. pt. iii. pi. 358. fig. 1 (1761); Pennant, 
Brit Zool. ii. p. 512 (1776); id. Arch Zool ii. p. 511 (1785) ; 
Yarrell, Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 362 (1843). 

Alca deleta, Brumi. Orn. Bor. p. 25 (1764). 
Alca arctica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 211 (17(56); Qmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. 

p. 549 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 792 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl. 
Encycl. Meth. i. p. 31, pi. x. fig. 3 (1790); G. B. Gray, Hand-l. 
B. iii. p. 96 (1871); Bernard, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. i. p. 88 (1876). 
Labrador Auk, Pennant, Aret. Zool ii. p. 512 (1785); Lath. Gen. 
Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 318 (1785); id. Gen. Hist x. p. 62 (1824). 
Puffin Auk, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii pt. i. p. 314 (17b5); id. Gen. Hist. 

x. p. 58 (1824). 
Alca labradorica, GmeL S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 550 (1788); Bonnat. Tabl. 
Encycl. Meth. i. p. 33 (1790). 
Alca labradora, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 793 (1790). 
Alca canogularis, Meyer $-Wolf, Taschenb. der Deutschl. p. 442 

(1810). 

Mormon fratercula, 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 614 (1815); id. Man. 
ffiOrn. ed. 2, pt. ii. p. 933 (lb20), pt. iv. p. 580 (1840) ; Meyer, 
Appendix to Meyer <$• Wolf, Taschmb. der Deutschl. p. 177 (1822) ; 
Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Yog. p. 372, ^\. 130 (1833); Gould, B. Bur. 

v. pi. 403 (1837); Schinz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 362 (lb40) ; Kjerboll. 
Damn. Fugle, p. 412, pi. liii. fig. 3 (1852); Liitken, Ornis, 
1885, p. 142,1886, p. 97 [Denmark]; Tschusi u. Homeyer, Ornis, 
1886, p. 174 [local names]; Grondal, Ornis, 1886, pp. 367, 613 
[Iceland], 1887, pp. 600, 602, 606; Koenig, J.f O. Ib93, p. 105 
[Tunis], 
Fratercula arctica, Leach, Systf Cat p. 42 (1816); Staph, in Shaids 
Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. L p. 37, pi. iv. fig. 1 (1826); G. It. Gray, 
List of B. pt. iii. p. 152 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 037 (1847) ; 
JDegl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 521 (1849); Reichenb. Natatores, pi. v. 
figs. 23-25 (1850); Thomps. Nat Hist. Irel iii. p. 221 (1851); 

Waiters, N. Hist B. Irel p. 233 (1853); Wright, Lbis, 1864, 

p. 157 [Malta]; More, Lbis, 1865, p. 451 [Great Britain]; Gould, 
B. Gh Britain, v. pi. 51 (1865); D?gL # Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. 
p. 608 (1867); Corns, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 21; Collett, Forh. 
Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1868, p. 192; Tumb. B, E. Pennsylvania, 
p. 50 (1869); B. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 433 (1871); Coues, Key 
N.Am. B.-p. 340 (1872); Lrby, Orn. Gibraltar,^ 218(1875)*; 
Barrows, P. Bosh Soc. xix. p. 153 (1877); Dresser, B. Europe, 
viii. p. 599, pi. 625 (1877); Bureau, BidL Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 377, 
pi. iv. (1877) [shedding of ornaments of bill]; Corns, Bull. Nuth 
Orn. C. iii. p. 87 (1878); Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. 
p. 103 (1879); Bureau, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. iv. p. 8, pi. 1 (1879): 
Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 220 [Italy]; Merriam, Bull. Nutt Orn. C. 
vii. p. 241 (1882) [Canada] ; lrby, Lbis, 1883, p. 190 [Santander] ; 
Stearns 8f Coues, N. Engl. BAife, ii. p. 394 (1883); Baird, 
Brezo. Sf Bidgic. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 524 (1884); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 802 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. 
iii. p. 364 (1885); Dixon, lbis, 1885, pp. 91, 361 [St. Kilda]; 
13 . FEATEJRCtTLA. 
617 
Saunders, ed. YarrelVs Hist Brit. B. iv. p. 90 (1885); Booth, Rmigh 
Notes, iii. pt. xi. 1 pi. (1886); A. 0. U. Chech-l p. 77 (1886); 
Gigl. Avif Ital pp. 444, 561 (1886); Salvad. TJcc. ltd. p. 295 
(1887); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 11 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, 

p. 399 [Portugal]; Brusina, Soc. Hist-Nat. Croatica, iii. p. 140 
(1838); Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. x. (1889) ; Bishop, Auk, 
Ti. p. 146 (1889) [Magdalen Is.]; Chamberlain, Auk, vi. p. 213 
(1889) rS. Greenland]; Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 691 (1889); 
Gigl Avif. Ital i. p. 658 (1889), ii. p. 651 (1890), iii. p. 511 
(1891); Warren, B. Pennsylvania, p. 9 (1890); Evans, Ibis, 1891, 
p. 83 [incubation lasts 3G days]; Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 207 [Canary 
Is.] ; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, 2nd ed. p. 305 (1895) : Sharpe, Handb. 
B. Gt. Brit. iv. p. 130, pi. ex. (1897). 
Mormon glacialis, Kallmann, Isis, 1821, p. 782, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; 
Werner, Atl bis. d'Eur. pi. 100 (1828); Brehm, Handb. Vog. 
DeutschL p. 998 (1831); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. iv. p. 579 
(1840); Baird, B. K. Amer. p. 903 (1858); Fritsch, Nat. Toy. 
Europa's, p. 493 (1870). 

Mormon 
arcticus, Naumann, Isis, 1821, p. 783, pi. vii. figs. 5-7; 
Kutt Man. Orn. p. 542 (1834); Nilss. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 516 
(1835); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 105, pi. ccxiii. (1835); id. B. 
Amer. vii. p. 238, pi. cccclxiv. (1844); Macgill Brit. B. v. p. 365 
(1852); Schinz, Nat. Tog. p. 222 (1853); Baird, B. N. Amer. 

p. 903 (1858); Jaubert et Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 409 (1859); 
Fitz. Atl. Nat Yog. fig. 344 (1864); Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Furopa's, 
p. 492 (1870), pi. 57. fig. 4 (1871); Palmen, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 65 
[Finland]; Maynard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 498 (1881); Samuels, 
K. fy E. Birds, p. 566 (1883); Sundev. Svensk. Fogl iii. p. 972, 
pi. Iii. ^g. i. (1885). 
Fratercula 
glacialis, Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. i. p. 40, 
pi. iv. fig. 2 (1826); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 153 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 637 (1847); Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 523 (1849) 
[part]; Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 521, pi. vi. [Spitsbergen]; Coues, 

P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 23; Elliot, B. N Amer. ii. pi. lxv. (1869); 
Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 308 [Novaya Zemlva] ; Bureau, Bull Soc. Z. 
Fr. ii. p. 393, pi. v. figs. 1,2 (1877) [shedding of ornaments of bill]; 
Battye, Ibis, 1897, p. 599 [Spitsbergen] ; Pearson, Ibis, 1898, 
p. 207. 
Mormon polaris, Brehm, Isis, 1826, p. 985 [Greenland] ; id. Handb. 
Vog. Deutschl p. 999 (1831). 
Coulterneb, Mont Orn. Diet 2nd ed. p. 103 (1831). 
Mormon graves, Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl p. 999, pi. xlvi. fig. i. 

(1831); Olphe-Galliard, Ibis, 1875, p. 207; Vian, Bull Soc. Z. 

Fr. i. p. 4 (1876). 
Common Puffin, Selby, III Brit Orn. ii. pi. Ixxxiii. (1834^. 
Lunda arctica, Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. p. 236 (1840); Naum. Nat 

Vog. Deutschl xii. p. 577, pi. :*35 (1844) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 

vi. Urinat. p. 28 (1867); Brandt, Melang. Biol vii. p. 241 (1869). 
Uria troile, Wright, Ibis, 1864, pp. 42, 157 [Malta]. ^ 
Alca glacialis, G. R. Gray, Iland-l B. iii. p. 96 (1871). 
Fratercula arctica, var. glacialis, Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 64 [Novaya 
Zemlya]; id. J.f 0. 1872, p. 123. 

Fratercula arctica glacialis, 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd. ed. p. 803 
(1884); Baird, Breio. $ Ridgw. jVater-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 527 
(1884); A. O. U. Check-l p. 77 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. 

B. p. 11 (1887). 
618 ALCJE. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. General colour above, including a 
wide collar surrounding the fore-neck, black; top of the head 
greyish-black, inclining to dark grey on the forehead; chin, throat, 
sides of the head, and a narrow indistinct band across the nape pale 
grey, inclining to whitish on the cheeks; a dark grey band down 
each side of the throat; rest of under parts beneath the black collar 
pure white; some of the inner flank-feathers smoky-black on the 
inner web ; quills brownish black ; underside of wings pale grey, 
inclining to whitish on the lesser under wing-coverts. Tail black, 
composed of 16 feathers. Iris hazel; terminal half of both 
mandibles carmine, followed by a narrow band of pale yellow, basal 
half slate-grey, followed by a second band of pale yellow at the 
base of the upper mandible, and a narrow red one at the base of 
the lower; swollen skin at the angle of the gape orange; orbits 
carmine, horny skin above and below the eye bluish slate; legs and 
feet orange. 

British and Norwegian examples measure :—Total length about 
13 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1*7-1*8, from 
gape to tip 1*4, greatest depth of both mandibles at base 1*35-1*5, 
wing 5*8-6*2, tail 1*7-1*8, tarsus 0*95-1, middle toe and claw 1*51-
7. 

The larger examples from Spitsbergen measure:—Culmen from 
feathers on forehead to tip 1*8-2 inches, from gape to tip 1*4, 
greatest depth of both mandibles at base 1*6-1*75, wing 6*7-7*2, 
tail 2*2, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 1*85-1*9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but with 
the feathers on the fore part of the face and round the eye black. 
The sheath covering the basal half of the upper and lower 
mandibles, as well as the warty skin round the gape, and the 
appendages above and below the eyes are cast towards the beginning 
of September. 

Immature. Similar to the adult in non-breeding plumage, but 
easily distinguished by its much smaller bill, the terminal part of 
which is smooth and entirely devoid of transverse ridges. 

Young in down. Dark smoky-brown, except a large white patch 
on the breast and middle of the belly. 

Obs. Examples from Spitsbergen are conspicuously larger than 
those met with in Norway and the British Isles, and have been 
distinguished under the name of F. glacialis. These birds not only 
have the biU much larger and deeper, but the wing is decidedly 
longer, 6*7 to 7*2 inches. Birds from South Greenland, Iceland, 
and the Faroes are, however, intermediate in size; and the Spitsbergen 
birds can only be regarded as a larger Northern race. 

Hah. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, 
ranging eastward to Novaya Zemlya, westward to Greenland and 
North-eastern North America, south to the coast of Portugal, and 
in winter to the Canary Islands. 

a. Yix ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. 
d. tf ad. et 
imm. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/. (S ad. sk. 

g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i. J ad. bk. 
h. S ad. sk. 
I 2 ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
n~s. 3 
2 ad. et 
pull. sk. [vars.]. 

tj u. Ad. sk. 

v. 2 ad. sk. 
W. 2 JUV. Sk. 
x1 y. Pull. sk. 

s. Pull sk. 
«', b\ PuU. sk. 
<?'. c? ad. sk. 

d'. S ad. sk. 
e'. 2 ad. sk. 
/'. 2 ad. sk. 

g. Ad. sk. 
ti-r. 6 2adsk. 
m'-o'. <3 2 ad. 
sk. 
p'. Juv. sk. 

#'. PuU. sk. 

rf. Ad. sk. 

s'-V. Ad. sk. 

w'. 2 ad. sk. 

x'-b". 6 2 ad. 
et imm. sk. 
c". Ad. et vix 
ad. sk. 
d". 2 ad. sk. 

Wing. 

in. 

6-0 

6-7 

6-2 

6*4 

6-4 
6-3 
6-4 
6-0-6*1 


6-0-6-1 


6-1 


5-8 


6-0 


5-7 

6-0 
5-9 
5-9-6-2 


5-8-5-9 


6-1 
5*7-6-2 
5-9 
6*0-6-1 
7-0 
7-0 


13. EEATEECULA. 
North America. 

Labrador (JET. F. Mutter). 
Mingan, Quebec, Canada, 
July 20 (C. R. Merriam). 

Bay of Fundy (G. A. 
Boardman). 

Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 

Aug. 16. 
Sable Island {J. It. Willis). 
Greenland. 
Lichtenfels, S.W. Green


land, Aug. 11. 
Vestmanna I., S. Iceland. 
Vestmanna I. 
Faroe Islands. 
Faroe Islands, July (If. O. 

Mutter). 

Thorshavn, Faeroe Is., June. 

Orkney Is., summer (U. 21.). 
Orkney Is., Feb. 11 {J. H. 

Dunn). 
Orkney Is. (J. R. £>.). 
Orkney Is (/. R. D.). 

Hoy, Orkney Is. 
St. Kilda, 


St. Kilda, June 9. 
Isle of Man, June 22. 
Isle of Man, June 22. 
Pembrokeshire. 
St. Bride's, S. Wales, 


April 10. 
St. Bride's, June 20. 

St. Bride's, Sept. 10. 

Lundy Island, June. 

Torbay, Devonshire, Feb. 

Flamborough Head. 

Bamborough, Northumberland, 
April 26. 
Christiansund, N. Norway, 
Auo:. & Nov. 
Spitsbergen. 

Spitsbergen, July 5. 

619 

Hudson's Bay Co. 
[P.]. 

F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. Pu Bowdler 

Sharpe [P.]. 
Hume Coil. 
Hume Coll. 

T. Frank, Esq. [P.]. 
Hargitt Coll. 
Col. H. W, Feilden 

[P.]. 
Hargitt Coll. 
Hargitt Coll. 

Hargitt Coll. 
Baron A. von Hiigel 


[p.]. 
Purchased. 
Theodore Walker, 

Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Montagu Coll. 
Lord Kensington' 

pp.]. . 

Lord Kensington 
[p.]. 
Lord Kensington 
[p.]. 

H. Saunders, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Baron A. von Hiigel 

pp.]. 

Earl of Londesborough 
[P.]. 

J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
[P.]. 
N, Hanson [C.]. 

Lords of the Admiralty 
[P.]. 
Col. H." W. Feilden 
[P.]. 

620 

e". Ad. sk. 
/". 6 ad. sk. 
gu. J ad. sk. 

h". § skeleton. 

i". £ trunk. 

k", I". Sternum 
& pelvis. 
m". Skeleton. 
n". Skeleton. 

o". Skull. 

Wing, 
in. 
6-7 

7-0 

7-2 

.. 

ALCJC. 

Cape Starashchin, Spitsbergen, 
June. 
Advent Bay, Spitsbergen, 
June 28. 
Ice Fjord, Spitsbergen, 
Aug. 11. 
St. Brides, S.Wales, June 20. 

St. Brides, S."Wales, June 20. 

St. Brides, S.Wales, June 20. 

Christiansund, X. Norway. 
Spitsbergen, Aug. 

A. 
Trevor - Battye, 
Esq. [P.]. 
A. 
Tret or-Bat tve, 
Esq. [P.]. 
A. Trevor - Battye, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Lord Kensington 

Lord Kensington 
[p.]. 
Lord Kensington 
[p.]. 

N. Hanson [C.]. 
Col. H. W. Feilden 
[P.]. 
Seeboiim Coll. 

2. Fratercula eornicHlata. 
? Puffin Auk, Tar. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 317 (1785). 
Alca arctica, var. /3, ChneL S. 2\T. i. pt. ii. p. 540 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Om. ii. p. 792 (1790). 
Lunda arctica, Pallas (nee Linn.), Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 365, 
pi. lxxxiii. (1811). 

Mormon corniculata, Naumann, Isis, 1821, p. 782, -pi. vii. figs. 3, 4 ; 
Kittl Kupfertaf. Nat. Vog. i. p. 3, pi. i. fig. 1 (1832); Middend. 
Sibir. Reise, ii. pt. ii. p. 240 (1851); Kittl. JDenhtv. Reise, i. p. 301 
(1858) [St. Matthew I.]; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 902 (1858); 
Cassin, P. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 324 [Bering Straits]; Ball $ Bonn. 
Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 308 (1869) [Alaska]; Ball, Avif. Aleut 

p. 10 (1873); id. P. Calif. Acad. v. pp. 34, 279 (1873) [Aleutian 
Is.]; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 52 (1877) [Sea of Ochotskl; 
Blakist. df Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 179 (1880), x. p. m 
(1882); Saunders, Ibis, 1883, p. 348; Seebohn, Ibis, 1884, p. 174 
[Kurile Is.]. 
Mormon septentrionale, Kittl. Isis, 1831, p. 1105. 
Mormon glacialis, Aud. (nee Steph.), Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 599, pi. cexciii. 
(1835); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 404 (1837) ; Sckinz, Burop. Faun. 

i. p. 362 (1840); Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 236, pi. cccclxiii (1844) ; 
Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 120 [Bering Straits]. 
Fratercula glacialis, Vigors, Zool. Voy. 'Blossom] Birds, p. 33 (1839) 
[Alaska] ; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. v.figs. 26-27, pi. vii.figs. 2228-9 
(1850). 

Fratercula corniculata, G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 153 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 637, pi. clxxiv. (1847); Reichenb. Natatores, 
pi. v. fig. 28 (1850); Kittl Benlio. ReUe, ii. p. 224 (1858); 
id. J. f O. 1858, p. 389; Begl. 8r Gerbe, Orn. Burop. ii. p. 609 
(1867) [part]; Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 24; id. Key K 
Am. B. p. 340 (1872); Finsch, Abk. not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 82 
(1872) [Alexandrovsk, E. Siberia; Kamscliatka; Kurile Is.]; 
Bureau, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. ii. p. 394, pi. v. fte. 3 (1877), iv. p. 28 
pl.ii. (1879) [shedding of ornaments of bill]; Barroics, P. Bost. Soc. 

xix. p. 152 (1877); Elliot, Seal-Isl. Alaska, p. 133 (1881); Bean, 
P. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 171 (1882) [St. Matthew I.]; Tacz. 
621 

13 . FEATEECTJLA. 
Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 398 (1882) [Bering LI; Dyboioski, Qrn. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 40; id. Bull Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 297 (1882); Nelson, 
Cruise < Corwm,' p. 115 (1883); Bybowski $ Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. 

ix. p. 147 (1884); Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 801 (1884); 
Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 529 (1884) ; 
Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Nearer Is., Alaska]; Stejn, 
Bull US. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 59, pi. iii. (1885); A. 0. TJ. Check-l 
p. 77 (1886); Palmen, Vega-Exped. Vetensk. Iakttag. v. p. 400 
(1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 11 (1887); Stejn. P. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. x. p. 119 (1887) [Commander Is.]; Nelson, Rep. N E. 
AlaxJca, p. 38, pi. ii. fig. 4 (1887); Seebohm, B. Japan, p. 280 (1890); 
Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1248 (1893) [E. Siberia]; 
Grinnell, Auk, xv. p. 124 (1898) [Sitka]; Scale, P. Ac. PMlad. 
1898, p. 127. 
Lunda 
comieulata, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 28 (1867); 
Brandt, Melang. Biol vii. p. 242 (1869). 
Alca comiculata, G. R. Gray, Eand-l. B. iii. p. 96 (1871). 

Adult hi breeding-plumage. Very similar to F. arctica, but easily 
distinguished by having the black collar across the fore-neck continued 
up to the chin; the sides of the head white, with a narrow 
grey stripe behind the eye, and the forehead and crown blackish 
grey, in contrast to the rest of the upper parts. The superciliary 
horn is also much larger, and the claws longer and more strongly 
curved. Tail composed of 16 feathers. "Iris brownish-grey; 
naked ring round the eye deep orange ; superciliary horn black ; tip 
of the bill to between the second and third grooves red, basal part 
pale chrome-yellow, swollen angle of the gape and inside of the 
mouth orange; legs and feet bright orange-red " (G. K H. Barrett-
Hamilton). 

Adult male* Total length about 16 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 2, from gape to tip 1*5, greatest depth of both 
mandibles at base 1*8-1*85, wing 7*2-7*5, tail 2-6^ tarsus 1*2-1*25, 
middle toe and claw 2. 

Adult female. Total length about 16*6 inches, culmen from feathers 
on forehead to tip 1*9, from gape to tip 1*5, greatest depth of both 
mandibles at base 1*6-1*85, wing 6*9-7,2,tail 2'6-2'65, tarsus 1*11*
15, middle toe and claw 1*75-1*9. 

Adult in non-breeding plumage. Differs in having the sides of the 
head ash-grey, shading into sooty-black on the lores and orbital 
region. The basal shields on the sides of the bill as well as the 
superciliary horns are absent, and the swollen skin at the angle 
of the gape nearly obsolete. u Bill dark brownish, the terminal 
portion lighter and more or less tinged with orange-red; angle of 
the gape pale chrome-yellow; naked space round the eye dusky 
brown; feet pale reddish " {L. Stejneger). 

Immature* Eesembles the adult in non-breeding plumage, but is 
easily recognized by its much, smaller bill. 

Young in down. Like that of F. arctica, all the body being clad 
in dark smoky-brown down, except the middle of the breast and 
belly, which are white. 

022 
ALOE. 

Hah. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from the sea of 
Ochotsk, Kuril e Islands, and Kamschatka to the Commander 
Group, across Bering Sea to Alaska, and south to British GflftMfekia. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b,c. Ad.sk* 
d, e. J ad. et vix
ad. sk.
/. J ad. sk.
g-i. $ ad. sk.

k. J ad. sk. 
l-n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
;;. Ad. sk. 

q-b'. <$ ad. sk. et 
<$ $ ad., imm., 
et pull. sk. 

Sea of Ochotsk (Middendorf). 


Shiashkotan, Kurile Islands, 
June (0. Snow), 
Bering I., Commander Group, 
July. 
Copper I.,Coinmander Group, 
Aug. 12. 

 St. Paul Island, PribyloffGroup, June, July (H. W. 
Elliott). 

W. coast of Alaska, May 9 
(J. W. Johnson). 
Cape Lisburne. 

Kotzebue Sound, Sept. 

Norton Sound. 

St. Michael's, June to Sept. 

[E. W. Nekon). 
c'-f. Ad. heads. St. Michael's, Sept. (E.

W.N.I 
g'~i'. Juv.etpull. Stewart I., Aug., Sept (E. 
sk. W. N.). 
k'-l'. 
$ ad. et Kodiak I, July, Aug. (H. 
pull. sk. W. Henshaio). 

Seehohm Coll, 

Seebokm Coll 

G. E. H. 
Barrett-Hamilton, 
Esq. [P.], 
G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, 
Esq. [P.l 
Salvin-Godman "Doll 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood, R.X. rp.". 
Capt. Kellett &T Lieut. 


Wood, R.X. [P.-. 
Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood, R.N. [P.]. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

* Of. Seebobm, B. Japan, p. 281 (1890). 
IMPENNES. 623 

Order XX. IMPENNES.* 

(By W. R OGILYIE-GEANT.) 

Beak never hooked; nares pervious, holorhinal; no basipterygoid 
processes; palate schizognathous ; vomer blade-shaped, paired, the 
two halves united along* the antero-ventral border; palatines broad 
and flattened posteriorly ; pterygoids expanded into flattened 
lamina distally, never rod-like; interorbital septum perforate; with 
deep supraorbital grooves; lachrymals free, never contributing to 
form the supraorbital grooves, and without conspicuous lateral 
wings when the skull is viewed dorsally, its lower limb pedate, 
articulating with the quadrato-jugal bar; rnaxiUo-palatine processes 
in the form of slender curved rods, never laminate. 

Sternum half as broad as it is long, with a pair of notches 
posteriorly, a spina externa, and with the keel projecting forward 
beyond the corjnis stemi; pre-coracoid and acro-coracoid large; 
scapula of great breadth and truncate posteriorly. 

All the bones of the pectoral limb much flattened dorso-ventrally; 
humerus with a large non-pneumatic fossa at its proximal end; 
obliquely truncate distally and grooved for large, ossified sesamoids ; 
ulnare of great size, and more or less triangular in outline; first 
and second metacarpals indistinguishably fused with one another 
and the former without phalanges. 

Pelvic limb with the tarso-metatarsus nearly as broad as long. 
Metatarsals more or less completely separated one from the other by 
grooves; no ecto-trocblear foramen; n. trochlea shorter than the 
in. and not directed backwards. (W. P. Pycraft.) 

* The following papers refer to the anatomy etc. of the group:—Reid, P. Z. S. 
1835, p. 132 [anatomy of A. patagonica] ; Brandt. M£in. Acad St. Petersb. 
^6) v. pt. ii. pp. 164, 213-217, pis. xii., xiii. (1839) [osteology]; Huxley, 
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 458; Coues, Pr. JBost. Soc. xiv. pp. 251-253 (1872); Hyatt, 
Pr. Post. Soc. xiv. pp. 238-241 (1872); Garrod, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 470 [carotids 
present], p. 642 [muscles], 1875, p. 348 [plantar tendons]; Gervais & Ahx, 
Journ. 2ool. vi. pp. 424-472, pis. xvi., xvii. (1877) [osteology and myology]; 
Jullien, Bull. Soc. Z. Pr. iv. pp. 374-382, pis. viii., ix. (1879) [anatomy of 
A. patagonica]; M.-Ed wards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) ix. Art. 9, pp. 1-82, pis. 17-20, 
and map of distribution (1880); Filhol, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) vi. p. 226 
(1882) [osteology], vii. p. 9293 (1883) [circulatory system, muscles] ; Kathusius, 
J. f. 0.1882, p. 293 [egg-shell of Sphenisous]; Watson, Voy. Ohall. vii. pp. 1243, 
pis. i-xix. (1883); Beddard, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 843 [visceral anatomy]; 
Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 367; Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. 1887, pp. 483-587, pi. viii. 
[osteology]; Beddard, P. Z. S, 1888, pp. 252-258 [visceral anatomy]; Gadow, 
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 665 [development of remiges]; Berkessy, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 
1891, pp. 22, 23, 45, 46, 87, 88, 118, 119; Mitchell, P. Z. S. 1896.. p. 142 
[intestinal tract]. 
624 
IMPEDES. 

Key to the Genera* 

I. 
Both mandibles long, relatively slender, and 
curved downward towards the tip; tail 
relatively rather short, composed of 20 
feathers," scarcely surpassing the upper tail- [p. 626. 
coverts in length: size very large 1. APTENODYTES, 
II. 
Bill moderately long, the lower mandible 
never curved downward towards the tip : 
size moderate or relatively small. 
A. 
Tail relatively long, composed of 12, 14, 
or 16 feathers; upper tail-coverts short. 
a. 
Bill moderately long or short, never very 
stout; the culminicorn being divided 
by a groove from the latericorn, which 
is never swollen ; feathering at the 
angle of the gape closely approaching 
or entirely concealing the basal third 
of the toinia. No superciliary band of 
golden feathers 2. PYGOSCELIS, p. 630. 
b. 
Bill moderately long and very stout, the 
culminicorn being divided by a deep 
groove from the latericorn, which is 
much swollen towards the base; 
feathering at the angle of the gape 
leaving the tomia and the greater 
part of the base of the upper and 
lower mandibles exposed. A superciliary 
band of more or less elongate [p. 635. 
golden feathers 3. CATARRHACTES, 
* Doubtful Species. 
\. Le Manchot a Collier de la Nbuvelle G-uinee, Sonnerat, Voy. M Gum 

p. 180, pi. 114X1776). 
Aptenodytes torquata, Forster, Comment. Gottingensi.% iii. p. 146 (1781); 
Gmel. S.JSr. i. pt. ii. p. 558 (1788); Latham, Lid. Orn. ii. p. 880 (1790); 
Lonnat Tabl Encycl Metk i. p. 69, pi. 18. fig. 3 (1790); Reichenb.
Natatory pi. ia. fig. 13 (1850). 

Collared Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 571 (1785): id. Gen. 
Hist x. p. 391 (1824). 
Apterodyta platirhingos, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. pt. ii. p. 91 

(1786). 
Three-toed Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Hist. x. p. 393 (1824). 
Chrysocotna torquata, Stcph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. siii. p. 60 (1820). 

Head, throat, back and sides of neck, and upper parts black; fore-neck and 
rest of underparts white; the white of the fore-neck forming a half-collar, below 
the black throat and extending across the sides of the neck; naked space surrounding 
tbe eye blood-red; beak, feet, and iris black. 

Sonnerat does not give anything but a short description of this species, and 
it is uncertain whether his description was taken from a specimen actually 
obtained, or merely from birds observed during his travels. Forster noticed 
Penguins answering perfectly to the above description in the neighbourhood of 
Kerguelen and South Georgia, but did not obtain specimens, and his description 
was based on observations made from the ship. The naked red space 

IMPEDES, 
*>25 

B. 
Tail relatively short, composed of 20 
feathers ; upper tail-coverts short. Bill 
moderately long, not very stout, the 
, 
culminicorn being divided "by a groove 
from the latericorn, -which is not much 
swollen towards the base j feathering at 
the angle of the gape leaving the tomia 
and greater part of the base of the mandibles 
exposed. Superciliary bands of 
short golden feathers, united at the back [p. 644. 
of the crown 4. MEGADYPTES, 

C. 
Tail very short, composed of 16, 18, or 
20 feathers, which are almost entirely 
concealed by the longer upper tail-
coverts ; groove dividing the culminicorn 
from the latericorn inconspicuous. 
c. 
Basal part of mandibles entire: size 
small 5. EUDYPTULA, p. 645. 
d. 
Basal part of mandibles furrowed by [p. 648. 
numerous longitudinal ridges 6. SPHENISCUS, 
surrounding the eye was specially noted. So far as is known no species of 
Penguin has a conspicuous naked space round the eye; and if the descriptions 
of these two writers are merely based on birds observed from a distance, 
it seems not improbable that they may have mistaken some species of 
Cormorant. 

The bill and head of the bird figured by Sonnerat are certainly more like 
those of some species of Cormorant. ^ 
Coues considers A. torquata, Forst., to be " a variety of demersus" but this 
view seems obviously untenable. 

2. Diomedea chilensis, Molina, Hist. Nat Chili, p. 210 (1786), ed. Gall. 
p. 217 (1789). 
Aptenodytes chiloensis & A. chilensis, GmeL 8. K i. pt. ii. p. 559 (1788) 
[based on Molina's descriptions]. 
Pinguinus chilensis, JBonnat. TabL Encycl. Meth. i. p 30 (1790). 
Aptenodytes molinse, Latham,, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 881 (1790). 

These are also said by Coues to be descriptions of the young of S. demersus. 
It is just possible that Molina may have had before him the young of 8. hiwiboldti, 
but even this is very doubtful. 

3. 
New-Holland Pinguin, Latliccm, Gen. Hist x. p. 388 (1824). 
Spheniscus nov£e-hollandiae, Stsph. in Shaw's Gen. tool. sin. pt. i. p. 68 
(1825). 
This may be founded on an immature specimen of C. paehyrhynchus or 

M. antipodum, but the meagre description makes it impossible to identify the 
species referred to with certainty. 
4. EUDYFTES sp. ?—" Intermediate in size between the Emperor and Black-
throated Penguins, having a yellow patch under each eye and a red supraciliary 
crest extending backwards on each side to a length of 3 to 4 inches." A 
rookery of this Penguin was met with on the South Orkneys by Capt. Larsen, 
and two specimens were preserved but afterwards lost. Believed to be an 
undescribed species.—Cf. Donald, P. K. Soc. Edinb. xii. p. 176 (1894). 
2s 

VOL. xxvr. 

D^ O 
J.JEiMiJNJXJfcL.a. 

1. APTENODYTES. 
Type. 
Aptenodytes, Forster, Comment. Gottingensis, iii. 


p. 133 (1781); Hyatt, Br. Bost Soc. xiv. p. 241 
(1872) A. patagonica. 
Apterodita, Scop, Bel Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 91 
(1786) A. patagonica. 
Pinguinaria, Shaio, Mas. Lever, p. 144 (1792) A. patagonica. 

Both mandibles long, relatively slender, and curved downward 
towards the tip; culminicorn divided by a deep groove from the 
latericorn. Tail relatively rather short, composed of 20 feathers, 
which scarcely surpass the longer upper tail-coverts in length. 
Size very large. 

Range. Prom the Straits of Magellan to the ATacquarie Islands 
and New Zealand, and southwards to the shores of the Antarctic 
continent. 

Key to the Species, 

I. 
Basal half of the lower mandible partially concealed 
by feathers; black of the throat meeting 
the white of the fore-neck in a concave semicircle 
; yellow semicircular patch on each side 
of the head shading into white on the side of 
the neck which is partially divided by a black 
shoulder-patch forsteri, p. 026. 
II. 
Basal half of the lower mandible bare ; black of 
the throat ending in a point on the fore-neck and 
margined on either side by orange-yellow bands 
which connect the orange-yellow patches on 
each side of the head with that on the lower 
fore-neck patagonica^ p. 627. 
1. Aptenodytes forsteri. 
Aptenodytes 
forsteri, G. M. Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 315 
(1844); id. List B. pt. iii. p. 156 (1844) [lat. 64° to 77° S.1; id. 
Gen. B, iii. p. 642, pi. 176. fig. 2 (1846); Owen, P. Z. S. 1865, 

p. 438 [anatomy]; G. It. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 99 (1871); id. 
Voy. Erebus 8? Terror, Birds, pi. 31 (1875); Sclater, Ibis, 1888, 
p. 325, figs. 2 & 4 [part, svnonvmy] [lat. 65° 48' S., long. 
157° 36' W.l; Donald, P. B. Soc. Edinb. xx. pp. 172,174 (1894) 
TErebus & Terror Gulf, lat. 64° 20' S.]; id. P. B. Bhys. Soc. Edinb. 
iii. p. 329 (1894); Sclater, Ibis, 1894, p. 499. 
Aptenodytes imperator, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 775 (1856). 
Spheniscus patagonicus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 3 
(1867). 
Aptenodytes patasronica, Coues (nee Forst), P. Ac. Philad. 1872, 

p. 192 j Hyatt, P. Bost Soc. xvii. p. 94 (1875). 
Aptenodytes patachonica, Sharpe (nee Forst), Voy. Erebus & Terror. 
App. p. 38 (1875). 

Adult. General colour of the upper parts bluish grey, each feather 
with a dark base and a bluish-white subterminal spot; top of the 
head, cheeks, chin, and throat deep black; a large semicircular 

1 . APTE^OBYTES. 
627 

orange-yellow patch on each, side of the head, shading gradually 

into white on the neck ; a wide blackish band bordering the 

shoulder, and ending in an obtuse point partially divides the white 

sides of the neck; fore-neck and rest of nnderparts white; upper 

surface of flippers like the back, under surface pure white. Tail 

composed of 20 feathers, which scarcely exceed the longer upper 

tail-coverts in length. Inter-ramal space entirely feathered; greater 

part of the basal half of the lower mandible feathered, leaving only 

the expanded and coloured edge naked at the gape. Tarsi covered 

with feathers which conceal the base of the outer toe. Total 

length about 48 inches; culmen from gape 4*5, from feathering on 

nasal opening to tip 2 ; flipper, from shoulder to tip 12*6-12-9; 

tail 3-8. 

McCormick records the weight of one of the adult specimens 

obtained by him as 64 J lb. Donald records two birds weighing 

respectively 74 lb. and 60 lb.; the vertical height of the latter was 

45 inches, the greatest circumference 37 | inches, and the length 

from tip to tip of the flippers S6\ inches. Eoss gives the weight as 

60-78 ib. 

Immature. Differs from the adult in its smaller size and in 

having the semi-circular patches on the sides of the head whitish, 

with only the slightest trace of yellow; chin and throat white, 

heavily mottled with black. 

In a still younger bird the semi-circular patches on the sides of 

the head are absent, these parts being greyish black like the rest 

of the head; throat white mixed with black. 

Hah. Shores of the Antarctic continent. 

a-c. Ad. et imm. st. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. 

d. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. 
e. Imm. st. Antarctic Seas, lat. 64° S. Antarctic Exped. 
ff g. Ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Seas, McCorniick Bequest. 
Dec. (R. McCormick). 

h. Ad. skel., mounted. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. 
i-L 
Ad. et imm. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. 
skeletons. 

2. Apteno&ytes patagoniea.* 
Patagonian Pinsniin, Pennant, Phil Trans. Iviii. p. 91, pi. v. (1768); 
id. Genera Bi?-dsf p. 55; pi. xiv. (1781); Latham, Gen. Sgn. vi. 

p. 593 (1785); id. Gen. Hist B. x. p. 390 (1824). 
Le Manchot des Isles Malouines, IfAubent, PL JEJnl. x. pi. 56 
[no. 975]. 
Le Manchot de la Nouvelle Guin^e, Sonnerat, Yog. N. Gum, p. 179, 
pi. 113 (1776). 

* In spite of what GL B<. Gray has written to the contrary [Ann. Mag. N. H. 
siii. p. 315 (1844)], there cannot be the slightest doubt that the Aptenodytes 
patagoniea figured in Miller's ' Cimelia Physiea/ pi. xxiii. (1796), is the same 
species as the bird figured by Pennant, Phil. Trans. Iviii. pi. v. (1788). 
Miller's figure is of course wrongly coloured, the upper parts being painted 
black, but it is certain that the bird he figures is meant for a '• King/' not an 
"Emperor" Penguin. As evidence of this we find the naked base of the 

2s2 

628 
IMPENDS. 

Aptenodytes patachonica, Forster, Comment. Gottingensis, iii. p. 137, 
pi. ii. (1781) [Magellan ; Falkland Is. j S. Georgia] ; id. Icon. ined. 
pi. 81; Grnel 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 556 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. 

p. 878 (1700) j Bennett, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 34 iliabits on Macquarie 
I.]: Reid, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 182 [anatomy; East Falkland 1.1; 
Casdn, U.S. Bxpl. Biped, p. 349 (1858) [lat. m° 52' S., long. 
150° 25' E.] ; Fits. Atl. Nat. Voy. % 347 (18(>4). 
Le Grand Manchot, Buff. Hist Nek. Ois. is. p. 399, pi. xxx.(1783). 
Apterodita longirostris, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 91 
(1780). 
Aptenodyta patagonica; Bomiat. Tall. Fncycl. Meth. i. p. C6, pi. 16. 

fig. 3 (1790). 
Piuguinaria patachonica, Shaw, Mus. Lever, p. 144, pi. (1792). 
Pinguinaria patagonica, Shaw in Miller, Cimelia Physica, p. 45 

(1796). 

Aptenodytes patagonica, Miller, Cimelia Physica, pi. xxiii. (1796) ; 
Wedded, Froriep's Notizen, xii. p. 198 (1825); Steph. in Shaids 
Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 55, pi. 7 (1825); Licht. ed. Foist. Descrip. 
Ani?n. p. 347 (1844) ; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. i. figs. 3 & 4 
(1850); Layard, Ibis, 1807, p. 459. 

Patagonian Penguin, Shaw fy 2s odder, Nat. Misc. xi. pi. 409 (1799). 
Hairy Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Hist. x. p. 392 (1824); Yarrell, 

P. Z. S. 1833, p. 33. 
Woolly Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Hist. x. p. 392, pi. 181 (1824); 
Yarrell, R Z. 8. 1833, pp. 33, 05. 
King Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 55 (1825) [habits on 

I. of S. Georgia], 
Aptenodytes 
pennantii, G. R. Gray, Ann. Mag. N. II. xiii. p. 315 
(1844); id. List B. nt. iii. p. 156 (1844) [Falkland Is.: Kerguelen 
Land]; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 642 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. i. 
figs. 1 & 2 (1850) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 [Falkland Is."; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 [Falkland Is.]; Abbott, Ibis, 1801, 

p. 163 [Falkland Is.] ; Sclater, Ibis, 1862, p. 242 ("Stewart L" ; id. 
P. Z. S.1865, p. 818; 1868,p.527 [E. Falkland]:"Sclater#Salrin, 
Ibis, 1809, p. 284 [Tyssen Is., Falkland Sound]; G. P. Gray, 
Hand-l B. iii. p. 99 (1871); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 274; 
Hyatt, P. Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 247 (1872) [Straits of Magellan1; 
G. JR. Gray, Voy. Frebus § Terror, Birds, pi. 32 (1875); Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 763 [Staten I., Tierra del Fuego]; id. Ibis, 
1888, pp. 331, 832, figs. 1 & 3; Hamilton, Tr. N. Zeal Inst. 
xxvii. p. 559 (1895) [Macquarie I.]. 
Aptenodytes rex, Bonap. C. R. xiii. p. 775 (1856). 
Aptenodytes for&teri, Sclater (nee G. R. Gray), Ibis, 1860, p. 432 
[Falkland Is.] ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 325 [part]. 
Spheniscus pennantii, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas. vi. Urinat. p. 3 
(1867) [Falkland Is.]. 
Aptenodytes longirostris, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 193 [Falkland 
Is. $ Kerguelen; Stewart I.]; Sharjpe, Voy. Frebus % Terror 

mandible, the narrow orange-yellow line passing down the side of the throat and 
joining the orange-yellow chest, and the terminal black patch on the under 
surface of the flipper. 

The fact is that the " Emperor" Penguin was probably unknown, certainly 
not described or figured, till Gray characterized it in 1844, and all the descriptions 
of the " Patagonian Penguin," Aptenodytes patagonica etc. of the earlier 
writers refer to the " King Penguin" only. Under these circumstances the 
name A. patagonica must stand* 

629 

1. AJPrEtfODYIES. 
App. p. 37 (1875); Kidder $ Corns, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. % 

p. 39 (1875) [habits on Kersruelen]; Sclater 8? Salvin, P.Z.S. 
1878, p. 853 : Sclater, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 [eggs from Marion and 
Herd Is.]; Sharpe,PML Trans, clxviii. p. 152'(1879) [Kerguelen]; 
Sclater <$• Salvin, Toy. CIialL,Zool. Birds, p. 122 (1880) [Kerguelen; 
Marion I.; Falkland Is.] ; Butter, B. N Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 306 
(183S) [Stewart I.]; Studer, Forschungsreise S.M.S. Gazelle, iii. 
p. 104 (1889) ; Steinen, Intermit. Polarforsch. Deutsohen Exped. ii. 
pp. 229-237, 273-276, pis. 7-8 (1890)'[South Georgia] ; Moseley, 
Notes Voij. Qhall p. 152, fig. (1892); Hazard, Auk, si. p. 280, 
pi. viii. (1894) [breeding habits]. 
Adult. General colour of the upper parts bluish grey as in 

A. forsteri, but shading into pearl-grey on the back of the neck, 
shoulders, and upper tail-coverts ; top of the head, cheeks, throat, 
and upper part of fore-neck deep black with a distinct greenish-
yellow gloss ; the black on the fore-neck terminating posteriorly in 
a point; a large oval patch of orange-yellow on each side of the 
head, continued in a narrow band down each side of the throat and 
dividing the pearly-grey of the back and sides of the neck from the 
black of the fore-neck; these orange-yellow bands uniting with one 
another at the base of the fore-neck gradually widen into a deep 
orange patch which shades into yellow and disappears on the white 
breast and underparts; the pearly-grey sides of the neck closely 
approach one another on the fore part of the neck, and are edged 
by a narrow black band which passes down the shoulder, increasing 
in width as it approaches the base of the nipper; upper surface of 
flippers grey like the upper parts, under surface white with a large 
terminal black patch. As in A. forsteri, the inter-ramal space is 
entirely feathered, but the basal half of the lower mandible is bare. 
The feathering on the tarsi does not extend so low down as in the 
previous species, never covering the base of the outer toe. u Iris 
bright brown; tarsus and foot black; claws black; upper mandible 
black, lower mandible black anteriorly, flesh-coloured over the 
posterior half" {Kidder). 
In two examples the yellow patches on the sides of the head 
closely approach one another or are confluent on the nape: one of 
these birds was obtained on the Falkland Islands, the other on the 
Snares. Probably these specimens are very old birds. 

Total length about 36 inches, culmen from gape to tip 4*7, from 
nasal feathers to tip 2*4, flipper from shoulder to tip 12, tail 3*2. 

An immature bird differs from the adult in having the orange 
markings on the sides of the head and throat, and the fore-neck 
white merely tinged with yellow. 

Young attaining first plumage. Head and neck clothed with 
smoky-brown down; plumage of the back and flippers dark bluish 
grey, intermixed with long down, especially on the shoulders and 
lower back and, in patches, on the flippers; chest yellowish, with 
very long, hair-like, smoky-brown down ; rest of the underparts 
white as in the adult. Total length about 32 inches, culmen from 
nasal opening to tip 2*3, from gape to tip 4*1, flipper 12. (Mm. 
Rothschild.) 

630 
IMPEffNES. 

Young in down. Entirely clothed in long hairy down of a smoky-
brown tint, rather paler on the forehead, back of the neck, and 
flipper. Total length about 15-5 inches. 

Bab. Straits of Magellan, Falkland Is., South Georgia, Marion L, 
Kerguelen. Land, Maequarie Is., Snares Is., and Stewart I. 

a. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. H. Walker, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Pull. st. Falkland Islands. Hardwicke Bequest. 
c. Ad. sk, Falkland Islands. Hardwicke Bequest. 
d. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Old Coll. 
«,/• d 2 ad. sk. Falkland Islands. 6Challenger' Exped. 
g, h. Ad. et Falkland Islands {Leconte). Salvin-Godnmn Coll. 
imm. sk. 
I Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. Antarctic Exped. 
k <$ ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen. * Challenger' Exped. 
I Ad. sk. Swain's Bay, Kerguelen (A. E. Transit of Venus 

Eaton). 
Exped. 

m. Ad. sk. Marion Island. ' Challenger? Exped. 
rt.Ad.sk. Macquarie Island. H.Travers, Esq.[C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Stewart Island, New Zealand, Baron A. von Hiigel 
Dec. [P.] 
p. Ad. skel., Falkland Islands. l Challenger* Exped. 
mounted. 
q-8. Ad. skeletons. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped. 

t. Skull. 
u3 v. Ad. in spirits. ' Challenger' Exped. 
2. 
PYGOSCELIS. 
Type. 
Pygoscelis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 281; Hyatt, Pr. Bost. 
Soc. xiv. p. 242 (1872) ^ P. papua. 
Dasyrhamphus, Rombron ty Jacquinot, Voy. Pole Sud, 
Zool. iii. p. 154 (1853) ' P. adelii©. 
Pygoscelys, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 775 (1856) P. papua. 

Bill moderately long or short, never very stout, the eulminicora 
divided by a groove from the latericorn, which is never swollen. 
Feathering at the angle of the gape closely approaching or entirely-
concealing the basal third of the tomia. Tail relatively very long, 
composed of 12,14, or 16 feathers; upper tail-coverts short. No 
superciliary band of golden feathers. Size moderate. 

Range. Straits of Magellan to the Macquarie Islands and southwards 
to the Antarctic continent. 

Keg to the Species. 

L Chin and throat greyish- or brownish-black. 

A. A wide white band commencing above the eye, 
curving backwards across the crown; flipper 
margined with white on both edges jpapua^. 631. 
B. No band across the crown; inner margin only 
m -°f flip pei; bordered wit]l wMte

TT, 
aM^V- £32. 

11. 
kjhm ma throat white ,• a narrow black line 
crossing the throat in a semi-circle from ear to 
ear-' *"*< < antarctica^ p. 634. 
2 . PYGOSCELIS. 
631 
1. Pygoscelis papua. 
Le Manchot Papou, Sonnerat, Voy. N. Guin. p. 181, pi. 115 (1776). 
Aptenodytes papua, Forster, Comment. Gottinyensis, iii. p. 140, pi. iii. 

Papuan Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt.ii. p. 565 (1785): id. Gm. 

Hist. x. p. 388 (1824). 
Apterodita papuge, Scop. Bel. Flor. et Faun. Insuhr. ii. p. 91 (1786). 
Aptenodyta papua, Bonnat. Tabl. EncycL Meth. i. p. 67, pi. 17. 

%. 3 (1790). 
Ohrysocoma papua. Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 59 
(1825). 
Pygoscelis papua, G. R. Gray, ListB. pt.iii. p. 153 (1844); [Falkland 
Is.; Kerguelen] ; Reiehenb. Natatores, pi. ii.fig. 738 (1850); Hyatt, 

P. Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 249 (1872) ; G. R. Gray, Voy. Erebus 8f 
Terror, Birds, pi. 2D (1875) ; Steinen, Internat. Polarforsch. 
Deutschen Exped. ii. pp. 221-229, pis. 9, 10 (1890) [S. Georgia] ; 
Donald, P. R. Soc. Edinb. xx. p. 175 (1894) [lat. 63° 377 S., 
long. 55° 30' W., east of Paulet I., & lat. 63° 18' S., long. 5Q° 35' W., 
Dundee I., breeding, 6th Jan.] 
Eudyptes papua, 
G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641 (1846); Reiehenb. 
Natatores, pi. eclxiv. fig. 2220 (1850); Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exped. 

p. 350 (1858) [Macquarie I.]; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 [egg 
from Falkland Is. described]; Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336 [Falkland 
Is., habits] ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 98 (1871). 
Aptenodytes taeniata, Peale, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 264 
(1848). 
Pygosceles wagleri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 [Falkland Is.]; 
Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 [Falkland Is.]; Sclater, Ibis, 1862, 

p. 243 [Macquarie Is.]; id. P. Z. S. 1868, p; 527. 
Spheniscus papua, Schley. Mus. Pays~Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 5 (1867) 
Pygoscelis papuensis, Van der Hoeven,fide G. R> Gray, Hand-l. B. 

iii. p. 98 (1871). 
Pygoscelis tseniatus, 
Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 195 [Falkland, 
Kerguelen, & Macquarie Is.]; Kidder fy Coues, Bull. US. Nat. 
Mus. no. 2, p. 41 (1875) [habits on Kerguelen]; Sharpe, PHI. 
Trans, clxviii. p. 154 (1879); Butter, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 304 
(1888) [Macquarie I.]; Studer, Forschungsreise S.M.S. Gazelle, 

iii. p. 105 (1889); Moseley, Notes Voy. 'Chall. p. 151 (1892); 
Sclater, Ibis, 1894, p. 500; Donald, P. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xii. 
p. 334 (1894). 
Pygosceles tseniatus, Sclater fy Salvin, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 653; Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 [eggs from Falkland Is.]; Sclater § Salvin, 
Voy. Chall., Zool. Birds, p. 124 (1880) [Kerguelen; Marion L; 
Heard I.] 
Adult General colour of the upper parts slate-grey, each feather 
with a dark base and a bluish-grey tip; head and neck brownish 
black; a wide white band across the crown between the eyes. In 
most examples there are a number of scattered white plumes about 
the head and neck. Chest and rest of underparts pure white. 
Flipper greyish brown above, edged on both sides with white; below 
white, with a black patch at the extremity. Tail in adults composed 
of 16 feathers, in young birds of 18 feathers, the small white 

632 
I3JIPJENN.ES. 

outermost pair disappearing in the adults. Total leDgth about 
30 inches, culmen from nasal feathers to tip 1*8, from gape to tip 
3-65, flipper from shoulder to tip 9, tail 6, middle toe and claw 
3-34. 

Adult in worn plumage. Upper parts brownish, thickly mottled 
with black, the blue-grey ends to the feathers having become abraded. 

" Iris rich brown, pupil lozenge-shaped when contracted; lower 
mandible and lower margin of upper mandible brilliant orange, 
upper portion and tip of upper mandible black; tarsus and feet 
orange-coloured, claws black" (Kidder). 

Immature. Differs only from the adult in having a much smaller 
bill, and the chin and throat white, mottled with greyish black. 

Young in down. Body entirely clothed in down. Top of the head, 
upper parts, patch on the shoulder, and upper surface of the flipper 
deep ashy, the latter widely edged on both margins with white; 
chin, throat, sides of the head and neck, and rest of the underparts 
white, this colour extending farther up the sides than in the adult 
and forming a wide white band between the dark ashy flipper and 
the back. Only the upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers are making 
their appearance. Total length about 24 inches ; bill from nasal 
feathers to tip 1*3, from gape to tip 2*7; flipper 9. (21us. 
Rothschild.) 

Hah. The Gentoo Penguin inhabits the Falklands. South Georgia, 
Marion I., Kerguelen Land, Heard I., Maequarie Islands, Paulet I., 
and Dundee I. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Zeconte). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. Vix ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett & 
Capt. Fitzroy [P.]. 
<£,e.Ad.sk.etst. Kerguelen Land. Antarctic Exped. 
f-k Ad., vix ad. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen ' Challenger' Exped. 
et imm. sk. Land. 
I Ad. sk. Cumberland Bay Point, KerMcCormick 
Bequest 
guelen Land, June 17 (R. 
McCormick). 

m. $ imm. sk. Maequarie Islands. Otago Museum [E."1. 
n. Ad. skel., Falkland Is. 
Prof. D'Arcy Thomp


mounted. 

son [P.l 

o. Ad. skel. Falkland Is. 
Antarctic Exped. 

PJ q. Ad. skel. & Falkland Is. 

'Challenger' Exped. 

1 skull. 

r. Ad. skel. Falkland Is. 
Capt. Abbott [P.]. 

$-~x. Ad. et 2 Falkland Is. 

•* Challenger' Exped. 

juv.,Spull. in 
spirits. 
y, z. Ad. head Falkland Is. 

{ ChallengerJ Exped. 

in spirits. 

2. Pygoscelis adeliae. 
Catarrhactes adelise, Hombron 8? Jacquinot. Ann. Set. Nat W(T\ xvi 
p. 320 (1841) [Adelie Land]. '
^B^^ s 
ba,fviro8tris, <?. R. Gray, List B. pt.iiL p. 154 (1844) flat. 
64~7|° S., long. 171°, Louis Philippe Lancf]; id. Gen. R iii. p. 164 

2 . PTGOSCELIS. 
633 
Eudyptes adeliae, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641 (1846); Reichenb. 
Ratatores, pi. i. fig. 5 (1850); Cassin, US. Expl Exped. p. 352 
(1858); G. P. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 99 (1871); id. Voy. Erebus 
|- Terror, Birds, pi. 28 (1875). 

Aptenodytes longieaudata, Peale, Zool U.S. Expl Exped., Birds, 

p. 261, pi. 70. fig. 2 (1848) [lat. 64° 40' S., long. 103° 4' E.l. 
Spheniscus adelise, Reichenb. JSatatores, pi. cclxiv. fig. 2219 (1850) ; 
Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 4 (1867) [Adelie Land; 
Victoria Land], 

Dasyramphus adelias, Hombron <§• Jacquinot, Voy. Pole SudJZool. iii. 

p. 155, pi. 33. fig. 1 (1853) ; Donald, P. R. Soc. Edinb. xx. p. 170 
(1894) rSouth Shetlands; Joinville Land; Danger Is.]; id. P. R 
Rhys. Soc. Edinb. xii. p. 331 (1894). 
Dasyrhaniphus 
hereulis, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 322, pi. xxv. 
[immature from Antarctic Seas]; Salvad. Atii Ace. Torino, IX. 

p. 634 (1874). 
Eudyptes hereulis, G. R. Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 99 (1871). 
Pvgoscelis adelige, Hyatt, P. Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 250 (1872); Cones, 
"P. Ac. Fhilad. 1872, p. 196; Sclater, Ibis, 1894, p. 499. 

Adult. General colour of the upper parts as in P. papua; 
feathers covering the nostrils, forehead, and top of the head like the 
hack, each feather with a bluish-grey extremity ; sides of the head, 
chin, and throat brownish-black, the black terminating in a sharp 
point on the base of the throat; rest of the underparts pure white. 
Upper surface of flippers like the back, the inner edge only margined 
with white; under surface white, edged externally with black and 
with a terminal blotch of the same colour. Tail composed of J, ^ 
feathers. Total length about 30 inches, culmen from nasal feathers 
to tip 1*1, from gape to tip 2*2, flipper from shoulder to tip 7, 
tail 7, middle toe and claw 3*25. 

laimature. Differs in having the bill much smaller, the throat 
white like the rest of the underparts, and the black patch on the 
under surface of the flipper wanting. 

Hab. Antarctic continent: Adelie Land, South Victoria Land, 
South Shetlands, Joinville I., Danger I., and Louis Philippe Land. 


a. Imm. sk. Antarctic Seas, Dec. 22. Antarctic Exped. 
b. Imm. sk. Antarctic Seas, lat. 72° S. Antarctic Exped. 
c. J ad. sk. Antarctic Seas, lat. 72° S. Antarctic Exped. 
d. e. (S ad. sk. Antarctic Seas, lat. 64° S. Antarctic Exped. 
et st. 
/. Ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Seas (P. McCormick Bequest. 

McCor?nick). 

o. Ad. sk. Possession Island, Victoria McCormick Bequest. 
Land, Jan. 12 (P. McC). 
h. 
Ad. sk. Ice off Louis Philippe Land, McCormick Bequest, 
Jan. 17 (P. McC). 
i. 2 a(i. sk. Ice off Louis Philippe Land, Antarctic Exped. 
Jan. 1. 
k-m. Skeletons. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped. 

634 
TMPENJSTS. 

3. Pygoscelis antarctica. 
Aptenodytes antarctica, Forster, Comment. Gottingensis, iii. p. 141, 
pi. iv. (1781); id. Icon. ined. pi, 82 ; Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 557 
(1788); Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 879 (1790); Miller, Cimelia 
Fhysica, pi. xl. (1796). 

Antarctic Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 565 (1785) ; id. 
Gen. Hist. x. p. 389 (1824). 
Aptenodyta antarctica, Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Meih. i. p. 69, pi. 17. 

fig. 4 (1790). 
Pinguinaria antarctica, Shaw in Miller, Cimelia Fhysica, p. 78 (1796). 
Spheniseus antarcticus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xlii. pt. i. p. 67 

(1825); Feichenb. Natatores, pi. ii. fig. 737 (1850); Schlegel, Mus. 
Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 5 (1867) [Falkland Is.; Weddell I.]. 
Pygoscelis antarctica, G. F. Graxj, List B. pt. iii. p. 154 (1844) 

"[>t. 64° S.]; Hyatt, P. Bost Sac. xiv. p. 250 (1872); Coues, F. Ac. 
Fhilad. 1872, p. 199; Steinen, Intemat. Folarforsch. Feutschen 
Fxped. ii. pp. 237, 276 (1890) [S. Georgia]; Donald, P. F. Soc. 
Fdinb. xx. p. 174 (1894) [lat. 64° 12' S., long. 55° 40' W., off 
Seymour L] ; id. P. P. Fhys. Soc. Fdinb. xii. p. 334 (1894). 

Eudyptes 
antarctica, G. F. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641 (1846) ; 
Feichenb. Natatores, pi. cclxiv. lag. 2221 (1850) ; Sclater, F Z. S. 
1861, p. 47; Abbott, Mis, 1861, p. 164 [Falkland Is.]; G. F. Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 99 (1871); id. Toy. Erebus $'Terror, Birds, 
pi. 26 (1875) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1894, p. 500. 

Adult Upper parts blue-grey, much like those of F. adelitf, "but 
the tips of the feathers are more brightly coloured ; lores, a band 
above the eye, throat, sides and fore part of neck, and rest of 
underparts pure white ; a narrow clearly marked black line crossing 
the throat in a semicircle from ear to ear. Upper surface of flipper 
like the back, and edged internally with white; under surface white, 
with the outer margin black and a black terminal patch. Tail 
composed of 12 feathers in adult birds, 14 in young birds; the 
outermost pair drop out and are wanting in the adult. Total 
length about 30 inches, culmen from feathers on nasal opening to 
tip 1*4, from gape to tip 2'65, flipper from shoulder to tip 7*5, 
tail 5, middle toe and claw 3'1. 

Adult in worn plumage. Upper parts brownish-black, the blue-
grey margins to the feathers almost entirely worn off. 
Hal. Falkland Islands, "Weddell Island, South Georgia, and off 
Seymour I. (lat. 64° 12' S., long. 55° 40' W.). 

a. (S ad. sk. Antarctic Seas, lat. 64° 9' S., Antarctic Exped. 
long. 56° W. 
b. $ ad. sk. Antarctic Seas, lat. 64° 10' S., Antarctic Exped. 
long. 54° W., Jan. 
c. Skull [out of 
specimen b\ 

3 . C1TAERHACTES. 
3. CATAREHACTES. _ 
Type. 
Oatarractes, JBnss. (nee Moehring, 1752) Orn. vi. 

p. 102 (1760) 0. chrysocome. 
Eudyptes, Yieill. Analyse, pp. 67, 70 (1816); Hyatt, 
P. Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 244 (1872) 0. ehrysoconie. 
Chrysoconia, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. 
p. 57 (1825) 
C. chrysocome. 
Microdyptes, M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) ix. 
art. 9, p. 58 (1880); Reickenow $ Schaloic. J.f. 0. 
1882, p. 112 C. chrysocome. 

Bill moderately long and very stoufc, the culminicorn divided by 
a deep groove from the latericorn, which is much swollen towards 
the base. Feathering at the angle of the gape leaving the tomia 
and greater part of the base of the upper and lower mandibles 
exposed. Tail relatively very long, composed of 14 or 16 feathers ; 
upper tail-coverts short. A superciliary band of more or less 
elongate golden feathers. 

Range. Tierra del Puego and the Falkland Islands to the New 
Zealand Archipelago. 

Key to the Species. 

I. 
Superciliary bands not united with one 
another on the forehead, which is uniform 
black. 
A. 
S uperciliary band of golden feathers greatly 
elongate posteriorly chrysocome, p. 635. 
B. 
Superciliary band of golden feathers not 
greatly elongate posteriorly. 
a. 
Sides of the culminicorn divergent from 
the nasal opening; narrow white edge 
to the inner margin of the flipper composed 
of one row of feathers pachyrhynchus, p. 638. 
b. Sides of the culminicorn running almost 
parallel to one another from the nasal 
opening; white inner margin of the 
flipper wider and composed of two rows 
of feathers sclateri, p. 640. 
II. 
Superciliary bands uniting with one another * ~"~^" 
on the forehead. 
c. Lores, chin, throat, and sides of the head 
and neck blackish chrysohphus, p. 641. 
d. Lores, chin, throat, and sides of the head 
and neck pure white schlegeli, p. 643. 
1. Catarrhactes chrysocome. 
The Penguin, Edwards, Glean. N. Hist. i. p. 49, pi. 49, ii. pi. 94 

[head on left] (1748) [immature]. 
Le Gorfou, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 102 (1760). 
Phaeton demersus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 219 (1766) [nee Diomedea 

demersa, p. 214]. 
The Eed-footed Pinguin, Pennant, Phil. Tram, lviii. p. 98 (1768) j 
Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 572 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. 

p. 386 (1824). 
Le Manchot hupe" de Siberie, D'Aubent. PL Enl. x. pi. 59 [no. 984]. 
630 IMPEDES. 

Aptenodytes chrysocome, Forster, Comment. Gottingensis, iii. p. 135, 
pi. 1 (1781); "Gmel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 555 (1788); Latham, Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 878 (1790): Peak, ZooL U.S. Expl. Exped., B. p. 259 
(1848); Abbott, Ibis, 1800, p. 3:37 [Falkland Is., habits] ; Layard, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 379 [Crozette Is.], p. 460 [semialbino vars.]. 

Aptenodytes catarractes, Forster, Comment. Gottingensis, iii. p. 145 
(1781)"; G?nel S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 008 (1788) ; Latham, Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 881 (1790). 
Le Manchot sauteur, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 409 (1783). 
Crested Penguin, Latham, Gen. Syn. vi. p. 561 (1785J ; id. Gen. 
J2&*.x.p.385 (182-4). 
Aptenodyta gorfua, Bonnat. Tall. Fncycl. Meth. i. p. 68 (1790) 
[immature]. 
Aptenodyta chrysneome, Bonnat. Tabl. EncycL Meth A. p. 63, pi. 17. 

fig. 2, pi. 18. fig. 4 (1790) [adult]. 
Pinguinaria cirrliata, Shaw in Miller, Cimelia Physica, p. 92 (1798). 
Aptenodytes erestata, Miller, Cimelia Physica. pi. xlix. (1790). 
Pinguinaria cristata, Shaw cf Nodd. Xat Misc. xi. pi. 437 (July 1, 

1800). 
Stonecracker Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Bole, p. 57 (1825) 

[South Georgia; habits], 
Catarrhactes chrysocome, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 245, pi. 298 f 1825). 
Chrvsocoma saltator, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. i. p. 58, 

pi. 8 (1825). 

Chrysocoma catarractes, Steph. in Shaic's Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. 1, p. 61 
(1825); Gould, Handb. B. Ausir. ii. p. 517 (1S65) [8. Australia". 
Catarhaetes chrysocome, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Pitersb. ii. p. 315 

(1837). 
Eudyptes demersus, G. P. Gray, List B. pt. iii. p. 155 (1844) [Falkland 
I., except specimens d & g\ 
Eudyptes chrysocome, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641 (1840); Gould, 
B". Austr. Tii. pi. 83 (1848) [Tasmania"; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1&60, 

p. 390 [Falkland Is.]; Abbott] Ibis, 18*51, p. 164 ; v. Pek. Iteise 
Nomra, Tog. p. 14U, pi. y. (1805) "St. Paul I."; ? Hi/ati, P. 
Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 251 (1872); Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 202 
[part]; Sclater § Salvin, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 054; Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 311 [egsrs from Falkland Is. & Tristan da Cuiiha"'; Sclater 
fy Salvin, Voy. Chall, ZooL, Birds, p. 128, pL xxx. (1880) [Falkland 
Is.; Kerguelen; Tristan da Cunha]; Meyer, SB. yes. Ins, 
Dresden, 1884, Abh. 1, p. 58*"Java; accidental"; Puller, B, K. 
Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 290 (1888)*; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 84; Studer, 
Forschungsreise S.M.S. Gazelle, iii. p. 105, pis. 16,17 (1889) "Prince 
Edward I. & Marion I.] 
Catarractes chrysocoma, Reichenb. Katatores, pL i A. fig. 14*> (1850). 
Catarractes chrysolopha, Peichenb. Katatores, pi. i A. figs. 12*> 13b, & 
14 (1850). 
Eudyptes nigrivestis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 418 [Falkland Is.]; 
Sclater, P. Z. S 1861, p. 46; Gould, Ann. Mag.^K H. (3) vii. 

p. 218 (1801); Abbott, Ibis, 1801, p. 183 j Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 527. 
Spheniscus chrysocome, Schley. Mus. Pays-Bas, yi. Urinat. p. 6 
(1867) [part of synonymy]. 
Spheniscus chrysolophus, Schleg. (nee Brandt) Mus. Pays-Bas, yi. 
Urinat. p. 7 (1867). 

Spheniscus catarractes, Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 8 (1867). 

Eudyptes catarractes, G. P. Gray, Iland-L B. iii. p. 98 (1871); 

Hyatt, P. Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 251 (1872) [Falkland Is.]. 

3 . CATA.RRHACTES. 
637 

Eudyptes nigriventris (sicj, G. P. Gray, Hand-IB. in. p. 98 (1871). 
Eudyptes chrvsolopha, Coues {nee Brandt), P. Ac. Philad. 1872, 

p. 204; Kidder § Coues, Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 45 (1875) 
[Kerguelen; habits]; Sftarpe's ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 790 (1884) 
[Cape of (rood Hope]. 
Eudyptes catarrhactes, Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 201. 
Eudyptes filkoli, Sutton, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 334 (1878) 
[Campbell I] . 
Eudyptula serresiana, Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) viii. art. 4 (1878) 
[Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego]. 
Eudyptes saltator, Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 160, pi. viii. fig. 1 

(1879) [Kerguelen; Crozette Is."]; Moseley, Notes Toy. Chall. 
pp. 100 (with figure), 102,103, 108,109, 110, 114, 170 (1892). 

Microdyptes serresiana, M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) ix. art. 9, 

p. 58, pi. 20 (1880). 
Eudyptes chrysoeoma, 
M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) ix. pi. 17. 
figs. 3 & 4, pi. 18. figs. 6 & 7 (1880). 

Adult. General colour above dark slate, eacb pointed feather 
black, edged externally with dark bluish slate; top of the head 
black, the feathers on the crown and occiput greatly lengthened and 
forming a long straggling crest, of which the longest feathers 
measure over three inches; a golden yellow eyebrow-stripe, commencing* 
behind the nasal feathers and extending along the> sides of 
the crown, the posterior feathers being greatly lengthened (many 
measuring fully 3*5 inches) and mingling with the long black 
crest-feathers; sides of the head, chin and throat smoky-black; 
rest of underparts pure white. Flipper above like the back, edged 
internally with white; below white, the outer margin, tip, and a 
patch on the basal part of the inner margin black. In very old 
specimens the amount of black at the extremity increases in extent. 
Bill of the same type as that of C. pachyrhynchus- (see woodcut, 

p. 640). Tail composed of 16 feathers. " Iris deep pink; bill orange; 
tarsus and toes white " {Kidder). Total length about 25 inches. 
Immature birds differ in having the chin ashy white and the 
throat blackish. (Mus. Rothschild.) 
In still younger examples the throat is ashy white, and the yellow 
superciliary crest merely indicated by a yellowish-white line. (Mus. 
Rothschild.) 

The bird described by M. Oustalet as Eudyptula serresiana is 

C. chrysocome 
in this plumage. 
Adult specimens from various localities measure as follows :— 
Bill. 
Nasal feathersto tip. 
Grape 
to*tip. 
Exposedculmen. 
rpr « 
FllPPOT-
m i 
Tail. 
Middle toe 
& claw_ 
in. in. in. in. in. in. 
Falkland Islands ... 145-1*3 1-9-2-1 1-5-1-8 6*6-6-8 3-4*^4*0 2-55 
Kerguelen 1*4 2*2 1-8 6*6-6-8 4*15 26-2-85 
Tristan da Ounha... 1-35 2*35 1'8 6*9 3'4-3'7* 2 8 
New Zealand group. 1-3-1-55 2-1-2*3 1-75-1*9 6*8-7-0 4-3-4*4 2-5-2-85 

* Tail apparently not fully grown. 
638 
IMPEDES. 

ffcib. Tierra del Euego, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Cape of 
Good Hope, Tristan da Cunha, Prince Edward I., Marion I., 
Crozette Islands, Kerguelen Land, St. Paul Island, Tasmania, 
South Australia; Campbell, Antipodes and Bounty Islands ; Xew 
Zealand group. 

a. Juv. sk. Tierra del Fuego. P. L. Sclater. Esq. 
[R-. 
(Co-type of B. serresiana, Ou&talet.) 

b. 
Ad. sk. King George's Bay, West Falk- Antarctic Exped. 
land. 
c. Ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, East Falk- Antarctic Exped. 
land. 
d-f. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Leconte). Salvin-Gcdman Coll. 
g, h. <$ ad. sk. Falkland Islands. i Challenger7 Exped. 

i. Young in Falkland Islands. 1 Challenger7 Exped. 
down. 
j, k. S ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. ' Challenger' Exped. 
L Ad. sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen (A. B. Transit of Tenus 

Baton). Exped. 
m, n. $ ad. et Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen. ' Challenger' Exped. 
inrm. sk. 
Museum of Economic 

(S ad. et Tristan da Cunha, Nov. IS. 

imm. st. Geology ["P.". 
q~s. Ad. sk. Inaccessible Island, Tristan da i ChallengerJ Exped. 
Cunha group, Oct. 10. 

t. Inrm. sk. Bounty Island, S. Pacific. Purchased. 
u. Ad. sk. Cape Seas. 
Sir Andrew Smith 
[p.j. 
v. Ad. sk. Campbell Island. Otago Museum _E.]. 
w~d'. Adult et Tristan da Cunha. 1 Challenger' Exped. 
imm. (in spirits). 
e''. Adult skel. Tristan da Cunha. ' Challenger' Exped. 
(mounted). 


f. Adult skeleton. Tristan da Cunha. 4 Challenger' Exped. 
g'-i'. Adult Kerguelen Land. 1 Challenger7 Exped. 
skeleton. 
k'. Adult skeleton. Falkland Islands. Purchased. 
I'. Adult skeleton. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes, R.N. 

m'. Skull. 

2. Catarrhactes pachyrhynclras.* 
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, G. R. Gray, Toy. Erebus # Terror-, Birds, 
p."l7 (1845) [Waikowaiti]; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 641, pi. 176 (1846); 
Sclater, Ibis, 1862, p. 243; G. R. Gray, Eand-L £. iii. p. 98 

* Through the kindness of Prof. Button I have received a minute description 
and photographs of the typical specimen of E. vitiafus in the Canterbury 
Museum, Christchurch. There can scarcely be any doubt that the species is 
founded on a worn and faded example of C. pachyrhynchus. 
CATAEB.HA.CTES VITTATUS. 

Eudyptes vittata, Mnsch, Ibis, 1875, pp. 112-114 [Dunedin] ; Sharpe, Voy. 
Erebus $ Terror, Birds, App. p. 35 (1875). 
Eudyptes vittatus, Buller, B, N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 299 (1888). 

Adult. Appears to be most nearly allied to C. pachyrhynckus, but the flipper 

3 . CATABKHACTE3. 
639 

(1871); Sutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 250 [Chatham Is.]; Fksch, J.f. 0. 
1872. p. 261; 1874, p. 217; Reiseheh, Trans. N. Zeal Inst. xvii. 

p. 193 (1885) [habits]; Butter, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 287 
(1888) [coasts of New Zealand; Snares; Bounty I.]; Finseh, 
Ibis. 1888, p. 309 [Snares]; Buller, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 83, pi. ix. 
fis:. 2; Smith, Ibis, 1890, p. 462 [frequenting rivers] ; Forbes, 3is, 
1893, p. 543 [Chatham Is.]. 
Catarractes pachyrhynchus, Reicherib. Natatores, pi. cclxiv. fig 2218 
(1850). 
Spheniscus chrysocome, Schleq. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 6 
(1867) [part]. 
Eudyptes chrvsocomus, Butter, B. N. Zeal. 1st ed. p. 344, pi. fig. 1 
(1873) [North and South Islands, New Zealand]. 

Eudyptes atrata, Sutton, Ibis, 1875, p. 114 [melanistic var. from 
Snares] ; Sharpe, Voy. Erebus § Terror, Birds, App. p. 35 (1875) ; 
Buller^B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii p. 296, pi. xlvi. &g. 2 (1888). 

Eudyptes chrysocoma, Sharpe (nee Forst,), Voy. Erebus $* Terror, 
Birds, App." p. 35 (1875). 

Eudyptes 
chrysocome, Sharpe (nee Forst.), Phil. Trans, clxviii. 
p/158, pL viii. ^g. 3 (1879); Goues, P.Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 202 
[part] ; M-Edwards, Ann. Sci Nat. (6) ix. pi. 17.fig. 2, & pi. 18. 
fig. 5 (1880). 

Adult Eorehead and crown black; the feathers on the crown not 
much lengthened and not forming a conspicuous crest; rest of the 
upper parts as in G. chrysocome; a pale golden-yellow eye-stripe 
commencing behind the feathers, covering the nostril and extending 
along the side of the crown; the posterior feathers not much 
lengthened, the longest measuring about 1*8 inch. Sides of the 
head, chin, and throat smoky-black, often with an ill-defined whitish 
patch on the side of the throat; rest of the underparts white. Upper 
surface of the flipper like the back, the inner margin with a narrow 
white edge, only the outermost row of feathers being white; under 
surface much the same as in C. chrysocome. Total length about 
28 inches. 

This species is most closely allied to G. sclateri, but may be at 
once distinguished by the form of the culminicorn, the sides of which 
are divergent from the nasal openings, as shown in the woodcut 
(fig. 1, p. 640). The narrow white edge to the inner margin of the 
flipper and the position of the golden superciliary stripe are also 
distinctive characters, the former being readily seen. 

Immature. Differs in having the black chin and throat mottled 
with white. (Mus. Rothschild.) 
Tail composed of 16 feathers. 

is said to be uniform dark brown, not margined posteriorly with white. Total 
length about 26 inches. 
Bill. 

, « s rpi. T ., Middle toe 

 laiL

Gape Exposed part *uPPer- and claw, 
to tip. of culmen. 

in. in. in. in. in. 
(Finsch) 2-32 21 7*1 — 2*9 
(Butter) 2-2 20 6-0 15 3 0 

Hcd>. Dunedm, South Island, New Zealand. 

640 
IMPENNES. 

A melanistic variety of this species has been described and figured 
under the name of Eudyptes atratus [cf. Buller, Birds of New 
Zealand, 2nd ed. ii. p. 294,pi. xlvi. fig. 2*(1888)]. The type was 
obtained on the Snares, to the south of New Zealand, and is preserved 
in the Otago Museum. 

Fig. 1.—Bill of C. pachyrhynchus. 

A second melanistic variety, supposed to belong to the same 
species, was forwarded to Mr. Walter Eothschild by Sir Walter 
Buller. This bird came from the Macquarie Islands, and is 
without doubt a black variety of C. schlegeli. This is clearly shown 
by the size and shape of the bill. 

Bill. 

Nasal feathers Gape Exposed Ri PP e r rp ., Middle toe 
and claw. 
to tip. to tip. culm en. 
in. in. in. in. in. in. 
tf ... 1-82-1-9 27-2-8 2-3 6-9-7-1 3-35-3-5 2-8-2-9 
2 ... 1-7 2-55 2-05 69 3-6 2-6 

Bah. New Zealand, Snares Is., Bounty I., and Chatham Islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Hon. W. Rothschild 
[E.]. 

c. 
Ad. sk. New Zealand. Purchased. (Type of 
the species.) 
d. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
e. 
Ad. st. Snares, south of New ZeaCountess 
of Galloway 
land. 
/. 
Ad. sk. Snares, Jan. 1895 (B. II. Hon. W. Rothschild 
Tr avers). 

[E.]. 

3. Catarrhactes sclateri. 
P Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, JZutton (nee Gray), Ibis, 18/0; p. 396 

[Auckland I.]. 
Eudyptes sp., Sclater, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 265. 
Eudyptes sclateri, Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 289 (1888) 

[Auckland I.]; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 82, pi. ix. fig. 1. 

Adult. Very similar to C. pachyrhynchus, but may be easily 
distinguished by the following characters :—The sides of the culmini<
eorn run almost parallel to one another from the nasal opening (see 

3 . CATAERHACTES. 
fig. 2); the inner edge of the flipper is more widely margined with 
white, the two outer rows of feathers being white; the pale golden 
eyebrow-stripe commences immediately above the gape, but in some 

Fig. 2.—Bill of G. sclateri. 

specimens it is indistinctly continued towards the nasal opening, and 
is one of the least reliable characters. Although Sir Walter Buller 
first distinguished this species, he appears to have overlooked the 
really important differences to be found in the shape of the bill and 
the wider white margin of the wing. Tail composed of 16 feathers. 
Total length about 28 inches. 

In some specimens the upper tail-coverts are mostly white; in 
others they are uniform dark slate like the back. 
Immature. Differs from the adult in having the chin and throat 
mostly white and the superciliary stripes very pale. 

Bill. 
m «i Middle toe 

P1Wer 

Nasal foathers &ape Exposedand claw. 
to tip. to tip. culmen. 
in. in; in. in. in. in. 
6 1'7 2-7 2-24-8

 8-4 3-2 
2-5 2-1 7-9-8-3 4-6 2-8-3'i 

$ W 

Hab. Campbell, Auckland, Antipodes, and Bounty Islands. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Bounty Island, Jan. Hon. W. Rothschild 
IE.]. 
b. 
Ad. sk. Antipodes Island, Nov. Hon. W. Rothschild 
[E.]. 
c. 
$ ad. sk. Auckland Island, Oct. 16. Zool. Soc. Coll. 
(Type of the species.) 
d. Imm. sk. Auckland Island. Sir Samuel Scott [P.]. 
4. Catarrhactes chrysolophns 
Macaroni Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 57 (1825) [South 
Georgia: habits]. 
Catarhactes chrysolophus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 3l5 
(1837). 
Eudyptes demersus, G. R. Gray (nee Linn.), List B. pt. iii. p. 155 
(1844) [specimens d and g\. 

Eudyptes chrysolophus, G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641, pi. 176.fig.1 
(1846); Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 338 [Falkland Is.: habits]; id. 
Ibis, 1861, p. 163 [Falkland Is.]; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 
[Falkland Is.]; id. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 527 [E. Falklai.d] ; G. B. Gray, 
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 98 (1871) ; ? Hyatt, P. Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 250 
(1872) [Falkland Is.]; Sclater $ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 654 j 

VOL. XXYI. 
2 T 

642 nrPENNES. 

Sclater, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 311 [eggs from Falkland Is. and Kerguelen 
Land]; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 157, pi. viii. fig. 2 
(1879); Sclater # Salvin, Toy. CkalL, Zool, Birds, p. 127, pi. xxix. 
(1880) [Kerguelen]; M.-Edicards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) ix. pi. 17. 

, Polarforsch. Deutschen Exped. ii. p. 277 (1890) ' 
Georgia]. 
PEudyptes diadematns *, GW<7, P. 2. & I860, p. 419 [Falkland Is.] ; 
Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 46; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163; Gould, 

Ann. Mag. N. H. (3) vii. p. 218 (1861); Cones, P. Ac. Pkilad. 
3872; p. 206 [part, Falkland Is.]; Kidder # Cones, Pull. U.S. 2s at. 
Mus. ii. p. 47 (1875) [Kerguelen & Heard If. 
Spheniseus diadernatus, Sckleyel, Jlus. Pays-Bai, vi. Urinat. p. 8 

(1867) [part, FaUdands]. 

Adult. General colour of upper parts as in C. chrysocome ; forehead 
and back of the crown black; feathers of the middle and sides of 
the crown golden orange at the base with lengthened pointed black 
extremities, only the longest pinnies of the superciliary feathers 
much lengthened (nearly three inches) and uniform orange; sides 
of head, chin, and throat smoky-black ; the throat with a distinct 
silvery shade ; rest of the underparts white. The upper surface of 
the nipper like the back, and edged internally with white; below 
white, blackish along the outer margin, especially tou ards the tip, 
and with a black pacch at the base of the inner margin. 

In some specimens there is a well-marked patch of whitish 
feathers in the middle of the upper tail-coverts. Bill of the same 
type as that of C. pachyrhynchus. Tail composed of 14 feathers. 
Total length about 30 inches. 

Immature birds differ only from the adult in having the basal 
part of the feathers of the crown and supercillaries more j-ellow 
and the bill very much smaller. 

Bill. 

, N Flirmer Tail Middl e to e 
Kasal feathers Gape Exposed i i * • anc j. elaw. 
to tip. to tip. eulinen. 
in. in. in. in. in. in. 
<$. Falkland Is. 2-0 2*8 2-55 8*1 3*9 3*15 
<J. Kerguelen . 2*05 2*9 2-4 8*0 3-5 2*95 
§. Kerguelen. 1'6 2*65 2*15 7*6 3 6 2-0 

Hob. Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Prince Edward L, 
Marion I., Kerguelen Land and Heard I. 

a, b. <$ § ad. sk, Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen, e Challenger' Exped. 
Jan. 7. 
<?. Ad. sk. [pale Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen, * Challenger' Exped. 
variety]. Jan. 7. 

* In this species the chrome-yellow eyebrow-stripes are said to commence at 
the nostrils^ This is not the case in any specimen of C. chrysolophm which 
I have examined. Possibly, as Mr. Sclater has suggested, it may be a variety 
of this species. 
3 . CAT\RIPTACTES. 
d, e. Imm. sk. Falkland Islands (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f-h. 6 ¥ ad. si Falkland Islands, Oct. Antarctic Exped. 
et st. 
2, l\ Ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, E. Falklands, Antarctic Exped. 
Oct. i 
/. Adult (in 

Falklmd Islands. c Challenger' Exped. 

sp rits). 
?«. Adiilt skel. Falkland Islands. ' Challenger' Exped. 

5. Catarrhactes schlegeli. 
Sphenisciw diade-natus, Schlegel, Mus. Payi-Bas, \i. Urinat. p. 8 
(1607) [part, Macquarie Is. & New Zealand]. 
Eudyptes diadematus, Cones, P. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 26 [part, 
Macquarie I-.]. 

Eudyptes chrvsoloplius, Fimch (UPC Brandt), J.f.O. 1872, p. 262 ; 
1^74, p. 224; JBuller, B. JV. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 297 (1888) [New 
Zealand coast]. 

Eudyptes schlegeli, Fmsch, Trans. N. Zeal. List. viii. p. 204 (1876) 
JMaeqtiarie L»]; Buller^ B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 298 (1883) 
[Alaequarie Ls. & DunedinJ. 

Eudyptes albigtilaris, M.-JEdwards, Ann. Sci Nat. (6) ix. art 9, 

p. ot5, pi. 11) (18^0] [Macquarie Is.] ; Reichemno $ Schalow. J.f 0. 
1882, p. 111. 
Adult. Nearly allied to C. chrysolophus, from which it differs in 
having the lores, chin, throat, and sides of the head and neck, 
as well as the rest of the underparts, pure white. As in C. chrysolophus, 
the upper tail-coverts are often mostly white. The bill is of 
the C. pacJiyrhynchus type, and the tail is composed of 14 feathers. 
Total length about 30 inches. (Mus. Rothschild.) 

In a nearly adult bird the chin, lores, and feathers round the eye 
are smoky-brown, (litis. Rothschild.) 


Immature birds have the basal part of the crest-feathers canary-
yellow instead of orange ; the lores, sides of the head, and chin daik 
smoky-brown, becoming paler on the throat and shading into white 
on the fore-neck. (Mus. Rothschild.) 


Bill. 

fiddle 

FhPPer . Tail 

 Tail. toe 

Nasal feathers Gape Exposed-

and claw. 

to tip. to tip. culmen. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
Adult. Campbell I. (Mus. 2-1 3-0 2-5 4-0 3-3 
Rothschild). (broken) 
cJ. Macquarie I. {Mm. 2-25 3-25 2 7 8-7 (in 3-3 
Rothschild). moult) 
Vixad. MacquarieI.(il 2-95 2-45 8-3 3-0 2*2 
Rothschild). [Black var.] 

The interesting black variety, forming part of Mr. Bothschild's 
collection, was obtained on the Macquarie Islands. It is not quite 
fully adult, as may be seen from the measurements given above. 

Hab. New Zealand; Macquarie Islands and Campbell Island. 

a. 
Imm. sk. Macquarie Is. Hon. W.Rothfchild [E.]. 
2'£2 
644 
HIPEX^ES. 

4. MEGADYPTES. T , e 
Catarrhactes, Hombron fy Jacquinot [nee Mohring 
(1752), nee Briss. (1760)], -4/iw. /Sto'. iVa*. (2} 


xvi. p. 320 (1841) 
M. antipodum. 
Megadyptes, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat (6) ix. 
art. 9, p. 56 (1880); ReiclienoiofySchaloiv, J.f.O. 
1882, p. Il l M. antipodum. 


Bill moderately long and not very stout, the eulminicorn being 
divided by a groove from the latericorn, which is but slightly 
swollen towards the base. Feathering at the angle of the gape 
leaving the tomia and the greater part of the base of the mandibles 
exposed. Tail relatively short, composed of 20 feathers ; upper 
tail-coverts short. The superciliary bands of short golden feathers 
unite one with another at the back of the crown. Size moderate. 

Range. Campbell Island, Auckland Island, Stewart Island, South 
Island, New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. 

1. Megadyptes antipodum. 
Catarrhactes antipodes, Hombron # Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) 
xvi. p. 820 (1841) [Auckland I.]. 
Eudyptes antipodes, G. R. Gray, in Bieffenhach, Trav. N. Zeal. ii. 
p. 199 (1843); id. Fog. Erebus $ Terror, Birds, p. 17, pi. 27 
(1845) [Auckland I., Campbell I., N. Zealand]; Sclater, Ibis, 
1862, p. 243; Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 199; Finsch, J. f. 0. 
1872, p. 262,1874, p. 218. 
Pygoscelis antipoda, G. R. Grag, List B. pt. iii. p. 154 (1844) 

[Auckland L, Campbell I.]. 

Eudyptes antipoda, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641 (1846); ReicJienb. 

Natatores, pi. i. fig. 6 (1850); Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 351 

(1858); 67. R. Grag, Hand-l B. iii. p. 99 (1871). 

Aptenodytes flavilarvata, Peale, Zool. U.S. ExpL Exped., Birds. 

p. 260,^1. 70. fig. 1 (1848) [Auckland I.]. 
Pygoscelis antipodes, JacquinotfyPuclieran, Yog. Bole Slid, Zool. iii. 
p. 156, pi. 33.^fig. 2(1853). 
Spheniscus antipodes, ScMegel, Mus. Pags-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 9 
(1867). 
Eudyptes 
antipodum, Buller, B. N. Zeal p. 346 (1873) [South 
Island, N. Zealand]; Sharpe, Vog. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, App. 

p. 35 (1875); Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed, ii. p. 294, pi. xlvi. r>. 1 
(1888)' [South Island, N. Zealand]; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 121. 
Megadyptes antipodes, M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) ix. art. 9* 

p. 67 (1880). 
Adult, General colour above slate-grey: forehead and crown pale 
golden, with black shaft-stripes and encircled by a golden band 
of short feathers, commencing above the eyes and bordering the 
occiput; chin and throat white, with brownish-white middles 
to the feathers; cheeks pale golden, with brown shafts; base of 
throat and sides of neck brown; fore-neck, chest, and rest of 
underparts white; upper surface of the flipper dark slate-grey, 
margined on both edges with white, the inner margin being rather 

5> EtJDYJPTULA.. 
645 

wide and including two rows of feathers, under surface white; a 
patch of whitish feathers more or less visible on the upper tail-
coverts. Culm en intermediate in form between that of G.pachyrhynclms 
and G. sclateri, but more elongate and slender. Tail 
composed of 20 feathers. Total length about 30 inches. 

Immature. Differs from the adult in having the yellow band 
confined to the sides of the head and not encircling the crown. 
In still younger examples the yellow band is entirely absent (Mus. 
Rothschild). 

Bill. 
Middle toe 

Flipper. Tail. 

Nasal feathers Grape Exposed and claw. 
to tip. to tip. cuimen. 
in. in. in. m. 

VOL. 

2-4-2-5 3*45-3-5 

c? 1-85-1-9 
3-0-3-35 215-2-25 8-2 

3-1 

S 1*8 2-75 2-05 2-35 

8-2 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. 
Ad, sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes, R.N. 
[P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Zool. Soc. Coll. 
c. 
$ ad. sk. Otago, South Island, Otago Museum [E.]. 
Nov. 7. 
d. e. Ad. et ioim. Auckland Island, Antarctic Exped. 
sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. Auckland Island. Countess of Galloway 

g. Ad. sk. Enderby Island, Auckland, in 
Nov.m(£.McGor?mck). 
McCormick Bequest. 

h. J ad. sk. Campbell Island, Dec. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 

i. S 
ad. sk. Campbell Island. 
Antarctic Exped. 

5. EUDYPTULA. 
Type. 
Eudyptula, Bonap. G. B. xlii. p. 775 (1856) E. minor. 

Bill moderately long and stout, especially in old examples; the 
groove dividing the culminicorn from the latericorn inconspicuous. 
Tail very short, composed of 16 feathers, which are almost entirely 
concealed by the longer upper tail-coverts. No superciliary stripes* 
Size small. 

Range. Coasts of South Australia and Tasmania to New 
Zealand and the Chatham Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

I. 
Only the inner margin of the flipper narrowly 
bordered with white minor9 p. 646. 
II. 
Both outer and inner margins of the flipper widely 
bordered with white, and a more or less distinct 
white patch towards the middle of the inner 
margin albosiynata, p. 648. 
646 
IMPOSES. 

1. Eudyptula minor. 
Aptenodytes minor, Forsfer, Comment. Gottinpensis, iii. p. 147 (1781) 
[New Zealandj; Forster, Icon. ined. pis. 84, 85; Gmel. 8. A. 

i. pt. ii. p. 558 (1788); Latham, Lid. Orn. ii. p. 881 (1790). 
Little Pinguin, Latham, Gen. SynAii. pt. ii. p. 572, pi. 108 (1785) ; id. 
Gen. Hist. x. p. 387, pi. ISO (1824). 
Aptenodyta minor, Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Mith. i. p.68, pi. 17. fisr. 1 
(1790). 
Ohrysocoma minor, Steph. in Shaioh Gen. Zool. xiii. pt i. p. 61 (1825). 
Spheuiscus minor, G. B. Gray, in Dieffenbach, Trav, X. Zeal. ii. 

p. 199 (1843); Gould, B. Austr. viu pi. 84 (1844j "Islands of 
Bass's Straits]; G. It Gray, Voy. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, p. 16 
(1845); Meichenb. Synop. Au.,' Natatores, pi. ii. fig**. 7-32-735 
(1850); Catsm, U.S. Evpl. Exped p. 355 (185*); Selater, Ibis, 
1862, p. 243 [DusJry Bay, S. Island, New Zealand"; v. Pdz. Beise 
Novara, Vog. p. 142 (I860) [X. Zealand] ; Sehlegel Mvs. Pays-Bas, 
\i. Urinat. p. 10 (1807) [Tasmania; New Zealand]; Hutton, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 396 [breeding]; Hyatt, P. Lost. Soc. xiv. p. 247 
(1872) ; Gmeif P. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 207. 
Eudvptes minor, G. P. Gray, List B. pt. iii. p. 155 (1844) 
[Australia, Tasmania, N. Zealand]; id. Gen. P . iii. p. 041 (1&40); 
ttt Hand-l. B. iii. p. 99 (1871). 

Aptenodytes undina, Gould, P. Z. 8 1844, p. 51 [Circular Head, 

Tasmania]. 
Spheniscus undina, Gould, B. Austr.V\\. p. 85 (1848) ["Waterhouse I.]. 
Eudyptes undina, Reichenb. Natatores, pi. La. fio>. 0 & 10 (1S50). 
Eudyptula undina, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775, & xliii. p. 040 (1850); 

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 521 (IbOoj ; Butter. B. X Zeal. 

p. 349 (1873); id. Trans. N. Zeal Inst. ix. p. 337, pi. xv. 
fig. 4 (1876) fjuv.]; id. B. K. Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 302 (LSNS) 
[New Zealand coasts]; North} K. $ E. Austr. B. p. 350 (1889); 
Sandayer, Tr. N. Zeal. hist. xxii. p. 293 (1890) [breeds on Mokoliinou 
Is.] ; Le Souef, Ibis, 1895, p. 419 [Albatross I.j. 
Eudyptula minor, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 775 (1850); Gould, Handb. 

B. 
Austr. ii. p. 518 (1865) ; Einsch, L f. O. 1872, p. 202, 1874, 
p. 218; Butler, B. K. Zeal. p. 347, pi fig. 2 (1873); id. Trans. 
JST. Zeal. Inst ix. p. 337, pi. xv. fig. 3 (1870) radiil^; Beischek, 
Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xvii. p. 194 (1885) "habits! f Buller, B. 
N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 300 (1888) [New Zealand coasts]; north, 
N. $ E. Austr. B. p. 349 (1889) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 543 
[Chatham Is.]; Le Souef, Ibis, 1895, p. 419 [Albatross I.]. 
Eudyptila minor, 
Hutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 250 [Chatham Is.] ,• Sharpe9 
Voy. Erebus fy Terror, Birds, App. p. 35 (1875). 

Adult Above slate-blue, each feather with a brownish-grey base 
and black shaft; chin, throat, fore-neck, and rest of the underparts 
pure white, the feathers on the throat and fore-neek having brownish 
bases, while those on the chin, breast, and lower parts are pure 
white; flippers greyish black, rather narrowly edged with white on 
the inner margin (only the two outermost rows being white). Tail 
generally white * composed of 16 feathers. Iris silver-grey. Total 
length about 16 inches. 

* It seems probable that this is caused by the feathers being bleached by the 
bird's droppings. 
5 . EUBYPTTTLA. 
647 
Bill. 

Middle toe 

Flipper. Tail. 

Nasal opening Grape Exposed and claw. 
to tip. to tip. culmen. 
in. in. in. in. in. in. 

1-2 1*75 1*4 4-7 1-35 1-9 

Younger examples appear to differ from the adult only in having 
the bill less stout and a trifle longer, and the tip of the culrnen less 
hooked. 

Young still partially in down. Top of the head, nape, shoulders, 
and greater part of flippers clothed in dark smoky-brown down; 
throat, sides of the head, chest, and middle of belly covered with 
white down, inclining to dusky across the fore-neck. Back and part 
of the flippers clothed in shining dark slate-blue plumage, each 
feather with a black shaft and slate-blue web with transverse 
black lines across the extremity. Rest of the breast and underpays 
white. {Mus. Rothschild.) 

Young in down. Upper parts, flippers, and sides of the body 
smoky-brown; chin and upper throat dusky white, shading to 
smoky-brown on the fore-neck; breast and rest of underparts pure 
white. 

Hob. Coasts of South Australia and Tasmania to New Zealand 

and the Chatham Islands. 

a, b. Vix ad. sk. Australia. Old Coll. 
Cj d. Vix ad. sk. Australian Museum 


New South Wales. 

[P.]. 
e-h. Ad. et vix South Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ad. sk. 
L Vix ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Coll. 
k-m. S $ a<*. et Bass's Straits, S. Australia, Voy.H.M.S.' Herald.' 

pull. sk. January (F. M.Rayner). 

n. Vix ad. sk. Tasmania. 
Antarctic Exped. 
o. imm. st. New Zealand. Old Coll. 
p, q. Vix ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Exped. 
r. 
Ad. sk. New Zealand. Hon. W. Rothschild 
PS-} 
s-x. 
Ad. et imm. New Zealand. Sir E. Home [P.]. 
sk. 

y. 
Vix ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes, R.N. 
[P.]. 
z, Imm. sk. Bay of Islands, N. Island, Antarctic Exped. 
New Zealand. 
a\ b', Imm. sk. Auckland Disk, N. Island, G.C.Steet,Esq.[P.]. 
New Zealand. 
c', d\ Ad. sk. Pitt Island, Chatham Islands. Colonial Museum 
[E.]. 
e\ Adult skeleton. Australia. Seebohm Coll. 


IMPEDES, 

2* Eudyptula albosignata. 

Eudyptiiia albosignata, Finsch, P, Z* S. 1874, p. 207 [Akaroa, South 
L, New Zealand]; id. J. f. O. 1874, pp. 174, 219; Sharpe, Toy. 
Erebus $ Terror, Birds^ App. p. 35 (1875J ; FinscJi, Trans. X. Zeal. 
Inst viii. p. 203 (1876). 

Eudyptula minor, Btdler, B* K Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 300 (1888) [part 
synonymy]. 

Adult. "Very similar to B. minor, but larger. The upper parts 
of a much lighter greyish-blue, both the outer and inner margins 
of the nippers widely bordered with white, and in addition a 
more or less distinct white patch towards the middle of the inner 
margin. Upper tail-coverts as well as the tail-feathers generally 
white. Tail composed of 16 feathers. Total length about 16-5 inches. 

Bill. 

mf\e loe 

Tail.

Nasal opening Gape Exposed 1 ^ 

and claw. 

to tip. to tip. oilmen, 
in. in. in. in. in. in. 
1*3 215 T65 5-6 1-2 2-1 

Hal. Coasts of New Zealand. 

a,, b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Colonial Xuseum "E.1. 

c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott *P T 
d. Imm. sk. New Zealand. Sir E. Home [IV / 
e. Adult skeleton, [Tasmania.] Eyton Cull.* " 
6. 
SPKEtflSCUS. 
Type. 
Spheniscus, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 96 (1760) j Hyatt, 

P. Bust. Soe. xiv. p. 242 (1872) S. demer&us. 
Dypsieles, Gloger, Sand- u. Silfsb. p. 476 (1842) .. S. demersus. 
Bill rather long and stout, the groove dividing the culminicorn 
from the latericorn inconspicuous. Basal part of the upper and 
lower mandibles furrowed by numerous longitudinal ridges. Tall 
very short, composed of 18 or 20 feathers, which are almost hidden 
by the longer upper tail-coverts. "Well-developed white superciliary 
stripes. Size moderate. 

Range. Cape of Good Hope to the PalHand Islands and Straits of 
Magellan, extending northwards along the east coast of Peru to the 
Galapagos Islands and on the west to Eio Grande do Sol. 

Key to the JSjpecies. 

I. 
Fore-neck between the black bands on the throat 
and chest pure white. 
A. 
White eyebrow-stripe wider, and extending 
to the lores '. demersus, p. 649. 
B* White eyebrow-stripe narrow, commencing 
behind the eye kumboldti, p. 650, 

Eudyptes sp.} Eyton, Ost. AY. pi. iv. L. & pi. 38.fig. 1 (1867). 

6. SPHESISCTJS, 
649 
II. 
A wide "black band across the fore-neck between 
the black bands on the throat and chest. 
C. 
Size larger: base of the lower mandible black; 
flipper 7*5-9*0 inches in length, and mar- [p. 651, 
gined internally with white magellankus, 
D. 
Size smaller: base of the lower mandible 
orange ; Hipper 5'9-6*3 inches in length, 
the inner margin not edged with white ... . mendiculus, p. 60S, 
1. Spheniscus demersus. 
The Black-footed Penguins, Edwards, Glean. N. Hist, ii. p. 94, pi. 94. 

upper figs, and head on left (1748). 
Le Manchot tachete, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 99, pi. ix. (1760) [adult]. 
Le Manchot Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 97 (1760) [immature]. 
Diomedea deinersa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 214 (1766) [Cape of Good 

Hope]. 
The Lesser Penguin, Pennant, Phil. Trans. Iviii. p. 97 (1768). 
Le Manchot du Cap de Bonne-Espei*ance, D''Anient. Pi. Enl. x, 

pi. 57 [no. 3821 
Le Manchot des Hottentots, jyAubent. PI Enl. x. pi. 58 [no. 1005], 
Le Manchot Moven, p. 402, & Le Manchot a Bee tronqne, p. 411, 

pi. xxxi., Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. (1783). 
Cape Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 566 (1785) ; id. Gen. 
Fist. x. p. 381 (1824). 
Aptenodytes demersa, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 557 (3788); Latham, 
2nd. Orn. ii. p. 879 (1790); Andersson, Ibis, 1866, p. 324. 
Aptenodvta demersa, Bonnat. Tabk Encycl. Math. i. p. 67, pi. 16. 
i fig. 4, & pi. 18. fig. 2 (1790). 
Spheniscus dem er&us, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. x'vi. pt i. 

p. 64, pi. 9 (1825); G. It. Gray, List B. pt. iii. p. 154 (1844) 
[Cape of Good Hope]: id. Gen. B. iii. p. 640, pi. 176. fig. 3 
(1846) ; Reichenb. Natatores, pi. 1\ figs. 11, 12 (1850); Schlegel, 
Mus. Pays~Bas, vi. Uiinat. p. 10 (1867) [pait, Cape of Good 
Hope]; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 376 (1867): id. Ibis, 1869 
p. 460 [semialbino var.J; G. B. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 98 (1871); 
Gurney, in Anderss. B. Damaraland, p. 348 (1872); Hyatt, P. Bost. 
Soc. xiv. p. 248 (1872) [part, Cape of Good Hope]; Coues, P. 
Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 209 [part, Cape of Good Hope]; Sclater # 
Salvin, P, Z. S. 1878, p. G53; iid. Toy. Chad Zool, Birds, p. 124, 
pi. xxvii. (1880); Leverhuhn, J. f. O. 18b9, p. 136; Oustalet, La 
Nat. xix. p. 365 (1891); Sclater, Ibis, 1891, p. 476 [breeding in 
confinement]; Moseley, Notes Voy. Chalk p. 133 (1892) ; W. L. 
Sclater, Ibis, 1896, p. 519, plate [breeding on Dassen I.]. 
Aptenodytes palpebrata, Licht. ed. Forst. Descrip. Anim. p. 356 
(1844) [immature]. 
Eudyptes palpebrata, G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641 (1846); 
Reichenb. Natatores, pi. i. figs. 7, 8 (1850). 
Aptenodvtes fuscirostris, llliyer,jide Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas. vi. 

tnaat. p. 11 (1867). 
Spheniscus palpebratus, Cabanis, J.f.O. 1875, p. 121. 
Spheniscus demursus (sic), Sharpen ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 789 

(1884). 

Adult. Forehead, middle of crown, and nape black, shading into 
slate-grey on the rest of the upper parts, this colour being most 
pronounced on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; chin, 

650 
IMPEDES. 

throat, and sides of the head black ; a curved black band across the 
chest, continued down each side of the body to the tail, widest on 
the sides and becoming very narrow where it passes between the 
thighs and the belly ; a wide superciliary stripe commencing above 
the lores and continued along the side of the crown; sides and 
front of neck and rest of the underparts pure white, the breast and 
belly with irregular scattered spots of black; upper surface of 
flippers dark blackish grey, below white, with Irregular patches and 
mottlings of black. In some specimens there is a patch of white 
feathers at the root of the tail. Tail composed of 20 feathers. 
" Iris dark brown ; bill blue-black, with a transverse bar of livid 
flesh-colour across both mandibles " (C. J. Andersson). Total length 
about 27 inches. 

Immature, Resembles the immature of S. Jivmboldti described 
below. 
Bill. 

Gape Exposed 
Middle toe 

Flipper. Tail, 

to tip. cukaen. and claw. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
Adult 2-7-2-9 2-35-2*5 8-0-8-4 1-5-1-6 2*9-3-0 

Hah Coasts of South Africa, extending on the West coa^t at 
least as iar north as Walwich Bay and adjacent islands. 

a-d. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope, Dec. i Challenger' Exped. 

e. Ad. sk. C<ipe of Good Hope. Old Coll. 
/, g. Ad. et J imm. sk. Cape of Good Hope Shelley Coll. 
(Bayard). 
h~m. cT ad. et imm. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Mr. J. Abrahams 

^:. 

n, o. Ad. et imm. st. Cape of Good Hope. ZooL*Soc Cull. 
p-s. Pulls, st. et sk, Cape of Good Hope. Old Coll 
t-z. Ad. imm. et pull. Cape of Good Hope. 4Challenger5 Exped. 


(in spirits). 
a',b'. Ad. et juv. Cape of Good Hope. 1 Challenger' Exped. 
skeletons. 
cf. Imm. skeleton. Cape of Good Hope. Seebohm Coll. 
dr 

. Ad. skeleton. Cape of Good Hope. Mr. J. Abrahams 
[p.]. 

2. Spheniscus hnmbol&tL 
Spheniscus humboldti, Meyen, Kov. Act. Acad. Cess. Leop.-Carol. 
xvi. Suppl p. 110, p. 21 (1834) [Peru] ; Tschudi, Faun. Peru. 
p. 315 (184,5-46) * O. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 640 (1840) ; 
v. Pelz. Rem Novara, Tog. p. 142 (1865) [Chili]; Sclater, P. Z. & 
1867, pp. 337, 340; Heed, Ibis, 1874, p. 83 [Juan Fernandez"*; 
Sakin, Ibis, 1875, p. 377 ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 6-% figs. 1,"2 
[moult and habits]; Sclater <$• Salvin, Voy. CkalL, ZooL, Birds, 
p. 126, woodcut (1880) [Chili, Peru] ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 499 
(1886). 
Spheniscus 
demersup, SeJdegel (nee Linn.), Mus. Pays-Basf vi 
Urinat. p. 10 (1867) [part, Peru]; Coues. P. Ac. Pkilad. 1872, 

p. 209 [part], 
Eudyptes numboldtii, G. R. Gray, Haud-L B. iii. p. 99 (1871), 
6. sPHENiscrs. 
651 
^ Adult. Very closely allied to S. demersus, but the white superciliary 
stripe is much narrower and the curved black pectoral band 
considerably wider. Tail composed of 20 feathers. Total length 
about 27 inches. 

^ Immature. Differs from the adult in having the' chin, throat, and 
sides of the head smoky-grey mixed with whitish; the sides and 
front of the neck smoky-brown, and the pectoral band entirely absent. 
This coloration of the head is remarkable, for the whitish-grey 
parts are black in the adult, while the dark smoky-brown of the 
front and sides of the neck become white: in fact the pattern 
remains, but the coloration is reversed. 

Bill. 
Gapeto tip. 
Exposed 
culmen. 
plio „e p *"pperm 
i 
Middle toe 
and claw. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
6 3-05 2-6 s-4 1-4 2-d 

JIah. West coast of South America, Peru and Chili. 

a. 
Imm. st. West coast of South Purchased. 
America. 
b. 
Imm. sk. Iquique, Peru (If. RowSalvin-
Goclman Coll. 
land). 
c. 6 ad. .sk. Chili, Oct. 8. Zool. Foe. Coll. 
o. Ad. et imm. sk. Chili (Weishaupt). Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
Ad. sk. 
Valparaiso. Capt. W. S. Prett 
[P.]. 

3. Spheniscus magellauicus. * 
Aptenodytes niagellanica, 
Forster, Comment. Gottinaensis,m.^. 143, 
pi. v. (1781) [Straits of Magellan; Staten I.; Tierra del Fuego; 
Falkland K~T; id. Icon. ined. pi. 83 ; Gmel. S. K. i. pt. ii. p. 557 
(1788); Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 8^0 (1790): Miller, Cimelia 
Physira, pi. xxxiv. (179(5) ; Licht. ed. Forzi. Descrip. Anim. 

p. ;J51 (1844); Cunningham, Ibis, 1808, p. 126. 
Magellanic Pinguin, Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. p. 569 (1785); id. 
Gen. Hist x. p. 383 (18*24). 
Aptenodvta niagellanica, Bonnat. Tabl. EncycL Meth. i. p. 69, 
pi. 18/fig. (1790). 
Pinuruinaria magellaniea, Shaw in Miller, Cimelia Physica, p. G7 
(1700). 
Jack-ass Penguin, Weddell, Toy. South Pole, p. 57 (1825) [South 
Georgia: habits]. 
Spheniseus magellanicus, 
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i, p. 6o 
(1825) : G. R. Gray, List B. pt. iii. p. 155 (1844) [Hermit 1.1 ; 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 640 (1846); Reichenb. Katatores, pi. ii. fig. 736 
(1850) ; Casein, U.S. Ktpl. Fxped. p. 353 (1858) [Orange 
Bav, Cape Horn]; Abbott, Ibis, I860, p. 103 [Falkland Is.]; 
Scfafer, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 [Falkland Is.]: id. P. Z. S. 1868, 

p. 527 FE. Falkland]; Sclater^Sf Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 [Sta. 
Magdalena] ; iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 053 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 311 ; Sclater $ Salvin, Voy. Ohall, Zool, Birds, p. 125, pi. xxviii, 
(1880) Tort Churruoha; Magellan ; Falkland Is.]; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
18«1, p. 17 [Tom Bav]; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 547; id. Ibis, 
1889, p. !44"rPcio de la Plata]; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1889, p. 258 [Bio 
i 

652 
1MPEKNJ3S. 

Grande do Sul] ; Moseley, Notes Toy. Chall. p. 486 (1892): Anlin 

Ibis, 1894, p. 212 [Maldonado]. 
i ' 

Aptenodvtes Vasiliensis, Licht. ed. Fo?*st. Descrip. Anim p 355 

(1844)". 

Eudyptes brasiliensis, 6-'. JR. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 641 (1846). 

Aptenodytes magnirostris, Peale, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exped Birds 

p. 263, pi. 71.fig. 1 (1848) [Tierra del FuegoJ. *' 
Splieniscus demersus, 
Cassin [nee Linn.), U.ti. Expl. Exped. p. 354 
(1868) [immature ; Cape Horn] ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bus, vi. 
Urinat p. 10 (1867) [part, Falkland Is.]; Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, 

p. 489; Hyatt, P. Bast Soc. xiv. p. 248 (1872J [part, Tierra del 
Fuegoj. 
Aptenodytes demersa, Abbott {nee Linn.), Ibis, 1860, p. 336 [Falkland 
I.: habits]. 
Eudyptes magellanica, G. P. Gray, Hand-L B. iii. p. 99 (1871). 
Spheniscus demersus, var. magellanicus, Coues, P. Ac. Philad 

1872, p. 211. 
Spheniscus trifa^ciatus, Philippi, Zeit. ges. Xaturw. (2) vii v PI 
pis. 1 & 2 (1872) [Valdivia, Chili]. L * ~ ' 

Adult Very similar to S. demersus. but there is an additional 
wide band of brownish black across the white fore-neck between 
the dark throat and curved pectoral band ; under surface of flipper 
white, dotted with black; in some specimens the black dots are 
nearly wanting. Tail composed of 20 feathers. "Iris brown; 
edges of eyelids black (not flesh-colour); hill horn-colour : feet in 
front black mottled with white, behind black all over" (Br. 

Coppingtr). Total length about 28 inches. 

Immature. Much like the immature of 8. humholdti, but the 
breast and belly almost devoid of black spots, ond the under 
surface of the flippers almost pure white, except at the tip and 
towards the base. " Bill black; legs grey, spotted with black; 
claws black ?' (Dr. Ooppinger), 

Bill. 

Gape Exposed 
•«,. ^ -i Middle toe

KWer TalL

to tip. oulmen.-
w 
and claw. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
tf 2-8 2-15 9-0 1-4 2-9 
$ 2-3-2-0 2-05 7-5-7*6 1-4 2-G-2-S 


Eab. Southern coasts of South America, extending north as far 
as South Chili on the West coast and to Rio Grande do Sul on the 
East; Falkland Islands and South Georgia. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Corral, Valdivia, South Berkeley James Coll. 
ChiH, Oct. 21 (A. A. 
Lane). 
b. 
J ad. sk. Corral, Valdivia, South Berkeley James Coll. 
Chili, Nov. 3 (A. A. L.). 
c.Ad.sk. 
Tom Bay, Strait of Magellan, Voyage of H3I.S. 
April 7 (Dr. Coppinger). i Alert.? 

d. $ 
imm. sk. Tom Bay, Strait of Magellan, Voyage of H.M.S. 
Feb. 17 (Dr. Coppinger). < Alert.' 
6. SPHEXISCTTS. 
653 
e. 
$ hum. sk. Port Ohurruclia, Strait of 1 Challenger' Exped. 
Magellan, Jan. 12, 
/ . 
$ ad. sk. St. Martin's Cove, Hermit McCormick Bequest. 
Island, 03t. 27 (JR. 
McCormick). 

g. 
Ad. sk. Maxwell's Harbour, Her-Antarctic Exped. 
mite Island. 
h. $ ad. sk. Falkland Islands, Jan. 31. ' Challenger' Exped. 
z. Ad. sk. [Falkland Islands.] Old Coll. 
h. Adult (in spirits). Falkland Islands. iChallenger7 Exped. 
I. Adult skeleton. Falkland Islands. 'Challenger' Exped. 
in. Adult skeleton. Falkland Islands. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. Adult skeleton. Falkland Islands. 
o. 
Sternum. Tom Bay, Strait of MaVoyage 
of H.M.S. 
gellan (Dr. Copjnnger). 'Alert.' 
4. Spheniscus mendiculus. 
Spheniscus 
mendiculus, Sundevall, P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 126, 129 
[Galapagos Is.]; Salvin, Tr. Zool. Soc. ix. pi. lxxxix. (1876); 
Ridgway, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 119 (1890) [Albemarle Island]. 

Adult. Most nearly allied to S. magellanicus, and, as in that 
species, there is a wide smoky-brown band across the middle of the 
white fore-neck between the blackish throat and pectoral band; 
but the chin and upper part of the throat are white, and the superciliary 
stripe is very much narrower and joined to the throat by a 
narrow band. Upper surface of the flipper uniform blackish slate, 
with no trace of a white margin on the inner edge ; under surface 
black, with a wide white band down the middle and a whitish 
patch towards the middle of the inner margin. The bill is remarkably 
long and slender, the basal two-thirds of the under mandible 
yellow, the tip and upper mandible blackish. Tail composed of 
18 feathers. Total length about 20 inches. 

Bill. 

•• * N 

Gape Exposed m ^ xa14 Middle toe 

to tip. culmen. J-^Vk>*1-- and claw. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
<J 2-75 24 63 VI 2-5 
S(Mm.BothseMld) 25 2 4 6*3 0-9 2-4 
$ (Mus. Bothschild) 2-4 2'15 5*9 0-8 2-35 
Hal. Galapagos Islands. 

a. <S ad. sk. Galapagos Islands. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Galapagos Islands. Br. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.], 
ADDEND A. 

Page 112. The name of Ardea picata being preoccupied by 
Raffles (see p. 247), the species will require a new name, and I 
propose to call it Notophoyx flavirostris. 

Page 170, line 11, for " Syricter" read " Sirycter.v 

„ line 16, read " Ardea cyanocepliala (nee lTolina).,? 
The proper name for this species should be Siiriyma sihllatric 
(Temm.). 

Add •— ^aoe ^®* Phalacrocorax carbo. 

f-io\ dSad.e t Cromarty Firth, March. G. A. St. Quintin, E*q. 
imin. sk. et st. "P."*. 
#b. $ ad. sk. Naesland, S. Norway, Cliri&tiania Museum "Pf. 

Feb. -* 
** 
yb. $ imm. sk. Asher, S. Norway, Oct. Chrfctiania Museum "P. \ 
s8. <$ imm. sk. Grimstad, S. Norway, Ghristiaiiia Museum "P.], 

Sept. 
cp, b7. (J imm. Trapani, Sicily. Joseph S. TVhitaker, Esq. 
sk. ;p/\ 
c7-e7. S 2 ad-e t Tunis, Feb. Joseph S. Whitaker, Ebq. 
imm. sk. [P.". 

^fl . Page 364. Phalacrocorax gracnlns. 

tf-t\ $ $ ad. Cromarty Firth, March 10. G. A. St. Quintin, Esq. 
et imm. sk. [P.]. 
w3. tf ad. sk. Stavanger, S.W. Norway, Christiama Museum [F.1. 
May. 

Page 36S. Subsp. a. Phalacrocorax desmaresti. 

Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker has kindly lent me for examination 
five specimens of Phcdacrocora.ee desmaresti, three adults and two in 
first autumn plumage, with the breast and underparts white. 

They measure as follows:— 

Oulrnen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. 

5 ad. sk.,.. 2-8 10-1 5*1 2 3 Bay of Gomenizza, Epirus, June 
9 {Lard Lilford).

Ad.sk. ... 2-95 10-3 4-8 2 4 I. of Rossa, Bay of Teulada, Sardinia, 
May 25 {Lord Lilford).
5 vix ad, sk,. 2-75 9-5 4*1 2*3 Staudia L, Crete, April 7 {Lord

(worn) Lilford).
Juv. sk. ... 2 65 9-2 4 9 2-3 Bay of Gomenizza, Epirus, June 
(worn). 9 {Lord Lilford).
JuV. sk. ... 2-85 9-7 4 4 2-2 I. of Rossa, Bay of Teulada, 
(worn). May 25 {Lord Lilford). 

in. m. in. 

ADDEND i. 6o5 

Pago 333. Add:-


18 a. Phalacrocorax harrisi. 

Phalacrocorax harrisi, Rothschild, Bull. B. 0. C. vii. no. liv. p. lii 
(1898) "LNarborough I., Galapagos Group]. 

u Adult, Upperside brownish-black, the bases of the feathers 
blackish-grey; scapulars and wing-coverts dark hoary-grey, with 
black borders ; a number of white filaments scattered about the 
head and neck. Underside a mixture of pale brown and grey; tail 
black; quills blackish brown, with greyish tips on the outer margin/' 

"This bird is the largest known Cormorant, being if anything 
bigger than the extinct P. perspicillatus, and its wings are quite 
soft and incapable of flight, and of about the same size as the wings 
of the Great Auk (Aha impennisf)" 

Wing of P. harrisi 7*0-7*5 inches. 
Wing of A, impennis 6*7 inches. 
" Hah. Xarborough Island, Galapagos Islands." (L. W. Rothschild). 


^3 . Page 430. Sula cyanops. 

$. $ ad. sk. Christmas L, Indian Ocean Sir John Murray [P.], 
(C\ W. Andrews). 


. A^d. Page 432. Sula piscator. 

p'. Juv. sk. Christmas I., Indian Ocean Sir John Murray fP.l 

(C. W. Andreios). 
q'. Skeleton. Christmas L, Indian Ocean Sir John Murray [P.], 
(C. W. A.). 
Page 434. Add:— 

5 a. Sula websteri. 

Sula websteri, Rothschild, Bull. B. 0. C. vii. no. liv. p. lii (1898) 
[Clarion L, Galapagos Group]. 
a Adult in white plumage closely resembling S. piscatrix, having 
the same hoary-grey on the primaries, but at once distinguishable, by 
its dark brownish-grey tail; the bill is also more slender, and the 
red at the base of the mandible is more extended. Young in grey 
plumage somewhat variable, very different from the young of 
JS. piscatrix, being not so dark above and with the feathers of the 
back uniform brown, not edged with light grey; below darker than 
the young of S. piscatrix. Size of S. piscatrix." 
" Hah. Clarion I., Galapagos, and the neighbouring seas." (L. W. 
Rothschild). 
£££. Page 436. Sula sula. 

o". § juv. sk. Christmas L, Indian Ocean Sir John Murray [P.], 

(C. W. Andrews), 
v". Skeleton. Christmas L, Indian Ocean Sir John Murray FP.l 
(C. W. A.). 
656 ADDENDA. 

Page 443. Fregata abulia. 

Add: 

i", Jc". Qa(*. sk. Christmas I , Indian Ocean, Sir John Murray [P.]. 
Nov. IS (C.W.Andrews). 
I". £ skeleton. Christmas I., Indian Ocean Sir John [Murray [P.l. 
(C. W.A.). 

 Page Fre^ata

Add •— ^' ariel. 

b'-d'. $ ? ad. sk. Christmas I., Indian Ocean, Sir John Murray [P.], 
Nov. (C. W. Andrews). 

Page 451. Phaethon rubricauda. 

Add:— 

, y. Pull, Christmas I., Indian Ocean Sir John Murray "P.l. 
spirits). (C. W.Andrews). 

Page 455. Phaethon fulvus. 

Add:— 
e-g- 6 ? ad. et juv. Flying-fish Cove, Chribtmas Sir John Murray 
sk. L, Indian Ocean, Aug., 
Sept.,Dec. {C. W. Andrews). 
h-k. 3 $ skeletons. Flying-fish Cove (C. W. A.). Sir John Murray 
[P.]. 

Add:— Pa»e ^' Colymbus septentrionalis. 

i". $ ad. sk. Smolen Islands, N. Norway, Dr. E. B. Sharpe [P.], 
May 30. 
k", /". S ad. et Mabel" Island, Franz Josef J ackson-IIarms worth 
juv. sk. Land, Aug. 10 (F. G. Expedition [P.]. 
Jackson). 
m". $ ad. sk. Bell I., Franz Josef Land, Jackfcon-Harmsworth 
Aug. 10 (F. G. J,). Expedition rP."\ 
ri . 2 ad. sk. Petropavlowak, Kamschatka, G. E. H. Barrett-
autumn. Hamilton, Esq. ~P.]. 

Page 507. Podicipes fluviatilis. 

Add to synonymy:— 
Podiceps philippensis, Theobald (nee Bonnai.), J. A. S. B. xxiiL 

p. 603 (1854) j Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 233 (1878). 
Podiceps minor, Stoliczka (nee Gmel.) J. A. S. B. xli. pt. ii. p. 250 
(1872) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 268 (1873) ; Adams, Str. F. i. p. 402 
(1873); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 31 (1876); Fairbank, Str. F. v. 

p. 410 (1877); Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 490 (1878); Cripps, 
Str. F vii. p. 313 (1878); Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 364 (1879); 
Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 93 (1880); Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 439 (1880); 
Barnes, Str. F. ix. p. 460 (1880); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 85 (1881); 
Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 326 (1882) j Davison, Str. F. x. p. 418 
(1883); Barnes, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. I p. 61 (1886), vi. p. 291 
(1891); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 348 (1888). 
Page 514, lines 20 and 32, for* P. minor read P. fluviatilis. 

ADDENDA. 657 

Page 521. The reference Taohybaptus dominions, Holland, Ibis, 
1892, p. 214 [Argentine Rep.], should he placed under P. americanus, 

p. 524. 
j^M . Page 524. Podicipes americauus. 

p'f q\ $ ad. et $ Espartillar, Argentine Rep.7 A. H. Holland, Esq. 
imm. sk. March, June. [C.]. 

A ^ : Page 532. Podicipes nigricollis. 

Podiceps nigricollis, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 2(36 (1873). 

Page 535, line 39. The reference to Baird, Brewer, & Ridgw. 
TTater-B. K Anier. ii. p. 434 (1884) should be placed above under 
the heading Bytes nigricollis califomicus. 

j^fa. Page 549. -ffichmophorus major. 

ry$. d ad. et inim, Espartillar, Argentine Rep., A. Ti. Holland, Esq. 

sk. Feb., Oct. [G.]. 
^ 3 . Page 553. Podilymbus podicipes. 
b'\ 0 ad. sk. Espartillar, Argentine Rep.,
July 16. 
A. H. Holland, Esq. 
[C.]. 

2 IT 

VOL. XXVI. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abbotti (Ibis), 264. 
abbotti (Sula\ 431. 
Abdimia, 291, 21)2. 
abdimii (Abrlimia), 292. 
abdimii (Ciconia), 292. 
abdimii (Spkenorhynehus), 
293. 
Abeltera, 423. 
Abou Hanues, 4. 
Acalot, 34. 
adamsi (Colvmbus), 486, 
487, 498, f 00. 
adam&i (Urinator), 501. 
adeliaj (Catarrhactes), 

631. 
adelise (Dasyramphus), 

633. 
adeliiE (Eudyptes), 633. 
adelife (Pygoscelis), 630, 
632, 633. 
adelias (Spbeniscus), 633. 
adspersus (Botaurus), 

261. 
iEchmophorus, 502, 549. 
asgvptius (Nycticorax), 

150. 
seolus (Pbalacrocorax), 
361, 362.^ ' 
sequin oetialis (Ardea), 
106, 138, 213. 
astbereus (Pbaetbon),451, 
452, 454, 456, 457, 

459. 
asthiopiea (Ibis), 4, 6, 7, 
8, 10, 264. 
setbiopicus (Geronticus), 

5. 
setbiopicus (Tantalus), 4. 
setbiopicus (Tbreskiornis), 
5. 
affinis (Ardea), 115, 

217. 
affinis (Egretta), 115. 
affinis (Herodias), 114. 
affinis (Podiceps), 542. 
African Shag, 407. 

africanoides (Carbo), 407. 
africanus (Carbo), 402, 

407. 
africanus (Graculus), 356, 

407. 
africanus (Halieus), 407. 
africanus (Hydrocorax), 

407. 
africanus (ilicrocarbo), 


407. 
africanus (Pelecanus), 

407. 
africanus (Phalacrocorax), 
336, 339, 356, 

407. 
agami (Agamia), 135, 

274. 
agami (Ardea), 135. 
agarni (Doriponus), 135. 
agami (Doryphorus), 

135. 
agami (Herodias), 135. 
Agami Heron, 135. 
Agamia, 58, 135. 
Aigrette, 118. 
Aigrette rousse, 106. 
Aigrette rousse do la 
Louisiane, 106. 
aja (Platalea), 54. 
Ajaja, 43, 52. 
ajaja (Ajaja), 52, 53. 
ajaja (Mystrorbampbus), 

54. 
ajaja (Platalea), 52. 
alba (Ardea), 90, 92, 96, 
99, 102,171, 270. 
alba (Oiconia), 299, 301, 

302. 
alba (Egretta). 91. 99. 
alba (Guara), 40, 266. 
alba (Herodias), 89, 90, 
91, 96, 99, 270. 
alba (Ibis), 21, 39. 
alba (Leucibis), 40. 
alba (Platalea), 43,49. 
alba (Scolopax), 39. 

alba (Sula), 426. 
albescens (Ciconia), 301. 
albescens (Podiceps), 518. 
albescens (Podicipes), 
504, 505, 518. 
albicollis (Ardea), 114. 
albicollis (G-eronticus), 

22. 
albicollis (Ibis), 21, 23. 
albicollis (Podiceps), 524. 
albicollis (Tantalus), 23. 
albicollis (Theristicus), 

23. 
albidus (Pbalacrocorax), 

331. 
albigula (Carbo), 387. 
albigula (Graculus), 387. 
albigula (Haliaaus), 387. 
albigula (Pbalacrocorax), 

387. 
albigularis (Eudyptes), 

643. 
albipennis (Podicipes), 

514. 
albipennis (Tacbybaptes), 

514. 
albiventer (Carbo), 392. 
albiventer (Graculus), 

392. 
albiventer (Pbalacrocorax), 
335, 339, 391, 

392. 
albiventer (Urile), 392. 
albiventris (Graculus), 

343. 
albiventris (Pbalacrocorax), 
392. 
albociliatus (Pbalacrocorax), 
371, 373. 
albolineata (Ardea), 139. 
albolineata (Demiegretta), 
144. 
albolineata (Herodias), 

139. 
albosignata (Eudyptula). 
645, 648. 
2ir2 

ALPHABETICAL IJOEX . 

albus (Anastomus), 307. 
albus (Erodius), 91. 
albus (Eudocimus), 39, 

266. 
albus (Falcinellus), 40. 
albus (Phaeton), 454. 
albus (Phalacrocorax), 

368. 
albus (Tantalus), 39. 
Aba, 563, 564. 
Alcce, 559. 
alee (Alca), 569. 
Alcinae, 560. 
aleutica (Phaleris), 599. 
aleutica (Uria), 599. 
aleutieus (Ptychoraraphus), 
599. 
aleutieus (Ptyehorhamphus), 
599. 
aleutieus (Siniorhynchus), 
599. 
alga (Uria), 575. 
algiriensis (G-raculus), 

406. 
algiriensis pygraseus (G-raculus), 
406. 
Alle, 560, 569. 
alle (Alea), 569. 
alle (Alle), 559, 569, 

570. 
alle (Arctiea), 570. 
alle (Cephas), 570. 
alle (Cepphus), 570. 
alle (Mergulus), 570. 
alle (Uria), 569. 
ambiguus (Podieeps), 

529. 
American Bittern, 261. 
American Jabiru, 314. 
American Night Heron, 

147. 
American Stork, 297. 
americana (Butor), 261. 
americana (Egretta), 96. 
americana (Mycteria), 

314. 
americana (Nycticorax), 

148. 
americana (Sula), 426. 
americanus (Graculus), 

344. 
americanus (Nycticorax), 
155, 156. 
americanus (Pelecanus), 

482. 
americanus (Phaethon), 

456. 
americanus (Phaeton), 

457. 
americanus (Podieeps), 

524. 

americanus (Podicipes), 
504, 506, 524, 657. 
amurensis (Ardea), 181. 
amurensis (Butorides), 
172, 181, 182, 279. 
Anastomus, 292, 306. 
Ancient Auk, 596. 
andanianensis (Herodias), 

139. 
Anhinga, 410. 
Anhinga de Cayenne, 

420. 
Anhinga du Senegal, 412. 
Anhinga noir de Cayenne, 

420. 
Anhinga roux, 412. 
anhinga (Anhinga), 420. 
anhinga (Plotus), 410, 
411,419. 
anisodactylus (Podieeps), 

554. 
Anobapton, 590. 
Antarctic Pinguin, 634. 
antarctica (Aptenodyta), 

634. 
antarctica (Aptenodytes), 
(>34. 
antarctica (Eudyples), 

634. 
antarctica (Pinguinaria), 

634. 
antarctica (Pygoscelis), 
630, 634. 
antarcticus (Podieeps), 

554. 
antarcticus (Podilymbus), 
554. 
antarcticus (Spheniscus), 

634. 
anthonyi (Ardea), 280. 
anthoriyi (Butorides), 

280. 
Antient Auk, 596. 
antipoda(Eudyptes), 644. 
antipoda (Pygoscelis), 

644. 
antipodes (Catarrhactes), 

644. 
antipodes (Eudypfces), 

644. 
antipodes (Megadyptes), 

644. 
antipodes (Pygoscelis), 

644. 
antipodes (Spheniscus), 

644. 
antipodum (Eudyptes), 

antipodum (Megadypfces), 
625,644. 
antiqua (Alca), 596. 

antiqua (Fratereula), 

596. 
antiqua (Uria), 593, 596. 
anfciquus (Brachyramphus), 
596. 
antiquus (Brachyrhamphus), 
593, 596. 
antiquus (Sylbeoeyelus), 

559. 
antiquus (Synthliboramphus), 
596. 
antiquus (Synthliborhamphus), 
595, 596, 598. 
Apobapton, 590. 
Aptenodytes, 624, 620. 
Apterodita, (526. 
Apterodyfa, 626. 
aquila (Fregata), 442, 
443, 444, 655. 
aquila (Tachypetes), 443. 
aquila,var. minor (Tachypetes), 
448. 
aquilus (Atagen), 445. 
aquilus (Attagen), 445. 
aqutlus (Carbo), 443. 
aqudus (Peieeanu.3), 443. 
arboreu& i Phalacrocorax), 

344. 
Arctiea, 5G9. 
arctiea (Alca), 616. 
arctiea (Fratereula), 559, 
615, 016, 621. 
arctiea (Gavia), 495. 
arctiea glacialis (Fratereula), 
617. 
arctiea (Lunda), 617, 

620. 
arctiea (Uria), 582. 
arctiea, var. j3 (Alca), 020. 
arctiea, var. glacialis 
(Fratereula), 617. 
arcticus (Cephus), 582. 
arcticus (Colymbus), 486, 
492, 493, 495, 498, 

529. 
aretieus (Eudytes), 493. 
arcticus (Mergulus), 570. 
aretieus (Mergus), 493. 
arcticus (Mormon), 617. 
arcticus paeificus (Colymbus), 
495. 
arcticus (Podieeps), 529. 
arcticus (Urinator). 493, 

495. 
Ardea, 5Q, 66. 
Ardeiralla, 244. 
Ardeirallus, 59, 244. 
Ardeola, m, 201. 
ardeola (Nyctkorax), 

148. 
Ardeomega, 6Q. 

ardesiaca (Ardea), 101, 
104, 105, 271. 
ardesiaca (Melanophoyx), 
104, 105, 271. 
Ardetta, 59, 220. 
Argala, 315. 
argala (Ardea), 315. 
argala (Ciconia), 315, 

619. 

argala (Leptoptilus), 
315, 320. 
argala (Mycteria), 316. 
ariel (Attagen), 447. 
ariel (Pregata), 442, 447, 
448, 656. 
arra (Alca), 579. 
arra brimniehii (Lomvia), 

579. 
arra (Ceppbus), 577. 
arra (Lom\ia), 579. 
arra. (Una), 578. 
aruensis (Ardea), 113. 
aruensis (Herodias), 113. 
aruensis (Notophoyx), 
109, 113, 114, 272. 
arundinaceus (Botaurus), 

255. 
Ash-coloured Heron from 
North America, 80. 
asha (Ardea), 116, 272. 
asha (Demiegretta), 115, 

116. 
asha (Herodias), 178, 

139. 
asha (Lepterodius), 114, 
116,272. 
asiatica (Ciconia), 301, 

311. 
asiatica (Mycteria), 310. 
asiaticus (Xenorhynchus), 
310,311. 
Atagen, 442. 
ater (Carbo), 369. 
atra (Ardea), 139, 303. 
atra (Herodias), 139. 
atrata (Eudyptes), 639. 
atri cap ilia (Ardea), 172, 
173,174,178, 278. 
atricapilla (Ardetta), 174, 

178. 
atricapilla (Butorides), 
172,173,174,176,178, 
277, 278. 
atricapillus (Ocniscus), 

173. 
atriceps (Carbo), 387. 
atriceps (Halieus), 390. 
atriceps (Phalacrocorax), 
335, 339, 381, 390, 

391. 
atricollis (Ardea), 71. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

atrogularis (Colymbus), 

493. 
Attagen, 442. 
audax (Ardea), 204. 
Audubonia, 66. 
Auk, 564. 
Auk, Ancient, 596. 
Auk, Antient, 596. 
Auk, Black-billed, 566. 
Auk, Crested, 601. 
Auk, Dusky, 601. 
Auk, Flat-billed, 603. 
Auk, Great, 563. 
Auk, Labrador, (516. 
Auk, Minute, 605. 
Auk, Perroquet, 607. 
Auk, Pigmy, 603. 
Auk, Pulfin, 616. 
Auk, Razor-billed, 566. 
Auk. Tufted, 612. 
auritus (Carbo), 370. 
auritus (Colymbus), 507, 
527, 532. 
auritus (Dytes), 532. 
auritus (Phalacrocorax), 
333, 337, 370, 371. 
auritus (Podiceps), 529, 
532, 535. 
auritus (Podicipes), 504, 
506, 527, 530, 533. 
auritus, var. californicus 
(Podiceps), 535. 
australasiae (JNycticorax), 

159. 
australis (Ardea), 158, 
225, 247, 250. 
australis (Botaurus), 258. 
australis (Ciconia), 311. 
australis (Mycteria), 310, 

311. 
australis (Pelecanus), 

483. 
australis (Podiceps), 546. 
australis (Sula), 428, 

437. 
australis (Xenorhynchus), 

311. 
autumnalis (Falcinellus), 

32. 
autumnalis (Plegadis), 
32, 266. 
ayaya (Platalea), 53. 
azreth (Ciconia), 301. 
azretti (Ciconia), 301. 

bacchus (Ardeola), 202, 
211,282. 
bacchus (Buphus), 211. 
badia (Ardea), 62. 
badius (Nycticorax), 147. 

Baguari, 297. 
Baguari de la Collar 
Roxo, 314. 
bahamensis (Ardea), 187bahias 
(Tigrisoma), 194, 
196,281. 
bailloni (ITrinator), 489. 
bairdii (Graeulus), 360. 
Balceniceps, 287. 
Bald Ibis, 17. 
balthica (Alca), 565, 566. 
balthica (Una), 580. 
balthicus(Colymbus),493. 
barbieri (Pelecanus), 480. 
bassana (Lulu), 426. 
bassana (Moris), 426. 
bassana (Sula), 423, 424, 
425, 428, 429, 430. 
bassanus (Dysporus), 426. 
bassanus (Morus), 426. 
bassanus (Pelecanus), 

425. 
Bay Ibis, 30. 
Bec-Ouvert, 306. 
Bee-Ouvert blanc des 
Indes, 306. 
Bec-Ouvert de Pondichery, 
306. 
bengala (Ibis), 8. 
bengalensis (Falcinellus), 

32. 
bengalensis (Plegadis), 

32. 
bengalensis(Tantalus), 31. 
bernieri (Ibis), 4, 7, 264. 
bernieri (Threskiornis), 7. 
Biboreau de Cayenne, 

131. 
bicaudata (Ciconia), 294. 
biclavata (Ciconia), 294. 
bicornis (Colymbus), 

549. 
bicornis (Podiceps), 529, 

550. 
bicristatus (Carbo), 360. 
bieristatus (Graeulus), 
358, 361. 
bicristatus (Phalacrocorax), 
331, 333, 337, 
358, 360, 361. 
bicristatus (Urile), 358. 
Bihoreau, 146. 
bilineata (Ardea), 247. 
bilineata (Ardetta), 247. 
bilophus (Carbo), 371. 
bilophus (Graeulus), 371. 
Bittern, 253, 259. 
Bittern, American, 261. 
Bittern, Brazilian, 194. 
Bittern, Common, 255. 
Bittern, Crested, 130. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

M2 

Bittern from Hudson's 

Bay, 259. 
Bittern, Greater, 61. 
Bittern, Lineatecl, 194. 
Bittern, Little, 222, 231. 
Bittern, Little Brown, 

222. 
Bittern, Minute, 231. 
Bittern, Senegal, 203. 
Bittern, Small, 186. 
Bittern, Tiger, 194. 
Bittern, Zigzag, 241. 
Black and White Dobchick, 
527. 
Black-bellied Darter, 412, 
414, 420. 
Black - bellied Darter, 
var. A, 420. 
Black - bellied Darter, 
var. B, 420. 
Black-bellied Pelican, 

477. 
Black-billed Auk, 568. 
Black-billed Tropic Bird, 
452. 
Black-breasted Grebe, 
550. 
Black-chin Grebe, 507. 
Black - crested White 
Heron, 171. 
Black Darter, 420. 
Black-faced Ibis, 21. 
Black-footed Penguin, 

649. 
Black Guillemot, 581. 
Black Guillemot, var. A, 
586. 
Black Guillemot, yar. B, 
581. 
Black Guillemot, yars. C 
& E3 581. 
Black Guillemot, yar. D, 

586. 
Black-headed Ibis, 7. 
Black Heron, 303. 
Black Ibis, 17. 
Black Stork, 303. 
Black-throated Diver, 
493, 495. 
Blew Heron, 72, 100. 
Blongois, 222. 
Blongois de Suisse, 222. 
Blue Heron, 101, 137. 
Boatbill, 163. 
Boatbill, Brown, 163. 
Boatbill, Crested, 163. 
Boatbill, Spotted, 163. 
Booby, 436. 
Booby, Brown, 432. 
Booby, Brown and White, 

430. 
Booby, Common, 436. 

Booby, Lesser, 436. 

Booby, Spotted, 425. 

Boreal Diver, 489. 

borealis (Alca), 564. 

borealis (Colymbus), 487. 

Bostrychia, 3, 18. 

botaurulus (Ardea), 204. 

Botaurus, 59,153. 

botaurus (Ardea), 62. 

bougainyillei (Graculus), 

3b7. 

bougainvillei (Phalacro


eorax), 387. 

bougainvillii (Carbo). 387. 

bougainyillii (Phalacro


corax), 335, 338, 387. 

bougainvillii (Urile), 387. 

boyciana (Ciconia), 299, 

302. 
brachvdactylus (Pelecanus), 
482. 
brachypterus (Brachyramphus), 
596. 
brachypterus (Brachyrhamphus), 
596. 
Braehyrampbus, 590. 
Brachyrhamphus, 501, 

590. 
braehyrhvncha (Herodias), 
269. 
brachyrhyneha (ifesophoyx)", 
So, 87, 269. 
brachvrhynehos (Herodias), 
87. 
brachvrhynehos (Phalaerocorax), 
344. 
brachyrhv nchus (Herodias), 
92. 
brachyrhvnehus (Pelecanus), 
482. 
brachyuros (Phalacro 
corax), 365. 
brag (Ardea), 77. 
branickii (Theristicus), 

22.23. 
brasi liana (Proeellaria), 
378. 
brasilianus (Carbo), 378. 
brasilianus (Graculus), 
378. 
brasilianus (Halicus),378. 
brasilianus (Halieus),378. 
brasilianus (Phalacrocorax), 
378. 
brasilianus (Puffinus), 

378. 
brasiliense (Tigrisoma), 
194, 196, 198. 
brasiliensis 
(Aptenodytes), 
652. 

brasiliensis (Ardea). 194, 
196, 262. 
brasiliensis (Botaurus), 

195. 
brasiliensis (D\sporus), 
438. 
brasiliensis (Eudyptes), 
652. 
brasiliensis (Graculus), 
379. 
brasiliensis (Halieus), 
378. 
brasiliensis (Phalacrocorax), 
370, 378. 
brasiliensis (Sula), 433, 

436. 
Brazilian Bittern, 194. 
Brazilian Petrel, 378. 
Brazilian Whimbrel, 35. 
brevipes (Ardea), 173, 
278. 
brevipes (Butorides), 173, 
174, 277, 278. 
brevipes f^vyctieorax), 
147, 173, 278. 
brevipes (Ocniscub), 173, 

278. 
brevirostris (Alcaj, 593. 
brevirostris (Brachyramphu^
j, 593. 
brevirostris (Brachy


rhamphus), 590, 593. 
brevirostris (Carboj, 400. 
brevirostris (Haliaus), 

400. 
brevirostris (Ibis), 35. 
brevirostris (Pelecan us), 
471. 
brevirostris 
(Phalacroc<
»rax), 336. 339, 400, 

401. 
bre\ irostris (Podilimbus), 
554. 
brevirostris CPodilymbus), 
554, 558. 
brevirostris (Pygoscelis), 

633. 
brevirostris (Uria), 593. 
brewsteri (Sula), 424, 
425, 439, 440. 
Bridled or Kinged Guillemot, 
575. 
brissonii (Onoerotalus), 

463. 
Brown and White Booby, 
430. 
Brown Boatbill, 163. 
Brown Booby, 432. 
Brown Heron, 135. 
Brown Pelican, 476, 
479. 
brunnescens (Ardea), 186, 

280. 
brunnescens (Btitorldes), 

187. 
brunnescens (Gcniscus), 

187. 
brunnichi (Lorn via), 579. 
brunnichi (Uria), 574, 

578. 
brunnichii (Alca), 578, 

579. 
Brunnich's Guillemot, 

578. 
Bubulcus, 59, 213. 
bubulcus (Ardea), 214, 
217, 282. 
bubulcus (Ardeola), 215. 
bubulcus (Bubulcus), 

215. 
bubulcus (Buphus), 215. 
bubulcus (Egretta), 215. 
bubulcus (Herodias), 215, 

217. 
Buff-backed Heron, 215. 
bullaragang (Ardea), 

111. 
Buphus, 201. 
Butio, 166. 
Butor, 254. 
Butor de Bresil, 194. 
Butor de la baie d'Hudson, 
259. 
Butor de la Baye de 
Hudson, 259. 
Butor, Grand, 60. 
Butorides, 59, 172. 

cabanisi (Ardea), 199. 
cabanisi (Botaurus), 199. 
cabanisi (Heterocnus), 
198, 281. 
cabanisi (Tigrisoma), 

281. 
eaboja (Ardea), 217. 
cserulea (Ardea), 100, 
102, 137, 138. 271. 
cserulea (Egretta), 101. 
cserulea (Florida), 100, 
102, 271, 274. 
cserulea (Herodias), 102. 
caerulescens (Ardea), 73, 

101. 
csaruleseens (Geronticus), 

24. 
ciBrulescens (Harpiprion), 

24. 
caerulescens (Ibis), 24. 
casrulescens (Molybdophanes), 
24, 265. 
cit-rulescens (Theristicus), 

24. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

cseruleus (Glaucerodius), 

102. 
caffrensis (Hagedashia), 

20. 
caffrensis (Ibis), 20. 
caffrensis (Tantalus), 19. 
caffrensis (Theristicus), 

20. 
calceolata (Ardea), 115. 
Caledonian Night-Heron, 

151. 
caledonica (Ardea), 158, 
161,162. 
caledonica (Nyetiardea), 

159. _ 
caledonicus (Calherodius), 
159. 
caledonicus (Nycticorax), 
146, 158, 161, 162. 
Calherodiu3, 275. 
californica (Herodias), 

96. 
californica (Loravia), 574. 
californica (Uria), 574. 
californicus (Catarractes), 

574. 
californicus (Dytes), 535, 

657. 
californicus (Pelecanus), 
461, 478, 479. 
californicus (Podicipes), 
505, 506, 535. 
Oalipareus, 503. 
calipareus (Podiceps), 

536. 
calipareus (Podicipes), 
505, 506, 536, 537. 
ealirhynchus (Pelecanus), 

467. 
calliparaeus juuinensis 
(Podiceps). 538. 
callocephala (Ny ctiardea), 

131. 
calva (Ciconia), 317. 
calva (Ibis), 17. 
calvus (Geronticus), 16, 
17,18. m 
calvus (Ibis), 16. 
calvus (Tantalus), 17. 
campbelli (Phalacrocorax), 
335, 338, 387. 
campbelli {Urile), 387. 
camtschatica (Phaleris), 

603. 
camtschaticus (Simorhynchus), 
604. 
cana (Uria), 596. 
Canchroma, 58, 163. 
Cancroma, 163. 
cancrophaga (Cancroma), 

163. 

cancrophagus (Cochlearius), 
164. 
cancrophagus (Nycttcorax), 
164. 
Candida (Ciconia), 301. 
Candida (Demiegretta), 

140. 
Candida (Herodias), 91. 
Candida (Piscatrix), 433. 
Candida (Sula), 432. 
candidissima (Ardea), 
124,273. 
candidissima (Egretta), 

125. 
candidissima (Garzetta), 

125. 
candidissima (Herodias), 

125. 
candidissima (Leucophoyx), 
124. 
candidus (Lepturus), 

454. 
candidus (Phaeton), 452, 
453._ 
Cangui, 322. 
canogularis (Alca), 616. 
canogularis (Podiceps), 

540. 
Cape Pinguin, 649. 
capensis {Botaurus), 253, 
257,258. 
capensis (Dysporus), 

428. 
capensis (Graculus), 352. 
capensis (Hians), 309. 
capensis (Pelecanus), 

352. 
capensis (Phalacrocorax), 
332, 336, 352. 
capensis (Plotus), 413. 
capensis (Podiceps), 513. 
capensis (Podicipes), 504, 
505, 513, 514. 
capensis (Sula), 424, 

429. 
capensis (Tachybaptes), 

514. 
capensis (Tachybapius), 

513. 
capillata (Ciconia), 317. 
capillatus (Carbo), 350. 
capillatus (Graculus), 

350. 
capillatus (Phalacrocorax), 
350. 
capillimentosus (Graculus), 
350. 
Carbo, 330. 
carbo (Alca), 589. 
carbo (Oepphus), 582, 

588. 

carbo (Graculus), 343, 

351. 
carbo (Halieus), 343. 
carbo (Hydrocorax), 343. 
carbo (Pelecanus), 340. 
carbo (Phalacrocorax), 
330,331,332,336,340, 
350, 654. 
carbo major (Phalacrocorax), 
344. 
carbo medius (Phalacrocorax), 
344. 
carbo (Uria), 573, 588, 

589. 
carboides (Graculus), 

343. 
carboides (Pelecanus), 

400. 
carboides (Phalaerocorax), 
343. 
Carbonarius, 331. 
carinata (Fratercula), 

613. 
oarolinensis (Ardea), 125. 
carolinensis '(Colymbus), 

554. 
carolinensis (Pelecanus), 

477. 
carolinensis (Podiceps), 
553,554. 
carolinensis (Podilymbus), 
554. 
carolinensis (Sylbeocyclus), 
554. 
caroliniana (Fregata), 

445. 
Carphibis, 2, 11. 
carunculata (Bostrychia), 

18. 
carunculata (Harpiprion), 
18. 
carunculata (Ibis), 18. 
Carunculated Shag, 384. 
carimculatus (Geronticus), 
18. 
carunculatus (Graculus), 
384, 385, 390, 393. 
carunculatus (Harpiprion), 
18. 
carunculatus (Hydrocorax), 
384. 
carunculatus (Pelecanus), 

384. 
carunculatus (Phalacrocorax), 
334, 338, 381, 
384, 385, 386, 390, 
392, 
carunculatus (Urile), 390. 
Casmerodius, 88. 
caspia (Ardea), 61. 
caspicus (Colymbus), 528. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

caspicus (Podiceps), 528. 
cassini (Simorhynchus), 

604. 
cassinii (Arctica), 599. 
cassinii (Mergulus), 599. 
Castagneux des Philippines, 
511. 
castanea (Ardea), 213. 
castanea (Ibis), 31. 
Castaneous Heron, 203. 
castaneus (Buphus), 204. 
castaneus (Tantalus), 30. 
Oataractes, 572. 
catarractes (Aptenodytes), 
636. 
catarractes (Eudvptes), 

637. 
catarractes (Spheniscus), 

636. 
Oatarrhaetes, 624, 635, 

644. 
oatarrhaetes (Eudyptes), 

637. 
catesbyi (Phaeton), 457. 
Catoptropelicanus, 460. 
caudata (Ibis), 23. 
[ cau datus (Geronticus), 

23. 
caudatus (Ibis), 22. 
caudatus (Scolopax), 23. 
caudatus (Theristicus), 
21, 22, 23, 265. 
cayanensis (Geronticus), 

25. 
cayanensis (Harpiprion), 

25. 
cayanus (Podiceps), 549. 
cayenensis (Tantalus), 25. 
Cayenne Grebe, 549. 
Cayenne Ibis, 25. 
Cayenne 3STight-Heron, 

131. 
eayennensis (Ardea), 131. 
cayennensis (Colymbus), 

549. 
cayennensis (Harpiprion), 

25. 
cayennensis (Ibis), 25. 
cayennensis (Tantalus), 

25. 
Centropelma, 503. 
Cepphus, 288, 572. 
Ceratoblepharum, 615. 
Ceratorhyncha, 609. 
Ceratorrhina, 609. 
Cercibis, 3, 28. 
Cerorhina, 609. 
Cerorhinca, 609. 
Cerorhyncha, 562, 609. 
cerorhyncha (Phaleris), 

609. 

Chcenorhamphe, 306. 
chalconotus (Graculus), 

369. 
chalconotus (Phalacroeorax), 
333, 337, 369. 
chalcoptera (Hagedashia), 

20. 
chalcoptera (Ibis), 20, 21, 

36. 
chalcopterus (Tantalus), 

35. 
chalybea (Ardea), 101. 
chambeyroni (Tacbypetes), 
448. 
chantrei (Plotus), 413. 
Charles-Town Pelican, 

476. 
Chenalopex, 562. 
Cheniscus, 611. 
Chenorhamphus, 306. 
chichi (Numenius), 31. 
chihi (Numenius), 35. 
chilensis (Aptenodytes), 

625. 
chilensis (Diomedea), 

625. 
chilensis (Pinguinus), 

625. ^ 
chilensis (Podiceps), 525, 

550. 
chiliensis (Podiceps), 524. 
chiloensis (Aptenodjte?), 

625. 
Ohimerina, 609. 
Chinese Corvorant, 340. 
Chinese Heron, 227. 
Chinese Shag, 343. 
chloriceps (Butorides), 
178,181. 
chloriceps (Egret ta), 177, 

178. 
chloroptura (Ardea), 186. 
chlororhyncbos (Platalea), 
49. 
Chrysocoma, 635. 
cbrysoeoma(Catarractes), 

636. 
chrysocoma (Eudyptes), 
637,639. 
chrysoeome (Aptenodyta), 
636. 
chrysoeome (Aptenodytes), 
636. 
chrysoeome (Catarrbactes), 
635, 636. 
chrysoeome (Eudyptes), 
636,639. 
chrysoeome (Spheniscus), 
636,638. 
ehrysocomus (Eudyptes), 

639. 

chrysolopha (Catarractes), 
636. 
chrysolopha (Eudyptes), 

637. 
chrysolophus (Catarhactes), 
641. 
chrysolophus (Catarrhactes), 
635, 641, 642, 

643. 
chrysolophus (Eudyptes), 
641, 642. 
ehrysolophus (Spheniscus), 
636. 
chrvsopelargus (Ardea), 

303. 
Ciceronia, 600. 
Cicogue d'Amerique, 297. 
Ciconia, 291, 298. 
ciconia (Ardea), 299. 
ciconia (Ciconia), 299, 
301, 302. 
Cigogne blanche, 299. 
Cigogne brune, 303. 
Cigogne de la Guiane, 

314. 
Cigogne noire, 303. 
cincinatus (Carbo), 373. 
cincinatus (Phalacrocorax), 
333, 337, 371, 

373. 
cincinnatus (Graculus), 

373. 
cincinnatus (Phalacrocorax), 
373. 
cineracea (Ardea), 77, 

115. 
cineracea (Herodias), 

115. 
cinerea (Ardea), 66, 74, 
77, 139, 268. 
Cinereous Heron, 101. 
cinereus (Anastornus), 

307. 
cinereus (Pseudotantalus), 
323, 326. 
cinereus (Tantalus), 326. 
cinnamomea (Ardea), 
227, 236, 237, 242. 
cinnamomea (Ardeiralla), 

237. 
cinnamomea (Ardeola), 
237, 242. 
cinnamomea (Ardetta), 
221, 236, 237, 284. 
cinnamomea (Egretta), 

237. 
cinnamomeus (Botaurus), 

236. 
Cinnamon Heron, 236. 
cirrata (Fratercula), 613. 
cirrata (Lunda), 613. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

cirrata (Mormon), 612. 
cirratus (Hydrocorax), 

385. 
cirratus (Pelecanus), 

385. 
cirrhata (Alca), 612. 
cirrhata (Fratercula), 

612. 
cirrhata (Lunda), 559, 

612. 
cirrhata (Phaleris), 613. 
cirrhata (Pinguinaria), 

636. 
cirrhatus (Graculus), 
^ 384, 390, 392. 
cirrhatus (Hypoleucus), 

390. 
cirrhatus (Mormon), 613. 
cirrhatus (Pelecanus), 
355,385. 
cirrhatus (Phalacrocorax), 
384, 385, 386, 
_ 390, 392, 393. 
cirrhocephalus (Mergulus), 
596. 
cirriger (Halieus), 354. 
cirriger (Phalacrocorax), 

353. 
cirrocephalus (Arctica), 

596. 
clarkii (iEchmophorus), 
549,551. 
clarkii (Podiceps), 551. 
claudicans (Plotus), 489. 
cochlear ia (Cancroma), 
163,165. 
cochlearia (Cymbops), 

164. 
Cochlearius, 163. 
cochlearius (Cochlearius), 

164. 
coco (Ardea), 73. 
coco (Tantalus), 39. 
cocoi (Ardea), 66, 72, 
194, 268. 
Cocoi Heron, 73. 
colensoi (Phalacrocorax), 
335, 338, 386. 
Collared Pinguin, 624. 
columba (Alca), 588. 
columba (Cepphus), 586. 
columba (Grylle), 582. 
columba (Uria), 572,586, 
587, 588, 589. 
Colymbetes, 503. 
Colymbidse, 485. 
Colymbus, 486, 502. 
comata (Ardea), 203,205, 
206, 208, 217. 
comata (Ardeola), 204, 

205. 

6C5 

comata (Comatibis), 16, 

265. 
comata (Egretta), 204. 
comata (Geronticus), 16. 
comata (Ibis), 16. 
comata (Inocotis), 16. 
Comatibis, 2, 16. 
comatus (Botaurus), 204. 
comatus (Buphus), 204. 
comatus (Geronticus), 16. 
Common Bittern, 255. 
Common Booby, 436. 
Common Corvorant, 

343. 
Common Frigate-Bird, 

444. 
Common Gannet, 426. 
Common Guillemot, 

574. 
Common Heron, 74. 
Common or White Stork, 

• 299. 
Common Puffin, 617. 
Common Sea Dove, 570. 
Common Shag, 364. 
Common Tropic Bird, 
454, 457. 
comosus (Colymbus), 

528. 
Compsohalieus, 331. 
concinnatus (Graculus), 

373. 
concolor (Ardea), 139, 

140. 
concolor (Demiegretta), 

139. 
concolor (Herodias), 

•139. 
congensis (Plotus), 412. 
conspicillatus (Catoptropelicanus), 
483. 
conspicillatus (Pelecanus), 
462, 483. 
con tinen talis (Carbo), 

344. 
cooperi (Podiceps), 542. 
Cormoran glauque, 369. 
Cormoran Magellanique, 

388. 
Cormoran noir, 369, 
Cormorant, 329. 
Cormorant, Crested, 365. 
cormoranus (Carbo), 

340. 
cormoranus (Halieus) 

343. 
corniculata (Alca), 621. 
corniculata (Fratercula), 
615, 620. 
corniculata (Lunda), 

621. 

G66 

corniculata (Mormon), 

620. 
corniculatus (Phaleris), 
605. 
cornuta (Chinierina), 
609. 
cornutus (Colymbus), 
528, 546. 
cornutus (Pocliceps), 528, 
533, m. 
cornutus (Podicipes), 
502, 532. 
eoromanda (Ardea), 215, 

217. 
eoromanda (Buphus), 
215. 
eoromanda (Cancroma), 
217. 
eoromanda (Herodias), 
218. 
Coromandel Heron, 307coromandeliana 
(Ardea), 
307. 
coromandelianus (Anastomus), 
307. 
coromandelianus (Buphus), 
218. 
coromandelianus (Hians), 

307. 
coromandelica (Ardea), 
214, 218. 
coromandelica (Ardeola), 

215. 
coromandelicus (Buphus), 
215. 
coromandeliensis (Ardea), 
217. 
coromandensis (Bubulcus), 
217. 
eoromandus (Bubuleus), 
213, 215, 216, 217, 
218, 282. 

eoromandus (Buphus), 

283. 
coronatus (Graculus), 
407. 
Corvorant, 340. 
Oorvorant, Chinese, 
340. 
Corvorant, Common, 
343. 
Corvorant, Javan, 402. 
Corvorant, RecUfaeed, 
358. 
Corvorant, Violet, 358. 
coryi (Sula), 433. 
Coulterneb, 617. 
Courlis blanc d'Amerique, 
39. 
Courlis des bois, 25. 
ALPHABETICAL IZSTDEX. 

Courlis huppe, 27. 
Courlis rouge, 41. 
Courlis vert ou Courlis 

d'ltalie, 30. 
Courly a col blane de 
Cayenne, 23. 
Courly a tete nue du Cap 
de Bonne Esperance, 

17. 
Courly blanc du Bresil, 
30. 
Courly brun d'Amerique, 
34. 
Courly d'ltalie, 29. 
Courly hupe de Madagascar, 
27. 
Courly marron, 29. 
Courly rouge du Bresil, 

41. 
Courly varie du Mexique, 
34. 
Courly verd, 29. 
Courly vert de Cayenne, 
25. 
Crabier, 202. 
Crabier blanc et brun, 
207. 
Crabier bleu, 100. 
Crabier caiot, 203. 
Crabier cendre, 101. 
Crabier de Bahama, 
130. 
Crabier de Cayenne, 
175. 
Crabier de Coromandel, 
217. 
Crabier de la cote de 
Coromandel, 217. 
Crabier de la Louisiane, 

186. 
Crabier de la Xouvelle 
Guinee, 137. 
Crabier de Mahon, 203. 
Crabier de Malac, 207. 
Crabier des Philippines, 

241. 
Crabier du Br&il, 100. 
Crabier gris a Me et 
queue yertes, 175. 
Crabier gris-de-fer, 131. 
Crabier jaune, 202. 
Crabier marron, 60. 
Orabier pourpre, 231. 
Crabier roux, 61. 
Crabier roux a tete efc 

queue vertes, 186. 
Crabier roux tachete, 

202. 
Crabier 
tachete de la 
Martinique, 186. 

Grabier verd, 186. 
Crabier vert tachete, 

186. 
Crane, Grigantic, 315, 
319. 
Cranopelargus, 315. 
crassirostris (Galherodius), 
161. 
crassirostris (Cormoranus), 
343. 
crassirostris (Xvctiardea), 

161. 
crassirostris (Xycticorax), 
146, 161, 276. 
craveri (Braehyramphus), 
595. 
craveri (Mieruria), 594, 

595. 
craveri (Una), 595. 
Crested Auk, 601. 
Crested Bittern, 130. 
Crested Eoatbill, 163. 
Crested Cormorant, 365. 
Crested Grebe, 544. 
Crested Grebe, Lesser, 
528. 
Crested Grebe or Gaunt, 
546. 
Crested Heron, 61. 
Crested Ibis, 27. 
Crested Pe»»guin, 636. 
Crested Shag, 304. 
Crested Stariki, (501. 
crinita (Arrleal, 317. 
crinita (Uriai, 603. 
crispus (Peleeanus,*, 460, 
461.468,471. 
cristata (Alca >, 601. 
cristata tAptenodvtes), 

636. 
cristata (Bostrychiaf, 27. 
cristata (Ibisi, 27cristata 
tLophajthyiaj, 
547. 
cristata (Lophotibi^*, 27, 
266. 
cristata (Pinguinaria /, 
035. 
cri-tata (Platalea), 40. 
cristatella (Aid), «0l, 
603. 
cristatella (Fratereula), 
602. 
cristatella (Phaleris), (501, 
602, 603. 
cristatella (Uria), 1501. 
cristatellus (Simorhyn


cbus), 600, 601, 602. 
cristatellus (Tyloramphus), 
602. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

cristatellus (Tvlorhamphus), 
602. 
cristatus (Oarbo), 352, 
365, 368. 
cristatus (Colyznbus), 

544. 
cristatus (Eudocimus), 
27. 
cristatus (G-erontieus), 
27. 
cristatus (Graculus), 365. 
cristatus (Hydrocorax), 
365. 
cristatus (Leptoptilus), 
318. 
cristatus (Lophotibis), 
27. 
cristatus (Pelecanus), 
364, 474. 
cristatus (Phalacrocorax), 
365, 368. 
cristatus (Podiceps), 542, 

544. 
cristatus (Podicipes), 502, 
505, 507, 543, 544, 

546. 
cristatus (Simorhynchus), 
601. 
cristatus (Tantalus), 27. 
cristella (Phaleris), 003. 
croaticus (Phalacrocorax), 
368. 
crumenitera (Argala), 

320. m 
cruineuifera (Ciconia), 
319. 
cruineuifera (Leptoptilos), 
319. 
erumenifera (Mycteria), 

320. 
crumeniferus (Leptoptilus), 
315, 319. 
cubensis (Ardea), 107. 
cucullata (Ardea), 157. 
cucullatus (Calberodius), 

157. 
cucullatus (Colymbus), 
540, 542. 
cucullatus (Podicepss), 
541, 543. 
Cuilliere, 163. 
Cuilliere brune, 163. 
cuprea (Ibis), 31. 
Curicaca de Cayenne, 

322. 
Curlew, Bed, 41. 
Curlew, White, 39. 
Curucau afeytado, 26. 
Curucau aplomado, 24. 
Curucau cuello jaspeado, 
35. 
cyanirostris (Ardea), 

128. 
cyanocephala (Ardea), 
156, 170. 
cyanocepbalum (Syrigma), 
170, 277. 
cvanocephalns (Nyeti" 
eorax). 145, 156, 276. 
cyanoeepbalus (Sirycter), 

170. 
cyanops (Dysporus), 430. 
cyan ops (Sula), 424, 430, 
431, 434, 655. 
cyan opus (Ardea), 101. 
cyanura (Ardea), 175, 


279. 
cyanurus 
(Butorides), 
"175. 


Cyclorrbyncbus, 607. 
Cymbops, 163. 
Cyrtopelicanus, 460. 

Dabchick, 508. 
dactylatra (Sula), 428. 
Dalmatian Pelican, 468. 
Darter, Black, 420. 
Darter, Black-bellied, 

412, 414, 420. 
Darter, New Holland, 

418. 
Darter, Rufous-winged, 
412. 
Darter, var. A, Black-
bellied, 420. 
Darter, var. B, Black-
bellied, 420. 
Darter, White-bellied, 

420. 
Darters, 329. 
Dasyptilus, 503. 
Dasyrhamphus, 630. 
davisoni (Gerontieus), 14. 
davisoni (Graptocephalus), 
14. 
deaurata (Ardea), 204. 
delalandii (Phalaero


corax), 351. 
deleta (Alca), 616. 
demersa (Aptenodyta), 

649. 
demersa (Aptenodytes), 
649, 653. 
demersa (Diomedea), 

649. 
demersus (Eudyptes), 
636, 641. 
demersus (Phaeton), 

635. 
demersus 
(Spheniscus), 
625, 648, 649, 650, 

652. 
Demi-Aigrette, 126. 
Demi-Egret, 127. 
Demiegretta, 58, 136. 
demursus (Spheniscus), 

649. 
dentatus (Onocrotalus), 
481. 
dentirostris (Ibis), 25. 
desmarestii (Carbo), 368. 
desmarestii (Graculus), 
368. 
desmarestii (Halieus), 
368. 
desmarestii 
(Phalacrocorax), 
333, 337, 368, 

654. 
diadem atus (Eudyptes), 
642, 643. 
diadematus (Spheniscus), 
642, 643. 
Dichromanassa, 57, 106. 
dici'ura (Ciconia), 298. 
dilophus (Carbo), 370. 
dilophus (Graculus), 370, 

373. 
dilophus (Hydrocorax), 
355, 370. 
dilophus (Pelecanus) 
(Carbo), 370. 
dilophus (Phalacrocorax), 
370,371,373. 
dimidiatus (Carbo), 398. 
dimidiatus (Graculus), 

399. 
Diplocercus, 294. 
discors (Ardea), 147. 
Disporus, 423. 
Dissoura, 294. 
Dissura, 291,294. 
Diver, Black-throated, 
493. 
Diver, Boreal, 489. 
Diver, Great Northern, 
497. 
Diver, Grey Speclded, 
488. 
Diver, Imber, 498. 
Diver, Newcastle, 489. 
Di\er, Northern, 498. 
Diver, Red-throated, 
488. 
Diver, Small Black and 
White, 569. 
Diver, Speckled, 489. 
Diver, Striped, 494. 
Dobchick, 529. 
Dobchick, Black and 

White, 527. 
Dobchick, Eared or 
Horned, 527. 
Dobchick, Greater, 544. 

60S 

dominicensis (Colymbus), 

521. 
dominicus (Colymbus), 

520. 
dominicus (Podiceps), 

520. 

dominicus (Podicipes), 
504, 506, 520, 521. 
dominicus (Sylbeocyclus), 

521. 
dominicus (Tachybaptes), 

521. 
dominicus (Tachybaptus), 
521,657. 
Doriponus, 135. 
Doryphorus, 135. 
Dove, Spotted Greenland, 
580. 
Dry Heron, 147. 
dubia (Alca), 602. 
dubia (Ardea), 315, 317, 

319. 
dubia (Argala), 316. 
dubia (Ciconia), 315. 
dubia (Phaleris), 601. 
dubia (Uria), 601. 
dubius (Leptoptilus), 315, 
316, 318. 
dubius (Simorbynchus), 

602. 
duplicatus (Colymbus), 

528. 
Dupetor, 59, 246. 
Dusky Auk, 601* 
Dusky Grebe, 528. 
Dusky Pelican, 476. 
Dwarf Shag, 405. 
Dypsicles, 648. 
Dysporus, 423. 
Dytes, 502. 

Eared Dobchick or Grebe, 

535. 
Eared Grebe, 532. 
Eared Grebe, var. A, 528. 
Eared or Horned Dobchick, 
527. 
eclwardsii, Phaeton, 454. 
Egret, Great, 95. 
Egret, Little, 119, 124. 
Egret, Keddish, 106. 
Egretta, 88. 
egretta (Ardea), 87, 91, 
95, 99,120, 270. 
egretta (Garzetta), 120. 
egretta (Herodias), 90, 
91, 95, 96, 99, 270. 
egretta (Ibis), 5. 
egrettoides (Ardea), 85, 

90. 
egrettoides (Egretta), 86. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

egrettoides (Herodias), 
8Q, 87. 
Egyptian Ibis, 327. 
elegans (Ardea), 206, 272. 
elegans (Egretta), 272. 
elegans (Graculus), 390. 
elegans (Sula), 430. 
Emperor Penguin, 627, 

628. 
Empharis, 306. 
Enygrothreres, 332. 
ephippiorbyncha (Ardea), 

313. 
ephippiorhyncha (Oiconia), 
313. 
ephippiorhyncha (Mycteria), 
313. 
Ephippiorhynchus, 202, 

312. 
episcopa (Diasura), 295. 
episcopus (Ardea), 294. 
episcopus (Ciconia), 294. 
episcopus (Dissoura), 

296. 
episcopus (Dissura), 294, 

295. 
episcopus (Melanopelargus), 
295. 
eremita (Comatibis), 265. 
eremita (Upupa), 265. 
Erodiscus, 220. 
erubescens (Phaeton), 

452. 
erythroeephalus (Colymbus), 
508. 
Erythrocnus, 59, 200. 
ervthrol^ema (Ardetta), 

235. 
erythromelas (Ardea), 
234, 235. 
erythromelas (Ardeola), 

234. 
erythromelas (Ardetta), 
221, 234, 284. 
erythromelas (Botaurus), 
234, 235. 
Erytbrophoyx, 59, 252. 
erythrops (Phalacrocorax), 
388. 
erythropus (Ardea), 204. 
erythrorhyncha (Ibis), 

35. 
erythrorhyncha (Sula), 

432. 
erythrorhynchus (Falcinellus), 
32. 
erythrorhynchus (Pelecanus), 
460, 462, 481. 
Espatula, 53. 
Eudocimus, 4, 39. 
Eudyptes, 635. 

Eudyptes, sp., 486. 
Eudyptula, 625, 645. 
Eudytes, 486. 
eulopha (Ardea), 245. 
eulopbotes (Ardea), 139. 
eulophotes (Demiegretta), 
141, 142. 
eulophotes (Garzetta), 

139. 
eulophotes (Herodias), 
139, 274. 
eurhvthmus (Botaurus), 

243. 
europiea (Xyetiardea), 

148. 
europreus (Nyeticorax), 

147. 
europteus (Sylbeocyclus), 

508. 
eurytes (Podilymbus), 

555. 
eurythma (Ardeola), 243. 
eurythma (Ardetta), 

242. 
eurythmus (Xannocnus), 
242, 243, 285. 
Euxenura, 291, 297. 
exeellens (Tigrisoma), 

193. 
exilis (Ardea), 231, 235. 
exilis (Ardeola), 231. 
exilis (Ardetta). 221,231, 
232, 234, 235, 284. 
exilis (Botaurus), 231, 

284. 

Falcinellus, 29. 
falcineilus (Falcinellus), 

32. 
falcinellus (Ibis), 30, 32, 
36, 37. 
falcinellus (Xumenius), 

31. 
falcinellus (Plegadis), 29, 
31,36,266. 
falcinellus (Plegadornis), 

falcinellus (Tantaiides), 

31. 
falcinellus (Tantalus), 29. 
faseiatum (Tigrisoma), 
194, 196, 197, 281. 
fasciatus (Botaurus), 196. 
featherstoni (Graculus), 

356. 
featherstoni (Phalacrocorax), 
333, 336, 356. 
ferruginea (Ardea), 147, 

159. 
fiber (Dysporus), 438. 
fiber (Pelecanus), 432. 

fiber (Sula), 432,437,440. 
filainentosus (Oarbo), 

350. 
filamentosus (Phalacrocorax), 
332, 336, 340, 
341, 350. 

filholi (Fudyptes), 637. 
finschi <Thaldcrocorax), 

400, 401. 
Flat-billed Auk, 603. 
Flauta del sol, 170. 
flava (Ardea), 194. 
flavicans (Egretta), 217, 

219. 
flavicollis (Ardea), 247, 
250, 251. 
fkvieollis (Ardeiralla), 
247, 250, 251. 
flavicollis (Ardetta), 247, 
249, 250, 251, 285. 
fla\ icollis (Botaurus), 

247. 
flavicollis (Butorides), 
250 
flsuicollis (Bupetor), 246, 
247, 251, 285. 
flavicollis (Herodias), 


247. 
flavigula (Oarbo), 400. 
flavicollis (Xanthoenus), 
247. 
flavilarvata (Aptenodytes), 
644. 
flavipes (Platalea), 51. 
flavipes (Platibis), 51, 

52. 
flavirhynchus (Phalacrocorax), 
398 
flavirostris (Ardea), 92, 
98, 217. 
flavirostris (Egretta), 87, 

92. 
flavirostris (Grauealus), 
398. 
flavirostris (Herodias), 
92, 98. 
flavirostris(Lepterodatis), 

91. 
flavirostris HSotophoyx), 
arc. 6 vr 

flavirostris (Phaeton), 
454, 455, 456. 
flavirostris (Phalacrocorax), 
344. 
flavo-aui*antius(Phacton), 

455. 
Florida, 57, 100. 
floriclanus, (Graculus), 
370, 381. 
floridanus (Phalacrocorax), 
370, 371. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

fluviatilis (Colymbus), 
507, 514. 
fluviatilis (Podiceps), 508, 

514. 
fluviatilis (Podicipes), 
503, 505, 507, 508, 
512, 65Q. 

fluviatilis (Tacliybaptes), 
508, 512, 514. 
fluviatilis capensis (Podiceps), 
514. 
fluviatilis pelzelni 

(Tachybaptes), 518. 
Foolish Guillemot, 573. 
forsteri (Aptenodytes), 

626, 628. 
Fou blanc, 432. 
Fou brun, 432. 
Fou brim de Cayenne, 

378. 
Fou de Bassan, 425. 
Fou, Grand, 425. 
Fou intermediate, 426. 
Fou, Le, 436. 
Fou tachete, 425. 
Fou tachete de Cayenne, 
425. 
francsii (Uria), 578. 
Frank's Guillemot, 578. 
Fratercula, 562, 615. 
fratercula (Mormon), 
616. 
Fraterculinas, 560, 561, 
599. 
frazari (Ardea), 187, 
280. 
frazari (Butorides), 188 
Fregata, 4^42. 
Fregate, La, 443. 
Fregate de Cayenne, 
443. 
Fregatidse, 329, 442. 
Fregatta, 442. 
freti hudsonis (Ardea), 
261. 
Frigate-bird, Common, 
444. 
Frigate-birds, 329. 
Frigate Pelican, 443. 
Frigate Pelican, Greater, 
444. 
Frigate Pelican, Lesser, 
443. 
Frigate Pelican, Palmerston, 
443. 
Frigate Pelican, White-
headed, 443. 
fucosus (Oarbo), 395. 
fucosus (Graculus), 395. 
fulioa (Sula), 437. 
fulvus (Lepturus), 455. 

fulvus (Phaethon), 451, 

455, 65Q. 
fusca (Ardea), 135, 268. 
fusca (Cicoma), 305. 
fusca (Sula), 437. 
fuscescens (Hydrocorax), 

394. 
fuscescens (Pelecanus), 
394. 
fuscicollis (Ardea), 73, 
175. 
fuscicollis (Graculus), 
377. 
fuscicollis 
(Phalacrocorax), 
334, 337, 375, 

402. 
fuscirostris(Aptenodytes), 
649. 
fuscus (Leptopelicanus), 
477. 
fuscus (Onocrotalus), 
477. 
fuscus 
(Pelecanus), 460, 
461, 475, 478, 479, 

480. 
fuscus (Tantalus), 41. 
fuscus californicus (Pelecanus), 
479. 

gairaardi (Carbo), 353. 
gaimardi (Graculus), 

353. 
gaimardi (Haliieus), 353. 
gaimardi (Pelecanus), 
353. 
gaimardi (Phalacrocorax), 
332, 336, 353. 
gaimardi (Sactocarbo), 

354. 
galatea (Ardea), 95. 
gamia (Egretta), 135. 
gangeticus (Pelecanus), 
471. 
Gannet, 329, 425. 
Gannet, Common, 426. 
Gannet, Lesser, 432. 
Gannet, Soland, 426. 
gardeni (Ardea), 147, 
155._ 
gardeni (Nyctiardea), 


150. 
gardeni (Nycticorax), 
147, 155, 156. 
Gardenian Heron, 147. 
Gare Fowl, 563. 
Garza aplomada, 73. 
Garza chica blanca con 

man to, 125. 
Garza cuello aplomado, 

175. 
Garza cuello pardo, 175. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

670 

Garza grande blanca eon 
manto, 95. 
Cn i rza j asp eacla, 195. 
Garza obscura azulada, 

195. 
Garza parda chorreada, 

m. 

Garza roxa y negro, 234. 
Garza tayazu-guira, 155. 
Garza varia, 235. 
Garzetta, 57, 118. 
garzetta (Ardea), 90, 118, 
123, 139. 
garzetta (Egretta), 120. 
garzetta (Erodius), 120. 
garzetta (Garzetta), 118, 
120, 207, 272. 
garzetta (Herodias), 119, 
123, 272. 
Gaunt, 546. 
Gavia, 486. 
Gentoo Penguin, 631. 
Geronticus, 2, 17. 
gigantea (Ibis), 14. 
gioanteus (Pelecanus), 

467. 
Gigantic Crane, 315,319. 
gigantodes (Ardea), 67. 
glaeialis adamsi (Colynibus), 
501. 
glaeialis (Alca), 566, 617. 
glaeialis (Cephus), 584. 
glaeialis (Col ym bus), 
486,487, 489,496,497, 

500. 
glaeialis (Eudyfces), 498. 
glaeialis (Fratercula), 
617, 618 620. 
glaeialis (Mergus), 498. 
glaeialis (Mormon), 617, 

620. 
glaeialis (Phalacroeorax), 
o44. 
glaeialis, Tar. adamsi 
(Oolymbus), 501. 
glaeialis, var. torquatus 
(Oolymbus), 498. 
glaeialis (XJria), 584. 
glaeialis (XJrinator), 495. 
Glaucerodius, 100. 
glaucus (Graculus), 369, 

378. 
glaueus (Phalacroeorax), 

369. 
Glossy Ibis, 30. 
goeraardi (Pelicanus), 
goisagi (Ardea), 169. 
goisagi (Botaurus), 169. 
goisagi (Gorsachius), 166, 
167, 169, 277. 

goisagi (Nycticorax), 167, 

169. 
goisagi (Tigrisoma), 16i). 
goisaki (Nycticorax), 169. 
goliath (Ardea), 66, 68, 
69, 268. 
goliath (Arcleomega), 67. 
goliath (Megerodius), 67. 
gonocephala (Ibn), 17. 
gorfua (Aptenodyfca), 

636. 
Gorsachius, 58, 166. 
Gorsakius, 166. 
gossi (Sula), 435. 
gouldi (Ardetta), 250. 
gouldi (Dupetor), 246, 
249, 250, 251. 
gouldi (Hypoleucus), 

396. 
gouldi (Phalacroeorax), 
331, 339, 396. 
gouldi (Xanthocnus), 

250. 
Gracalus, 331. 
gracilis (Halieus), 343. 
Graculus, 331. 
graoulus (Carbo), 352, 
364, 378. 
graculus croaticus 
(Phalacroeorax), 368. 
graculus (Halieus), 265, 
graculus (Hydrocorax), 

365. 
graculus (Pelecanus), 


364. 
graculus (Phalacroeorax), 
331, 333, 337, 364, 
365,368,378,381,654. 
graculus, var desmaresti 
(Carbo), 368. 
graculus, Tar. desmaresti 
(Phalacroeorax), 368. 
Grand Butor, 60. 
Grand Courlis de Cayenne, 
23. 
Grand Fou, 425. 
Grand Heron d'Amerique, 
82. 
Grand Paille-en-queue, 

457. 
Grand Aigrette, 95. 
Grande Aigrette d'Amerique, 
95. 
Grande Courly d'Amerique, 
321. 
Grande Fregate de Cayenne, 
443. 
Graptocephalus, 2, 14. 
Graucalus, 331. 
grav» (Mormon), 617. 
grayi (Ardea), 207, 208. 

gravi (Ardeola), 202, 206, 
207, 20S, 209, 211, 
213, 282. 
Great Auk, 563. 
Great Crested Grebe, 

544. 
Great Egret, 95. 
Great Heron, 82. 
Great Northern Diver, 

497. 
Great White Heron, 91. 
Great White Pelican, 

462. 
Greater Bittern, 61. 
Greater Dobehiek, 544. 
Greater Frigate Pelican, 

444. 
Grebe, 544. 
Grebe, Black-breasted, 

553. 
Grebe, Black-chin, 507. 
Grebe, Cayenne, 549. 
Grebe, Crested, 544. 
Grebe de Cayenne, 549. 
Grebe de rEsclavonie, 

528. 
Grebe, Eared, 532. 
Grebe, Great Crested, 

544. 
Grebe, Dusky, 528. 
Grebe, Indian, 513. 
Grebe, Lesser Crested, 

528. 
Grebe, Little. 507. 
Grebe, Louisiana, 553. 
Grebe, Xew Holland, 


519. 
Grebe, or Dabchiek, 


508. 
Grebe, or Eared Dabchick, 
535. 
Grebe, Bed-bill, 553. 
Grebe, Bed-necked, 539, 


542. 
Grebe, Bufous-breasted, 


529. 
Grebe, Sclavonian, 529. 
Grebe, Tippet, 544. 
Grebe, White and Dusky, 

528. 
Grebe, White-winged, 

520. 
Greeja. Cormorant, 366. 
Green. Heron, 186. 
Green Ibis, 30. 
Greenland Dove, Spotted, 

580. 
Grey Ibis, 21. 
Grey Speckled Diver, 

488. 
greyi (Ardea), 139, 140. 

greyi (Demiegretta), 139. 
greyi (Egretta), 139. 
greyi (Eerodias), 138. 
G ripens, 331. 
grisea (Ardea), 147, 175, 

203. 
grisea (Butorides), 175. 
grisea (Cancrorna), 175. 
grisea (Nyctiardea), 150. 
grisegena" (Oolymbus), 
539. 
grisegena (Podiceps), 
540. 
griseigena holboelli 
(Podieipes), 543. 
griseigena (Lopbssthyia), 

541. 
griseigena (Podiceps), 
540, 542. 
griseigena 
(Podieipes), 
505, 507, 539, 541, 

543. 
griseigena, Tar. holbollii 
(Podiceps), 543. 
griseo-alba (Ardea), 204. 
griseus (Buphus), 173. 
griseus (Nycticorax), 148, 

150, 175, 182. 
griseus (Tantalus), 21, 

39. 
groenlandieus (Gryile), 
582. 
Gryile, 572. 
grylle (Alca), 582, 585. 
gryile (Oephus), 582. 
grille (Oepphus), 582, 
584, 588. 
gryile (Oolymbus), 581, 

584. 
gryile, var. mandtii 
(Uria), 585. 
gryile, Tar. variegata 
(Oepphus), 582. 
gryile 
(Uria), 559, 569, 
572, 580, 581, 584, 

587. 
grylloides (Uria), 580. 
grylloides (Oolymbus), 
581. 
Guaco, 203. 
Guara, 39. 
guarauna (Faleinellus), 
guarauna (Ibis), 35. 
guarauna (Numenius), 

35. 
guarauna (Plegadis), 29, 
34, 35, 266. 
guarauna (Scolopax), 

34. 
Guillemot, 572, 582. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Guillemot, Black, 581. 
Guillemot, Brunnich's, 

578. 
Guillemot, Common, 
574. 
Guillemot, Foolish, 573. 
Guillemot, Frank's, 578. 
Guillemot, Lesser, 573. 
Guillemot, Marbled, 
590. 
Guillemot, Ringed or 
Bridled, 575. 
Guillemot, var. A, Black, 

586. 
Guillemot, var. D, Black, 
586. 
Guillemot, White, 581. 
gularis (Ardea), 114, 115, 
116,272. 
gularis (Ardetta), 245. 
gularis (Demiegretta), 

115, 272. 
gularis (Egretta), 115. 
gularis (Herodias), 114, 

272. 
gularis 
(Lepterodius), 
114, 115, 116, 117, 

272. 
gularis (Podiceps), 519. 
gularis (Tachybaptes), 
519. 
Gulosus, 331. 
guttatus (Scotgeus), 150. 
gutturalis (Ardea), 245. 
gutturalis (Ardetta), 245. 
gutturalis (Cancropbaga), 
244. 
gutturalis (Phalacrocorax), 
351. 
Gymnoblepharum, 611. 
Gyralca, 562. 


Hagedash, 19. 
hagedash (Bostrychia), 

20. 
hagedash (Geronticus), 
20. 
hagedash (Hagedashia), 
19, 20, 265, SiH6. 
hagedash (Harpiprion), 

20. 
hagedash (Ibis), 19. 
hagedash (Pamopio), 
20. 
hagedash (Phimosus), 
20. 
hagedash (Tantalus), 19. 
Hagedashia, 3, 19. 
Hairy Pinguin, 628. 
Halietor, 331. 
Halieus, 331. 
671 

harmandi (Geronticus), 

14. 
Harpiprion, 3, 25. 
barrisi (Phalacrocorax), 
654. 
hebridalis (Podiceps), 
507 m 
hebridicus (Oolymbus), 

507. 
hebridicus (Podiceps), 
508. 
hectori (Podiceps), 540. 
heliosylus (Ardea), 192. 
heliosylus (Botaurus), 
192. 
heliosylus (Tigrisoma), 
192. 
heliosylus (Zonerodius), 
192. 
herculis (Dasyrhamphus), 
633. 
herculis (Eudyptes), 633. 
hernandezi (Dysporus), 
433. 
hemandezii (Onocrotalus), 
482. 
Herodias, 57, 88. 
herodias (Ardea), 6Ci} 80, 

83, 269. 
Heron, 74. 
Heron, Agami, 135. 
Heron Agami de Cayenne, 

135. 
Heron, 
Ash-coloured, 
from North America, 


80. 
Heron, Black-crested 
White, 171. 
Heron blanc, 90, 95. 
Heron blanc a calotte, 

noire, 171. 
Heron blanc de la Caroline, 
106. 
Heron blanc du Br6sil, 

171. 
Heron blanc huppe de 
Cayenne, 171. 
Heron 
bleuatre a ventre 
blanc de Cayenne, 

126. 
Heron bleuatre de 
Cayenne, 101. 
Heron, Blew, 72, 100. 
Heron, Blue, 101, 137. 
Heron, Brown, 135. 
Heron brun de Cayenne, 

135. 
Heron, Buff-backed, 215. 
Heron, Castaneous, 203. 
Heron, Cayenne Night, 
131. 
He>on candrS, 74. 
Heron cendre d'Amerique, 
100. 
Heron cendre du Mexique, 
100. 
Heron, Chinese, 227. 
Heron, Cinereous, 101. 
Heron, Cinnamon, 236. 
Heron, Cocoi, 73. 
Heron, Common, 74, 77. 
Heron, Coromandel, 

307. 
Heron, Crested, 61. 
Heron de Bresil, 194. 
Heron de la Baye de 
Hudson, 80. 
Heron de la Cote de 
Coromandel, 294. 
Heron, Dry, 147. 
Heron, Grardenian, 147. 
Heron, Great, 82. 
Heron, Great White, 

91. 
Heron, Green, 186. 
He>on, Gris, 146. 
Heron hup6, 74. 
Heron hupe de Cayenne, 

72. 
Heron hupe de Virginie, 

80. 
Heron hupe* du Mexique, 

144. 
Heron huppe de Mahon, 

203. 
Heron, Largest Crested, 

80. 
Heron, Little White, 101, 
106,124,214. 
Heron, Lohanjung, 310. 
Heron, Louisiana, 127, 

186. 
Heron, Malacca, 207. 
Heron, Mexican, 231. 
Heron, New Guinea, 

137. 
Heron, New Zealand, 
138 
Heron, Night, 146, 147. 
Heron noir, 303. 
Heron, Pacific, 111. 
H<§ron phaeton, 192. 
Heron, Philippine, 241. 
Heron, Pondicherry, 

307. 
Heron pourpre, 60. 
H<§ron pourpre du Mexique, 
231. 
H6ron pourpre liupe, 
60, 
Heron, Purple, 61. 
Heron, Red-legged, 204. 

ALPHABETICAL I5TBEX. 

Heron, Red-shouldered, 

82. 
Heron, Rufous, 61. 
Heron, Sacred, 137. 
Heron, Snowy, 119. 
Heron, Spotted, 147, 

234. 
Heron, Squacco, 203, 

217. 
Heron, Squaiotta, 203. 
Heron, Striated, 175. 
Heron tachete, 74. 
Heron, Violet, 294. 
Heron, White-iron ted, 

109. 
Heron, Yellow-crowned, 

131. 
Heronshaw, 74. 
Heterocnus, 59,198,281. 
Hians, 306. 
Hiator, 306. 
hoactli (Ardea), 147. 
Hocti, 147. 
hoieri (Alca), 566. 
holboelli (Podicipes), 505, 
507, 542. 
holboellii (Colymbus), 

543. 
holbollii (Podiceps), 542, 

543. 
Honore de Ca}Tenne, 


194. 
Horned Dobehiek, 527, 

529. 
Horned Grebe or Dobchick, 
529. 
Horned Grebe, var. A, 

528. 
hringvia (Una), 575. 
hudsonius (Ardea), 82, 

260. 
humbloti (Ardea), 66, 


70. 
hamboldti (Spheniseus), 
625, 648, 650. 
humboldtii (Eudyptes), 

650. / U 
humilirostris (Phalacrocorax), 
344. 
huttoni (Phalacroeorax), 

331. 
Hydranassa, 28} 106, 

126. 
Hydroeorax, 331. 
Hydroka, 553. 
hyemalis (Colymbus), 
t4 498,500. 
hypoleuca (Micruria), 

594. 
hypoleucos (Carbo), 397. 
Hypoleucus, 331. 

hypoleucus (Brachyramphus), 
594. 
hypoleucus (Carbo\ 395. 
hypoleucus (Graculus), 

398. 
hypoleucus (Haliaus), 


398. 
hypoleucus (Phalacro"
eorax), 335, 339, 397. 


Ibis, 2, 4. 
Ibis, Bald. 17. 
Ibis, Bay, 30. 
Ibis, Black, 17. 
Ibis, Black-faced, 21. 
Ibis, Black-headed, 7. 
Ibis blane, 327. 
Ibis blanc d'Egypte, 32". 
Ibis, Cayenne, 25. 
Ibis, Crested, 27. 
Ibis, Egyptian, 327. 
Ibis, Glossy, 30. 
Ibis, Green, 30. 
Ibis, Grey, 21. 
Ibis, Lesser, 41. 
Ibis, Mexican, 35. 
Ibis noir, 17. 
Ibis, Scarlet, 41. 
Ibis, White, 39. 
Ibis, White-headed, 324. 
Ibis, White-necked, 23. 
Ibis, Wood, 322. 
ibis (Ardea), 213. 
ibis (Bubuleus), 215. 
ibis (Lepterupatis), 214. 
ibis (xuimenius), 4, 6, 

327. 
ibis (Pseudofcau talus), 
323, 327, 328. 
ibis (Tantalus), 6, 213, 
326, 327. 
id® (Ardea), 206, 272. 
idas (Ardeola), 202, 206, 
207, 282. 
idse (Buphus), 206. 
idas (Herodias), 282. 
igneus (FalcineUus), 31, 
32, 36, 37. 
igneus (Ibis), 32. 
igneus (Numenius), 30. 
igneus (lantalus), ,30. 
ignotus (Colymbus); 493. 
iUyricus (Buphus), 204. 
imber (Cepphus), 498. 
imber (Colymbus), 496. 
Imber Diver, 498. 
imber (Gravia), 498. 
imber (Urinator). 498. 
immaculata (Axdea), 

immaculata (Garzetta), 

123. 
immaeulata (Herodias), 
122. 
immaculatus (Herodias), 
123. 
immer (Colyrabus), 496. 
immer (Mergus), 498. 
immer (XJrinator), 498. 
iimnigratoria (Osteorophea), 
315, 317. 
Iinpennes, 623. 
irapennis (Alca), 563. 
impennis (Chenalopex), 


564. 
impennis (Pingouin), 
564. 
impennis (Pinguinus), 
564. 
impennis (Plautus), 559, 
563, 564. 
imperator (Aptenodytes), 


626. 
imperialis (Phalaerocorax), 
385, 390. 
Indian Grebe, 513. 
Indian Jabiru, 310. 
indica (Ardea), 310. 
indica (ifycteria), 3] 1. 
indica (Xenorlrynchus), 


311. 
indicus (Hians), 307. 
indicus (Phaethon), 451, 
459. 
indicus ('Phaeton), 460. 
indicus (Tantalus), 324. 
infuscata (Ibis), 26. 
infuscatus (Geronticus), 
26. 
infuscatus (Phimosus), 
26. 
infuscatus (Podiceps), 
546. 
infuscatus (Podicipes), 
546. 
Inocotis, 2, 12. 
insignia (Ardea), ^>Q, 70, 
268. 
intermedia 
(Ardea), 85, 
87, 88, 99. 

•intermedia (Egretta), 86. 
intermedia (Herodias), 
85, 88, 269. 
intermedia (Mesophoyx), 
85, 269. 
intermedia (Piatalea), 
48, 49. 
intermedia (Uria), 574. 
intermediaire. Fou, 426. 
involucris (Ardea), 234, 

235. 
YOL. XXYI. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

involucris (Ardetta), 222, 

235, 284. 
involucris (Botaurus), 
m 235. 
involucris (Butorides), 


235. 
islandica (Alca), 567. 
Jabiru, 314. 
Jabiru, American, 314. 
Jabiru de Cayenne, 314. 
Jabiru, Indian, 310. 
Jabiru, New Holland, 


311. 
Jabiru, Senegal, 313. 
jaburu (Ciconia), 298. 
Jack-ass Penguin, 651. 
Jamaica Night Heron, 
147. 
jamaicensis (Ardea), 131, 
147. 
japonica (Piatalea), 51. 
Javan Corvorant, 402. 
Javan Pelican, 467. 
javanica (Ardea), 177, 
178, 181, 184. 
javanica (Ardetta), 177, 

184. 
javanica (Argala), 318. 
javanica (Butorides), 172, 
174, 177, 181, 182, 
183, 184, 250, 278, 

279. 
avanica (Oieonia), 317. 
avanica (Oranopelargus), 
318. 
avanica (Egretta), 177. 
avanica (Herodias), 178. 
avanica (Mycteria), 318. 
avanica (Carbo), 343. 
avanicus (Butorides), 


182, 185. 
avanicus (Carbo), 402. 
avanicus (Graculus), 


402. 
avanicus (Leptoptilus), 
315, 317, 320. 
avanicus (Microcarbo), 


402. 
avanicus (Nvcticorax), 
182. 
avanicus (Ocniseus), 
178. 
avanicus (Pelecanus), 
466. 
avanicus 
(Phalacrocorax), 
336, 339, 402, 


406. 
Johanna Heron, 77. 
johannoe (Ardea), 77. 
jubata (Egretta), 120. 
jubata (Herodias), 120. 
jugularis (Ardea), 114, 
138,140. 
jugularis (Demiegretta), 

139. 
jugularis (Egretta), 139. 
jugularis (Herodias), 
139. 
juninensis 
(Podicipes), 
505, 506, 538. 

kalipareus (Podiceps), 

536. 
kamtschatica (Alca), 
603. 
kamtschaticus (Siniorhynchus), 
604. 
King Penguin, 627, 

628. 
kittlitzi (Brachyrhainphus), 
592,593. 
kutteri (Butio), 167. 
kutteri (Gorsachius), 

167. 
kwakwa (Ardea), 147. 
L'Anhinga, 419, 420. 
L'Anhinga de Cayenne, 

420. 
L'Anhinga du Senegal, 
412. 
L'Anhinga noir de 
Cayenne, 420. 
L'Anhinga roux, 412. 
L'Ibis blanc, 327. 
L'Ibis blane d'Egypte, 

327. 
L'Imbrim des Mers du 
Nord, 498. 
La Fregate, 443. 
La Grande Fregate de 

Cayenne, 443. 
La Grebe, 544. 
La Grebe a oreilles, 

532. 
La Grebe cornue, 544. 
La Grebe de l'Isle S. 
Thomas, 553. 
La Grebe de riviere cle la 
Caroline, 553. 
La Grebe de riviere 
noirastre, 507. 
La Grebe de riviere ou le 

Castagneux, 507. 
La Grebe hupee, 544. 
La Petite Fregate, 443. 
La Petite Grebe, 527. 
La Petite Grebe cornue, 

527. 
Labrador Auk, 616. 
labradora (Alca), 616. 
2x 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

labradoria (Sagmatorrhina), 
613. 
labradorica (Alca), 61(1 
laci-yumns (Uria), 575. 
lactea (Ardea), 125. 
lacteola (Uria), 581. 
lacteolus (Cepphus), 581. 
lacteolus (Colymbus), 

581. 
lacteus (Pseudotantalus), 
223, 326. 
lacteus (Tantalus), 326.^ 
lacustris (Botaurus), 255. 
lacustris (Phalacrocorax), 

381. 
lalandii (Phalacrocorax), 

351. 
laraellicollis (Jbis), 11. 
lamelliger (Hiator), 309. 
lamelligerus(Anastomus), 
30«. 
lamelligerus (Hiator), 

309. 
laminigerus (Anastomus), 

309. 
Larupribis, 3, 38. 
landsbergi (Ardea), 113. 
Largest Crested Heron, 

80. 
Larva, 615. 
latharai (Sagmatorrhina), 
613, 614. 
latiefii (Herodias), 92. 
latirostrum (Platalea), 48. 
Le Oastagneux, 507. 
Le Oastagneux a bee cercle, 

553. 
Le Oastagneux de Saint 
Domingue, 520. 
Le Cormoran, 340. 
Le Ouricaca de Cayenne, 

322. 
Le Fou, 436. 
Le Pou blanc, 432. 
Le Pou commun, 436. 
Le Pou de Bassan, 425. 
Le Pou de Cayenne, 436. 
Le Pou tachete,425. 
Le Pou tachete de 
Cayenne, 425. 
Le Gorfou, 635. 
Le Grand Pou, 425. 
Le Grand Grebe, 549. 
Le Grand Manchot, 628. 
Le Grand Paille-enqueue, 
457. 
Le Grand Pingom, 563. 
Le Grand Pingouin, 

564. * ' 
Le Grand Plongeon, 

496. 

Le Grand Plongeon 
tachete, 496. 
Le Grebe cornu, 544. 
Le Grebe de la Lwuisiane, 

553. 
Le Grebe de riviere de 

S. Domingue, 520. 
Le Grebe duc-laart, 553. 
Le Grebe hupe, 544. 
Le Guillemot, 573. 
Le Jougris, 539. 
Le Lumme ou Petit 
Plongeon de la Mer 
du Norcl, 489. 
Le Macareux, 616. 
Le Macareux de Kanitchatka, 
612. 
Le Manchot, 649. 
Le Manchot a collier de 
la Nouvelle Guinee, 

624. 
Le Manchot de la Fouvelle 
Guinee, 627. 
Le Manchot des Hottentots, 
649. 
Le Manchot des Isles 
Maloumes, 627. 
Le Manchot du Cr.p de 
Bonne-Esperance, 649. 
Le Manchot hupe de 
Siberie, 635. 
Le Manchot moyen, 649. 
Le Manchot Papou, 631. 
Le Manchot sauteur, 

636. 
Le Manchot tachete, 

649. 
Le PaiUe-en-eul, 457. 
Le Paille-en-cul blanc, 

453. ^ 
Le Paille-en-cul fmive, 

455. _ 
Le Paille-en-queue a 
brins rouges, 451. 
Le Paille-en-queue blanc 
de l'lsledel'Ascension, 

453. 
Le Pelican, 462. 
Le Pelican a bee dentele\ 

481. _ 
Le Pelican bigarre 
d'Amerique, 477. 
Le Pelican brun, 475. 
Le Pelican brun de ITsle 
de Luc,on, 466. 
Le Pelican de Smyrna, 

468. J 
Le Pelican des Philippines, 
471. 
Le Pelican rose de ITsle 
de Lucon, 466. 

Le petit Cormoran, 364. 
Le petit Fou, 436. 
Le petit Fou brim, 432. 
Le petit Grebe, 528. 
Le petit Guillemot, 569. 
Le petit Guillemot noir, 


580. 
Le petit Guillemot rave, 

580. 
Le petit Paille-en-queue, 

453. 
Le petit Pingom, 565. 
Le petit Pingouin, 566. 
Le petit Plongeon, 487. 
Le Pingom, 5(55. 
Le Pingouin, 566. 
Le Plongeon, 489. 
Le Plongeon a gorge 
noir, 492. 
Le Plongeon a gorge 
rouge, 487. 
Le Plongeon tachete, 

496. 
Le Puffin du Bresil, 

378. 
lefemi (Sula), 426. 
lenticrinosa (Ai'dea), 259, 

263. 
lentiginosus (Botaurus), 
253, 259, 286. 
lentiginosus (Butor), 

261. 
lepida (Ardea), 227, 228, 

230. 
Lepterodas, 114. 
Lepterodius, 57, 114. 
Leptopelicanus. 400. 
Leptoptilus, 292, 315. 
Lepturus, 450. 
lepturus (Phaethon), 450, 

453. 
lepturus (Phaeton), 453, 

456. 
Lesser Booby, 436. 
Leaser Crested Grebe, 

528. 
Lesser Frigate Pelican, 

443. 
Lesser Gannefc, 432. 
Lesser Guillemot, 573. 
Lesser Ibis, 41. 
Lesser Penguin, 649. 
leuee (Ardea), 96. 
leuce (Egretta), 96. 
leuce (Herodias), 96. 
Leueerodia, 43. 
leucerodia (Platalea), 43, 
44,46,49,50,267. 
Leucibis, 39. 
Leueocarbo, 331. 
leucocephala( Ardea ),294, 

leucocephala (Carbo), 

343. 
leucocephala (Cic :>nia), 

294. 
leucocephala (Liploeercus), 
295. 
leucocephala (lissoura), 

295. 
leucocephala (Theristicus), 
20. 
leucocephalus (Fregata), 

444. 
leueoeephalus (Melanopelargus), 
295. 
leucocepbalus (Peleoanusj, 
443. 
leucocephalus (Pseudotantalus), 
323, 324, 

326. 
leucocephalus (Tantalus), 

323. 324. 
leucocraster (A rdea), 


127. 
leucogaster (Carbo), 368, 

395. 
leucogaster (Dvsporus), 

440. 
leueoga>ter (Graculus), 
395, 396. 
leucogaster (Halieua), 
343, tms. 
Ieucogatter (Herod ias), 

127. 
leucogaster (Hvdrocorax), 

388. 
leucogaster (Hypoleueus), 

390. 
leucogaster (Pelecanus), 

436. 
leucogaster (Phalacrocorax), 
396, 398. 
leucogaster (Plotus), 

420. 
leucogastra (Ardea), 128. 
leucogastra (Demiegret 
ta), 128. 
leucogastra (Egretta), 

127. 
leucogastra(Hydranassa), 

127. 
leucogastra (Sula), 438, 

440. 
leueolopha (Ardea), 191. 
leueolopha (Tigrornis), 
191,281. 
leucolophum (Tigrisoma), 

191. 
leucolophus (Botaurus), 

191. 
leucomelas (Haliaeus), 

398. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

leucon (Ibis), 8,10. 
leuconota (Nyctiardea), 

157. 
leuconotus (Ardea), 157. 
leuconotus (Buphus), 

157. 
leuconotus (Calherodins), 
275,276. 
leuconotus (Nycticorax), 
146,157, 276. 
leuconotus (Phalacroeorax), 
360. 
leucophsea (Ardea), 77. 
leucophaea (Sula), 426. 
Leueophoyx, 58, 124. 
leueophthalnios (Uria), 

576. 
leucopodius (Platea), 45. 
leucoprymna (Ardea), 

128. 
leucoprymna (Deiniegrettaj, 
128. 
leueoprynina (Egretta), 
127/ 
leucops (Ardea), 110. 
leucopsis (Uria), 575. 
leucoptera (Ardea), 204, 
206,207,208,211,212, 

272. 
leucoptera (Ardeola), 207, 
211,212. 
leucoptera (Cancroma), 

207. 
leucoptera (Oleoma). 311. 
leucoptera (Uria), 581. 
leucopterus (Podiceps), 

549. 
leucopygius (Ibis), 42. 
leucorodia (Platea), 45. 
leucorodius (Platalea), 

45. 
leucotis (Carbo), 388. 
leucotis (Podiceps ?, 525. 
leucotis (Rollandia), 

527. 
leucurus (Phalacrocorax), 

331. 
levaillanti (Anhinga), 

413. 
levaillanti (Plotus), 410, 
412,414. 
limnicola (Botaurus), 

166. 
limnicola (Tigrisoma), 

166. 
limnophilax (Botaurus), 

106. 
limnophilax (Nycticorax), 

166. 
limnopbylax (Ardea), 

- 160. 

lindermayeri (Egretta), 

120. 
lineata (Ardea), 194, 

196. 
Lineated Bittern, 194. 
lineatum (Tigrisoma), 
193, 194, 196,281. 
lineatus (Podilymbus), 

554. 
linnsei (Graculus), 365. 
Little Auk, 569. 
Little Bittern, 222, 231. 
Little Brown Bittern, 

222. 
Little Egret, 119, 124. 
Little G-rebe, 507, 511. 
Little Grebe or Dabchick, 

508. 
Little Pinguin, 646. 
Little White Heron. 101, 
106, 124, 214. 
loculator (Tantalops), 

322. 
loculator (Tantalus), 321. 
Lohanjung Heron, 310. 
Lomvia, 572. 
lorn via (Alca), 574. 
lomvia arra (Uria), 

579. 
lomvia (Gatarractes), 

578. 
lomvia (Oepphus), 577. 
lomvia (Uria), 572, 574, 
577,579. 
longicaudata (Aptenodytes), 
633. 
longicaudus (Graculus), 

407. 
longicollis (Ardea), 98. 
lopgimembris (Pseudotantalus), 
324. 
longirnembris (Tantalus), 
324,325. 
longirostris (Aptenodytes), 
628. 
longirostris (Apterodita), 

628. 
longirostris (Colymbus), 

540. 
longirostris (Eudocimus), 

39. 
longirostris (Ibis), 39. 
longirostris (Peleeaims), 
463, 466. 
longirostris (Podiceps), 

550. 
longirostris (Tantalus), 

328. 
Loon or Great Northern 
Liver, 498. 
Lophaethyia, 503. 
2x2 

676 

Lophaithyia, 502. 
Lophotibis, 3, 27. 
Louisiana Heron, 127. 

186. 
Louisiane Grebe, 553. 
lucida (Ardea), 214. 
lueidus (Bubulcus), 213, 
215, 216, 218, 282. 
lueidus (Graculus), 351. 
lueidus (Halicus), 351. 
lueidus (Halieus), 351. 
lueidus (Herodias), 282. 
lueidus (Phalacrocorax), 

332, 336, 351. 
ludoviciana (Ardea), 127, 

186. 
ludoviciana (Demiegretta), 
127. 
ludoviciana (Egretta), 

127. 
ludoviciana (Herodias), 
127. 
ludoviciana(Hydranassa), 
127, 128. 
ludovicianus (Colymbus), 

553. 
ludovicianus (Podiceps), 
554. 
lugubris (Graculus), 
351. 
lugubris (Phalacrocorax), 
351. 
lumme (Oolymbus), 487lumme 
(Gavia), 489. 
lumme (Urinator), 489. 
Lunda, 562, 611. 
luteus (Bubulcus), 204. 
luzoniensis (Platalea), 
50. 
Macareux, Le, 616. 
Macaroni Penguin, 641. 
maeei (Ibi3), 8. 
maeronata (Egretta), 207, 

210. 
macrorhyncha (Ardea), 
181, 183, 184. 
raaerorhyneha (Ardetta), 

183. 
macrorhyncha (Butorides), 
183,184. 
macrorhynchos (Carbo), 

351. 
macrorhynchos (Colymbus), 
493. 
macrorhynchus (Butorides), 
181. 
maculata (Ardea), 147, 
158,234. 
maculata (Ardetta), 235. 

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX. 

maculata (Cancroma), 

18(1 

maculata (Sula), 425. 

maeulatus (Botaurus), 

235. 
maeulatus (Pelecanus), 
425. 
madagascariensis (Anastomusj, 
309. 
Magellanic Shag, 3S8. 
magellanica (Apteno


dyta), 651. 
magellanica (Aptenodytes), 
651. 
magellanica (Eudyptes), 

652. 
magellanica (Pinguinaria), 
651. 
magellanicus (Carbo), 

389. 
magellanicus (Graculus), 
378, 388. 
magellanicus (Hydrocorax), 
388. 
magellanicus (Pelecanus \ 

388. 
magellanicus 
(Phalacrocorax), 
335, 338, 387, 

388. 
magellanicus (Spheniscus), 
649, 651. 
magellanicus (ITrile), 

38± 

magnifica (Ardea), 92. 
magnirostris (Apteno


dytes), 652. 
Maguari, 297. 
maguari (Ardea), 73, 

297. 
maguari (Ciconia), 297. 
maguari (Euxenura), 297, 
Maigue, 378. 
Maigue" Brasiliensium 

Pisoni, 378. 
major (iEchmophorus), 

502, 549, 550. 657. 
major (Alca), 564. 
major (Ardea), 73, 77, 

90. 
major (Ciconia), 301. 
major (Oolymbus), 549. 
major (Pelecanus), 344. 
major (Phalacrocorax), 
344. 
major (Platalea), 45, 46, 
51. 
major (Plegadorais), 32. 
major (Podiceps\ 550. 
major (Sula), 425. 
Malacca Heron, 207. 
malaccersk (Ardea), 206, 

207. 
malaccensis (Ardeola), 
207. 
malaccensis (Buphus*), 
207. 
malaciensis (Ardea), 207. 
Man of War Bird, -443. 
Manchot, Le, 649. 
mandibularis (Xvencorax), 
146.101,276. 
mandti < Cepphus), 5S>. 
mandti (*Cna\ 572, 5^2, 

584. 
mandtii (Cepphu^, Ti52. 
maudtii (Grylle), 5NJ. 
mandtii (Una*, 554. 
Manduria 6 curucau, 
21. 
Manilla Pelican. 460. 
inauillensis (Ardea), 64. 
manillensis(Cailierodius), 
162. 
nianiilenns (N\etiardiaj, 
159, ir>l, 162. 
manillens-is 
(X\efieorax), 
14fU<"9,luf,162, 163, 

276.277. 
manillen^is (Pelecanus , 
466,472. 
manilleubis (Pliuvxl, 60, 
63, 64, 267. 
mansfeldi (Alca), .""^2. 
marabou (Ciconiay, 315, 

319. 
marabou (Leptoptilos), 
315. 
Marbled Guillemot, f&O. 
marmorata (Anobapton), 
591. 
marmorata (Ardea), 195, 
196. 
marmorata (Uria), 590. 
marmoratum (Tigrisoraa), 
193, 195, 196, 

281. 
marmoratus (Bracliyramphus), 
590. 
marmoratus (Brachyrhamphus), 
559, 590, 
592, 594. 

marmoratus 
(Bracbyrhampus), 
592. 
marmoratus (Oolymbus), 

590. 
marsigli (Ardea), 203. 
matook (Ardea), 138. 
matook (Herodias), 138, 
maxiimis(Colymbiw),498. 
medius (Phalacrocorax), 
343, 344. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Megadyptes, 625, 644. 
inegalophus (Pelecanus), 

467. 
megarhynchus (Oolymbus), 
493. 
Megerodius, 66. 
meisneri (Cephus), 584. 
meisneri (Una), 584. 
melama (Ardeiralla), 

251. 
melsena (Ardetta), 251. 
melalopkos (Ardea), 166. 
Melanocarbo, 331. 
meianocephala (Ardea), 
66, 70, 169, 263. 
meianocephala (Ibis), 4, 
5, 6, 7inelanocephalus 
(Greronticus), 
8, 10. 
inelanocephalus (Tantalus), 
7. 
inelanocephalus (Threskiornis), 
8. 
melanogaster (Anhinga), 

415. 
melanogaster (Oarbo), 

351. 
melanogaster (Phala^rocorax), 
351. 
melanogaster (Plotus), 
410,411,412,414,418, 

420. 
melanognathos (Oarbo), 

402. 
melanognathus (Graculus), 
403. 
melanognathus (Microcarbo), 
402. 
melanognathus(Phalacroeorax), 
403. 
melanoleucos (Mergulus), 

569. 
melanoleucus (Oarbo), 

398. 
melanoleucus (G-raculus), 
398, 399, 400. 
melanoleucus (Haliaaus), 

398. • 
melanoleucus (Hydrocorax), 
398. 
melanoleucus (Microearbo), 
398. 
melanoleucus (Phalacrocorax), 
336, 339, 398, 

401. 
melanolopha (Ardea), 

166. 
melanolopha(Tigrisoma), 

166. 
melanolophus(Botaurus), 

167. 

melanolopbus (Q-orsachius), 
166, 167, 169, 

277. 
melanolopbus (Nycticorax), 
167, 169. 
Melanopelargus, 298. 
melanophis (Ardea), 228. 
Melanophoyx, 57, 104. 
melanopes (Theristicus), 

22. 
melanopis (G-erontieus), 

22. 
melanopis (Ibis;, 21. 
melanopis (Tantalus), 

21. 
melanopis (Theristicus), 
21, 23, 265. 
melanops (Sula), 431. 
melanops (Tantalus), 22. 
melanops (Theristicus), 

22. 
melanoptera (Ardea), 

228. 
melanopus (Ardea), 85, 

123. 
melanopus (Egretta), 86, 

123. 
melanopus (Herodias), 
88, 123. 
melanorhyncha (Ardea), 

92. 
melanorhyncha (Egretta), 

92. 
melanorhyncha . (Platalea), 
48. 
melanorhynchos (Ardea), 

91. 
melanorhynchos (Spatherodia), 
48. 
melanorhynchus (Phaeton), 
452. 
melanorhyncos (Phaeton), 
452. 
melanotis (Ardea), 228. 
melanotus (Botaurus), 

258. 
melanura (Sula), 426, 

428. 
melanurus (Oarbo), 399. 
melas (Dupetor), 246, 

251. 
melas (Xanthocnus), 

251. 
mendiculus (Spheniscus), 
649, 653. 
mentalis (Phalacrocorax), 

388. 
Mergulus, 569. 
Mergus, 486. 
meridionalis(]STycticorax), 

147. 

Mesophoyx, 57, 85. 
Metaeoptera, 562. 
Mexican Heron, 231. 
Mexican Ibis, 35. 
mexicana (ibis), 35. 
mexicana (Platea), 53. 
mexicanus (Oarbo), 381. 
mexicanusdentatus (Onocrotalus), 
481. 
mexicanus (Graculus), 

381. 
mexicanus non-dentatus 
(Onocrotaltis), 481. 
mexicanus (Tantalus), 
31, 35. 
mexicanus (Phalacrocorax), 
334, 338, 378, 

381. 
micra (Bollandia), 525. 
Microcarbo, 331. 
microceros (Ciceronia), 

606. 
microceros (Phaleris), 

605. 
microceros (Simorhynchus), 
605. 
Microcnus, 241. 
Microdyptes, 635. 
micropterum (Centropelma), 
538. 
micropterus (Podiceps), 

538. 
micropterus (Podicipes), 
505, 506, 538. 
microrhynchos (Alca), 

567. 
microrhynehus (Oolymbus), 
489. 
microscelis (Oiconia), 

295. 
Micruria? 561, 494. 
migratoria (Argala), 315. 
minahassse (Nycticorax), 
146, 163, 276, 277. 
minor (Aptenodyta), 646. 
minor (Aptenodytes), 

646. 
minor (Ardea), 77, 259. 
minor (Attagen), 448. 
minor /3 (Oolymbus), 511. 
minor (Botaurus), 260, 

261. 
minor (Cephus), 570. 
minor (Ohrysocoma), 

646. 
minor (Oolymbus), 507, 
513, 573. 
minor (Eudyptes), 646. 
minor (Eudyptila), 646. 
minor (Eudyptula), 645, 

646. 

minor (Fregata), 443, 

448. 
minor (Pelecanus), 443, 
4(57. 
minor (Platalea), 43, 49. 

50. 
minor (Plegadornis), 

32. 
minor (Podiceps), 507, 
512, 513, 511, 517, 
519, 656. 
minor (Poclicipes), 503. 
minor (Sphemseus), 646. 
minor (Syibeocyclus), 

508. 
minor (Tachybaptes),514. 
minor (Tacbypetes), 444, 

447. 
minor (tTria), 570, 574. 
minor, \ar. /3 (Podiceps), 

511. 
minor, var. pandubia 
(Podiceps), 513. 
minor, var. pelzelni 
(Podiceps), 518. 
minor, var. tricolor 
(Podiceps), 517. 
minuta (Ardea), 222, 225, 

283. 
minuta (Ardeola), 223, 

226. 
minuta (Ardetta). 221, 
222, 223, 226, 235, 

283. 
minuta (Oancrophagus), 

223. 
Minute Auk, 605. 
Minute Bittern, 231. 
minutus (Botaurus), 222, 

22Q. 

minutus (Butor), 223. 
minutus (Colyinbus), 

508. 
minutus (Podiceps), 507. 
minutus (Tantalus), 41. 
mitratus (Pelecanus), 

467. 
modesta (Ardea), 99. 
modesta (Egretta), 92, 

99. 
modesta (Herodias), 92, 

95. 
mokoho (Ardea), 259. 
molinse (Aptenodytes), 

625. 
molinse (Pelecanus), 480. 
molucca (Ibis), 4, 9. 
Molybdophanes, 3, 24. 
monocerata (Alca), 609. 
monocerata (Ceratorbina), 
610. 

ALPHABETIC 1L DTDEX. 

monocerata (Cerorbina), 

610. 
monocerata (Cerorhinca), 

610. 
monocerata (Cerorhincha), 
610. 
monocerata (Cerorbyna), 

610. 
monocerata (Oerorhyncha), 
609, 610. 
monocerata (Chimerica), 

610. 
monocerata (Fratercula), 

610. 
mouoceratus (Siinorhynrhus), 
610. 
nionticoia (Ardea), 62. 
Moris, 423. 
Mormon, 615. 
Mortis, 423. 
motzfeidi (Ceppbus), 582. 
motzfeldi (Una), 582. 
mucroceros (Ciceronia), 

606. 
mugitans (Botaurus), 
" 261. 
Mycteria, 292, 314. 
mycteria (Ciconia), 314. 
mycteniarhyncha (Oleoma), 
301. 
myiiteriorhyncba (Ciconia), 
301. 
mystaealis (Carboj, 378. 
mystacea (Phaleris), 604. 
mystacea (Uria), 603. 
Mjstrorbampbus, 52. 

na3via (Ardea), 147. 
naivia (.Nyctiardea), 150. 
naevia (Mergus), 489. 
naivius (Colymbus), 540. 
nasuus (Grraculus), 355. 
nsevius (Nyeticorax), 149, 
150, 151, 156, 275. 
nsevlus (Pelecanus), SOD. 
nandapoa (Ibis), 322. 
Nannocnus, 59, 242. 
nanus (Xenorhynehus), 

310. 
nebouxi (Sula), 424, 435. 
nebulosa (Ardea), 236, 

240. 
neglectus (Pbalacrocorax), 
333,337,374. 
neoxena (Ardetta), 221, 
231, 284. 
neoxenus (Botaurus), 

284. 
neoxerius (Botaurus), 

233. 

nesophilus (Ardeirallus), 
251 ^ 
nesophilus (Dupetor), 
246, 250, 251. 
nesophilus (Xanthoenus;, 

251. 
neslor (Podiceps), 522. 
New G-uinea Heron, 137. 
New Holland Darter, 

418. 
New Holland Grebe. 519. 
New Holland Jabiru, 

311. 
New Holland Pelican, 
4S3. 
New Holland Penguin, 

625. 
New Hollai.d Shag. 343. 
New Holland Tropic 
Bird, 452. 
New Zealand Heron, 138. 
Newcastle Diver, 489. 
Nesiteles, DD'4. 
niepcu tCarbu), 406. 
niger (Hydroeurax),402. 
nijrer (Alelanocarbo), 403. 
tiiger (Melanopelargua), 

305. 
niger (Pelecanus), 402. 
niger (PhjJacrueorax), 

378. 
niger (Tantalus), 17. 
nigerrima (Ardea), 13$. 
nigerrima (Egretta?, 138. 
Night Heron, 146, 147, 

149. 
Night Heron, American, 
^147. 
Night Heron,Caledonian, 

158. 
Night Heron, Cayenne, 
131, 
Night Heron, Jamaica, 

147. 
Night Rayen, 14f>. 
nigra (Ardea), 247, 303. 
nigra (Ciconia), 299, 

303. 
nigra (Demiegretta), 140. 
nigricans (Alle), b®$. 
nigricans (Colymbus), 

528. 
nigricans (Podiceps), 508, 

528. 
nigrieollis (Ardea), 174. 
nigrieollis (Butorides), 

174. 
nigrieollis (Colymbus), 
533,535. 
nigrieollis californicus 
(Colymbus), 535. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

mgrieollis (Bytes), 533. 
nigricoilis californicus 
(Dytes), 535. 
nigricoilis (Podlceps), 
533, 657. 
nigricoilis (Podicipes), 
^ 504, 506, 532,533,657. 
nigricoilis (Proetopus), 

533. 
nigripes (Arclea), 122, 
nigripes (Egretta), 273. 
nigripes (Garzetta), IIS, 
123,273. 
nigripes (Herodias), 123. 
nigrirostris (Ardea), 85. 
nigrirostris (Egretta), 80, 
91,12a 
nigriventris (Eudyptes), 

637. 
nigrivestis (Eudyptes\ 

636. 
nigrodactyla (Sula), 430. 
nippon (Geronticus), 15. 
nippon (Ibis), 15. 
nippon (Nipponia), 15, 

265. 
Nipponia, 2,15. 
nivea (Ardea), 85, 119, 
123, 124, 272. 
nivea (Oiconia), 301. 
nivea (Egretta), 102. 
nivea (Garzetta), 120. 
nivea (Platalea), 45, 49. 
nivea (Uria), 581. 
nobilis (Ardea), 67, 70. 
nobilis (Ardeomega), 69. 
nobilis (Megalerodias), 

67. 
noctivagus (Podiceps), 

511. 
nodirostris (Oiceronia), 

605. 
nodirostris (Phaleris), 

605. 
Northern Diver, 498. 
Northern Penguin, 563, 
norwegica ("Uria), 574. 
Notophoyx, 57,109,271. 
novae-guinese (Ardea), 
138,140. 
novae-guinea (Herodias), 

139. 
novse-hollandiae (Anhinga), 
418. 
novae-nollandiag (Ardea), 
109,138, 158. 
novse-hollandisB (Demiegretta), 
110. 
novae-hollandise(Egretta), 

110. 

novse-hollandige (Graculus), 
344. 
novee-hollandise (Herodias), 
110. 
novae-hollandias (Notophoyx), 
109, 271. 
novse-hollandise (Phaeton), 
452. 
novse-hollandiae (Phalacroeorax), 
343. 
novos-hollandise (Plotus), 
411,415,417. 
novae-hollandisa (Podiceps), 
519. 
novss-hollandiffi (Podicipea), 
504, 505, 518. 
novse-hollandiffl (Spheniseus), 
625. 
novge-zelandiaj (Ardeola), 

235. 
nudifrons (Oiconia), 315, 

317. 
nudifrons (Harpiprion), 

26. 

nudifrons (Ibis), 26. 
nudifroDS (Leptoptilus), 

318. 
nudifrons (Leucorodia), 

50. 
nudifrons (Platalea), 50. 
nudigula (Carbo), 344, 

402. 
Nyctanassa, 58,130. 
Nycterodius, 145. 
nycthemerus (Phalacrocorax), 
387. 
Nyctherodius, 130. 
Nyctiardea, 145. 
Nycticorax, 58, 145, 275. 
nycticorax (Ardea), 146, 
155,156. 
nycticorax (Nycterodius), 

149. 
nycticorax (Nyctiardea), 

150. 
nycticorax (Nycticorax), 
145,146,149,151,155, 
156,275. 
nycticorax (Scotseus), 150. 

obscura (Ardea), 156. 
obscura (Nyctiardea), 

156. 
obscurus (Colymbus), 

528. 
obscurus (Nycticorax), 
155,156. 
obscurus (Podiceps), 528. 
occidentalis (iEchmophorus), 
549, 551. 

occidentalis (Ardea), 66, 
80, 84. ^ 
occidentalis (Audubonia), 

84. 
occidentalis (Cerafcorhyncha), 
609. 
occidentalis (Oerorhina), 

610. 
occidentalis (Cerorhinca), 

605. 
occid en talis (Cerorhynca), 

609. 
occidentalis clarkii (iEehmophorus), 
551. 
occidentalis clarkii (Podiceps), 
551. 
occidentalis (Herodias), 

84. 
occidentalis (Podiceps), 
543,551. 
occidentalis (Uria), 609. 
occipitalis (Podiceps), 

537. 
occipitalis (Pelecanus), 

482. 
ochracea (Bostrychia), 38. 
Ocniscus, 172. 
ocularia (Ardea), 157. 
ohula (Ardea), 101. 
olivacea (Oomatibis), 38. 
olivacea (Hagedashia), 

38. 
olivacea (Ibis), 38, 266. 
olivacea (Lampribis), 38, 

266. 
olivaceus (Geronticus), 

38. 
olivaceus (Plegadis), 266. 
olivaceus * (Theristicus), 

38. 
Ombrette, 288. 
Ombrette du Senegal, 

288. 
Ombria, 607. 
Onocrotalus, 460,462. 
onocrotalus occidentalis 
(Pelecanus), 475. 
onocrotalus orientalia 
(Pelecanus), 462. 
onocrotalus (Pelecanus), 
460,461,462,464,465, 
467, 468, 475, 48L 
onocrotalus, var. minor 
(Pelecanus), 467. 
onocrotalus, var, sharpei 
(Pelecanus), 462. 
Onore, 194. 
Onore* raye*, 194. 
Onore rave de Cayenne, 

194. 

680 

onslowi (Phalacrocorax), 
334,338,385. 
ordi (Falcinellus), 32, 35, 
36,37. 
ordi (Ibis), 31,32,35,36, 


37. 
orientalis (Ardea), 119. 
orientalis (Cerorhina), 

609. 
orientalis (Ciconia), 301. 
orientalis (Egretta), 91. 
orU ntalis (Garzetta), 120. 
orientalis (Herodias), 

120. 
orientalis (Nvctieorax), 

347. 
orientalis (Pelecanus), 

469. 
oscit i ns (Anastomus), 
306,307. 
oaeitaus (Ardea), 306. 
Ovteorophea, 315. 
Otodytes, 50*S.# 
oxycerca (Oereibis), 28. 
oxycercus (Geronticua), 

28. 
oxycercus (Ibis), 28, 


pachyrhynchus (Cataraetes), 
038. 
pachyrhynchus (Gatarrbactes), 
62o, 635, 638, 


640. 
pachyrhynchus (Eudyptes), 
638, 640. 
Pacific Heron, 11]. 
pacifica (Ardea), 111. 
pacifica (Gavia), 495. 
pacifica (Notophovx),109, 
111,271. 
pacificus(Oolvjnbus)j486, 
494,495. 
pacificus arcticus (Colymbus), 
495. 
pacifieus (Urinator), 495. 
Paille-en-queue de Cayenne, 
437. 
Paille-en-queue de l'Isle 
de France, 451. 
palliata (Ardea), 73. 
pallidus (Podiceps), 508. 
Palmerston Frigate Pelican, 
443. 
palmerstoni (Fregata), 

444. 
palmerstoni (Pelecanus), 

443. 
palmerstoni (Tachypetes), 
445,448. 
palpebrata( Aptenody tea), 

649. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

palpebrata (Eudytes), 

649. 
palpebratus (Sphetiiscus), 

649. 
papillata (Ibis), 12. 
papillosa (Ibis), 12. 
papillosa (Inocotis), 12. 
papillosa (Pseudibis), 12. 
papillosus (Inocotis). 2, 
12, 264. 
papillosus (Geronticus), 
12, 14. 
papua(Aptenodyta), 631. 
papua (Aptenodytes), 

631. 
papua (Chrvsocoma), 

631. 
papua (Eudyptes), 631. 
papua (Pygoseelis), 631. 
papua (Spheniacus), 631. 
papuoe (Apterodyta), 631. 
Papuan Pinguin, 631. 
papu.ens.is (Pj goseelis), 
G31. 
Parnopio, 19. 
parotis (Colymbus), 540. 
parva (Sula), 436. 
parvus (Bosporus), 438. 
parvus (Pelecanus), 436. 
parvus (Morus), 436. 
palaehonica (Aptenodytes), 
626, 628. 
patachonica (Pinguinaria), 
628. 
patagiatus (Pelecanus), 

469. 
patagiatus (Podiceps), 

546. 
Patagonian Penguin, 628. 
patagonica( Apt en od vtes), 
623, 626, 627, 628. 
patagonica (Pinguinaria), 

628. 
patagonicus (Spheniseus), 


626. 
patruelis (Ardea). 183. 
patruelis (Butorides), 

183. 

patruelis (Ocniscus), 184. 
pauper (Nyctanassa), 130, 
134,274. 
pauper (Hycticorax), 134. 
payesi (Ardea), 225. 
pealei (Ardea), 107, 108. 

271. 
pealei (Demiegretta), 

107. 
pealei (Egretta), 107. 
pealii (JSerodias), 107. 
Pedeaithyia, 503. 
Pedetaitfiya, 502. 

pelagicusfThalacrocorax), 
333,337,300,363. 
pelagieus albociliatus 
(Phalacroeorax), 373. 
pelagieus resplendens 
(Phakcroeorax), 361. 
pelagieus robustus (Phalaerocorax), 
361. 
Pelecanus. 4(i0. 
Pelican, 4f>2, 482. 
Pelican bigarre d'Amerique, 
477. 
Pebcan, Black-bellied, 

477. 
Pelican, Brown. 476, 479. 
Pelican brim. 475. 
Pelican brun d'Amerique, 

475. 
Pelican, Charles Town, 

476. 
Pelican, Dalmatian, 4HS. 
Pelican, Du&ky. 47r>. 
Pelican, Frigate, 443. 
Pelican, Javan, 467. 
Pelican, Manilla. 460. 
Pelican, ISTew Holland, 
41^3. 
Pelican of America. 475. 
Pelican, Philippine, 471. 
Pelican, Reel-backed. 474. 
Pelican, Rose-coloured, 
40tf. 
Pel J can, Sough-billed, 

482. 
Pelican, Saw-billed, 480. 
Pelican, White, 482. 
Pelican. Wood, 321. 
pelzelni I Podiceps;, 518. 
pelzelni (Podieipesj, 504, 
505, 518. 
Penguin, The, 635. 
Penguin, Black-footed, 

649. 
Penguin, Crested, 636. 
Penguin, Emperor, 627, 

628. 

Penguin, Gentoo, 631. 
Penguin, Jack-ass. 651. 
Penguin, Xing, 627, 628. 
Penguin, Lesser, 649. 
Penguin, Macaroni, 641. 
Penguin, Korthern, 563. 
Penguin, Patagonian, 
628.^ 
Penguin, Stoneeracker, 

636. 
penicillatus (Carbo), 363. 
penicillatus (Graculus), 
363, 389. 
penicillatus (Phalacrocorax), 
333, 337, 363. 

At PHA BETICAL I2TOEX. 

penicillatus (XTrile), 303. 
ponnantii (Aptenodytes), 

628. 
pennantii (Spheniscus), 
028. 
perdix (Brachyrhamphus\ 
590, 502. 
perdix (Cepphus), 592. 
peregrina (Palcinellus), 

32. 
peregrina (Ibis), 32. 
peregrinua (Plegadis), 
32. 
Perroquet Auk. GOT. 
personata (Sula), 430. 
perspicillatus (Grraculus), 
357. 
perspicillatus (Phalacrocorax), 
333, 337, 357. 
Petit Butor, 202. 
Petit Butor de Cayenne, 

241. 
Petit Butor clu Senegal, 
203. 
Petit Cormoran, 304. 
Petit Courly d'Anierique, 
21. 
Petit Crabier, 241. 
Petit Fou brun, 432. 
Petit Fregate, 443. 
Petit Heron aux ailes 
noires, 227. 
Petit Heron blanc, 213. 
1 etit Heron roux du 

Senegal, 203. 
Petrel, Brasilian, 378. 
plueospilus (Pelecanus), 

474. 
Phaethon, 450. 
phaetnon (Botaurus), 
192. 
Phaethontidee, 329, 450. 
Phaeton, 460. 
Pbalacrocoracidas, 329, 
33a 
Phalaerocoracinse, 330. 
Phalacrocorax, 330, 331. 
plialacrocorax (Carbo), 

344. 
phalacrocorax continentalis 
(Carbo), 344. 
Phaleris, 561, 607. 
pharaonica (Ardea), 62. 
pbilippensis (Ardea), 106, 

241. 
philippeneis (Botaurus), 
106. 
pbilippensis (Colyrabus), 
oil. 
pbilippensis 
(Pelecanus), 
461,471,473,475. 

pbilippensis (Podiceps), 
508,511, 518,656. 
pbilippensis (Podieipes), 

503,505,511. 

pbilippensis, Tar. rufes* 
ce:>s (Pelecanus), 475. 
philippmensis (Tachy


baptes), 512. 
Philippine Heron, 241. 
Philippine Pelican, 471. 
pbilippinus (Colvmbus), 

511. 
pbilippinus (Pelecanus), 
471. 
Phimosus, 3, 26. 
Plioenicurus, 450. 
phcenicurus (Phaeton), 
452. 
phoenix (Onocrotalus), 
463. 
Pboyx, 56, 60. 
pica (Alca). 566. 
pica (Pelecanus), 395. 
pica (Pingouin), 5^. 
pica (Pinguinus), 506. 
pica (Utamania), 5(56. 
picata (Ardea), 112,247. 
picata (Iierodias), 112. 
picata (Notophoyx), 109, 
112, 113,114,271. 
pieta (Agamia), 113,135. 
picta (Ardea), 274. 
Pied Shag, 394. 
&gmy Auk, 603. 
pileata (Ardea), 171. 
pileata (Herodias), 171. 
pileata (Nyctiarclea), 171. 
pileata (Nycticorax), 171. 
pileatus (Pilerodius), 

171,277. 
pileatus (Pilherodius), 

171. 
Pilerodius, 171. 
Pilherodius, 58,171. 
pillus (Ciconia), 298. 
pillus (Tantalus), 297. 
Pingouin, 564. 
Pinguin, Cape, 649. 
Pinguin, Collared, 624. 
Pinguin, Hairy, 628. 
Pinguin, Little, 646. 
Pinguin, Magellanic, 651. 
Pinguin, New Holland, 
625. 
Pinguin, Papuan, 631. 
Pinguin, Patagonian, 
629. 
Pinguin, Eed-footed, 
635. 
Pinguin, Three-toed, 
624. 
Pinguin, Woolly, 628. 
Pinguinaria, &2ii. 
Pinguinus, 562. 
pinnata (Ardea), 262. 
pinnatus (Botaurus), 253, 

262. 
piscat or (Bysporus), 432. 
piscator (Vlorus), 432. 
piscator (Pelecanus), 432. 
piscator (Sula), 424, 432, 
437, 655. 
Piscatrix, 423. 
piscatrix (Sula), 431,432. 
Platalea, 43. 
Platea, 43. 
Platibis, $3, 51. 
platirhingos (Aptero


dvta), (521. 
Plaucus, 423. 
P.autus, 560, 562. 
Plegadis, 3, 29. 
Plegadornis, 29. 
Plotinic, 330, 410. 
Plottus, 410. 
Plotus, 330, 410. 
plotus (Pelecanus), 437. 
plumbea (Ardea), 73, 

101, 185. 
plumbea (Egretta), 244. 
pjumbea (Ibis), 24. 
plumbeus (Butorides), 

185, 280. 
plumbeus (Harpiprion), 

24. 
plumicollis (Tantalus), 
322. 
plumifera (Ardea), 87. 
plum if era (Egretta), 87. 
plumifera (Mesophoyx), 
85, 87, 270, 
plumiferns (Herodias), 

87. 
plumigula (Sula), 428. 
Podiceps, 502. 
podiceps (Ardea), 225, 
226. 
podiceps (Ardeola), 225. 
podiceps (Ardetta), 221, 
225. 
podiceps (Colymbus), 
553. 
Podicipedidaj, 485, 502. 
Podieipes, 502. 
podieipes (Ardetta), 226, 
283. 
podieipes (Podilymbus), 
555, 657. 
Podilymbus, 502, 553. 
pcecilopterus (Botaurus), 

258. 
pceeiloptila (Ardea), 258. 
682 

poeeiloptilus (Botaurus), 
253, 2515, 258, 285. 
poiceloptera (Ardea), 

258. 
poiciloptilus (Botaurusjj 

258. 
polaris (Mormon), 017. 
polai'is (Uria), 578. 
Poiioc^pbalus, 503 
poliocephalus (Podiceps), 

poliocephilus (Podicipes), 
504, 500, 522. 
pondicerianus (Anastomus), 
307. 
Pondieherry Heron, 307. 
Pouacre de Cayenne, 

147. 
Pouacre ou Bufor tachete, 

147. 
poucheti (Herodias), 102. 
prseternaissa (JSrythropboy.\), 
252, 2b'6. 
praetermissus (Ardeirallus), 
253. 
prasinoacelis (Ardea), 

211. 
prasinoacelis (Ardeola), 
211, 282. 
prashioscelis (Nycticorax), 
211. 
Procellaria brasiliana, 

378. 
procerula (Herodias), 

272. 
Proctopus, 502. 
propinqua (ibis), 8. 
pruyssenaerii (Ciconia), 

295. 
Pseudibis, 12, 
pseudoralloides(Bupbus), 


211. 
Pseudotantalus, 321,323. 
pbittacula (Alca), 607. 
psittacula (Frutercula), 


608. 
psittacula (Lunda), 607. 
psittacula (Ornbria), 008. 
psittacula (Phaleris), 

607. 
psittaculua (Cyclorrbynchus), 
608. 
psittaculua (Pbaleris), 

607. 
psittaculua (Simorhyn* 
chus), 607, 
Ptychorhamphus, 561, 

599. 
Puffin, 616. 
Puffin Auk, 616. 
Puffin, Common, 617. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pulcbra (Ardetta), 228, 

230. 
pumila (Ardea), 203. 
pumilio (Phalacrocorax), 
406 
pumilus (Botaurus), 241. 
ptuuilus (Zebrilus), 241. 
punctata (Ardetta), 235. 
punctatus (Grraculus), 

355. 
punctatus (Pelecanus), 

354. 
punctatus (Phalacrocorax), 
333, 336, 354, 
358, 370. 
punctatus (Stictocarbo), 

355. 
Purple Heron, 61. 
purpuragula (Carbo), 
37(5. 
purpuragula (Phalaerocorax), 
377. 
purpurascens (Ardea), 

62. 
purpurascens (Carbo), 


384. 
purpuraseens (Urile), 

392. 
purpurata (Ardea), 62. 
purpurea (Ardea), 60, 03, 
(54, 267. 
purpurea (Phoyx), 60, 
62, 64, 267. 
pusilla (Ardea), 226, 

235. 
pusilla (Ardeola), 223, 
235, 245. 
pusilla (Ardetta), 226, 

235. 
pusilla (Ciceronia), 606. 
pusilla (Fratercula), 606. 
pusilla (Phaleris), 605. 
pubilla (Uria), 605. 
pusillus (Botanrus), 223, 


226. 
pusillus (Simorbyncbus), 


601. 
putea (Ardeaj, 85. 
pygmaea (Alca), 603. 
pygnisea (Pratercula), 

604. 
pygtnaea (Phaleris), 605. 
pygmseus algiriensis 
(Grraculus), 406. 
pygnieeus (Carbo), 402. 
pygmseus (Grraculus), 
402, 406. 
pygm«ns(Haliaetus),406. * 
pygmaeus (Halieus), 406. 
pygmaeus (Hydrocorai), 

406. 

pygmreus mdieus (Graculus), 
402. 
pvgraasus (Hicrocarbo), 

* 403, 406. 
pvgmreus (Pelecanus), 
4 405, 467. 
pygtmeus (Phalacrocorax), 
330, ;j3u, 339, 
402, 4 )o, 40S. 
pvgmajus (Podiceps), 

508. 
pyginaeus (Simorbyn"
chus), 601, 603, 8J4, 
6J3. 
pygmea (Alci), <>(>3. 
pvginea (Phaleris», (503. 
pygmeus (Carbo;, 402, 

* 406. 
Pygoporles, 4^5. 
Pygoscslw. 624, 630. 
Pygoscelys, (>30. 
pyre-iaicus (Colymiu*), 
*507. 
pyrrhops (Piataiea), 45. 

Qua Bird, 147. 

radiolata (Ardea), 241. 
ralloides (Ardeaj, 202, 

281. 
ralloides (Ardeola), 202, 
204,206.207,200,281. 
ralloides (Bubulcus), 205. 
ralloides (Buphus,, 2(J4. 
ralloides (Ca.ncroph.agus), 

204. 
ralloides (Herodias;, 281. 
ralloides (Xvctieorax), 

204. 
raptensis (Carbo), 343. 
rara (Lampribis), 266. 
Raven, Sight, 146. 
Razor-bill, 565. 
Razor-billed Auk, 568. 
rectirostris (Ardeaj, t\8. 
rectirostris (Typhonl, 69. 
recurvirostris (Podiceps), 

533. L 
Red-backed Pelican, 474. 
Red-bill Grebe, 553. 
Red Curlew, 41. 
Red-faced Corvorant,358. 
Red-faced Shag, 357. 
Red-footed Pingum, f>35. 
Red-legged Heron, 204. 
Red-necked Grebe, 539, 

542. 
Red-shouldered Heron, 

82. 
Red-tailed Tropic Bird. 

452. 

Red-throated Diver, 488. 
Reddish Egret, 106. 
regia (Platalea), 43, 47, 

48. 
religiosa (Ibis), 4, 7, 8. 
religiosus (Geronticus), 5. 
religiosus (Threscioruia), 

5. 
resplendent (Phalacrocorax), 
360, 301, 302, 

381. 
rex (Aptenodytes), 628. 
rex (Balamiceps), 287. 
rhodinopterus (Tantalus j, 

327. 
RhvnchochaMne, 306. 
rhyngvia (Uria), f>76. 
ridgwayi (Falfineilus),37. 
ridgvrayi (Plegadis), 29, 
37, im. 
riedeli (Ardetta), 243. 
Ringed or Bridled Guillemot, 
575. 
ringeri (Demiegretta), 

140. 
ring\ ia (Catarractes), 

570. 
ringvia (Lomvia), 570. 
ringyia (Uria), 572, 575. 
robineoni {Butorides), 

279. 
robusta (Ardea), 69. 
robusta (Typhon), 69. 
robustus (Phalaerocorax), 
361, 362. 
rodopteron (Tantalus), 
3^4, 325. 
rodopteron vel leucocephalus 
(Tantalus), 

324. 
rolland (Podiceps), 526. 
rollandi (Podiceps), 525, 

526. 
rollandi (Podicipes), 504, 
506, 526. 
Rollandia, 503. 
Rose-coloured Pelican, 
4(56. 
rosea (Platalea), 54. 
Roseate Spoonbill, 53. 
roteus (Peleeanus), 461, 
464, 465, 466. 
rostratus (Podiceps), 546. 
Rofeh, 570. 
rothschildi (Phalaerocorax), 
385. 
Rough-billed Pelican, 

482. 
ruber (Eudocimus), 41, 
42, 267. 
ruber (Faleinellus), 42. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

ruber (Tantilus), 41. 
rubra (Guara), 42, 267. 
rubra (Ibis), 41. 
rubra (Scolopax), 41. 
rubricauda (Phaethon), 

450, 451, 455, 4."9, 

656. 
rubricauda (Phcenicurus), 

452. 
rubricaudatua (Phaeton), 

452. 
rubricollis (Colymbus), 

540. 
rubricollis major (Podiceps), 
542. 
rubricollis (Podiceps), 
540, 542. 
rubripeda (Sula), 432. 
rubripes (Sula), 432. 
rufa (Ardea), 62, 106, 
107, 108. 
rufa (Demiegretta), 107. 
rufa (Dichromanassa), 
106, 107, 108, 271. 
rufa (Hydranassu), 107. 
rufa (Scolopax), 30. 
rufeseeus (Ardea), 106, 

271. 
rufescens (Egretta), 107. 
rufescens (Herodias), 107. 
rufeseeus (Peleeanus), 
460, 461, 467, 472, 

474. 
ruficapilla (Ardea), 214. 
ruficollis (Ardea), 128, 

274. 
ruficollis (Demiegretta), 

127. 
ruficollis (Egretta), 127. 
ruficollis (Herodias), 127. 
ruficollis (Hvdranassa)* 
127, 274. 
ruficollis (Podiceps), 540. 
ruficristata (Ardea), 215. 
ruficristata (Bubulcus), 

215. 
rufipectus (Podiceps), 

523. 
rufipectus (Podicipes), 
504, 506, 523. 
rufipectus (Poliocephalus), 
523. 
rufiventris (Ardea), 200. 
ruthentris (Ardeola), 

201. 
rufiventris (Butorides), 

201. 
rufiventris(Erjthrocnus), 
200, 201. 
rufogularis (Colymbus) 
481). 

rufopectus (Podiceps), 

523. 
Rufous-breasted Grebe, 

529. 
Rufous Heron, 61. 
Ruibus-winged Darter, 

412. 
rufus (Faleinellus), 32. 
rufus (Plotus), 410, 4J1, 

412. 
ruppellii (Leptoptilus), 

32. 
russala (Ardea), 214, 217. 
russata (Ardeola), 215. 
russata (Egretta), 214, 

217. 
russata (Erodius), 215. 
rus&ata (Herodias), 215. 
russatus (Bubulcus \ 215. 
russ'itub (Buphus), 214. 
rutenbergi (Ardea), 173, 

174. 

sacer (Ibis), 5. 
gacra (Ardea), 116, 137, 
138/131), 140. 
sacra (Demiegretta), 137, 
340, 141,274,278. 
sacra (Herodias), 139. 
sacra (Ibis), 30. 
Sacred Heron, 137. 
Sagmatorrhina, 611. 
salmoni (Botaurus), 197. 
sahnoni (Tigrisoma), 194, 
197, 281. 
saltator (Eudjptes), 637. 
salvadorii (Colymbus), 

550. 
sarmientonus (Gracidus), 

388. 
sarmientonus (Phalacrocorax), 
388. 
saturatus (Butorides), 
187, 188. 
Savacou de Cayenne, 

163. 
Savakou hupe de Cayenne, 

163. 
Saw-billed Pelican, 480, 

481. 
scapularis (Ardea), 173, 
175, 177, 181. 
scapularis (Ardetta), 175. 
scapularis (Butorides), 

175. 
scapularis (Egretta), 175. 
scapularis (Grylle), 584. 
scapularis (Uria), 582, 

584. 
scapulatus (Butorides), 
175., 

684: 

Scarlet Ibis, 41. 
schistacea (Ardea), 114, 

115. 
schistacea (Egretta), 115. 
sehistacea (Herodias), 

114. 
schistacea (Lepterodas), 

114. 
schlegeli (Catarrhactes), 
(533, 639, 643. 
schlegeli (Eudvptes), 
(U3. 
scbrenckii (Buto rides). 
182 
sclateri (Catarrhactes), 
035, 640. 
sclateri (Eudyptes), 640. 
Sclavoman Grebe, 529. 
sclavus ^Pudiceps), 529. 
Scopus, 288. 
scopus (Oepphus), 289. 
Scotaus 145. 
serairufa (Ardea), 201. 
Senegal Bittern, 20J. 
Senegal Jabiru, 313. 
senegalensis (Ardea), 

204. 
senegalensis (Ciconia), 

313. 
senegalensis (Ephippiorhynchus), 
312, 313. 
senegalensis (Mycteria), 

312. 
senegalensis • (Xenorbynchus), 
313. 
senicula (Uria), 596. 
septentrionale (Mormon), 

620. 
septentrionalis(Cepphus), 

489. 
septentrionalis (Colymbus), 
486, 487, 656. 
septentrionalis (JEudvtes), 

489. < 
septentrionalis (Mergus), 

489. 
septentrionalis (Urinator), 
489. 
serrator (Dysporus), 

428. 
serrator (Pelecanus), 

428. 
serrator (Sula), 424, 

428. 
serresiana (Eudyptula), 

637. 
serresiana (Microdyptes), 

637. 
sexsetacea (Ardea), 131, 

147. 
Shag, 365. 

ALPHABETICAL LSDEX. 

Shag, African, 407. 
Sbag, Carunculated, 384. 
Shag, Chinee, 343. 
Shag, Common, 364. 
Shag, Crested, 364. 
Shag, Dwarf, 405. 
Shag, Magellanic, 388. 
Shag, New Holland, 


343. 
Shag or Green Cormorant, 
366. 
Shag, Pied, 394 
Shag, Red-faced, 357. 
Shag, Spotted, 354. 
Shag, Tufted, 3^5. 
Shag, Violet, 358. 
sharpei (Pelec in us), 4<>2. 
sharpii (Pelecanus;, 461, 

462. 
shenana (Ardea), 77. 
sibilat rix i Arde i), 170. 
sibiiatrix (Buphuss), 170. 
sibilat rix (Xvctieoraxj, 

170. 
sibiiatrix (SyrigmaV 170. 
Sitnorhynchus, 5>1, 6(H). 
sinensis * Ardea), 227, 
228, 237. 
sinensis (Ardeola), 228. 
sinensis (Ardetfa), 221, 
222, 227, 228, 237, 
243, 2*3. 
sinensis {Botaunis). 22^. 
sinensis (G-raculus), 344. 
sinensis (Hydrocorax), 

343. 
sinensis (Ibis). 15. 
sinensis (Pelecanus), 

340. 
sinensis (Phalaerororax), 
. 343. 
sinicadvena (Sula), 43S. 
Small Bittern, 186. 
Small Black and White 
Diver, 569. 
snovri (Cepphus), 5^8. 
snowi (Uria), 573, 588. 
Snowy Heron, 119. 
Soco, 73. 
soco (Ardea), 194. 
Soland Gannet, 426. 
spadicea (Ardea), 231. 
sparraanni (Ardea), 159. 
Spatherodia, 43. 
Spatule, 44. 
Spatule blanche de 1'isle 
de Luc,on, 49. 
Spatule couleur de rose, 

52. 
Spatule couleur de rose 
de Cayenne, 52. 

Spatule hup'*e de l'isle 
de Lugon, 49. 
Spatule rouge, 53. 
speciosa (Ardea \ 212. 
speciosa (Ardeola), 202, 

212. 
speciosa CBupbus), 212. 
Speckled Direr, 460. 
Speckled Diver or Loon, 

494. 
Spbeniocidse, 6J3 . 
fcSphemsius, i>23, 025, 

648. 
sphenurhy^cha (AbdimiaC293. 
Sphenorhyschus, 2'J2. 
»pinicjllis iCarpbibis), 

11. 
spinicollis (Greronticu&;, 

11. 
spinicollis (Ibi>\ 11. 
spodiovaster (Butunde»), 
172, 1*2. 278. 
Spoonbill, 46. 
Spoonbill. I!'**eate, 53. 
Spoonbill, White, 45. 
Spotted Bijnthill, 103. 
Spotted Booby, 425. 
Spotted Greenland Dove, 

Spottfd lie run, 147, 

234. 
Spotted Shag, 354. 
Sqnaov) Heron, 217, 

203. 
squaiurta (Ardea), 204. 
Squaiotta Herun. 2U3. 
squainatus /Car bo J. 377stagnalis 
(Ardea), 183. 
stapiatiik (Arde*tj, 184* 
staimatilis (Ardettaj, 
lc3. 
stagmtilis (Buto rides), 
172, 182, lb3, 184, 
278, 2S0. 
Stanki Created, 001. 
Sreganopodes. 329. 
stellaris (Ardea*,, 254, 
255, 258. 
stellaris (Botaunis), 253, 
254, 256, 258, 259, 
26 L, 285. 
stellaris (Butor), 255. 
stellaris (Nyctieorax), 

255. 
stellatus (Cepphus), 489. 
stellatus (Colyinbus), 

478. 
stellatus (ilergus), 489. 
stewarti (Philaerocorax), 
334, 338, 385. 

Stictiearbo, 331. 
Stietoearbo, 331. 
stietucephal us (Graculus), 

377. 
stiotocephalus (Mieroearbo), 
377. 
stiotocephalus (Phalaerocorax), 
377. 
Stonecracker Penguin, 

636. 
Stork, American, 297. 
Stork, Black, 303. 
Stork, Common. 299. 
Stork, White, 299. 
striata (Ardea), 173,175, 
178, 1S4, 278. 
striata (Butorides), 172, 
175, 176, 279. 
Striated Heron, 175. 
striatus (Colymbus), 494. 
striatus (Mergus), 495. 
striatus (Ocniscus), 176. 
striatus f Urinator), 489. 
stricfcicoll's (Ibis), 10. 
strietipennis (Geronticus), 
10. 
strietipennis (Ibis), 10. 
strietipennis (Threskiornis), 
10. 
Striped Diver, 494. 
strumosa (Fregata), 445. 
sturmi (Ardea), 173, 

244. 
sturmi (Ardeiralla), 


245. 
sturmi (Ardeirallus), 
244, 245. 
sturmi (Ardeola), 245. 
sturmi (Ardetta), 173, 

244. 
sturmi (Botaurus), 245. 
sturmi (Herodias), 173. 
sturmii (Butorides), 245. 
sturmii (Herodias)^ 245. 
Bubcormoranus (Phalacroeorax), 
344. 
subcristatus (Colymbus), 

539. 
subcristatus (Podiceps), 
540, 542. 
subcristatus, var. major 
(Podiceps), 542. 
subralloides (Ardea), 

204. 
suckleyi (Oerorhina), 

610. 
suckleyi (Sagmatorrhma), 
610. 
Sula, 423. 
sula (Dysporus), 437. 
sula (Morus), 436. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

sula (Pelecanus), 436. 
sula (Sula), 423, 424, 
436, 438, 440, 655. 
Sularius, 423. 
sulcirostris (Oarbo). 376. 
sulcirostris (Graculus), 
376." 
sulcirostris (Haliasus), 

376. 
sulcirostris (Microcarbo), 

377. 
sulcirostris (Phalacrocorax). 
334, 338, 376. 
Sulidae, 329, 423. 
sumatrana (Ardea), 66, 
68, 70, 268. 
sumatrana (Typhon), 69. 
sundevalli (Butorides), 
172, 185, 280. 
superciliata (Phaleris), 

602. 
supereiliosa (Mormon), 

603. 
supereiliosa (Phaleris), 

602. 
svarbag (Lomvia), 579. 
svarbag (Uria), 577. 
Sylbeocyclus, 553. 
sylvatica (Ibis), 25. 
Synthliborhamphus, 561, 

595. 
Syricter, 170. 
Syrigma, 58, 170. 
syrmatophora (Ardea), 

99. 
syrmatophora (Egretta), 

99. 
syrmatophorus (Herodias), 
98. 

Tachybaptus, 503. 
Tachypetes, 442. 
taczanowskii (Podiceps), 

538. 
taczanowskii (Podicipes), 
504, 505, 506, 538. 
tseniata (Aptenodytes), 

631. 
tseniata (Pygoscelis), 
630, 631, 633, 640. 
tseniatus (Pygosceles), 


631. 
tseniatus (Pygoscelis), 


631. 
Tantalides, 29, 321. 
Tantalinse, 321. 
Tantalops, 321. 
Tantalus, 321. 
Tantalus de Mace, 7. 
tarayensis (Botaurus), 

255. 

tayazu-guira (Ardea), 

155. 
tayazu-guira (Nyeticorax), 
145, 155, 275. 
telfairii (Platalea), 49. 
tetumincki (Alca), 598. 
temmincki (Brachyramphus), 
596, 598. 
temmincki (Brachyrhamphus), 
598. 
temmincki (Nipponia), 
15 
temmincki (Synthliboramphus), 
IJ9S. 
temmincki (Typhon), 

69. 
tenuirostris (Graculus), 

353. 
tenuirostris (Platalea), 

49. 
tetracula (Alca), 601. 
tetracula (Phaleris), 

601. 
tetracula (Uria), 601. 
tetraculus (Simorhynohus), 
602. 
thagus (Onocrotalus), 

480. 
thagus (Pelecanus), 461, 
480, 482. 
thalassina (Ardea), 173. 
thalassina (Ardetta), 173, 

178. 
thalassina (Egretta). 173. 
thalassina (Herodias), 

173. 
thalassina (Ibis;, 36. 
thalassinus (Falcinellus), 

36. 
Thaumatibis. 14. 
thayus (Pelecanus), 480. 
Theristicus, 3, 21. 
thomensis (Colymbus), 

553. 
thomensis (Podiceps), 

553. 
Threskiornis, 4. 
Thula, 124. 
thula (Ardea), 95, 101. 
thula (Garzetta), 125. 
Tiger Bittern, 194. 
tigrina (Ardea), 194, 

196. 
tigrinum (Tigrisoma), 
194, 198. 
Tigriornis, 281. 
Tigrisoma, 59, 193. 
Tigrornis, 59, 191, 281. 
timoriensis (Ardea), 98. 
timoriensis (Herodias), 
90, 98, 270. 

68(3 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Tippet Grebe, 544. 
Torda, 562. 
torda (ilea), 559, 565, 

609. 
torda (Chenalopex), 
567. 
torda (Pingouin), 566. 
torda (Pinguinus), 566. 
torda (Utamania), 566. 
torquata (Aptenodytes), 
624, 625. 
torquata (Ardea), 175. 
torquata (Ckrysocoma), 

624. 
torquatus adamsi (Colymbus), 
501. 
torquatus (Oepphus), 

498. 
torquatus (Colymbus), 
496. 
torquatus, var. adamsi 
(Colymbus), 501. 
torra (Ardea), 91. 
torra (Herodias), 92, 99, 

270. 
townsendi (Oarbo), 363. 
townsendi (Graeulus), 
363. 
townsendi (Phalaerocorax), 
363, 381. 
townsendi (Una), 590. 
trachyrbynehus (Cyrto


pelecanus), 482. 
tracbyrhynchus (Pelecanus), 
482. 
tricolor (Ardea), 126, 
128, 274. 
tricolor (Hydranassa), 

126, 127, 128, 273. 

tricolor (Podiceps), 517. 

tricolor (Podicipes), 

503, 505, 517. 
tricolor (Sylbeocyclus), 

517. 
trifasciatus (Spbeniscus), 
652. 
troile (Alca), 574, 576, 
579. 
troile arra (Alca), 579. 
troile brunnichi (Alca), 
579. 
troile californica (Alca), 
575. 
troile californica (Lomvia), 
575. 
troile californica (Uria), 

574. 
troile (Oolymbus), 573. 
troile leucophthalmus 
(Uria), 575. 
troile (Lomvia), 574. 

troile (Uria), 559, 572, 
573, 576, 578, 579, 

617. 
troile, Tar. briinnichii 
(Uria), 579. 
troile, var. californica 
(Lomvia), 574. 
troile, var. ringvia 
(Uria), 575, 576. 
troille (Catarractes), 

574. 
troille (Uria), 577. 
Tropic-bird, 329. 
Tropic Bird, Black-
billed, 452. 
Tropic Bird, Common, 

457. 
Tropic Bird, Kew Holland, 
452. 
Tropic Bird, Eed-tailed, 

452. 
Tropic Bird, White, 
453. 
Tropic Bird, Yellow, 
Tropick Bird, 453, 456. 
Tropieophilus, 450. 
Tufted Auk, 612. 
Tufted Shag, 385. 
Tufted Umbre, 288. 
tupinainbis (Plotus), 


420. 
Tyloramphus, 600. 
Typhon, 66. 
typhon (Ardea), 68. 
typus (Anastomus), 307. 
typus (Gorsaehius), 166. 
umbellata (Ciconia), 

294. 
umbellata (Sphenorhynchus), 
295. 
Umbre, Tufted, 288. 
umbretta (Scopus), 288. 
umisuzume (Alca), 597. 
umizusume (Braeby


rhamphus), 598. 
umizusume (Synthli


borhamphus)," 598. 
umizusume (Uria), 598. 
undina (Aptenodytes), 

646. 
undina (Eudyptes), 646. 
undina (Eudyptula), 
646. 
undina (Spheniscus), 
646. 
undulat-a (Ardea), 241. 
undulata (Zebrilus), 241. 
undulatum (Tigrisoma), 
241. 
undulatus (Botaurus)* 

241. 
unicolor (Uria), 582. 
unisulcata (Alca), C)65. 
Uria. 560. 561, 572. 
Urile, 331. 
urile (Graeulus), 357. 
urile (Hydrocorax), 357. 
urile (Pelecanus), 357, 
3oS. 

urile (Phalacrocorax), 

357, 358, 360. 
Urinator, 486. 
urinator (Colvmbus), 

544. 
urinator (Podiceps), 544. 
Utamania, 564. 
variegata (Ardea), 62, 
234, 235. 
variegata (Sula), 424, 

434. 
yariegatus (Dy>porus), 
434. 
varius (Graeulus), 395, 
397. 
vari us (Hyd r ocorax), 
394. 
varius (Hvpoleucus), 
395. 
varius (Pelecanus), 394. 
varius (Phalacrocorax), 
331, 335, SSS, 394, 

397. 
veranii (Ardea), 214. 
verrani (Bupbus), 215. 
verrucosus (HalieusL 
392. 
verrucosus (Hydrocorax), 
393. 
verrucosus 
(Phalacrocorax), 
335, 339, 391, 


393. 
vetula (Ciconia), 320. 
victorias (Erodius), 91. 
vinaeeigula (Ardea), 27 h 
vinaceigula (Melanophoyx), 
104, 105, 271. 
vigua (Hvdrocorax), 

378. 
vigua mexicaniis (Phalacrocorax), 
381. 
vigua (Phalaeroeorax), 
331, 334, 338, 378, 
379, 380. 

violacea (Ardea), 131, 

134. 
violacea (Nyctanassa), 
130, 274. 
violacea (Hvetiirdea), 

131. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

yiolaceus bairdi (Phalacrocorax), 
361. 
yiolaceus (Graculus), 
358,360. * 
Yiolaceus (Hydrocorax), 
35S. 
Yiolaceus (l^ycterodius), 

131. 
violaceus (Nyctherodius), 

131. 
yiolaceus (Xycticorax), 
131, 134, 274. 
Tiolaceus (Pelecanus), 

3.38. 
yiolaceus (Phalacrocorax), 
358, 361. 
yiolaceus resplendens 
(Phalacrocorax), 301. 
Tiolet Corvorant, 358. 
Violet Heron, 294. 
Violet Shag, 358. 
yirescens (Ardea), 181, 
186, 187, 280. 
Yireseens (Ardetta). 18G. 
\ ireseens (Butorides), 
172, 175, 181, 186, 
187, 188, 279, 280. 
virescens (Egretta;, 177, 

186. 
yireseens (Herodias), 

180. 
yireseens (Oeniscus), 

187. 
yiridiceps (Ardea), 183. 
viridis (Numenius), 30. 
viridis (Tantalus), 30. 
yittatus (Catarrhactes), 

638. 
yittatus (Eudyptes), 
63& 
vulgaris (Ardea), 77. 
vulgaris (Carbo), 340. 
vulgaris (Colymbus), 

539. 
vulgaris (ISTycticorax), 

147. 
vulgaris (Sula), 425. 


END

wagleri (Pygoscelis), 631. wrangelli (Brachyrhamwardi 
(Ardea), 80, 269. phus), 591. 
websteri (Sula), 6s5. wringaria (Uria), 576Whimbrel, 
Brazilian, wumizusume (Alca), 598. 


35. wumizusume (Brachy-
White and Black Diver, ramphus), 598. 

569. wumizusurae (Brachy-
White and Brown Booby, rhamphus), 598. 

428. wumizusurae (Synthli-
White and Dusky Grebe, boramphus), 598. 

528. wumizusume (S,\nthliWhite-
bellied Darter, borhamphus), 595, 

420. 598. 
White Curlew, 39. wumizusume (Uria), 598. 
White-fronted Heron, wurdemanni (Ardea), 80, 

109. 83, 269. 
White Guillemot, 581. wurmizusume (SynlhliWhite-
headed Frigate borhamphus), 598. 
Pelican, 443. 
W7hite-headed Ibis, 324. Xnnthocnus, 246. 
White Ibis, 39. xanthodactyla (Ardea), 
Wrhite-necked Ibis, 23. 119. 
WTnite Pelican, 463, xanthopoda (Ardea), 

482. 272. 
White Pelican, Great, xanth opoda ( Egretta), 

462. 272. 
WThite Spoonbill. 45. xanthopoda (Herodias), 
White Stork, 299. 272. 
WThite Tropic Bird, 453. Xenorhynchus, 292, 
White-wmged Grebe, 310. 

520. 
White-winged Guillemot, Yellow-crowned Heron, 

582. 131. 
widhalmi (Podiceps), Yeliow-necked Heron, 


546. 247. 
Willock, 574. Yellow Tropic Bird, 
Wood Ibis, 322. 455. 
Wood Pelican, 321. 
woodfordi (Ardeiralla), Zebrilus, 59, 241. 


252. zeledoni (Canchroma), 
woodfordi (Erythro-164. _ 
phoyx), 252, 253. zeledoni (Cancroma), 
Woolly Pinguin, 628. 163, 165. 
wrangeli (Brachyram-zeledoni (Cochlearius), 
phus), 590. 164. 
wrangeli (Braehyrham-Zigzag Bittern, 241. 
phus), 591, 592. Zonerodius, 59, 192. 

 OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH YOLUME. 

FEINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

LIST OF PLATES. 


Phoyx manillensis, p. 63 PL L 
MelanopLoyx vinaceigula, p. 271 PL I A. 
Notopboyx aruensis, p. 272 . . PL I B. 
Nyctanassa pauper, p. 274 PL I c. 
Butorides spodiogaster, p. 182 PL II. 
Tigrisoma bahioe, p. 281 PL I I A. 
Dupetor nesophilus, p. 250 PL III .fig. 1. 
Dupetor melas, p. 251 PL III . ^g. 2. 
Erytbropboyx woodfordi, p. 252 PL IV. 
Erytbropboyx prasterraissa, p. 253 PL V. 
Pbalacrocorax steward, p. 385 PL V A. 
Pelecaims tbagus, p. 480 PL V B. 
Pbaetbon indicus, p. 459 PL VI. 
Podicipes capensis, p. 513 *
f PI VII 
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