Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume XXVII 
1895 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
Uft 


CATALOGUE 

0F THE 

BIRDS 


in THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 


VOLUME xvii. 

LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES. 
1895. 


CATALOGUE 

OP THE 

CHENOMORPHAE 


(PALAMEDEJE, PHOENICOPTERI, ANSERES), 

CRYPTURI, 


AND 

EATIT^l 


IN THE 

COLLECTION 

OE THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

BY 

T. SALVADOR!. 
LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 


SOLD BY 

LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATEENOSTEE ROW; 

B. QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SO HO SQUAEE, W.; 
KEGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTEE HOUSE, CHAEING- CEOSS ROAD ; 
AND AT THE 

BE1TISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTOEY), CROMWELL EOAD, S.W. 

1895. 

PKINTED BY TAY10E AND FEANCIS, 

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

PREFACE, 


THE numbers of the species of Birds treated of in this Yolume, and 
of the specimens at present in the Collection, are as follows:— 

Species. Types. Specimens. 
Chenomorphse 205 31 5044 
Crypturi 65 29 363 
Ratitae 26 7 134 
In none of the preceding volumes has the number of desiderata 
been so small as in the present; only eight species of the Ansercs, 
seven of the Tinamous, and four of the Eatitse being entirely 
unrepresented by specimens in the Museum. Beside the 67 types 
of recognized species, the Collection contains 25 other typical 
specimens which are now regarded as referable to species previously 
named and described. 

The unrivalled collection of Tinamous formed by Messrs. Godman 
and Salvin, and supplemented by the loan of numerous specimens 
from Continental Museums, has enabled the author to discriminate 
considerably more species than his predecessors were inclined to 
admit. 

The Hon. Walter Eothschild, whose collection of Apteryx far 
surpasses that in the British Museum, has given most valuable 
assistance in the preparation of this Catalogue by lending these as 
well as other specimens to the author. 

The present volume concludes the series of the ' Catalogue of 
Birds/ Thanks to the energy with which Count Salvadori has 

PREFACE. 

applied himself to the work, its publication precedes that of 
Yolumes 24, 25, and 26. However, it will be followed immediately 
by Tolume 25, which contains the Gulls and Petrels, while 
it is a matter of regret that no such prospect can be held out as 
regards the other two volumes. In a final volume it is intended 
to give a supplementary list of the species described since the 
publication of the several volumes, and an Index to the whole 
work. 

ALBERT GtJNTHEB, 

Keeper of the Department of Zoology. 
British Museum (N. H.), 
September 6, 1895. 

INTRODUCTION. 


THE present volume contains the account of the Chenomorphas 
(Palamedese, Phcenicopteri, and Anseres), Crypturi, and Batitse. 

As to the GhenomorpJice, the Palamedece and tho Phcenicopteri 
contain only a few species, the great bulk consisting of the 
Anseres. The literature relating to these is very scattered, and 
few works are specially devoted to them. The first attempt at a 
complete account was Eyton's ' Monograph of the Anatidse, or Duck 
Tribe/ published in 1838. 

Between 1845 and 1850 Dr. Reichenb.ch, in the 6 Synopsis 
Avium/ gave rather indifferent figures, mostly copies, of the 4 Natatores' 
known in his time. 

Prince Bonaparte, in 1856, published the " Conspectus Anserum 
Systematica" (Compt. Eend. xliii. pp. 648-652), with a nominal 
list of 172 species known to him. 

Schlegel, in 1866, published in the ' Museum des Pays-Bas' an 
account of the 6 Anseres' contained in the Leyden Museum (pp. 122); 
they numbered 1199 specimens, belonging to 140 species. 

In 1869 Eyton published for private circulation a 4 Synopsis of 
the Anatidie/ by which our knowledge was not advanced. 

G. E. Gray, in 1871, in the ' Hand-list/ gave a nominal list of 
all the species then known, about 183, of which some cannot be 
maintained. 
Although not of a general character, the "Eevision of the 
Neotropical Anatidse" (P.Z.S. 1876, pp. 358-412), published by 
Sclater and Salvin, may be considered the best essay hitherto 
written on this suborder. A very important contribution also is 
Sclater's " List of the certainly known Species of Anatidse" 

(P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 496-536); the species included in this paper 
amount to 176. 
The number of species recognized in the present Catalogue is 196, 

HSTTKODUCTION". 

V1U 

besides a few of a more doubtful character; three are now described 
for the first time. 

In the Classification of the Anseres, I have closely followed 
that proposed by Sclater and Salvin in 1876 (Z. c), and by Sclater 
in 1880, the only new feature in my arrangement being the institution 
of a new subfamily, Ghenonettince, the members of which have 
the external appearance of Geese, but the males have a larynx 
furnished with a bulla ossea, as in Anatince. 

jSTot much has hitherto been done in the systematic and descriptive 
treatment of the order Crypturi. 

Wagler published in 1827, with excellent latin descriptions, 
Monographs of the genera Crypturus, Nothtira, and Rliyncliotus, 
containing all the species then known. 

Gray, in 1867, in the i List of the Gallinse in the British Museum,' 
gave an account, with descriptions of many new species, of the 
whole group, numbering about 55 species. A nominal list of the 
same appears in the ' Hand-list' (1871). 

Pinally Schlegel, in the < Museum des Pays-Iks,' published in 1880 
a Monograph of the ' Tinami/ pp. 1-57; the species mentioned by 
him number 33, represented by 134 specimens. 

The species recognized in the present volume amount to Go, of 
which 14 are described as new. 

In working out the Tinamous I have received much assistance 
from Messrs. Salvin and Sclater; the latter has put at my disposal 
notes which he had prepared some time ago with the intention of 
bringing out, in conjunction with Mr. Salvin, a Monograph of the 
group. 

The taxonomic characters of the Eatitce have been much less 
studied than their morphology. 

Prince Bonaparte, in the c Comptes Rendus. (xliii. p. 841,1856), 
gave a nominal < Conspectus' of the Struthious birds, with some 
scattered notes ; but to Mr. Sclater we owe the first complete account 
of them. In 1860 he read before the Zoological Society a paper 
"On the Struthious Birds living in the Society's Menagerie/' which 
was published in 1862, in the 'Transactions of the Zoological 
Society of London,' vol. iv. pp. 353-364, pis. lxvii.a-lxxvi. 

Schlegel, in 1873, published in the ' Museum des Pays-Bas' a 

INTKODUCTION. 

Monograph of the ' Aves Struthiones/ represented in that museum 
by 37 specimens, belonging to 14 species. In 1877 J. de Mosenthal 
and J. E. Harting published a volume on ' Ostriches and Ostrich 
Panning,' which contains a useful resume of our knowledge of 
Struthious Birds. 

In working out these three groups of birds I have found that of 
the Anseres most laborious, on account of the exceedingly great 
number of references and of the many phases of plumage through 
which these birds pass, and which are not always easy to understand. 
The study of the Tinamous is very difficult, especially as the limits 
of variation seem wide and the species often ill-defined; a very 
extensive series of specimens is necessary in order to arrive at any 
definite conclusion. Fortunately I have been helped by many 
friends, either with suggestions or with the loan of rare and typical 
specimens; and I desire to express my thanks particularly to 
Mr. Salvin, Mr. Sclater, Mr. Seebohm, the Hon. "W. Eotbschild, 
Mr. Harterfc, Prof. A. Newton, Dr. Oustalet, Dr. Dubois, 
Dr. Eeichenow, Graf von Berlepsch, Canon Tristram, Dr. Forbes, 
Mr. Eidgway, Mr. Allen, Dr. Hartlaub, Prof. Barboza du Eocage, 
Dr. Schauinsland, Dr. Stolzmann, and Prof. P. Godct. 

T. SALYADOEI. 
Turin, Zoological Museum, 
August, 1895. 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Order XIX. 
CHENOMOEPHiE. 


Suborder I. PALAMEDE^E. 


Eam. P A L A M E D E I D -E. 
Page 

1. Palaruedea, Z/TM 2 

1. corauta, Zm^ 3 

2. Ohauna, .27% 4 

1. chavaria (Linn.) 4 

2. cristata (to.) 6 

Suborder I I PHGENICOPTERL 

Eam. PHCENICOPTEEIDiE. 

1. Pboenieopterus, Linn 9 

1. ruber, Linn 9 

2. roseus, Ball 12 

3. cbilensis, Mol 16 

2. Phoeniconaias, G. B. Gr. . 18 

1. minor (Qeofr.) 18 

3. Phoenieoparras, Bp 21 

1. andinus (Philippi) .... 21 

2. jamesi (Bahmer) 22 

Suborder III. ANSEEES. 

Fam. ANATID-3B. 

Subfam. I. CYGNINJE. 

1. Cygnus, Bechst 25 
davidi, Swinh 25 
l.jmusicujj, Bechst 26 

2. bewJcH^.Farr 29 

3. coSnbiariiis (Ord) .. 32 

4. buccinator, Rich 33 

5. dor££m.) 85 

6. melancoryplms {Mol.) . 39 

2. Chenopis, Wagl 41 

1. atrata (Lath.) 41 

3. Ooscoroba, Bchib 42 

1. Candida (Vieill.) 42 

Subfam. II. ANSEBANATINJB. 

4. Anseranas, Less 44 

1. semipalmata. (Lath.).. 44 

Subfam. III. PLECTROPTERIN^. 

5. Plectropterus, Leach 46 

1. riippelli, Sclat 47 
2- gambfiBSis (&nn.) .... 48 

3. mger, Sclat 50 

4. scioanus, Salvad 51 

6. Cairina, Flem 51 

1. rps^a^JXmn.) 51 

7. Sarcidiomis, Byi 54 

1. melanonota<,(P«M2.) .. 54 
% cffunculata (Lllig.) .. 59 

8. Asarcornis, Salvad 59 

1. scutulata (S. MM.) .. 60 

9. RhoclorTessa, Rchnb 61 

1. caryophyllacea (Lath.). 61 

10. Pteronetta, Salvad 63 

1. hartlaubi (Cass.) 63 

11. Nettopus, Brandt 64 

1. auritus (Bodd.) 65 

2. pulcheUus, Gould .... 67 

3. coromandelianus (Gm.) 68 

4. albipermis, Goidd 72 

12. Mx, Bote 72 

1. sponsa (Linn.) 73 

2. gfalenculata (Linn.) .. 76 

Subfam. IV. CEREOPSIN^E. 

13. Cexeopsis, Lath 79 

1. nmm boUwdiiae, Lath.. 79 
Gnemiornis, Owen 81 

1. calcitrans, Owen 81 

Xll 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Subfam. V. ANSEKQOE. 
Page 

14. Chen, Bote 82 
2. li£pe?5oreus (Pall.) .. 84 
3. nivalis (ForsL) 86 
4. rossi (Baird) 88 
15. Anser, Briss 88 
1. %1W, Schaeff. 89 
2. rubrirostm, Hodgs. .. 91 
3.aJbifrons (Scop.). 92 
4. gambeli, Hart! 95 
5. ervthropus [Linn.).... 97 
6. Mah s [Lath) 99 
7vseirirostris. Gould ... . 101 
Xmf3*5enc{orni, Seiertz. 102 

8. brachyrbvnchus, Baill. 103 
9. mdicus 
(Lath.) 105 
?trand!s (Gm.) 107 
16. Cygndpsts, Brandt 107 
1. cygnoides {Linn.) ... . 107 
17. Philt^&pBhmister 109 
1. CAuagica^ (Sevastianoff) 109 
18. BranfaJ Stop* 111 
1. canadensis (Linn.) 112 
2. butclinsi (Rich.) ... . 114 
3. occidentalis (Baird) .. 115 
4. minima, Ridgxo 116 
5. leucopsis (Bech&L).... 117 
6. bejnicla, (Linn.) 119 
7. nigricans (Lawr.) ... . 123 
8. ruticollis (Pa//.) 124 
19. Nesocfien, Salvad. 126 
1. sandvicensis (Vig.) .. 126 
Subfam. VI. CHENONETTIISLE. 

20. Chloephaga, JE^ 128 
1. mekgQpt§ra (Fijt.) .. 129 
2. kybrida (ikToJ.) 130 
3. magellanica (Gm.) 132 
4. itoiata (King) 134 
5. fuhidiceps. Sclat 136 
6. poliocepkala, G. P. Gr. 137 
21. Cyanochen, llartl 139 
1. cyanopterus (Pupp.).. 139 
22. Chenonetta, Brandt ... . 140 
1. jubata (Lath) 140 
Subfam. VII. ANATINSS. 

23. Dendrocycna, Sw 144 
1. "vijluata (Linn.) 145 
2.Mya7Sw.) 149 
. arcuji|j^{Gw.) 153 
4.Ja^anjcA(Mors/.) ... . 156 

5. aujwjwi&lis (Linn.) 159 
6. cfficolojjt^. 6} Sah.).. 161 
Page 

7. arborea (Linn.) 162 
8/fffffata (Forsten) 164 
9. eyloni (Gould) 165 
24. CheSlilOpex, Steph 166 
1. aegyptiacus (Linn.) .. 167 
2. j-ufeafrtrs (Spit) 169 
25. T&doTB&pLeach 170 
1. cornata (S. G. Gm.) . . 171 
2. factfalf (Gam.) 175 
26. 
Oasarca; 'Bp 177 
l.rutila (Pall.) 177 
2. c£Taj;(^».) 182 
3. variegata (Gm.) 183 
4. taSbrnSdes (J. § S.). . 185 
27. 
AnaATZTWr: 187 
oustaleti, Salvad 189 
1. loSM^&rZinn 189 
2. wvltliana^^Zrt^ 196 
3. laysanensis, Rothsch... 199 
4. melleri, Sclat 199 
5. obscura^ Gm. 200 
6. fulvigula, Ridgw 202 
7. maculosa, Sennett ... . 203 
8. diazi, Ridgw 204 
9. aberti, Ridqio 204 
10. luzonica, Fraser 205 
11. superciliosa, Gm 206 
12. jcsdlorhjmcha, Forster 209 
13. zonorhyncha, Szvinh... 211 
14. undulata, Dubois ... . 212 
15. gparsa, Smith 213 
16. sgeciHaris, King ...... 215 
17.<ciisM,£"Gm 216 
28. Eunetta, Bp. . . 218 
1. fajcata (Georgi) 218 
29. OhafflSIasmus, G. R. Gr. . 221 
1. streperus (Linn.) ... . 221 
2. couesT, Streets. 226 
30. Mareca, Steph........... 227 
1. p^n^lope (Linn.) ... . 227 
2. americana (Gm.) ... . 233 
3. sibilatrix (Poeppig) . . 236 
31. Nettion, Kaup 238 
1. formosum (Georgi) . . 240 
2. crecca (Linn.) 243 
3. carolinense (Gm.) ... . 250 
4. castaneum (JByt.) 252 
5. gibbeiifrons (S. Mull). 254 
6. albigulare (Hume) 257 
7.*S8*5feri (J. Verr.) ... . 258 
8. capense (Gm.) 295 
9. flayirostre (VieilL) 261 
10. I&ypterilm (Megen) ,. 262 
ll.*^^^(Scl.$Salv.).. 263 
12. georgiciim (Gm.) ... . 264 
13. punctatum (Bitrch.) . . 265 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
Xlll 

Page 

14. brasiliense (Ghn.) 266 
15. torquatum (Vieill.) .. 268 
32. 
Daiila, Leach 270 
1. 
acuta [Linn.) 270 
ifloHesta, Tristr 275 
2. eatoni (Sharpe) 278 
3. spimcauda (Vieill.) .. 279 
33. 
Pcec3onetta; JEyton 281 
1. bahamensis (Linn.) .. 282 
2. galapagensis, Ridgw... 284 
3. erjtnrorhyncha (Gm.). 285 
34. 
Elasmohetta, Salvad 287 
1. cMorotis (£. 12. Gr.).. 287 
35. 
NesoneTfa, G. R. Gr 289 
1. aucklandica, G. R. Gr. 289 
36. 
QueiqneME^Steph 290 
1. versicolor ( Vieill.) 291 
2r^^]^cht 293 
3. cucm (Zinn.) 293 
4. dlscors (Zinn.) 299 
5. cyanoptera (Vieill.) .. 303 
37. 
Spatula, Bote .. 306 
1. clypeata (Zinn.) 306 
2. rE^ocEolis (Zath.) 314 
Z.^^^(Vieill.) .... 316 
4. capeSSs (Smith) 318 
38. 
MaKorfiySchus, Sw. .... 319 
1. m^emloraamcaijs (Zath.). 319 
39. 
Marmaronetta, Rchnb. .. 320 
1. an^stirpstris (MSnStr.) 321 
40. 
Stictonetta/J25iw& 324 
1. nsevosa (Gould) 324 
41. 
Heteronetta, Salvad 325 
1. atricapilla (Merrem) .. 325 
Subfam. VIII. FTILIGTJLIN2E. 

42. 
Netta, Kaup 327 
1. rufbaa (Pall) 328 
43. Metopiana, Bp. 332 
1. p^posaca (Vieill.) .... 332 
44. Nyroea, Flem 334 
1. ferina (Zinn.) 335 
2. aWdcana (Bp.) 340 
3. vallisneria ( Wils.) 342 
4. Tbaeri (Radde) 344 
5. afrlwia (Gm.) 345 
6. irmotata, Salvad 350 
7. australis; Gould ...... 350 
8. bjruime% Fyt 351 
9. nationi 
(Scl. $ Sato.).. 353 
erytbropbtbalma( Wied) 353 
45. Fuligula, Steph 354 
1. 
marila (Zinn.) 355 
nearctica (Stejn.) .... 357 
mariloides, Vig 358 
Papje 

2. affinifcjE^ 360 
3. foligqja (Zinn.) 363 
4. npv# zealandios (Gm.). 368 
5. collaris (Bonov.) 370 
46. 
Tacnyeres, Owen 373 
L cjnereus (Gm.) 373 
47. ^Singula, Zeach 376 
1. glaucion (Zinn.) 376 
2. islandica(Gm.) 383 
3. albeola (Zinn.) 385 
48. Harelda, Zeach 388 
1. glacialis (ZinnJ) 389 
49. Cosmonetta, Kaup 394 
1. histiionica (Zinn.) 395 
50. GEdemxa, Flem 399 
1. m^v&JZinn.) 401 
2. junencana, Sw. fy Rich. 404 
8.1ffiaj(2/5i?z.) 406 
4.^glandi, Bp 409 
5.I2S0 (Pall.) 411 
6. perspidjlata (Zinn.) .. 412 
51. 
Oam^oISmus, G. R. Gr.. 416 
1. labradorius (Gm.) 416 
52. Heniconetta, G. R. Gr... 418 
1. stelleri (Pall.) 419 
53. 
ArctoneHS, G. R. Gr. .. 422 
1.gsM (Brandt) .... 422 
54. 
Somateria, Zeach 423 
1. dresseri, Sharpe 424 
2. 
mgljjssima (Zinn.) 425 
bbrealis (JSrehm) 428 
3. v-nlgruin, G. R. Gr... 430 
4. speetabiiis (Zinn.) .... 432 
Subfam. IX. EniSMATURiNiB. 

55. Tbalassiornis, Fyt 436 
1. leuconota (Smith) .... 436 
56. 
Nomonyx, Ridgw 438 
1. domi*u£us (Zinn.) 438 
57. Erismatura, Bp 441 
1. leucocepbala (Scop.),, 442 
2. jamaicensis (Gm.) .... 445 
3. maccoa^($m#7i) 448 
4. feijrugijea. Eyt 449 
5. sequatoxialis, Salvad... 450 
6. viil&t^JPhilippi 450 
7. australis (Gould) 451 
58. Biziura, Zeach 452 
1. loHte, (Shaw) 452 
Subfam. X. "MjSRQANWETINM. 

59. SslrsL^or'msi, Roths. ^ Mart. 454 
1. waigiuensis, R.fytt... 454 
60. Hymenolsemus, G. R. Gr. 455 
1. malacorbyncbus (Gm.) 455 
61. Merganetta, Gould

1. frsenata, Salvad

2. arja&fca, GouldS.tqjmd^Scl^Salv.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 
457 
458 
458 
.. 460 

4. ga3&eg-2ihjBerlepsch .. 460 

5. leuc2genya.(2^cA.) 461 

6. columbiana, JDes Murs. 462 

Subfaoi. XI. MBBGINJE. 

62. Mergus, Linn

1. albellus, Linn

63. Lophodytes, Rchnb. 

1. cucullatus (Linn.)....

64. Merganser, Briss

1. castor (Linn)

2. comatus, Salvad

3. americanus (Cass.)

4. squamatus (Gould)

5. serrator (linn)

 463 
464 
468 
468 
471 
472 
475 
.. 477 
.. 478 
479 

6. &ustT8.1is(IIo?nb.<8rJacq.) 484 

7. brasilianus (Vieill.) .. 485 
Order XX. ORYPTURL 
Earn. TINAMIDJB. 
Subfam. I. TINAMINJE. 

1. 
Tinamus, Lathl.jao, Temm2T"robustus; Selat

3. fuscipenuis, Salvad.

4. solitarius (Vieill.)

5. major (Gm)

6. subcrlstatus (Cab.)

7. latifrons, Salvad

8. ruficeps, Sel. $ Salv.

 496 
497 
500 
.. 500 
501 
502 
.. 504 
506 
.. 506 

9. castaneiceps, Salvad... 507 

10. guttatus, Natt 508 

2. Nothocercus, Bp 509 

1. julius (Bp) 509 

2. nigricapillus (G.B.Gr) 511 

3. bonapartei (G. B. Gr.) 511 

4. frantzii (Lawr) 512 

5. intercedens, Salvad. . . 513 

3. 
Crypturus, lllig 514 
rubripes, Tacz 514 

1. cinereus (Gm.) 517 

2. obsoletus (Temm.) . . 519 

3. ceivimventviSfScltySal. 520 

4. griseiventris, Salvad... 521 

5. castaneus (Sclat.) ... . 521 

6. pileatus (Bodd.) 522 

7. tataupa (Vieill.) 525 

8. parvirostris, Wagl. .. 526 

9. undulatus (Temm.) .. 527 

10. scolopax (Bp.) ...%... 528 

11. adspersus (Temm.) . . 529 

12. simplex, Salvad.

13. balstoni, Bartl

14. atricapillus, Tsch

15. garleppi, Berl.

16. strigulosus (Temm.)

17. erythropus (Natt.)

18. variegatus (Lath.)....

19. salvini, Salvad.

20. brevirostris (Natt.)

Page 
... . 531 

 531 
532 
533 
.. 533 
.. 534 
535 
537 
.. 538 

21. bartletti, Sel. $ Salv. . 538 

22. noctivagus ( Wied) .. 539 

23. dissimiHs, Salvad. ... . 541 

24. cinnamomeus (Less.).. 541 

25. boucardi (Salle) 544 

26. columbianus, Salvad... 545 

27. mexicanus, Salvad. .. 545 

28. occidentalis, Salvad. .. 546 

29. transfasciatus, Sel. Sf 
Salv. .... 546 

4. Rhyrichotus, Spix 547 

1. rufescens (Temm) ... . 548 

2. rnaeulicollis, G. B. Gr. 550 

5. Nothoprocta, Sol. $~ Salv., 550 

1. taczanowskii, Sel.fySalv. 551 

2. cinerascens (Burm.) .. 552 

3. perdicaria (Kittl.) ... . 553 

4. coquirnbica, Salvad. .. 554 

5. pentlandi (G. B Gr.). 555 

6. curvirostris, Sel. <§• Salv. 556 

7. ornata (G. B. Gr) 557 

8. branickii, Tacz 558 

6. Nothura, Wagl 558 

1. maculosa (Temm) 559 

2. nigroguttata, Salvad. .. 560 

3. boliviana, Salvad. 561 

4. marmorata, G. B. Gr.. 561 

5. boraquira (Spix) ... . 561 

6. darwini, G. B. Gr. .. 562 

7. media (Spiv) 563 

7. Taoniscus, Gloger 564 

1. nanus (Temm) 564 

Subfam. II. TINAMOTIDIN^;. 

8. Calopezus, Bidgto 566 

I. ele%ms (Geofr.S.-Hil) 566 

9. Tinamotis, Vigors 507 

1. pentlandi, Vigors .., . 568 

2. ingoufi, Oust 569 

Subclass II. RATIT-aE. 

Order I. STRUTHIONES. 

Fam. STEUTHIONIDiE, 

1. Strutbio, $?k. „ 571 

1. camelus, Linn 571 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
Page 


2. molybdoplianes, Linn.. 574 
3. australis, Gum 575 
Order IL RHEyE. 

Fam. RHEIDJE. 

Rhea, Lath 577 
nana, Lydehh. ... 578 

1. americana (Linn.) . 578 
2. macrorhynclia, Sclat, 581 
3. darwini, Gould , 582 
Order III. CASUARIL 

"Fam. I. DEOM^IDJI. 

1. Dromasus, Vieill 585 
1. novse hollandias (Lath.) 586 
2. ater, Vieill 588 
3. Irroratus, Bartl 589 
Fam. II. CASUAEiiDiB. 

1. Casuarius, Briss 590 
1. tricarunculatus, Becc. . 591 
2. bicarunculalus, Sclat, . 591 
3. galeatus, Bonn 592 
4. australis. Wall 594 
5. salvadorii, Oust 595 
6. beccarii, Sclat 596 
7. imiappendiciilatus, 
Blyth 597 
8. occipitalis, Salvad 598 
9. papnanus, Rosenb 599 
10. picticollis, Sclat 600 
11. bexmetti, Gould 601 
OrderlV. APTERYGES. 

Faill. APTERYGIDiE. 

1. Apteryx, Shaio 603 
1. australis, Shaw 604 
2. laj^ryij Bothschild .... 606 
3. mantelli, Bartl 007 
4. owem, Gould 609 
5. occidentalis, Bothsch. . 610 
6. baasti, Potts 611 
CATALOGUE 

OP 

BIRDS. 


Order XIX. CHENOMORPELE. 

This Order, the name of which has been proposed by Huxley, 
comprises all those Carinate birds which combine at least the 
following two characters:— 

Palate desmognathous; young covered with down and able to run 
or swim in a few hours after hatching. 

The other common characters of the group are :— 

ISTeek long, without apteria; oil-gland tufted; wings aquintocubital; 
rhamphotheca with ceroma; nares pervious; maxillopalatines 
coalesced across the middle line ; mandible much produced 
and curved upwards behind its articulation with the quadrate; 
flexor perforans digitorum leading to all three anterior digits, but 
not to the hallux; ambiens muscle present. Eggs white.—Range 
cosmopolitan. Habits aquatic. 

Synopsis of the Suborders. 

a. 
No uncinate processes on the ribs; 
margins of the bill not laminated. 1. PALAMEDE2E, p. 2. 
b. 
Uncinate processes on the ribs; 
margins of bill laminated. 
a'. 
Tarsus three times the length of 
the femur, seutellated in front 
and at back; bill abruptly bent 
in the middle 2. PHCENICOPTERI, p. 8. 

V. 
Tarsus about the length of the 
femur, reticulated at back and 
generally in front; bill straight, 
always with a distinct nail at 
the tip of the upper mandible. 3. ANSERES, p. 23. 
VOL. XX.VIX * 
B 

o PALAMED-EIIX^. 
Suborder I. PALAMEDEJS. 

Beside the absence of uncinate processes to the ribs, a unique 
character among birds, the Screamers are distinguished from the 
other Chenomorphsse by the median basipterygoid processes, the 
absence of a ventral and almost of any other bare tract, the tarsus 
being less than one and a half times the length of the femur, 
reticulated in front and behind, the anterior toes being connected by 
rudimentary webs, and by non-laminated margins of the bill. 

In external appearance the Screamers present the following 
features:—Head small, neck covered with small soft feathers. 
Bill of a gallinaceous shape, much shorter than*the head, with the 
base rather thick, and covered with soft skin; nostrils oblong, 
broad, situated rather lower down ; dertrum short, convex, with 
the tip obtuse, bent down. 

Wings large, rounded, broad, with the secondaries very large * ; 
carpal portion with two spurs, the anterior one much the largest. 
Tail of 14 or 12 feathers, broad, nearly half the length of the 
wing. 

Feet thick, moderately high ; tibiaa naked inferiorly ; toes very 
long, the median one subequal to the tarsus, united at the base by 
a short membrane ; feet covered with small hexagonal scales, disposed 
transversely on the toes; nails rather strong, the posterior 
one the largest; hallux long and strong. 

The Screamers are confined to the Neotropical Begion. 

One family only. 

Family PALAMEDEID/E. 

Key to tlie Genera, 

a. Lores feathered; a long frontal horn; head 
not crested; tail-feathers 14 ,. 1. PALAMEDEA, p. 2. 
b. Lores naked ; no frontal horn; head crested j 
tail-feathers 12 2. CHAUNA, p. 4. 
1. PALAMEDEA. 
Type. 
Anhima, Brm. Orn. v. p. 518 (1760). 
Palamedea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 232 (1766) P. cornuta. 

Range. Guiana, Amazonia, and Ecuador. 

* It is not quite certain whether the Screamers are aquintocubital, as stated 
by Oadow (P. Z. S. 1892, p. 243), or quintocubital, as more recently asserted by 
Beddard and Mitchell (P. Z. S. 1894, p. 536). 
1. PALAMEDEA. 
1. Palamedea cornuta. 
Anhima, Marcgr. Hist. Bras. p. 215 (with figure); 
Briss. Orn. v. 

p. 518 (1790). 
Palamedea, Moehr. Av. p. 84, gen. iii. (1752). 
Palamedea cornuta, Linn. S. N i. p. 232, n. 1 (1766) , Gm. S. N. 
i. 2, p. 615, n. 1 (1783); Lath, huh Orn. ii. p. G60, n. 1 (1790;; 
Geoffr. Bull. Sc. Soc. PJiilom. i. 2, p. 50 (1797) ; Illiq. Prodr, M. 
Sr A v. p. 253 (1811) ; Licht. Abh. Ah Wissensch.zu Berl 1810-17, 
p. 172; Cuv. Rhpie An. i. p. 499 (1817) ; Vieill N. I), xvii. p. 21 
(1817); Wied, Reise nach Bras. i. pp. 328, .343, 366 (1820); 
Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxiv. p. 339 (1822); Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. 
p. 1040, pi. 47. f. 1 (1823); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 278, 
pi. 35 (1824); Vieill. Gal des Ois. ii. p. 154, pi. 2ol (1825); 
Ranz. El. di Zool. iii. 8, p. 29, t. 25. f. 4 (1825); IVayl. Syst. Av., 
gen. Palamedea, &p. 1 (1827); Less. Man. oVOm. ii. p. 2815 (1828); 
Cuv. Regn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 53G (1829) ; Less. Tr. (TOrn. p. 525, 
pi. 92. f. 1 (1831); Wied, Beitr. h . p. 585 (1832) (Behnonte) ; 
Less. Compl. de Buffi., Ois. vii. p. 501 (1830); id op. cit. 2nd ed. 
p. 262 (1838); Sw. Class. B. ii.p. 351 (1837) ; Nitzsch, Pteryhgr. 
p. 174 (1840); Martin, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 15 (habits); G. R. Gr. 
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 114 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 590, pi. 160. 
f. 2 (head) (1846); Rchnb. Sijn. Av., Rasorea, t. 196. ff. 1136-37 
(1848); Cab. in Scliomb. Reise, iii. p. 751, n. 363 (1848); Rchnb. 
Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxi, t. xix. (1852); Licht Norn. Av. p. 88 
(1854); Des Murs in Casteln. E.xped. Am. du Slid, Ois. p. ^o 
(1855) ; Burm. Sijst. Uebers. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 396 (1856); Bp. 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 598, n. 284 (1856); Hartl. J.f. 0. 1857, 
p. 49 (ex Des Murs); Crisp, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 14; Schleg. De 
Dierent. fig-, p. 265 (1864); id. Mus. P.-B., Ralii, p. 72 (Guiana) 
(1865); fLeot.Ois.de Vide de Trinid. p. 488 (1866) ( = P. derbyana?, 
cf. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 417); Sclat. § Sah. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 200 
(Upper Ucayali); Nitzsch, Pteryhgr. (Engl, ed.) p. 121 (1867); 
Reinh. Nat. For. Vid. Medd. 1870J p. 22 (R. das Velhas); Peh. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 313, 458, lviii (1870) (Ypanema, Engenho do Cap 
Gama am Ufer der Guapor<5, Cacboeira da Bananeira, Oara raucu 
am Amazonenfluss) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 71, n. 10541 
(1871) ; Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent, p. 133 (1872) ; Sclat. 
# Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 304 (Huallaga); iid. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 128 (1873) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 189 ; Gieb. Thes 
Orn. iii, p. 12 (1877); Rchmv. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 40 ; id. 
Vog. Zool. Gdrt. p. 72 (1882) ; Sundev. Ibis, 1882, p. 325 (note); 
Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. 172; Tata. Orn. Per., Tables, p. 122 (1886); 
Ernst, Rev. Cient. Univ. Centr. Venez. i. p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887); 
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. II ii. no. 2, p. 110 (Bolivia) (1889); 
Sclat. P.Z.S. 1890, p. 589 (Zool Gard.); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml 
p. 225 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteal. Spec. Coll. Surg, iii, 

p. 312 (1891); A. Newt. Diet, of B. pt. iii. p. 819 (1894). 
Kamiclii, DAubent. PI. Enl. 451 (1770); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. yii. 
p. 335 (1780). 
Horned Screamer, Lath. Syn. iii. 1, p. 18, n. 1, pi. 74 (1785). 
Palamedea bispinosa, Humb. Rec. cPobserv. de Zool. et d'Anat. Comp. 
i. pp. 3, 5, 6, 7, t. ii. no. 4, if. 1, 2, 3, 4 (trachea & larynx) (1805). 
Anliima cornuta, Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. Birds, pp. 183, 184, 
185, f. 62 (1885). 

ANATOMY: 
see Beddard & Mitchell, P.Z. S. 1894, pp. 536-557. 
B2 


PA-LA-MEDEIDJE. 

Adult male. Eeathers of the top of the head black, mixed with 
white ones; neck and upper parts glossy black, feathers of the 
lower part of the neck in front aud on the sides grey, with a black 
band at the tip ; breast black ; abdomen white ; under tail- coverts 
black; wings glossy black, but the smaller wing-coverts white, 
those near the median black edged with white; carpal edge 
white ; base of the primaries, including the base of the shafts, 
white; under wing-coverts whitish; tail black: " iris bright 
orange: upper mandible dark brown-grey, lower mandible paler ; 
frontal horn yellowish white; legs and feet ashy grey" (Wied). 
Total length about 34 inches, wing 22*5, tail 11, culmen 1*4, 
tarsus 4*4. 

Female. Similar to the male, but, according to Prince Neuwied, 
the grey feathers of the neck are shorter, the anterior part 
of the head and the upper neck more brownish; a female in the 
British Museum has the smaller wing-coverts buff. 

Hab. Guiana, Venezuela, and Amazonia, west as far as Ecuador 

and Eastern Peru. 
a. Ad. sk. S. America. 
b. § ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Upper Ucayali. 
Balzar Mts., Ecuador 
E. Bartlett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. Right metacarpus. 
{Illingiwrth). 
2. CHAUflTA. 
Type. 

Chauna, lllig. Rrodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 253 (1811) ... . 0. cristata. 
Chavaria, Rccfinesque, Analyse, p. 70 (1815). 
Opistholophus, VieilL Analyse, pp. 60, 70 (1816) C. cristata. 
Ischyrornis, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxi (1852) C. chavaria. 
Isehyornis, Bp. Compt, Rend, xliii. p. 598, gen. 100 (1856). 

Range. Confined to South America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
General plumage slate-black; cheeks and throat 
white, sharply defined from the black neck .. chavaria, p. 4. 
b. General plumage dark grey: cheeks and throat 
grey; a naked ring round the neck . cristata, p. 6. 
1. Chaxma chavaria. 
Parra 
chavaria, Linn. S. N. i. p. 260, n. 8 (1766) (Cartliagena, 
Jacquin); Qm. S.N. i. 2, p. 709, n. 5 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 264, n. 9 (1790). 
Faithful Jacana, Lath. Syn. hi. 1, p. 246, n. 9 (1785). 
Palamedea chavaria, Geoffr. Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. i. 2, p. 50 (1797) 
(Carthagena). 
Chavaria, Sonn. in Buff. Hist. Nat. lix. p. 227 (an. xiii.). 
Chauna chavaria, part., Illig. Pi*odr. M. et A. p. 254 (1811); Cut: 

Z. CIIUTNA. 
Regn. An. i. p. 409 (part.) (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 272 
(part.) (1824); Cuv. Regn. An. 2nd eel. i. p. 530 (part.) (1829) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 377 (New Grenada); Ernst, Rev. Cient. 
Univ. Centr. Venez. i. p. 43 (1887) (Venezuela). 

Opistholophus cha\aria, Vieill. Analyse, p. 60 (1816). 

Opistholophus fidelis, part., Vieill. N. B. vi. p. 206 (1816). 

Chauna fidelis, part., Ranz. Etem. di Zool Hi. 8, p. 33 (1825). 

Chauna derbiana, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. in. p. 591, n. 2, pi. 160 (1846) ; 

Salv.fySclat. Ibis, I860, p. 402 (Peteu I); Sc/at P. Z. & 1863, 

p. 377, 1864, p. 75, 1865, p. 676; Moore, P. Z. S. I860, pp. 308, 
369; Sclat. ibid. pp. 369, 370, p. 417 (Trinidad); id. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 102 (Santa Martha); Sundev.Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. 
p. 133 (1872); Sclat, £ 8ah. NomeneL Av. Ncot>op. p. 128 (1873) 
(Colombia); Bodinus, J.f.O. 1874, p. 94 (Zool. Gart.); Rchnw. 
Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 39; id. Vdg. Zool. Glut. p. 71 (1882); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 414 (1883); Ed. Ibix, 1888, p. 270 
(Venezuela); A. Newt. Bid. of B. pt. lii. p. ^20 (1894). 
Ischyromis derfo ana, Rclinb. Av. Si/bt. Nat. p. xxi (1852) ; G. R. 

Gr. Hand-list}Mi. p. 71, n. 10543 (1871). 
Ischyornis derbyana, Bp. Oompr. Rend, xliii. p. ol)8, n. 286 (1856). 
Palamedea derbvana, S'ckleg. Be Birrent. p. 266 (1864) ; id. Mus. 

P.-B., Ralli, p. 72 (1865) (Bogota); Gieb. Thes. Orn. Hi. p. 12 
(1877). 
Chauna nigricollis, 8<lat. P. Z. S.1864, p. 75; pi. xi. (New Granada), 
1865, p. 676, 1866, jt 369 (= derbyana). 
? Palamedea cornuta, Zeot. Ois. de Visle de Trinid. p. 488 (1866) 
(=C. derbyana, of. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 417). 

ANATOMY: see Parker, P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 511,518; id. Ann. & Mag. 

K. H. (3) xiv. pp. 144-150 (1864); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 348, 
1876, pp. 189-200 (cut of the skull, p. 198), pis. xii., xiii., xiv., xv.; 
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307, 309, f. 1 (cloaca); id. Ibis, 1881, 
pp. 11, 22: Beddard, P. Z. S. 1886, pp. 178, 181; Sclater, Ibis, 
1886, p. 150, f. 2 (manus). 
Adult, General colour slate-black, upper parts glossy, underparts 
paler; upper part of the bead dark grey; occipital crest blackish 
grey; cheeks, sides of the head, and throat white, sharply defined 
from the black, which forms a broad collar round the median part 
of the neck; feathers of the lower part of the neck, of the underparts, 
and also the smaller wing-coverts, more or less with paler 
edgings; coverts of the carpal edge broadly edged with white; 
primary-coverts slightly edged with white on the inner web; under 
wing-coverts white; primaries and tail-feathers slaty black: bill 
and feet red (?). Total length about 28 inches, wing about 19, tail 9, 

culmen 1'5, tarsus 4-4. 
Bab. Venezuela and Colombia. 
a. Ad. sk. [Jamaica.] Zool. Soc. 
b. Ad. sk. Cartagena^ Venezuela. Zool. Soc. 
c. Jad.sk . Cartagena (Zool. Soc). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. J ad. skeleton. Cartagena. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Bones of the trunk. Zool. Soc. 

6 
PALAMEDEID33. 

2. Cliauna cristata. 
Chajd, BAzara, Apunt. i. p. 106, n. 341 (1805); id. Toy. (ed. 8onn.) 
iv. p. 179 (1809); Bumont, Bid. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 00 (part.) (1816). 
Chauna chavaria, 
lllig. Prodr. M. et A. p. 254 (part.) (1811); Cuv. 
Rkjn. An. i. p. 499 (1817); Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 1, p. 272 (part.) 
(1824); Less. Man. cPOrn. ii. p. 287 (1828); Cuv. Megn. An. 2nd ed. 

i. p. 530 (1829); Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. vih p. 503 (1836); id, 
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 252 (1838); Hartl. Vers. Ges. Mus. p. 114 (1844); 
G.JR. Gr. ListB. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 114 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 591, 
n. 1, pi. 160. f. 1 (head) (1846); Hartl Ind. Azara's Apunt. p. 22, 
ii. 341 (1847) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av. Rasores,t.l96. ff. 1134*-35 (1848); 
id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxi (1852); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 88 (1854) ; 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 598, n. 285 (1856); Burm. J. f. O. 1858, 
p. 153 ; Crisp, P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 14-16 (anatomy); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 75,1866, p. 370 ; Sclat # Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conohitas); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 314, 458, lviii (1870) (Cuyaba, Villa 
Maria, Rio do Cabacal, Matogrosso, Rio GuaporS); G. P. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 71, n. 10542 (1871); Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. 
disp. Tent. p. 133 (1872); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 003 (Zool. 
Gard.); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128 (1873); 
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 108; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 189, 
190; Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 162, 1877, p. 190 (egg and nest: 
Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 63 (Buenos Ayres); Gibson, Ibis, 1879, 
pp. 415, 417, 1880, pp. 165-167 (habits: Buenos Ayres); Bumf. 
Ibis, 1880, p. 425; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625; Rcfaiw. Orn. 
Centralbl 1882, p. 39; id. Tog. Zool G'drt. p. 71 (1882) ; Sclat. 
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 414 (1883) ; Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 272 
(Entrerios); Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. Birds, p. 134 (1885) ; 
Goodchild, ibid. p. 196 ; Newt. JEnc. Brit. 0th. ed. xxi. p. 552 (1886); 
Berl. J.f O. 1887, p. 124; Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 119 (1889;; 
id. P. Z, S. 1889, p. 586 (egg similar to that of the Geese); id. Ibis, 
1890, pp. 425,427 (chick); Hein.u.Bchmo. Norn. Mus. Hein. Orn. 
p. 322 (Paraguay) (1890); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 125 ; Hartert, 
Kat. Vogelsamml p. 225(1891); Frenzel, J.f O. 1891, p. 125 
(Cordoba); Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomayo); 
Holkmd, ibid. pp. 206, 208 ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 
(Uruguay); Lydehker, ibid. pp. 268, 2(59 (habits) ; A. Newt. Bid. 
of P.p. iii. p. 819(1894). 
Opkholophus tidelis, part,, Vieill. N. B. vi. p. 206 (1816); id. Enc. 
Meth. iii. p, 1043 (1823); id. Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 156, pi. 262 
(1825). 

Palamedea 
chavaria, Temm. (nee Linn.) PI Col 219 (livr. 37, 
1823); Wagl. Syst Av., gen. Palamedea, sp. 2 (1827); Less. Tr. 
<£Orn. p. 526, n. 2 (1831); Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 584 (1832) (Rio 
Grande do Sul); Nitzsch, Pterylogr. p. 174 (1840); Hartl.J. f. O. 
1854, p. 257 (Zool. Gard.); 'Burm. Syst. JJebers. Th. Bras. iii. 

p. 397 (1856); id. J.f O. 1860, p. 262 (Parana, Uruguay); id. 
La-Plata Beise, ii. p. 506 (Parana) (1861); Schleg. Be JDierent. 
p. 286 (1864); id. Mus. P.-B., Ralli,p. 72 (Chili!) (1865); Nitzsch, 
Pterylogr. Engl. ed. p. 121 (1867); Stemb. J.f O. 1869, pp. 277, 
278 " (habits : Buenos Ayres); Ludwig, J. f O. 1870, p. 20 (egg); 
Gieb, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 12 (1877); Helm, J. f. O. 1884, pp. 333, 
3."2. 
* Pig. 1134 with the underparts white! 
2. CHITTNA. 
Chauna fidelis, part., Ranz. Mem. di Zool. iii. 8, p. 33 (1825). 
Palainedea cristata, Sio. Class. B. ii. p. 351 (1837) (ex PL Col 219). 
Palamedea lopkyra, Natt. Cat. MS.} teste Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 814 

(1870). 

Adult male. General colour dark grey ; upper parts glossy slate-
grey, underparts paler, belly whitish; chin and cheeks whitish 
grey ; middle part of the neck black, with a naked ring all round ; 
occipital crest dark grey ; feathers of the breast slaty grey, paler on 
the edges ; smaller wing-coverts along the cubit with pale edges; 
primary-coverts white on the inner edges, the innermost also on the 
outer; inner primaries white at the base; under wing-coverts 
white ; tail slaty black; bill (?); iris brown; feet red. Total 
length about 36 inches, wing 20*5, tail y, culmen 1-5, tarsus 4*5. 

Female. Similar. 

Young in down. Of a yellow-brown colour ; head light rustcolour, 
neck pale grey, back pale chocolate; wings and breast grey: 
iris wood-brown ; feet brick-red {Durnford). 
Hah. Argentine Republic, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Southern 

Brazil. 
a, b. 2 ao^ s ^
c. $ ad. sk.
d. tf juv. st. 
[Cayenne.] 
foo GuaporS, Julyterer). 
Paraguay. 
(NatPurchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. II. Gurney, Esq. 
e. 2 *•&• sk- L a Plata > Nov ' ( ^ W' White)> Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f. Juv. st.
*a Pull. sk.
y*
A. Skeleton. 
Buenos Ayres. 
Buenos Ayrey, Feb. 
Purchased. 
H. Durnford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Zool. Soc. 

 PHCENICOPTERIDJE. 

Suborder II. PHCENICOPTERL 

Ribs with, uncinate processes ; basipterygoid processes absent or 
very rudimentary ; lacrymo-nasal region elongated ; frontalia narrow, 
not covering the orbits above ; grooves for orbital glands present; 
caeca well developed; a ventral bare tract; wing aquintocubital; 
tarsus three times the length of the femur, scutellated in front and 
behind ; anterior toes fully webbed ; margin of bill laminated. 

Besides, the Flamingoes have a very long neck, with 18 or 19 
cervical vertebrae, the bill abruptly bent in the middle and more or 
less pointed, the tongue large and thick, the general plumage of a 
rosy colour, which on the wing-coverts changes into bright crimson 
red. They build a nest with mud, and lay only one white egg; the 
young are covered with whitish down, and nidifugous, and have the 
bill straight. 

Flamingoes are tropical birds. 

On the anatomy of the Flamingoes, see Owen, " On the Anatomy 
of the Flamingo" (P.Z.S. 1832, pp. 141-144); Milne-Edwards, 
" Caracteres osteologiques de la Famille des Phcenicopterides" 
(Oss. Foss. ii. pp. 35-52, 1869-71) ; Garrod, P.Z. S. 1873, pp. 460, 
467 (both carotids), p. 638 (muscles); Gadow, "Anatomie des 
PJiosnicopteriis roseus und seine Stellung im System" (J. f. 0. 1877, 
pp. 382-396, pi. 6. figs. 1 a, 1b); Weldon, W. F. E., " On some 
Points in the Anatomy of Phoenicopterus and its allies " (P. Z. S. 
1883, pp. 638-652, pis. lis., lx.); Parker, W. K, " On the < Manus' 
of Phcenicopterus" Qlbis,' 1889, pp. 183-185); Shufeldt,"]STote on 
the Anserine Affinities of the Flamingoes" (' Science/1889, pp. 224, 
225). 

One family only. 

Family PHCENICOPTERIM. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Upper mandible overlapping the lower 
lamellae on the edges of the upper mandible 
almost perpendicular; throat naked. 1. PHCENICOPTEBtS, p. 9. 
b. Upper mandible included between the rami 
of the lower one; lamellae on the edges 
of the upper mandible more or less horizontal; 
throat feathered. 
a'. Hind toe present; lamellae on the edges 
of the upper mandible smaller 2. PHOENICONAIAS, p. 18. 

b'. Hind toe absent; lamellae on the edges 
of the upper mandible very prominent 
and quite horizontal 3. PHOENICOPABRUS, p. 21. 

1. PH(KNIC0PTEBT7S. 
9 
1. PHGEKICOPTEETJS 
Type. 
Phoenicopterus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 230 (1766) P. ruber. 
Phcenicorodias (subgen ), G. M. Gr. Ibis, I860, p. 441 P. ruber. 

Range. Palasarctic, Ethiopian, Indian, and Neotropical Kcgions. 

Key to the 8pecies. 

a. General plumage verniilion-red ruber, p. 9. 
b, General plumage rosy white ; wings rosy red. 
a'. Apical black part of the bill not reaching the 
bend ro<seus, p. 12. 
b'. 
Apical black part of the bill extended above the 
bend ckilensis, p. 16. 

1. Phoenicopterus ruber. 
Phoenicoptems americanus, Seba, Mus. i. p. 103, tab, lxvii. f. 1 

(1734). 
Phoenicopterus phoenieeus, Barr. Hist. Fr. JEq. p. 140 (1743). 
Phoenicopterus gujanensis, Barr. Orn. Class, i. p. 21, gen. viii. bp. 3 

(1745). 
Phoenicopterus bahamensis, Catesb. Carol, i. p. 73, pi. 73 (good), 

p. 74, pi. 74 (head) (Bahamas, Cuba) (1754). 
Phoenicoptems, Brown, Nat. Hist, of Jam. p. 480 (Cuba, Jamaica) 
(1756). 
Phoenicopterus ruber, part, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, gen. 72, sp. 1 (1758). 
Phoenicopterus, part., Briss. Orn. vi. p. 532, pi. xlvii. f. 1 (1760); 

Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. tav. 496 (1776). 
Phoenicopterus ruber, part., Linn. 8. N. i.p. 230, n. 1 (1764); Scop. 
Ann. I. Hist. Nat. n. 114 (part.) (1769); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 612, 

n. 1 (part.) (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 788, n. 1 (part.) 
(1790); Geoffr. Bull. Sc. Sec. Philom. i. 2, n. 13, p. 98 (part) 
(1798); Blig. Prodr. p. 270 (part.) (1811); Temm. Man. p. 378 
(part.) (1815); Vieill. N. B. xxv. p. 517 (part.) (1817); Bum. 
Diet. Sc. Nat xvii. p. 96 (part.) (1820); Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 1, 
p. 186 (part.) (1824). 
Phoenicopterus ruber, 
Bonn. Erie Meth. i. p. 162 (1790) (Amerique 
ni&ridionale); Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 45, pi. 66 (1814); Temm. 
Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. p. 587 (note) (1820); Brehm, Lehrb. d. 
Naturgesch. alle eur. Vog. ii. p. 652 (1824) ; Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 

ii. p. 348, n. 282 (1826); id. Speech. Camp. p. 67, n. 218(1827); 
Temm. PI. Col., genre Flammant, esp. 2 (livr. 71, 1827); Bp. 
Syn. n. 282 (1828) ; Brapiez, Diet. Class, xiii. p. 362 (1828); 
Bp. Isis, 1832, p. 1177, n. 282 ; Nutt. Man. ii. p. 70 (1834); Bp. 
Comp.List, p. 54, n. 363 (1838); Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 255, 
pi. 431 (1839); id. Syn. p. 269 (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 169, 
pi. 375 (1843); Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mm. p. 116 (1844); G. P. Gr. 
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 125 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 
t. 108. f. 417 (1845); G. P Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 603, n 2 (1846); 
Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 (Jamaica) ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 390 
(1847) (Jamaica, Cuba); Hartl. Isis, 1847, p. 606 (W. Indies); 
Cab. in Sehomb. Guiana, iii. p. 761 (1848) (Coast of British Guiana 
and Bird Island); Lieht Nom. Av. p. 90 (1854) (Brazil!); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 145 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 724 
10 rTKEXICOPTERIDJG. 

n. 140 (1855), xliii. p. 992 (1850); Bolle, J. f 0. 1856, p. 165 
(Zool. Gard.) ; Cab. $ GundL J.f. 0. 1856, p. 432 (Cuba); Salti, 
P. Z. S. 1857, p. 236 fSan Domingo); Thienem. J. f. 0. 1857, 
p. 155 (egg-); Cass, in Baud's B. N. Am. p. 687 (1858) (Florida 
Keys) ; Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. n. 502 (1859); A. $ JE. Newt. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 365 (St. Croix ?); Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N H. vii. 
p. 121 (1859) (Bahamas) ; Hurdis, Natural, in Bermuda, p. 55 
(1859); Martens, J.f 0. 1859, p. 219 (Bermuda); Wurdem. Ann. 
Rep. SmitJis. Inst. 1860, pp. 426-430 (Cape Sable and the Keys) *; 
Brewer, JPr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860) (Cuba); Albrecht, 
J.f.O. 1861, p. 55 (Bahamas), 1862, p. 206 (Jamaica); March, 
Pr. Acad. Philad. 1864, p. 65 (Jamaica); ScJileg. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 117 (1866); GundL Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 386 
(1866) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 418 (Zool. Gard.); Bryant, Pr. 
Bost Soc. N. H xi. p. 97 (1867) (San Domingo); JEyton, Osteol Av. 
pi. 4K. pi. 28. f. 2 (1869); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, p. 443, pi. xv. f. 7 
(head); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 318, 459, lviii (1871) (Praia de Cajutuba, 
near Para); Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 278 (1872); id. Checklist 
N. Am. B. n. 475 (1873); Sclat fy Salv. Nomenel. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 127, n. 1 (1873) (Mexico); GundL J. f. O. 1874, 
p. 314 (Porto Eico), 1875, p. 368 (Cuba); Salv. Tr. Zool. Soc. ix. 
p. 498 (1875) (Galapagos); A. Newt Ibis, 1876, p. 99; Rchnw. 
J.f O. 1877, p. 229; Qieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 109 (1877); GundL 
Anal Soc. Rsp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 398 (1878) (Porto Rico); id. 
J.f.O. 1878, p. 190; Ridqio. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 231; 
Cory, R. Bahama I. p. 180 (1880); A. $ JE. Newt Eandb. Jam. 
p. 112 (1881); Mayn. B. of E. N. Am. p. 435 (1881); Cory, Bull. 
Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 155 (1881) (Haiti); Ridgw. Nom. N. Am. 
B. n. 585 (1881); Rchniu. Vog. Zool. Gart. p. 134 (1882); Coues, 
Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 110, n. 687 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 413 (1883) (Zool. Gard.); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 458 
(Yucatan) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (San Domingo); B., B., $ R. 
Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 415 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 679, n. 687 (1884); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 180 (Cozumel I.) : 
Cory, B. Haiti <$• San Domingo, p. 165 (1885) ; id. List B. W. Ind. 
p. 28 (1885); Stejn. Stand. Nat Hist iv. Birds, p. 154 (1885); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 172; A. O. U. Check-list, p. 130, n. 182 
(1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 121, n. 182 (1887); Blake, 
The Nineteeiith Century, 1887, pp. 886-890 (breeding habits) (cf. 
Ibis, 1887, pp. 150-152); Blake, J.f.O. 1888, p. 302 (Bahamas); 
Co?y, Auk, 1888, p. 323 (Bahamas and Greater Antilles); id. B. 
W. Ind. p. 244 (1889); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 52 (1889) (Cuba); 
Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 114 (1889) (Galapagos); Scott, 
Auk, vii. pp. 221-226 (1890) (Florida); SJiarpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. 
Coll. Surg. iii. p. 289 (1891); A. Newt. Diet of B. pt. i. p. 257 
(1893). 
Flammant ou Phenicoptere, part.. Biff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 375 

pi. 39 (1781). * 
Bed Flamingo, part., Lath. Syn. iii. 1, p. 299, n. 1, pi. 93 (1785). 
Phoenicopterus chilensis, part., Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 243 (1828). 
Phoenicopterus bahamensis, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 589, n. 2 (1831) (N. 

America). 

* Letter relative to the obtaining of specimens of Flamingoes and other 
Birds from South Florida (/. c). 
1. PHOSNICOPTRRtJa. 
Phcenicopterus arnericanus, Wied, Erste Heine navhNord-Amer.^. 73 
0835) (c/. GundL J.f.O. 1871, p. 207) ; tfw. Class. B. ii. p. 364 
(1837) ; I)1 Orb. in La Saqra'sHist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 157, t. 29 
(1840) : Lemh. Am Cuban, p. 133 (1850); GundL J. f. 0. 1856, 

p. 432 (Cuba); id. J.f. 0. 1871, pp. 272, 278 (Cuba). ' 
Phcenicopterus erythmeus, J. fy E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1855, 
p. 221 (type, Gabon!); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, p. 442, pi. xiv. f. 6 
(head); id. Rand-list, iii. p. 72, n. 10545 (1871). 
Phcenicopterus 
glyph orhyncnus, G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, pp. 439, 442, 
pi. xiv. f. 5 (head, Galapagos); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 72, n. 10546 
(1871); Salv. Tr. Zool. !Soc. ix. p. 498 (1875) ( = Ph. ruber, L.); 
Gieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 108 (1877) j A. Neivt. Bid. of B. pt. i. 

p. 257(1893). 
Phcenicopterus (Phoenicorodias) ruber, G. JR. Gr. Hand-list iii. 
p. 72, n. 10550 (1871). 
Flamingo, Darwin, Natural. Toy. new ed. p. 66 (1882) (Galapagos). 
? Phcenicopterus ignipalliatus s. ruber ?, Berl.J.f. 0. 1892, p. 104 
(Curacao); E. Peters, ibid. p. 122. 
Phcenicopterus 
sp., Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307 (Aruba), p. 335 
(Bonaire). 

Adult. General plumage light vermilion, lighter on the scapulars, 
more intense on the wings; primaries, secondaries, and primary-
coverts black; axillaries bright red: bill yellowish with the 
terminal third black ; irides brown ; feet and legs lake-red. Total 
length about 42-48 inches, wing 15-16, tail 6, calmen 5-2, tarsus 
12-14-5. 

Young. Greyish white, with mesial dusky lines on the back and 
wings ; the greater coverts broadly tipped with brown-black. 

Downy young. " Greyish white, becoming nearly pure white on 
forehead, cheeks, median line of back, whole rump, and median 
underparts: bill pale brownish, dusky terminally, naked lores 
dusky ; legs and feet brownish black ; bill nearly straight" (Ridgway). 


Bab. Tropical and subtropical sea-coasts, from Florida Keys and 
coast of Gulf States to Northern South America, as far south as 
Para and Galapagos Islands. 

The type of Ph. erythrceus no doubt belongs to this species; it 
has evident signs of having been kept in captivity, and one of the 
tarsi was amputated while the bird was alive. The locality Gaboon, 
attributed to this bird, is evidently wrong. 

a. Ad. sk. No locality. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Inagua, Bahamas (Maynard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. Northern Yucatan (E. C. J.' Salvin-Uodman Coll 
Devis) 
d. 
Ad. sk. Galapagos (Kellett $ Wood). Pandora Exped. 
(Type of PL glyphorhynchus, Gray.) 
e. Ad. sk. [Gaboon.] Purchased. 
(Type of Ph. erythrmis, Verr.) 
V K<ENIC0rTERII)£3. 

2. Phcenicopterus roseus. 
PhoenicopterLis roseus, Barr. Orn. Class, i. p. 21, gen. viii. sp. 2 

(1745). 
Phoanicopterus plinii, Klein, Am. p. 126, lit B. 
Phcenicopterus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 532 (part.), pi. xlvii. f. 1 (1760). 
Phoenicopterus ruber, part., Linn. 8. N. i. p. 230, n. 1 (1766); Gm. 

8. N. i. 2, p. 612, n. 1 (part.) (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 788, 
n. 1 (part.) (1790); Geoffr. Bull. Se. Soc. Philom. i. 2, n. 13, p. 98 
(part), pi- —.ff- 4, 5, 6 (head) (1798); Illig. Prodr. p. 270 (parO 
(1811); Temm. Man. aVOrn. p. 378 (part) (1815) ; Vieill N. B. 
xxv. p. 517 (pait) (1817); Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. xvii.p.96 (part.) 
(1820); Temm. op. (it. 2nd ed. ii. p. 587 (part.) (1820); Steph. 
Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 186 (part), pi. 24 (1824). 
Fenicottero, Cetti, Ucc. Sard. p. 294 (with plate) (Sardinia) (1776). 
Plammant on Phenicoptere, part, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. yiii. p. 475 
(1781). 
Red Flamingo, Lath. Sipi. iii. 1, p. 299, n. 1 (1785) ; id. Syn. Suppl 

i. p. 263 (1787). 
Phoanicopterus ruber, Tar. a, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 162, pi. 42. f. 3 
(1791). 
Phoenicopterus 
roseus, Pall Zooqr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 207 (1811) (Caspian); 
K$B. Wirbelth. Bur. pp. lxxxi, 221 (1840); Bp. Icon. 
Faun. Ital, Ucc. Introdr. p. 15 (1841); id. Cat. Met Ucc. Bur. 

p. 68 (1842); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 125 (1844) ; 
Rilpp. 8yst. Uebers. p. 137, n. 483 (1845) (Lower Eg\pt); Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 299, n. 1750 (1849) (excVrar. minor) ; 
Layard, Ann. # Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 208 (Ceylon) (1854); Bolle, 
X f. O. 1855, p. 314 (Spain); Bp. Consp/Gen. Av. ii. p. 145 
(1855); id. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 724, n. 142 (1855), xliii. p. 992 
(1856); Heugl. Sijst. Uebers. no. 075 (1856) ; Loche, Cat. M. et O. 
AlgSr. p. 103 (1858); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 50 (Punjab); 
Homey. J.f.O. 1802, p. 424 (Balearic Isl.); Radde, Reis. S.O.-
Sibir. ii. p. 347 (Lake Baikal) (1863); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 149 
(Malta); Jerd. B. of hid. iii. p. 775, n. 944 (part.) (1864) ; 
Salvad. Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 99 (1864); id. J.f.O. 1866, p. 318 
(Sardinia) ; Begl fy Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 334 (1867) ; Taylor, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 70 (Egypt); Y Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 174 (India); 
Brake, ibid. p. 430 (Morocco) ; Boderl. Avif. 8icil. p. 221 (1869) ; 
Heugl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 408 ; HeugL Reis. in d. Geb. 
d. Weiss. Nil, p. 384 (1809); Saund. Ibis, 1869, p. 178 (Spain); 
Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 142 (Sambhur Lake); Wright, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 492 (Malta) ; Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 70 (1870) ; Milne-
Bdw. Rech. Ois. Boss. ii. p. 36 (1869-71) ; Homey. J.f.O. 1870, 
p. 429 (Lake Baikal); Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 394 (Spain, breeding); 
Salvad. Faun, d'ltal, Ucc. p. 248 (1872); Hume, Str. Feaih. i. 
p. 257 (1873) (Sindh); Blwes, P. Z. S.1873, p. 049 (Mongolia ?) ; 
Brooks, Ibis, 1873, p. 341 (Sardinia); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 238 
(Malta); Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 407 (Ceyion) ; Severtz. J.f.O. 
1875, p. 184; Bress. Ibis, 1876, p. 422 (Turkestan) ; Butler, Sir. 
Feath. iv. p. 25 (N. Guzerath) (1876); Fairb. ibid. p. 264 (Dakhan) 
(1876); Gadow, J.f.O. 1877, pp. 382-396, pi. YL if. I a, lb 
(intestines); ButL Str. Feath. v. p. 234 (N. Guzerath), p. 287 
(Gulf of Oman) (1877); Davids, fy Wend. Srr. Feath. \il p. 92 
(Deecan) (1878) ; Murr. ibid. p. 112 (Sindh) (1878); Bress. B. of 
Bur. vi. p. 343, pi. 410 (1879); Vidal, Sir. Feath. ix. p. 01 (S. 
1 . PHGBNTCOPTEKUS. 
Konkan) (1880);'Butter, ibid. p. 430 (Doccan) (1880) ; Legge,B. 
of Ceyl. p. 1092 (1880); 6%tf. Ifoa, 1883, p. 212; JBcfow. Fty#
oo£ <3«. p. 134 (1882); Nathusius, J. f. O. 1882, p. 29-5 (egg) ; 
*S^6A. Ite, 1882, p. 227 (Kirghiz), 1883, p 33 (Caucasus); 
Radde, Ornis Caucus, p. 439 (1884); Tristr. Faun, ty Flor. of 
Palest, p. 113 (1884) ; Saund. in YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. 
pp. 244-252, -with fig. (1884-85); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p, 44 
(Corsica); Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 250 (Morocco) ; Seebh. Hist. Brit. 

B. iii. p. 660, pi. 61 (egg) (1885) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 22 
(Aden); Parker, ibid. p. 188 (Ceylon); Salvad. El. Ucc. It at. 
p. 249 (1886); Trots, Atti 1st Ven~(G) iv. pp. 125-129 (Venetian) 
(1886); Reid, Str. Feath. x. p. 78 (Luckncrw) (1887); Severtz. 
Zeitschr. d. ges. Otn. 1887, p. 23 (Turkestan); Davids. Str. Feath. 
x. p. 325 (\\\ Kandeish) (1887); Hume, ibid. p. 513 (1887) (not 
breeding in India); Tatt, Ibis, 1887, p. 375 (Portugal); Ple^ke, 
Rev. Turked. Ornis, p. 53 (1888) ; Regalia, Proe.-verb. Soc. Tosc. 
Sc. Nat. 1888, p. 86 (nail); Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. (2) u. 
p. 317 (Shoa) (1888); Zoenia, J. f. O. 1888, pp. 291-295 (Tunis); 
Lilf. Ibis, 1889, p. 344 (Cyprus); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 52 
(1889); [Ed.] Zoot. 1889,pp.*136-139 ; Hartert,Kat. Vogelsamml. 
p. 203 (1891); Sharpe, Cat Osteal Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 288 (1891) ; 
Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 174 (Aden); Meade-Waldo, ibid. p. 199 
(Canaries). 
Pbcenicopterus 
antiquornm, Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 587 (note) 
(1820) j Brehm, Lehrb. d. Naturg. alter ear. Vog. ii. p. 652 (1824); 
Bp. Ami. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 348 (note) (1826) ; Temm. PI. Col., 
genre Flamma?it, esp. 1 (livr. 71, 1827); Bp. Speech. Comp. 

p. 67, n. 206 (1827); id. Syn. n. 283 (1828); Drap. Diet Class. 
xiii. p. 362 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. ii. p. 363 (1829); Brehm, 
Isis, 1830, p. 989; id. Vog. Leutschl. pp. 602, 603 (1831) j Bp. 
Isis, 1832, p. 1177; id. Comp. List, p. 54, n. 391 (1838); Naum. 
Vog. Deutschl. ix. p. 408, Taf. 233. f. 1 tf ?d., 2 tf jun., 3 $ juv. 
(1838): Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital, Ucc. Introd. p. 15 (1841) ; Schleg. 
Rev. Crit p. ci (1844); Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 116 (1844) ; 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 1.108. ff. 418, 419, 968 (1845); G. R. 
Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 603, n. 1 (1846) ; P. Z. S. 1849, p. 941 
(Zool. Gard.); Deleg. Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. — (1847); Licht. 
Norn. Av. p. 60 (Arabia) (1854); Brehm, J.f.O. 1854, p. 83 
(Egypt); Bruck, ibid. p. 278 (Rhein) ; Bolle, J.f. 0.1856, p. 27 
(Cape Verd IsL), p. 165 (Zool. Gard.); Mull ibid. p. 231 (Cainargue); 
Brehm, ibid. p. 334 (Upper Egypt); Buvry, J.f.O. 
1857, p. 134 (Algeria); Bolle, ibid. p. 339 (Canaries); Salv. Ibis, 
1859, p. 361 (E. Atlas); Homey. J.f O. 1859, p. 370 (Zool. 
Gard.); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 78 (N. Africa); Poioys, ibid. p. 348 
(Corfu?); Bes Murs, Traite, pp. 126, 129, 436-444 (1860); 
Homey. J.f O. 1863, p. 263 (Algeria), Eitrah. p. 21; Parker, 
P. Z. S. J863, p. 517 (vertebra); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 33 
(Egypt); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Palestine); Gigl Ibis, 
1865, p. 62 (Pisa); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 116 (1866); 
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 327 (Palestine); Sound. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 432 
(eggs, Spain); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, p. 441, pi. xiii. ff. 1,2 (bead); 
Tacz. J.f O. 1870, p. 53 (Constantine); Droste, Ber. xviii. Vers. 
Orn. Ges. 1870, p. 80; Gum. Ibis, 1871, p. 297 (Algeria); Shell, 
ibid. p. 314 (Egypt) j G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 72, n. 10544 
(1871); Dohrn, J.f O. 1871, p. 9 (Cape Verd); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 479 (Ceylon); Shell B. of Egypt, p. 272 (1872); Thien. 

PHCBNTCOPTERIDJS. 

Bier. t. lxx. f. 7 ; Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1203 (1873) ; 
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 460, 467 (both carotids), p. 038 
(muscles) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 419 (Kattiawar); Wattle, Reise 

n. d. siidl. Spamen, ii. p. 9 ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibralt. p. 193 
(1875); Kruper, Jf. 0. 1875, p. 284 (Smyrna); Blanf. East. 
Pers. ii. p. 300 (Persian Gulf) (1876); Rchnw. J f 6. 1877, 
p. 227 ; Qieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 108 (1877); Marchand, Rev. et Mag. 
deZool. 1877, p. 357, pi. 11 (pullub); Hume, Str. Featk. vii.p. 491 
(1879), viii. pp. 114, 949 (1879); Lilford, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 440 
(S. Spain, breeding) ; Johnst. Ibis, 1881, p. 173 (Tunis, breeding) ; 
Ed. Ibis, 1881, p. 449 ; Saund. Ibis, 1883, p. 397 (Spain, breeding) 
; Weld. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 638, 639, 651; Sclat. List Vert. 
An. 8th ed. p. 413 (1883): Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. Birds, 
pp. 154, 156, f. 70 (1885); Sauna*. Ibis, 1886, p. 456 ; Koeniq, J.f. 
0. 1891, p. 291 (Tunis); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 179 (S. Afghanistan) 
; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 52 (1889) (distinct fioni Ph. 
roseus!) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 81 (aqumtocubital) ; Saund. Ibis, 
1891, p. 184 (Neuchatel); Finn, Ibis, lb93, p. 238 (Suez) ; A. Neiut. 
Diet. o/B. pt. i.p. 257 (1893); Koenig, J.f. 0.1893, p. 102 (Tunis). 
Phoenicopterus major, Dum. Diet. So. Nat. xvii. p. 9(J (1820; ; 
Brelim, Vog. Eeutschl. p. 603 (1831) (larger var.). 

Phoenicopterus 
ruber, Bote (nee Linn.), Isis, 1822, p. 560, n. 273; 
Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 79 (Gall, merid.. Cap. b. s., Seuegamb.) 
(1823); Licht.in Evers?n. Reise, i. p. 70 (1823); Ranz. El. di Zool iii. 

8. p. 312 (1828); Less. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 243 (1828); id. Tr. d'Om. 
p. 589, n. 1 (E. & S. Europe) (1831); Owen, P. Z. S. 1832, pp. 141144; 
Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 159 (Dukhun); Minetr. Cat. Pais. 
p. 50 (Caspian) (1832); Smith, Afric. Glen, 13th ed. p. 25, n. 218 
(Cape) (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. Iv. pi. 287 (1837) ; Ilartl. J.f.O. 
1854, p. 160 (Ceylon); Brelim, Voyelf. p. 288 (1855). 
Phoenicopterus 
europseus, Sio. Class. B. ii. p. 364 (lb37); Jerd. 
Madr. Journ. xii. p. 217, n. 373 (1840). 
Phoenicopterus igmpalliatus, Gr. § Mitch, (nee D'Orb. fy I. Geoffr.), 
Gen. B. iii. pi. 163 (1840); Pehnb. Syn. Aw, Natatores, t. 107. 

f. 2363 (1850) {ex Gr. # Mitch.). 
Phoenicopterus antiquus, Temm. fide Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 
p. 299 (1849). 
Phoenicopterus plinii, Pehnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x, tab. x. (1852) (ex 
Klein). 
Phoenicopterus erythrseus, part., J. fy E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 
1855, p. 221 (Alg&rie, Afrique meridionale, Mozambique); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 146 (part.) (1855); id. Com<pt. Rend. xl. 

p. 724, n. 144 (1855), xliii. pp. 992, 993 (1856) (Abyssinia, 
Algeria, Spain, Slrasburg!); Heugl. Syst. Tlebers. p. 6o. n. 677 
(1856) (Abyssinia) ; Hartl.yst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 245 (1857) (St. 
Thome'); Loche, Cat. 31 et 0. Alger, p. 104 (1858) (Oran et 
Constantine) ; Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 348 (Eed Sea, Dakalak, 
Massaua, Assab) ; Cass. Pr. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 175 (youn«-, 
Camina); id. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 202 (Gamma); ? Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 436 (Egypt, Zool. Gard.); Salvad. Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 102 
(1864) (Sardinia); id. J.f 0. 1865, p. 230 (Sardinia); Anderss. 
Ibis, 1865, p. 64 (S.W. coast of S. Afr.) ; Degl. § Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 
ii. p. 333 (1867); Ckapm. Trav. in S. Afr., App. p. 420 (1868) ; 
Finsch $ Kartl. Vog, Ost-Afr. p. 795 (part.) (1870); Tacz. J. f. 
O. 1870, p. 53 (Constantine); Heugl. ibid. p. 385; Anderss. B. 
Damara Land, p. 331 (1872) (W. coast of S. Africa) ; Heugl. Orn. 
1. PKCENICUPTERUS. 
X.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1-207 (1873); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 227 
(Sicily, Malta); ? ltch?iw. J. f, 0. 1874, p. 374 (Gaboon) j Borage, 

J.f O. 1876, p. 29,5; Rclmtv. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 228 (subspecies); 
Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 349 (1879) (=roseus); Giql J7;w, 1881, 
p. 213 (Oajrliari); Boo. Orn. Ang. p. 489fAngola) (1881); Sharpe, 
LayarcVs B. South Afr. p. 744 (1884); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. 
p. 250 (1880) ; Koenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 285, 1893, p. 95 (Tunis); 
A. Newt. Diet, of B. pt. i. p. 257 (1893). 
Phoenicopterus platyrhynchus, Brehm, Vogelf p. 298 (1855); id. 
Naumannia, 1855, p. 290. 
? Phoenicopterus minor, Brehm {nee Geoffr.) Vogelf p. 298 (1855); 
id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 290. 
? Phoenicopterus pygmsous, Brehm, tide Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 993 
(1856). 
Phoenicopterus ro&eus, /3. erythraeus, Bias. List B. of Eur, n. 330 B 
(1862). 
Flamingo, Barnes's Explor. in South-west Afr. frontispiece (1864) ; 
Clark, Ibis, 1870, pp. 439-442 (S. of France) ; Chapm. Ibis, 
1884, pp. 71-72, 88-89, pi. iv. (Guadalquivir). 

Phoenicopterus antiquorum, var., G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, p. 442 (India, 
Ceylon), var. (Cape of Good Hope). 
Phoenicopterus erithacus (errorer), Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 342 
(Sardinia). 

Phoenicopterus ander^oni, Brooks, Br. A. S. B. 1875, pp. 17-48 
(Futtehgurh, N.W. Prov. of India); Hume, Str Feath. iii. p. 414 
(1875) ( = antiquorum, juv.). 

Phoenicopterus roseus, ft var. parva, Severtz. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 184 
(= rose us, Pall., cf Pleske, Rev. Turk. Ornis, p. 53). 

Adult male. General plumage rosy white; tail rather more of a 
rosy-red tinge; upper and under wing-coverts and axillaries bright 
scarlet; quills black, tertials rosy; iris pale lemon-yellow; bare 
skin next the eye and base of bill flesh-pink ; terminal portion of 
the bill and edges of the mandible black ; legs and feet pinkish red. 
Total length about 44 to 53 inches, wing 17, tail 7, culmen 5-6, 
tarsus 13, bare portion of the tibia 9. 

Female. Besembles the male, but is rather smaller in size. 

Young. Head, neck, and underparts whitish, slightly tinged with 
buff, especially on the upper neck; back ashy brown, with dark 
mesial lines on the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back, the larger 
coverts almost entirely brown; axillaries pale pink; base of the 
bill dull pinkish; legs dull plumbeous. 

Young in down. "Whitish, tinged with grey on the upper parts ; 
the bill is quite straight. 

Hah. From the basin of the Mediterranean to Lake Baikal; the 

whole of Africa, India, and Ceylon. 

a Ad. sk. Europe. Gen. T. Hardwicke 
ac]
e 
Ad. st. 
d. Ad. et juv. st. 
Juv. st. 
Europe. Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Zool. Soc. 
f Ad. sk Marshes of Seville. The Comte de Paris 
g, h. Ad. sk. Guadalquivir. Lord Lilford [P.]. 

PIKENICOPTEKHLE. 

i. J ad. sk. Goto del Key, April ( [If. Hume Coll. 
k. 6 ad. sk. 
Saunders).
Sardinia, Feb.
Salvador!). 
(Count T. Shelley Coll. 
/. Pall. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
w, n. Ad. et imra. 
sk. 
Astrakhan. 
Damietta (Filipjponi). 
Port Said, Aug., April. 
Herr Henke [P.]. 
Sheliev Coll. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 
p-u. Ad. sk. Lake Mensaleh. J. W. H. Cuninghame 
[P.]. 
v. Juv. sk. Near Suakim. Capt. R. BL. Penton 
?o. Juv. sk. Cape. 
[P.]. 
Sir A. Smitb [P.]. 
•a. Vix ad. sk. 
if. <$ ad. sk. 
Palestine. 
River Ki^hon, Dec. (E. B.T.) 
S. Baroody,Esq. 
Canon Tristram 
0.]. 
P-J. 
z. Ad. sk. 
a', 6'. (S ad. et $ 
juv. sk. 
c. Ad sk. 
Mesopotamia (Jones), 
Mesopotamia. 
Sindh, Feb. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Euphrates Exp. LO.j. 
Hume Coll. 
<f. $ ad. sk. Larkana, Jan. Hume Coll. 
<?'-/'. d 2 ad. et Sambbur, Sept.. Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 
m\ Ad. sk. 
(JR. M.
Delhi. 
Adam). 
Hume Coll. 
«', »'. $ juv. et G-urgaon, March (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. 
p'. (S ad. sk. Bisowa, Jaipur, March 
(A. 0. H.). 
Hume Coll. 
#'. Ad. sk. Secunderabad. 
#•', s'. Ad. sk. Bheema, Etawah, Nov. Dec. Hume Coll. 
t'. Ad. sk. Mynpoorie, Feb. Hume Coll. 
«'. Ad. sk. Nasseerabad, Sept. Major Yerburv [P 1 
v'. Ad. sk. 
to'. Ad. sk. 
A*'. Juv. sk. 
Madras. 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Assam (McClelland). 
R. Cole, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum [P."]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
y'-b". Skeletons. 
c". Skeleton. 
<T. Skeleton. 
N. Africa. 
Egypt. 
L. Fraser [C.l. 
L. Fraser [C.]. 
«'\ Skeleton. Zool. Soc. 
/",#" . Skulls. 

3. Phcenicopterus chilensis. 
Flamant d'Am&iqpie, B" Aubent. PI. Bnl. 63 (1770). 
Phcenicopterus chilensis, Mol. Hist. Nat. Chili, p. 214 (1776) (descr. 
errata) ; Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 613, n. 2 (1778); Lath. hid. Orn. ii. 

p. 789, n. 2 (1790); Bonn. Mic. MM. i. p. 163 (1791); Geoffr. 
Bull Sc. Soo. PMlom. I 2, n. 13, p. 98 (1798); Bum. Bid. So. 
Nat. xxvii. p. 96 (1820); Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 1, p. 189 (1824) ; 
Poepp. Fror. Notiz. xxv. no. 529, p. 8 (July, 1829) (descr. optima); 
id. Bull. Sc. Nat. 1829, p. 100; dOrb. Mag. de Zool. 1832, fasc. i. 
p. 2; Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. pp. 482, 485 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 
2nd ed. p. 704 (1838); 'Bridges, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (S. Chili); 
G. P. Gr. List B. Brit Mm. iii. p. 125 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. 
p. 603, n. 3 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 300, n. 1751 
(1849); Bp. Comp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 145 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. 
xl. p. 724, n. 141 (1855) ; Cass. U.S. Kvpl Exp., Mamm. <§• Orn. 
p. 332 (1858); Schleg. Bierent. p. 280 (1864); id. Mm. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 117 (1866); Rchnb. J.f.O. 1877, p. 228; JKartert, 
1 . PHCENICOrTEKUS. 
17 

Kat. VogeUamml p. 204 (1891): A. Newt Diet of B. p. 257 

(pt. 1, 1893), J l 
Chili Flamingo, Lath. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 330 (1801). 
Flamenco, DAzara, Apunt i. p. 133, n. 346 (1805): id. Voy. (ed.

Sonn.) iv. p. 193 (1809). ' V 
Phoenicopterus ruber, part., Vieill. N. D. xxv. p. 517 (La Plata) 
(1817); Temm. PL Col, genre Phoenicopterus, sp. 2 (part.) (livr. 

71,1827). 
Phcenicoptere du Chili, Vieill N. D. xxv. p. 520 (1817). 
Phoenicopterus ignipalliatus, D'Orb. <§-I. Geoffr. St-Hil Ann. Sc. 

Nat xvii. p. 454 (Aoiit, 1829) (Buenos Ayres, Corrientes); Bull 
Sc. Nat xix. p. Il l (1829); Less. Tr. cPOrn. p. 589, n. 3 (1831); 
JD'Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1832, prem. fasc. pi. 2; Isis, 1834, p. 1094; 
Less. Compl de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 483 (1837); id. op. tit 2nd ed. 

p. 703 (1838); Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 117 (1844); ? Tsch. 
Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, i. p. 313, n. 338 (syn. emend.); ? id. Faun. 
Per., Aves, pp. 53, 304 (1846) *; G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 603, 
n. 4 (nee pi. 163) (1846) ; Hartl 2nd. Azar. Apunt p. 22, n. 346 
(1847); Bibra, Lenkschr. k. Ak. Wien, v. p. 131 (1853) (N. Chili); 
id. J.f.O. 1855, p. 57; Licht Nomencl Av. p. 90 (1854) (Chili, 
Colombia!); Burm. Syst. TJeb. TMere Bras. iii. pp. 430, 431 
(1856) (Brazil) ; id. J. f. 0.1860, p. 265; id. La Plata-Peise, ii. 
p. 512 (1861); Pete. £eise Novara, Vog. p. 136 (1865) (Chili); 
Sclat P.Z.8. 1867, p. 334 (Chili); Mat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 145 (Conchitas); iid. Ibis, 1868, p. 139 (Gregory Bay); Phil. §• 
Landb. Cat Av. CHI p. 279, u. 169 (1868); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, 
p. 442, pi. xiv. f. 4 (head); fPelz. Orn. Bras. p. 559 (1871) (Brazil!); 
Sclat P. Z. S. 1871, p. 627 (Zool. Gard.); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, 
iii. p. 72, n. 10547 (1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 364; Sclat 
P. Z. S.1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro); Sclat $> Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 107, n. 2 (1873); Tacz. P.Z.8. 1874, p. 562 (Junin, 
C. Peru); Sclat P. Z. S. 1876, p. 333 (Upper Amazons, Zool. 
Gard.); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 108 (1877); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, 
p. 41 (Chuput, Patagonia); Tacz. P. Z. S.1877, p. 330 (Tumbez); 
Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Centr. Patag.); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, 
p. 156 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. 
Coll. p. 527 (1882); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 413 (1883); 
Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 272 (Pampas); Tacz. Orn. PSr. iii. p. 422 
(1886); Berl. J.f.O. 1887, n.133 (Paraguay?) ; Pahmer, J.f O. 
1887, tab. ii. f. 2 (head); Philippi, Ornis, iv. p. 160 (Antofagasta) 
(1888) ; Burm. Anal Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, iii. p. 247 
(1888); Parker, Ibis, 1889, p. 183, ff. 1, 2, in p. 184 (osteol. of 
the manus); Sclat Argent Orn. ii. p. 117 (1889); Tristr. Cat 
Coll. B. p. 52 (1889); Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 81 (aquintocubital), 
p. 425 (Argentina); Oust Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 308 (1891); 
Frenz. J.f O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordoba); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 206 
(Argentina); Berk. James, New List CHI B. p. 9, n. 14 (1892); 
Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 (Uruguay). 
Similar to P. roseus, but smaller, tinged with brighter rosy on 
the lower part of the neck and breast; wings more vermilion; the 
black apical portion of the bill is more extended, reaching above 
the bend: " the base of the bill is not rose-colour, bat white; 
legs greenish grey, with darker reddish articulations and toes" 

* According to G-ray (Ibis, 1869) the bird mentioned by Tschudi is Ph. ruber. 
VOL. XXVII. 0 
P HQENICOPTEHID^E. 

(Burmeister). Total length about 42 inches, wing 16, tail 5, 
culmen 5, tarsus 9*5, bare portion of tibia 6. 

Young, Head and neck dull whitish, greyish round the eyes and 
on the neck; lower parts white; feathers of the breast with mesial 
brown streaks; back and scapulars pale brown, the edges of the 
feathers whitish; rump and upper tail-coverts white, some brown 
streaks on the rump; upper wing-coverts brown with paler edges, 
the smaller ones washed with rosy; primary-coverts brown, with 
the base rosy; quills brown-black: tail white: "legs yellowish, 
with bluish-red articulations " {Burmeister). 

Hal. Southern part of South America, north on the east to 
Uruguay and Brazil (?), on the west to Chili and C. Peru. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
Chili. 
Chili. 
T. C. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
Purchased. 
c. $ vix ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
d. Juv. sk. Chuput, Patagonia. H. Durnford, Esq. [P.]. 

2. PHCElHCOffAIAS. 
Type. 
Phceniconaias (subgen.), G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, p. 442 P. minor. 
Range. Southern part of Africa, north as far as Senegal (?) on the 

west, and Abyssinia on the east; North-western India in winter. 

1. Phceniconaias minor. 
? Le Elamant, JF! Cauche, Relat. verit et Cur. de Vlsle de Madag. 

p. 130 (1651) (Madagascar). 
? Sambe, Flaeourt, Mist de Madag. p. 164 (16G1). 
Plioenicopterus minor, Geoffr. Bidl. Sc. Soc. Philom. i. 2, no. 13, p. 98, 
pi. —.ff. 1, 2, 3 (head) (1798); Vieill. N. D. xxv. p. 520, pi. M 20, 

f. 1 (1817) ; Dum. Diet Sc. Nat xvii. p. 26 (1820); Vieill Gal 
Ois. ii. p. 183, pi, 273 (1825); Temm. PI Col 419 (livr. 71, 
1827); Drap. Diet Class, xiii. p. 362 (1828); Less. Man. cTOrn. 
ii. p. 244 (1828) ; D'Orb. fy L Geoffr. St.-Mil. Ann. Sc. Nat xvii. 
p. 454 (1829); id. Bull Sc. Nat xix. p. 112 (1829); Less. Tr. aVOrn. 
p. 589, n. 4 (1831); D'Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1832, fasc. 1, p. 2; Isis, 
1834, p. 1094; Less. Compl de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 482 (1837); id. 
op. Git 2nd ed. p. 703 (1838) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 217, 
n. 374 (1840) (India); Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 137, n. 484 (1845) 
^Southern half of the Red Sea); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 1.108. 
f. 420 (1845); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 299 (1849); 
Strickl. § Selat Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159 (Damara-1.); Brehm, 
J. f. O. 1854, p. 84 (Red Sea); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 146 
(1855); id. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 993 (1856); Meugl Syst Uebers. 
p. 65, n. 676 (1856); Marti, Syst Orn. W.-Afr. p. 246 (1857) ; 
Meugl. Faun. Roth. Meer, no. 284; Anderss. Ibis, 1865, p. 65 
(S. Africa); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 345 (1867) ; Blyth, Ibis, 
1867, p. 174 (India); ? JS. Netvt Ibis, 1867, pp. 351, 369 (Seychelles) 
; Meugl Reis. in d. Gel. d. Weiss. Nil, p. 384 (1868): 
Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 420 (1868); Jerd. Ibis, 1869, 
2 . PHOENICONAIAS. 
p. 231 (Delhi); Hume, ibid. p. 355 ; G. B. Gr. Ibis, I860, pp. 440, 
442, pi. xv. f. 8 (head); Finsch u. Hartl. Vdg. Ost-Afr. p. 798 
(1870); Boc. Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisb. 1871, p. 277 (Mossamedes), 
Anderss. B. Bamara Land, p. 333 (1872); Hume, Str. Feath. i. 
p. 31 (1872) (India) ; Adam, ibid. p. 400 (1873) (Sambhur Lake); 
Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1272 (1873); Beynaud, Tr. B. 
Soc. Maur. viiL p. 4 (1873); Adam, Str. Feath. ii. p. 339 (1874) 
(Sambliur Lake); Hume, Str. Feath. iv. p. 25 (1876) (N. Guzerat, 
Sindh); Bocage, J.f 0. 1876, p. 295; Butl Str. Feath. v. p. 234 
(1872) (N. Guzerat) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 109 (1877); Bchmo. 
J f 0. 1877, p. 228 (part.); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 114, 
n. 944 bis (1879); Butl. Str. Feath. ix. p. 436 (1880) (Deccan) ; 
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1093 (1880) (N.W. India); Bocage, Orn. Aug. 
p. 490 (1881); Milne-Edw. $ Grand. Ois. Madag. p. 612, pis. 262, 
263 (osteology) (1882); Sharpe, Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 745 
(1884); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 393 (Massailand); 
Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 233 (1884) (Slioa); Fischer, 
J.f O. 1885, p. 118 (Lamu, NgLU'uman); Hume, Str. Feath. x. 
p. 513 (1887) (not breeding in India); Matschie, Jf O. 1887, 
p. 146 (Morungu); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 318 
(Shoa) (1888); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 52 (1889) (Cape, Natal); 
Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 204 (1891) (Cape and Eed Sea); 
A. Newt. Bid. of B. p. 257 (pt. 1,1893). 
Phoenicopterus parvus, 
Vieill. Analyse, p. 69 (1816) (Africa); Steph. 
Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 188 (1824) ; Bess. Man. oVOm. ii. p. 244 
(1828); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 125 (1844); id. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 603, n. 5 (1846); Hartl. J.f.O. 1854, p. 302 (Senegambia, 
Guinea, Damaraland); Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 724, 
n. 145 (1855); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 335 (Zambesi); Schleg. Dierent. 
p. 280, fig. in p. 279 (1864); id. Mus. B.-B. Anseres, p. 116 
(1866); Bub. Bull. Mus. Boy. d'H. N. de Belg. iv. p. 149, n, 188 
(1886) (Tanganyika). 
Phoenicopterus capensis, Smith, Descr. of New or imperf hiown 
Objects of the An. Kingd. found in the South of Afr. no. 4 (1st 
Nov. 1828). 

Flamingo (nov. sp.), Smith, Afr. Glen, 13th ed. p. 25, no. 219 (Cape) 
(1836). 
Flammant, Sganzin, Notes sur les Mamm. et sur VOrn. de Madag* 

p. 47 (MSm. Soc. Hist. Nat. de Strasb. iii. 1840). 
Phoenicopterus antiquorum, Hartl. {nee Tem?n.), Zeitschr, f Zool. 
u. 
Anat. 1848, p. 159, n. 105 (Madagascar); id, Ann. § Mag. 
N. H. ii. p. 393 (1848) (Madagascar). 
Smaller Indian Flamingo, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 299 (1849). 
Phoenicopterus blythi, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 146, n. 4 (?) 
(1855) (ex Blyth); id. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 274, n. 143 (1855), 

xliii. p. 992 (=roseus, Pall ?) (1856); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 174. 
Phoenicopterus 
erythrseus, Hartl. (nee Verr.) J, f. O. 1860, p. 173 
(Madagascar) ; id. Orn. Beitr. z. Faun. Madag. p. 81 (1861); ? id. 

J. f. O. 1861, p. 272 (Danakil and Somali Coast); J. Verr. in 
Maill. Notes, Annexe, p. 3 (1863); Pollen, N. T. D. i. p. 326 
(1863); Coquer. Bull. Soc. Accl. de la Riun. ii. p. 22 (1864); 
Verr. in Vinson's Voy. a Madag., Ann. B, p. 4 (1865); Grand. 
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 5 (Madagascar); ? Sperl. Ibis, 1868, 
p. 292 (Mosambic flats); Fmsch u. Hartl. Vdg. Ost-Afr. p. 795 
(part.) (1870); Hartl. Vdg. Madag. p. 238 (1877); Sibree, Ibis, 
1892, p. 117 (Madagascar). 
PH03NIC0PTEKIDJS. 

Phcenicopterus, sp., F. Newt Ibis, 1863, p. 459 (Madagascar); 
Schleg. $ Foil. Reck. Faun. Madag. ii. p. 114 (1868). 
Phcenicopterus roseus, part., Jerd. B. of Jnd. iii. p. 775, n. 944 
(1864) (India). 
Phcenicopterus rubidus, Fetid* Ibis, 1868, p. 496 (Secunderabad); 
Jerd. Ibis, 1869, p. 230 (= minor); Hume, ibid.y. 355 ( = minor); 

A. Newt. ibid, (note, different from minor); G. It. Gr. Ibis, 1869, 
pp. 440, 442, pi. xiii. f. 3 (bead); Blanf. Ibis. 1873, p. 220; Gieb. 
The*. Orn. iii. p. 109 (1877); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 52 (1889); 
A. Newt Diet ofB. p. 257 (pt. 1,1893). 
Pbosnicopterus (Phoeniconaias) minor, G. B. Gr. Ibis, 1869, p. 442; 
id. Sand-list, JiT p. 72, n. 10549 (1871). 
Phcenicopterus (Pboeniconaias) rubidus, G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1869, p. 442; 
id. Hand-list, iii. p. 72, n. 10548 (1871). 

Adult male. General plumage pink; round the base of tbe bill 
the feathers are tinged with crimson ; in very old birds the feathers 
of the back and breast have mesial crimson streaks; also some of 
the longer scapulars are crimson; median wing-coverts bright 
crimson, edged with pink-white; greater wing-coverts, primary-
coverts, and marginal under wing-coverts rosy; axillaries crimson; 
quills and greater under wing-coverts black; under tail-coverts 
tinged with crimson towards the tip and edged with rosy; tail 
rosy, brighter on the outer web of the feathers : " iris red minium ; 
bill dark lake-red [with the tip black]; feet red" (Antinori). 
Total length about 36 inches, wing 13*25, tail 5, culmen 4, 
tarsus 8-75-7*5. 

Female. Similar to the male, but less bright, and without the 
crimson mesial stripes on the back, breast, and scapulars. 

Young in moulting dress. Paler than the adults; general plumage 
pale rosy white; wing-coverts pink: " iris red or yellow; bill lake-
red ; feet rosy or coral-red " (Antinori). 

Young in first plumage. Whitish, with a slight rosy tinge; neck 
greyish; wing-coverts whitish, more or less tinged with pale brown, 
especially the smaller ones, and the greater ones towards the tip, 
all with narrow mesial brown stripes; primary-coverts rosy white, 
brown at the tip ; quills brown; tertials brown, edged with whitish ; 
under wing-coverts whitish, tinged with brown; tail whitish, edged 
with brown on the outer web of the feathers : " iris reddish; bill 
dull lead-colour; feet plumbeous " (Antinori). 

The brightest birds from India with mesial crimson stripes on the 
back and wings are dated May. 

Hah. Southern Africa, north to Shoa and Abyssinia on the east, 
to Senegal (?) on the west; Madagascar; and North-western 
India. 

a. Ad. sk. Africa. ^ J. Gould, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Lake Elmetaita, E. Africa, Dr. J. W. Gregory 
5880 feet. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Deccan (H. W. Feilden). Tweeddale Coll. 
(Type of Phcenicopterus rubidus, Feild.) 
d-e\ £ J ad., imm., Sambhur Lake, Oct., Nov., Hume Coll. 
et juv. sk. Dec, Jan., May (M. M. 
Adam). 


3 . PHCENICOPARRUS, 
21 
3. PHGENICOPAKRUS. 
Type. 
Phoenicoparrus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliiL p. 992 (1856) .. P. andinus. 
Lipocentrus, Sundev. Meth. nat Av. disp. Tent p. 145 
J1872) P.andiaus. 
Phoemcoparra, Stem. Stand. Nat Mist. iv. Birds, p. 154 

(1885). 

Mange. Andes of Peru and Chili. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Larger: wing about 18 inches, culmen 4*6; under 
tail-coverts much longer than the tail; tertials 
black andinus, p. 21. 
b. Smaller: wing about 16-75 inches, culmen3*4; tertials 
bright rosy jamesi, p. 22. 
1. Phcenicoparrus andinus. 
Parrina of the Chilians, Philippi, Anal. Univ. de Chile, Aug. 1854, 
p. 337; id. Wiegm. Arch. 1855, i. p. 10. 
Phoenicopterus andinus, Philippi, Anal. Univ. de Chile, Aug. 1854, 
p. 337; id. Wiegm. Arch. 1855, i. p. 12; Cass. U.S. Astron. 
Exped. ii. p. 198 (1856); Philippi, Reise d. die Wilste Atacama, 
p. 164, Zool. tt. iv., v. f. a (head) (1860); id. Ibis, 1861, p. 199; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 334, 339 (part.); Phil <$• Landb. Cat 
Aves Chil n. 170 (An. Univ. Chile, 1868, p. 279); Burm. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 364 (E. valleys of Cordilleras); Sclat, $ Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotrop. p. 127, n. 4 (1873); Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent 
(cf. J.f 0.1875, p. 444) ; Rchnw. J.f 0.1877, p. 229 (part.); Gieb. 
fhes. Orn. iii. p. 108 (part.) (1877); Philippi, Arch. f Naturg. 
xlv. 1, p. 160 (egg) (1879); Sclat P. Z. S. 1886, p. 399, cut of the 
head, p. 400, £2; Rahmer, J.f O. 1887, p. 160, tab. ii. f. 3 
(head); Philippi, Ornis, iv. p. 160 (Antofagasta) (1888); Cab. 
J.f 
O. 1889, p. 76; Sclat Argent Orn. ii. p. 119 (1889); id. 
P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136 (Tarapaca); Frenz. J. f O. 1891, p. 125 
(Cordoba); Berk. James, New List Chil B. p. 9, n. 141 (1892); 
A. Newt Diet ofB. p. 257 (pt. 1,1893). 
Phcenicoparrus andinus, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 992 (1856); G. 
P. Gr. Handrlist,i\i. p. 73, n. 10551 (1871); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, 
p. 903 (1875). 
Lipocentrus andinus, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent p. 145 (1872). 
Phoenicoparra andinus,Stejn.Stand. Nat Hist iv. Birds,^. 154(1885). 
Adult male. Head and neck pink, whiter in front of the head; back 
white, tinged with pink; lower parts pale rosy, the feathers of the 
breast brighter, with the edges nearly white; wing-coverts bright 
pink, with the edges paler; quills, including tertials, black; axillaries 
bright pink ; under tail-coverts bright rose-colour, much longer 
than the tail: " iris very dark brown; feet whitish yellow; beak, 
fore part black, hind part whitish yellow; between the nostrils 
brick-red; lowest hinder part of lower mandible and a small spot 
before the eyes violet" (Rahmer). Total length about 48 inches 
wing about 18, tail 7, culmen (in a straight line) 4*6, tarsus 10*8. 

Female. Similar, but somewhat paler and smaller. 

PHGEKICOPTEEIDJS, 

This is tlie largest of all the Flamingoes, and has the largest and 
strongest bill. 
Hob. Andes of Chili and eastern valleys of the Cordilleras. 

a. Ad. sk. Chili. 
h $ ad. sk.
e~9-6 2 ad. sk. 
Huasco, 1ST. Chili, Feb.
(Rahmer). 
N. Cancosa, Chili (Jan.,
April). 
H. Berkeley James, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H. Berkeley James, Esq. 
[P.]. 

2. Phoenicoparnis jamesi. 
Flamingoes with red breast, Bollaert, Pr. Roy. Geogr. Soc. of London, 
xxi. (28 April, 1851), p. 120 (Lake of Parinas); Philippi, Wieym. 
Arch. 1855, i. p. 13. 
Phcenicopterus andinus, part., Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 334 (Tarapaca); 

G. P. Gr. (nee Phil.) Ibis, 1869, pp. 441, 443, pi. xv. ff. 9, W 
(head of Bollaert's specimen*); Rchnw. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 229 
(part.); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 108 (part.) (1877) ; ? Tacz. (nee 
Phil.) Orn, Per. iii. p. 423 (Bollaert's specim.) (Parinacocha, 
Peruvian Andes) (1886). 
Phcenicopterus jamesi, Rahmer, in litt.; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, 

p. 399, pi. xxxvi. and cut of head, f. 3 on p. 400 (Tarapaca;; 
Maimer, J.f O. 1887, p. 160f, tab. ii. f. 1 (head); Cab. J.f O. 
1839, p. 76; Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 117 (1889) ; id. P. Z. S. 
1891, p. 132; Berk. James, Neto List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 142 (1892); 
Sclat. Ibis, 1893, p. 164. 
• Adult male. " White ; head, upper part of the neck, and wings 
tinged with rosy; tip of the feathers of the nape, upper part of 
back and of the breast, scapulars, longer inner secondaries or 
tertials, and axillaries of a rose-blood colour; quills black ; feet red; 
base of the bill yellow, apical portion black; naked lores fleshcolour; 
hind toe wanting. Total length about 36 inches, wing 16, 
tail Q*5, tarsus 8." (Sclater.) i 
Male not in full dress. Pale rose-white, a little brighter on the 
wing-coverts, longer scapulars, and tertials; axillaries carmine-red; 
quills black; apical part of the bill black, basal part yellow, with 
the loral region, a narrow basal band, and the median, part of the 
culmen, between the yellow and the black parts, carmine : " irides 
dark brown ; legs and feet dark brick-red " (Rahmer). Total length 
about 34 inches, wing about 16-75, tail 6*5, culmen 3-4, tarsus 9. 

Female. Similar, only somewhat smaller, tarsus 7*25. 
Hab. Andes of Chili, near the Volcano of Isluga, in the Province 
of Tarapaca, and of Southern Peru. 

a. Imm. st. Parinacocha, Peruvian W. Bollaert [P.]. 
Andes. 
b, c. $ $ imm. sk. Sitani, Prov. of Tarapaca, H. Berkeley James, Esq. 
Jan. (Rahmer). 

* Gray expresses some doubts as to the specimen figured by him belonging 
to Ph. andimes. 
f Herr Rahmer states that he has described this species in the Anal. Univ. 
de Chile for 1886, but I have not succeeded in seeing this publication. 
\ I have translated Sclater's latin description, not having been able to see 
the type, -which is in the possession of Mrs. Berkeley James. 

ANATID.aE. 
23 

Suborder III. ANSERES. 

The Anseres, like the Flamingoes, have uncinated processes on the 
ribs, a ventral bare tract, the anterior toes fully webbed, and the 
margins of the bill laminated; but are to be distinguished by the 
basipterygoid processes being placed as far forward as possible, and by 
the tarsus being about the length of the femur, reticulated behind and 
generally in front; the sternum has a pair of notches on the posterior 
margin, but in some of the Fuligulince and in the Merginm the notches-
are converted into two complete fenestrse. The tongue is large, fleshy, 
with the margins toothed. The bill of the Anseres is generally 
broad and more or less flattened; in the Mergince and some of the 
Fuligulince narrow and more or less tapering to a point; all have a 
distinct nail at the tip of the upper mandible. The males are 
furnished with a large spiral penis. They are monogamous. Their 
nest is a rough construction, variously situated; the eggs are 
numerous, creamy buff, or greenish white, or pure white. The 
young, as in all the Ghenomorj>hce, are covered with down when 
hatched, and able to run or swim at once. 

Anseres are truly cosmopolitan birds. 

One family only. 

Family I. ANATIM1. 

Key to the Subfamilies. 

a. Hind toe not lobed. 
a. 
Neck very long, as long as or even 
longer tfian the body 1. CYQNINJS, p. 24. 
b'. Neck moderate. 
b". Feet semipalmated; hind toe very 

long, on the same level with the 
[p. 44. 

anterior ones 
2. ANSERANATINM, 

c". Feet palmated. 

<f". 
Hind toe rather long ; tail-
feathers rather long, broad, 
rounded at the tip ; upper parts [p. 45. 
mostly glossy 3. RLE CTRO PTERINM, 

24 
ANATIDJE. 

d'". Hind toe moderate ;tail-feathers 
rather short; upper parts not 
glossy; no metallic wing-spaculum; 
bill rather thick and high 
at base. 


d1. Cere of the bill much developed 
4. CEREOPSINJB, p. 79. 
e\ No cere on the bill 5. ANSERINE, p. 81. 

b. Hind toe very narrowly lobed ; usually 
with metallic colours or speculum on 
the wings j the larynx with a bulla 
ossea in males. [p. 128. 
c'. Bill rather short and goose-like 6. CHENONETTINJE, 
d'. Bill rather flat and broad 7. ANATINJE, p. 142. 


e. Hind toe broadly lobed. 
e'. Bill more or less depressed. 
e . Tail-feathers normal, not particu- [p. 326. 
larlystiff 8. FUZIGUZINJE, 
f\ 
Tail-feathers narrow and very 
stiff 9. EBimATURINJE, 

f. 
Bill more or less compressed, never [p. 43B6. ' 3 
decidedly depressed. ' 
g ". Tail rather long and stiff; no toothlike 
serrations on the edges of the [p. 454. 
mandibles 10. MERGANETTINM, 

h". 
Tail moderately long, not particularly 
stiff; lower mandible with out 
trace of lamellae along the sides, 
but with a series of distinct toothlike 
serrations along the upper 
edge, as on the edges of the upper 
mandible 11. MERGING, p. 463. 

Subfamily I. CYGNIN^l. 

t 
Key to the Genera, 

a. 
Lores in the adult birds naked. 
a'. Tertials and scapulars normally smooth; 
predominant colour white 1. CYGNUS, p. 25. 
b'. Tertials and scapulars crisp ; predominant 
colour black 2. CHENOPIS, p. 41. 
b Lores feathered 3. COSCOBOBA, p. 42. 

1 , CYGNUS. 
25 

1. CYGNUS* 
Type. 
Cygnus, BechsL Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 404 (note) 
(1803) I C.olor. 
Olor, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234 0. musicus. 
Cycnus, Temm. Man. d'Om. 2nd ed. iv, p. 526 
(1840). 
Sthenelus, Stejneg. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 185 
(1882) C. melancoryplius. 
Sthenelides, Stejneg. King si. Stand. Nat Hist iv. 

p. 143 (1885) (=* Sthenelus). 
Eange. Northern hemisphere and Neotropical region. 
Key to the Species f. 

a. 
No knob at the base of the culmen; the trachea 
entering the carina sterni, which is hollow. 
a\ Basal part of the bill and lores more or less 
yellow. 
a". Nearly the basal half of the bill yellow. 
a"\ Black apical portion of the bill generally 
does not extend above the nostrils, 
and on the sides only reaches halfway 
to the gape: larger, culmen 4'20 


inches 
musicus, p. 26. 

b'". Black apical portion of the bill extends 
much above the nostrils and backwards 
to the gape: smaller, culmen 
3'80 inches ,.-... bewicM, p. 29. 

b". 
The yellow colour of the bill confined to 
a spot before the eyes; culmen 3*824*
20 inches columbianus, p. 32. 

V. 
No yellow colour at the base of the bill, 
which is entirely black and very large; 
culmen 4*34-4*70 inches buccinator, p. 33. 
b. 
Culmen witb a prominent knob at the base; 
the trachea not entering the carina sterni, 
which is simple. 
c\ Plumage of the adults entirely white olor, p. 35. 
d'. Head and neck black; rest of the plumage 
white.. 4 melancoryphus, p. 39. 

* The generic name Cygnus was used by Bartram ('Travels,' p. 294, 1791) 
for a species which was either O. columbianus or C. buccinaiori both allied to 
C. musicus. But Bartram was not a binomialist I 
t I have not been able to identify the following species, which must remain 
doubtful till a competent observer examines the type :— 

OYGNUS DAVIDI. 

Oygnus (Coscoroba) davidi, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 430 (Tientsin). 

Oygnus davidi, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416; Mwes, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 651; 
David § Oust Ois. Chine, p. 494 (1877); Selat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 507. 
Oygnus (Koscoroba) davidi, t)avid, N Arch. Mus. Bull. vii. Cat n. 438 


(1871). 

26 
JLNAHD.2B* 

1. Cygnus musicus. 
Wild Swan, JEdw. Birds, ii. pi. 150 (1743); Ellis, Phil Trans, lvi. 
p. 215, t. x. ff. 1, 2 (trachea) (1766); Davy, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 28 
(aorta). 
Oygnus ferus, 
JBriss, Orn. vi. p. 292, pi. xxviii. (1760); Salerne, Orn. 
ou Tr. d. Ois. p. 405 (1767) ; Pall. Sv. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. xl. 

p. 27 (note) (1779) *. 
Anas cygnus, part., Linn, S. N. 1 p. 194, n. 1 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 
2, p. 501, n. 1 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 893, n. 1 (1790); 
id. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 105, tab. xiii. if. 1,2 (trachea and sternum) 
(1790) ; Temm. Man. d'Om. i i p. 828 (1820). 

Anas cygnus a, Linn. I. c. (1766). 
Cigno salvatico, Gerini, Stor. degli TJcc. v. t. 554 (1776). 
Cygne sauvage, Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. ix. p. 20 (1783). 
"Whistling Swan, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 2, p. 433 (1785); Cooke, Letter 


on the Wild Sioan, pp. 1-11, pis. 1, 2 (1823). 
Anas cygnus (ferus), Lath. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 297 (1787). 
Anser cygnus, part., Bonn. JSnc. MSth. i. p. 107, n. 1 (1790). 
Cycmis canorus, Humboldt, Bee. d'Observ. de Zool. et aVAnat Comp* 

p. 5 (1805) (nomen nudum). 
Oygnus musicus, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl iii. p. 830, 
t. 35 (1809); Brehm, Lsis, 1830, p. 996 ; id. Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 
p. 831 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 55, n. 394 (1838); Rilpp. Mus. 
SencJcenb. iii. p. 6 (1839) ; K. fy B. Wirbelth. Bur. pp. lxxxii, 222 
(1840) ; Bp. Cat. Met TJcc. Bur. p. 69, n. 413 (1842); MacgiU. 
Man. ii. p. 158 (1842); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxii (1844); Hartl 
Syst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); Temm. fy Schleg. Faun. Jap., 
Aves, p. 125 (1850); Midd. Sibir. Meis. ii. 2, p. 224 (1853) 
(Taimyr R, Boganida, Schantar Isl.j; Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, 
p. 266 (Scandinavia) j Licht. Nomenel. Av. p. 101 (1854); Brehm, 
Naumannia, 1855, p. 296 (1855); Beugl. Syst. TJeb.^ p. 65 (1856) ; 
Schrenck, Vog. d. Amurl p. 455 (1860); Powys, Lbis, 1860, p. 351 
(Ionian Isl.) ; ? Simpson, Ibis, 1861, p. 366 (Dobrudseha) ,* Stvinh. 
Ibis, 1862, p. 254; ? Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 323; Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sib. ii. p. 348 (1863) ; Tristr. 
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Palestine); ? A. Neiot. Ibis, 1865, p. 515 
(Spitsbergen) ; Schleg. Mus. P.~B., Anseres, p. 81 (1866) ; Dyb. $ 
Parr. J. f. 0.1868, p. 338; Przew. Putesch. Ussur. n. 189 (1870) ; 
David, N. Arch. Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 436 (1871); Smnh. 
Ooscoroba davidi, G. B. #r. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10607 (1871); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 856 (1872); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 180 (note) 
(1882). 

" Smaller than C. bewiclci, with the neck about a third shorter; is entirely 
white, with the bill vermilion colour having a black dertrum, and the legs and 
feet orange-yellow. Its nearest ally is C. coscoroba of Chili, but it is larger 
than that, and has the wing white throughout." (Swinhoe.) 

Only known from a specimen bought in the flesh in the market at Tientsin, 
and preserved in the Museum of the Lazarist Mission in Peking. 

* Contrary to Mr. Stejneger's statement (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 189), it 
appears to me that Pallas (1. c.) did not use the specific binomial name Anas ohr 
for the present species; he only wrote the substantive names Ohr and Cygnus 
for the two species of Swans. 
1.* CYGNTJS, 
27 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 4] 6 (Shanghai) ; Satmd. Ibis, 1871, p. 396 (S. 
Spain) ; Nathus. J f. 0. 1871, p. 255 (egg); Eeugl Ibis, 1872, 
p. 63 (Novaja Semlia); Shell B. Egypt, p. 279 (1872); Brooke, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 342 (Sardinia); Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); 
JDyb. J.f. 0.1873, p. 108, 1874, p. 336; JDanf. $ Earvie-Broivn, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 426 (Transylvania); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 
(Hakodadi); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, p. 602 (Wusung) (1875); 
Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 416; Seebh. 8f Harvie-Brown, ibid. p. 437 
(Lower Petchora); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 59; Tacz. Bull. Soc. 
Zool Fr. ii. p. 44 (1877) j id. Orn. Faun. Vost Sibir.y. 68 (1877) ; 
Prjev. Bowl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 98 (Mongolia) (1878) ; Blakist. $ 
Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 211; Seebh. Ibis, 1879, p. 157 (Siberia) ; 
Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 255; Dress. B. Fur. vi. 
p. 433, pi. 419. f. 4 (head) (1880); Sclat F. Z. S. 1880, p. 506; 
Hume 8r Marsh. Game-B. iii. p. 4 (India?) (1880); Blah. § Fryer, 
Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 182 (1880), x. 1, p. 94 (1882); Gu/l. 
Ibis, 1881, p. 213; Seebh. Ibis, 1882, p. 227 (Astrakan) p. 385 
(Archangel); Bchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 39; id. Yog. zool. 
Gdrt p. 70 (1882); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. Ill, n. 690 (1882); 
Blakist. Chrysanth. 1883, p. 26; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 33 (Caucasus) 
; B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 120 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 423 (1883); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 343; 
Badde, Orn. Caucas. p. 447 (1884); Blakist. Amend. List B. Jap. 
pp. 8, 23 (1844); Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Falest. p. 114 (1884); 
Saund. TarreWs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 308 (1884-85); Seebh. Hist. Br. 
B. iii. p. 408, pi. 57 (egg) (1885) ; Clarke & Backh. Ibis, 1885, p. 371 
(Iceland) ; Sundev. Ibis, 1886, p. 408 (osteol.); Severtz. Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22; Harting, Zoolog. 1887, p. 255 (Iceland); 
Tacz. F. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Corea); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 
(1889); Seebh. B. Jap. Fmp. p. 234 (1890); Mchnw. J.f.O. 1890, 
p. 80; ?Lydekk. Cat. Foss. B. p. 107 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, 
pp. 328,494; Sharpe, Cat. Ost. Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 294 (1891); 
Seebh. Ibis, 1892, p. 26 (Heligoland); Campbell, ibid. p. 245 
(Corea). 
Cygnus melanorhvnchus, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. ii. p. 498> 
with pi. (1810)"; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xii. p. 310 (1818); Naum. 
Wiegm. Arch. 1837, i. p. 104 (Hungary). 

Cygnus 
ferus, Leach, Syst. Cat. M. $ B. Br. Mus. p. 37 (1816) 
(nee Bartram, 1791); Vieill. N. D. ix. p. 39 (1817); Steph. Gen. 
Zool. xii. 2, p. 10 (1824); Flem. Br. Anim. p. 126 (1828) ; Yarr. 
Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. 2, p. 453 (1830); Less. Tr. d'Om. p. 629 
(1831); Benn. Gard. 8f Menag. Zool. Soc, Birds, p. 171 (1831); 
MSnttr. Cat Rais. Cauc. p. 56, n. 192 (Bakou) (1832); Gould, B. 
JSur.^L 355 (1837); Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 527 (1837); 
id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838); Blainv. Compt. Rend. vii. p. 1024 
(1838); Naum. Wiegm. Arch. 1838, i. pp. 361, 366, Taf. vm. f. 1 
(a, b, c, d); Fyton, Mon. Anat. p. 101, pi. 6 (skeleton and trachea) 
(1838); Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 322; G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 610, n. 4 (1844): Rchnb. Syn. ^.,Natatores, 1.105. ff. 961-62 
(1845); id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. 10 (1852); Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 13 
(Greenland); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 376 (Zool. Gard.) ; G. B. Gr. 
Cat. Brit. B. p. 188 (1863); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 441 (Great 
Britain); Parker, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 752; Degl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Fur. 
ii. p. 473 (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 327 (Palestine); Fyton, Syn. 
Anat. p. 50 (1869); Flwes $ Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 338 (Turkey); 
28 4JTATIDJ3. 

Gould, B. Gh\ Brit. v. pL 9 (pt. xxi. 1872); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 

p. 856 (1872); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 240; David $ Oust Ois. 
Chine, p. 493 (1877); Hume, Str. Feath. vii. pp. 106, 107, 464 
(1878-79), viii. p. 114, n. 944 quat (1879) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, 
p. 352. 
Cygnus olor, Pall {nee Gm.) Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 211 (1811). 
Cygnus olor a, Pall. op. cit. p. 211. 
Oygnus cygnus, Less. Man. d'0?*n. ii. p. 407 (1828); Lazaiini, Orn. 
Jahrb. ii. pp. 231-233 (Tyrol) (1891); Hartert, J. f. 0. 1891, 
t>. 306; id. Kat Vogelsamml p. 226 (1891). 
t Cygnus islandicus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 (nee 1125?); fid. 
Handb. Vbg. Deutschl. pp. 832,1035, pi. xli. f. 1 (1831). 

Olor musicus, Wagl Isis, 1832, p. 1234; G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. 
Mus. iii. p. 130 (1844); Sund. Metk not. Ac. disp. Tent. p. 146 
(1872). 

Cygnus xanthorhinus, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 478, t. 296 (1842). 
Olor cygnus, G. B. Gr. List Gen. fy Subgen. B. p. 122 (1855); Bp. 
Corrupt. Bend, xliii. p. 648, n. 3 (1856); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. 

p. 78, n. 10600 (1871); Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 202, 
222 (1880) ; id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 586 (1881); Stejn. Pr. U.S. 
Nat Mus. v. p. 198 (1882); B., B.n $ B. Water-B. N. Am. i. 
p. 423 (1884); ? Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat Mus. n. 29, p. 149 (Commander 
Isl.) (1885);" id. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. x.p. 136 (Commander 
Id.) (1887). 
Cygnus linnsei, Malm, Gbieb. ooh Bohtsl. Faun. pp. 99, 343 (1877). 
Holor musicus, Olphe-Gatt. Contr. Faun. Orn. Bur. Occ. fasc. v. 


p. 3 (1886). 
Hyhrids. 

Cigne chanteur $ x Oie domestique $, F. Cuv. Ann. Mus. Hist Nat. 

xii. p. 119 (1808). 
Cygnus musicus (J X Anser domesticus § , Leverk. J. f. O. 1890, 
p. 217. 
Cygnus musicus 3 X Anser cinereus $ , Leverk. ibid. 
Adult Head, neck, the whole plumage of the body and wings 
pure white; some specimens, occasionally only, exhibiting a rufous 
ochreous tint at the tips of the feathers of the head ; anterior part 
of the beak depressed and black, the basal part, with the lores, 
yellow, this colour extending forward along each lateral margin of 
the upper mandible, beyond the openings of the nostrils, which are 
black; the black colour only reaches halfway to the gape; legs, 
toes, and their membranes black. Total length about 5 feet, 
wing 25'5 inches, tail 8*5, culmen 4*2, tarsus 4*2. 

Young. General colour greyish brown; beak first of a dull fleshcolour, 
the tip and the lateral margins black, later black, with a 
reddish-orange band across the nostrils, and with the base and lores 
pale greenish white. 

Young in down. White. 

Hab. Arctic Europe and Asia, whence it migrates to Southern 
Europe, to Turkestan, China, and Japan; resident in Iceland; 
occasionally strays to Greenland* 

1 . CYGNUS. 
29 

a. Juv St. Europe. Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Hayling- Island. 
J.B. Tyndale,Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. "Wiltshire. 
Montagu ColL 

e, f. Ad, [heads]. Pagham Harbour, Sus


J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.]. 
sex. 

g. Pull, st No locality. Gould Coll. 
A. Pull. st. 
No locality. 
Ad. sk. Corea. E. Campbell, Esq. [P.]. 
k. 
Juv. sk. Shanghai, Nov. (R. Stain-Seebohm Coll. 
hoe).
£ Ad. [head and S. Yezo, Japan, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 

legs]. 

m. Juv. [head]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
n. Pull. sk. Bred in confinement. 
o. Skeleton. 
p-u. Skulls. 
v. Sternum with 
trachea. 
w, x, y. Sterna. Yarrell ColL 

s. Sternum. 
a!. Sternum. 
2. Cygnus bewicki. 
Cygnus olor £*, Pall, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 214 (1811). 
Cygnus bewickii, Tarr. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. 2, p. 453 (1830); 
Blackwall, Zool, Journ. v. p. 189 (1830); [Anonymous], ibid. 

p. 191 (1830) ; Selby, Tr. K H. Soc. Northumb. i. pp. 17-25 
(1831); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 629 (1831); Selby, III. of Orn. ii. 
p. 284, pi. xlvii. bis (1833) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 527 (1835) ; 
Bote, Isis, 1835, p. 262 (Dunkerque); Fyt. Hist. R. Brit B. p. 86 
(1836); Thomps. May. of Zool. $• Bot. i. p. 462 (1837); Gould, 
B. Bur. pi. 356 (pt. xix. 1837); Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. 
p. 528 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 218 (1838); BailL Compt. 
Bend. vii. p. 1021 (1838); Blainv. ibid. p. 1025; Bp. Comp. 
List, p. 55, n. 395 (1838); Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 98, pi. 18 (trachea 
and sternum) (1838); Wiegm. Arch. Naturg. 1838, i. p. 367, Taf. ix. 
(1838); Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 222 ; Ilartl. Syst. Verz. Ges. Must 
p. 118 (1844); Gerbe, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 244; ? Midd. Sib. 
Reise, ii. 2, p. 224 (Taimyr) (1853); Altum, Naumamiia, 1855, 
p. 101; ? Schrench, Tog. Amurl. i. 2, p. 456 (1860); ? Radde, 
Reise S.O.-Sibir. ii. p. 349 (Dauria) (1863); ? Barker, P. Z. S. 1865, 
p. 752 (Malta, fossil) ; Murie, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 13: Swinh. Ibis, 
1867, p. 398; Dyb. fyParr.J.f.O. 1868, p. 338;' Fritsch, Tog. 
Eur. p. 339, Taf. 46. f. 9 (1870); Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 63 (Nechwatowa); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 368 (China) ; Seebh. P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. 566 (egg); Seebh. fy Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 438 (Lower 
Petchora) ; Seebh. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 866; Prfev. Rowl. Orn. Misc. 
iii. p. 19 (Mongolia) (1878); Blakist. fy Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 
(Japan) ; Finsch, Terh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 255 (W. Siberia); 
Hume, Str. Feath. vii. pp. 107, 464 (1878-79), viii. p. 114, no. 944 
quint. (1879); Dress. B. Fur. vi. p. 441, pi. 419. f. 3 (head) (1880); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 507; Hume $ Marsh. Game-B. iii. p. 51, 
* Authors generally add minor, but in Pallas's work the word minor is the 
commencement of his description, and not part of the specific name. 
30 
ANATIDJ3. 

pi. 6 (1830); Nordensk. Voy. of the Vega (of. Ibis, 1832, p. 338); 
Cones, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. Ill, n. 691 (1832) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 352; B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 121 (1833) ; Sclat. List 
Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 423 (1883) ; Bmge, Mel. Biol. 1884, p. 45 
(Lena Delta); Blahist. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 33 (1834) ; Saund. 
YarreWsHist. B)\B. iv. p. 315 (1884-85) ; Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. 
p. 484, pi. 58 (egg) (1885); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 255, no. 356 
(1886); Gigl fy Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, pp. 589, 591, pi. Iii. f. 2 
(head); iid. Mem. R. Ac. So. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 140 (1388); 
Pleske, Rev. Turkest. Ornis, p. 54 (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. 
p. 51 (1889) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 235 (1890) ; Rchnw. J.f. 0. 
1890, p. 80 ; ? Lydekk. Cat. Foss. B. p. 108 (1891) ; Hartert, Kat. 
Vogelsamml. p. 226 (1891) (Abbeville); Sharp*, Oat. Ost. Spec. 
Coll. Surg. iii. p. 295 (1891); Seebh. Ibis, 1892, p. 2Q (Heligo


land). 

Cygnus islandicns, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 1125 (nee p. 996 ?) (Munchausen) 
; Naum. Wiegm. Arch. iv. p. 364, Taf. viii. f. 2 e, f, g, h 
(1838); Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 296; C. F. Dubois, PL Col. 
Ois. Belg. iii. p. & pi. 298 (1860). 

Swan (new ap.), 
Wingate, Trans. N. U. Soc. Northumb. i. pp. 1, 2 
(1831, read Oct. 20, 1829). 
Olor bewickii, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234; Stejh. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

T. p. 201 (1882) j B., B., $* R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 423 
(1884). 
Cygnus berwickii {err.), Eyton, Mon. Anat. pi. 18 (trachea and 
sternum) (1838). 
Cygnus 
minor, K. § B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxii, 222 (1840); Bp. 
Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 69, n. 414 (1842) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 610, n. 5 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 106. ff. 963(
54 (1845); Schleg. Naumannia, 1855, p. 258, Taf. iv. ff. 2-4 
(heads) ; Altum, ibid, (note), Taf. iv. ££. 5, 6 (heads); Baedek. 
Eier eur. Vo'g. t. 31 (1855); Swinh. Zoolog. 1860, p. 6924; id. 
Ibis, 1861, p. 344 (China), 1862, p. 254; id. P. Z.S. 1863, p. 323 
(Canton); ? A. Newt. Ibis, 1865, p. 515 (Spitsbergen); Schleg. Mzis. 
P.-B. Anseres, p. 82 (1866J ; Degl. # Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii, p. 474, 
(1867); Swinh. Ibis, 18G7, p. 398; 'David, N. Arch. Mus., Bidl 
vii. Cat. n. 437 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416; Rey, 
Synon. d. eur. Vog. p. 122 (1872); Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 855 
(1872); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 10 (pt. xxi., 1872); Dyb. J.f.O. 
1873, p. 108, 1874, p. 336; Seebh. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 566 (egg) ; 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 44 (1877); David § Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 494 (1877); Seebh. Ibis, 1879, p. 158 (Siberia); Gigl 
Ibis, 1881, p. 213 (Italy); id. Icon. Avif. Ital. fasc. xi. t. 339 (1881) ; 
Seebk Ibis, 1882, p. 227 (Astrakan), p. 385 (Archangel); Rogeron, 
Bull. Soc. Accl. (3) x. pp. 220-230 (1883) ,• Styan, Ibis, 1891, 
pp. 328, 494; Dub. Faun. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 414, pi. 250 (1892): 
Rickett, Ibis, 1894, p. 224 (China). 
Cygnus melanorhinus, Naum. Tog. Deutschl. xi. p. 497, t. 297 
(1842); Bias, in Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. 2, p. 298 (1860); 
Jacket, J.f.O. 1861, pp. 66-71; Westhoff. J.f.O. 1890, p. 212. 

Cygnus musicus minor, Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxii (1844). 

Olor 
minor, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 130 (1844); Bp. 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 4 (1856) ; id. Cat. Parz. p. 15 
(1856); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 78, no. 10601 (1871); ? Ridqw. 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 202, 222 (1880). 

1 . CYGNUS. 
31 
Cvgnus ferus, G. B. Gr. (nee Leach) Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 144 
"(Nepal) (1846) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 76 (1863); Brooks. 

J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 64; Blanf. 8tr. Feath. vii. p. 90 (1878); 
Hume, ibid. p. 464 (=bewickii) (1879). 
Cygnus musicus, Kjaerb. (nee BeehsL) Orn. Ban. pi. xliv. (1851). 
Cygnus sp., Altum, Naumannia, 1854, pp. 145-149, Taf. i. & ii. 
Cygnus americanus, JSartl. (nee SharpL) Naumannia, 1854, p. 327. 
Cygnus altumi, Baedeker-,fideBp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648 (1856); 

JSevertz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); id.J.f. 0. 1875, p. 184, 

n. 358; Dress. Bis, 1876, p. 416; Hume, 8tr. Feath. vii. p. 105 
(1878); Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22. 
Holor minor, Olphe-GalL Contr, Faun. Orn. Fur. Occ. fasc. v, 

p. 15 (1885). 
Cygnus davidi, Gigl. § Salvad. [nee Swink) P. Z. S.1887, p. 589, 
pi. Hi. f. 1 (Possiette Bay) ; iid. Mem. B. Ac. 8c. Tor. (2) xxxix. 

p. 117 (1888). 
Adult* Similar to O. musicus, but smaller; tail-feathers normally 
20 ; lores and basal portion of the beak deep yellow, but this 
colour not extending below the nostrils, remainder of the bill black, 
the black reaching on the edges to the gape and sometimes extending 
along the culmen; legs and feet dull black; irides hazel. Total 
length 3 feet 10 inches to 4 feet 2 inches, wing about 21 inches; 
culmen 3*8, tarsus 4*8. 

Young in first winter. Greyish brown. 
Young in second tuinter. White, the head and breast strongly 
marked with rusty; base of the beak lemon-yellow. 

Rob. Arctic Siberia, whence it migrates to the Caspian, South 
Siberia, Mongolia, China, and Japan; occasionally wanders to 
Central and Western Europe, more frequently visits Great Britain. 
It is not known to occur in Iceland. 

a. Ad. sk. Gt. Britain. Yarrell Coll. (Type 
of the species.) 
5. Ad. st Gt. Britain. 
c. Ad. sk. Gt. Britain. A. D. Bartlett. Esq. 
[C.]. 
d. Ad. [head and Whittlesea. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
legs]. 
e. Q ad. Theadl. Strangford Lough, Belfast. J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
f. 
Ad. [head and Petchora. Seebohni Coll. 
legs]. 
g. 
Ad. sk. Ningpo, China, Dec. (B. 8win» Seebohm Coll. 
hoe), 
h. Ad. sk. Amoy, China. Purchased. 
i. 
<$ juv. sk Possiette Bay (Toy. of H.It.M. Prof. Giglioli [P.].* 
Ship'VettorPisani'). 
k. 
Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (JBL. Seebohm Coll. 
Fryer). 
* Cygnus davidi, Gigl. & Salyad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 589, pi. Hi. f. 1. 
32 
ANATID-aS.* 

I. 
Skeleton. 
m. 
Skull and Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.. 
feet. [P.]. 
3. Cygnus columbianus. 
? Cygnus ferus, Bartr. {nee Briss.) Trav. p. 294 (1791) (may be 

C. buccinator). 
"Whistling Swan, P. Allen, Mist, of the Bxpedit. under the command 
of Capt. Lewis and Clarke, i. p. 398, ii. p. 192 (1814) * 
Anas columbianus, Ord, Guthrie's Geogr. 2nd Am. ed. p. 319 (1815). 
Anas cygnus, Bp. {nee Linn.) Obs. Nomencl, Wils. p. — (1826); id. 

Speech. Comp. p. 70, n. 237 (1827). 
Cygnus musicus, Bp. {nee Bechst.) I. c.; id. Syn. p. 379 (1828); 
Zin&l. Am. Journ. xliv. p. 268 (1843). 
Cygnus bewickii, Sw. ty Rich, {nee Yarr.) Faun. B.-Am. ii. p. 465 
(1831); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 372 (1834). 
Cvgnus ferus, Sharpless {nee Leach), JDoughty's Cab. Nat. Hist. L 

"no. 8, p. 181 (1831); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 366 (1834). 
[Anas ?] americana, Sharpl. op. cit. p. 185, pi. 16 (1831). 
Cygnus americanus, Sharpl. Am. Journ. Sc. Art, xxii. p. 83 (1832); 

Bp. Suppl. Speech. Comp. p. 11, n. 237 (1832); Macgill. Man. Orn. 

ii. p. 157 (1842) (Scotland); Bp. Comp. List, p. 55, n. 364 (1838); 
Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 99 (1838) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 133, 
pi. 411 (1839); id. Syn. p. 274 (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 226, 
pi. 384 (1843): Gir. B. LongLsl. p. 298 (1844); G.B. Gr. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 610, n. 6 (1844); JRchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, Novitiee, 
t. 
104. f. 2774 (1850) (ex Audubon); Newb. P. P. JR. Bep. vi. 
p. 100 (1857); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 758 (1858); id. Cat N. Am. 
B. n. 561 a (1859); ? Barnston, Ibis, 1860, p. 253 (Hudson's Bay); 
Coop. 8r Suekl. N. B. Wash. Terr. p. 248 (1860); Wheat. Ohio 
Agr. Bep. no. 223 (1860); Coues $ Brent. Smiths. Bep. p. 477 
(1861) ; Boss, Canad. Natural, vii. p. 151 (Mackenzie Kiver) 
(1862); id. Nat. Hist. Bev. (2) ii. p. 286 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 
1863, p. 135; Coues, Br. Ac. Bhilad. 1866, p. 98 (Colorado Kiver) ; 
Mcllwr. Br. Ess. Inst. v. p. 94 (1866) (W. Canada); Later. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1866); Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 82 
(1866); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285 (England?); Brown,Ibis, 1868, 
p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.) ; Coues, Br. Ess. Inst. v. p. 297 (1868) 
(New England); id. Br. Bast. Soc. xii. p. 124 (1868) (S. Carolina 
in winter); Turnb. B. B. Ba. 1869, p. 34 (Chesapeake Bay); 
Dall Sr Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 293 (1869) (Yukon); Byt. Syn. 
Anat. p. 47 (1869); Mayn. Guide, p. 146 (1870) (Massachusetts) ; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 855 (1872); Coues, Key, p. 281, f. 182 
(1872); id. Check-list, no. 477 (1873); Snow, B. Bans, p. 11 
(1873); Bidgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 388 (1874) (Illinois); 
Coues, Birds N-West, p. 545 (1874); Barker, Zoolog. 1880, p. Ill 
(Scotland); Selat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 506; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882. 
p. 352; B. O. U. List Br B. p. 120 (1883); Sauna., YarreWs 
Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 322 (1884-85). 
Olor americanus, G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 131 (1844); 

* * In the quarto edition of the same work, p. 482 (1814), two Swans are 
mentioned, differing only in size and in note; the smaller "is about one 
fourth less, and its note is entirely different." 

1 . CTG-NUS. 
33 

Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. C48, n. 5 (1850); G. P. Gr. Handlist, 
iii. p. 78, n. 10602 (1871); Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 588 
(1881); Nels. Cruise < Corwin; p. 92 (1881): Murd. Exp. to Point 
Barrow, p. 116 (1885). 

Cygnus columbianus, Coues, Bull U.S. Geol <§* Geogr. Surv. Terr. 
2nd ser. n. 6, p. 444 (1876) j id. Chech-list, 2nd ed. p. 110, n. 689 
(1882); id. Key N. Am. B. p. 682, n. 689 (1884). 

Olor columbianus, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 210 (1882); B., 
B., § B. Water-Birds N Am. i. p. 425 (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 150 (Bering I.) (1885); A. O. IT. Code of 
Nom. and Chech-list, p. 129, n. 180 (1886) ; Turner, Contr. N.S. 
Alaska, p. 144 (1886) (Yukon); Nels. N. II. Coll. in Alaska, 

p. 91 (1887) (Bering Sea) ,• Biigw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 120, 
pi. xxix. f. 1 (head) (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 
(Bering Is.) (1887); Macfarl Pr. US. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 425 (eggs) 
(1891) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 82 (1892). 
Tail usually of twenty feathers ; bill not longer tban the head. 

Aditft. Entire plumage pure white, the head, sometimes the neck, 
or even entire underparts, tinged with rusty; bill, tarsi, and feet 
deep black, the bare loral skin usually marked by an oblong spot 
of orange or yellow (dull pale reddish, yellowish, or whitish in 
the skin); iris brown. Total length about 53-55 inches, wing 
21-50-22, tail 7-8, culmen 3-82-4-2, tarsus 4-06-4-32. 

Female similar. 

Young. Light plumbeous, paler beneath, the fore part and top of 
the head tinged with reddish brown ; bill reddish flesh-colour, dusky 
at the tip; feet dull yellowish flesh-colour or greyish. 

Hah. The whole of North America, breeding far north; accidental 
in Scotland. 

a. Ad. sk. N. America. J. Richardson, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Northern Exped. The Admiralty [P.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Corpus Ohristi, Texas, Oct. (F. Salvin-Grodrnan Coll. 
B. Armstrong). 
4. Cygnus buccinator. 
Cygnus buccinator, Rich. Faun. B.-A. ii p. 464 (1831) (Hudson's 
Bay); Yarrell, Philos. Mag. 1832, p. 287 ; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvii, 
pp. 1-4, pi. i. (1834) (sternum and trachea); Nuit. Man. ii. p. 370 
(1834); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 536, pi. 376 (1838); Bp. Comp. List, 

p. 55, n. 365 (1838); Wiegm. Arch.f. Naturg. 1838, i. p. 371; Eyt. 
Mon. Anat. p. 100 (1838); Blainv. Compi. Bend. vii. p. 1026 (1838); 
Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 323; Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 114, pi. 406 
(1839); id. Syn. p. 274 (1839) ; Biipp. Mus. Senckenb. hi. p. 6 
(1839); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 219, pis. 382, 383 (1843); Wyman, 
Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 119 (sternum) (1843); Giraud, B. of 
Long Isl. p. 299 (1844); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 610, n. 7 (1844); 
Sartl. Syst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 104. ff. 2775-76 (1850) (ex Aud.); Newb. P.P. R. 
Rep. vi. p. 104 (1857) (California and Oregon); Baird, B. N. Am9 
p. 758 (1858); id. Cat N. Am. B. n. 562 (1859); Wied, J. f. O. 
1859, p. 162; fBarnst. Ibis, 1860, p. 253 (Hudson's Bay); Coop. 
VOL. XXVII. » 

34 ANATID^J. 

# Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 248 (1860); Wheat. Ohio Agric. 
Rep, no. 234 (1860) (Lake Erie); Hayd. Rep. p. 175 (1862) (Yellowstone) 
; Blakist Ibis, 1862, p. 9; Boss, Canad. Natural, vii. 

p. 151 (Mackenzie River) (1862) ; id. Nat Hist Rev. (2) ii. p. 286 
(1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 136; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 203 
(Zool. Gard.); Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 83 (1866); Murie, 
B. Z. S. 1867, pp. 6,11,12, 13: Hincks, B. Z. S. 1868, pp. 211213; 
Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.); Ball ty Bann. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 294 (1869) (Frazer River and Yukon); Tumi. 
B. B. Ba. p. 45 (1869) (Chesapeake Bay); Eyton, Syn. Anat 
p. 49 (1869); Sclat. B. Z. S. 1870, p. 664 (Zool. Gard.); Trippe, 
Br. Bss. Inst vi. p. 119 (1871) (Minnesota); Merr. U.S. Geol 
Surv. Terr. p. 703 (1872) (Wyoming); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 855 
(1872); Coues, Key, p. 281 (1872); id. Chech-list, n. 476 (1873); 
Snow, B. Bans. p. 11 (1873) (Iowa); Garrod, B. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 
(carotids), p. 639; Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 388 (1874; (Illinois); 
Cones, Birds N.-W. p. 544 (1874); Adams, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 430 (Michala&ki); Sclat B. Z. S. 1880, p. 506; Forbes, B. Z. S. 
1882, p. 352; Coues, Chech-list, 2nd ed. p. 110, n. 688 (1882); 
Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 39; id. Tog. Zool. Gart p. 70 
(1882); Huet, Bidl. Soc. Zool. Br. 1882, p. 353 (breeding in captivity); 
Sclat ListVert An. 8th ed. p. 424, n. 946 (1883); B. O. U. 
List Br. B. p 121 (1883); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 682 
(1884); Saund. Yarrell'sHist Br.B.iv.y.322(1884-85); ?Babingt 
B. of Suff. p. 243, pis. v., vi. (1886); Sharpe, Cat Osteol. Specim. 
Coll. Surg. iii. p. 296 (1891). 
Olor buccinator, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234; Bp. Compt. Rend, sliii. 

p. 648, n. 6 (1856); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 78, n. 10603 
(1871); Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 589 (1881); Stefn. Br. U.S. 
Nat Mus. v. p. 216 (1882); B., B., $ R. Water-Birds N. Am. i. 
p. 430 (1884); A. O. U. Code of Norn. $ Chech-list, p. 130, n. 181 
(1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 120 (1887) ; Macfarl. Br. 
U.S. Nat Mus. xiv. p. 425 (nest and eggs) (1891) ; Hatch, B. of 
Minnes. p. 83 (1892). 
Cygnus passmori, Hincks, Journ. Linn. Soc. viiL p. 1 (1864) 
(Toronto); Murie, B. Z. S. 1867, pp. 8-13; Hincks, B. Z. S. 
1868, p. 211; Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 281 (1872). 

Olor passroorii, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 78, n. 10604 (1871); 
Boucard, Cat AD. p. 57 (1876). 

Tail usually of 24 feathers; bill longer than the head. 

Adult Plumage entirely pure white; the head, sometimes the 
neck also, or even the entire lower parts tinged with rusty; bill, 
naked lores, legs, and feet uniform deep black : iris brown. Total 
length about 58-50-68 inches, wing 21-27*25, tail 8, culmen 4*344-
70, tarsus 4-54-4*92. 

The arrangement of the trachea in this species is very different 
from that in C. columbianus: it has, besides the horizontal bend, a 
vertical flexure which occupies a prominent protuberance on the 
anterior portion of the dorsal aspect of the sternum ; further, the 
posterior portion of the channel through which the trachea passes, 
swells more or less into an irregular bulb. 

Young. " In winter the young has the bill black, with the middle 
portion of the ridge to the length of an inch and a half light flesh


1 . CYGKNUS. 
-colour, and a large elongated patch, of a light dull purple on each 
side; the edge of the lower mandible and the tongue dull yellowish 
flesh-colour. The eye is dark brown. The feet are dull yellowish 
brown, tinged with olive; the claws brownish black, the webs 
blackish brown. The upper part of the head and the cheeks are 
light reddish brown, each feather having, towards its extremity, a 
small oblong whitish spot, narrowly margined with dusky; the 
throat nearly white, as well as the edge of the lower eyelid. The 
general colour of the other parts is greyish white, slightly tinged 
with yellow; the upper part of the neck marked with spots similar 
to those on the head." (Audubon.) 

"Cygnets are of a uniform ashy grey in their first plumage, darker 
than in the corresponding plumage of G. olor? When moulting 
they " seem to be whiter on the breast and darker on the back than 
the Common Swan at the same period." (Sclater.) 

Eab. Interior of North America, more rare or less generally 
distributed towards the Pacific coast, rare or accidental along the 
Atlantic coast; breeding from Iowa and Dakota northward. 

a. Ad. sk. Vancouver Is. (J. K. Brit. N. Amer. Boun-
Lord). dary Coram. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Snake E., Washington, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. (Curtis). 
c. Juv. sk. California. J. Eichards, Esq. [P.], 
d. Skeleton. N. America. Zool. Soc. 

e. Sternum with trachea, 
5. Cygnus olor. 
Tame Swan, Edw. Birds, yl. 150 (head) (1743). 

Cygnus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 288 (1760). 

Anas cygnus /3, Linn. S. N. i. p. 194 (1766). 

Cygnus inansiietus, Salerne, Orn. ou Tr. des Ois. p. 404 (1767) ; 

Flem. Br. An. p. 126 (1828); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iii. 

p. 130 (1844); JDegl. $ Gerhe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 475 (1867); Bub. 
Faun. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 416, pi. 249 (1892). 
Cigne, JJAubent. PI Enl. 913. 
Cygne, Buff. JSist Nat. Ois. ix. p. 3, pi. 1 (1783). 
Anas cvgnas (errore?), Bodd. Tail PL Enl p. 54, n. 913 (1783). 
Mute Swan, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 436, n. 2 (1785). 
Anas cygnus (mansuetus), Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl i. p. 297 (1787). 
Anas olor, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 502, n. 47 (1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. 

p. 834, n. 2 (1790). 
Anser cygnus a, Bonn. Enc. MHh. i. p. 107, pi. 28 (upper figure) 
(1790). 
Cygnus gibbus, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 815 
(1809); Meyer, Tasehenb. deutsch. Vogelk. ii. p. 501 (1810); 
Brehm,Lsis, 1830, p. 995; Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234; JSfordm. 
Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb. 1834, p. 450; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. v. p. 189 (1882); Sundev. Ibis, 1886, p. 408 (osteol.). 

Cygnus sibilus, Pall Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 215 (1811). 
Cygnus mutus, Ford. Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 64 (1817). 

3)2 

36 .AtfATIDJE. 

Cygnus olor, Vieill N. D. ix. p. 37 (1817) ; Dum. Diet. 8c Nat. xiL 

p. 308 (1818); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 15, pi. 38 (1824); Brehm, 
Isis, 1830, p. 995 j Less. Tr. oVOrn. p. 629 (1831); Bennett, Gard* 
§ Menag. Zool. Soc, Birds, p. 165 (1831) ; Temm. Man. dJOm. iv. 
p. 529 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. pi. 354 (1837); Less. Compl de 
Buff., Ois. ix. p. 527 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838); 
Bp. Comp. List, p. 65, n. 392 (1838); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 96, 
pi. 3. f. 11 (sternum) (1838); Blainv. Compt. Rend. vii. p. 1023 
(1838) ; Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 321; Bilpp. Mus. Senckenb. iii. 
p. 5 (1839); K. § B. Wirbelth. Bur. pp. lxxxii, 222 (1840) ; 
Naum. Vog. Deutschl xi. p. 442, Taf. 295 (1842) ; Hartl. Syst, 
Vers. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); Schleg. Bev. Crit. p. cxi (1844); 
G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 610, n. 1 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Xatatores, 
t. 105. ff. 252-54 (1845) ; Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, 
p. 266 (Scandinavia); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 101 (1854); Bp. 
Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 1 (1856); Heugl. Syst. TJeb. p. 65 
(1856) ; Parker, P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 515, 517; Radde, Beis. S. 0.-
Sibir. ii. p. 350 (Dauria) (1863); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 
p. 78 (1866); Tristr. Lbis, 1868, p. 327; Wright, Ibis, 1869y 
p. 248 (Malta); Eyt. Syn. Anat p. 44 (1869); Elwes $ Buckl. Ibis, 
1870, p. 338 (Turkey); Hutt. ibid. p. 397 (Auckland, introduced); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 664; G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 78, 
n. 10957 (1871); Nathus. J.f. 0. 1871, p. 255 (egg); Shell B. of 
Egypt, p. 278 (1872); Sund. Met. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 
(1872); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi 8 (part xxi., 1872); Qieb. TJies. 
Orn. i. p. 856 (1872); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 342 (Sardinia); 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ,* Eanf. § Harvie Brozm, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 426 (Transylvania); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 348 ; 
Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 416; Scully, Sir. Feath. iv. p. 197 (E. Turkestan) 
(1876) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 307, 312, 317 (bursa 
Fabricii); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool Phii.p. 44 (1877); Prjev. Roicl 
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 99 (1878); Blanf. Str. Feath. vii. p. 99 (Sindli) 
(1878); Hume, ibid. pp. 101, 106 (India) (1878); id. P. A. S. 
B. 1878, p. 138 (Sindli); Bogd. [B. Cauc] p. 170 (Terek) (1878); 
Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 419, pis. 418, 419. & 5, 6 (beads) (1880); 
Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317; Sclat. ibid. p. 505; Hume <$• 
Marsh. Game-B. Ind. iii. p. 41, pi. 5 (1880) ; Forbes, P. Z. & 
1882, p. 352; Seebh. Ibis, 1882, p. 227 (Astrakan); BeJinw. 
Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 39; id. Fog. Zool Gdrt. p. 71 (1882); 
Seebh. Ibis, 1883, p. 33 (Caucasus); P . O. U. List Br. B. 
p. 119 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 423 (1883); Tristr. 
Faun. Sr Flor. of Palest, p. 114 (1884); Seebh. Ibis, 1884, 
p. 429 (Lenkoran) ; Bunge, MSI Biol 1884, p. 47 (Lena Delta) ; 
Radde, Ornis Cauc. p. 448 (1884); Saund. TarrelVs Hist. Br. B. 
iv. p. 324 (1884-85) ; Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 476, pi. 57 (egg) 
(1885); Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22; ? Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1888,' p. 458 (Ginzan, Corea!); Guillem. Ibu, 1888, p. Ill 
(Cyprus); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 345; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 
(1889); Bchmv. J.f. 0.1890, p. 80; Lydekk. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 410, 
f. 3 b; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 71 (incubation) ; Saund. ibid. p. 185; 
Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml p. 22Q (1891); SJiarpe, Sc. Res. Sec. 
York. Miss., Aves, p. 127 (1891) ; id. Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll. Surg. 
iii. p. 295 (1891); Seebh. Ibis, 1892, p. 26 (Heligoland). 
Cygnus gibbosus, Kuhl, Buf. Fig. Av. Norn. Sust. pp. 16, 26 
(1820). 
Olor mansuetus, Bp. Cat. Met. TJcc. Eur. p. 68, n. 411 (1842). 


1 . CTGNTTS. 37 
Oygnus sibilans, Miss. Skand. Faun., Fogl 3rd ed. ii. p. 386 (1858). 
Cygnus tuberculirostris, C. F. Dub. PI Col. Ois. Belq. iii. r>, 300 
(1860). F 
€ygnus immutabilis, Pelz. {nee Yarr.) Verh. z.~b. Ges. Wien, xii. 


p. 785 (1862) (Menzaleh, Egypt). 
Oygnus mrwini, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 413; Salv. ibid, (note, =0. 
olor); Blanf. Str. Feath. vii. p. 100 (1877); Hume. ibid. p. 104 
(=olor juv.) (1878); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 195 (1882). 


Cygnus, sp., Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 299 (Cutch); Hume, Str. 
Feath. iv. p. 33 (1876), vii. p. 104 (1878). 
Oygnus pelzelni, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 197 (Lake Menzaleh) 
(1882) Qun. ?). 

Yar. domestica. 

? Anas dircsea, Herm. Obs. Zool p. 139 (1809). 

Oygnus immutabilis, Yarr. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 19 (Medway, England); 
Pp. Comp. List, p. 55, n. 383 (1838); Fyton, Mon. Anat p. 96 
(1838) ; Blainv. Compt. Fend. vii. p. 1024 (1838) (=?0. olor feras) ; 
Wiegm. Arch./. Naturg. 1838, i. p. 371; Pelerin, Mag. N. H 1839, 

p. 172 (osteol. diff.); Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 322; K. $B. Wirbelth. 
Fur. p. lxxxiv (note) (1840); Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 121 (with fig.) 
(1843); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 510, n. 2 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. A v., Natatores, 
t.106. £ 965 (1845); Bias, in Naum. Vb'g. Beutschl. xiii. 2, p. 227 
(1860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 351 (Ionian IsL); Degl. \ Gerbe, Orn. 
Fur. ii. p. 476 (1867); Fyt. Syn. Anat. p. 45 (1869) ; ?Flw.fyBucM. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 338 (Epirus); Field, July 1871; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, 
iii. p. 78, n. 10598 (1871); Bruc/g. Zool. Gdrt. 1875, p. 321 (=olor 
var.); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 406 (breeding); Southw. Tr. Norf. Nat. 
Soc. ii. pp. 258-260 (1876); Press. B. Fur. vi. p. 429, pi. 41*9.ff. 1, 
2 (heads) (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 506 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 352; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 192 (1882); B. O. 
U. List Br. B. p. 120 (1883); Saund. YarrelTs Hist. Br. B. iv. 
p. 340 (1884^85); Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 478 (1885); Southw. in 
Stevens. B. of Norfolk, iii. p. Il l (1890); Rchnw. J.f. 0.1890, p. 80. 
Olor immutabilis, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Fur. p. 68, n. 412 (1842). 
Oygnus olor immutabilis, Schleg. Rev. Crit p. cxii (1844) (England, 

Holland). 
Oygnus olor a. immutabilis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648 (1856). 
Oygnus olor, part., Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 18, spec. 3 (Haar


lem) (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 856 (1872); Sclat. List Vert 

An. 8th ed. p. 423, spec, e, q, r (1883). 
Polish Swan, Gum. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 379. 
Oygnus mansuetus, part., Bub. Faun. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 416 (1892). 

Hybrids. 
Oygnus olor X Anser ferus, var. domesticus, Crommelin, Ibis, 1869, 

p. 127. 
Oygnus olor $ X C. ferus $ , Dunn, Naturalist, 1890, p. 281; Leverk. 
J.f.O.l 890, p. 217. 
Cygnus olor <j* X Anser cinereus $, Leverk. I. c. 
Oygnus olor 3 X Anser domesticus $, Leverk. L c. 
Cygnus immutabilis X (Bernicla leucopsis X B. canadensis), Leverk. I. c* 
Oygnus olor $ x Anser cinereus S ? Leverk. 1. c. p. p. 218. 
Oygnus olor J x 0. atratus $, Leverk. I. c. 
38 
AtfATIDJE. 

Adult. Entire plumage pure white; lores, frontal tubercle, base? 

of the upper mandible, nostrils, nail, edges of the upper mandible7 

and entire under mandible black, remainder of the beak reddish 

orange; legs and feet dull black ; irides hazel. Total length 

4 feet 8 inches to 5 feet, wing 27 inches, tail 10, culmen 4-2, 

tarsus 4*5. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller, the neck 

more slender; the tubercle at the base of the beak smaller. 

Young. Plumage almcst a sooty grey; neck and under surface of 

the body lighter in colour ; beak lead-colour; nostrils and the basal 

marginal line black. 

Cygnets. Covered with soft brownish or dull ashy-grey downy 

which on the lower throat and breast becomes much paler, almost 

white ; bill and legs lead-grey. 

In this bird the keel of the sternum is simple, unprovided with 

any cavity. 

I quite agree with Mr. Seebohm and others, who believe that the 

so-called Polish Swan can only be regarded as a quasi-albino pro


duced by domestication. None of the characters attributed to 

G. ionmutahilis are constant. 
Hah. Denmark and South Sweden, South Eussia, Yalley of the 
Danube, Transylvania and Greece, and passing the northern shores 
of the Caspian, to Turkestan and Mongolia; winters in the 
southern portions of the Caspian, occasionally in the extreme northwest 
of India, and in the basin of the Mediterranean. 

a. Ad. sk. Nairn, N.B. (immidabilis). Duncan Baillie, Esq. PP.]* 
b. Juv. sk. Achill Is., Ireland. J. E. Sheridan, Esq. [P.J. 
c. Ad. sk. Gtt Britain. Dr. Dowler [PJ. 
d. 
Imm. st. Marshes near Horning, M. C. Cooke, Esq. [P.], 
Norfolk (immutabilis). 
e. 3 imm. sk. Brundall, Norfolk, Sept. Dr. E. Bowdler Sharpe(
J. H. Fawcett). [P.]. 
/. Juv. [head]. Yarmouth. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.]. 
g. Juv. st. Eiver Severn. J. E. Johnson, Esq. [P.]. 
h. 
Juv. sk. Poole Harbour, Dorset, Baron A. von Hiigel [P.].. 
Sept. 
i. Pull. sk. Thames E. Gould Coll. 
k. Ad. [head]. Kingsbury. J. E. Halting, Esq. [P.]. 
7. Ad. [head & Bashaw. Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
legs]. 
m. 
Juv. [head & Sidemi, Ussuri, Oct. {Jan- Seebohm Coll. 
legs]. howsky). 
n. Ad. sk. Sehwan District, Sindh, Hume Coll. 
Feb. (Watson), 
o. Imm. sk. Peshawar, June. Hume Coll. 
Pi $• <S ?- Jnbbee Stream, nr. Hazara, Hume Coll. 
JUY
sk. ' and E. Pindee, Jan. ( W. 


R. Unwiri). (Types of C. unwini, Hume.) 
r. Skeleton (immutabilis). 
Sjt. Skeletons. 
u,v,w. Skulls. 
1 . CYGOTS. 
39 

x. Sternum, Nairn, N.B. {immutabUis). Duncan Baillie, Esq. [P.], 
y. Sternum with trachea. 
%. Sternum. Algeria. 
6. Cygims melancoryphus. 
Anas melancorypha, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 207 (1782); id, 
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 199 (1810); Brandts, TJebers. Molin. Nature/. 
Chili, p. 207 (1786). 

Black-necked Swan, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 438, n. 3 (1785); Griff. 
An. Kingd. iii. p. 661, pi. — (1829). 

Anas nigricollis, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 502, n. 48 (1788) {ex Bougainville) 
; Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 834, n. 3 (1790). 

Anas melanocephala, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 502, n. 49 (1788) {esc 

Molina). 
Anser melaneoryphus, Bonn. JSno. MHh. i. p. 108, n. 2 (1790). 
Anser nigricollis, Bonn. I. c. n. 3 (1790). 
Cisne de cabeza negra, D'Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 404, n. 425 (1805) ; id, 

Voy. {Sonn. ed.), iv. p. 223 (1809). 

Cygnus melanocephalus, Vieill. N. B. ix. p. 42 (1817); Blainv. 
Compt. Rend. vii. p. 1026 (1838); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 
(1852). 

Cygnus nigricollis, " Lath.," Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. xii. p. 313 (1818); 
Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 17 (1824); Boie, his, 1826, p. 981; 
Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 98 (1838); B'Orb. Voy. Am. Mir., Itin. ii, 

p. 304 (note) (1839); id. Wiegm. Arch. 1839, i. p. 57; Leu. Bev. 
Zool. 1839, p. 323 ; Bilpp. Mus. Senck. iii. p. 8 (1839) ; Pdpp. ibid. 
p. 9 (note) (1839); Fraser, B. Z. 8. 1843, p. 118 (Chili); G. B. 
Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 130 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 610, 
n. 3 (1844); Haril 8yst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, 1.106. f. 967 (1845); Yarr. P. Z. S. 1847, 
p. 54 {egg); Hartl. Lnd. Azar. Apunt p. 27, n. 425 (1847); Des 
Murs, in Gay's Hist. Chile, i. p. 445, pi. 14 (1848); Bibra, 
Benkschr. k. Ak. Wisse?isch. v. 2, p. 131 (1853) (cf. J. f. O. 1855, 
p. 57) ; Thien. Fortpfianzsg. t. 76. f. 3 (egg) (1854); Bp. Compt. 
Bend, xliii. p. 648, n. 2 (1856) ; JBurm. Svst. TJeb. iii. p. 432 (Sta. 
Catliarina I.) (1856); Cass. U.S. Astron. Exp., Zool. p. 200 (1856); 
Gould, B. Z. 8.1859, p. 98; Sclat. ibid. p. 206 (Falkland Isl.); 
JBurm. J.f. 0.1860, p. 266; Wolf $ Sclat. Zool. Sketch, i. pi. 48 
(1861); Abbott, Lbis, 1861, p. 159 (Falklands); JBurm. La-Plata 
Beise, ii. p. 512 (1861); Schleg. Biermt. p. 277, with fig. (1864); 
Pelz. Beise Novara, Tog. p. 137 (1865); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 79 (1866) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 334; Ph. fy Landb. 
Cat. Av. Chil p. 50 (1868); Cunningh. Lbis. 1868, p. 488; Sol. Sr 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas); iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 
(Elizabeth Isle) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 46 (1869); Sclat. P. Z. & 
1869, p. 629 (Zool. Gard.), 1870, p. 665 (Zool. Gard.); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 459 (1870); Sclat.fy Sah. Ibis, 1870, p. 504 (eggs, Elizabeth 
Island); JB. Zool. Gen. Amst. 1871, pp. 196-198; G. B. 
Gr. Band-list, iii. p. 78, n. 10599 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 856 (1872); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 365 (Parana); GarrodT 
P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467 (carotids), 639; Sclat. fy Salv. Nom. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 129, n. 1 (1873) ; Garr. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 348; Gulliv. 
ibid. p. 488; Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163; Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 370; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, pp. 41 (Chuput), 191 (Buenos 
Ayres), 1878, p. 400 (Centr. Patagonia); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, 
40 
A3STATID-S3. 

p. 33; Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317; Sclat. ibid. pp. 508, 535; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Hugh Bay); Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 352; Fchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 39; id. Vog. 
Zool. Gart. p. 70 (1882); A. Milne-Fdw. Faun. Beg. Austr. cli. ix. 
p. 40 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 424, n. 970 (1883); 
Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 273 (Entrerios); JBerl J. f. 0. 1887, 
p. 133 (Sta. Catliarina, Parana, and B. Ayres) ; Burm. Anal. Mus. 
Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888); Sclat Argent. Orn. ii. p. 124, 
pi. xviii. (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (1889); Kerr, Ibis, 1890, 
p. 358; Evam, Ibis, 1891, p. 71 (incubation); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, 
p. 125 (Cordova) ; Oust. Miss. So. Cap Horn, iv. Ois. p. 185 (1891); 
Eartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 226 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 206 (Argentina); Berk. James, New List CHI. B. p. 9, n. 147 
(1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay). 
Anas raelanocoryphus,"Mol." Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 528 
(1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838). 
Sthenelus melancoryphus, Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 185 
(1882). 
Stnenelides melancorypha, Stejn. Kingsl. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 143 
(1885). 

Adult male. Pure white, except the head and the upper two-
thirds of the neck, which are black, with a velvet gloss ; a narrow 
white stripe surrounds the eye and extends backward towards the 
nape; chin white: " iris almost black; bill plumbeous, with the 
base and knob red; feet pale flesh-colour " (Natterer). Total length 
about 48 inches, wing 17*5, tail 5-5, culmen 3*4, tarsus 3*5. 

Female. Similar to the male, only smaller. 

Young. "No frontal knob ; head and neck brown, lighter than in 
the adult; the white feathers have rusty edges, more conspicuous 
on the upper parts ; tips of the primaries and shafts of the quills 
chocolate-brown. (Stejneger.) 

Young in down. "White, the upper parts with a faint greyish 
tinge. (Stejneger.) 
Hah. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentine Bepublie, 
Chili, Patagonia, and Falkland Islands. 

uy b. Ad. sk. Chili. 
Zool. Soc. 

c. Pull. st. Chili. Purchased. 
d, e. <$ ad. sk. Eio Pilmaiquen, Chili, H. B,^. y W , E„. 
Feb. 
/ . 
c? imm. sk. Hugh Bay, W. coast of Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 
Patagonia, Dec. (Coppinger). 


g. Ad. sk. Str. of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Str. of Magellan. Sir W. Burnett & Capt. 
Fitzroy [P.]. 
*. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. Skeleton. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I. Skeleton. Chili. 
Zool. Soc. 
m. Skeleton. Chili. 
T. C. Bridges, Esq. [0.1 
n. 
Sternum. Patagonia, Oct. (Cov* Voy. H.M.S. • Alert/ 
pinger). 
2 . CHENOPIS, 
41 

2. CHENOPIS. 
Type. 
Ohenopis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234 C. atrata. 
Chenopsis, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852). j 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. Chenopis atrata. 
Black S-nran, Phill. Bot. Bay, p. 98 (1789); Lalill Voy. in Search of 
La Perouse, Engl. ed. i. p. 184, pi. 9 (1800); Lath Gen. Syn. 
Suppl. ii. p. 343 (1801). 

Anas atrata, Lath Ind. Orn. ii. p. 834, n. 4 (1790); Ranz. El. di 
Zool iii. pt. ix. p. 97 (1826) ; Tarr. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 382, 
pi. xii. (trachea) (1826). 

Anser novae hollandise, 
Bonn. JSnc. Mttth i. p. 108, n. 4 (1790) {ex 
Phillips). 
Anas plutonia, Shaw, Nat Misc. iii. pi. 108 (1791); Cuv. Bean. An. 

i. p. 529 (1817). 
Cygne noir, Labill. Voy. rec. La Per. i. p. 184, pi. 9 (1800). 
Cygnus atratus, Vieill. N. J), ix. p. 39 (1817); Bum. Diet So. Nat. 
xii. p. 314 (1818); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 18, pi. 39 (1824); 
Vieill Gal. Ois. ii. p. 215, pi. 286 (1825); Tarr. Zool. Journ. iv. 
p. 321 (1828); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 407 (1828); id. Tr. cFOrn. 
p. 629, pi. 48. f. 1 (1831); Bennett, Gard. § Menag. Zool. Soc, 
Birds, p. 45, with figure (1831); Heron, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 107; 
Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 529 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. 
p. 718 (1838); Blainv. Compt. Rend. yii. p. 1026 (1838); Less. Rev. 
Zool. 1839, p. 323; Rilpp. Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 9 (1839); G. R. 
Gr.Gen. B. iii. p. 610, n. 9 (1844); Hartl. Syst. Vers. Ges. Mus. 
p. 118 (1844); Gould, B. Austr. yii. p. 6 (pt. xx., 1845); Rohnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 105. ff. 251-52 (1845), t. 107. f. 2362 
(1850) (ex Gould); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 206 (incubation); Crisp, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 238, 
1862, p. 142; Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 80 (1866); Milll. 
P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280; Sclat. ibid. p. 629; Gieb. Thes. Orn. I. 
p. 855 (1872); Pelz. Lbis, 1873, p. 46; Garr. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 348; 
Mama. Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. p. 200, n. 646 (1878) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 507 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 352; Rchmv. Orn. Centralbl 
1882, p. 39; id. Voy. Zool. Glirt. p. 70 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 424 (1883); Legge, Pr. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1886 p. 244 
(Tasmania) (1886); Rams. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 22, n. 657 (1888); 
Evans, Lbis, 1891, p. 71 (incubation); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. 
p. 226 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 296 
(1891). 
Chenopis atrata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. 

p. 648, n. 7 (1856); Gould, Jiandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 346 (1865); 
Rams, Lbis, 1866, p. 335 (Port Denison); Button, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 397 (Auckland, introduced); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 78, 
n. 10605 (1871); Rams. P. Z. S.1877, p. 345; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. v. p. 219 (1882). 
Chenopsis atrata, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852). 
Cygnus plutonius, Bad. Die JEier eur. Vog. Taf. 31. t 2 (1863); 

Nathus. J.f. 0.1871, p. 252 (egg), 1879, p. 246. 
Chenopsis atratus, Sund. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872). 

42 A2TATID2E. 

Hybrids. 

Black Swan J X White Swan $, Glencon, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 97. 

Cygnus atratusxO. olor, Leverk. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 217. 

Adult male. Brownish black, the under surface paler than the 
tipper; the feathers of the back tipped with greyish brown; primaries 
and secondaries pure white ; tertiaries and scapulars crisp : 
" bill pinky scarlet, crossed near the tip with a broad band of white; 
the extremities of both mandibles are also white; irides scarlet; 
eyelash and lores pinky scarlet; feet black " (Gould). Total length 
about 40 inches, wing 19, tail 4*6, culmen 2*8, tarsus 3*7. 

Female. Similar, but somewhat smaller. 

Young in down. Upper surface light brownish grey; under 
surface white; chin and throat white, changing gradually into the 
greyish tinge of the cheeks ; bill and lores brownish black; nail of 
the bill white ; feet dull greyish brown ; later on the Cygnets get 
greyish also on the underparts. 

Hal. Australia, except the northern part, and Tasmania. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Lord Farnborough [P.]. 
d. e. Pull. sk. Gould Coll. 
/ . Juv. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. [palevariety]. 
i. Pull. st.
Tc. Pull. st. 
N. S. Wales. 
Adelaide. 
Southport R., Tasmania. 
Banks of the P. Thames. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Adelaide Museum [P.], 
Gould Coll. 
I, m. Pull. st.
n. Skeleton. Australia. 
J. Baker, Esq. [P.]. 

o. Sternum with trachea. 
3. C0SCOEOBA. 
Type. 
Coscoroba, Eehnb. Av. Syst. Nat p. x (1852) C. Candida. 
Pseudolor, 67. R. Gr. M88., fide G. M. Or. Cat. Gen. $ 

Subgen. B. p. 122 (1855) C. Candida. 
Pseudocycnus, 8undev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 
(1872) C. Candida. 
Range. Confined to the southern part of South America. 

1. Coscoroba Candida. 
Anas coscoroba, Mol. 8agg. 8tor. Nat. Chili, p. 207 (1782) j Gm. 8. N. 
i. 2, p. 503, n. 51 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 835, n. 7 (1790); 
Eyd. et Gerv. Mag. de Zool. 1836, p. 36: iid. Toy. Favorite, Ois. 
p. 62(1839). J 
Anser coscoroba, Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 112, n. 9 (1790); Vieill. N. D. 
xxiii. p. 332 (1818); Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 1, p. 39 (1824); Dum. 
Diet. 8c. Nat. xxxy. p. 471 (1825). 
3 . COSCOKOBA. 
43 

Ganso bianco, B'Azara, Apimt. iii. p. 406, n. 426 (1805); id. Voy. 
(Sonnini's ed.) iv. p. 325, n. 426 (1809). 
Anser candidus, Vieill. N. B. xxiii. p. 331 (1816); id. Bnc. With. i. 

p. 351 (1823); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 38 (1824) ; Bum. Diet. 
8c. Nat. xxxv, p. 471 (1825). 
Cygnus anatoides, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15; Eyt. Mon. Anat. 

p. 101 (1838); Less. Compl de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 528 (1837); id. 
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838); Blainv. Compt Rend. vii. p. 1026 
(1838); Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 323; Guer.-M6n. ibid. p. 324; 
Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 488; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 49 (1869). 
Cygnus hyperboreus, B'Orb. [neePall.) Voy. Am. Mer.,Itin.ii.p.304 

(note) (1839) ; id. Wiegm. Arch. 1839, i. p. 57. 
Olor coscoroba, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 131 (1844). 
Cygnus coscoroba, G. R. Gr.fyMitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 610, n. 8, pi. 166 

(1844) ; Rchnb. Syn.Av., Natatores, 1.106. f. 966 (1845) {ex Mitch. 
$ Gr.) ; Hartl. Ind. Az. Apunt p. 27, n. 426 (1847); Bes Murs 
in Gay's Hist. Nat. Chile, i. p. 446 (1848); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, 

p. 388 ; Burm. J.f.O.1860, p. 266; id. La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 512 
(1861) (Parana); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 159 (Falklands); Pelz. 
Reise Novara, Vog. p. 137 (1865); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 
p. 83 (1866); Sclat P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 334, 339 (Chili); Phil fy 
Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 41 (1868); Sclat. # Salv. Ibis, 1869, 
p. 284 (Rio Galegos); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 666, 1871, p. 545; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 855 (1872); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 365; 
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467 (carotids), 639; Sclat. $• Salv. 
Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 129, n. 2 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 371; Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163, 1877, p. 41 (Chuput), p. 191, 
1878, p. 400; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 36 ; Bumf. ibid. p. 425; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 507; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 352; Sclat List 
Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 425 (1883); Berl. J.f.O. 1887, p. 124; 
Withingt. Ibis, 1888, p. 471; Burm. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, 
iii. p. 247 (1888); Frew. J.f 0.1891, p. 125 (Cordova). 
Anas chionis, Illig.,Jide G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 610 (1844). 
Coscoroba Candida, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852); Stejn. Pr. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 179 (note) (1882); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. 
p. 126 (1889); Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 358; Berk. James, New 
List Chil B. p. 9, n. 148 (Chili) (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 206 (Argentina); A.plin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay). 
Cygnus chionis, Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 101 (1854); Pelz. $ Lorenz, 
Ann. h. naturhist Hofmus. iii. p. 58 (1888). 
Coscoroba chionis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 8 (1856); G. R. 
Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 79, no. 10606 (1871). 
Pseudocycnus coscoroba, Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 
(1872); Rein. $ Rehmo. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 340 (1890). 
Pseudolor chionis, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 39; id. Vog. Zool 
Gdrt. p. 69 (1882). 
Coscoroba coscoroba, Stejn. Kingsl Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 147 (1885). 
Pseudolor coscoroba, Kartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. $26, n. 3350 

(1891). 

Adult male. "White, but the tips of the primaries black: " irides 
light speckled red" (Withington); "bill and feet flesh-colourn 
(Giglioli, MS.). Total length 40 inches, wing 17*5, tail 5*8, 
culmen 2*7, tarsus 3-8. 

Female. Similar to the male. 

4 4 ANATID^l. 

Hah. Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chili, Patagonia, and Falk


land Islands. 
a. Ad. sk. S. America. Dr. Robertson, R.N. [P.]. 
5. Ad. sk. Southern S. America Eyton Coll. (Type of 
(Capt. King). Cygnus anatoides, King.) 
e. Ad. sk. Chili. 
d. S ad. sk. Chili, Feb. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . $ ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Chili {Weishaupt). 
Buenos Ayres, April (F.
Withington). 
Falkland Is. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Sclater Coll. 
' Challenger' Exp.* 

Subfamily II. ANSEBANATDLE. 

4. AKSERANAS. Type< 
Anseranas (sous-genre), Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 418 
(1828); id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 633 (1831) A. semipalmata. 
Cboristopus, Eyton, Mori. Anat. p. 8 (1838) A. semipalmata. 

Range. Confined to Australia and Tasmania. 

1. Anseranas semipalmata. 
Anas semipalmata, Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 103 (1798) (ex 
Lambeth1 s ic. ined.); id. Ind. Orn., Suppl. p. lxix. n. 2 (1801); 
Tarrell, Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. 2, p. 383, pis. xiii, xiv. (trachea) 
(1827). 

Black and White Goose, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 344 (1801). 
Semipalmated Groose, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 347, pi. 139 
(1801). 
Anas melanoleuca, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. lxix, n. 1 (1801); Cuv. 
MSm. Mies. xi. p. 345, pi. 19 (1827); Less. Compl. de Buf., Ois. 

ix. p. 531, pi. 49. f. 1 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 719, pi. —. f. 1 
(1838). 
Anser semipalmatus, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 343 (1818); id. Enc. Mtth. 

i. p. 352 (1823); Dumont, Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 472 (1825). 
Anser melanoleucus, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 344 (1818) ; id. Enc. Mith. 
i. p. 352 (1823); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 472 (1825). 
Rernicla ? melanoleuca, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 62 (1824). 
JBernicla semipalmata, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 64 (1824). 
Anas (Anseranas) melanoleuca, Less. Man. ffQrn. ii. p. 418 (1828); 
id. Tr. d'Om. p. 633, no. 57 (1831). 
Choristopus semipalmatus, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 78 (1838). 
Ajiseranus melanoleucus, G. It. Gr. List-Gen. B. p. 72 (1840). 
Anseranas melanoleuca, G. R. Gr. List B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 125 (1844) 

id. Gen. B. iii. p. 604 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 1.101. 

f. 950 (1845), t. 91. f. 2654 (1850) (ex Gould); Gould, B. Austr. TO. 
pi. 2 (pt. xxxiL, 1848); Rehnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p.ix, tab.x. (1852); 
* Omitted in the ' Challenger' Report. 
4 . ANSEKA3STAS. 
45 

Bp. Coonpt. Bend, xliii. p. 649, n. 42 (185G); Hep. of Council Z. 8. 
1856, p. 13 (Zool. Gard.) ; Zuchold, J.f 0. 1858, p. 41 (Turner's 
Creek); Bennett, P. Z. S.1861, p. 266; Sclat. P. Z. S.1862, p. 185 
(Zool. Gard.); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 352 (1865); Schleg 
Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 92 (1866); Mull P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280; 

G. R. Gr. JETand-l. iii. p. 73, n. 10552 (1871); Gieb. Thes.Om. i, 
p. 374 (1872); Bams. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 590; id. Pr. Linn. 8oc, 
N. 8. W. i. pp. 194, 217 (Clarence River), 219, 220 (1876); id, 
P. Z. S.1877, p. 345 (Queensland); Diggl B. Austr. ii. p. 109 (1877); 
Bams. Pr. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 200, n. 648 (1878); Sclat. 
P. Z. S.1880, pp. 497, 535; Forbes, P. Z 8. 1882, p. 350 (trachea): 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 415, n. 940 (1883); Bams. Tab, 
List, p. 22, n. 659 (1888); Petterd, Pr. B. Soc. Tasm. 1888. 
pp. 91, 92 (Tasmania); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 52 (1889). 
Anseranas melanoleucos, Bolle, J.f.O. 1856, p. 166 (Zool. Gard.). 
Cygnusrnelanoleucus,ScMeg. JDierent. p. 277 (1864). 
Anseranas semipahiiatus, Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 23 (1869). 
Choristopus rnelanoleucus, Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 


(1872); Bchnw. Vog. Zool Gart. p. 68 (1882); Hein. $ Bchnw. 
Norn. Mus. JELein. Orn. p. 340 (1890). 
Anseranas rnelanoleucus, Salv. Cat. B. Strichl. Coll. p. 528, n. 2568 
(1882); Sharpe, Cat. Ost. Spec. Coll Surg. iii. p. 289 (1891). 
Anseranas semipalmata, Stejn. Stand. Wat. Hist, iv., Birds, p. 139 
(1885). 

Adult. Head, neck, mantle, wings, tail, and thighs black; back, 
rump, breast, abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts, scapulars, and 
smaller upper wing-coverts white: "irides blackish brown; bill 
reddish brown; feet yellow" {Gould). Total length 35 inches, 
wing 18-5, tail 8, bill 3*25, tarsus 3-62. 

Immature birds have the middle of the back and scapulars black; 
the sides of the bill almost smooth, with no horny productions, or 
scarcely any. 

Eab. Australia and Tasmania. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
b. Imm. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. N. S. Wales. Hume Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Murray E. Sir G. Grey (T.l 
/ . Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
g. Skeleton. S. Australia. Zool. Soc. 
h. Skeleton. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i, h. Skeletons. 
Subfamily III. PLECTEOPTERINiE. 

Key to the Genera, 

a. Lores naked; forehead and base of the bill 
furnished with caruncles. [p. 46. 
a\ Long spurs on the wings 5. PLECTBOPTERTJS, 
b'. "Wings without spurs 6. CAIEINA, p. 51. 

b. Lores densely feathered. 
46 ANATIDJE. 

c'. A large fleshy comb on the base of the [p. 54 
oilmen of the male 7. SAECIDIOBNIS, 
d'. No comb on the base of the culmen of the 
males. 
d". Head no I crested. 
e3. Bill longer or equal to double the 
depth at base. 
e4. Bill longer or about the length of 
the head. 

e5. Outline of the loral feathering 
at the base of the bill with [p. 59. 
the convexity anteriorly 8. ASARCOBNIS, 

f3. Outline of the loral feathering 
at the base of the bill straight [p. 61. 
and inclined backwards 9. RHODONESSA, 

/ 4 . Bill shorter than the head, with 
the outline of the loral feathering 
at the base of the bill inclined 
anteriorly; frontal feathers at the 
base of the culmen almost in a [p. 63. 
straight line 10. PTEBONETTA, 

/ 3 . Bill not so long as double the depth 
at base; size very small; young in 
down with tail-feathers very long 
and stiff 11. NETTOPUS, p. 64. 

e". Head crested; young in down with 
tail-feathers long and stiff 12. Mx, p. 72. 

5. PLECTR0PTERUS. .. 
Type. 
Plectropterus, Leach, MSS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, 


p. 6 (1824) P. gambensis. 
Plectrophanes, uLeach" (errore?), Griff., Cuv. An. 
Kingd. iii. p. 600 (1829); Brandt, Descr. et Ic. An. 
Moss. Nov., Aves, fasc. i. p. 6 (1836) P. gambensis. 

Mange. Confined to Africa. 

I feel very doubtful about the number of species to be recognized 
in the present genus. Perhaps, after all, there is only one species. 
At present it appears that there are four species or geographical 
races, all very difficult to define, chiefly from want of a large 
series of specimens, properly dated and sexed, from the same locality, 
which would enable one to understand the variations according 
to age. 

1. The Abyssinian race (P. ruppelli), which extends westwards 
to some unknown region; the adult male has a very prominent 
frontal knob, bare rhomboidal spaces on the sides of the neck, the 
throat and under tail-coverts white. 
2. An Equatorial race (P. gambensis), which extends from 
Gambia and Bissao to Angola and Damara-land, and across to 
Eastern Africa; the adult male is similar to that of P. ruppelli, but 
has a smaller frontal knob; the throat and under tail-coverts are 
white as in P. rwppelli. 
5 . rLECTROPTEKXTS. 
47 

3. A South-eastern African race (P. niyer), of a very large size ; 
the adult (?) male has scarcely any frontal knob, the throat and 
under tail-coverts mostly black, the sides also extensively black, and 
no caruncles on the naked forehead. 
4. A Shoan race (P. scioanus); the adult male (?) is similar to 
that of P. niger, but has the naked skin of the forehead covered 
with many caruncles. 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Throat and under tail-coverts white; abdomen 
broadly white; adult males with a distinct 
frontal knob, and bare rhomboidal spaces on the 
sides of the neck. 
a'. Frontal knob very prominent in adult males.. riippelli, p. 47. 
b\ Frontal knob smaller in adult males gambensis, p. 48. 

b. Throat and under tail-coverts mostly black j the 
white on the abdomen much reduced, the 
black on the sides being much extended j size 
very large. 
c\ Adult males with a small frontal knob; many 
caruncles on the naked skin of the forehead.. scioanus, p. 51. 

d\ 
Adult males with scarcely any frontal knob, 
and with no caruncles on the naked skin of 
the forehead niger, p. 50. 


1. Plectropterus riippelli. 
Cygnus gambensis, Rilpp. (nee Linn.) Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 12 t. 1 
(1839); Schley. Bierent. p.277 (1864).# 

Plectropterus gambensis, CMldr. (nee Linn.) in Denh. $• Clappert. 
Trav. ii. App. p. 204 (1826); Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 137, n. 485 
(1845) (Abyssinia and Sennaar); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 

t. 110. f. 984 (ex Riippell) (1845); Vierth. Naumannia, 1852, 
pp. 40, 41, 42; Brehm, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 84 (Sudan); Hartl. ibid. 
p. 302 (part.); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 365 (1855); Heugl. Uebers. 
n. 680 (1856); Kartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 246, n. 697 (part.) 
(1857); Brehm, J.f.O. 1857, p. 378 (N.E. Afr.), 1858, pp. 409, 
410, 471; Heugl J. f. O. 1863, pp. 4, 164; Antin. Cat. Descr. 
p. 112 (1864); Schleg. Mus. P.-P., Anseres, p. 93 (part.) (1866); 
Heugl. Reise Abess. 1861-62, p. 288 (1868); id. Bets, in d. Qeb. 
Weiss. Nil, 1862-64, pp. 133, 384 (1869); id. Beterm. Geogr. 
Mitth. 1869, p. 413. 
Anser (Plectropterus) gambensis, Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. 

p. 104 (N.E. Africa), 1855, pp. 486, 488,1856, p. 468. 
? Plectropterus brevirostris, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 365 (1855). 
Plectropterus riippelli, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 132, pi. 153. f. 1, 
1860, pp. 28-42 (with cut of the head and trachea); Hartl J.f O. 
1861, p. 272; Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 24 (1869); Mnsch $ Hartl 
Tog. Ost-Afr. p. 801 (part.) (1870); G, B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. 

p. 73, n. 10554 (1871); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 696 (Zool. Gard.), 
1877, p. 48, 1880, p. 498; Rchnw. Yog. d. Zool. Gart. p. 68 
(1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 415, n. 942 (E. Africa) 
(1883); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 226, n. 3352 (Abyssinia) 
(1891). 
48 ANATIDJE. 

Anas riippelli, part., Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 352 (1872). 
Plectropterus ganibiensis, part., Heugl. urn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1275 
(1873). 

Adult male. Similar to that of P. gambensis, but larger, and with 
a very nigh frontal knob; two rhomboidal naked spaces on the 
sides of the neck; cheeks and throat white. Total length about 
40 inches, wing 21-5, tail 10, bill from the gape 3*5, tarsus 4*25. 

Female. Similar to the male, but smaller and without the frontal 
knob. 
Hal. North-east Africa, westwards as far as the Central part. 

°" 1 3 H a(^ s*« Central Africa. Capt. Clapperton [P.], 
b. [2 ?] ad. sk. Africa. Zool. Soc. 
c. Skeleton. 

d. Skeleton (head figured, P. Z. S. I860, p. 30, f. 2). 
2. Plectropterus gamhensis. 
Anser gamhensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 283 (1760); Shaw, Mus. Lever, 
p. 229, pi. 5Q (1793); Vieill. N. B. xxiii. p. 328, pi. M 2. f. 1 
(1818)5 Bum. Bid. So. Nat xxxv. p. 464 (1825); Benn. Zool. 
Gard. Menag. ii. p. 207 with fig. (1831) ; Less. Compl. de Buff.7 
Ois. ix. p. 526 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 717 (1838); K. <§* B. 
Wirbelth. Bur. pp. lxxxiv, 225 (1840); Tarr. P. Z. S. 1841, 
p. 71 (trachea); Schleg. Rev. Grit. p. 106 (Europe?) (1844). 
Anas gambensis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 195, n. 3 (1766): Gm. 8. N. L 2, 
p. 503, n. 3 (1788): Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 839, n. 19 (1790) ; Cuv. 
Regn. An. i. p. 530 (1817); Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 241 (1824); 
Cm. Regn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 567 (1829); Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 
1834, p. —, pis. 29, 30; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 352 (part.) (1872). 
Spur-winged Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 452, n. 15, t. cii. (1785). 
Anser spinosus, Bonn. Bno. MSth. i. p. 118, pi. 29. f. 1 (1790) (ear 
Latham). 

Plectropterus gambensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 7, pi. 36 (1824) 
{ex Bonnaterre ?); Byt. Mon. Anat. pp. 10, 79 (1838); G. R. Gr. 
List Gen. B. p. 72 (1840) ; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Bur. p. 70, n. 427 
(1842) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 604 (1845); Rchnb. Sun. Av., 
Natatores, t. 105. f. 246 (1845); id. Av. 8yst. Nat. p. ix (part.) 
(1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (Senegal) (1854): HartL 

J.f. 0.1854, p. 302 (part.); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 40 
(part.) (1856); Hartl. 8yst. Orn. Westafr. p. 246, n. 697 (part.) 
(1857); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 131, 132, pi. 153. f. 2, I860, 
pp. 38, 39 (skull), 40, 41 (trachea); Hartl. J.f 0.1861, p. 272 
(Bissao); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 114 (Unyamuezi); Kirh, Ibis, 
1864, p. 334 (Zambesi); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 93 (part.) 
(1866); Boc. Jom. Ac. Se. Lisb. 1867, p. 148; Newt Ibis, 1867, 
p. 375; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 261 (ShirS River, E. Africa) ; 
Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 292 (Shire* River); Sclat. ibid. p. 502 
(Shire* River); Byt Syn. Anat. p. 24 (1869); Finsch $ Hartl. 
Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 802 (1870); Boc. Jom. Ac. 8c. Lisb. 1871, p. 277G. 
R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 73, n. 10553 (part?) (W. Air., Abyss., 
Shire* River) (1871); Anderss. B. Bamara Land, p. 334 (1872); 
Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent p. 145 (1872) ; Boc. Jom. Ac. 
5. PLECTROPIERUS. 
49 

Sc. Lish. 1873, p. 198, 1876, p. 289; Sclat P. Z. S. 1877, p. 48 
(eggs) j Boc. Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. 1879, p. 153; Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, 

p. 498 (Western and S. Africa!); Boc. Orn. Ang. p. 491 (1881); 
Bchnw. Vog. d. ZooL Gart p. 67 (1882); Bohm, J. f. 0. 1882, 
p, 182 (Kakoma, E. Afr.); Pelz. in JECoZub, Beitr. Orn. Sitdafr* 
pp. 310 & foil, (skeleton, p. 311, skul], pp. 314, 317) (1882); 
B. 0. V. List Brit B. p. 114 (1883); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th edl 
p. 415 (West Africa, but also Shire* River) (1883); Sharpe, 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 746 (1884); Fischer, Zeitschr. qes. Orn. 
1884, p. 393; Bohm, J.f.O. 1885, p. 38; Fischer, ibid. p. 115; 
Sound. Yarrells Hist Br. B. iv. p. 304 (1885); Sclat. Ibis, 1886, 
p. 300, f. 3 (manus); Bchnw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 46; Matsch. ibid. 
p. 144; Shell P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371 (Tareba, Massailand) j Sharpe, 
Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 296 (1891); Rchnw. Fog. Deutsch* 
Ost-Afr. p. 29, n. 37 (1894). 
Plectrophanes gambensis, Brandt, Descr. et Icon. An. Boss. Nov., 

Aves, fasc. i. p. 6 (1836). 
Ohenalopex gambensis, Yarr. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 70. 
Plectropterus sclateri, Sousa, Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. ii. p. 157 (Bissao, 

(1869); Sclat P. Z. S. 1877, p. 48; Boc. Orn. Ang. pp. 493, 
496 (1881) (=gambensis). 
Plectropterus gambensis, part., Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1275 
(1873). 
?Plectropterus riippellii, Hartert, J.f.O. 1886, p. 611 (Niger-
Benu<§). 

Adult male. Upper parts metallic black, with green and purple 
gloss; neck rather browner; breast and sides black; sides of the 
head, throat, smaller upper wing-coverts, abdomen, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts white ; quills and tail-feathers black, with green 
and purple lustre: frontal knob, bare forehead, and bill coral-red; 
naked part of cheeks grey; nail of the bill white; feet flesh-colour; 
irides hazel (specimen living in the Zool. Gard. in London, since 
1890). Total length about 38 inches, wing 17-20, tail 7*9, bill 3 3-
5, tarsus 3-44. 

The forehead is more or less prominent, and in very old birds 
shows a distinct frontal knob ; again in the older birds the cheeks 
become more and more naked, and also in some a small and irregular 
naked space appears on the sides of the neck (Socage); according 
to Dr. Bohm (J. £ O. 1882, p. 182), there is much individual 
variation as regards the size of the frontal knob and the naked 
spaces on the sides of the neck. 

Female. Similar to the male, but smaller, and the naked part of 
the cheeks less extended (Bocage). 

A female in the Zoological Gardens in London, acquired in 1890 
and still living, is smaller than the male, has no frontal knob, and 
the forehead feathered; the feathers of the cheeks are white, as in 
the male. 

The young birds have the cheeks and the forehead entirely 
feathered. 
Young in down. Pale yellowish, with the upper parts pale brown, 
two yellowish spots on the back at the base of the wings, and two* 
VOL. XXVII. E 

50 
ANATID.^. 

others on the sides of the rump; sides of the head yellowish; throat 
white. 

Hal. Western Africa and across to the East, from Masai-land to 
the Zambesi. 
,a. Ad. sk. Africa. 

b. Imm. st. W. Africa. 
Capt. Sabine [P.]. 
c. Pull. st. W. Africa. 
Purchased. 
d. Imm. sk. Accra {J. Smith). Shelley Coll. 
e,f. Imm. sk. K. Niger. Dr. Baikie [C.]. 
a. d 
ad. sk. Cunene, Angola, April (An- Prof. Barboza du 
chieta). Bocage [P.]. 
h. [ c?P] ad. sk.* Tareba,B. Afr. (Massai-land). H. C. V. Hmner,Esq. 
i. 2 
ad. sk. Lake Scherwa, Nyassa-land, H. H. Johnston, Esq. 
May. [P.]. 
k. 
<$ pull. sL Nyassa-land, May. H. H. Johnston, Esq. 
I 
<$ ad. sk.* River Shire\ Sir J. Kirk [C.]. 

m. r 9 ?] ad. sk. Zambesi. 
Sir J. Kirk [O.j. 
n. 
Skeleton (head fig. P. Z. S. I860, p. 39, f. 1). 
o. Skeleton. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3. Plectropterus niger. 
Plectropterus gambensis, part., G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
p. 120, specim. d (Cape) (1844); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 346 (descr. 
Zambesi) (1867); ? Chapm. Trav. in S. Afr., App. p. 422 (1868) ; 
Butl, Fetid., $ Beid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 426 (Natal); Rolub, Beitr. 
Orn. Sildafr. p. 310 (1882). 
Anser gariepensis, Echlon, MS. in Mus. Vindoh., fide Hevgl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1277 (1873) (nom. nud.); Feb. Beitr. Orn. 
Siidafr. p. 321 (1882). 

Plectropterus 
niger, Sclat. F.Z.S. 1877, p. 47, pi. vii. (Zanzibar !)f; 
Trimen, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 5; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 498 (Zanzibar, 
coast of Africa) ; Behnw. Fog. d. Zool Gdrt. p. 68 (1882); Sclat 
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 4i6, n. 943 (E. Africa l) (1883); id. 

P. Z. S. 1893, p. 614 (Zool. Gard. Cologne). 
Similar to F. rwppeUi and P. gambensis, but has no prominent 
frontal knob, and no bare spaces on the sides of the neck (?); no 
white on the throat, which is black like the rest of the neck ; sides 
of the body extensively black; the white colour of the body in front 
is confined to a small space in the mesial line of the lower abdomen; 
under tail-coverts mostly black : " bill bright red, with the tip 
whitish; the iris black; the legs and feet of a duller red " (Sclater); 
according to Ayres, " iris dark umber-brown ; bill bright crimson, 
tip pale flesh-colour; tarsus and feet dingy pale." Total length 
about 38 inches, wing 20, tail 9, bill from gape 3*7, tarsus 5. 


* Both specimens haTe the naked skin of the forehead furnished with 
earuncles. 
t As the type of P. niger agrees with specimens from Natal and Potchefstroom, 
I doubt whether it came from Zanzibar, especially as between this place 
.and Fatal, in the Zambesi region, another species is fonnd. 

6. CAIBINA. 
5 1 
Hal. Zanzibar, according to Sclater, but probably confined to 
Transvaal, Natal, and South Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. S imm. sk. 
Potchefstroom, July (T.
Ayrei). 
Transvaal. 
J. II. Gurney Esq 
pp.], 
J. II. Gumey, Esq. 
c. tf ad. sk. [Zanzibar] died Aug. Zool. Soc. (Type of 
•d. $ ad.sk.
e. Juv. st. 
In captivity. 
Cape of Good Hope.
species.) 
Hon. Miss Rose Hubbard 
[P.]. 
South African 
Museum [P.]. 

4. Plectropterus scioamis. 
Plectropterus niger, Sahad. (nee Select. ?) Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. 
p. 238 (Shoa) (1884), vi. p. 318 (Shoa) (1888). 
Plectropterus 
scioanus, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 239 
(Shoa) (1884), vi. p. 319 (Shoa) (1888). 

Similar to P. niger, having black throat and cheeks, no bare 
spaces on the sides of the neck, or seldom a very small one, and the 
under tail-coverts mostly black, but has a small frontal knob, 
.covered, like the skin of the forehead, with many caruncles; size 
large, as in P . niger. 
Hdb. Shoa. 

6. CAIBINA. 
Cairina, Fleming, Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822) 0. mosenata. 
Moschatus (subgenus), Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 416 
(1828) ....... C. moschata. 
Gymnathus (subgenus), Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 403 

(1834) 0. moschata. 
Carina, Byton, Mon. Anat. pp. 47,142 (1838). 
Hyonetta, Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 

(1873) 0. moschata. 
Moscha, " Leach;' fide G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 85 
(1871). 

Range. Tropical America. 

1. Cairina moschata. 
Anas sylvestris, Marcgr. Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 213. 

Anas cairina, Aldrov. Orn. iii. p. 199, t. 200, 201. 

4nas moschata, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 199, n. 16 (1766); Gm. 8. N. I 

% p. 515, n. 16 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 846, n. 37 (1790) ; 
Bonn. Bne. MSth. i. p. 124, pi. 34. £ 1 (1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. 
Soc. iv. p. 113, pi. xiv. ff. 1, 2, xvii. ff. 5, 6 (trachea) (1798) $ Pall 
Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 258 (Caspian Coasts) (1811); Vieill. N. D. 

v. p. 129 (1816): Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 350 (1817); Wied, 
Beise Bras. i. pp. 51,163, 206, 202, 326, 327 (1820); Licht. Verz. 
E2 

52 A3STATIBJS. 

Boubl. p. 84 (Brazil) (1823); Eanz. El. di Zool. iii. 9, p. 100 
(1826); Tamil, Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 390, pi. xv. f. a (trachea) 
(1826) ; Less. Man. $Om. ii. p. 416 (1828); id. Tr. ^Orw.p.638 
(1831); Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 910 (Brazil) (1832); Nordm. in Bemid. 
Voy. iii. p. 290 (1840); Schleg. Eev. Crit p. 107 (1844); DegL 
Om. Eur. ii. p. 421 (1849); Schleg. Mus. E.-B.} Anseres, p. 73 
(1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 357 (1872). 

Branta moschata, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat p. 68} n. 85 (1769). 

Anas indica, Ger. Orn. v. pis. 568, 569 (1776). 
Anas regia, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 234 (1782); Gm. S. N. I 
% p. 508, n. 61 (1788) ; Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 847, n. 39 (1790); 
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 125 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 137 (1816); 
Earn. Bid. Sc. Nat vi.p. 352 (1817). 

Canard musque, B'Anient El Enl 989 (17—?); Buff. Hist Nat 
Ois.ix. p. 162, pi. 9(1783). 

Muscovy Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. % p. 476, n. 31 (1785); id. Suppl. ii* 

p. 348 (1801). 
Anas merianse, Shaw, Nat Misc. ii. pi. 69 (1791). 
Pato grande 6 real, B'Azar. Apunt iii. p. 410, n. 427 (1805). 
Grand Canard, EAzar. Fog. (Sonn. ed.) iv. p. 327 (1809). 
Cairina moschata, Elem. Ehil. of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822) : id. Brit 
Anim. p. 122 (1828) j Jen. Man. p. 230 (1835); X. § B. 'Wirbelth* 
Eur. pp. lxxxv, 227 (Caspian Sea) (1840) ; Hartl.Verz. Ges. Mm. 

p. 120 (1844) ; Tseh. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, i. p. 315 (Peru) (1844); 
G. E. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 140 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. 
p. 618 (1845) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 95.ff. 196-197,198, 
930 (domestica) (1845); Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 54 (1845-46) ; 
Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Eartl. 2nd. Azar. Apunt p. 27, 
n. 427 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Eeise Guian. iii. p. 763 (1848); 
Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. x (1852); Wied, Naumatmia, 1852, 2, 
p. 54 (Cuba); Licht Nomencl. An. p. 101 (1854); Bp. Compt 
Bend, xliii. p. 649, n. 41 (1856) ; Burm. Syst Ueb. Thiere Bras* 
iii. sp. 440 (1856); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 65 (Honduras); Sclat. 
8f Sab. Bis, 1859, p. 232 (Centr. Am.); Tayl. Jbis, 1860, p. 315 
(Honduras); Burm. J.f. 0.1860, p. 266 (Parana, Tueuman); id. 
La-Plata Eeise, ii. p. 514 (1861); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1863, 
p. 13 (New Granada) ; Sclat % Salv. E. Z. S. 1864, p. 373 
(Panama) ; Salv. 2bis, 1865, p. 198 (Guatemala); Eeh Eeise 
Novara, Vb'g. p. 139 (1865); LSot Ois. Trinid. p. 521 (1866): 
Sclat Sf Salv. E. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Upper Ucayali), 1867, 
p. 979 (Pebas); Fronts. J.f. 0.1869, p. 378 (Costa Bica); Eeinh. 
Vidensh. Meddel. Fork 1870, p. 21 (Brazil): Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 320, 460, lix (1870); G. E. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 85. n. 10682 
(1871); Burm. E. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 (Parana, Santa F$, Tucuman) 
; Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873); Lawr* 
Mem. Bost Soc. N. E. ii. p. 315 (Mazatlan) (1874); Salv. $ 
Sclat. E. Z. S. 1876, p. 378; Fitch. $ Bchnw. J. f. O. 1878, 
p. 248; Sclat E. Z. S. 1880, p. 511; Bchnw. Orn. CentralbL 1882, 
p. 21; White, E. Z. S. 1882, p. 625 (Salta); Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 430 (1883); B., B., Sf E. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 494 
(note) (1884); Eadde, Ornis Caucas. p. 452 (1884); Berl $ 
Jhering, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 175 (Taquara); Tacz. Om. Eei\ 
ii. p. 472 (1886); Berl. J.f.O. 1887, pp. 33,124; Eidgw. Man. 
N. Am. B. p. 100 (1887); Sclat Argent. Orn. ii. p. 129 (1889); 
Eartert, Eat Vogelsamml p. 229 (1891); Sharpe, Cat Ost Spec. 
Coll. Surp.m. p.298 (1891); Eichm. Er. U.S.Nat Mus. xvip. 531 
(1893) j Chapm, Bull. Am. Mus. N. E. 1894, p. 82 (Trinidad). 
6. CAHOTA. 
53 

Oairina sylvestris, Staph. Gen. Zool arii. 2, p. 79, pi. 46 (1824). 
? Cairina regia, Steph. op. cit. p. 82 (1824). 
Anas (Gymnathus) moschata, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 403 (1834) 
Anser moschata, D'Orh. Voxj. i. p. 108 (1835). 
Carina moschata, JSyton, Mon. Anat. p. 142, pi. 1. if. 5, 6 (trachea), 


pi. 3. f/8 (sternum) (1838); id. Syn. Anat. p. 100 (1869). 
Hyonetta moschata, Sund. Metli. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872); 
Cones, B. N.-West, p. 559 (1874); Rchnw. Vbg. d. Zool Gart. 

p. 56 (1882); Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 115 (domestic, E. Africa); 
Heine fy Rchnw. Norn, Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 345 (1890). 
JEyonetta sylvestris, Heine &• Rchnw. 1. c. (Brit. Guiana) (1890). 

Hybrids. 
Anas bicolor, Donovan (nee VieilL), Br. B. ix. pi. 212 (1818) ( = 

A. "boschas X 0. moschata). 
Anas moschata x A. boschas, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 84, n. 868 
(1823). 
Anas purpureo-viridis, Schinz, Nene Schtoeiz. Denkselir. i. p. 126, n. 1, 
pi. — (1837); id. Furop. Faun. p. 421 (1840): Selys, Faun. Belg. 

p. 140, n. 242 (1842); Schley. Rev. Crit. p. 108 (1844). 
Anus feneo-rufa, Schinz (!), Bp. Atti Riun. Sc. Ital Firenze, 1841, 
p. 318 (= A. boschas X C. moschata). 
Anas maxima, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 399 (1847) ( = ?A. boschas x C. 
moschata); id. Jam. III. pi. ex. (1849) j Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 

t. 87. f. 2555 (1850) {ex Gosse) j Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. 
(1866) p. 296 (Long Island) (1867). 
Fuligula viola, Bell, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 219 (1852) (= A. boschas 

X C. moschata); id. J.f.O. 1855, p. 59. 
Anas viricli-cenea, Aliq.,fide Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649 (1856). 
Anas iopareia, Phil. Arch. Naturg. 1860, i. p. 24 j Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1867, pp. 335, 340,1868, p. 531 ( = A. boschas x C. moschata). 
Cairina moschata X Anas boschas, Leverk. J.f.O. 1890, pp. 220, 

221; HarteH, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 329, n. 3393 (1891). 
Cairina moschata c? X Jadorna vulpanser $ , Leverk. I. e. p. 220. 
Cairina moschata J X Anser cinereus <$, Leverk. J. f. O. 1890, 

n. 221. 
Cairina moschata 2 x Anas clypeata <3, Leverk. I. c. 
Cairina moschata J x Tadorna segyptiaca <$, Leverk. I. c. 
Adult male. Head, crest, neck, and lower parts brown-black; 
lower bind neck and back dark green with a purple gloss, each 
featber margined with black; scapulars, tertials, upper tail.
coverts, and tail glossy dark green; upper and under wing-coverts, 
like the axillaries, white; primaries glossy black; secondaries 
metallic green, with a bluish lustre; sides black, with a green 
gloss : bill varied with blackish and pinkish white, but the caruncles 
on the forehead and around the naked periocular skin bright pinkish 
red• feet black; iris brown-yellow. Total length about 29 inches, 
wing 14'5, tail 7*5, culmen 2-5, tarsus 2*3. 

Female. Similar to the male, but much smaller, and with no 
.caruncles on the bead. Total length about 25 inches, wing 12*5, 
tail 5-5^ culmen 2*1, tarsus 1*8. 

Immature birds are less glossy and have the wing-coverts brown-
Hack. 

5 4 
ANATIDJE. 

Young. Similar to the immature bird, but each feather of the 
underparts has a subapical brown spot and the margins whitish 
tinged with oehreous. 

Rah. Tropical America from Mexico to Paraguay. 

a. $ ad.sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. $ 9 ad. sk.
e. S ad. st.
f. 
(S ad. st.
g. Ad. sk.
h. $ ad. st,
i. Imm. st.
h. $ imm. sk.
l-o. S 
ad., imm.,
et juv. sk. 

p. $ ad. sk.
q. <$ ad. sk.
r. 
<$ ad. sk.
s. Skeleton.
t. 
Skeleton. 
u. Ad. st.
% w. $ ad. sk.
x. Ad. st.
y. 
Ad. st. 
Presidio, Mexico, March (A.
Forrer). 
Cozumel I., Yucatan (G. F.
Gaumer). 

 Huaniuckal, Guatemala, Feb.

(O.8.). 

 S. America. 
S. America. 
S. America. 
Brazil. 
British Guiana.

 Boraima, Brit. Guiana, May(JST. Whitely). 
Pastaza, Ecuador (C. Buckley).

 Pebas, E. Peru (J. HauxwelT). 
Upper Ucayali, July (F.
Bartlett). 
Bio Parana, Sept.

HYBRIDS. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Purchased. 
Sir E. Belcher [P.J. 
Purchased. 
Lord Stuart de Both-


say [P.]. 
Sir P. Schomburgk 
[p.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvih^G^nian ColL 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H. Durnford, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Zool. Soc. 

Gairina moscliata x Anas boscas. 

 Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq.. 
Santiago, Chili (Leybold).
[0.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Amoy, China (Swinhoe). C. Darwin, Esq, [P.J, 
Interior of Madagascar. Purchased. 
7. SABCIDIOKinS. 
Type. 

Sarkidiornis, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 20 (1838) S. melanonota,-

Sarcidiornis, Agass. Nomenel. Zool., Ind. Univ. p. 331 j

(nom. emend.) (1846). 

Range. Intertropical Begions. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Sides and flanks white, tinged with grey melanonota, p. 54. 
b. Sides and flanks broadly brown-black carunculata, p. 59, 
1. Sarcidiornis melanonota. 
Asia. 

Anser melanotus, Fenn. Ind. Zool. p. 12, pi. xi. (1769): A. Newt. Sir. 
Feath. viii. p. 415 (1879). 

7 . SA-KCIDIORlSriS. 
55 

Anser nielanonotus, Penn. in Forst. Ind. Zool. (2nd ed. ?) p. 21, pi. xL 

(Ceylon and Madagascar) (1781). 
Oie de la c6te de Coromandel, B'Aubent PI. Bnl 937. 
Oie bronze"e, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. ix. p. 77 (Coromandel et Mada


gascar) (1783). 
Anas tricolor, Bodd. Tail. PI Bnl p. 56, n. 937 (1783). 
Anas melanotos, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 503, n. 52 (Coromandel, Ceylon, 

Madagascar) (1788); Shaw, Nat Misc. xi. pi. 421 (1800). 
Black-backed Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 449, n. 13 (1785); id. SuppL 

p. 272 (1787); id. Gen. Hist x. p. 240 (1824). 
Anas melanonotos, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 839, n. 18 (1790). 
Anser melanotos, Bonn. JEnc. Meth. i. p. 115, pi. 29. f. 4 (1790); 
Perm. Ind. Zool. (3rd ed. ?) p. 50, pi. xiii. (1790-91) ; Vieill. N. B. 

xxxiii. p. 332 (1818); id. Gal. d'Ois. ii. p. 213, pi. 285 (1825) ; 
Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat xxxv. p. 465 (1825); fykes, P. Z. 8 1831, 
p. 125. 
Plectropterus 
melanotos, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 8 (1824); 
Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 167, n. 213 (Dukhun): Jerd. Madr. Journ, 

xii. p. 219, n. 379 (1840). 
Anas melanotus, part., Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 628 (Bengala) (1831). 
SarMdiornis regius, part., Eyt Mon. Anat p. 102 (1838); id. Syn. 
Anat p. 51 (1869). 

SarMdiornis regia, 
Hartl (nee Mol.) Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 117 (Ost-
Indien) (1844); G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 127 (India, 
Ceylon) (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 1 (1845); Bchnh. Syn. 
Av., Natatores, t. 97. f. 227 (1845); id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. viii 
(1852); Kelaart, Prodr. Cat p. 136 (1852); Hartl J.f.O. 1854, 

p. 160 (Ceylon). 
Sarcidiornis melanotus, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 302, 
' n. 1763 (India and Burma) (1849); lrby> Ibis, 1861, p. 248 
(Oudh). 
? Anas melanotis, Rchnb. 8yn. Av., Natatores, t. 107. f. 2360 ($ ) 
(1850). 
SarMdiornis 
melanonotus, Layard, Ann. $• Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 268 
(1854) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii, p. 785 (1864); G. JR. Gr. Hand-list, 

iii. p. 73, n. 10555 (part.) (1871) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479 
(Ceylon) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 419 (Kattiawar); Anders. Ibis, 
1874, p. 220 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 636 (1875); Legge, Ibis, 
1875, p. 407 (Ceylon); Hume, 8tr. Feath. iv. p. 192 (1875); ButL 
8r Hume, Str. Feath. iv. p. 27 (1876); Hume <$• Bavis. Str. Feath. 
v. p. 486 (1878); Hume, 8tr. Feath. vii. p. 507 (1879). 
Sarcidiornis melanota, Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 38 (1856); 
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 152, if. 1, 2 (trachea); 8elat P. Z. 8, 
1880, p. 534. 

Anas melanota, part., 8chleg. Mus. P.-P., Anseres, p. 74 (India, 
Ceylon) (1866). 

Sarcidiornis melanonotus, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175; 8und. Meth. nat 
Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1873); Blyth, B. of Burma, p. 165 (1875); 
Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 493 (1879) ; id. Str. Feath. viii. p. 114, 

n. 950 (1879); Hume §• Marsh. Game-B. of Ind. iii. p. 92, pi. 13 
(1880) ; Parker, Str. Feath. ix. p. 486 (1880); Legge, B. Ceyl 
p. 1063 (1880) ; Oates, Str. Feath. x. p. 245 (Pegu) (1882) ; 
Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 92 (E. Bengal); Salv. Cat B. Strichl Coll 
p. 531 (1882); H. Parker, Bis, 1883, pp. 194, 195 (Ceylon); 
Swinh. $ Barn. Ibis, 1885, p. 136; Hume, Nests $ Eggs (Oatesed.) 
iii. p. 282 (1890); Hartert, Kat Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3371 
(part.) (1891); Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta). 
56 
ANATID^l. 

Sarcidiornis melanonota, Sclat P. Z. S.1876, p. 694, pi. Ixvii * (India) ; 
Wardl. Mams. Ibis, 1877, p. 472 (Tonghoo) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 

p. 510; Rehnw. Orn. CentralU. 1882, p. 35; id. Vog. d. Zool. Gart 
p. 61 (1882); Sclat List Vert. An. 8th. ed. p. 427 (1883); Oates, 
B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 275 (1883); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 
(1889). 
Africa. 

Anser melanonotus, part., Penn. in Forst. Ind. Zool. p. 21 (Madagascar) 
(1781). 
Plectropterus melanonotus, JDenk <§• Clappert Travels, App. xxi. 

p. 204 (1826). 
Anas melanotus, part, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 628 (Senegal) (1831); 
Schleg. B. Z. S. 1866, p. 426 (Madagascar); Schleg.fyPoll Rech. 
Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 142 (1868). 

Sarkidiornis africanus, Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 103 (1838) ; Ayres, Ibis, 
1871, p. 266 (Transvaal). 
Canard a bosse, Sganz. Not. sur les Mamm. et sur VOrn. de Madag. 

p. 49 (Mem. Soc. Hist Nat. de Strasb. iii. 1840). 
Sarkidiornis melanonotus, Bilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 173, n. 486 (Shoa) 
(1845); Brehm, J.f.O. 1855, p. 486; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. n. 681 
(1856); Hartm. J. f. 0.1863, pp. 463, 470,1864, p. 157; Sharpe, 
in Oates' Matab. Land, p. 327 (1881). 

Sarkidiornis africana, 
G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 2 (1845); 
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan) ; Hartl J. f. 0. 1855, 

p. 361 (Gold Coast); id. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 246 (1857); id. 
J.f 0. 1860, p. 173,1861, p. 272; id. Orn. Beitr. Fauna Madag. 
p. 81 (1861); Antin. Cat De&cr. p. 112 (1864) ; Vinson, Voy. 
Madag. p. 308 (1865); Verr. ibid., Ann. p. 4 (1865); Layard, 
Birds S. Aft. p. 347 (1867); Poll. Rev. et Mag. Zool 1807, p. 157; 
Chapm. Travels in S. Afr. ii., App. p. 422 (1808); G. P. Gr. Band-
list, iii. p. 73, n. 10556 (1871); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 214 (Potchefstroom); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 112 (Bustenburg); Holub fy Pete. 
Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 321 (1882); Dubois, Bull Mus. Boy. $H. 
N. de Belg. iv. p. 149, n. 189 (Tanganyika) (1886). 
Sarkidiornis regia, Hartl (?iec Mol.) Zeitung f. Zool Zoot u, 
PalcBoz. i p. 159 (Madagascar) (1848). 
Sarcidiornis 
africana, Strickl. Ann. ty Mag. N. II. 1852, p. 349; 
Hartl J.f.O. 1854, p. 303; Bp. Compt Rend. Ixiii. p. 649, n. 37 
(1856); Sclat. P. Z. S.1860, p. 42; Sclat $ Spehe, P. Z. S. 1864, 

p. 114 (Unyamuezi); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 401 (Madagascar); Bocage, Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. 1877, 
p. 278, 1873, pp. 199, 289, 294 ; Bartl. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 69; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 695 ; Trimen, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 683; Sclat 
P. Z. S, 1880, p. 510 (Africa, Madagascar); Boc. Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. 
1880, p. 69; id. Orn. Angola, p. 496 (1881); Pete. Verh. z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, 1881, p. 155 (Centr. Afr.); Hartl. Abk Brem. 1882, p. 216; 
Sharpe, LayaroVs B. S. Afr. p. 752 (1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 239 (Shoa) (1884), vi. p. 319 (1888); Sibree, Ibis, 
1892, p. 270 (Madagascar); Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 541 (Ukambani)* 
Sarcidiornis melanota, Brehm, J.f O. 1854, p. 84 (Sudan). 

Sarcidiornis melanotus, Licht Nomencl Av. p. 101 (Africa) (1854) • 
Brehm, J.f O. 1858, pp. 409, 410; Heugl. J. f. O. 1863, pp. 6 
164; Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 799 (1870); Boeage 

* The under tail-coyerts are wrongly coloured a gamboge-yellow. 
7. SAKCIDIORNIS. 
Jorn. Ac. Sc. Zisb. 1876, p. 256; id. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 295 (Huilla, 
Cunene, Gambos); Fischer, J.f. 0. 1879} p. 296; Milne-Edw. 8f 
Grand. Ois. Madag. p. 719, pis. %Q7 (rf ad.), 268 a, 2686 (osteology) 
270. f. 1 (head) (1881); Bohm, J. f 0.1882, p. 180 (Kakoma), 
1885, pp. 50, 54; Fischer, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 115; llartert. 

J.f. 0.1886, pp. 575, 611 (Niger-BenuS); Matschie, J.f. 0.1887, 
p. 137 (Boga-Katani), p. 144 (Marungu); Echnw. J. f. 0.1892, p. 6 
(Victoria Njansa) ; id. Vb'g. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 27 (1894). 
Sarcidiornis regia, Sclat. (nee Mol), Ibis, 1862, p. 284 (Natal). 
Sarcidiornis africanus, Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 335 (Zambesi); Shell. 

F. Z. S. 1881, p. 601 (Melinda), 1889, p. 371 (Kilimanjaro). 
Anas melanota, part., Schleg. Mus. F.-B., Anseres, p. 24 (Madagascar, 
Africa) (1866); Gieb. Then. Orn. i. p. 356 (part) (1872). 
Sarcidiornis melanonotus, Heugl. Feis. in d. Geb. d. Weiss. Nil, 

p. 348 (1869); id. Feterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 413 ; id. 
Orn. N.-O. Afr. ii. 2, p. 1280 (1873); Echnw. J.f. 0.1887, p. 46 
(Kagehi); llartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 237 (part.) (1891). 
Sarkidiornis melanotus, Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 335 (1872); 

Shell. Ibis, 1882, p. 367 (Molopo River). 
? Sarcidiornis ruber, Eeichenb. (errore ?), Bohm, J.f.O. 1886, p. 424. 
Sarcidiornis melanonota, Bmin, J. f. 0.1891, p. 339. 

Adult male. Head and neck white, interspersed with metallic 
black feathers; crown and a band along the hind neck almost entirely 
black; base of the neck and lower plumage, including the 
under tail-coverts, white; upper back, the whole of the wings, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts black, glossed with green and blue, but 
the secondaries glossed with bronze and the scapulars with purple; 
lower back grey; tail umber-brown; sides and flanks tinged with 
grey; a black curved line on the sides of the lower neck; on the 
lower flanks a black band descending from the rump: " iris dark 
brown; bill and comb black; legs and feet dark plumbeous" (Oates). 
Total length about SO inches, wing 15, tail 6, bill from gape 2-6, 
tarsus 3. The fleshy comb on the bill of the male is about 2 inches 
high in the breeding-season, and very small and inconspicuous at 
other times. 

Female. Yery similar to the male, but much smaller; head and 
neck more spotted with black; metallic gloss on the npper plumage 
much reduced in amount; whole rump and upper tail-coverts, 
as well as the lower back, grey: no fleshy comb on the npper mandible. 
"Wing 11 to 11*5 inches. 

Young. Head and neck more spotted than in the adult bird, but 
the dark spots and the crown brown-black; back and scapulars 
brown; rump and upper tail-coverts greyish brown; tail brown; 
underparts white, tinged with rusty. 

Young in down. Upper parts greyish brown; underparts greyish 
white ; upper part of the head brown; a whitish frontal band runs 
on each side of the head over the eyes; a whitish crescentic band 
bounds behind the brown colour of the upper part of the head; a 
narrow brown band starts from the ear-coverts and reaches a brown 
band on the hind neck; two white patches on the sides of the back, 
at the base of the wings, and two others on the sides of the rump; 
posterior edge of the wing whitish. 

58 ANATIDJE. 
I have not been able to find any difference between, the Indian 


and the African specimens. 
Hob. India, Ceylon, and Burmah : Africawith Madagascar. 

a. 2 ad. sk. 
b. (S ad. sk. 
c. S ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
et imm. sk. 
Ji. § ad. sk. 

t. [$] ad.sk. 
7c, I. $ ad. sk. 
m. c? ad. sk. 
n. 2 ad. sk. 
o. j ad. sk. 
p. 
S ad. sk. 
q. S ad. sk. 
r, s, & $ J ad. sk. 
2^ v. ($ ad. sk. 
w, so. S ad. sk.

y. 
Pull. sk.
A. Asiatic specimens. 
Ceylon. 
India. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Deccan (Sykes). 


Khandeish, Feb. (J. Davidson). 


Attara, Jan. 
Secrai, Central Provinces. 
Eaipur, March. 
Calcutta, Dec. 
Behar. 
Delhi. 
Eoy Bareilly, Dec. 
Etawah, Aug., Nov. 
Oudh. 


 Oudh, Jan., Feb. 
Sikhim Terai, July. 

fr-c'.d 2 ad., juv., Tonghoo, July, Sept., Oct., 
et pull. sk. Nov. (JR. G. W. JR.). 
d'} e'. <$ $ ad. sk. Lower Pegu, March, Sept. 

/ . ? pull, sk. 

g', h'. S skulls. 

a, (J ad. sk. 
b, $ ad. sk. 
c, d. (S 2 ad. $ 

e. $ ad. sk. 
/. <? ad. sk. 

g. (S ad. sk. 
\ L $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
h, $ juv. sk. 

I $ ad. sk. 

m. 2 ad. sk. 
n, 2 ad. sk. 

o. Juv. sk. 
p. 
<$ juv. sk. 
q. 2 ad. sk. 
r. Skeleton. 
Attaran E., Dec. ( W. JDavison). 


B. African specimens. 
Kordofan, July. 
Angollalah, Shoa (Harris). 


S.E. Africa. 
Kilimanjaro, June. 
Zambesi (Bradshaw). 
Melinda (Kirk). 
Potchefstroom. 

Eustenbuxg, June (T. Ayres). 

Maf ane Pan, Eamaqueban E., 
March. 
Damara-land, Dec. {Andersson). 


Gambia. 
Gambia. 

(One of the types 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 

 south of the Sahara, 

Purchased. 
Purchased. 

M. Cole, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P.], 
Hume Coll. 


Colonel Svrinhoe [P/j. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


B. H, Hodgson, Esq. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Eyton Coll. 

M. Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum [P.J. 
Purchased. 
H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
SheUey Coll. 

F. 
A. Barratt, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. 
H. Gurney, Esq. 
[PJ. 
W. 
E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
H. J. Elwes; Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Eyton Coll. 
of S. africanus, Eyton.) 
Sir A. Smith [P.]. 


H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
8 . ASIKCOKNIS. 
2. Sarcidiornis carunculata. 
Ipecati-apoa, Marcgr. Hist. Wat. Bras. Cap. xv. p. 217: Licht, Abh. 
Ah. Berl. 1816-17, p. 175. 
Pato crestudo, D'Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 417, n. 428 (1805); id. Voy. 
(Sonn. ed.) iv. p. 331 (1809). 
Anas carunculata, Illig. (nee Vieill.) Mus. JBerol; Licht. Abh. Ah, 

Berl 1816-17, p. 176 (ex D'Azara). 
Cairina ? regia, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 82 (1824). 
Pato de crista, Wied, Beitr. iii. p. 942 (Brazil) (1832). 
Sarkidiornis regius, part., Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 102 (Cayenne!) 

(1838) ; id. 8yn. Anat. p. 51 (1869). 

Sarkidiornis regia, part., G. M. Gr. List B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 126 
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 602, n. 1 (1845); Hartl Ind. Azara, 
Apunt p. 27, n. 428 (1847); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 319, 459, lviii 
(Mattogrosso and Barra de Bio Negro) (1870). 

Sarcidiornis regia, 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 39 (1856)• 
Burm. J.f.O. 1860, p. 266 (Tucuman); id. La-Plata Reise, ii. 

p. 513 (1861); 8clat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339; Philippi, P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 532 (not Chilian)• Burm. P. Z. S.1872, p. 365 (Tucuman) 
; Bodinus, J.f. 0.1878, p. 366 (Zool. Gard.), 1882, p. 21. 
Anser melanotus, Burm. (nee Penn.) 8yst. Ueb. iii. p. 434 (1856). 
Sarcidiornis melanonota, 8elat.fy8alv. Nomenel. Av. Neotrop. p. 129 
(Paraguay, Guiana) (1873). 

Sarcidiornis carunculata, 8clat. $* 8ah. P. Z. S.1876, p. 377; 8clat. 
ibid. p. 695, pi. lxviii. (Maranham); 8clat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 511; 
Forbes, Jbis, 1881, p. 355; Behmo. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 35; 
id. Tog. d. Zool Gart. p. 61 (1882); 8elat. List Vert. An. 8th 
ed. p. 427 (1883); Berl. J.f.O. 1887, p. 124; 8clat. Argent. Orn. 

ii. p. 128 (1889). 
Adult. Yery similar to S. melanonota, from which it differs principally 
in having the sides and flanks broadly brown-black, and the 
rump with no grey colour, but, like the rest of the back, black, 
glossed with green. The glossy-black crescent-like band on the 
sides of the breast is not conspicuous, being confluent with the 
black of the sides; the under tail-coverts are white, and not 
gamboge-yellow as in Mr. Sclater's plate! Total length about 24 
inches, wing 14*8, tail 5, culmen 2*3, tarsus 2*6. 

Female. " Much smaller than the male, and has no wattle (or 
comb) at all on the head " (Forbes). 

Mr. Sclater was mistaken in believing the female to be similar 
to the male, as was pointed out by Mr. Eorbes, who adds that " the 
female has little, if any, more black on the flanks than a female of 

S. melanonota." 
Eab. Brazil, Paraguay, and Northern Argentina. 
a, b. S ad. sk. Maranham (Zool. 8oc.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

8. 
ASARC0BNIS. _ 
Type. 
Asarcornis, 8alvad. M8. A. scutulata. 
Allied to the genus Sarcidiornis, with which it agrees in the 
general shape, in the indentations of the bill, in the wedge-shaped 

60 
A2UTID.2E. 

tail, in the conformation of the feet, but has no comb ; the bill is 
somewhat larger and flatter. 
Range. Prom Assam and Eastern Bengal to Java. 

1. Asarcornis scutulata. 
Anas 
scutulata, S. Mull. Verh. Land-en VoTkerik. p. 159 (Java) 
(1839-44); Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 64 (Java) (1866); 
Sclat. $ Wolf, Zool. Sketches, ii. pi. xlix. (1867); Gieb. Thes. Orn. 

i. p. 361 (1872); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 158 (Kussoom) (1879) ; 
Vorderm. N. T. N. L xlix. p. 419 (1889), li. p. 246 (Sumatra) 
(1891). 
Sareidiornis leucopterus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 820 (Burma) 
(1849); id. Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 302, n. 1764 (1849). 

Casarca leucoptera, " Blyth" Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 141, pi. 64 
(Mergui); Behnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. Il l c. f. 2947 (ex Jardine) 
(1850); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 50 (1856) ; Gould, 
P Z. S. 1859, p. 150 (Tenasserim); Jerd. B. of Lid. iii. p. 793 
(1864); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 58 (1869); Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. B. 

xliii. p. 176 (Dinapur, Dunsuri R.) (1874); Blyth, B. of Burma, 
p. 165 (1875) 5 Hume 8? Davis. Sir. Feath. vi. p. 489 (1878) ; 
B[ume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 170 (Kussoom) (1879). 
Anas nioschata, part., Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 549 (1856), 
Casarca scutulata, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 176 (Brahmaputra), 1870, 

p. 176 j Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 955 (1879). 
Casarka scutellata, Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 57 (1869). 
Anas scutellata, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10645 (1871) 
(Mergui, Moluccas!). 

Anas leucoptera, Hume fy Marsh, (nee Gm.) Game-B. of Ind. iii. 
pp. 147,172, pi. 20 (1880); Si?nson, Ibis, 1882, p. 92 ; Oates, B. of 
Burmah, ii. p. 281 (1883); Hume, Nests § Bggs (Oates ed.) iii. 

p. 287 (1890). 
Tadorna scutulata, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 512 ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. 
e Mol. iii. p. 393 (1882); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (Sumatra) 
(1889). 

Vulpanser scutulata, Bchnw. Orn. CentraM. 1882, p. 36. 

Adult male (?). Head and upper part of the neck white, thickly 
mottled with black, as in Sareidiornis melanonota; the black spots 
more numerous on the upper part of the head and hind neck; lower 
part of the neck and mantle glossy black, mixed with brown-chestnut 
in front, the same colour covers the breast and abdomen; under 
tail-coverts brown; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars 
olive-brown; the feathers of the back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts glossed with bluish and green ; smaller upper wing-coverts 
white, the median ones bluish grey or lead-colour, broadly tipped 
with black; quills olive-brown, but secondaries with the outer web 
bluish grey, forming a distinct speculum; tertials olive-brown, the 
first one white on the outer half of the outer web, margined outwardly 
with black; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former 
mixed with brown feathers; tail dull brown-olive: bill ochreous 
red; feet reddish- Total length about 28 inches, wing 15, tail 6-5, 
culmen 2-5, tarsus 2*3. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller and less 

9 . EHODONESSA. 
61 

glossy on the edges of the feathers of the hack and rump, and of 
the upper tail-coverts. Total length about 2Q inches, "wing 12, 
tail 6, culmen 2*4, tarsus 2-1. 

It seems that in the East this bird is often kept in confinement, 
and then becomes partially albino, especially on the neck, breast, 
and abdomen; two of the specimens mentioned below are of this 
description. 

The systematic position of this bird has always been a great 
puzzle; but I have no doubt that its nearest allies are the species 
of the genns Sarcidiornis, although it is devoid of a comb ; and on 
this account I think that it ought to stand as the type of a distinct 
genus ; Mr. Hume has also expressed the same opinion. 

Hah. Assam, Eastern Eengal, Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra 
(?), and Java. 

a. 
c?ad.st. Mergui (Blyth). Zool. Soc. (Figured by 
Mr. Wolf, Zool. Sketch, pi. 49.) 
b. $ ad. sk. Dollah, Assam, May. Hume Coll. 
c. d. 
Ad. st. [Moluccas], probably Java. Purchased, 
(semialbino 
var.). 
9. 
BHODOHESSA. 
Type. 
Bhodonessa, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix, Taf. 85 
(1852) , R. caryophyllacea. 
Range, Confined to India, Assam, and Independent Burma. 

1. Kho&onessa caryophyllacea. 
Pink-headed Duck, Lath. Syn. Suppl I p. 276, n. 99, pi. 119 (India) 
(1787); Tweedie, Str. Feath. vii. p. 527 (1879); Held, Str. Feath 

viii. p. 418 (1879). 
Anas caryophyllacea, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 866, n. 85 (1790); Vieill 
N. D. v. p. 162 (1816); Bum. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 379 (1817) 5 
Lath Gen. Hist. x. p. 343, pi. 179 (1824); Sw. An. in Menag, 
p. 277 (1838); G. M. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. p. 136 (1844) 
(Bootan, Nepal) ; G. B. Gr. $ Mitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 10, 
pi. 167 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 85. £ 919 (1845) 
(ear Gray $ Mitch.) ; G. M. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 146 
(1846); Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 34 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus, 
A. S. B. p. 304, n. 1774 (1849); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 
(Assam) (1854) 5 Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 800 (1864); Schleg. Mus. 
P-J?., Anseres, p. 62 (1866) 5 Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 346 (sym 
emend.) (1872); Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 644 (1873) j 
Sclat. P. Z. S.1874, p. 110 (Zool. Gard.); Blyth, B. of Burma, 
p. 165 (Arakan, Bhamo) (1875); Fairbanh, Str. Feath. iv. p. 264 
(Khandala) (1876) $ Davidson, Str. Feath. vii. p. 95 (1878); Ball, 
I c. p. 232 (Rajmehal Hills, Hazaribagh) (1878); Hume, Str. Feath. 
vii. p. 492 (1879), viii. p. 501 (1879); Hume $ Marsh. Game-B. 
Ind. iii. pp. 174, 435, pi. 23 (1880); Simson, Ibis, 1884, p. 271 
(Purneah and Maldab district); C. Swinh. fy Barn. Ibis, 1885, 
p. 137 (Lake Depalpore); Tristr, Cat Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) 
Sorter*, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 231 (1891). 
62 AtfATIDJE. 

Anas erythrocephala, Bonn, (nee S. G. Gm.) Fne. Mith. i. p. 143, 

pi. 35. f. 3 (1790). 
Fuligula caryophyllacea, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 207 (1824). 
Milouin a con rose, Less. Tr. dJOrn. p. 632, n. 40 (Bengala) (1831) ; 

Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 636 ( = A. caryophyllacea) ; 

Hartl J.f. 0. 1855, p. 420. 
Callichen caryophyllacemn, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 152 (1838). 
Tadorna ? caryophyllacea, Jercl. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 221, n. 368 

(1840). 

Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, Bchnh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 77 (1856); G. B. Gr. Cat. 
Hoags. Coll B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, 

n. 10654 (1871); Sundev. Meth. nat.Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 (1872); 
Ball, Str. Feath. ii. p. 438 (Chota Nagpur) (1874) ; Garrod, 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 153 (trachea), f. 3 $, ft 4, 5 d ; Blume, Str. 
Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 960 (1879); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 520 ; 
Butler, Str. Feath. ix. p. 437 (1881) ; Beid, Str. Feath. x. p. 81 
(Luckaow) (1881); Hume fy Marsh. Game-Birds of Ind. iii. 
pp. 173,485,pi. 23 (1880); Salv. Cat B. Strickl. Coll. p. 535 (1882) ; 
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 284 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 432 (1883); S. Taylor, Str. Feath. x. p. 531 (breeding 
in Khorda, Orissa) (1887) ; Hame, Sir. Feath. xi. p. 344 (Manipur, 
Sylhet, Assam) (1888) ; Kimie, Nests fy Eggs (Oates ed.), iii. 
p. 290 (1890). 
Adult male. Head, sides of neck, and hind neck beautiful pale 
rosy pink, with, in the breeding-season, a small tuft of still brighter 
rosy on the top of the head; throat dark brown; rest of the 
plumage fine glossy dark chocolate-brown, paler and less glossed 
beneath, but under tail-coverts very dark; mantle, scapulars, breast, 
and sides with very fine rosy-whitish vermieulations or points; 
edge of the wing wbitish, speculum reddish-fawn or dull salmoncolour, 
with a white band at the tip of the secondaries; outer web 
and tip of the outer primaries brown, the inner web and inner 
primaries buff; tertials glossy chocolate-brown, narrowly edged 
with black on the outer web ,* under wing-coverts and quills 
beneath pale pink colour, with a satin lustre; tail chocolate-brown : 
u bill reddish white, rosy at the base and faintly bluish at the tip; 

irides fine orange-red; legs and feet blackish, with, a tinge of red " 
(Jerdon). Length about 24 inches, wing 10*5, tail 4*25, culmen 
2-1, tarsus 1-6. 


Female. Similar to the male, but duller and paler, and more of a 
smoky brown ; the pink of the head is dingier and paler, and there 
is a broad brown medial band from forehead over crown and 
occiput, and (diminishing rapidly in width) on the back of the 
upper neck; but the most conspicuous difference is that the dull 
pink of the face runs on, unbroken, over the entire chin and throat, * 
so that there is no trace of the dark band along ehin and throat so 
conspicuous in the male: " bill pinkish brown, with the base dull 

white; irides dull orange; tarsi, toes, webs, and nails purplish slate " 
(Shillingford). 
Young Urds have the head and neck pale rose-whitish colour, 
with the top of the head, nape, and hind neck brown; the whole 

10. PTEKONETTA. 
6 3 
plumage lighter brown, the underparts pale dull brown, with the 
edges of the feathers whitish. 

Hab. Northern India, from Punjab to Nepal, and Independent 
Burmah, south to Madras, but Behar and the rest of Bengal, north 
of the Ganges and west of the Brahmaputra, are its headquarters 

(Hume). 

a. Ad. sk. N. India. 
Colonel Cobb [C.l. 
b. 
Juv. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Bootan. 
India Museum [P.], 
d. 
Ad. st. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum [P.J. 
s. 
Juv. sk. Purneah JDistr. (Fayrer). H. J. Elwes. Esq 
[P.]. 
f. Ad. sk. Calcutta, March. Hume Coll. 
g. 
$ ad. sk. Calcutta, Jan. (/. Anderson). H. J. Elwes, Esq 
[P.]. 
h. Imm. sk. Madras. 
Hume Coll. 
i. Juv. sk. No locality (Blyth). India Museum [P.], 
7c. Imperfect skele- Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
ton (with portion [P.]. 
of the trachea). 

10. PTEBO^ETTA. ^Uvvmutt 
Type. i) fl % 
Pteronetta, Sahad. MS. P. hartlaubi. "#*> 
Plumage plain with no mottlings, and no metallic speculum as In 
Asarcornis, but the frontal feathers in a straight line, the lateral 
frontal ridges of the bill not extending backwards through the 
feathers of the forehead; tail graduated, but somewhat shorter. 

Sexes similar. 
Range, Confined to Equatorial Africa. 

1. Pteronetta hartlaubi. 
Anas cyanoptera, Temm. (nee Vieill.) in Mus. Lugd. (Rio Boutry, 
Pel) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 357. 
Pterocyanea cyanoptera, Bp. Compt. Rendus, xliii. p. 659, n. 92 (1856); 
JEyt. Syn. Anat. p. 87 (1869). 
Querquedula cyanoptera, Hartl. (nee Vieill.) Orn. West-Afr. p. 248 
(1857). 
Querquedula hartlaubi, Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 175 (Camraa 
and Ogobai); Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 203; G. JR. Gr. Hand-list, 


iii. p. 83, n. 10660 (1871); Sharpe $ Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. , 
p. 314 (Louemba, Chissambo) (1876) ; Select. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522 ; 
Boc. Orn. Any. p. 503 (1881); Shell. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 50 (Tingasi, 
Equat. Afr.); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 49 (1889) ; Buttik.Beisebild. 
aus Liber, p. , n. 230 (1890). 
Anas cuprea, 
ScUeg. Mus. P.-B. Anseres, p. 62 (G-old Coast, Guinea, 
Gaboon) (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. I p. 349 (1872). 
Querquedula (Pterocyanea) hartlaubi, Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) 


ii. p. 122, pi. 6 (Ogo6u6) (1879). 
Adult male. Head -and upper part of neck black; a white square 
patch on the frontal edge; rest of the plumage bright chestnut, 


64 
AffATlDJE. 

changing into chocolate olive-hrown on the rump; upper wing-
coverts blue; primaries brown; secondaries olive-brown, with a 
slight bluish tinge near the edge of the outer web; tertiaries olive-
brown, edged with black on the outer web; under wing-coverts 
brown, washed with dull lead-blue; tail brown: " iris yellowish 
brown ; bill black, with a broad subterminal yellow band; legs 
brown" (Emin Pasha). Total length about 22 inches, wing 11, 
tail 5, culmen 1-85, tarsus 1*8. 

I have seen altogether seven specimens of this scarce species, and 
there appears to be no difference between the sexes ; in some specimens 
the white frontal patch is wanting. 

Bab. West Africa from the Gold Coast to Alima on the Congo 
(Mus. Paris), eastwards as far as Tingasi. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
Gaboon. P. DuChaillu [C.]. 
Gould Coll. 
c. tf ad. sk. Tingasi; Equai Aft., July. Emin Pasha [C.]. 

11. 
EETTOPUS. 
Type. 
JNTettapus, Brandt, Descr. et Icon. Anim. Ross. 

Nov., Aves, fasc. i. p. 5 (1836) N. auritus. 
Anserella, 8w. Class. £>. ii. p. 189 (1837) N. coromandelianus. 
Cheniscus, Broke, MS. (nee MoeJir.); Eyt. Mon. 

Anat. p. 15 (1838) N. coromandelianus. 
Microcygna, G. It. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 73 
(1840) N. coromandelianus. 
Nettopus, Agass. Nomenel. Zool, Ind. Univ. 

p. 249 (1846). 
Cheniskus, Agass. 
Range. Prom Tropical Africa and Madagascar, through India and 
Malacca, to China and Eastern Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Sides and lower part of the neck rufous; male 
with a large sea-green patch on the sides of the 
hind part of the head; female without the sea-
green patch and with sides of the head white, 
speckled with black..., auritus, p. 65. 
b. Sides white, with no rufous tinge. 
a'. 
Sides with crescent-like bands; neck dark green 
in the male, banded with white and green in 
the female pulehellus, p. 67. 

V. 
Sides waved with narrow grey lines; neck 
white: male with a broad black band across 
the breast; female witfpj^ broad black band 
across the breast, but M r neck with narrow 
black bands all round^i^M [p. 68. 
a". Smaller: wing 6*5 .. Jf f. t coromandelianus^ 
V\ Larger: wing 7*5 albipennts, p. 72. 

11. NErroPus. 
1. Nettopus auritus. 
S ircelle male de Madagascar, D'Aubent PL Ed. 770. 
R ircelle de Madagascar, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 'ix. p. 274 (1783). 
Anas aurita, Bodd. Tabl PL E/il p. 48, n. 770 (1788). 
Madagascar Teal, Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 556, n. 94 (1785); id. Gen. Hist 


x. p. 373 (1824). 
Anas madagascariensis, 
Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 522, n. 89 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 875, n. 105 (1790); Bonn. Em. Metk i. p. 159, 

n. 87, pi. 40. f. 2 (1791); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 172 (1816); Bum, 
Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 397 (1817) ; Lickt. Verz. Doubl. p. 85 (1823); 
Vinson, in Duprg, Trots mois de sijour a Madag. p, 262 (1863). 
Bemicla madagascariensis, 8teph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 54 (1824). 
Chenalopex madagascariensis, Bess. Tr. d'Om, p. 627, n. 6 (1831). 
Nettapus madagascariensis, Brandt, Descr. et Icon. An. Boss. Nov., 

Aves, fasc. i. p. 5 (1836); Sganz. Ois. Madag. p. 48 (1840); Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Hartl. J.f O. 1854, p. 303, n. 562 
(Gambia, Natal, Madagascar); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 63 
(1856); Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 247, n. 699 (1857); Gum. Ibis, 
1859, p. 251 (Natal) ; Cass. Pr. Ac. 8c. Philad. 1859, p. 175, n. 227 
(Gamma); id. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 203, n. 237 (Camnia), 1861, p. 272 ,-
Heugl. Jf. 0. 1863, p. 164; Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 348 (1867) ; 
Chapm. Trad, in 8. Afr. ii. App. p. 422 (1868); Byt. 8yn. Anat. 

p. 35 (1869); Bayard, Ibis, 1869, p. 377 (S. Africa); Ussher, Ibis, 
1874, p. 74 (Gold Coast); ? Bchmo. J.f.O. 1874, p. 374 (Accra ?); 
Ayres, Ms, 1877, p. 354 (Transvaal); Hartert, J.f.O. 1886, p. 612 
(Niger-Benu6). 
Cheniscus madagascariensis, Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 88 (1838). 

Anser minuta, Dubois, Orn. Gal. p. 110, pi. 70 (1839). 

Nettapus auritus, G. B. Gr. Bist Gen. B. p. 73 (1840); id. List B. 

Brit. Mus. iii. p. 128 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 3 (1844); 
 *Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatorea, t. 96. ff. 931, 932 (1845): Hartl. Zeit. 

f. 
Zool. u. Zoot. 1848, p. 159; id. AWL § Mag. N. H. ii. p. 393 
(1848); Hartl. J.f.O. 1860, p. 173; id. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. 
p. 82 (1861) ; Polk N. T. D. i. p. 327 (1863); Booh <$• B. Neivt. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 174 (Madagascar); B. Newt. ibid. p. 459 (trachea); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 165 ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 336 (Zambesi); 
Vinson, Voy. Madag. p. 85 (1865); Verr. ibid., Ann. B, p. 4 (1865); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 75 (1866); id. P. Z. S.1866, p. 426; 
Schleg. 8f Poll. Bech. Faun. Madag. p. 141 (1868); Grand. Bev. et 
Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 5; Cab. in v. d. Beck. Beis. iii. p. 51 (1869) 

(E. Africa); Finsch $• Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 804 (1870); G. B. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p* 77, n. 10593 (1871); Bocage, Jorn. Ac. Lisb. no. xii. 
p. 278 (1871); Anderss. B. BamaraLand, p. 336 (1872); Bocage, 
Jorn. Ac. Bisb. no. xvii. p. 45 (1874); Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 701 
(1878); Bartl. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68 (Tamatave); Bocage, J.f O. 
1876, p. 294 (Huilla, Cunene); Hartl. Fog. Madag. p. 357 (1877); 
Fisch. $ Bchnw. J.f.O. 1878, p. 248; Pitch, ibid. p. 296, 1879, 
p. 285; Bocage, Orn. Any. p. 498 (1881) (Angola); 8harpe in 
Oatei Matab. Band, p. 32*7 (1881); Milne-Bdw. fy Grand. Faune 
'Madag.., Ois. p. 714, pis. 264 (bird), 265 (skeleton), 266 (osteology), 

275. f. 2 (head), 307.11 (egg) (1882) ; Holub % Pelz. Beitr. Orn. 
8.-Afr. p. 328 (1882); Butt., Feild. $ Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 427 ; 
8harpe, Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p- 750 (1884); Bohm, Jf 0.1885, 
pp. 38, 64 (G. Africa); JFischer, ibid. p. 115 (E. Africa); Ayres, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 297 (Transvaal); Matschie, J.f O. 1887, p. 137; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 307 (E. Africa); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 
VOL. XXVII. 
F 

ANATID-E. 

m 

(1889); Hartert, Eat Vogelsamml p. 227, n. 3973 (1891); &"Jree, 
25w, 1892, p. 270; Rchnw. Tog. Deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 27 (18<J4). 
Microcygna madagascariensis, Hartl. Erst. Nachtr. Vogelsamml p. 19, 

n. 217 (1846) {nee Gm.). 
PNettapus 
coromandelianus, Anderss. (interior of S. Africa, fide 
Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 247); Gum. in Anderss. B. Damara Land, 

p. 337 (note) (1872). 
Nettopus madagascariensis, Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent p. 146 
(1872); Rchnw. Yog. d. Zool. GaH. p. 58 (1882). 
Nettopus auritus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 505. 
Nettapus auratus (errore), Shelley, P. Z. S.1881, p. 601 (Lamu). 
Anserella aurita, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22. 

Adult male. Forehead, sides of the head, and a collar round the 

neck white; top of the head, a band along the hind neck, back, rump, 

upper wing-coverts, scapulars, and tertials dark glossy green ; ear-

coverts and sides of the nape pale yellowish white, encircled ante


riorly and below by a crescentic black band; lower part of the neck 

all round, sides and flanks bright cinnamon; breast and abdomen 

white ; vent and under tail-coverts black; on the lower part of the 

hind neck the cinnamon feathers with green-black undulated 

lines; upper tail-coverts with steel-blue gloss; quills and tail-

feathers black; the tips of the anterior greater 
wing-coverts and 

some of the median secondaries white, forming a conspicuous 

speeulum ; under wing-coverts black : " iris dark brown; bill bright 

yellow [with the nail blackish]; feet black" (K Neiuton). Total 

length about 11*5 inches, wing 6*1, tail 3*4, culmen 1, tarsus 0*9. 

Female. Similar to the male, but duller; the white of the fore


head and sides of the head dotted with black ; no distinct yellowish 

patches on the sides of the head and no crescentic black band; the 

green feathers of the back and upper tail-coverts freckled with 

obsolete rufous lines ; lower hind neck more distinctly banded with 

rufous ; bill with " the upper mandible dusky olive, with a greenish-

olive patch on the lower part of the base, and a small livid spot on 

each side of the nail" (Andersson). 

Hah. Madagascar, and Africa, from Natal to the Zambesi on the 

east, and from Bamara-land to the Senegal on the west. 

a, b. (S ? ad. sk. West Africa. 

c. <J ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Lagos. 
Sir A. Moloney [P.]. 
e. <$ imm. sk. Maw. A. G. Baxter, Esq. 
[C.]. 
/, g. 6 $ ad. sk. Lamu. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 

h> *• 6 2 ad. sk. Zambesi. Br. Bradshaw [O.l 
k-n. <5 ad. etimm., Zambesi (Bradshaw). Shelley Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 

o. (J ad. sk. Zulu-land, July (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
p, £• 6 ? ad. sk. Natal, Dec. [Gueinzius). Purchased. 
r. 
§ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, June (Agres). J. H. Gurnevi Esq. 
[P.]. 
s,t <$ § ad. sk. Matabele-land. 

W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
U . NETTOPUS. 
u. $ ad. sk. Madagascar. Tweeddnlo Coll. 
v. cf ad. sk.
to, _ a\ ? ad, et $ 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
J)r. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
iniQi, sk. 
y. Inim. sk.
s. <$ ad. sk.
a'. Skeleton. 
Madagascar. 
Central Madagascar. 
G. F. Scott Elliot 
Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
2. Hettopus pulchellus. 

Nettapus pulchellus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 89 (N. Australia) ; 
tU i?. -4iw«r. vii. pi. 4 (pt. vi., 1842); G. R. Gr. Gen, B. iii. p. 608, 

n. 2 (1844); Rchnb. 8yn. Av. Natatores, t. 90. if. 938, 939 (1844) 
(ex Gould); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. .302, n. 1765 (1849); 
Bp. Compt Henri xliii. p. G49, n. 62 (185(3); Elsey, P. Z. S.1857, 
p. 28; G. R. Gr. P. Z. S.1858, p. 198; id. Cat. B.'Neiu Guin. p. 63 
(1859); Finsoh, Neu-Guin. p. 183 (1865); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. 
ii. p. 357 (1865); 8c7ileg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 97 (1866) (Amboina); 
Rams. P. Z. S.1868, p. 388 (Queensland); But 8yn. Anat. 
p. 37 (1809) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 101 (1875); Rams.'Pr. Linn. 
Sac. N. 8. W. i. pp. 194, 386 (1876); BAlb. 8ydn. Mail, 1877, 
p. 248; id Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. x. p. 20 (1877): id. Ibis, 1877, 
p. 372; Rams. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346; id. Pr. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. 
ii. p. 200, n. 650 (1877); Mast ibid. p. 276 ((1877); LA lb. $ 
JSalvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. p. 133 (1879) (Katau and Fly 
Rivers); D'Alb. Nuov. Gum. pp. 519, 588 (1880); Legge, B. of 
CeyL p. 1067 (1880); Selat. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 200 (Larat); 
Finsch, Vog. d. Sildsee, p. 29 (1884); Forbes, P. Z. S.1884, p. 434; 
Bins. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1886, pp. 202,209 (Celebes); Bams. Tab. 
List, p. 22, n. 661 (1888)• Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 51 (1889) (Port 
Moresby) ; Sdlvad. Agg. Orn. Pap. e Mol. p. 210 (1891). 
Anserella pulchella, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10595 (1871) ; 

Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22. 
Nettopus pulchellus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 505 ; 8alvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 400, n. 1 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p, 384 
(1882). 

Adult male. Frontal edge, sides of the head, throat, breast, and 
abdomen -white; top of the head brown, banded with dark green 
and pale brown ; neck all round, back, scapulars, and upper wing-
coverts dark glossy green with a bluish tinge; lower part of the 
neck and sides with crescentic white and dark green bands, producing 
a scale-like appearance ; upper tail-coverts dark glossy green, 
irregularly banded, especially towards the base, with white; quills 
black; secondaries broadly tipped with white, forming a white band 
across the wing; under wing-coverts black glossed with green; tail 
glossy black; under tail-coverts black : bill black, with the nail (in 
dry skins) pale; feet black ; " irides dark brown " (Forbes). Total 
length about 13*5 inches, wing 6*9, tail 3, culmen 0*98, tarsus 0*98. 

Female. Similar to the male, but has the top of th.e head uniform 
brown-black; sides of the head and throat white, speckled with 
black; a black band along the middle of the hind neck; upper part 
of the neck white, with black bands, which lower down have a 
crescent-like shape ; otherwise as in the male. 

F2 

68 
A.NATIDJE. 

Immature male. Has the anterior part of the cheeks and the 
throat tinged with "blackish, while the posterior part of the cheeks 
and the ear-coverts are covered by a very conspicuous white patch. 

Bob. Australia, Southern New Guinea, Tenimber Islands, Moluccas, 
and Celebes. 

a. Imm. st. 
b. $ ad. sk. Australia. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. d. 
cf 2 ad. sk. Port Essington. The Earl of Derby 
[P.]. 
e. [tf] ad.sk. Port Essiugton. J. B. Jukes, Esq. 
/. <$ ad. sk. N.W. Australia. Capt. Bowyer Bower 
[P.]. 
9, h. (S 2 ad. sk. Adelaide River, N.W. Aus- P. W. Bassett Smith, 
tralia. Esq. [P.]. 

i. $ 
ad. sk. Pt. Albany, N.W. Australia Tweeddale Coll. 
(Coxeri). 
k. 
tf ad. sk. Pt. Moresby, S.E. New J. Goldie [0.]. 
Guinea. 
/. 
J a<l. sk. Larat, Tenimber Island, H. 0. Forbes, Esq. 
Aug. [C.]. 

3. Kettopus coromandelianus. 
Sarcelle de Coromandel, D'Auhent. PL Enl. 949 (tf), 950 ($) ; 

Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 274 (1783). 
Coromandel Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, n. 556, n. 95 (1785). 
Anas coromandeliana, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 522, n. 90 (1788); Lath. 

Ind. Orn. ii. p. 875, n. 106 (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 171 (1810): 

Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 396 (1817). 
Anas coromandelica, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 159, n. 86 (1791). 
Bernicla coromandeliana, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 56 (1824). 
Chenalopex coromandeliana, Less. Tr. cPOrn. p. 627, n. 5 (1831). 
Anser coromandeliana, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125. 
Anas girra, J. E. Gr. in Sardw. III. Ind. Zool. pi. 68 (1832). 
Anser girra, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 167 (Dukhun). 
Cheniscus coromandelianus, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 89 (1838). 
Microcygna coromandeliana, G. P. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 73 (1840); 

id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 93 (1841); Hartl. Syst. Vers. Ges. Mus. 

p. 118 (1844). 
Dendrocygna? girra, Jerd. Madr. Jonrn. xii. p. 218, n. 378 (1840). 
Dendrocygna affinis, Jerd. op. cit. p. 219, n. 378 bis (winter dress) 
(1840). 

Nettapus 
coromandelianus, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Miis. iii. p. 129 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 1 (part.) (1844); Rchnb. Syn. 
Av., Natatores, t. 96. ff. 933-35 (1845); G\ R. Gr. Cat. Sodas 
Coll. B. M. p. 144 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 302,' 

n. 1766 (1849); Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 136 (1852) ; Rchnb. Av. 
Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Layard, Ann. fy May. N. S. (2) xiv. 
p. 269 (1854); Licht No?nencl. Av. p. 10 (Sumatra) (1854); Bp 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 60 (1856)'; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii*. 
p. 786 (1864); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vbg. p. 136 (Manila) (1865); 
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 76 (Java) (1866); Blyth, Ibis. 
1867, pp. 175, 310; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 401 ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. 
11 . NETTOPDS. 
GO 
p. m (I860); David, N. Arch, du Mas, Bull. vii. Cat. n. 442 
(China) (1871): Lloyd, Ibis, 1878, p. 410 (Bullol); Wald. Ibis, 
1874, p. 149 (Andamans); Anders. Ibis, 1874, p, 222 (egirs, 
breeding); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 165 (1875); Wald, Tr. Z. S. ix. 
pp. 243, 252 (1875); 2?i*tf. Str. Feath. iv. p. 27 (Guzerat) (1876); 
Hume, ibid.; David fy OUST. Ois. Chine, p. 501 (1877); Bohnio. 
J. f O. 1877, p. 218 (Celebes); Hume $ Davis. Str. Feath. vi. 
p. 486 (Tenasserim) (1878); Oates, Str. Feath. vii. p. 52 (1878); 
Cripps, ibid. p. 311 (1878); Tiraut, Bull Com. Aqr. fy Industr. 
Coehinch. i. 1 (1878), p. 161 (1879) ; Lec/ge, B. of Ceyl p. 1060 
(1880); Bingh. Str. Feath. ix. p. 198 '(1880); Tweedd. Orn. 
Works, pp. 269, 404, 413 (1881); Wardl Bams. ibid. p. 660 
(1881); Simon, Ibis, 1882, p. 86 (E. Bengal); Vorderm. N. T. 
N. I. xlii. p. 90 (Java) (1882); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 529 
(1882); Eelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 198 (Perak); Oates, B. Brit Burm. 
ii. p. 272 (1883); Bias. J. f 0. 1883, pp. 121, 122 (Celebes); 
Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukianar, E. China); Bias. J.f 0.1884, 
p. 220 (S.E.# Borneo) ; Swmh. <£ Bam. Ibis, 1885, p. 137; Graboiosky, 
Oniis, 1885, p. 163; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v. 
p. 622 (Tenasserim) (1888); Everett, J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 1889, 
p. 192; Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 51 (1889); Styan, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 446 ; Hime, Nests 8?Eggs (Oates' ed.), iii. p. 280 (1890); Styan, 
Ibis, 1891, pp. 317, 328, 495 (Yangtse); Hartert, J.f.O. 1889, 
* p. 436; 
id. Eat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891); De La fouche. Ibis, 
1892, p. 491 (Foochow) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 485 (Hainan); 
Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 71 (Calcutta). 
Microcygna girra, Hodys. Gray's Zool, Misc. p. 88, no. 796 (1844). 

Nettapus 
coromandelicus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150 (Tavov); 
Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 248 (Oudh); Sioinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 96 (China) ; 
Gieh. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 701 (part.) (1875) ; Hume, Nebts fy Eggs, 

p. 638 (1875); Hume Sf Marsh. Game-Birds of Ind. iii. pi.' 14 
(1880) j Vorderm. N. T. K. I. xlvi. p. 240 (1886), xlix. p. 419 
(1889). 
Anserella coromandelica, G. R. Gr, Cat. Hodqs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. 

p. 76 (1863); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, no i0594 (part.?) (1871); 
Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22. 
Anser (Nettapus) coromandelianus, v. Mart. J. f 0. 1866, p. 30. 
Cheniscus coromandelicus. Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 

(1872). 
Anserella coromandeliana, Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479; Legg/>, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 407. 

Nettapus kopschii, Swinh. Ann. $ Mag. N. II. (4) xi. p. 16 (1873); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 501 (1875); Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270 
(= coromandelianus). 

Nettapus corornandus, Hume, Str. Feath. iii. p. 192 (1875). 

Nettopus coromandelianus, 
Blyth, B. Burma, p. 165 (1875); Hume, 
Str. Feath. vii. p. 491 (1878), viii. p. 114, n. 451 (1879); Hume 
8r Marsh. Game-Birds of Ind. iii. p. 101 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 505; Oates, Str. Feath. x. p. 245 (Pegu) (1882). 

Adult male in summer. Forehead, crown, and nape hair-brown, 
the former darkest; remainder of head, the whole neck, and 
lower plumage white ; a broad collar round the neck black in front, 
glossy green behind; the white of the breast produced round the 
neck and forming another collar below the black one; back, scapulars, 

70 
ANATIDJE. 

rump, tcrtiaries, and wing-coverts deep glossy green ; secondaries 
glossy green, broadly tipped with white ; primaries dark brown on the 
basal halves, then white with the tip black; under wing-eoverts 
greenish black; upper tail-coverts white, freckled with brown; 
under tail-coverts dark brown, mottled with white; sides of the 
body vermiculated with brown : " bill black ; iris bright red ; legs, 
toes, and webs black, the sides of the tarsus and toes dusky yellow; 
claws horny brown " (Oates). Total length 13 inches, wing 0*5. 
tail 3, culmen 0*92, tarsus 1. 

Female. Poiehead and a supercilium dirty white; crown and 
nape dark brown; lores and a line through the eyes blackish ; 
remainder of head, the whole neck, and upper breast dnll white, 
mottled with brown, the marks on the breast and hind neck 
becoming well-defined wavy lines ; the lower plumage dull white, 
streaked and indistinctly barred with brown ; the whole upper 
surface, wings, and tail brown, the secondaries tipped with white, 
and the inner primaries also more narrowly tipped with white; 
upper tail-coverts white, freckled with brown ; under wing-coverts 
brown, each feather margined with white: " bill brown above, 
yellowish below ; iris brown ; legs and toes greenish yellow " (Oates). 
Size a trifle less than the male. 

Male in ivinter. Similar to the female, but always retains the 
conspicuous white patch on the primaries. 

Young. Similar to the female till the first spring (Oates). 

Young in down. Upper parts, fianks, and under tail-coverts 
blackish brown; a broad superciliary stripe, cheeks, throat, front 
neck, and breast white ; a brown line through the eyes; two broad 
white spots on each side of the back, one near the base of the 
wings, and the other, much longer, on the sides of the rump ; 
feathers of the tail blackish, very long and stiff. 

Hah. India, Ceylon, Andamans, Burmese Countries, China, 
Philippines, Sunda Islands, and Celebes. 

a. 2 ^d. st. 
India. Capt. Johnstone [P.]. 
b, c. <S ad. et $ India. Purchased. 
imm. st. 

d. $ 
imm. sk. No locality. E. Newman, E*q. 
[P.]. 
e. (3 ad. sk. 
Madras. Tweeddale Coll. 
f. $ ad. sk. Mirzanpore, Feb. (J, Davidson). Hume Coll. 
V/. $ ad. sk. Ilaipur. Hume Coll. 
)i-l\ $ ad. sk. Saugor, July, Aug. Hume Coll. 
l-ii. 6 2 ad. sk. Sumbulpore, Cent. Provinces. IJimie Coll. 
o. 
(S imm. sk. Calcutta, March. II. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Calcutta; Jan. Hume Coll. 
Behar. B. PI. Hodgson, Esq. 
q, r. $ g imm. sk. 

[p.]. 

Purneah. 

II. J. Elwes, Esq. 
s. <$ acl. sk. 
[p.]. 

Allahabad, Juno (J. Code-

t, (S ad. sk. burn). 
Hume Coll. 

11 . NETTOPUS. 
W, V. S 2 &&' s^w-
y. d 9 imm. 

et pull. sk. 
z-V. d j11^- sk. 
c'-i'. d $ ad. et 

imm. sk. 
h', I', d ? ad. sk. 
m',n'. d imm.sk. 
o', y. J ad. sk. 

q', r'. S 2 ad. sk. 
$'. <$ ad. sk. 

f. d ad. sk. 
M'. d ad. sk. 
2?'. d ad. sk. 
w\ 2 ad. sk. 
x'. S imm. sk. 
y'? «'• d 2 ad. sk. 

a"-d". d 2 ad. et 
d imm. sk. 
e"-ff"- djad.sk. 

ti'-l". d ? ad.sk. 
m"-p". S2 ad. 
et 2 juv. sk. 
#"-£". d ?ad.sk. 

u"-z". 2 ad. et 
d $ imm. sk. 
a3, b3. d 2 imm. 
sk. 
c3, d3. d ad. et 
imm. sk. 
63-^3. ? ad. et d 
imm. sk. 

h3 

. d ad. sk. 
i3. d juv. sk. 

F . 2*ad. sk. 
Z3, w3. 2 a^- et 6 
juv. sk. 
n3~^>3. d 2 ad- sk. 

3 s^

g. 2 Juv-r3, 
s3. d ad. sk. 

t3, u\ d 2 ad. sk. 
v3, w3. d 2 imm« 
sk. 
^3-s3. d 2 ad. sk. 

a4-c4. 2 ad. et d 
juv. sk. 

Ankin, Aug. (A. Anderson). 
Etawah, Sept. 


Oudli, Dec, Jan., Feb. 
Oudk. 


Gondah (#. Pinwill). 
Rahimabad, Sept. 
Nepal. 


Nepal (Hodgson). 
Darjeeling. 
Bootan. 


Nusserabad. 


Dacca. 
Sylhet. 
Khasia Hills (Griffiths). 
Mauipur, March, May (A. 


0. &.). 
Tonghoo, Feb., June, July 

(22. G. W. JR.). 
Yaytho, Brit. Burma, June 
(22. G. W. 22.). 
Near Rangoon. 
Lower Pegu, May, June, and 
Sept. 
Thatone, Aug., Nov. (W. 
Damson). 
Thamban,Nov., Jan. (W.D.). 

Kaukaryit, Jan., July (/. 

Darling fy W. JO.). 

Assoon, March. 

Amherst, Dec. {W. D.). 

Phalandoung, Dec. ( W. D.). 

Near Yeaboo, Dec. (/. D.). 

Yea, Tenasserim, March 

(W.D.). 
Tavoy, April (W. D). 

Andamans, July, Aug. (22. J. 
Wimberley). 

S. Andamans, Feb. (22. G. 
W. JR.). 
Port Blair, S. Andamans, May 
(22. J. W.). 
Port Blair, July (JR. J. W.). 
Cochin China, Nov. 
Kiukiang, China, Sept. (JR. 
Swinhoe). (Types 
Kiukiang, Feb., Sept. \R. 

Sivinhoe). 

llumo Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 

Pinwill [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
India Museum [P.], 
India Museum. [P.J. 
India Museum [P.j. 

H. T. Bellamy, Esq. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

E. W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

M. St. Pierre [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
of N. JcopscM, Swinh.) 

Seebohm Coll. 

72 AN4.1IDJE. 

d\ ^. 6 $ &d. &k. Kiukiang, June, July. F. W, Styan, Esq. 

[P.]. 
fK $ ad. sk. Malacca (Canto?-). India Museum [P.J. 
<74, c? m\ ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 

[O.]. 
h\ tl. S ad. sk. Java (Biard). Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
ki. $ nr. ad. sk. Manilla (Maitland Henot). Tweeddale Coll. 
Z1. J imm. sk. Philippine Uands. 
m4. 2 iram. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
n4. Sternum. Pegu. AV. E. Oates, Esq. 

[P.]. 

4. Uettopus albipennis. 
Nettapus coromandelianus, Gould (nee Gm.), B. Austr. yii. pi. 5 
(pt. vi., 1842); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 1 (part.) (1844). 
Nettapus albipennis, Gould, B. Austr. yii. text to pi. 5 (1842); id. 

B. Austr. i. Introd. p. xci (1848); Rchnb. 8yn. Ai\, Natatores, 
t. 96. ff. 936-37 (1845?) (ex Gonld); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. 
p. 649, n. 61 (1856); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 359 (1865); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B. Anseres, p. 77 (1866) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, 
p. 350 (note); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1872, p. 339; Pels. 
Ibis, 1873, p. 122; Bams. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346; id. Pr. Linn. 
8oc. N. 8. TV. ii. p. 200, n. 651 (1878); 8alv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. 
^ p. 530, n. 2579 (1882); Bams. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 662 (1888). ^ 
Kettapus bicolor, Less. JEcho du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 127 (New 
Holland). ^ 
Anserella albipennis, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10596 (1871); 

Bchnw. Or?i. Centralbl 1882, p. 22. 
Nettapus corornandelicus, part., Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 701 (1875). 
Nettopus albipennis, Sclat, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 505. 
Nettapus coromandelianus albipennis, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. 

p. 228, ii. 3375 (1891). 
Yery similar to JV. coromandelianus, from which, it is doubtfully 
distinct, differing only in the larger size. Total length 13-5 inches, 
wing 7*5, tail 3*4, cnlmen 9, tarsus 1. 

Bab, Eastern Australia, from Eockingham Bay to New South 
Wales (Ramsay). 

a, b. S 2 ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Interior of Australia. Aug. Sir J. Mitchell [C.]. 
d. <j ad. sk. Clarence River, N. S. W. Sydney Museum [P.]. 
12. JEX. „, 
Type. 
Aix, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 329 ; M. galericulata. 
Dendronessa, Sw. Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 497 

(1831) M. galericulata. 
Lampronessa, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282 JE. sponsa. 
Aia (errore), Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 35 (1838). 
Cosmonessa, Rchnb. (nee Kaup) Av. Syst. Kat. p. x 

(1852) M. sponsa. 
Mx, B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 123 (1883) (^Aix, Bote). 


Range. Confined to Northern America and Eastern Asia. 

12. .EX. 73 
Key to the tijyecies. 

a. Basal portion of the upper mandible forms a very 
deep angle between the feathering of the forehead 
and that of the lores; feathers on the sidea of 
the neck of the male normal; inner tertials somewhat 
broad, but with the shaft straight; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white spotted with 
blackish both in male and female sponsa, p. 73, 
b. Base of the upper mandible forms almost a straight 
line from the forehead to the corner of the mouth; 
feathers on the sides of the neck of the male 
much elongated, forming a conspicuous ruff of 
narrow chestnut feathers striped with whitish; 
innermost tertial very broad and with the shaft 
much bent downwards ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries uniform brownish grey both in male 
and female galericulata, p, 76. 
1. JEx sponsa. 
Summer Duck, Catesb. Carol, i. p. 97, pi. 97; Edw. Birds, pi. 101 ; 

Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 546, n. 85 (1785). 
Anas sestiva, Bn'ss. Orn. vi. p. 352, pi. xxxii. f. 2 (1760). 
Anas sponsa, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 207, n. 43 (1766); Gm. 8. N. I 

2, p. 539, n. 43 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 871, n. 97 (1790); 
Bonn. Eno, Meth. i. p. 130, pi. 35. f. 1 (1790); Wils. Am. Orn. 

viii. p. 97, pi. 70. f. 3 (1814); Vieill. N. B. v. p. 106 (1816); 
Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 382 (1817); Licht. Vers. Boubl. p. 85 
(1823); Sieph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 96 (1824); Bp. Obs. Wils. 
n. 261 (1825); YarreU, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 35 (Dorking); Benn. 
Gard. fy Menag. Zool. 8oc, Birds, p. 281, with figure (1831); 
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 634 (1831); Nutt Man. ii. p. 394 (1834); 
Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 52 (1835), v. p. 618 (1839); id. 8yn. 
p. 280 (1839); Vigors, Zool. Beecheyh Voy. p. 30 (1839); B'Orb. 
in La Sagra's Mist. Nat Cuba, Ois. p. 288 (1840); Keys. § Bias. 
Wirbelth. Eur. p. lxxxiv (1840); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 271, pi. 391 
(1843) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 312 (1844); Be Kay, N. Y. Zool. ii. 
p. 338 (1844); Begl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 440 (1849); Wied, J.f.O. 
1859, p. 170, pi. 2. ff. 1, 2; ScMeg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 71 
(1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 362 (1872). 
Beau Canard huppe de la Caroline, D'Aubent PI. Enl. 980, 981 

mst Nat 0isix 244 (l783)


((?$); Buff:----P-
Aix sponsa, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 329, n. 3 ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 57, 

n. 380 (1838); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 133 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 1 (1845); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847) ; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 305, n. 1783 (1849); Woodh. 
Sitgr. Hep. p. 102 (1853); Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 664 (1854), xliii. p. 650, n. 121 (1856); 
L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 298; Cab. <§• Gundl. J.f O. 1857, 
p. 226 (Cuba); Newb. P. R. B. Bep. vi. p. 102 (1857); Bawd, B. N. 
Am. p. 785 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 587 (1859); A. Newt 
Ibis, 1859, p. 166; Sclat P. Z. S. 1859, p. 206 (incubation); 
Homey. J. f O. 1859, p. 372 (Zool. Gart.); Heerm. P. R. B. 
Bep. x. pt."6, p. 68 (1859); Coop. <$• SuckL N. H. Wash. Terr. 
p. 256 (1860); Gimdl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 344; Albr. J.f. 0, 1862, 
74 
ANATIDJE. 

p. 207 (Jamaica); llayd. Rep. 1862, p. 176 ; Verr. Pr. Ess. hast. 
iii. p. 153 (1862) ; Blatest. Ibis, 1863, p. 147; G. R. Gr. Cat. Br. 
B. p. 196 (1863); March, Pr. Ac. PMlad. 1864, p. 71 (Jamaica); 
Gundl. Repert. Fis.-Nat. i. p. 389 (1866); Dress. Ibis, 1866, 
p. 43 (Texas); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 428; Homey. J. f. 0. 1868, 
p. 356; Coues, Pr. JSss. hist iii. p. 299 (1868) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. 
p. 72 (1869); Mat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ; Bracken/. 
J.f. 0. 1870, p. 150; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10626 
(1871); Coues, Key, p. 288 (1872); Sclat. $ Salv. Norn. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 130 (1873); Coues, Chech-list, n. 499 (1873) ; id. Birds 
N.-West, p. 571 (187.4); Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 315 
(Mexico) (1874); Gundl. J.f. 0.1875, p.381 (Cuba); Schal. J.f O. 
1876, p. 11 (Brandenburg) ; Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 397 ; 
Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 318; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 513; 
A. <$• E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881); Bidgio. Norn. N. Am. 
B. n. 613 (1881); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 532 (1882); Coues, 
Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 114, n. 719 (1882); Tschnsi en Schmidk. 
MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 30 (Stjria); Coues, Key N. Am.B. 
2nd ed. p. 698, n. 719 (1884) ; B., B., $ 22. Water-Birds N. Amer. 
ii. p. 11, fig. p. 10 (1884); Cory, List Birds W. I. p. 31 (1885); 
Nehrl J. f. 0. 1885, p. 147 (Illinois); A. O. U. Check-list N. 
Am. B. p. 118, n. 114 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 99 
(1887); Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 65; Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 50 
(1889); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73; Hartert, Kat Vogelsamml. 
p. 229 (1891); Sharpe, Cat Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 304 
(1891) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 51 (1892) ; Cory, B. West Ind. 
p. 86 (1892). 
Dendronessa 
sponsa, Sic. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 446 (1831); 
Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 10 (moult); Sic. Class. B. ii. p. 36(5 
(1837) ; Kexjs. $ Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 226 (1840) ; Hartl. 
Syst Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. A v., Xatatores, 

t. 
95. ff. 190-193 (1845); Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40; Gulliv. 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488. 
LamproBessa sponsa, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282; Sundev. Meth. nat. 
Av. disp. Tent p. 146 (1872). 
Aia sponsa, Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 120, f. 1 (trachea) (1838). 
Cosmonessa sponsa, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat p. x (1852). 
Aix promissa, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 298, in syn. A. spondee. 
Dendrocygnus sponsa, Bremer, Pr. Bost Soc. iV. H. vii. p. 308 

(Cuba) (1860). 
Mx sponsa, B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 123 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert 
An. 8th ed. p. 438 (1883). 

Hybrids. 

Aix sponsa xFuligula ferina, Bartl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 44; Sclat. List 

Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 440 (1883). 
Aix sponsa X Fuligula nyroca, Bartl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 44. 
Aix sponsaXAnas superciliosa, Bodin. J.f.O. 1876, p. 341. 
Anas sponsa rf X A. galericulata 5 , Leverk. J. f O. 1890, p. 231, 

n. 52. 
Anas sponsa S X Fuligula cristata $ , Leverk. I. c. n. 53. 
Anas sponsa <S x A. domestica, Leverk. I. c. n. 58. 
Anas sponsa $ X A. clypeata, Leverk. I. e. n. 59. 
Anas sponsa $ X A. boschas, Leverk. I. c. n. 60, 
Anas sponsa $ xA . querquedula $, Leverk. I. c. p. 232, n. 119. 
1:2. .E\\ 
Adult male. Head dark glossy green, cheeks purple ; long 
pendent occipital crest glossy green, purple behind, and bounded 
above and below by two white lines, the upper one starting from 
the forehead and passing over the eye, the lower one starting 
behind the eye ; a broad velvety black patch on the upper part 
of the sides of the neck ; chin, throat, and upper fore neck white, 
sending off a branch between the cheeks and the black velvety 
patch, and another below this on the sides of the neck; hind neck 
and mantle dark bronze-green; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
dark bronzy green; scapulars dark velvety green, the inner ones more 
green on the inner web; lower fore neck and breast glossy chestnut, 
with triangular white spots at the tips of the feathers of the breast; 
on the sides of the breast a white band, edged below with a broader 
black one; lower breast and abdomen white; sides and flanks pale 
brown, vermieulated with black, the longer feathers beautifully 
marked at the tips with black and silky-white bands; lower flanks 
glossy chestnut; under tail-coverts brown; lesber wing-coverts 
bronze-green, the middle and greater ones silky blue, edged with 
velvety black; primaries silky grey on the outer web, glossy bluish-
green at the tip; secondaries glossy bluish-green, with a white 
band at the tip; inner secondaries or tertials very broad velvety 
bluish-black, but the one next to the secondaries glossed with 
coppery red on the outer web; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
white, spotted with blackish, the greater ones more grey; tail above 
dark velvety green, below dusky: " a longitudinal space on the 
culmen, and tip of the bill with the nail, black; an oblong space of 
milk-white from nostrils to the nail; a border of gamboge-yellow 
following the basal outline of the bill; rest of the bill dark purplish 
red, deepening into scarlet just behind the nostrils; iris bright 
orange-red; eyelids deep vermilion; legs and feet dull chrome-
yellow, the webs and joints dusky " (Eidgway). Total length about 
19 inches, wing 9-9*50, tail 5, culmen 1*40, tarsus 1*40. 

Female. Head and neck grey, glossed with green on the upper 
part of the head and crest; a space surrounding the eyes, chin and 
throat white; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bronze-grey; 
scapulars and tertials also bronze-grey, but glossed with purple; 
breast, sides, and flanks brown-grey, with whitish spots along the 
middle of the feathers, broader on the sides and flanks; wings as in 
the male, but the inner greater wing-coverts glossed with coppery 
red; tail above greyish bronzy green, below dusky; lower breast, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, the latter finely dotted with 
brown-grey : " bill dark plumbeous, the nail and longitudinal space 
on the culmen black ; eyelids chrome-yellow; iris raw sienna ; legs 
and feet yellowish brown " (Ridgway). Total length about 17*75 
inches, wing 8*50, tail 4*5, culmen 1*30, tarsus 1*35. 

Young in down. " Above deep hair-brown, darker or dove-brown 
on the pileum and tail; a dingy whitish bar along the posterior 
border of the arm-wing, and a roundish spot of the same on each 
side of the rump; lores, superciliary stripe, extending back nearly 

76 
k^^TlDM. 

to the occiput, with lateral and under parts of the head, generally 
bright sulphury buff, crossed by a wide stripe of blackish brown 
extending from the occiput forward to the eye; remaining lower 
parts dingy white, the sides brownish, this crossed on the flanks by 
an indistinct whitish bar " (Ridgway). 

Hob. Nearctic region from the 50th parallel to the Gulf of Mexico ; 
resident in Cuba (Gundlach); accidental in Jamaica and Bermudas. 

a. 
<S ad. sk. North America. E. Doubleday, Esq. 
[P.]. 
1. Pull. sk. North America. Gould Coll. 
c, d, e. $ ad. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
et juv. 
sk. 
cJ ad. sk. Fraser R. (Br. Lyall). Lord Odo Russell [P.]. 

f. 
9-d ad. sk. Ashland, Oregon, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. S ad. sk. San Francisco, California. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. 
Pull. sk. Moody Co., Dakota, May (F. T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jencks). 
k. 
c? juv. sk. Fort Dufferin, June. N. America Boundary 
Conim. [P.]. 
1 
c? ad. sk. Eagle Lake, New Brunswick, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (EC. E. Dresser). 

m . S juv. sk. Lyon's Falls, New York, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. J. Day an). 
n. $ ad. sk. New Haven, Connecticut, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{A. J. D.). 
0. <$ ad. sk. Elizabeth, New Jersey, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Merriam). 
P-<$ ad. sk. Princeton, Illinois, Oct. E. S. Cameron7 Esq. 

q> $ juv. sk. Pine, Indiana, Sept. (E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nelson). 

r. S ad. sk. Quantico, Virginia, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. c? ad. sk. San Antonio, Texas, April (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
E. Bresser). 
t. Pull. sk. Florida {Merriam). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u. $ juv.sk. Jamaica. 
Purchased. 
V. Pull. St. Zoological Society. 
w, x. Skeletons 
y> Sternum. 
2. Mx galericulata. 
Mandarine Duck. 

Chinese Teal, Edw. Birds, i. p. 102, pi. 102 (1746). 

Querquedula sinensis, elegans, Edw. Birds, i. p. 128. 

Querquedula sinensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 450 (1760). 

Anas galericulata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 206, n. 42 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 

2, p. 539, n. 42 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 871, n. 98 (1790) ; 
Bonn. £nc. Meth. i. p. 161, pi. 210. f. 1 (1790) ; Shaw, Mus. Lev. 

t. 10, t. 89 (1792-96); Yieill. N. B. v. p. 170 (1816); Bum. 
Diet. Se. Nat. vi. p. 395 (1817); Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 363 
(1824); StepA. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 94, pi. 47 (1824); YieilL Gal. 
des Ois. ii. p. 217, pi. 287 (1825); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 635 
(Philippines) (1831) ; Yarr. P. Z. S. 1833, p. 10 (moult); Bennett, 
Wander, in New South Wales, ii. p. 62 (1834) ; Temm. $ Schley, 
12. .FA. 77 
Fauna Jap., Aves,^. 127 (1850); Schley. Mm. P.-/A, Anseres,p. 70 
(1866) ; David, N. Arch. Mus., Bull. Vii. Cat. u. 452 (187J); Gieb. 
The*. Orn. i. p. 352 (1872) : &HJM. i?. Japan. Emp. p. 248 (1890). 
Sarcelle de la Chine, D'Aubent. PL Etil. 805, 806 (d 2) ; Buff. 

Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 276, pi. 19 (1783). 
Chinese Duck, Lath. Syn. iii, 2, p. 548, n. 86 (1785). 
Aix galericulata, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 329, n. 1 ; /#r?VA;/. P. Z. & 

1842, p. 166; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 133 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 2 (1845); Gould, B. of Asia, vii. pi. 09 
(pt. iv., 1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); Bp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 450, n. 122 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 200 
(incubation); Homey. J.f. 0. 1859, p. 372 (Zool. Gart.) ; Swinh. 

P. Z. S. 186°), p. 324 (Central China); id. Ibis, 1860, p. 295 
(Formosa!); Przew. Yoxj. n. 196 (1867); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 207 (Hakodadi); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 71 (1869): Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1809, p. 629 (breeding); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii.' p. 80, n. 10627 
(1871); Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 123; 
Garr. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (carotids), p. 639 (muscles); Sioinh. 
Ibis, 1875, pp. 137, 457 (Hakodadi); Dyh. # Tacz. J. f. O. 1875, 
p. 256 (Usfeuri); Tacz. J. f. O. 1870, p. 202; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. 
Fr. ii. p. 45 (1877): David 8? Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 501 (1877); 
Blah. Sf Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 (Japan); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 513; Bolau, J.f.O. 1881, p. 63, 1882, p. 340; Blah. 8f Pryer, 
Tr. As. Soc. Japan, x. p. 97 (1882); Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mm. 
vi. p. 318 (1883); B., B., $ JR. Water-Birds N. Am. ii p. 9 
(note) (1884); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 99 (1887); Gigl <$• 
Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 591 (Olga Bav); Salvad. $ Gigl Mem. 
R. Ac. 8c. Tor. (2) xxxix. pp. 118, 131 (1888); Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 460 (Corea); Dorries, J.f.O. 1888, p. 92 (E. Siberia); 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73; 
Sty an, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 496; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml.^. 229 
(1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spetim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 304 (1891); 
De La Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 492 (China). 
Cosmonessa galericulata, Kaup, Isis, 1829 (fide Gould, B. of Asia, 
yii. text of pi. 69). 
Lampronessa galericulata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282; Sund. Meth. 
nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872). 

Dendronessa galericulata, 8w. Anim. in Menag. p. 233 (1837); id. 
Class. B. ii. p. 366 (1837); HartC Srjst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 95. if. 194-195 (1845). 

Aia galericulata, Eyt Mon. Anat. p. 119 (1838). 
Anas asitori, Temm. {ubi T),fide G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 


p. 133 {in syn. A. galericulatse). 
Anas (Aix) galericulata, Schrench, Yog. Amur-Land, p. 466 (1860); 
Radde, Reis. in 8.0. Sibir. ii. p. 362 (1863). 
Mx galericulata, Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 438 (1889). 

Hybrids. 

Anas galericulata S X A. sponsa $>, Leverh. J.f. 0.1890, p. 230, n. 39. 
Anas galericulatacJXA. domestica2, Leverk. I. c. n. 40. 

Adult male. Forehead glossy green, changing into purple on the 
crown; long occipital crest coppery red, changing into dark purple 
and green below; sides of the head anteriorly buff, changing into 
white round the eyes, from where the white extends on the sides of 

78 AHATIDJE. 

the head and of the crest; lower part of the crest dark metallic 

green; chin and throat cinnamon ; sides of the neck with long 

pointed feathers, of a chestnut colour, striped with whitish along 

the middle ; hack, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts 

hoary "brown with a dull bronzy gloss; lower neck in front and on 

the sides glossy chestnut, hounded on the sides with five crescentic 

bands, three black and two white; sides, breast, abdomen, and under 

tail-coveits white; sides and flanks pale brown, vermiculated with 

black, the longer feathers with white and black crescentic bands 

at the tip ; lower flanks tinged with glossy chestnut; scapulars 

bronzy greyish green, glossed with blue, the outer ones white, 

broadly edged with velvety black on the outer web; primaries grey 

on the outer web, tipped with green on the inner web; secondaries 

glossy bluish green, tipped with a white band; inner tertial with 

the shaft much bent downward, giving to the outer web a falcate 

form, the inner web excessively widened into a very broad chest


nut fan, edged on the upper part with whitish and on the lower 

with velvety steel-black, the outer web of the same feather 

velvety steel-black; under wing-coverts brown-grey; tail brown 

olive-grey : " iris dark brown, with a yellowish-white outer ring; 

bill reddish brown, with the nail bluish flesh-colour; tarsus and 

toes reddish yellow ; membranes blackish " (ScJirencJc). Total length 

about 17 inches, wing 9*4, tail 4*5. culmen 1*25, tarsus 1*35. 

Female. Head, neck, and crest grey; a band at the base of the 
bill, round the eyes, a band starting from the eyes towards the 
nape, chin, throat, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
white; lower fore neck, breast, sides, and flanks brownish grejT, 
each feather with a whitish oblong spot near the tip ; upper parts 
and upper wing-coverts brown olive-grey; primaries brown, with 
the edge of the outer web grey; secondaries brown-olive, with a 
green lustre, broadly tipped with white; one of the tertials has the 
outer web partly black, glossed with bluish green ; tail brown olive-
grey. Size somewhat smaller than the male. 
Male in summer. Resembles the female. 

Nestling. " "Whole of the upper surface, wings, and tail brown ; 
under surface brownish buff; behind the eye two narrow lines of 
brown" (Gould). 

Ilab. Central and Southern China, Formosa and Japan ; Amoorland 
only during the breeding-season. 

a, h. <$ ad. et In captivity. J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
juv. sk. [P,]. 

c. <$ ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
d-g. <$ % ad. Shanghai^ China, March, Nov. Seebohm Coll. 

h.
sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
(i2. SwinJioe). 
Formosa, August (M. &). Seebohm Coll. 
i.
k.
/. 
J ad. sk. 
gad.sk. 
Jad.sk. 
Japan. 
Japan. 
Nagasaki, Japan. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Leyden Museum [E.]. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P. 1. 

13. CEKEorsra. 
m. 
5 ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Japan, Sept. {Blah- Seebohm Coll. 
is ton). 
n, o,p. <$ $ ad. Yokohama, Japan (IT. Fryer). Seebolim Coll. 
sk. 

q. 
$ ad. sk. Kamoze" Village, Tsu-shima, Seebolim Coll. 
April (P. A. Hoist). 
r. $ ad. sk. Nii Village, Tsu-shima, Oct. Seebokm Coll, 
(P. A. Hoist), 
s-v. Pull. St. Zoological Society. 
w. Pull. sk. H. J. Elwes, Esq*. [P.l 
.r. Pull. sk. Gould Coll. 
y. Skeleton. 
Subfamily IV. CEREOPSINiE. 

13. 
CEEEOPSIS. 
Type. 
Cereopsis, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. lxvii (1801).. O.novsekollandiae. 
Range. Confined to S.E. Australia and Tasmania. 

1. Cereopsis novae liollandise. 
Cygne cendre\ Labillard. Voy. Rech. La P6r. i. p. 130, pi. 9 (1800). 
New Holland Cereopsis, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 325, pi. 138 
(1801). 

Cereopsis 
novae hollandise, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl p. lxvii (1801); 
Illig. Prod. p. 253 (1811) ; Vieill Analyse, p. 60, gen. 234 (1816) ; 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. Analyse, p. cvii (1820); id. PI. Col. 
206 (livr. $5, 1823); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 67 (1824); Bote, 
Isis, 1826, p. 981 j Ranz. El Zool. ix. p. 292 (1826); Less. Man. 
tfOrn. ii. p. 412 (1828); id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 627 (1831); Tamil, 

P. Z. S. 1830, pp. 25, 26 (anatomy); Bennett, P. Z. S. 1830, 
pp. 26, 27; id. Gard. and Menag. Zool. Soc, Birds, pp. 315324 
(1831); Pep. Council Z. S. 1831, p. 14, 1832, p. 13; Less. 
Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 523 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. 

p. 716 (1838) ; Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 80 (1838); Temm. PI. Col. i. 
Tall. MSth. p. 100 (1838); Jard. fy Selby, III. Orn. (n. ser.) pi. 33 
(1839); Rupp. Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 11 (1839); G. R. Gr. List 
Gen. B. p. 73 (1840); id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 126 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 606 (1844); Hartl. Syst. Verz. Ges. Mm. 
p. 117 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 96. ff. 940-941 
(1845); Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 1 (pt. xxviii., 1847); Rchnb. 
Av. Syst. Nat p. ix, tab. x. (1852); id. J. f. O. 1853, p. 10; 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, 
n. 36 (1856); Crisp, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 215; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, 
p. 206 (incubation); Schleg. Dierent. p. 279, with fig. (1864); 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 350 (1865) j Schleg. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 115 (1866) ; Byt. Suppl to Osteol. Av. pi. — 
(1869^ ; id. Syn. Anat. p. 15 (1869) ; Mull P. Z. S. 1869, 
p. 280; Sclat t c. p. 629 (breeding); Unit. Ibis, 1870, p. 397; 
b. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 
74, n. 2724 (1871) ; NatMs. 
J. f. 0.1871, p. 255 (egg); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 613 (1872); 
Sund. Meth. nat AD. disp. Tent p. 145 (1872) ; Rector, P. Z. S. 
80 
ANATID.E. 

1873, p. 769; Oullio. P. Z. S. 1875, p. m-,Garrod, P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 197 (lachrymal region); Rams. Pr. L£?m. Soc. JST. S. W. 

i. p. 194 (1876), ii. p. 200, n. 647 (1878); Gadoio, J. f. O. 1877, 
p. 389 (inteatin.) ; DiogL B. Austr. ii. pi. 108 (1877?); Schmidt, 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317 \ Sclat. t. e. pp. 497, 535 ; Rchnw. Vog. 
Zool Gart. p. 68 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 417 
(1883); Helm, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 334 (muscles) ; Legge, Pr. Hoy. 
Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (1887); Rams. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 658 
(1888) ; Bua?is, Ibis, 1891, p. 71 (incubation) ; Sharpe, Cat. 
Osteol Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 291 (1891) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml 
p. 226 (1891); %Forbes, Tr. N. Zeal. List. xxiv. p. 185 
(1892). 
Cereopsis cinereus, Vieill. K. D. v. p. 516 (1816) ; id. Gal. des Ois. 

ii. p. 211, pi 284 (1825) ; CUD. Regn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 569 
(1829). 
Anser griseus, Vieill N. D. xxiii. p. 336 (1818); id. JSnc Meth. i. 

p. 351, pi. 236. f. 1 (1823); Bennett, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 27. 
Anas terras leeuwin, Riche, MS., B'Bntrecast.Narrat^fide Bennett, 
P. Z. S. 1830, p. 26. 
Cereopsis cinerea, Brandt, JDescr. et Ic. An. Ross. Nov^Aves, fasc. i. 
p. 6 (1836). 
Cereopsis 
au&tralis, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 219, f. 32 (1837) ; id. 
Class. B. ii. p. 366 (1837). 

Adult. Crown of the head whitish, the remainder of the plumage 

brownish grey; some of the wing-coverts and scapulars with a 

spot of brownish black near the tip; the feathers of the back 

margined with pale brownish grey; the apical half of the primaries, 

the tips of the secondaries, the tail, and the under tail-coverts 

blackish brown : " bill black, cere lemon-yellow; irides vermilion ; 

eyelash dark brown ; legs reddish orange ; toes, webs, claws, and a 

streak up the front of the legs black" (Gould). Total length 

34 inches, wing 20, tail 8, bill 2, tarsus 3*6. 

Female. Like the male. 

Young. " They assume the plumage of the adults at an early 

stage, but have the greenish-yellow cere much less conspicuous " 

{Gould). 

Young in down. Sides of the head and upper parts brown, under


pays whitish grey ; throat white; a broad white band on each side 

of the head, and another on each side of the back, as far as the 

sides of the rump. 

Hab. Victoria, S. Australia, and Tasmania. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 
Zoological Society. 

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman (?oll. 
d, e. Juv. st. Port Lincoln. Purchased. 
/ . Juv. st. 
g, h. Pull. st. Zoological Society. 
i, k. Pull. sk. Gould Coll. 
I Pull. sk. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
m. Skeleton. 
n. Skeleton. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ANSERINE. 

Apparently allied to Coreopsis novce hollandice is the extinct 
Cnemiomis calcitrans^ known only from its bones, "which, are found 
together with remains of Dinornithidce. 

CNEMIOEMS. 

Typo. 

Cnemiomis, Owen, Trans. Zool.Soc. v. p. 396 (1865)... 0. calcitrans. 

1. Cnemiomis calcitrans. 
Cnemiomis 
calcitrans, Owen, Trans. ZooL JSoc. v. pp. 396-402, 
pis. Ixiii.-lxvii. (1865); Sector, Titans. N. Zeal. Inst vi. pp. 2684, 
pis. x.-xiv. a (1874); Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc* ix. pp. 253-272, 
pis. xxxv.-xxxix. (1875) ; id. Extinct B. of New Zeal pis. ci-civ. 
(1879); Lijdekker, Cat. Foss. B. p. 99 (1891). 

u Skull short and massive, with beak rounded and stout. Carina 
of sternum aborted. Limb-bones short and very stout, the ulna 
being shorter than the humerus and having very prominent tubercles 
for the secondaries ; cnemial crest of tibia greatly developed. No 
foramen between third and fourth trochlea of tarso-metatarsus. 
Spines of dorsal vertebrae tall. Very considerably larger than the 
existing Cereopsis novce hollandice, with the limbs relatively much 
stouter and shorter/' (Lydehlcer.) 

Hah. New Zealand. 

a. 
Skeleton (in- Earns Clougk Gave, Otago. Capt. Fraser [P.], 
complete). 
h. 
Several bone:*. Oamaru. Dr. H. 0. Forbes [E.] 
Subfamily V. ANSERINE. 

Key to the Genera* 

a. 
Serrations on cutting-edge of upper mandible 
visible from outside for greater portion of 
the tomium ; the latter decidedly sinuated 
or concave. 
&\ Bill very stout, its depth through base 

equal to much more than half the length 

of the culmen; colour of adults white or 

bluish, with primaries blackish 14. CHEN, p. 82. 

b*. Bill weaker and more depressed, its depth 

through base less than half the length of 

the 
culmen; colour of the adult never 

entirely white. 

a". Bill not longer than the head 15. ANSEB, p. 88. 
b". Bill longer than the head and flattened 
towards the tip 16. CYONOPSIS, p. 107, 

b. 
Serrations on edge of upper mandible visible 
only near angle of mouth; the tomium 
very slightly or not at all sinuated 17. PHXLACTE, p. 109. 
e. Serrations of upper mandible not visible from 
outside; the tomium almost straight; bill 
moderate, but strong, 
c'. Webs of the feet not deeply excised 18. BRANT A, p. 111. 
d'. Webs of the feet deeply excised 19. NESOCHEN, p. 126. 
VOL. XXVII. G 

82 
AXkTlVM. 

14. 
CHEN. Typ6. 
Chen, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 563 
C. hyperboreus. 

Chionochen, JRchnb. AD. St/st. Nat. p. ix (1852) C. hyperboreus. 

Exanthemops, Elliot, B. N. Am. ii. pi. xliv. (pt. ix., 

1868) 
0. rossi. 

Range. Arctic Regions of Northern Hemisphere. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. 
Bill very robust, the commissure widely 
gaping and enclosing a broad blackish 
space, extending from the corner of the 
mouth nearly to the tip of the bill; 
feathering at* the base of the upper mandible, 
along each side, having a very 
convex outline; culmen 1*95 inches, or 
more (Chen). 
a'. 
Plumage chiefly greyish brown; the 
rump (usually) and wing-coverts bluish 
grey carulescens, p. 82. 

V. 
Plumage of adult entirely white, except 
primaries and their coverts, which are 
grey; young greyish white,, the upper 
parts tipped with dusky greyish. 
a". Length about 23-28 inches, wing 
14*50-50, culmen L95-2-30, tarsus 
2-80-3-50 hyperboreus, p. 84. 

b". 
Length about 30-38 inches, wing 17*3517*
o0, culmen 2-55-2*70, tarsus 3*153'
50 . nivalis, p. 86. 

b. 
Bill comparatively weak ; the commissure not 
gaping and not enclosing a distinct blackish 
space; feathering at base of upper mandible, 
along each side, forming a nearly 
straight oblique line; culmen 1*70 inch 
or less; basal portion of upper mandible 
often wrinkled and warty {Exanthemops).. rossi, p. 88. 
1. Chen caerulescens. 
Blue-winged Goose, Edw. Birds, pi. 152 (Hudson Bay) (1748) ; 

Lath. JSyn. iii. 2, p. 469, m 28 (1785). 
Anser sylvestris freti hudsonis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 275 (1760). 
Anas casmlescens, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 198, n. 12 (1766); Forst. Phil. 

Trans, lxii. p. 414, 2 (1772); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 513, n. 12 (1788); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 836, n. 13 (1790); Vieill N. D. xxiii. 

p. 336 (1818) ; Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. xxxv. p. 468 (1825); ? Bp. 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 1024 (1856). 
Oiedes Esquimaux, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 80 (1783). 
Anser caerulescens, Bonn. Enc. MMi. i. p. 115, n. 17 (1790); Cass. 

Pr. Philad. Ac. 1856, p. 42; Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. n. 564 (1859) ; 
Barnston, Ibis, 1860, p. 253; Boss, Canad. Natural, vii. p. 151 
(1862); id. Nat. Hist. Bev. (2) ii. p. 286 (Mackenzie River) 
(1862); Blaldst Ibis, 1863, p. 140; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 132 

14. CHEN. 
83 
(1863) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-JB., Anseres, p. 108 (1866) ; Bryant, Pr. 

Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 70 (Inagua) (1866); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 

N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1866); Coues, Key, p. 282 (1872); id. Checklist, 
n. 479 (1873); Sclat. fy Salv. Nfomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, 
n. 2 (1883); Ridgiu. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 388 (Illinois) (1874); 
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 553 (1874); Nelson, Nutt. Orn. Club, 
1876, p. 137 ; Sclat. # Salv. P, Z. S. 1876, p. 361 : Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501; Salv. Cat. B. Strichl. Coll. p. 259, n. 2572 
(1882). 
Anser 
hvperboreus, juv., Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 89, pi. 469. f. 5 
(1814)"; Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 33 (1824); Less. Tr. d'Or?i. 

p. 628 (part.) (1831); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 7 (part.) 
(1844) ; Behnl. Sijn. ^./Natatores, t. 97. f. 226 (media) (1845); 
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 760 (part.) (1858); JEyt. Si/n. Anat. p. 40 
(part.) (1869); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 371 (part.) (1872). 
Anas hvperborea, part., Temm. Man. aVOrn. p. 525 (1815); id. oj>. 

cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 816 (part.) (1820). 

Anser hyperboreas, part., JEi/t. Hon. Anat. p. 92 (1838). 

Chen hyperborea, part., G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 129, 

specim. b (1844) ; Bp. Cmipt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 10 (1856). 
Chen cferulescenp, Gimdl. Repert. Fis.-Nat. i.p. 387 (1866); Elliot, 

B. N. Am. pi. 43 (1869); G. R. Gr. Kand-list, iii. p. 75, n. 10571 
(1871) ; Gundl, J. f. O. 1871, pp. 292, 294,1875, p. 374 (Cuba) ; 
Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 202 (1880) ; id. No?n. N. Am. 
B. n. 590 (1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. Ill, n. 694 (1882) ; 
B., B., $ R. Water~B. N. Am. i. p. 436 (1884); Ridgw. Auk, i. 
p. 240 (1884); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 685 (1884); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 476 (Zool. Gard., Alaska); Nehrl. J.f. 0. 1885, 
p. 146 (Illinois); A. O. U. Code of Nomencl. $r Check-list N. 
Am. B. p. 351 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 115 (1887) ; 
A. 0. U. Suppl. to Code of Norn. 8? Check-list, p. 18, n. 169 
(1889); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 226, n. 3354 (1891). 
Adult. Head and upper half of the neck white, or mostly white; 
lower neck and body greyish brown, the feathers bordered terminally 
with paler ; these pale edgings, however, nearly obsolete on 
the neck, where the tint is darker, inclining to plumbeoas-umber, 
which joins irregularly against the white above it; rump and wings 
plain pearl-grey or bluish cinereous (the former sometimes white), 
in striking contrast to the deep greyish brown of the scapulars, sides, 
&c, that of the rump fading into white on the upper tail-coverts, 
and that of the greater coverts edged externally with the same; 
primaries black, fading basally into hoary grey; secondaries deep 
black, narrowly skirted with white ; tail deep cinereous, the feathers 
distinctly bordered with white: bill reddish, the commissural 
space black; feet reddish. Total length about 30 inches, wing 
15-17, culmen 2-10-2-30, tarsus 3-3*30. 

Young. Very similar to the adult, but the chin only white, the 
colour of the head and neck being uniform plumbeous-umber, or 
brownish plumbeous, like the breast, only darker in shade; body 
more cinereous than in the adult, the pale tips to the nearly truncated 
contour-feathers being obsolete; rump, wings, and tail as in 
the adult: bill and feet blackish. 

Hah. Interior of Xorth America east of the Rocky Mountains, 

G2 

84 
ANATID2E. 

breeding on the eastern shores of Hudson's Bay ; migrating south 
in winter, through the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf Coast; occasional 
on Atlantic coast (Bidgway), in Bahama (Bryant), and Cuba 
(Gundlach). 

a. Ad. sk. N. America. 
b. 
Ad. sk. N. America. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
c. 
Juv. st. Repulse Bay, N. Hudson's Dr. Rae | P.]. 
Bay. 
d. g ad.sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. B. Annstnmg). 
2. Chen hyperboreus. 
? Anser grandinis, Schwenck, AD. Sil. p. 213 (Silesia). 
? Anser niveus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 288 (1760) {ex Schioenck). 
Anser hyperboreus, Pall. Spic. Zool. vi. p. 25 (1767); id. Zoogr, 

Rosso-As. ii. p. 227, t. 65 (1811) fsyn. emend.); Twill. N. I). 

xxiii. p. 338 (part.) (1818); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 83 (part.) 
(1824); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 467 (part.) (1&25) ; Temm. 
Man. iv. p. 516 (Japan) (1840); K. # B. Wirbelth. Eur. 
pp. Ixxxiii, 223 (part) (1840); ? Naum. Vog. Beutschl. xi. p. 213 
(part.), pi. 381 (1842); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cix (1844); G. R. 
Gr. Gen. B. m. p. 607, n. 7 (part.) (1844) ; ? v. d. M'uhle, Beitr. 
Orn. Griechenl. p. 119 (Greece!) (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Xatatores, 
t. 97. if. 224-25 (1845); Ilartl. Wiegm. Arch. Ife52, i. 
p. 122 (1852) ; Wallenqr. Naumannia, 1857, p. 208 ; ? Cab. J.f.O. 
1857, p. 225 (Cuba); Newb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 101 (California); 
(1857); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 760 (part.) (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. 
B. n. 563 (part.) (1859); Ileerm. P R. R. Rep. x. p. 69 (1859); 
Coop. 8f Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 249 (I860) ; Ross, Canad. 
Natur. vii. p. 151 (Mackenzie R.) (1862); id. Nat. Hist. Rev. (2) 
Anseres,V. 107 (part.) (1866) (Japan, Chili!) ; Later. Ann. Lyc. 

N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1866); Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98 
(Aiizona); id. Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. p. 123 (S. Carolina) (1868) ; 
P Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, p. 34 ; Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 
p. 294 (Alaska, breeding) (1869); Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, 
p. 131; Mayn. Guide, 1870, p. 147; Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii. 
p. 183 (Utah) (1872); Triple, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. p. 241 (Iowa, 
migratory) (1872) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 371 (part.) (1872); 
Coues, Key, p. 282 (1872); Snow, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873); ? Sclat. 
<§• Sah. Nomenel. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, n. 2 (1873) ; Ridgw. Am. 
Nat. viii. Febr. 1874 (semidome&tic); id. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. 
p. 388 (Illinois) (1874) ; Sclat. # Sah. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 860 
(Cuba, Jamaica); Blakist.fyPn/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (Tokio Bav); 
Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 260; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 501; Rchnw. Vog. d. zool. Gdrt. p. 67 (1882); ? Salv. Cat. B. 
StricH. Coll. p. 529, n. 2572 (1882); Blah. %> Prxier, Tr. As. Soc. 
Jap. x. p. 95 (part.) (1882); Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Yokohama); 
Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. 38 (1884) ; Seebh. Hist. Brit. 
B. p. 490 (1885); Rchnw. J.f.O. 1890, p. 81 ; Collett, Forh. 
Selsk. Chr. 1890 (1891), no. 4, pp. 12-17 (Norway); Seebh. B. Jap. 
Bmp. p. 238 (part.) (1890); Brandt, J. f. 0. 1891, p. 266. 
14. CHEN. 
85 
Anas hyperborea, Gm. S. JV. i. 2, p. 504, n. 54 (part?) (1788); 
? Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 837, n. 14 (part.) (1790); ? Wils. Am. Orn. 
Tiii. p. 76, pi. 68. f. 5 (1814); Temm. Man. p. 525 (1815); Temm. 
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 816 (1820); Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 70, n. 233 
(1828) ; Rich. App. Parry's 2nd Voy. p. 365. 

Chen hvperborea, Bole, Isis, 1822, p. 563, 1826, p. 081; G. B. Gr~ 
List Gen. B. p. 73 (1840); Bp. Cat Met. TJcc. Eur. p. 09, n. 417 
(1842); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 129, specira. a (1844); 
Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxvii. p. 664 (California) (1853) ; id. ColL 
Delattre, p. 93 (1854); id. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 10 (part.) 
(1856) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 138 (1886); Towns. 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 195 (Sacramento Valley, California) 
(1887) ; Nets. N Ii. Coll. in Alaska, p. 82 (1887) ; ? Macfarl. Br. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 423 (1891); Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 73 
(1892). 
Chen hyperboreus, Bp, Comp. List, p. 55 (1838); Gosse, B. Jam* 

p. 408 (1847) ; Gundl. J.f.O. 1857, p. 225, 1861, p. 344, 1862, 
p. 91; Albrecht, J.f 0. 1862, p. 206 (Jamaica); Bias. List B. 
Bur. p. 20 (1862) ; Gundl Bep. Fis.-Nat. i. p. 387 (1866); Degl 
$ Gerhe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 493 (1867); Tacz. J.f 0. 1873, p. 108 
(E. Siberia) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 548 (part.) (1874) ; ? Gundl 
J.f 0. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico ?); Gundl. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 371 
(Cuba); id. J. f. 0.1878, pp. 162, 190 (Porto Rico ?); B., B., $ B. 
Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 439 (part.) (1864); Sound. YarreWs Br. 
B. iv. p. 275 (part.) (1884-85) ; Nehrl J. f O. 1885, p. 146 
(Illinois) ; Matschie $ Ziem. J. f. O. 1885, p. 193; Stejn. Bidl 
U.S. Nat. Mus. x. n. 29, p. 317(1885); id. Pr. U.S. Nat.Mus. x. 
p. 135 (Bering I.) (1887); Collett, Om.Jahrb. i. p. 137 (Norway) 
(1890). 
Anser hyperboreas, part., Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 92 (1838). 
Chionociien hyperboreus, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Sund. 

Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872). 

Chenalopex hyperboreus, Licht Nomencl Av. p. 101 (Mexico) 
(1854); C. L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 297, 1857, p. 357, 

Anser albatus, 
Cass. Br. Ac. Bhilad. 1856, p. 41 (W. and N. America); 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 1024 (1856); Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped., 
Mamm. $ Orn. p. 333 (1858); Boss, Canad. Natur. (2) ii. p. 286 
(Mackenzie R.) (1862); id. Nat. Hist. Bev. vii. p. 286 (1862) ; 
Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 139 ; Turnb. B. B. Ba. 1869, p. 45 ; A. Newt. 

B. Z. S. 1871, p. 58 (egg); Saund. B. Z. S. 1872, p. 519 (Ireland); 
Harting, Brit. B. p. 155 (1872) ; Blakist. 8? Bri/er, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 218'(Tokio Bay); Sclat. B. Z. S. 1880, p. 501; Bidgw. Br. 
Biol. Soc. Wash. 1884, p. 107 ( = hyperboreus, Ball). 
Chen albatus, Elliot, New $ Unfit/. B. N. Am. ii. pi. 42 (1867) ; G. 

B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75, ii. 10572 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. vi. 
p. 409, pi. 417. f. 2 (pt. xix., 3*73); Bowl Orn. Misc. ii. p. 93 
pi. xlvii. (1876); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 117 (1883) ; Newt Bid 
o/£ . p. 374(pt.iL, 1893). 
Anser hyperboreus, var. albatus, Coues, Key N Am. B. p. 282, 

n. 480 a (1872); id. Cheek-list, n. 480 a (1873). 
Anser hyperboreus b. albatus, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 549 (1874). 
Chen hyperboreus albatus, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 202, 
n. 591 a ; id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 591 a (1881); Coues, Check-list 
N Am. B. 2nd ed. p. Ill, n. 696 (1882); id. Key N. Am. B. 
2nd ed. p. 686 (1884) ; Murd. Exped. to Boint Barrow, p. 116 
(Alaska) (1885). 
86 
k^ATWM. 

Anas hyperboreus, " Pall" Bidgzo. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 107 
(1884). 

Adult. Uniform pure white, the head often stained with rusty; 
primaries black, becoming greyish basally, their coverts and the 
alulae ash-grey : bill purplish red, the nail whitish, and the intertomial 
space black; iris dark brown ; eyelids whitish ; feet purple-
or orange-red, the soles dingy yellow. Total length about 23-28 
inches, wing 14-5-17, tail 6-30, culmen 1-95-2*3, tarsus 2-8-3-25. 

Young. Head, neck, and upper parts pale greyish; the head 
more or less tinged with rusty, this deepest anteriorly ; the feathers 
of the upper parts with whitish edges, and (especially wing-coverts 
and tertials) striped medially with darker ; rump, upper tail-coverts, 
tail, and lower parts plain white; bill blackish; feet plumbeous ; 
irides brown. 

Rob. North-eastern Asia and Western North America; breeding 
in Alaska, migrating south in winter to Japan in Asia, and in America 
to Southern California and the Mississippi Yalley; accidental 
in Northern Europe. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. Yokohama, Oct. (JET. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
c. Ad. sk. Tokio Bay,Yokohama, Japan, Capt. BlaMston [P.]. 
March. 
d. Ad. sk. W. side Rocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
e~l. cf ? ad. et Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g juv. sk. Nov., Dec. (F. B. Armstrong), 
m. Juv. sk. Chicago, Illinois, Oct. (JS. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. Nelson). 

3. Chen nivalis. 
Anas nivalis, Forst. Phil. Trans, lxii. p. 413 (1772) (Hudson's Bay). 
Snow Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 445, n. 10 (part.) (1785). 
Anas hyperborea, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 504, n. 54 (part.) (1788); ? Lath. 


Ind. Orn. ii. p. 831, n. 14 (part.) (1790); ? Wils. Am. Orn. viii. 

p. 76, pi. 68. f. 5 (1814); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 816 (part.) 
(1820). 
Anser 
hyperboreus, Bonn, (nee Pall) Enc. MSth. i. p. 112 (1790) (ex 
Forster); Pall. Zooqr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 227 (part., Hudson Bay) 
(1811); Bp. Syn. p. 376 (1828); Less. Tr. dtOrn. p. 628 (1831); 
Sto. 8r Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 467 (1831) ; NidL Man. ii. 

p. 344 (1834); JSw. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837); And. Orn. Biogr. 
iv. p. 562, pi. 381 (1838); id. Syn. p. 273 (1839); K. $*B. 
Wirbeltk Fur. pp. lxxxviii, 223 (part.) (1840); ? Naum. Vog. 
Deutschl. xi. p. 213 (part.) pi. 284 (1842); And. B. Am. vi. 

p. 212, pi. 381 (1843); Giraud,B. Long I. p. 29-7 (1844); DeKay, 
N.Y. Zool. ii, p. 350 (1844); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. clx (1844); G. 
B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 7 (part.) (1844); ? Lemb. Av. Cub. 
p. Ill (1850) ; Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. p. 101 (1853); Putn. Pr. Ess. 
Inst. i. p. 219 (Massachusetts) (1856); Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1850, 
p. 11; F Cab. J.f.O. 1857, p. 225 (Cuba); Bairdt B. N. Am. 
p. 760 (part.) (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. p. 563 (part.) (1859); 
14 . CHEN. 
87 
Wheat. Ohio Agr. Rep. n. 235 (1860); COM. Pr. Ac. PhilacL 
1801, p. 72; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, n. 12 (Greenland); Boardm. Pn 
Bost. Soc. ix. p. 129 (Maine) (1862); 't Ross, Canad. Natural. (2) 

ii. p. 151 (1862); ? id. Nat Hist. Pev. vii. p. 286 (1862) ; Verr. 
Pr. Ess. Inst iii. p. 159 (Maine) (18(32); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, 
p. 139 (Brit. N. Am.) ; Bree, B. Bur. iv. p. 126, pi. — (1863)• 
Alien, Pr. JEss. Inst iv. p. 87 (1864); Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, 
p. 107 (part., Labrador) (1866) ; Mcllwr. Pr. Bss. Inst v. p. 94 
(Canada, West) (J866); ? Cones, ibid. p. 297 (1868); Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1867); $ Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 
(Vancouver I.); Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 40 (1869) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. 
i. 
p. 371 (part.) (1872); Sound. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 520; Sclat 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501 (part.); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (Hudson 
Bay) (18891; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 238 (part.) (1891); ? Macfarl 
Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. xiv. p. 423 (1891). 
? Tadorna nivea, part., Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996; id. Handh. Vdg. 

Deutschl. p. 854 (part.) (1831). 
Anser hyperboreas, part., Eyt Man. Anat. p. 91 (1838). 
Chen hyperboreus, G. It. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75, n. 10570 (excl. 

syn.)"(1871); Coues, B. N.-West,y. 548 (part.) (1874); B., B., # 

R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 439 (part.) (1884); Neivt. Diet, of B. 
p. 374 (pt. ii., 1893). ^ 
Chen 
hyperboreus nivalis, Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p, 107 
(1884); B., B., <$• R. Water-B. N. Am.ii.p.440 (1884); A.O.U. 
Code ofNomencl. § Check-list, p. 123, n. 169 a (1886); ? Macfarl 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 423 (1891); Hartert, Kat Yogelsdmml 

p. 226, n. 3355 (1891). 
Anser hyperboreus nivalis, Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 490 (1885). 
Chen hvperborea nivalis, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 115 (1887) ; 
Hatch, B. ofMinnes. p. 75 (1892). 

Similar to C. hyperboreus, but larger. Total length about 30-38 
inches, wing 17*35-17*50, tail 6*50, culmen 2'55-2*70, tarsus 3*153-
50. 

Mr, Eidgway gives as a distinctive character for this species the 
culmen 2*55-2-70 against 1*95-2*30 for C. hyperboreus; the four 
specimens mentioned below have the culmen 2-30 inches long, so 
that they would come under C. hyperboreus, but as they have the 
bill decidedly larger than any of the birds mentioned in the previous 
list, which certainly belong to C. hyperboreus, and as at least the first 
two, from the Arctic Overland Expedition and Eepulse Bay, from 
their locality ought to belong to C. nivalis, I have kept all the four 
under this species. But I must confess that it appears to me that 
the distinction of an Eastern form from a Western one is not yet 
satisfactorily established. 

Hab. Eastern .North America; breeding-ground unknown, but 
probably arctic regions east of Mackenzie River; United States 
(Mississippi Yalley to Atlantic coast) only during migrations and in 

winter. 
a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad.sk. 
Arctic Land Exp. 
Repulse Bay, N. Hudson Bay. 
Vancouver Is. 
St Juan deEuca, Vancouver Is. 
Capt Back [P.]. 
Dr. Rae [P.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ss 
ss 
AJKLTIDJF. 


4. Chen rossi. 
Horned Wawey of Heame, Joitm. to the North Ocean, p, 442 
(1795). 

Anser rossi, Baird, MS.; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. IbOl, p. 73; Ross7 
Canacl Nat vii. p. 151 (186:2); id. Nat. Hist. Rev. (2) ii. p. 286 
(Mackenzie River) (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 13U; Schleg, 
Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 108 (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 46 (1869); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 373 (1872); Coues, Key, 1872, p. 282; id. 
Check-list, n. 481 (1873); id.B. N.-West, p. 553 (1874); Allen, Bull, 
Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 52 (1876): Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501. 

Exanthemops rossii, Elliot, 111. Am. B. iv. pi. 44 (1869) ; G. R. Gr, 
Hand-list, iii. p. 75, n. 10573 (1871); Heine fy Rchmu. Nom. Mm. 
Hein. Orn. p. 341 (1890). 

Chen rossi, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 203; id. Nom. N, 
Am. B. n. 592 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. Ill n. 697 
(1882); B., B., 8?R. Water-B. of N, Am. i. p. 444 (1884) ; Coues, 
Key to N Am. B. p. 686, n. 697 (1884); A. O. U. Code of 
Nomencl $ Check-list, p. 126, n. 170 (1886); Ridgic. Man. N. 
Am. B. p. 115 (1887; ; Macfarl Pr. U.S. Nat Mm. xiv. p. 423 
(1891). 

Adult Colours exactly as in 0. liyperboreus. Entirely snowy 
white", the primaries black, fading into hoary ash basally; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts hoary ash : bill with the basal portion of 
upper mandible often wrinkled and warty; colour of the bill dull 
reddish, the tip white ; feet dull reddish. Total length 20-26 inches., 
wing 13*75-15-50, tail 5, culmen 1-50-1-70, tarsus 2-30-3. 

Young. White, tinged with greyish^ the centres of the feathers 
of the upper parts deeper greyish ; bill and feet dusky. 
Hah. Interior of Arctic America in summer, migrating south in 
winter to Southern California, and eastward to Montana. 

a. Ad. sk. California. 
Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. San Joaquin Fall, California. Hr. Gruber [C.]. 
2 a(^ et

e, d, e. San Francisco, Calif ornia,winter Salvin-Godman Coll 
ad.sk. (G. W.Harford), 
f 2 ad, sk. Stockton, California, Feb. (S. Sabin-Godman ColL 
Huskins). 

15. ANSEE. 
Type. 
Anser, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 261 (1760)
Anseria, Rafinesque, Analyse, p. 72 (1815). 
Marilochen, Rchrib, Av. Syst Nat. p. ix (1852) ... . 
A. ferns. 
A. erythropus. 
Range, Northern Hemisphere. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

A. Tomia distinctly arched, with indentations 
of upper mandible quite apparent (Anser). 
a. Nail of the Mil white. 
<^a\ Rump frencb-grey, no conspicuous white , x OA 
<" 
on forehead?.,. \ferus,j> 89. 
| rubrirostns, p. 9L 

15. 
ANSEK. 89 
//. Rump dark greyish "brown. 
h". White on the forehead not reaching 
a line between the eyes. 
b3. Smaller: total length about 1>7 
inches, culnien 1*0 albifrons, p. 92. 
c3. Larger: total length about 29 
^ inches, culmen 2*3 gambeli, p. 95. 

c". "White on the forehead reaching a 
line between the eyes on the top of 
the head: total length about 21 
inches, culmen 1*27 erythropus, p. 97. 

&.JNail of the bill dusky or black j no dark 
^ brown band well-defined on the hind 
neck. 
c'. An orange band round the median part 


of the beak ; feet orange. 
c". Smaller : culmen 2*6 inches fabalis. p. 99. 
d". Larger: culmen 2*4-3*4 inches ... . serrirostris. p. 101. 

d'. A pink band round the median part 
of the beak *. feet pink flesh-colour .. brachyrhynchus, p. 103. 

B. 
Tomia not very arched, almost straight: 
indentations of upper mandible scarcely 
apparent (Bulabeia); dark brown band well-
defined along the hind neck; head white, 
with two black crescentic bands on the occiput 
and nape « iwdicus, p. 105. 
1. Anser ferns* 
Grey Lag Goose. 
Anser domesticus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 262 (1760) (ex Gesner). 
Anas anser (ferus), Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 13, n. 53 (1764). 
Anas anser, Linn. S. N. I p. 197, n. 9 (a & p) (1766) ; Gm. S. N. 
i. 2, p. 510, n. 9 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 841, n. 26 (1790); 
Bp. Specchio Comp. p. 70, n. 216 (1827). 
Oca pap:lietana, Gerini, Stor. degli TJcc. v. tav. 559 (1776). 
Oie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 30, nl. 2 (1783). 
Grey lag-goose, Perm. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 546, n. 473 (1785); Lath 

Syn. iii. 2, p. 459, n. 21 (1785). 
Anser ferns, Schaeff. Mm. Orn. p. 67, n. 214 (1789). 
Anas anser ferus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 415, with pi. (1803); 

Temm. Man. d>Orn. p. 526 (1815); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 818 
(1820); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 29 (18— ?); Less. Tr. 
d'Orn. p. 628 (1831). 

Anser 
cinereus, Meyer (nee Bonn.), Taschenb. ii. p. 552 (1810) j 
Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 313 (1818); Bum. Diet. Sc.Nat.xxxv. 

p. 458 (1825); Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 358,359 (1825); Cuv.Begn. 
An. 2nd ed. i. p. 568 (1829); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 178 (1831); 
Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 835 (1831); Bp. Comp. List, p. 35, 
n. 398 (1838); Bartl. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 2 ; K. $ B. Wirbelth. 
Bur. pp. lxxxiii, 224 (1840); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Bur. p. 70, 
n. 423 (1842) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 229, Taf. 285 (1842); 
Schleg. Bev. Crit. p. cix (1844) * Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 
1.103. ff. 955-57 (1845),-Kjmrb. JDanm. Fugle, p. 357, Taf. 44 
(1852) ; Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. 
p. 100 (1854); Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 267 (Scandinavia) ; 
Selys, Naumannia, 1855, p. 262 j Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, 
n. 15 (1856); Schleg. Fog. Nederl pi. 275 (1861); Nordm. J.f.O. 
90 ANATIDJB. 

1864, p. 326 (Finland); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 109 (1866) ; 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 400, Taf. 4. ff. 3, 7 (1870); Malmgr. J.f O. 
1870, pp. 287, 288 (Finland); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, Hi. p. 74, 

n. 10501 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 370 (1872); Sund. Sv. 
Fogl. pi. m. t 2 (1872) ; id. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 
(1872); Alst. 8> Broion, Ibis, 1873, p. 70 (Archangel); Finsch, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 02 (Obdorsk) ; Dress. B. of Fur. vi. p. 355, pi. 41 
fpts. 71, 72, 1878) ; Fimch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 258 
(W. Siberia) ; Hume fy Marsh. Game Birds, iii. pi. 7 (1880) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 499 ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 115 (1883); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 417, n. 947 (lbS3); Gaethe, 
J. f. 0. 1883, p. 81 (Heligoland); Radde, Ornis Caucus, p. 445 
(1884); Saund. TarreWs Br. B. iv. p. 253 (1884-85); Seebh. 
Hist Brit B. iii. p. 500 (1885) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 291 
(1889) ; Meyer, Abbild. Vogel-Skel. pi. cxvii (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. 
Osteol. Spec!Coll. Surg. iii. pp. 291, 292 (1891); Kolamb. Glasnik. 
Xaravosl. Druz. vi. p. 1G8 (1891). 
Anser -vulgaris, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 222 (part.) (1811). 
? Anser medius, u Temm." Meyer, Tasche?ib. Zus. u. Ber. p. 231 
(1822). 

Anser ferus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 28, pi. 41 (1824); Gould, B. 
Eur. pi. 347 0837) ; Ft/t Mon. Anat. p. 93 (1838) ; G. R. Gr. 
List Gen. B. p. 73 (1840); id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 129 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 1 (1844) ; Hartl.yst Verz. 
Ges. Mus. p. 117 (1844); Strickl. Ann. <§• Mag. N. H (3) iii. 
pp. 122, 124 (1859); G. R. Gr. Cat. Brit B. p. 186 (1863) ; 
? Boie, J.f 0. 1863, p. 61; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 ; Fyt Syn. 
Anat. p. 42 (1869); Elw.fyBucJcl Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Macedonia) ; 

A. Newt. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 98; Gould, B. Great Brit. v. 
pi. 1 (pt. xxiv., 1873); Rchma. Vog. Zool Gdrt p. 67 (1882) ; 
Rclmw. J. f. 0. 1890, p. 81 Dub. Faun. Vert Belg., Ois. ii. 
p. 393 (1891) ; Pears. $Bidiv. Ibis, 1894, p. 232 (N. Norway). 
Anas cinerea, Ranz. El. di Zool. iii. 9, p. 87 (182G). 
Anser pahistris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 126 (1828). 
Anser sylvestris, Brehm (nee Briss.), Isis, 1830, p. 996 (descr. nulla) ; 
id. Vog. DeutschL p. 836 (1831). 
Anser cineraceus (errore), Marchand, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 1877, 

p. 355, pi. 14 (ptillus, pi. exxxv,). 
Anser anser, Hartert, Kat Vogelsamml. p. 226 (1891). 
Adult male. Head, neck, upper part of the back, and scapulars 
ash-brown, the feathers of the latter with lighter edges; lower 
back and rump lavender-grey; a narrow white edge round the base 
of the upper mandible; fore-neck, breast, and abdomen greyish, 
brown, paler than the upper parts ; on the abdomen more or less 
numerous transverse black spots, sometimes almost confluent; 
lower abdomen, vent, under and upper tail-coverts white; sides 
and flanks brown, with the edges of the feathers pale grey, producing 
a barred appearance; upper smaller wing-coverts, bend of 
the wing, winglet, primary-coverts, and base of primaries french-
grey ; remainder of the wings brown-grey, the edges of the coverts 
and secondaries white; shaft of quills white, except at the tip ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries french-grey; two outermost tail-
feathers white, the two middle ones greyish brown with white tips, 
the remainder white, but greyish brown on the outer Weby except 

15 . ANSER. 
91 

at the tip, which is white ; "bill pink flesh-colour, with the horny 
nail white; irides brown ; legs, toes, and membranes dull fleshcolour 
; claws black. Total length 82 inches, wing 17*5, tail 5mo, 
bill 2-65, tarsus 2-8. 

Female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length 30 inches, 
wing 16. 


Young. Darker than the adult and with no black spots on the 
breast and abdomen ; they are easily distinguished by the grey 
colour of the shoulders and rump, and flesh-colour of the bill and legs. 

Hah. Western Palsearctic region. 

a. Ad. sk. Great Britain. 
b. Ad. sk. Great Britain. Purchased. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Norfolk. 
Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Blackwater R., Essex. F. Bond, Esq. [P.], 
f. 5 ad. sk. Tromso, Norway, June. Seebohm Coll. 
g. Pull. sk. Bodo, Norway. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. 
Skeleton. 
i. Skeleton (Domestic variety). 
k-q. Skulls (Domestic variety). 
r. 
Sternum with shoulder-girdle (Domestic variety) 
2. Anser rubrirostris. 
? Anser vulgaris, part, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As, ii. p. 222 (1811); 
Brandt, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 266. 
Anser erythropus, part., G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mvs. iii. p. 129, 
specim. e,/(India) (1844). 

Anser rubrirostris, Hodgs. Icon. Died, in Mas. Brit. pi. 579; id. 
Grafs Zool. Misc. p. 81% no. 579 (1844); G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. 
Coll. B. M. p. 144 (1846); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 41 
(1877). 

Anser ferus, Adams (nee auct.), P. Z. S. 1859, p. 189 (Ladakh, 
breeding) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344, 1862, p. 254; id. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 323,1870, p. 427. 

Anser cinereus, Blyth (nee Meyer), Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 300, 

n. 1775 (India) (1849)'; Schrenck, Vog.Amurl p. 465 (1860): Radde, 
Reis. Sibir. p. 358 (Mongolia) (1863); G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. 
Coll B. M. 2nd ed. p. 7Q>, no. 627 (1863); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. 
p. 779 (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 174; Dijb. # Parrez\ J.f.O. 
1868, p. 338 (Dauria) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; 
Hume, Sir. Feath. i. p. 258 (Punjab and Sindh) (1873) ; id. Nests 
$ Eggs, p. 635 (1873); Butt. Str. Feath. iv. p. 26 (1876); Scully, 
ibid.^. 197 (Turkestan) (1876); Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 418; David 
Sr Oust. Ois. Chi/ie,-p.49l (1877); Prjev. in Rowl Orn. Misc. iii. 
p. 95 (Mongolia) (1878); Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 491 (1879), 
viii. p. 114," n. 945 (1879) ; Hume 8f Marsh. Game-Birds, iii. 
p. 56 (nee pi. 7) (1880); ? Zaroudn. Ois. Transcasp. p. 72 (1885); 
Severtz. Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 1887, p. 22; Pleske, Rev. Turkest. Orn. 
p. 54, n. 369 (1888); Hume, Nests $ Eggs (Oates1 ed.), iii. p. 279 
(1890) ; Sharpe, Sec. Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 128 (1891) ; Pleske, 
MU. Biol. xiii. p. 298, n. 165 (1892); Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. 
(4) vi. p. 96 (1894). 
Anser 
cinereus, var. rubrirostris, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416 
(Shanghai); Dyb. J.f O. 1873, p. 108, 1874, p. 336; Przeiv. 

02 
ASATID35. 

Monqolie, ii. pp. U0, 170, n. 253(1876); 2V/<?r. /// Rowl. Orn. 

Misc. iii. p. 95 (1878). 
Anser cinereus j3. subalbifrons, Severtz. J.f. 0.1875,p. 184 (Turkestan). 
Anser cinereus rubrirostris, fieebh. Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 501 (1885). 

Similar to A. ferus, but somewhat larger, especially the bill and 
feet, and more * marked with black on the underparts ; bill of a 
flesh-colour, w ith the base of the upper mandible bright red (Radde). 
Total length about 33 inches, wing 18, tail 6-5, culmen 2*7, 
tarsus 3*2. 

Young birds have the underparts greyish white, with no black 
markings. 
Hob. Siberia, in winter Northern India and S. China. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Sassvk-Ala Kul, Turkestan, Dr. Otto Finsch [C.~. 
May. 
h. Imm. sk. Kashgar, Feb. {Forsyth). India Museum [P.]. 
r, d. Ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
e, f. Ad. et imm. India. Colonel Cobb TCI 
'sk. 

y. Ad. sk. India (Blyth). India Museum [P.]. 
'h. $ ad. sk. R. Jheelum below Shahpoor, Hume Coll. 
Nov. (A. 0. H). 
L S ad. sk. Ii. Indus, Dec. (A. O. H.). Hume Coll, 

k. Ad. sk. Delhi. Hume Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. Gurgaon, Feb. (W. II Chill). Hume Coll. 
m-q. Ad. etimm. Etawah, Nov., Dec, Feb. Hume Coll. 
sk. 

r. 
J ad. sk. Futtehguhr, Nov. (A. Ander- Seebohm Coll. 
son). 
s. 
tf ad. sk. Allahabad, Nov. (A. O. II). Hume Coll. 
t-v. 
Ad. et imm. Oudh, Nov., Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 
sk. 

w. Ad. sk. Kurnal, Feb. Hume Coll, 
,r. 
<$ imm. sk. Dollah, Assam, April (J. Cock- Hume Coll. 
burn), 

y. Ad. sk. Canton, China (S. Bliyh). Seebohm Coll. 
3. Auser albifrons. 
White-fronted Goose. 
Anas septentrionalis sylvestris, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 269 (1760). 
Branta albifrons, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 69, n. 87 (1769). 
Anser casarka, S. G. Gm. (nee Anas casarka) Reis, ii. p. 177, t. 13 


(1774). 
Oca lombardella, Gerini, Stor. degli TJcc. v. t. 560 (1776). 
Oye rieuse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 81 (1783V 
White-fronted Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 463, n. 22 (1785). 
Anas albifrons, Lath. Gen. SuppL i. p. 297 (1787); Gm. S. N. i. 2, 

p. 509, no. 64 (part.) (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 842, n. 27 
(part.) (1790); Vieill. N D. xxiii. p. 344 (part.) (1818); Temm. 
Man. WOrn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 821 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, 
pi. 31 (1828). 
Anas albicans (errore), 
Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 76 (1788) ; Lath. 
Lid. Orn. ii. p. 845, n. 34 (1790) ; Bechst. Orn. Taschenk ii. 

p. 454, n. 38 (1803); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 344 (1872) (=Branta 
albifrons, Scop.). 
15. ANSER. 93 
Anas erythropus Wahlb. (nee Linn.) Schrift. d. Berl. Ges. naturf. 
Fr. viii. pp. 75-91 (1788). 

Anser albifrons, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p 114 (part.) (1790); Beehst. 
Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl. 2nd ed. iv. p. 8i)S (1809); Steph. Gen. 
Zool. xii. 2, p. 25 (1824); Dum. Bid. 8c. Nat. xxxv. p. 461 
(1825); Bp. Specchio Comp. p. 70, n. 218 (1827); Less. Tr. d'Orn. 

p. 628 (1881) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 179 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. 
Rais. p. 56 (1832); Gould, B. Eur. pi. 289 (pt. xii., 1837); Bp. 
Comp. List, p. 55, n. 397 (1838) ; BartL P. Z. S. 1839, p. 3; 
Nairn. Vdg. Deutschl xi. p. 351, Taf. 289 (1842) ; Strirkl. P. Z. S. 
1842, p. 167 (China); Schlep. Rev. Crit. p. ex (1844): Hartl. 
8yst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 117 (1844) ; Ejcerb. Bamu. Fugle, pi. 45, 
Suppl. pi. 24 (1852); Midd. Reis. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 227 (Taimuland) 
(1853); Schley. Vog. Nederl pis. 280, 281, 282 (1854); Waliengr. 
Naumannia, 1854, p. 268 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 100 
(1854); Selys-L. Naumannia, 1855, p. 263; Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 648, n. 18 (1856); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 509 (Punjab); 
Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 54 (Egypt); A. Neict. P. Z.8. I860, p. 340; 
Potvys, Ibis, I860, p. 351; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 12 (Greenland) ; 
F. $ P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 90 (Bodo); Sivinh. Ibis, 1801, 
p. 344 (N. China) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328; Radde, Reis. 8. 0.-
Sibir. ii. p. 858 (Irkutsk) (1863); Nordm. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 376 
(Finland); Jerd. B. of hid. iii. p. 780 (Punjab) (1864); Deql. 
# Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 483 (1867) ; Elw. fy Buchl Ibis, 1870, 
p. 389 (Macedonia); Malmgr. J. f. O. 1870, p. 292; David, N. 
Arch. Mus. Bull. vii. Cat. n. 441 (1871); A. Netvt. Pr. Ac. 
Philad. 1871, p. 99; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416; Shell. Ibis, 
1871, p. 315 (Egypt); G.R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 74, n. 10565 
(1871); Gould, B." Great Brit. v. pi. 4 (pt. xix., 1871); Sund. 
Svensk. Fogl pi. 57. f. 1 (1872); Shell. B. Eqypt, p. 280 (1872); 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Byb. J.f O. 1873, p. 108; 
Palmen, Not. Fenn. (n. s.) xi. pp. 353, 355 (Finland) (1875); A. 
Newt. Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl. p. 113 (1875); Br ess. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 418 (Turkestan); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 303 (1876); Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 42 (1877); David $ Ovst Ois. Chine, 
p. 492 (1877); Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 375, pi. 414 (pts. 65, m, 
1878); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 260 (W. Siberia) ; 
Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 114, n. 947 (1879); Hmne $ Marsh. 
Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 73, pi. 10 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 500 ; Freke, Zoologist, Sept. 1881, p. 365 ; Ridgw. Nomencl. N 
Am. B. n. 593 (1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. Ill, n. 692 
(1882) ; Rchmv. Vog. zool. Gart. p. m (1882); 8alv. Cat. B. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 528, n. 2570 (1882); B. O. U. List Br. J?, p. 116 
(1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 418 (1888) 3 Seebh. Ibis, 
1884, p. 269 (C. China); Coues, Key N. Aon. B. p. 684, 11. 692 
(Greenland) (1884); Radde, Ornis Caucas. p. 444 (1884); Tristr. 
Faun. # Flor. Palest, p. 114 (1884); Sound. YarreWs Hist. Br. B. 
iv. p. 261 (1884-85); Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 505, pi. 60 (1885) ; 
Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 252, n. 349 (1886); Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. 
Orn. 1887, p. 22 ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 116 (1887); ? Gigl. 
Sf Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 589 (Corea) ; ? iid. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. 
Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 140 (1888) ; Lilf. Col Fig. Br. Birds, pt. x. 
pi. __ (1889); Rchnw. J.f.O. 1890, p. 81', Bub.' Faun. Vert. 
Belg. Ois. ii. p. 405 (1891) ; Kolamb. Glasnik. Naravosl. Bruz. 
vi. p! 168 (Dalmatia) (1891); Sharpe, Sec. Yark. Miss., Aves, 
p. 128 (1891). 
Anser erythropus, Flem. {nee Linn.) Brit. An. p. 121 (1828); Eyt 
94 
AXATIDJB. 

Mon. Anat, p. 90 (part.) (1838) ; Bp. Cat. Met. JJtc. Eur. p, 09, 

n. 418 (1842;; G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 3 (part.) (1844) ; 
Bchib. Sign. Av., Natatores, t. 102. ff. 238-39 (1845); G. B. Gr. 
Cat. Brit. B. p. 187 (1863); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseret, p. 110 
(part.) (1866); Exjt. Syn. Anat. p. 38 (part.) (1869); Fritsch, 
Vog. Bur. p. 404, t. 45. f. 9 (1870); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 370 
(part.) (1872); Hmne, Sfr. Feath. i. p. 259 (Jhelurn) (1873); 
Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 269 (juv.) (Yang-tse-Kiang). 
Anser 
mediua, Bruch (nee Meyer), Isis, 1828, p. 732; Sleep, Isis, 
1829, p. 1054; Temm. Man. oVOrn. 2nd ed. iv. p. 519 (1840) ; 
Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 100 (1854); Brehn, Naumannia, 1855, 

p. 297 (=interniedius, Naum.). 
Anser bruchii, 
C. L. Brehn, Ixis, 1830, p. 996 (de-cr. nulla) ; id. 
Vog. Deutschl. p. 841 (1831); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc.Eur.y. 69, 

n. '419 (1842); G. B. Gr. 'Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 4 (1844) ; 
 *Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 103. f. 958 (1845); C. L. Brehn, 
Naumannia. 1855, p. 297 ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 16, 
p. 1025 (1856); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 405, t. 45. f. 5 (1870). 
Anser intermedins, 
Nau?n. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 340, t. 288 (1842) ; 
Selys, Naumannia, 1855, p. 263; Bias, in Naum. Vog. Deutschl. 

xiii. p. 293 (1860); Bchnw. J. f. O. 1890, p. 81 ; Hein. $ Bchmc. 
Nom. Mus. Hem. Orn. p. 341 (Egypt) (1890). 
? Anser albifrons roseipes, Schleg. Naumannia, 1855, pp. 254, 256, 

257. 
? Anser pallipes, Selys, Naumannia, 1855, p. 264 (domestic race); 
Degl. $ Gerb. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 485 (1867); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 

p. 405 (1870). 
? Anser albifrons a, pallipes, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648 (1856). 
? Anser pallidipes, A. Neiot. Br. Ac. Bhilad. 1871, p. 99 *. 
Adult male. Eorehead and feathers at the base of the upper 

mandible white; head, neck, back, rump, and wings brownish ash


colour ; tipper tail-coverts white; breast and belly pale brownish 

white, with patches and broad bars of black; sides and flanks ash-

brown, with paler edgings, and with a white band on the upper 

margin; vent and under tail-coverts white; upper wing-coverts 

greyish brown, with paler edgings, the greater ones edged with 

white, forming a conspicuous band ; wing-primaries bluish black ; 

secondaries black ; tail-feathers dark grey, tipped with white : bill 

orange-yellow, the nail white; irides dark brown ; legs, toes, and 

membranes orange, claws whitish horn-colour. Total length 27 

inches, wing 16, tail 6, culmen 1*9, tarsus 2-5. 

Female. Similar to the male, only somewhat smaller. 

Young bird of the year is more uniform in colour and rather 
darker; the feathers at the base of the upper mandible are of a 
deeper brown than those of the rest of the head; tbe nail and 
point of the beak light brown • the pale brown feathers of the 
breast are uniform in colour, without any dark patches or bars. 

Hob. Northern Palaearctic region from Iceland to Siberia, and 
also Greenland, migrating south to the coasts of the Mediterranean, 
Egypt, the Caspian Sea, Northern India, and China. 

* Larger than A. albifrons and with the legs of A. ferns (i. e. pink fleshcolour). 


15 . ANSER. 
a. 
Ad. sk. 
b. 2 ad. sk. 
c. 
$ ad. sk. 
d. 
5 ad. sk. 
e. 
Ad. sk. [Grey 
variety.] 
f. 
J ad."sk. 
'g-i. 
$ <? ad. et 
imm. sk. 

k. 
Imm. sk. 
1. Imm. sk. 
m. Pull. sk. 
n, Imm. sk. 
o. S ad. sk. 
p-r. <$ 2 ad. sk. 
s. 
2 ad. sk. 
t. 
Ad. sk. 
u, v. 
Ad. et imm. 
sk. 

w. 6 ad. sk. 
a(i


x-z. tf 2 s^


«'. Ad. sk. 

5'. Juv sk. 

c . <S juv. sk. 
d', e\ Skeletons. 

f. <$, skeleton. 
Dungloe, Co. Donegal, Jan. 
Fethard, Clonmel, April. 
Island of Tiree. 


Thurso (F. G. W. It.). 
Carse of Gowrie, Feb. 


Breydon, Norfolk, Nov. 
St. Bride's, South Wales, Jan. 


Wales. 
Cambridge, Dec. 
C ambridge (Baker). 
Wiltshire. 
Brighton, Feb. 
Holland, Jan. 
Alexandria, Egypt, Feb. 


Alexandria, Egypt, Feb. 
Fayoom, Egypt, Feb., Mar. 


(<?. E. S.). 
Lucknow. 
R,. Jheelum below Shahpoor, 

Nov. (A. 0. R.). 
Kiukiang, Oct. 

Yangtze, Oct. (F. W. Styan). 
Shanghai, March (R. Swinhoe). 


Holland. 

Colonel Irby [P.]. 
Capt. Waldron fP.]. 
Col. Irby k Capt. 

Keid [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

C. H. Watson, E«q. 
Col. Feilden [P.]. 
Hon. W. Edwardes 

[P.], 
Montagu Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

H.J. Pike, Esq. [P.]. 
H. 
J. Elwes. Esq. 
[P.]Shelley 
Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[PA 
Seebolim Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

H.J. Pike, Esq. [P.]. 
4. 
Anser gambeli. 
Anser canadensis fuscus maculatus, Edw. Birds, pi. 153 (Hudson's 
Bay) (1750). 

Anas erythropus, part., Linn. S. X i. p. 197, n. 11 (America 
sept.) (1766). 

Anas albifrons, part., Gm. S. K i. 2, p. 509, n. 64 (America) (1788) ; 
Lath.Ind. Orn. ii. p. 892, no. 27 (1790); VieilL N. I), xxiii. p. 344 
(part.) (1810) ; Stepk Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 25 (1824) ; Bp. Specchio 
Comp. p. 70, no. 235 (part.) (1827). 

Anser 
albifrons, Bp. (nee Scop.) Syn. p. 376 (1828); Wagl Isis, 
1831, p. 531 (Mexico); Sw. 8p Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 466 
(Mackenzie River, north of 67°, and Arctic coast, breeding) (1831); 
Nutt. Man. ii. p. 346 (1834); AucL Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 568, pi. 286 
(1836) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 5o, no. 367 (1838); Aud. Syn. p. 272 
(1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 209, pi. 380 (1843); Giraitd, B. Long 
Isl. p. 296 (1844); Temm. <§* Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 125 
(1850); Feale, U.S. ExpL Exped. viii. no. 159 (Oregon and California) 
(1848) ; Rartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, i. p. 122; Henry, Fr. 
FUlad. Ac. 1855, p. 316;' Wied, J. f. O. 18.59, p. 166; Reerm, 

F. F. F. Fep. x. pt. vi. p. 68 (California) (1859); Roy, Smiths. 
Fep. p. 438 (Missouri) (1864); Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. p. 119 
(Minnesota) (1871); Szvinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (Hakodadi), 1877, 
p. 146; BlakisL # Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 ; iid. Tr. As. Soc. 
Jap. viii. p. 182 (1880J, x. p. 95 (1882); Blakist. Amend, List B. 
96 
ANATID-35. 

Jap. p. 8 (1884) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 237(1890); Brandt, 

J.f 0. 1891, p. 266. 
? Anser segetum, Nutt {nee Gm.), Man. ii. p. 348 (1834) (N.E. 
America) {fide Brandt, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 266). 
Anser 
gambeli, Hartl Be v. et Mag. Zool. 1852, p. 7; id. Naumamiia, 
1852, p. 2; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 6487 n. 17 (1856) ; 
Cab. J.f. 0. 1857, p. 226 (Cuba); Cass. US. Expl. Exp., Mamm. 
and Orn. p. 334 (1858); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 761 (1858) ; Coop. 
Sr Suckl. N H. Wash. Terr. p. 249 (1860); Wheat. Ohio Agr. 
Bep. no. 236 (1860); Blahist. Ibis, 1863, p. 140; Allen, Br. Ess. 
Inst. iv. p. 87 (Massachusetts) (1804); Gundl. Bepert. Fis.-Nat. 

i. p. 387 (1866) ; Coues, Br. Ess. Inst. v. p. 298 (New England) 
(1868); id. Br. Philad. Ac. 1866, p. 98 (Arizona); King, Sportsm. 
and Natur. in Canada, p. 190 (1866) ( = albifrons) ; Dress. Ibis, 
1866, p. 42 (Texas); Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 269; id. Br. Bost. 
Soc. xii. p. 124 (South Carolina) (1868); Broion, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 425 (Vancouver IsL); Ball # Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. I p. 294 
(Yukon, breeding) (1869); Tumbull, B. E. Ba. p. 35 (1869); Bann. 
Br. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131 (critical) ; Snow, B. Kans. p. 11 
(1870); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 15, n. 10566 (1871); Sclat. 
<§* Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, n. 3 (1873); Ball,Avif. 
Aleut IsL TJnal. eastw. p. 5 (1873); id. Avif. Aleut. IsL west 
Unal. p. 6 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. ii. p. 313 
(Mazatlan) (1874) ; Gundl. J.f.O. 1875, p. 375 (Cuba) ; Sclat. $ 
Salv. B. Z. S. 1876, p. 301; Sclat. B. Z. S. 1880, p 500 ; Saund. 
TarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iy. p. 264 (1884-85); Seebh. B. Japan. 
Emp. p. ^37 (1890). 

Anser albifrons, var. srarnbeli,Coues, Key, p. 282 (1872); Bidqw. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. x. p. 388 (Illinois) (1874); Coues, B. iV.-West, p. 546 
(1874; ; Nels. Cruise 4 Curium," p. 93 (1883) (Sib. coast of Bering 
Sea) ; B., B.} 8? B. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 448 (1884); Turner, 
Auk, 1885, p. 158. 

Anser 
erythropus, Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 90 (part.) (1838); Baird 
{nee Linn.), Stansb. Bep. p. 321 (1852); Woodh. Sitgr. Bep. p. 102 
(1853): Newb. Br. B. B. Bep. vi. p. 101 (1857); Schleg. Mus. 
B.-B., Anseres, p. 110 (part., America) (lb66) ; Eyt Syn. Anat 

p. 38 (1869). 
Anser frontalis, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 562 (New Mexico, young) 
(1858); id. Cat. N Am. B. n. 566 (1859); Henry, Br. Ac. Bhilad. 
1859, p. 109 ; Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. p. 94 (Canada) (1866) ; 

. G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 25, n. 10567 (1871). 

Anser 
albifrons gambeli, Bidgio. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 203 ; 
id. Nom. N. Am. Birds, n. 543 a (1881); Coues, Chech-list, 2nd 
ed. p. Ill, n. 693 (1882); id. Key N.Am. B. p. 684, n. 693 
(1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. n. 29, pp. 145, 317, pi. vii. 

f. 2 (head) (1885); Murdoch, Bep. Erp. Boint Barrow, p. 593 a 
(1885) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 138 (1886) ; Bryant, 
Bull. Calif. Ac. of Scietice, 1886, p. 279 (Guadalupe I.) ; Nelson, 
Bep. N. H. ColLin Alaska, p. 83 (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat 
Mus. x. p. 134 (Bering 1.) (1887); Bidqw. Man. N Am. B. p. 116 
(1887); Macfarl. Br." U.S. Nat Mus. 'adv. p. 423 (1891); Hatch, 
B. ofMmnes. p. 75 (1892). 
? Anser brachyrhynchus, Swinh. {nee Baill.) Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (Hakodadi); 
Blak. §• Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. 

viii. p. 182 (1880), x. p. 95 (1882); Seebh. Ibis, 1883, p. 369; Blak. 
Chrysantk 1883, p. 27; id. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 33 (1884); 
Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 236, note (1890). 
15 , ANSER. 

Scarcely different from. A. albifrons; on the average it is larger 
and has a bigger bill. " Iris very dark brown; bill milky white 
(becoming flesh-colour some time after death), the anterior part 
and tomia with a very faint rosy tinge, the posterior part with a 
hardly perceptible wash of bluish ; a square figure on oilmen, edges 
of nostrils, a small spot beneath them, and the basal two-thirds of 
the lower half of the under mandible cadmium-yellow; naked skin 
on mental angle and corner of mouth of the same colour, but paler; 
a stripe along the forehead pale brownish yellow; tail creamcoloured 
: naked eye-ring dark brownish grey; feet vivid cadmium-
yellow ; webs somewhat paler and purer yellow; nails horny 
white " (Stejneger). Total length 29 inches, culmen 2*3. 

Hah. Northern America (except Greenland), migrating south as 
far as Mexico and Cuba, and along the E. Asiatic coast to Japan. 

a. $ ad. sk. N. America. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Arctic iVinerica. Oapt. Back [P.]. 
c. 
Head. Arctic coast, E. of Ft. AnderSalvin-
Godraan Coll, 
son, July (McFarlane). 
d. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Bae [P.]. 
e. $ 
ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, Feb. (JF. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
B.Armstrong). 
/. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K Lord, Esq. [P.! 

g. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Collinson "P.J. 
h-m. $imm., juv., St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
et pull. sk. Aug. (E. W. Nelson). 
7i. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 

o. Ad. sk. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Yokohama (H. Pryer). 

p, q. $ ad. et juv. llakodadi, April, Oct. (Blakis-Seebokm Coll. 
sk. ton). 

5. Anser erythropus. 
Anas 
erythropus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 197, n. 11 (part, et syn. emend.) 
(1766). 
Anser finmarchicus, Gunner, in Leemii de Lappon. Comm. notis, 

p. 264 (1767) ; Rehnw. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 81; Hein. u. Rehnw. 
No?n. Mm. Hein. Orn. p. 341 (1890). 
Anas albifrons, part., Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 509, n. 64 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn, ii. p. 842, n. 27 (1790); Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 344 (1818). 
Anser albifrons, part, Bonn. Enc. Meth.i. p. 114 (1790)^ Steph. 
Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 25 (1824); Hum. Diet Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 461 
(1825); Wright (nee Scop.), Fink Fogl. p. 43 (1859) (cf. Ibis, 
1861, p. 111). 

? Anser erythropus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 225 (1811).* 

Anser temminckii, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 882 (Hamburg); Schkg. Rev. 
Crit. p. ex (1844); Midd. Reis. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 228, t. xx. f. 2 
(pullus) (1851) (TaimyrR,Boganida); Pelz.u. Lor. Ann.k.naturh. 
Hof7nus. iii. p. 58 (1888). 

Anser cineraceus, C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Vog. ii. p. 772 

* 
Eoslrum pallide rubicundum, pedes rubri (I). 
V0£. XXVII. 

98 
ANATIDJi 

(1824); id. Isis, 1880, p. 990; id. Ilandb. Nature?. Vbg. DeutsckL 

p. 845 (1881); id. Naumannirt, 18*55, p. 297 ; id. Yogelf p. 807 
(1855) 
A user bre\ irostris, Ileckel (ubi?) * ; Brehm, Ms, 1830, p. 990 (descr. 
nulla) ; ?W. Naturgesch. Vbg. Deutsclil. p. 844 (1831); (9. i£. 6fr. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 007, n. 5 (1844) ; jfc^ft. Sgn. Av., Natatore?, 1.103. 
If. 398, 899, 801 (1845); C. L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p 297 
( = minutus, Nawn.); id. Yog elf. p. 307 (1855). 

Anser 
brevirostris, Koch (ubir1), fide Fritsch, Vbg. Eur. p. 406, 
Taf. 45. f. 3 (young), f. 7 (ad.) (1870). 
Anser minutus, Naum. Vbg. Deutschl xi. p. 364, Taf. 290 (1842) ; 
Niks. Skand. Fauna, Fogl ii. p. 404 (1844); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, 

p. 355, Suppl. pi. 24 (1852); Schleg. Yog. Nederl. pi. 283 (1854); 
Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Selys, Naumannia, 1855, p. 2(54; 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 19 (1856); ? Ant in. J.f. 0. 1858, 
p. 484 (note, Smyrna); Schleg. Vog. Nederl p. 519, pi. 283 Q858) ; 
Bias, in Naum. Yog. Deutschl. xiii. 2, p. 293 (1800); ? Irhy, Ibis, 
1861, p. 247 (Oudli); Nordm. J. f O. 1804, p. 37(5 (Finland); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. Il l (18613) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. 
p. 137, pi. — (1867); Swidev. Svenska Fogl. pi. 57. f. 3 (1872); 
Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 02 ; id. Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 200; 
Hume, Sir. Feath. viii. p. 114, no. 948 (1879); Seebh. B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 238 (1890). 
Marilochen 
brevirostris, " Heckel" Rchnb. Av. Sgst. Nat. p. ix 
(1852). 
Anser erythropus, Newt. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 841 ; id. Ibis, I860, 

p. 406 ; id. Ami. § Mag. N. H (ser. 2) ii. p. 452 (1660) ; 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323 (China) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 781 
(Oudh) (1864); Degl. 8? Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 486 (1867) ; 
? Saund. Ibis, 1869, p. 395 (Italy); Malmgr. J. f. O. 1870, p. 295 ; 
A. Newt. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871, pp. 99, 100 (breeding in Lapland 
and N. Kussia); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 370 (1872); Blah. § Pryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (Tokio and Yezo) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1879, p. 22 
(Toldo) ; Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 383 (pts. 75, 76,1879); Hume 
# Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 78, pi. 11 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 500; JRchnw. Vbg. d. zool Gart. p. 66 (1882); Sclat. 
List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 418 (1883); Saund. YarrelTs Hist. Br. 
B. iv. p. 263 (1884-85); Salmd. EL Ucc. Ital p. 252, n. 350 
(1886); Gigl Icon. Avif Ital. tav. 342 bis (pt xxxv., 1887) ; 
Gingell, Sc. Goss. 1888, p. 69 (Somerset); Cecil Smith, ibid. p. 91 ; 
id. Zoolog. 1888, pp. 227-229. 
Marilochen 
erythropus, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75. n. 10568 
(1871). 
Anser pygmseus, Brehm (errore), Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 370 (in syn. 

A. ergth^odis) (1872). 
Anser albifrons minutus, Seebh. Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 505 pi. 62 
(egg) (1885); id. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 420 (Holy Island). 
Anser 
albifrons, var. erythropus, Dub. Bull.'Mus. R. oVHist. Nat 
de Belg. iv. p. 19 (1885); id. Faun. Vert Belg., Ois. ii. p. 405 

Adult. Similar to A. albifrons, but much smaller, and with the 
white of the forehead more extended, reaching a line between the 

* Pelzeln and Lorenz (I. c.) quote "Isis, 1828, p. 844," which is wrong; p. 844 
is that of Brehm's' Naturgeschichte.' 
15. ANhER. 99 
eyes on the top of the head. Total length about 21 inches, wing 15, 

tail 4-5, culmen 1*27, tarsus 2*4. 
Female smaller than the male, wing about 13*3 inches. 
Yoitiig birds have no white on the forehead and no black marks 

on the lower parts. 

Hab. Lapland and eastwards, also Siberia; it migrates southwards, 
and has been found in winter from W. Europe to Japan; also 
in Northern India. 

a. I mm. st. N. of Europe. Purchased. 
b. Juv. sk. Ob H. District, Aug. Dr. Otto Finsch [C.]. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Yenisei, June (H. 8.). Seebolim Coll. 
d. Iinm. sk. Damietta (Filipponi). Shelley OolL 
e. Juv. st. Caspian Pea. Purchased. 
f. Ad. sk. Oudh. Hume Coll. 
g. h «• 6 2 ad. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon, March Hume Coll. 
(W.N. Chill). 
k. J ad. sk. Shanghai, Nov. (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll, 
L <3 ad. sk. Tokio, Jan. (Blakiston). Seebohm Coll 
m. Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
n. Skeleton. 
6. Anser fabalis. 
Bean Goose. 
Anser sUvestris, Frisch, Vog. DeutschL tab. 155; Brlss. Orn. vi. 
p. 265 (1760); Degl. Orn. Fur. ii. p. 294 (1849); Degl. $ Oerbe, 
Orn. Fur. ii. p. 481 (1867) ; Dub. Faun. Vert. Beta., Ois. ii. p. 398 
(1891). 
Oca salvatica, Gerini, Stor. degli Uec. v. tav. 591 (1776). 
Oie sauvage, FPAubent. PL EnL 985. 
Anas anser, Bodd. (nee Linn.) Tabl. PI Fnl. p. 57', n. 985 (1783) (ex 


PL Fnl. 985). 
Bean Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 464, n. 23 (1785). 
Anas fabalis, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 297 (1787). 
Anas segetum, Gm. S. N. i 2, p. 512, n. 68 (1788); Lath. Ind> Orn. 

ii. p. 843, n. 28 (1790) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 527 (1815); id. 
op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 820 (1820); Ram. Fl. di ZooL iii. pt. 9, 
p. 89 (1826); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 30 (18—?); Bp. 
Specchio Comp. p. 70, n. 211 (1827). 
Anser ferus, Bonn, (nee auct.) Fnc. Meth. i. p. 110, n. 7 (excl. #, b) 
(1790); Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 126 (1828). 
Anser segetum, Bonn. Fnc. MSth. i. p. 116 (1790); Meyer, Tamhenb. ii. 

p. 554 (1810) ; Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 342 (1818); Steph. Gen. xh. 2, 
p. 26 (1824); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. xxxv. p. 460 (1825); Roux, Orn. 
Prov. pi. 360 (1825); Bruoh, Isis, 1828, p. 734, Taf. ix. f. 4 (=arvensis, 
Naum.); Brehm, Isis, 1830, p.996; Less. Tr. a Orn. p. 628(1831); 
8am, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 177 (1831) ; Gould, B. Fur. pi. 348 (1837); 
But. Mon. Anat. p 91 (1838); Bp. Comp. List, p. 55, n. 399 (1838) ; 
Bartl. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 2; Bp. Cat. Met. Uec. Fur. p. 70, n. 422(1842); 
Naum. Vog. DeutschL xi. p. 300, Taf. 287 (1842); Schleg. Bev. Chit. 
p. cix (1844) 5 G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 2 (1844) ; Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Anseres, tab. 102. ff. 240, 241 (1845): Rarcourt, P. Z. S. 
1851, p. 146 (Madeira); Midd. Reis. Sibir. ii. 2, p. 225 (Boganida 
and Taymir Land) {nee p. 227, S.E. Siberia) (1851); Kjcerb. Orn. 
Dan. t. 45 (1852); Naum. Naumannia, 1853, pp. 5-8, t. 1. ff. D, 
E, F: Schleg. Vog. NederL pis. 276, 277 (1854) ; Licht. NomencL 
K2 

100 
ANA.T3DJE. 

Av. p. 100 (1854); Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 207 (Scandinavia) 
; Schleg. Naumannia, lS5o, p. 202, n. 3; i?p. Compt. Rend. 

xliii. p. 048, n. 13 (1850); Crisp, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 215: G. R. Gr. 
Cat. Brit. B. p. 186 (1803); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1*64, p. 453 (Palestine) 
; ? Nordm. J. f O. 1864, p. 376 (Finland) ; Schleg. Mus. 
P.-B., Anseres, p. Il2 (part.) (1866); Egt. Syn. Anat. p. 39 
(1869); Fritsch, Toy. Eur.-p. 406, t. 45. f. 6 (1870) ; Gillett, Ibis, 
1870, p. 308 (Nova Zenibla); JElwes # Buckl His, 1870, p. 338 ; 
Malmgr. J. f. 0. 1870, pp. 281, 280 (Finland and Lapland); 
A. Newt. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871, pp. 98, 99 (Lapland); G. JR. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 74, n. 10563 (1871); Heugl J.f.O. 1872, p. 121 
(Nova Zenibla); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 373 (part.) (1872) ; Sundev. 
Svenska Fogl pi. 5G. f. 4 (1872) ; Gould, B. Great Brit. v. pi. 2 
(1873) ; Severts. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) (Turkestan, 
migrating through, and wintering*) ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 418; 
Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 363, pi. 412 (1879); Hume $ Marsh. Game 
B. of Ifid. iii. p. 68, pi. 8 (1880); Sclat P. Z. S. 1680, p. 500 ; 
Rchnw. Vog. zoo!. Gltrt. p. 66 (1882); Sal v. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. 
p. 528, n. 2569 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 115 (1883): 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 418 (1883); Radde, Ornis Caucas. 
p. 445 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. % Flor. Palest, p. 113 (1884); 
Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 205 (1884-85); Seebh. Hist. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 493, pi. oS (1885); Plesle, Rev. Turkest. Ornis, 
p. 54 (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (1889); Rchnw. J. f. 0. 
1890, p. 81; Kolamb. Qlasnik. Naravosl. Dritz. vi. p. 168 (1891); 
Sharps, Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. 5. 291 (1891). ^ 
Anas {errore pro Anser) segeturu, Bechst. JNaturg. Deutschl 2nd ed. 

iv. p. 883, n. 2 (1801). 
Anser 
rufescens, C. Z. Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 871 (1822); id. 
Isis, 1830, p. 996; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 838, n. 3 (1831); id. 
Naumannia, 1855, p. 297 (=segetum, Naum.); id. Vogelf. p. 366 

n. 3 (1855). 
Anser platyuros, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 (descr. nulla); id. 
Vog. Deutschl. p. 837 (1831); id. Naumamiia, 1855, p. 297; 
id. Vogelf. p. 366, n. 1 (1855). 

Anser 
arvensis, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 (descr. nulla); id. 
Vog. Deutschl. p. 839 (1831); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 277, t. 286 
(1842); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 103. fl 959, 960 (1845); 
Naum. Naumamiia, 1853, pp. 5-8, t. i. ff. A, B, C; id. ibid. 1855, 

p. 297 ; Selys-L. Naumannia, 1855, p. 202, n. 2 : C. L. Brehm, 
Vogelf. p. 366, n. 4 (1855); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 12, 
p. 1025 (1856); Bias, in Naum. Vog. Deutschl xiii. 2, p. 291 
(1860); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 407, t. 45. f. 4 (1870) ; Rchnw. 
J.f 0.1890, p. 81. 
? Anser obscurus, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 (1831); id. Handb. 
Vog. Deutschl. p. 839 (1831); id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 297 
(=braclryrbynchus, Baill.!) ; id. Vogelf. p. 367 (1855); b'evertz. 
Turkest Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); id. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 184; Dress. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 418; Severts. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22. 

? Anser paradoxus, C. L. Brehm, Naumamiia, 1855, p. 297; id. 
Vogelf. p. 367 (1855). 
? Anser leuconyx, Selys-L. Naumannia, 1856, p. 398; Gieb. Thes. 

Orn. i. p. 372 (1872). 

? Anser arvensis a. leuconyx, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648 (1856). 

Anser paludosus, Strickl Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc, 28 Meet. 1858. 

pp. 131, 132; id. Ann. $ Mag. N. H (3) iii. p. 124, pi. 4. f. 1 
(1859) ; Barf I. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 19 (note). 

15 . ANSER. 
101 
Anser paluatris (?) (errore), Parker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 517: Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. i. p. 374 (1872). 

Adult male. Head and neck greyish brown; a fow whitish 

feathers on the base of the bill; back and scapulars dark brown, 

slightly tinged with grey, each feather margined with greyish 

white; rump blackish brown; upper tail-coverts white; breast 

pale greyish brown, changing into white on the abdomen, vent, and 

under tail-coverts ; flanks brown, with pale edgings to the feathers; 

wings brown, more greyish on the bend of the wing, bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and base of the primaries ; wing-coverts, second


aries, and tertials edged with white; under wing-coverts ash-

brown : bill with the nail, edges, and base black, the middle portion 

deep orange ; irides dark brown ; feet orange, claws black. TotaL 

length 34 inches, wing 19, tail 6"5, bill 2*4, tarsus 2-6. 

Female similar to the male, but somewhat smaller. 

Young birds of the year are rather darker in the general colour 

of their plumage, the markings are less distinct, and there is a tinge 

of tawny colour about the neck. 

Hob. Western Pakearctie Region, breeding in Northern Russia 

and Lapland, migrating to the basin of the Caspian, wintering 

in all Europe and Northern Africa; has occurred as far south as 

Madeira. 

a, h, c. J ad. et Gt. Britain. Purchased, 
ad. st. 


d. Pull. st. Zoological Gardens (Bartlett). Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Edinburgh, Jan. Hume Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
//. Ad.sk. England (?), Leadenkall Market. Hume Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Norfolk, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.
t. 
Ad. sk. Nova Zembla, July (Capt. Feilden and Harvie-
Markhaiu], Brown Coll. 
k. 
J ad. head, Petchora {H. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
neck, & legs. 
/. J ad. sk. Yen-e-say, Siberia, lat. 66J °, Seebohm Coll. 
May (H. &). 
m, n, o. Skeletons. 

HYBRIDS. 

Anser fabalis X A. ferus. 

p. $ ad. sk. Northrepps, Norwich, April. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
Anser fabalis X A. albifrons. 
q,r* 6 ? juv. sk. Lilford Aviaries, Aug. Lord Lilford [P.]. 

7. Anser serrirostris. 
a. serrirostris. 
Anser segetum, Midd. {nee Gm.) Sibir. Peise, ii. % p. 227 (var. 
S.E. Siberia) (1851): Sehrenck, Pets. Amur-L. p. 463 (1860) ; 
Swinh Ibis, I860, p.'67,1861, p. 344,1862, p. 253; id P. Z S. 
102 
ANATID^. 

1863, p. 323; Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 856 (1863); Swinh. Ibis, 
1867, p. 392; Dyb. $ Parrex, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (part.); Prjev. in Howl. Orn. Misc. ii. 

p. 95 (1878); Blah <$• Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (pait); iid. Tr. 
As, Soc. Jap. viii. p. 182 (part.) (1880), x. p. 94 (part.) (1883); 
Blak. Chrgsanth. 1883, p. 27 (part.); id. Amend. List B. Jap, 
p. 
8 (1884); Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22; ? Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Corea); Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. ii. p. 236 
(1890). 
Anser serrirostiis, Gould, MS.; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 269 (Central 
China). 
Anser segetum, var. serrirostris, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 417 (China): 
Dt/b. J f. 0, 1873, p. 108; Tacz. Orn. Faun. Vost, Sibir. p. 67 
(1872); id. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. ii. p. 42, n. 373 (1877). 

Anser segetum serrirostris, 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 144 
(note) (1886); Seebh. Hist.'Br. B. iii. p 494 (East, form) (1885) ; 
id. B, Jap. Emp. ii. p. 236 (part.) (1890). 

b. middendorfh. 
Anser grandis, Midd. (nee Gm.) Bull, phys.-math. Ac. Petersb. iii. 
no. 19, p. 298 (1844); id. Beise Sibir. ii. 2, p. 225, n. 162, Taf. xx. 

f. 1 (head) (Boganida) (1851); Schrench; Pels. Amur-L. i. p. 462 
(1860); Padde, Beis. S.O.-Sibir. ii. p. 354 (1860); Schleg. 
P.-B., Anseres, p. 114 (1866); Dyb. fy Parrex, J. f. O. 1868, 
p. 338; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 371 (part.) (1872); Shoes, P. Z. S. 
1873, p. 649; Tacz. J. /. O. 1873, p. 108, 1874, p. 336, 1875, 
p. 256; ? Przew. Mong. et Pays des Tang. ii. p. 150 (Lac Chanka) 
(1876); Tacz. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p.' 67 (1877) ; id. Bull Soc. 
Zool Fr. ii. p. 42, n. 42 (1877); Prjev. m Bowl. Orn. Misc. ii. 
p. 96 (Lake Hanka) (1878); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. 
p. 343 (1883); Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 269: Rein. u. Bchnw. Norn. 
Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 341 (E. Siberia) (1890). 
P Anser, sp., Bp. Extr. Compt. Rend. t. xliii. p. 43 (note) (Lake 
Baikal) (1856). 
Anser middendorfi, Severtz. TurTcest. Jevotn. pp. 70, 149 (1873); id. 

J. f. 0. 1874, p. 435, 1875, p. 184; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 416; 
Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, pp. 22, 140 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 500. 
Anser segetum, var. serrirostris, Tacz. (nee Swinh.) J. f. O. 1874, 

p. 333 ; Pleske, Rev. Turkest. Ornis, p. 54 (1888). 
Anser segefum, &zoinh< Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (part.); Blak. fy Pryer f 
Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (part.); iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 182 (part.) 
(1880), x. p. 94 (part.) (1882); Blah. Chrysanth. 1883, p. 27 
(part.); id. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 8 (part.) (1884). 

Anser 
segetum middendorffi, Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, 
pp. 141, 317, pi. vii. f. 1 (head) (1885); id. Pr. U,S. Nat. Mus. x. 

p. 134 (Bering I.) (1887). 
Anser 
segetum serrirostris, part, Seebh. Hist. Br-B. iii. p. 494 
(1885); id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 236 (part.) (1890). 

Very similar to A. fabalis, but larger, and especially remarkable 
for its large beak and feet, the former measuring from the frontal 
feathers to the tip from 2-4 to 3-15 inches; in the first specimen 
mentioned below, which is the largest, the colour of the head and 
neck is bufrlsh brown, whilst in the others, as in the western form 
{A.fahalis\ it is brownish grey. 

15. ANSER. 
103 
It is quite possible that two distinct forms are included under 

A. sey^nrostris—one larger, with the culmcn 3-15 inches long, and 
with the head and neck huffish brown (A. middendorffi\ and the other 
smaller, much more like A. fahalis, hut larger and with the bill 
much thicker (A. serrirostris). I havo not seen a sufficient number 
of specimens to make up my mind on the subject. 
Bah. Eastern Siberia, from Boganida eastwards; in winter China 
and Japan. 

a. $ ad. sk, Tunka, Amoor-land, May (G. Radde). Seebohm Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. E. Siberia. " J. F. Brandt [P.]. 
e. 
Ad. sk. Chinkiang, China, Feb. F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Ningpo, Dec. (R. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
e. S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. (Blakiston). Seebohm Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Yokohama [H. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
8. Anser brachyrhyiiclras. 
Pink-footed Goose. 

Anser brachyrkynchus, 
Baill. Mem. Soc. R. dAbbev. 1833, p. 74; id/. 
Cat. p. 26, n. 248 (183- ?); id. P. Z. S.1839, p. 134; Temm. Man. 
tfOm. 2nd ed. iv. p. ,520 (1840); Rep. Counc. Z. 8. 1841, p. 14; 
Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 70, n. 421 (1842); Jardine, Natur. 
Libr. xxvii. p. 70 (1843); Yarr. Hist Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 153 
(1845); Schleg. Rev. Crit p. ex (1844); G. R. Or. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 007, n. 6 (1844); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 301, n. 1756 
(Punjab !)(1849); Middend. Sibir. Reis.il % p. 227 (St. Petersburg) 
(18oi); Schleg. Vog. Nederl pis. 278, 279 (1854); id. Naumannia, 
1855, pp. 254, 257 ; 8eh/s, Naumannia, 1855, p. 262, n. 4; Yarr. 
Hid. Brit B. 3rd ed. iii. p. 158 (1S56); ? Irby, Ibis, 1801, p. 247 
(Alumbag, Oudh) : G. R. Gr. Cat Brit B. p. 187 (1863); Jerd. 
B. of Lid. iii. p. 780 (1864) ; A, Newt. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 498 
(Spitsbergen); id. Ibis, 1864, p. 132 (Ireland), 1865, pp. 209, 513 
(Spitsbergen); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 441; Beql. ty Gerbe, Orn. Bur. 
ii. p. 482 (1861); Collett, Saersh. aft of Vid. Selsk. Fork. p. 175, 
(Norway) (1868); A. Newt Ibis, 1869, p. 226; Byt 8i/n. Anat 
p. 38 (1869); Malmgr. J. f. O. 1870, p. 260; Heuql. J. f. 0.1871, 
p. 104 (Spitsbergen); A. Nexot Pr. Ac. Fhilad. 1871, pp. 98, 99; 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 74, n. 10564 (1871); Gould, B. Gr. 
Brit. v. pi. 31 (pt. xix.? 1871); Simdev. SvensTc. Fogl. pi. 82. f. 1 
(1872); Dress. B. Bur. vi. p. 369, pi. 413 (pts. 71, 72, 1878); 
Hume, Sir. Feath. viii. p. 114, n. 946 (1879) ; Hume $ Marsh. 
Game B. iii. p. 71, pi. 9 (1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 500; 
Elwes, Ibis, 1880, p. 314 (Jutland); Rchnw. Vog. zool. Giirt. p. 66 
(1882); Nordensk. Die Umseqelung As. u. Eur. i. p. 109 (1882); 
B. O. TJ. List Br. B. p. 116 (1883); Bolau, J.f O. 1883, p. 76, 
& foil. (Germany); GaetJce, ibid. p. 80 (Heligoland); Sclat List 
Vert An. 8th ed. p. 417 (1883); Tegetm. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 176 ; 
Saund. YarrelVs Br. B. iv. p. 270 (1884-85); Seehh. Hist Br. 
B. iii. p. 498, pi. 60 (1885); Collett, Suppl til Norges Fugle, p. 7 ; 
fMcLeod, 8tr. Feath. x. p. 168 (Punjab) (1887); Tristr. Cat. 
Coll. B. p. 57 (1889); Stuxb. (Efv. Al\ Forh. 1889, pp. 209-211 
(Sweden); Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. ii. p. 236 (note) (1890) ; Rchmv. 
J.f.O. 1890, p. 81; Bub. Faun. Vert Belg., Ois. ii. p. 401 (1891). 
? Anser brevirostris, Thien. (nee Heelcel), Fortpfl. Vog. Bur. pt. v. 
p. 28 (1838)(egg !); K $ B. Wirbelth Eur. p. lxxxiii (note) (1840). 
104 ANATID2E. 

Anser phoenicopus, Bartl. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 3 ; Yarr. Hist. Br. B. 

iii. p. 64, with fig. (1843), i. Introd. p. xi (1843); Bartl P. Z. 8 
1861, p. 19. 
Anser segetum, Naum. (nee Gm.) Voa. Deutschl. xi. p. 287, t. 287 * 
(1842) ; fid. Naumannia, 1853, pp." 5-8, t. i ff. D, E, F ; Strickl 
Ann. 8? Mag. N. H. (3) iii. pp. 122, 124, pi. iv. ff. 2, 3 (1859) ; 
Malmqr. (Efn. K. Vet-Ak. Forh. 1863, p. 189 (Spitsbergen) ; 
id. J. f. 0.1863, p. 378 (Spitsbergen); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 
pp. 112, 113 (part.) (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 373 (pait.) 
(1872). 

Anser segetum a. brackvrhynchus, Bp. Compt. Rendus, xliii. p. 648, 

n. 13 a (188(5). 
Anser ferns, Evans § Sturge {nee auct), Ibis, 1859, p. 172 (Spitsbergen). 
Anser cinereus, Tkorell (nee Meyer), Philos. Mag. Med. Kandid. 

p. 61 (1859); Malmgr. CEfv. K Vet.-Ak. Fdrh. 1863, p. 115 
(Spitsbergen). 
Anser segetum v. brachvrhynchus, Malmgr. 1. c. pp. 396, 412 ; id. 

J.f. 0. 1865, p. 210. 
Anser rufescens, Palm, (nee Brehm), JFinL Fogl ii. p. 339 (1872). 
Very similar to A. fabalis (=segetum), from which it differs in 
being smaller and in having the bill shorter, the legs and feet 
and middle portion of the bill pink, instead of orange. "Wing about 
16 inches, oilmen 1*7, tarsus 2-2. 

Hah. Spitsbergen, where it nests, and probably also Eranz Joseph 
Land; during the migration and in winter in F.W. Europe; occasionally 
it strays to Germany, Belgium, and Erance; its alleged 
occurrence in India requires further evidence. 

a. Ad. sk. Great Britain (A. D. Bartlett). Purchased. 
(Probable type of Anser phoenicopus, Bartl.) 
b} c, d. Ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
7*. Ad. sk. 
i~m. S ? ad. sk. 
n. (S ad., skel. 
o. Skeleton. 
Great Britain (LeadenhallMarket). 
Edinburgh, Jan. 
Wells, Norfolk, Oct. 
Lincolnshire (J. JET. Gurney). 
Lancashire. 
Holland, Jan. 
Holland, 
Purchased. 
Hume Coll. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H.J . Pike, Esq. HP.]. 
H. J. Pike, Esq. [P.]. 
p. Sterna. A. D. Bartlett, Esq. 
q. Sternum. England. John "Bay, Esq. [P.]. 

Subgen. EULABEIA. 

Type-
Eulabeia, Rchnb. Av. 8yst. Nat. p. ix (1852) A. indicus. 
Eulabea, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, gen. 7 (1856). 
Eulabia, Newt, Diet of Birds, p. 374 (pt. 2, 1893). 

Range. Confined to Central Asia and India. 

* Feet yellow! 
15. ANSEE. 
105 
9. Anser indicus. 
Barred-headed Goose, Lath. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 277 (1787). 
Anas indica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 839, n. 20 (1790). 
Anser undulata, Bonn. JEne. Meth. i. p. 114 (1790) {ex Latham). 
Anser melanocepkalus, Vieill. N. I), xxiii. p. 332 (1818) j Dum. 


Diet So. Nat xxv. p. 460 (1825). 
Anser Indica, Staph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2. p. 36 (1824); Gould. Cent. 
Him. B. pi. 80 (1831). 
Anser indicus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125; Mjt. Mon. Anat. p. 90 
(1838); Tig. P. Z. S 1831, p. 173; Jerd. Madr. Jour. xii. p. 217, 

n. 375 (1840); Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 593 
(1844); G. It. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 130 (1844); id. Cat 
Hodgs. Coll. B.M. p. 144 (1846); Licht Nom. Av.y. 101 (1854) ; 
Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 782 (1864); Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, 
p. 114 (1866); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175; Bean. Ibis, 1868, p. 401 
(Umballoh); Eyt. Syn. Anat p. 37 (1869) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 371 (1872) ; Hume, &tr. Feath. 1878, p. 260; Adam, t. c. 
p. 401 ; Hume, Nests §* Eggs, p. 636 (1873) ; Butl. Sir. Feath. iv. 
pp. 27, 40 (Sindk), p. 499 (1876); Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 419 
(=skorniakovi); Hume, Str. Feath. iv. p. 499 (juv) (1876); 
Przeio. Mongolie, ii. pp. 151, 170, n. 256 (1876); Prjev. in Roiol 
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 97 (Lake Koko-nor) (1878); Anders. West 
Tunn. ii. p. 698 (1878); Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 491 (Calcutta) 
(1879), viii. p. 114, n. 949 (1879); Selat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 500; 
Hume $ Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 81, pi. 12 (1880) ; Bidd. 
Ibis, 1881, p. 90;Bchmo. Fog. d. Zool Gart. p. 66 (1882); Salv. 
Cat. B. Strichl Coll. p. 528 (1882); Sclat List Vert An. 8th 
ed. p. 418 (1883); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 76 (Pamir range) ; 
B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 116 (1883); Przeio. Beis. in Thibet, 
pp. 64, 226 (1884) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 320 (breeding, Zool. 
Gard. Rotteid.); Kimberg, Zool. Gart. 1886, p. 324 (Shamin); 
Pleske, Rev. Turkest Ornis, p. 54 (1888); Tristr. Cat. B. p. 51 
(1889); Hume, Nests # Fggs {Gates' ed.), iii. p. 279 (1890); 
Hartert, Kat Vogelsamml. p. 227, no. 3359 (1891); Sharpe, See. 
Turk. Miss., Aves, p. 128 (1891); Pleske, MM. Biol. xiii. p. 298, 
n. 167 (1892) • Newt Bid. of B. p. 373 (pt. 2, 1893); Oust. Nouv. 
Arch. Mm. (3) vi. p. 97 (1894). 
Bernicla indica, 
G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 15 (1844); Rchnb. 
Sun. Av., Natatoies, 1101, if. 951-52 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 

A. S. B. p. 301, n. 1757 (1849); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 509 
(Indus & Punjab). 
Eulabeia indica, Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. ix (1852) ; G. B. Gr. Cat. 
Hodgs. Coll B. M. 2nd ed. p. 76 (1863); id. Hand-list, iii. 

p. 75, n. 10569 (1871); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. de Fr. ii. p. 43 
(Lake Baikal) (1877); Hein. u. Behnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Oin. 
p. 341 (1890). 
Eulabsea indica, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliiL p. 648, n. 11 (1856). 
Anser skorniakovi, Severtz. Turhest Jevotn. pp. 70,149, pi. x. ff. 3, 
(ad.) 4 (pull.) (Turkestan) (1873); id. J.f. 0.1873, pp. 346, 377, 
386, 1875, pp. 80,100,184; id. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 137. 
Eulabeia indicus, Ball, Str. Feath. 1874, p. 436. 

Adult Head white, with two horse-shoe blackish bars on the 
occiput and nape; hind-neck brown-black; a longitudinal white band 
on the sides of the neck ; upper plumage very pale ashy, the feathers 

106 A.SA.TIDM. 

edged with whitish and tinged with brown on the mantle and 
scapulars; sides of the rump and upper tail-coverts whitish; 
throat white, fore-neck brownish ashy, passing gradually into 
cinereous on the breast, whitish on the abdomen; vent and under 
tail-coverts white ; feathers of the flanks brown, rufous towards the 
tips with pale edgings; quills grey, dusky towards the tips, and 
gradually becoming darker towards the secondaries; tertials brownish 
grey; tail grey, white-tipped: "bill yellow; irides brown; legs 
orange" (Jerdon). Total length 27 inches, wing 17, tail 6, bill 2, 
tarsus 2*75. 

Young. Forehead brownish white, a little tinged with rusty ; a 
dusky line through the lores to the eye ; whole crown, occiput, and 
nape sooty or dusky black; no trace of either the two distinct 
black head-bars or the conspicuous white neck-streaks; back of 
neck wood-brown, sides and front of the lower part of the neck pale 
dusky greyish, mottled with whitish; most of the feathers of the 
breast and abdomen have a pale rusty tinge towards the tips ; the 
conspicuous dark banding of the flanks of the adults is almost 
entirely wanting ; tail somewhat browner than in the adult. 

Young in down. Pale yellowish, top of the head and upper parts 
pale brown. 
Bab. Central Asia and Northern India; rarely in Southern 
India (Jerdon). 

a, b. J ad. sk. Koko-nor, March (Prjeval-H. Seebohm, Esq. 
sky). [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. N. India. Col. Cobb's Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. India. Hardwicke Beq. 
e,f. Ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. S. Pinwill [P.]. 
q. Ad. sk. Ladak (Strachey). India Museum [P.], 
/*. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum [P.J. 
i. J ad. sk. Eiver Chenab, Dec. (A.O.JI.). Hume Coll. 
k. Ad. sk. Murdan, March. Hume Coll. 
I J ad. sk. Sambhur (H. M. Adam). Hume Coll. 
m-r. Ad. sk. Gurgaon, Feb. (W. N. Chill). Hume Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Delhi, Pimjaub, Peb. Hume Coll. 
t, u, v. Ad. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
to, x\ <S 2 ad. sk. Allahabad, Oct., Jan. (A. Hume Coll. 
0. H.). 
y. Ad. sk. Oudh. Tweeddale Coll. 
z, a'. Ad. sk. Oudh, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 
b\ Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
c'. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum [P.]. 
d'. Ad. sk. Int. of Native Sikhim, May Hume Coll. 


(L. Mandelli).
e'. Juv. sk. Native Sikhim, Nov. (L. Man-Hume Coll. 
delli). 

/',<?'. Ad.et Thibet, May, June. Hume Coll. 

pull. sk. 
h'. Ad. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
i'. Skeleton. 

16 . CYC4N0PSJS. 
107 

16. 
CYG-NOPSIS. 
Type. 
Cygnopsis, Brandt, Bull. Ac. PStersh. 1836, i. p. 37 ; id. 
Bescr. et Icon. Anim. Ross. Nov. p. 5 (1836) 0. cygnoides, 
Cycnopsis, Hein. u. Rchnw. No?n. Mus. Hein. Orn. 

p. 342 (1890) (nom. emend.). 
Range. Eastern Asia. 

1. Cygnopsis cygnoides *. 
Anas cygnoides, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 108 (1746) ; id. S. N. i. p. 194, 
n. 2 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 602, n. 2 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 
ii. p. 837, n. 16 (1790); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 628, n. 17 (1831). 
Anas cygnoides australh, Linn. 8. N. ed. 10, gen. 61, sp. 2 (1758). 
Anas cygnoides orientab's, Linn. I. c. sp. 2, \ar. 1 (1758) (domesticated). 
An&er moscoviticus, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 278 (1760), 
Anser guineensis, Briss. 1. c. p. 280 (1760); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 94 

(1838); id. Syn. Anat p. 42 (1869). 
Anas cygnoides a. australis, Linn. S. N. I. p. 194 (1766). 
Anas cygnoides j3. orientalis, Linn. ibid. 
Anser cygnoides, Ball. Beise, iii. p. 700, n. 32 (1776); Bonn. JSnc, 

Meth."i. p. 101, n. 5 (1790) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 218, tab. 
hdv. (1811) ; Vieill N. B. xxiii. p. 337 (1818); Bumont, Bid. Sc. 
Nat. xxxv. p. 466 (1825) ; Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 981; Byt. Mon. Anat. 
pi. o (skeleton), App. 1, 2 (1838); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, 

n. 8 (1844); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 306, n. 1754 (1849); 
Temm. $* Schley. Faun. Japon., Aves,ip. 125 (1850) ; Radde, Beitr. 
z. Kennt. Russ. Reich, xxxiii. p. 216 (1861) ; Simnh. Ibis, 1861, 
p. 344; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323 (N. China) ; Schley. Mus. P.~B., 
Anseres, p. 106 (1866) ; Sclat P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding); 
Cab. v. d. Beck. Reis. iii. p. 51 (1869) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176; 
David, Nouv. Arch. Mus., Bull. mi. Cat n. 439 (1871); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416 ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 370 (1872); Severtz. 
Turhest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Mwes, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 649 ; 
* T have not been able to identify satisfactorily the following species, which 
may be the same as C. cygnoides in tjfe wild state:— 
AlSSER GEANDIS. 

Great Goose, Penn. Arct. Zoo^. p. 570 (1785); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 446, 

n. 11 (1785). 
Anas grandis, Gm. S. N i. 2, p. 504, n. 53 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 
p. 837, n. 15 (1790). 
Anser grandis, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 310 (1790); Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. 
ii. p. 221 (1811: Lena, Camschatka, Anadyr Eiyer) (ex Gmelin, Sen.); 
Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 345 (1818); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 35 
(1824); Bum. Bict. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 473 (1825); Bp. Compt Rend. 
xlhi. p. 648, n. 14 (1856); G. R. Gr. Band-list, iii. p. 74, n. 10552 
(1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i, p. 31 (part.) (1872); Severtz. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 417 (=cygnoides). 
Bernicla ? grandis, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, i. 16 (1844). 
"Of a Very large size; bill black, base tawny; body dusky, underparts 
white; legs scarlet" (ex Pennant). 
Bab. Siberia. 

108 
ANATIDiE. 

Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 418 ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 493 
(1877) ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 97 (1878) ; ? Finsch, 
Verh. h. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 258 (W. Siberia) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 501, n. 14; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 418, n. 953 
(1883) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Yokohama) ; Severtz. Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22 ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 285 (1890); Skarpe, 
Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll Surg. iii. p. 292 (1891) ; Brandt, J. f. O. 
1891, p. 207. 

Oie de Guinee, D'Aubent. PL Enl. 347 ; Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. ix. 

n. 72, pi. 3 (1783). 
Chinese Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 447, n. 12 (1785). 
Anas orientalis, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 503, n. 2/3 (1788). 
Cygntis sinensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 22, pi. 40 (1824). 
Cysrnopsis cygnoides, Brandt, Bull. Ac. Petersb. 1836, I. p. 37 ; id. 
Descr. <§• Ic. An. Boss. Nov., Ave% fasc. i. p. 5 (1836) ; G. B. Gr. 
List Gen. B. p. 73 (1840) ; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 59, n. 415 
(1842) ; Strickl. P. Z S. 1842, p. 166 (Chinese) ; Hartl. Syst 

Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 117 (1844) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Anseres, t. 105. 
ff. 249-50 (1845) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 9 (1856); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75, 

n. 10574 (1871); Sund. Met. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872); 
Dyb. J.f.O. 1873, p. 108 (E. Siberia), lb74, p. 336; Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 43 (1877) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 
(Bering-1.) (1887); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Corea). 
Anser csgnoides feru^, Temm. §* Schleg. Faun. Japon., Aves, tab. 81 
(1850). 
Cygnopsis ferus, Rchnb. Syn. Av. n. iv. Novit. Natatores, t. cccliii. 

£2773 (ex Faun. Jap.) (1850). 
Cygnopsis guineensis, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (lb52). 
Cygnopsis cygnoides a. australis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648 

'(1856). 
Anser (Cygnopsis) cygnoides, Schrenck, Yog. d. Am.-L. pp. 457-461, 
Taf. xv. (1860) ; Radde, Reise S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 350 (1863). 
Anser sinensis, Sclat P. Z. S. 1863, p. 234; Rchmv. Ybq. d. Zool. 

Gart. p. 67 (1882). 
Anser grandis, Finsch {nee Gm.), Ibis, 1877, p. 53. 
Anser tuberculosus, Schuster, Gejied. Welt. 6 Jahrg. 1877, pp. 378


379. 
Cycnopsis eyenoides, 
Hein. §* Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 
'(1890). 

Hybrid. 
Anas cygnoides hvbrida, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat., Anseres, t. 110. 

f. 983 (1845). 
Adult male. Bound the base of the bill a rusty white band; 
upper part of the head and a band along the hind-neck dark brown, 
cheeks and neck whitish; a brown mark on the lower part of the 
cheeks along the under mandible; back and wings greyish brown, 
with pale edgings to the feathers; rump greyish brown ; longest 
upper tail-coverts white ; breast huffish white, changing into white 
on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; the feathers of the breast 
with narrow rusty edges; flanks brown, with pale edgings to the 
feathers; anterior upper wing-coverts, base of the primaries, and 
under wing-coverts grey; tail brown-grey, with the feathers broadly 

tipped and edged with white: bill black ; feet orange; irides 

17 . PHXLACTK. 
109 
reddish brown. Total length, about 36 inches, wing 17-5, tail 7, 

bill 3-5, tarsus 2*9. 
Female. Similar to the male. 
In the domesticated state this Goose has the bill red, much shorter, 

and with a large frontal knob. 
Hab. Breeds in Eastern Siberia and winters in China ; apparently 
resident in Japan ; has been recorded from the Kurile Islands. 

a. (S ad. sk. Amoorland, April (Badde). Seebolim Coll. 
bt c. J ad. sk. Shanghai, March, Nov. (B. Seebohm Coll. 
Sioinhoe). 
d. S ad. sk. Shanghai, Nov. (B. Sivinhoe). II. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (Owston). Capt. Blakiston [P.], 
/ , g. Ad. sk. et Zool. Garden. 
pull. (dom. 
var.). 
h. Ad. sk. Liphook, Hants (dom. var.). T. Butler, Esq. [P.]. 
i. Skeleton Eyton Coll. 
(dom. var.). 
h. Skeleton 

(dom. var.). 

Hybrid C. cygnoides (domestica) x Bernicla canadensis. 

1. Ad. sk. Domestic. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
17. PHILACTE. 
Type. 
Philacte, Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1870, 

p. 131 P. canagica. 
Range. North-east Asia and North-west America. 
1. PMlacte canagica. 
Anas canagica, Sevastianoff, Nova Acta Ac. St. Petersb. xiii. p. 346, 
pi. x (1800). 

Anser 
pictus, Pall, (nee Bomiaterre) Zoogr. Moss-As. ii. p. 233 
(syn. emend.), tab. G7 (1811); Schleg. Handl. Dierh. i. p. 458 
(1857); Nordensh. Voy. of the Vega, ii. p. 42 (Chuck Peninsula) 
(1881); Palmen, Gt. Intern. Fish. Bxh. Bond., Sweden, Spec. Cat. 

p. 200 (1883). 
Anser canagicus, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. i. p. 37 (1836); id. 
Descr. et Icon. Anlm. Boss. i. p. 7, tab. 1 (1830) j Schleg. Bierent. 

p. 278 with fig. (1864); id. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 115 (1860); 
Finsc/i, Abh. Brem. Ver. iii. p. 6Q (1869); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 370 (1872): Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501; Brandt, J.f. 0.1891, 
p. 267. 
Bernicla canagica, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 7 (1844); Bohnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, 1.101. ff. 414-415 (1845); Licht. Nomencl. Av. 

p. 100 (1854) ; JDegL Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 492 (1867); Salvad. 
Ibis, 1883, p. 348; Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p.'165. 
Chloephaga canagica, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 20 (1850) ; 
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 768 (1858); id. Cat. N Am. B. n. 573 

110 ANATID-3S. 

(1859); Elliot, Ilhistr. Am. B. pi. 45 (1806); Eyt. Syn. Anal. 

p. 25 (1869); Ball $ Bannist. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 296 (1869); 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 18592 (1871); Coues, Check-list, 
2nd ed. p. 112, n. 698 (1882) ; Pali, Notes Avif Aleut. IsL Unal. 
Eastw. p. 5 (1873); Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. *429 (Michalaski) ; 
Rein. Sf Rchmv. Nom. Mm. Hein. Orn. p. 343 (1890). 
Philacte canagica, Bannist Pr. Acad.Philad. 1870, p. 131; Coues, Key, 

p. 283, f. 183 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 482(1873); id. B. N-West, 
p. 558 (1874); Ball, Notes Avif. Aleut. IsL West Unal. p. 6 (1874); 
Coues, Elliott's Aff. Alaska, p. 189 (1875); Ridgw. Nom. N. Am. 
B. n. 598 (1882) ; Elliott, Mon. Seal IsL p. 130 (1882); Nelson, 
Cruise < Cortom,1 1881, p. 95 (1883) ; B., B., $ R. Water-Birds N 
Am. ii. p. 477 with fig. (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 689. with fig. p. 688^(1884); Murdoch, Exp. to Point Barrow, 
p. 117 (1885); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158; A. O. U. Code of 
Nomencl § Check-list, p. 128, n. 176 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. 
Am. B. p. 118 (1887) ; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 142 
(1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 135 (Behrin<j I.) (1887); 
Toionsend, ibid. p. 196 (Humboldt Bay, California) (1887) ; 
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 89, pi. iv. (1887) ; Fannin, 
Auk, 1895, p. 76 (Vancouver I.). 
Chen canagica, Newt. Enc. Brit. 9th ed. x. p. 778 (1879); id. Diet. 
ofB. p. 374 (pt. 2, 1893). 

Adult. Head and nape white, the former frequently stained, 
especially anteriorly, with rusty or orange rufous ; throat and neck, 
frontally and laterally, brownish black or dusky greyish brown ; 
tail slaty black, and white on terminal half; prevailing colour of 
rest of plumage bluish ash, each feather variegated by a narrow 
terminal bar of white and a broader subterminal crescent-shaped 
one of black, these markings nearly obsolete on abdomen and 
crissum; greater coverts and secondaries slate-black, conspicuously 
margined with white; anterior lesser coverts, primaries and 
primary-coverts plain slaty grey : " lower mandible dark horncolour, 
with a white spot on each side of branching rami; membrane 
about nares livid blue, rest of upper mandible pale purplish, 
with a fleshy-white wash; edge of nail dark horn-colour, rest of 
the nail horn-white; iris hazel; legs and feet bright orange-yellow " 

(E. W. Nelson). Total length about 26 inches, wing 14*30-15*75, 
tail 5, culmen 1-40-1-65, tarsus 2*60-2*85. 
Immature birds have the white of the head thickly speckled with 
black. 
Young. Nearly similar to the adult, but the head and neck 
plumbeous, the former speckled with white, especially on top; the 
transverse barring of the feathers less distinct than in the adult; 
bill and feet dusky. 

Hob. Coast of Alaska, north of the peninsula, chiefly about the 
shores of Norton Sound and the valley of the Lower Yukon ; it 
migrates south as far as Humboldt Bay in California ; Bering Island 
and coast of N.E. Asia, west as far as the Tschuktschi Peninsula 

(Nordenskibld). 

a. Ad. sk. Aleutian Is. Purchased. 
b. c? ad.sk. Alaska. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
18 . BEANTA. m 
c-f. S $ ad. et $ Yukon Delta, Alaska, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. June (E. W. Nelson). 
g, h, i. J ad. et^ St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Sept. (K. W. N). 
k. Jinm. sk. Ugashik, Alaska (C. L. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
McKay). 

18. 
BRANTA. 
Type. 
Branta, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 67 (1769) B. bernicla. 
Bemicla, Bote, Isis, 1822, pp. 563, 883; Steph. Gen. 

Zool. xii. 2, p. 45 (1824) (ex Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 300, 

1760)..; B. bemicla. 
Leucopareia, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) B. leucopsis. 
Rufibrenta, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648 (subgen.) 

(1856) B. ruficollis. 
' Leucoblepharon, Bawd, Birds ofN. Am. p. 763 (subgen.) 
(1858) (nee Leucoblephara, Lafr. 1840) B. canadensis. 
Brenthus, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 
(1873) (nom. emend, ex Aristot.) (nee Schonh. 1826). 
Ptocas, Heine, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (1890) 
(= Bufibrenta). 

Range. Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
No chestnut colour on the breast. 
a'. Upper tail-coverts normal, confined to the 
"base of the tail; head partly white. 
a'1. Head black, with a somewhat triangular 
white patch on each cheek, usually 
confluent on throat; chest brownish like 
breast and belly. 

a". Wing more than 14*50 inches. 
a4-. Lower parts fading gradually into I canadensis, p. 112. 
white on anal region | hitchinsi(?),^. 114. 
b*. Lower parts greyish brown, abruptly [p. 115. 
defined against white of anal region.. occidental (r), 
b'". Wing not more than 14*50 inches,usually 
less minima, p. 116. 
b". Head mostly white; the lores, occiput, 
neck, and chest black leucopsis, p. 117. 
ftf. Upper tail-coverts very long, reaching: the tip 
of the tail-feathers • head entirely black. 

c". Sides of the neck with two patches of white 
streaks on each side, usually not meeting 
in front; lower parts greyish, in conspicuous 
and abrupt contrast with black 
of chest; or dark brown, but sufficiently 
defined from the black of the chest.... berniclaf p, 119. 

d". 
The white patches on the sides of the neck 
constantly meeting in front, so as to form 

112 
AKA.TID.32. 

a broad white collar, interrupted only 
behind; breast and abdomen dark sooty-
brown nigricans, p. 123. 

b. 
Chest and a patch on the posterior part of the 
sides of the head chestnut rvficollis, p. 124. 
1. Bra&ta canadensis.* 
Canada Goose, Edw. Birds, pi. 151; Lath. Sy7i. iii. 2, p. 450, n. 14 

(1785). 
Anser ferns canadensis, Edw. op. cit. iii. p. 246 (1750). 
Anser canadensis sylvestria, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 272, pi. xxvi. (1760). 
Anas canadensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 198, n. 14 (176G); Forst. Phil. 

Trans, lxii. p. 414 (1772); Gm. S. N. i. p. 514, n. 14 (1788); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 838, n. 17 (1790); mis. Am. Orn. viii. 
p.52,pl.67.f. 4(1814). 

Oie sauvage du Canada, UAubent. PL Enl. 346. 

Oie a cravate, Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 82 (1783). 

Anser canadensis, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 114, pi. 32. f. 2 (1790) ; 

Vieill N. I), xxiii, p. 335 (1818); Bum. Bid. So. Nat. xxxv. 

p. 468 (1826); Flem. Br. An p. 128 (1828) ; Bp. Syn. p. 877 
(1828); Sio. fy Rich. F. B.-Am. ii. p. 468 (1831) ; Less. Trd'Orn. 
p. 628, n. 16 (1831) ; Benn. Gard. $ Menag. Zool. Soc. del, Birds, 
p. 201 (1831) ; Nutt. Man.ii.^. 349 (1834); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. 
p. 1 (1835), v. p. 607, pJ. 201 (1839); Bp. Camp. List, p. 55 (1838); 
Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 95 (1838); Aud. Syn. p. 270 (1839); K # B. 
Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxii, 223 (1840); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 178, 
pl, 376 (1843); BeKay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 348 (1844); Gir. B. Long 
Is J. p. 289 (1844); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Baird, Stansbunfs 
Pep. p. 321 (1852) ; Wied, J.f.O. 1859, p. 164; Schleg. Mus. 
P.-B., Anseres, p. 105 (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 44 (1869); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 369 (1872). 

Cygnus canadensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 19 (1824); Jen. Man. 

p. 227 (1835); Eyt. Cat. Br. Birds, p. 65 (1836). 
Bernicla canadensis, 
Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981; G. R. Gb\ Gen. B. 
p.608,n. 12 (1844) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 105. ff. 247-48 
(1845); Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. p. 102 (1853); Licht. Nomencl. Av. 

p. 100 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 28 (1856) ; 
Newh. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 100 (1857); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 764 
(1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 567 (1859) ; A. <§• E. Newt. Ibis, 
1859, p. 368 (St. Croix ?); Heerm. Rep. P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. vi. 
p. 66 (1859); Murr. Edinb. New Philos. Journ. 1859, p. 225; 
Coop. £ BuckL N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 250 (1860); Coues, Pr. 
* Although I keep distinct the synonymy of the four forms admitted by 
American ornithologists (B. canadensis, hutchinsi, occidentalism and minima), and 
have added to each the description given by Mr. Eidgway, I have not been 
able to draw the line between them and to recognize more than two species— 
one (B. canadensis) extremely variable in size, and found nearly all over 
3ST. America; and a second, very much smaller and not very variable in size, 
confined to Alaska during the breeding-season, but, according to the American 
authors, extending to California in winter. Of the first species, besides other 
specimens, there is in the British Museum a series of 7 specimens from Corpus 
Christi (Texas), fully adult and young, whose beaks vary from 2*3 to 1*1 
inches, and all the other parts accordingly. They show such a perfect transition 
from one to another, that their specific identity cannot be questioned for a 
moment. 

18. BRAKIA. 
113 
Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 238; Ross, Canad. Nat 1862, p. 152; Hayd 
Pep. p. 175 (1862); Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. p. 153 (1862); Boardm. 
Pr. Post Soc. iv. p. 139 (1862); BlaHst Ibis, 1862, p. 9,1863y 

p. 141; Peinh. Vid. Med. 11864 (1865) p. 246 (Disco) ; March, 
Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 70 (Jamaica); Hoy, Smiths. Pep. 1864. 
p. 438 (Missouri); Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 42; Coues, Pr. Ac. 
Philad. 1866, p. 98; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 296 (1866); 
Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst vi. p. 298 (1868); Hincks, P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 211; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.); Ball & Bann. 
Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 295 (Alaska) (1869); Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. 
Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming); Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871. 
p. 35 (N. Carolina); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (two carotids), 
p. 639 (muscles); Snow, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873); Sclat fy Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, n. 1 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 362 (part. ?); Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 502; Pidgto. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 594 (1881); Coues, 
Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 702 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert An. 
8th ed. p. 419 (1883); B. O. JJ. List Br. B. p. 118 (1883) ; 
Howley, Auk, i. pp. 309-313 (Newfoundland) (1884); B., B., fy P. 
Water-B. N. Am. i. pp. 455, 456, 457, 460 (1884); Coues, Key 

N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 688, n. 702 (1884); Saund. TarreWs Hist 
Br. B. iv. p. 295 (1884-85); Monti. Bull Soc. Accl. 1886, p. 140, 
%. p. 141; Newt. Diet. ofB. p. 376 (pt.2,1893). 
Cygnopsis canadensis, Brandt, ±)eser. et Ic. An. Boss. Nov., Aves, i. 

p. 5 (1836); Bp. Cat. Met Ucc. Pur. p. 69, n. 416 (1842); G. P. 
Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 130 (1844). 
FAnser parvipes, Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 187 (Vera Cruz); 
id. U.S. Expl. Exped., Mamm. $ Orn. p. 336 (1858). 
Bernicla (Leucoblepharon) canadensis, Maird, B. N. Am. p. XHT 
(1858). 
? Bernicla leucolsema, Murr. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. ix. p. 226' 
(var.) (1859). 
? Berniclabarnstoni, Boss, Canad. Nat vii. p. 152 (var.) (April 1862); 
id. Nat Mist Pev. (2) ii. p. 28 (1862); Blakist Ibis, 1863, 

p. 143 ; B., B., $ B. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 460 (1884). 
Branta canadensis, Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131; Coues, Key, 
p. 283, £ 185 a (1872); id. Check-list, n. 485 (1873); id. B. 
N.-West, p. 554 (1874); Allen, Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, i. p. 50 
(1876); PC. W. Elliott, Mon. Seal Isl. p. 130 (1881); A. O. U. 
Code of Nomencl. $ Check-list, p. 126, n. 172 (1886); Pidyw. 
Man. fr. Am. B. p. 117, n. 172 (1887); Macfarl. Pr. U.S. Nat 
Mus. xiv. p 424 (Mackenzie Basin) (1891); Hartert, Kat. 
Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3361 (1891); Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 77 
(1892) ; MacKay, Auk, 1894, p. 226,1895, p. 77 (Massachusetts). 
Leucoblepharon canadense, G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii." p. 76, n. 10578 
(1871); Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872); Hein. $ 
Pchnw. Norn. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (1890). 

Anser 
(Brenthus) canadensis, Pchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37; 
id. Vog. zool. Gart.-p. 66 (1882). 

Adult Head and nearly all the neck black; chin and throat 
white, extending upwards on the cheeks and ending in a point 
behind the ear-coverts; back, wing-coverts, secondaries, and tertials 
brown, the feathers, except those of the back, with lighter-coloured 
edges; rump black; upper tail-coverts white; lower part of the 


,neck almost white, but rarely distinct; breast and belly pale 
voi. XXVII. i 

114 
ANATlDJi. 

"brown, gradually fading into the white of the vent and under tail'
Coverts; primaries and tail-feathers black: bill black ; irides dark 
brown; legs, toes, and membranes dark lead-colour, almost black. 
Total length 41-42 inches, wing 15-60-21, culmen 1*55-2-70, 
tarsus 2-45-3-70. (Ridgway.) 

Female. Similar to the male, but smaller. 
Young are much smaller, and have the white feathers of the 
cheeks edged with black. 

Hah. Temperate North America, breeding in the Northern 
United States and British territory, migrating in winter southwards 
to Mexico. 

2. Branta hutchinsi. 
Anser canadensis, Pall, (nee Linn,) Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 230 

(Aleutian Islands) (1811). 
Anas bernicla, yar. /3, Rich. App. Parry's 2nd Voy. p. 368 (1825). 
Anser hutchinsii, Rich, in Sw. fy Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 470 

(1831) j Nutt. Man. ii. p. 362 (1834); And. Orn.Biogr. iii. p. 226, 
pi. 277 (1835); Bp.Comp.List, p. 55 (1838); Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 95 
(1838); Aud. Syn. p. 271 (1839) ; id. B. Am. vi. p. 198, pi. 377 
(1843); Linsl. Am. Journ. xliv. p. 249 (Connecticut) (1843) ; 
Giraud, B. Long I. p. 292 (1844); Peak, U.S. Exjpl Exped. viii. 
sp. 158 (1848); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat, Natatores, Noviticp, t. 104. 

f. 
2772 (ex Audubon?) (1850); JSartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, i. 
p. 122; Bp. Compt Rend, xxxviii. p. 664 (California) (1853) ; id. 
Not. Coll. Delators, p. 93 (1854); Ruin. Pr. Fss. Inst. i. p. 219 
(Massachusetts) (1856); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 105 
(=leucopareius, Brandt) (Mexico) (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 43 
(1869); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 371 (1872); Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. 
p. 239 (1890)._ 
Anser leucopareius, Brandt, Bull. So. Ac. Petersb. i. p. 37 (Aleutians) 
(1836). 
Anser (Bernicla) leucopareius, Brandt, Deser. et Icon. Anim. Ross. 
Nov., Aves, i. p. 13, pi. 2 (1836) ; id. J. f. 0.1891, p. 267. 
Bernicla leucopareia, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 13 (1844) ; 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 1.101.ff. 416,954 (1845); Bp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 29 (1856). 

Bernicla hutchinsii, 
G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 14 (1844); 
Woodk Sitgr. Rep. p. 102 (California) (1853); Licht. Nomencl 
Av. p. 100 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 30 (1856) ; 
Netvb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 101 (California) (1857); Cass. U.S. 
Expl. Exped., Mamm. # Orn. p. 336 (1858); Baird, B. N. Am. 
pp. 763, im (1858); id. Cat. N Am. B. n. 569 (1859); Heerm. 

P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. vi. p. 67 (1859); Mun\ Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 
ix. p. 228, pi. 4. f. 2 (1859); Coop. $ Suchl. N. E. Wash.Terr. p. 251 
(1860); Ross, Canad. Natur. 1862, p. 152; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, 
p. 143; Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. p. 87 (Massachusetts) (1864); Corns, 
Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Colorado); Laior.Ann. Lite. N. Y. 
viii. p. 296 (1866); EineJcs, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 211; Corns, Pr. 
Ess. Inst. v. p. 298 (1868) ; Turnb. B. E. Pa. p. 45 (1869); 
Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 295 (Alaska) (1869); Finsch, 
Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 20 (1872); Snow, B. Kans. p. 11 
(1873); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 502; Seebh. Ibis, 1882, p. 369 
(Japan); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 419 (1883); Blah, fy 
Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 96 (1882); Blakist. Amend. List B. 
18 . BRANTA. 
Jap. pp. 9, S3 (1884); Saund. TarreWs Hist, Brit B. iv. p 298 

(1884-85); Montluz. Bull. Soe. Accl. 1886. p. US: Newt. Diet of 

B.y. 376 (pt. 2, 1893). * J 
Bernicla (Leucoblepharon) hutchinsii, Baird, B. N. Am. p. xlix 
(1858). 
Branta hutchinsii, Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131. 
Leucoblepharon hutchinsii, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10579 

(1871). 
Leucoblepharon leucopareia, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10580 
(1871). 
Branta canadensis, var. hutchinsii, Coues, Key N. Am. B p 284 

n. 4856 (1872); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158. ' 
Anser (Branta) canadensis, var. hutchinsii, Ridqw. Ann. Lvc. NY 
x. p. 388 (Illinois; (1874). J 
Branta canadensis, e. hutchinsii, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 554 (1874). 
Bernicla leucoparia, Blah, fy Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (Japan); iid. 
Tr. As. Soe. Jap. viii. p. 183 (1880). 

Bernicla canadensis hutchinsii, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 203 
(1880); id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 594 a (1882): Coues, Chech-list 
2nd ed. p. 172, n. 704 (1882). 

Anser (Brenthus) hutchinsi, Rchnw. Orn. CentraTbl. 1882, p 37 


id. Vog. zool. Gart. p. 65 (1882). r' ' 
Branta leucopareia, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Wat Mus. vi. p. 70 (1883). 
Bernicla canadensis, y. hutchinsii, B., B., & R. Water~B. N Am i 

pp. 455, 457, 458, 464 (1884). 
Branta canadensis hutchinsii, Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29 

p. 147 (1885); A. O. U. Code ofNomencl. fy Chech-list N. Am. B 
p. 127, n. 172 a (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 139 
(1886) ; Nelson, Nat Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 84 (1887): Ridqw. 
Man. N Am. B. p. 117, n. 172 a (1887) -. Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. x. p. 135 (Bering I.) (1887)- Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 
xi. pp. 248-251, ff. 27, 28, 29, 30 (osteology) (1888); ? Macfarl 
Pr. US. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 424 (1891)• Hatch, B. of Minnes. 
p. 80 (1892). 
" Similar to B. canadensis, but smaller (wing usually less than 
16*00 inches; oilmen usually less than 1*75). Length about 
25*00-34*00, wing 14*75-17*75, culmen 1-20-1-90, tarsus 2*253*
20 " (Bidgway). 
Hah. a Arctic and Subarctic America; south in winter, through 
United States, chiefly west of the Alleghanies; North-eastern Asia 
(Japan to Eastern Siberia) " (Ridgway). 

3. Branta occidentalis. 
? Bernicla canadensis, Cass, (nee Linn.) U.S. Expl. Bxped., Mamm. 
8? Orn. p. 335 (1858); Hartl. J.f. 0.1883, p. 282 (Alaska). 
Bernicla leucopareia, Baird (nee Brandt), B. N. Am. pp. xlix, 765 
(1858); ?Newt. Diet, of B. p. 376 (pt. % 1893). 
Bernicla occidentalis, Baird, op. cit. p. 766 (1858) ; id. Cat N. Am. 

B. n. 567 a (1859); Saund. TarrelVs Hist Br. B. iv. p. 298 
(1884-85); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. viii. p. 22 (1885). 
Bernicla canadensis, var. occidentalis, Ball fy Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. 

p. 295 (1869) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H ii. p. 363 (Durango) 
(1874). 
Bernicla canadensis, var. leucopareia, 
Coues, Key, p. 284 (1872). 
i2 

116 
AXA-TIDM. 

Branta canadensis, b. leucopareia, part., Corns, B. N.-West, p. 554 

(1874). 

Bernicla canadensis, part., Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 362' 

(Durango, Mexico). 
^ 

Bernicla canadensis occidentalis, Pidgw. Pr. US. 
Nat. Mies. iiL 

p. 203 (1880); id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 594 e (1881); Coues, Key 
N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 688, n. 702 a (1884). 
Bernicla canadensis, /3. occidentalis, B., B., <§* P. Water-B. N. Am. i, 
p. 455 (1884). 
Branta canadensis occidentalis, Pidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. 
p. 355 (1885); A. 0. U. Code of Nomencl. $ Check-list N. Am. B, 
p. 127, n. 172 b (1886); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 85 
(1887) j Pidgw. Man. N Am. B. p. 117, n. 172 b (1887); Macfarl 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 424 (1891). 
Adult. "Lower parts deep greyish brown or brownish, grey 
(often not conspicuously paler than upper parts), abruptly defined 
against white of anal region ; white cheek-patches usually separated 
by a black throat-stripe, or black mottling on throat; white collar 
round lower neck usually very distinct in winter plumage; tail-
feathers usually 18*00-20-00. Total length about 35 inches, wing 
16-25-18-00, culmen 1-40-1-65, tarsus 3-05-3-25." (Mdgway.) 

Eab. " Forth-west coast of America; north to Sitka; south in 
winter to California " (Bidgway). 

(Branta canadensis; B. hutchinsi; B. occidentalis.) 
a, b. Ad. sk. N. America. Purchased. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Brit. Columbia (J. K, Lord). N. America Boundary 

Comm. [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Eraser River, Brit. Columbia N. America Boundary 
(J. K. L.). 
Comm, [P.]. 
f. 
Ad. sk. 49th Parallel (J. K. i.) N. America Boundary 
Comm. (TPJ. 
g.ft,i. $ ad. et W. side Rocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
5 imm. sk. 
1. sk. Fort Simpson, May (B. P. Poss). A. Murray, Esq. JT.1 
/.'He iead. Arctic America (P. MacFar-Salvin-Godman Colt 
lane). 

m. Ad. sk. North Land Exped. Sir G. Back [P.]. 
n. Ad. sk. Hudson Bay. 
Capt. D. Herd [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay, Hudson Bay. Br. Rae [P.]. 
p-~v. cf $ ad et Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov. (F. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
3 juv. sk. B. Armstrong). 

w. Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
x. Ad. sk. Hakodadi (Blakiston). Seebohm Coll. 
y. Pull. sk. British Isles. 
H.J.Elwes,Esq.[P.l 
z. Ad. sk. Dorsetshire. 
Mrs.E. Goolden[P.], 
a', b'. Ad. sk. Cumberland. 
Purchased. 

<f. Pull. st. 
Purchased. 

d'. Skeleton. 

4. Branta minima. 
Bernicla leucopareia, 
Cass, (nee Brandt) HI. B. Cat, Tex. $c. p. 272, 
pi. 45 (1853); Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. n. 568 (1859); ? Ball fy 
Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 295 (Alaska) (1869); Samd. YarrelTs 
Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 298 (1884-85). 

18 . BEANTA. 
117 

Branta canadensis, var. leucopareia, Coues in Elliot's Affairs in 
Alaska, p. 190 (1875) (nee Key, 1872, p. 284, which=B. occidental, 
Baird) ; Coues, Check-list, n. 485 a (1873). 

Bernicla canadensis leucopareia, Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B, n. 594 6 
(1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 703 (part.) (1882) ; 
id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 689 (1884). 

Bernicla canadensis, d. leucopareia, B., B., fy R. Water-B. N. Am. i. 

pp. 456,457, 459 (1884). 
Branta minima, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 22 (1885). 
Branta canadensis minima, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355 

(1885); A. 0. U. Code of Nomencl <$• Cheek-list N. Am. B. 

p. 127, n. 172 c (1886); Townsend, Auk, 1887, p. 12 (breeding; 
towak E., N. Alaska); Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 139 
(1886); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 86 (1887): Ridgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 117 (1887). 
Bernicla munroii, Rothsch. Ann. fy Mag. N. H. (6) x. p, 108 (1892) 
(Kauai, Sandwich Islands) {type dramme<#== minima). 

Similar to B. canadensis, but very much, smaller. Lower parts 
deep greyish, brown or brownish grey (often not conspicuously paler 
than the upper parts), abruptly defined against white of anal region; 
the feathers of the underparts have paler edges; white cheek-
patches usually separated by a black stripe of spotting on the throat, 
and lower part of neck encircled by a more or less distinct white 
collar; tail-feathers usually 14-16. Total length about 23-25 
inches, wing 13-60-14-50, culmen 0*95-1-15, tarsus 2-40-2-75. 

Hah. Pacific coast of North America, breeding chiefly about the 
shores of Norton Sound and the Lower Yukon, but extending to 
Kotzebue Sound and along the Arctic coast to the vicinity of Point 
Barrow; south in winter to California, and more rarely to Upper 
Mississippi Valley (Wisconsin, &c); it strays to the Sandwich 
Islands. 

a. b,c. 
<$ $ ad. St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
et pull. sk. (R W. Nelson). 
d. 
S ad. sk. Kottik, mouth of Yukon E., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Alaska, May (E. W. Nelson). 
e. 
$ ad.sk. Gray's Harbour, Washington Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Territory, Dec. (Henshaw). 
5. Branta leucopsis. 
The Barnacle or Bernacle Goose. 
Bernicla, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 300 (1760). 
Bernicla minor, Briss. op. cit. p. 302 (1760) (juv.). 
Anas bernicla, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 198, n. 13 (1766). 
? Anas hrota, O. F. Mull. Zool. Ban. Brodr. p. 14 (1776). 
Bernache, JD'Aubent. Bl. JEnL 855; Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. ix. p. 93 


(1783). 
; Anas erythropus, Gm. (nee Linn.) S. N. i. 2, p. 512, n. 11 (1788); 

Bath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 843, n. 31 (1790). 
Anas erythropus, 8, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 844 (1790). 
Anser erythropus, Bonn, (neeLinn.) Bnc. MSth. i. p. 120, n. 28 (1790); 

Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 408 (1828); Begl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 402;(1849). 
Anas leucopsis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 424 (1803); Temm. 
Man. p. 531 (1815); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 823 (1820). 

AKATID^l. 

Anser leucopsis, Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Beutschl. 2nd ed. iv. p. 921 
(1809); Vieill N. B. xxiii. p. 329 (1818); Bumont, Diet. Sc. Nat. 

xxxv. p. 462 (1825); Bp. Syn. p. 377 (1828); Less. Tr. aVOrn. 
p. 
627 (1831); Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 355 (1834); Jen. Man. 
p. 224 (1835); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 609, pi. 296 (1835); id. 
Syn. p. 271 (1839); Bp. Comp. List, p. 55 (1838); Eyt. Mon. 
Anat. p. 86 (1838); Keijs. § Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxiii, 224 
(1840): Naum. Vog. Beutschl xi. p. 378, Taf. 291 (1842) ; And, 
B. Am. vi. p. 200, pi. 378 (1843); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. 11 (1844); 
Middend. Reis. Sibir. ii. 2, p. 228 (Siberia ?) (1851); Wallengr* 
Naumannia, 1854, p. 268 (Scandinavia); Thorell, Bidr. Spitzb. 
Molluskf. p. 60 (J 859) j Bias, in Naum. Vog. Beutschl. xiii. 2, 
p. 296 (1863); Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vei.-Ak. Fork. 1863, p. 106; 
Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323 {ex Midd.); Sehleg. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 104 (1866); Later. Am. Nat. v. p. 10 (1871); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 372 (1872); Nordensh. Voij. Vega, i. p. 126 (1881) 
(Spitsbergen & Novaia Zemlia) ; Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 512, 
pi. 60 (egg) (1885). 
Anser bemicla, Pall, (nee Linn.) Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 230 (1811); 
Leach, Cat. p. 37 (1816); Flem. Brit. An. p. 127 (1828). 

Bemicla 
lencopsis, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Kaup, Skiz. Ent. eur. 
Thienv.y. 25 (1829); Brehm, Handb. Vog. Beutschl. p. 847 (1831); 
Eyt. Cat. Br. B. p. 62 (1836); Macgilliv. Man. ii. p. 150 (1842); 
Bp. Cat. Met. TJcc. Eur. p. 70, n. 424 (1842;; BCartl. Syst. Verz. 
Ges. Mus. p. 117 (1844); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 128 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 2 (1844); Rclmb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 97. ft 230-231 (1845); Bp. Compt. Rendus, xliii. 

p. 648, n. 31 (1856); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 768 (1858); id. Cat. 
N. Am. B. n. 572 (1859); id. Am. Nat. ii. p. 49 (Hudson Bay); 
Bemh. Ibis, 1861, p. 12 (Greenland); G. R. Gr. List Br. B. 
p. 184 (1863),- Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fdrh. 1864, p. 395 -r 
Neiot. Ibis, 1865, p. 513; Begl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 488 
(1867); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 33 (1869); Malmgr. Ibis, 1869, p. 230 
(Spitsbergen); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding); Malmgr. 
J. f. 0. 1870, p. 303; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 401, Taf. 145. 
f. 1 (1870); Heugl. J.f. 0.1871, p. 104 (Rotjess-Ejell and Barents-
Land rO; Later. Am. Nat. v. p. 283 (North Carolina) (1871); 
Eaton, Zoologist, 1874, p. 3815 (Spitsbergen); Bress. B. Eur. 
vi. p. 397, pi. 415. f. 1 (1878); Mat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501; 
Frehe, Zoologist, Sept. 1881, p. 372; Ridgm. Norn. N. Am. B. 
n. 597 (1882); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 699 (1882); 
Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 529, n. 2574 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. 
An. 8th ed. p. 419, n. 954 (1883); B. O. TJ. List Br. B. p. 118 
(1883)j Saund. YarreWs Eist. Br. B. iv. p. 286 (1884-85); Costa, 
Rend. Ac. Nap. xxv. p. 106 (Italy) (1886); Montluz. Bull. Soc. 
Accl. 1886, p. 143, fig. p. 144; Lilford, Col Fig. Br. Birds, 
pt. xi. pi. — (3889); Saunders, Man. Brit. Birds, p. 397 (1889); 
Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 297 (Marocco); Arrig. degli Oddi,Atti Soc. 
Ital. xxxiv. pp. 117-121 (Venetian) (1892); Newt. Bid. of B* 
p. 375 (pt. 2,1893). 
Bemicla erythropus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 49 (1824); Brehm, 
Handb. Naturg. Vog. Beutschl. p. 848 (1831); Licht. NomencL 
Av. p. 100(1854). 

Leucopareia leucopsis, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); G. R. 
Gr. Band-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10581 (1871); Hein. $ Rchnw. Norn, 
Mus. Eein. Orn. p. 342 (1890). 

Ohenalopex leucopsis, " Less." Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 372 (in syn. A, 
leucopsis) (1872). 

18 . BKANTA. 
11» 

Branta leucopsis, Bann. Pr. Ac. PMlad. 1871, p. 131; Coues, Key, 

p. 283 (1872); id. Chech-list, n. 483 (1873); id. B. N.-Wesl 
p. 558 (1874); B., B., $ R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 474 (1884); 
Salved. M. Ucc. Ital p. 253, n. 351 (Italy) (1886); Bidgw. Man. 
N. Am. B. p. 117, n. 175 (1887); Behnw. J.f. 0.1890, p. 81; Dub. 
Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 385, pi. 242 (1891); Kartert, Kat. 
Vogekamml. p. 227, n. 3367 (1891). 
A user (Brenthus) leucopsis, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37* 
Id. Vog. tool. Gdrt. p. 66 (1882). 

Adult male. Eorehead, cheeks, and chin white • a streak from the 

beak to the eye, top of the head, nape, all the neck, and inter


scapulars black; rump bluish black; upper tail-coverts white; 

breast and belly greyish white; vent and under tail-coverts pure 

white; flanks and thighs tinged with grey in bars; scapulars, 

wing-coverts, and tertials lavender-grey, tipped with a crescent of 

bluish black, and an extreme edge of white; primaries and tail-

feathers almost black: bill, legs, toes, membranes, and claws black; 

irides dark brown. Total length 25-5-28 inches, wing 16, tail 5*5,. 

culmen 1*37, tarsus 2-3. 

Female. A little smaller than the male. 

Young. The white of the cheeks varied with black feathers; the 

ends of the feathers on the back and of the wing-coverts tinged 

with rufous ; the flanks barred with darker grey, and the legs less 

black than in the adults. 

I have seen on the waters of Battersea Park, in London, a 
living hybrid between this species and some kind of Goose (?) * it 
has the white on the head much more extended, the legs yellow, 
and the general colouring paler brown than in B. leucopsis* 

Hah. Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, and Novaia Zemlia, where 
probably it breeds; passes on migration along the shores of Scandinavia 
to winter in the Baltic, and on the coasts of Denmark, 
Holland, England, and Northern Erance; seldom straggling to 
Central and Southern Europe; casually on the Atlantic coast of 
North America. 

a. Ad. sk. - Great Britain. Purchased. 
b, c. <$ J ad. sk. Cumberland, Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu Coll. 
e. Pull. st. Purchased. 
f-h. $ $ ad. sk. Holland. H. J. Pike, Esq. [P.], 
i. 5 ad. skeleton. Holland. H. J. Pike, Esq. [P.]. 
h, I. Skeletons. 
m. Sternum. England. J. Bay, Esq. [P.]. 
6. Branta Tbernicla. 
Brent-Goose. 
Anser torquatus, Frisch, Vog. Beutschl. ii. Taf. 156. 
Brenta, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 304, pi. xxxi, (1760). 
Anas bemicla, Linn. S. N. i. p. 198, n. 13 (part.)(1766); Gm, S. JST. 
i. 2, p. 513, n. 13 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 844, n. 32 (1790); 
BeeJist. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 424, n. 11 (1803); Wils. Am. Orn. 
viii. pi. 72. f. 1 (1814); Temm. Man. $Om* p. 531 (1815); id. 
op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 824 (1820); Scoresby, Ace. Arct. Beg. i. 
p. 527 (1820); Banz. JEL di Zool. iii. 9, p. 91 (1826); Werner, 
120 
ANAT1DJE. 

Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 33 (1828); Ross, in Parry's Narr., App. 

p. 196 (1828); Less. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 408 (1828); id. Tr. tfOrn. 
p. 627, n. 3 (1831). 
Braxita 
bernicla, Scop. Ann. I. JET. N. p. 67, n. 84 (1769); Bonn. 
Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131; G. R. Gr. JEand4ist, iii. p. 76, 

n. 10575 (1871) ; Coues, Key, p. 284 (1872); id. Check-list, 
n. 484 (1873); id. B. N.-West, p. 556 (1874); A. O. TJ. Code of 
Nomencl <§• Check-list N. Am. B. p. 127, n. 173 (1886)*; 
Sahad. El. TIcc. Ital. p. 253, n. 352 (1886); Rchnw. J.f 0.1890, 
p. 81; Earteri, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891); Match, B. of 
Minnes. p. 81 (1892) ; MacKay, Auk, 1894, p. 224 (Muskeget I.). 

Anas brenta, Tunst. Orn. Brit p. 4 (1771). 

Oca colombaccio, Gerini, Stor. degli TIcc. v. Taf. 582 (1776). 

Cravant, DAubent. PI. Enl. 342; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 87 

(1783). 

Brent Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 467, n. 27 (1785). 

Anser bernicla, Bonn. Em. MUh. i. p. 121, pi. 32. f. 4 (1790); Illig. 

Prodr. p. 277 (1811); Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.p. 378 (1826); id. 

Syn. p. 378 (1828); Sw. $ Rich. Faun. B.-A. ii. p. 469 (1831) ; 

Sam, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 180 (1831); Nuit. Man. ii. p. 359 (1834); 

Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837); Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 610, pi. 391 

(1839); id. Syn. p. 272 (1839); Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 139 

(1842); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 203, pi. 379 (1843); Schleg. Rev. 

Crit. p. ex (1844); Giraud, B. Long I. p. 293 (1844); DeKay, N. Y. 

Zool. p. 351 (1844); Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 404 (1849) ; ? Midd. 

Reis. O.-Sibir. p. 228, Taf. xxi. f. 1 (pullus) (1851) (Taimyr River, 

Boganida, breeding); Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 269 (Scandi


navia) ; Mull. J.f O. 1856, p. 231 (Provence); Putn. Pr. Ess. 

Lnst. i. p. 219 (1856) ; Schleg. Fog. Nederl. pi. 286 (1858); Thorell, 

Bidr. Spitzb. Molluskf. p. 60 (1859); Malmgr. CEfv. X. Vet.-Ak. 

Fork 1863, p. 106; id. J. f. O. 1863, p. 377 (Spitsbergen); 

Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 105 (part.) (1866); Droste, Vogelw. 

Nordseeins. Borkum, p. 287 (1869); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i p. 369 

(part.) (1872). 

Ajaas monaclms, Beseke (nee Scop.), Vog. Kurl. p. 45, Taf. 5 (1792). 

Anser 
torquatus, Bechst. (nee Gm.) Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. 
2nd ed. iii. p. 911 (1809) (ex Frisch) ; Niks. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 245 
(1817); VieilL N. D. xxiii. p. 333 (1818); Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. 
Vog. p. 777 (1823) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 463 (1825) ; 
Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 393, Taf. 292 (1842); Kjcerb. Damn. 
Fugle, p. 360, Taf. 45 (1852); Molb. Faun. Gronl. p. 63 (1854); 
Tobias, J.f 0.1853, p. 217; Schrader, ibid. pp. 243, 317 (Lapland) 
; Fritsch, ibid. p. 370; Schilling, ibid. p. 3/6; Reinh. J. f. O. 
1854, p. 441 (Greenland); Bias, in Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. 2, 

p. 296 (1860); Sund. J.f.O. 1863, p. 457; Nordm. J.f.O. 1864, 
p. 377 (Finnland); Quinstorp, J.f. 0.1868, p. 262. 
Anser brenta, part. (?), 
Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 229 (1811) {ex 
Briss.); Leach, Cat. p. 37 (1816); Flem. Brit. An. p. 127 (1828) ; 
Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 352 (1837); Keys. § Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. 
pp. lxxxiii, 224 (1840) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Palestine); 
td. Faun, fy Flora of Palest, p. 114 (1884); Seebh. Sist. Br. B. iii. 

p. 508, pi. 60 (egg) (1885). 
Bernicla torquata, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; C. L. Brehm, Jsis, 1830, 
p. 996; id. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 851 (1831) ; Licht. Nomencl. 
p. 100 (1854); Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 297; id. Thierl. iv. 
p. 802 (1867); Newt. Diet. ofB. p. 375 (pt. 2,1893). 
Bernicla brenta, 
Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 46 (1824); Eyt. Mon. 
Anat. p. 85 (1838); Bp. Comp. Idst, p. 56 (part.) (1838); G. R. 

15. BRASTTA. 
121 
MA^**^^?8®8*0^ BP' Oat.Met. Ucc.Eur.p.70, n.425 

 «* »: 6r'LutB' Brit* Mu^

•J7T); iii- p. 128, specim. a, b (1844); 
S ' * ^ P- ?07, n. 1 (1844); J2ortf. %*. Fere. 6to. Afoi p. 117 
\T*r' -^S^-%w- -4®., Natatores, t. 97. ft 228-29 (1845); id. 
Av. SystNat. pi * (1852); JF^A. £%r. Rep. p. 102 (1853); Bp. 
Compt Rend.xlm. p. 648, n. 33 (1856); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 767 
Am B n

VSS?) 5 ^S^J*'---5?0 (1859; ; Evans $ Sturge, Ibis, 

lb59, p. 16/ (W. Spitsbergen); Homeyer, J. f. 0. 1859, p. 370: 

farmt. Ibis, 1860, p. 255 (Hudson's Bay); Walker, ibid. pp. 166, 

167 (Greenland); Sclat. ibid. p. 308 {egg)-, Reinh. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 12 (Greenland); Ross, Canad. Nat. vii. p. 152 (1862); id, 
Mat Hist. Rev. (2) ii. p. 287 (1862); Verrill, Pr. Ess. list. 
1862, p. 153; Blahist. Ibis, 1863, p. 145; Altum, J. f. 0. 1863, 
p. 120; Droste, J.f.O.1864, p. 428 (Borkum); Malmgr. (Efv. K. 
Vet.-Ah Fork, 1864,p. 394; Newt. Ibis, 1865, p. 512 (Spitsbergen); 
Malmgr. J.f* 0. 1865, p. 209 (Spitsbergen); Droste, ibid, p. 342; 
Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 42 (Texas); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. 
p. 296 (1866); Degl. 8r Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 489 (1867); Droste, 
J. f. O.1867, pp. 65, 89; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); 
Cones, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. p. 298 (1868); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 308 
(^Tovaya Zemlya); Fritsch, Naturg. Tog. Eur. p. 402, Taf. 45. 
£ 2 (1870); Malmgr. J. f. O. 1870, pp. 287, 304; Coues, Pr. 
Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 36 (North Carolina); Heugl. J. f. 0.1871, 
p. 104 (Spitsbergen); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 63 (Novaja Zemlia); Shell. 
B. of Egypt, p. 281 (1872); Heugl J.f. 0.1872, p. 120 (Novaja 
Zemlia); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 638, f. 5 {(muscles); Gould, 
B. Or. Brit. v. pi. 7 (1873); Keugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1290 
(1873); Bessels, Bull. Soc. Geogr. March 1875; Dress. B. Eur. 
vi. p. 389, pi. 415. f. 2 (pts. 63, 64, 1877) ; Feild. P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 32 (breeding, Polar Basin); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 412; Schmidt, 
P. Z. & 1880, p. 317; Sclat. P. Z. S.1880, p. 502; Ridgw. Nom. 
N. Am. B. n. 595 (1881); Male, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 652 (Franz-
Josef Land); Cones, Chech-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 700 (1882); 
Sdv. Cat. B. StricU. Coll p. 529, n. 2575 (1882); B. O. U. List 
Br. B. p. 117 (1883); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 419 (1883); 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 687,%. p. 686, n. 700 (1884); B., 
B., $ R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 467 (1884) ; Saund. TarrelVs Hist. 
Br. B. iv. p. 290 (1884-85); Bedd. P. Z. S. 1885, p.843(anatomy); 
Montluz. Bull. Soe. Accl. 1886, p. 134 (fig. p. 135): Tristr. Cat. 
Coll B. p. 54 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit. Birds, p. 339 (1889); 
Russell, Zool. (2) xiv. pp. 62-69 (Essex) (1890); Payton, Ibis, 
1891, p. 296 (Morocco). 
Bernicla glaucogaster, 
C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1830? p. 996 (descr. nulla); 
id. Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 849 (1831); id. Naumannia, 1855, 

p. 297. 
Bernicla micropus, C. L. Brelim, Isis, 1830, p. 996; id. Vog. Deutschl 
p. 849 (1831); id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 297 ( = var. glaucogaster). 
Bernicla platvuros, C. L.Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996; id. Vog. Deutschl 
p. 850 (1831); id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 297. 
Bernicla collaris, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996; id. Vog. Deutschl. 
p. 851 (1831); id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 297 £=var. glaucogaster). 
Bernicla melanopsis, Macgill Man. Br. Orn. ii. p, 151 (1842), 
Bernicla pallida, C. L. Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 368 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 297. 
Bernicla brenta, a. glaucogaster, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlm. p. 648, 

n. 33 a (1856). 
,,*,,0,™ 
Brenthus bernicla, Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872) 
Hem. $. Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (1890). 

122 AtfATID.®. 

Brenta bernicla, Heugl. Beis. Nordpolarmeer, iii. p. 132 (1874). 

Anser (Brentkus) torquatus, Rchnw. Orn. CentralbL 1882, p. 37; 

id. Fog. zool Gdrt. p. 65 (1882). 

Anser brenta glaucogaster, Seebh. Hist. Br. Birds, iii. p. 508 (1885). 

Branta brenta, Dubois, Faun. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 388, pi. 243 (Livr, 

143-152,1892). 

Adult male. Head, neck, and breast sooty-black, sharply defined 
from the brown-grey colour of the upper and under parts; two 
white patches, with some admixture of black, on the sides of the 
neck; rump brown-black; upper tail-coverts, vent, and under tail-
coverts white; the feathers of the upper and under parts with 
somewhat lighter edgings, quite distinct and whitish on the flanks; 
quills and tail-feathers brownish black; under wing-coverts brown-
grey ; bill black; irides dark brown; tarsus, toes, and webs black, 
with an olive-green tinge upon the tarsal joint and the upper 
surface of the toes. Total length about 21 inches, wing 13, tail 3*5, 
culmen 1*5, tarsus 2*1. 

Female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. 

Young. Paler than the adults; no white patches on the sides of 
the neck; the dark colour of the upper breast scarcely darker than 
the underparts; no white edgings to the feathers of the flanks; 
wing-coverts with conspicuous pale edges, almost white on the 
median and greater ones ; secondaries with white tips. 

In this species there seem to be two forms—a dark-bellied one 

(B. bernicla), which, according to Mr. Seebohm, breeds in the 
Taimyr peninsula, Novaia Zemlia, Franz-Josef Land, and Spitsbergen 
; and a light-bellied one (B. glaucogaster), which lives in 
Arctic America, from the west coast of Greenland as far west as 
the Parry Islands. I would have kept the two forms separate if 
it were not that a specimen from Nbvaia Zemlia, mentioned below, 
belongs to the light-bellied form, and, moreover, this bird has the 
white on the sides of the neck meeting in front, which character 
is likewise often found in specimens of the dark form killed in 
England. The question of the specific distinction of the two forms 
requires further consideration, but the material at my disposal in the 
British Museum was not sufficient for me to settle it satisfactorily. 
Hab. Taimyr peninsula, Novaia Zemlia, Franz-Josef Land, and 
Spitsbergen, whence it migrates in winter to the shores of Northern 
Europe, sparingly down to the basin of the Mediterranean; Arctic 
America from Greenland as far west as the Parry Islands, and north 
of lat. 73° as far as land is known to extend {Seebohm). 

a. Underparts greyish, paler. 
a. Ad. sk. N. America. The Admiralty [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Grinnell Land,lat. 82° 33', June. Capt. Feilden [P.]. 
c. $ ad.sk. Lat. 82° 30' {&. W. Feilden). Voy. of H.M.S. 
d. Pull. sk. Mushroom Point, July (S. W. Voy. of' H.M.S. 
Feilden). 'Alert7 
e. c? ad. sk. Musk Ox Bay, June (C. Hart). Voy. of H.M.S. 
* Discovery/ 
18 . BKAK1A. 
123 
f. 
J ad. sk. Discovery Bay, June (C. Hart), Voy. of II.M.S. 
i Discovery.' 
g. Ad. st Kepulse Bay. 
Dr. Rae [P.j. 
h. 
$ ad. sk. St.Patrick'sBay,Jan.(aJ3^rO- Voy. of H.M.S. i Discovery.' 
*. <$ juv. sk. Cromarty Bay, Feb. (W. R 0. G-. H. Quintm, Esq. 
Grant). [P.]. 

k. "Ad. st. Devonshire. 
Col. Montagu [P.], 
I. Juv. sk. Maldon, Essex (Major Russell). Seebohni Coll. 
m. 3 ad. sk. Havre, Nov. (V. Pluclie). Seebohm Coll. 
n. Ad. sk.,var* Novaia Zemlia, June. H. W. PeiLden and 
H. Brown [C.]. 
°9 JP> 2* Sterna. 
5. Underparts dark grey or brown. 
r. <$ ad. sk, var * Cookkam, Nov. (W. Briggs). Tweeddale Coll. 
s. Ad. sk., var.* Devonshire. 
Col. Montagu [P.]. 
t, u. Tmm. et juv. Maldon, Essex (Major Russell). Seebohm Coll, sk. 


7. Branta nigricans. 
Anas bernicla, Penn. (nee Linn.) in Cook's Voy. Pacif. ii. p. 366 
(Kamtschatka) (1784). 
Anser brenta, part., Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 220 (ex America) 
(1811); ? Swinh. P. Z. $. 1863, p. 323 (China). 

Anser nigricans, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. NY. iv. p. 171, pi. xii. (1846); 
Hartl. Naumannia, 1852, p. 2; Seebh. Hist Br. B. iii. p. 508 
(1885); id. B. Jap. Emp. p. 240 (1890). 

Bernicla nigricans, 
G. R. Gr. Gen. B., App. p. 27 (1849); Cass, 
Illustr. B. Calif, p. 52, pi. x. (1853) ,• Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii, 

p. 648, n. 34 (1856) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 767 (1858); id. Cat 
N. Am. B. n. 571 (1859); Coop. $ Suckl. N. H. 
Wash. Terr, 
p. 252 (1860); Blakist Ibis, 1863, p. 145; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. NY. 
viii. p. 296 (Long Isl.) (1867) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 4&5 (Vancouver 
I.); Ball $ Bonn. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 295 (Alaska) (1869) 
Ball, Avif Aleut. Isl. West. Unal. p. 6 (1874) ; Selat P. Z. S.1880J 
p. 502; Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. pp. 131-138 (1881): 
Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 596 (1882); Bean, Pr. US. Nat. Mus, 
1882, p. 166; Nek. Cruise < Corurin,' p. 94 (1883); Seebh. Ibis, 
1884, p. 175 (Japan); Blakist Amend. List B. Jap. p. 33 (1884): 
B., B., % R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 471, f. p. 472 (1884); Saund. 
YarreWs Hist. Brit B. iv. p. 292 (1884-85); Murd. Exped. to 
Point Barrow, p. 117 (1885); Monti Bull. Soc. Accl 1886, p. 137 
Newt. Diet o/B. p. 375 (pt. 2,1893). 
Anas bernicla, Kittl. (nee Linn.) Benfav. ii. p. 384 (1858). 
Anser bernicla, part., Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 103 (1866); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 369 (part.) (1872). 

Branta nigricans, Bonn. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131; G. R. Gr, 
Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10576 (1871); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 29, p. 149 (1885); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 141 (1886); 

A. O. U. Code of Norn. $ Check-list, p. 128, n. 174 (1886); Ridgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 118, n. 174 (1887); Nels. Rep. N. H Coll. in 
Alaska, p. 87 (1887); Stejn. B\ U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 135 (Bering I.) 
(1887); Macfarl. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. xiv. p. 424 (Liverpool Bay 
and Franklin Bay) (1891); Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 82 (1892). 
* White patches of the neck nearly meeting in front. 
124 
ANATID-2E. 

Branta bernicla, var. nigricans, Coues, Key, p. 284, f. 184 b (1872). 
Branta bernicla, b. nigricans, Coues, B. N- West, p. 557 (1874). 
Bernicla torquata, Blakist. § Pryer (nee Bechst.), Ibis, 1878, p. 212 

(Japan) ; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 183 (1880), x. p. 96 (1882). 

Bernicla brenta nigricans, Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 701 
(1882) 5 id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 688, n. 70, f. p. 687 (1884); 
Cory, Auk, i. p. 96 (Massachusetts) (1884). 

Anser (Brenthus) nigricans, JRchnw. 0?m. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37. 
Bernicla brenta, var. nigricans, Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Yokohama). 
Anser torquatus, Brandt (nee Frisch), J.f. 0.1891, p. 267. 

Similar to B. bernicla, but with a conspicuous collar of white 
interrupted only on the nape, the white marks on each side of the 
neck meeting together in front; belly almost as black as the 
breast: bill and feet deep black; tarsi black (?). Total length 
22-29 inches, wing 13-70-13-40, culmen 1-20-1*35, tarsus 2-202-
50. 


Young. Similar to adult, but collar indistinct or obsolete, the 
larger wing-coverts and secondaries broadly tipped with white, and 
feathers of sides and flanks uniform brownish grey, without white 
edgings. 


Hah. Western Arctic America, and across Bering Straits as far 
as the valley of the Lena (SeeboJim), migrating south in winter along 
the Pacific coast to Lower California, and very rarely straggling to 
the Atlantic coast (Long Island) ; along the Eastern Asiatic coast 
it extends to Japan. 

a. Ad. sk, Nagasaki, Japan. P. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c, d. 
Ad. et Yokohama (II. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. 

e. Ad. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Capt. Blakiston [P.]. 
/. 
Ad. st. St. Juan de Fuca, Vancouver Capt. Kellett and 
Isl. Lieut. Wood [P.]. 

g. Ad. sk. Arctic Exped. Capt. Collinson HP.]. 
k Ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Collinson [P.]. 
i. S 
ad. st. Pt. Barrow, Alaska, June (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
K Dark). 
fc-o. 6 2 ad. et St. Michael's, Alaska, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<? juv. sk. Oct. (F. W. Nelson), 

p. 
Head & neck. Liverpool Bay (B. MacFar- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
lane), 
q. $ ad. sk. San Diego, California; Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r, s. Ad. sk. [Canada.] Governt. of Canada 
[P.]. 

8. Branta ruficollis. 
Bedbreasted Goose. 
Die Moppelgans (Anser peregrinus), Frisch, VorstelL Yog. DeutscJiL 
Suppl. pi. 157 (1763). 

Anser ruticollis, Pall. Spicil. Zool fasc. vi. p. 21, t. iv. (1769); id. 
Beise, iii. p. 701 (1776); Bonn. Fnc. Mtth. i. p. 116, n. 20 (1790) ; 
Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 233, n. 326 (1811); Bewick, Br. B. 

ii. p. 261, with fig. (1816); Miss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 246, n. 252 
(1817) j Vieill N. D. xxiii. p. 333 (1818); Bum. Diet. Se. Nat 
xxv. p. 461 (1825); Mtn6tr. Cat. Rais. p. 56, n. 194 (Lenkoran) 
18 . BEA3STXA. 
125 
(1832); K. # B. Wirbelth. Fur. pp. lxxxiii, 224, n. 390 (1840); 
Naum. Vog. DeutschL xl. p. 408, t. 293 (tf) (1842); Schleg. Bev. 
Crit. p. cxi (1844); Midd. Beis. Sibir. ii. 2, p. 229, pi. xx. f. 3 
(egg) (1851); Fjcerb. Orn. Dan. t. 45 (1852); Wallengr. Nau~ 
mannia, 1854, p. 269 (Scandinavia); Martin, Jf. 0.1856, p. 94 
(captive); Bias, in Naum. Vog. DeutscU. xiii. 2, p. 297 (1860) ; 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 102 
(1866); JSund. Svenska Fogl pi. 82. f. 2 (1872); Seebh. P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 806 (egg); id. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 515, pi. 61 (egg) (1885); 
Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22. 


Anas torquata, S. G. Gm. Beise Bussl ii. p. 179, t. 14 (1774); Gm. 

S.N.i. 2, p. 514, n. 70 (1788). 
Anas pulchricollis (errore), Georgi, JReise Buss.Beich. p. 167(1775). 
Kleine Kaszarka, Lepech. Beis. Buss. Beiches, ii. Anhang, p. 183 
(1775). 
Casarka minor, Zepech. ibid. p. 295, t. 5 (1775), 
Bed-breasted Goose, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 571 (1785): Lath. Syn. 

iii. 2, p. 455, n. 17 (1785). 
Anas ruficollis, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl i. p. 297 (1787); Gm. S. N. 
i. 2, p. 511, n. 67 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 841, n. 23 (1790); 
Lewin, B. Gr. Brit. xii. p. 6 (nee pi. 241) (1794); Bechst. Orn. 
Taschenb. ii. p. 425 (1803); Bewick, Br. B. ii. p. 289 (1805); 
Temm. Man. d'Om.-p. 533 (1815); id. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 826 
(1820); Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 34 (1828); Less. Tr. 
d'Orn. p. 628 (1831). 
Anser 
torquatus, Bonn, (nee Friseh), Fnc. Meth. i. p. 122, n. 31 
(1790). 
Bernicla ruficollis, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, 

p. 53, pi. 43 (1824); Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996; Gould, B. Fur. v. 
pi. 351 (1837); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 85 (1838); Bp. Comp. List, 
p. 56, n. 402 (1838); id. Cat. Met. TJee. Fur. p. 70, n. 426 
(1842); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 128 (Berwick) (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 8 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 
t. 97. fi. 233, 234 (1845); Licht. No?nencl. Av. p. 100 (1854); 
Degl. fy Gerbe, Ois. Fur. ii. p. 490 (1867); Fyt. Syn. Anat. p. 32 
(1869); Gigl. Ibis, 1869, p. 242 (Italy); ?Blyth, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 176 (Nagpore); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 6 (pt. xviii., 1870); 
FhoesfyBuckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Macedonia); Malmgr. J.f.O. 
1870, p. 305; JDyb. J.f.O. 1873, p. 108 (Irkutsck); Dress. B. of 
Fur. vi. p. 403, pi. 416 (pts. 51, 52,1876); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool 
Fr. ii. p. 43 (1877); Finsoh, Ibis, 1877, p. 62; id. Verh. z.-b. 
Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 260 (W. Siberia); Sclat P. Z. tf/1880, 
p. 502; Palmen, Med. Soc. Fenn. vii. p. 144 (Finnland) (1881); 
Gum. Bis, 1881, p. 495 (Holland); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 119 
(1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 419 (1883); Badde, 
Ornis Caucas. p. 441 (1884); Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 281 •*. 
with fig. (1884-85); Henke, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, u. 48, pi. iv. 
(var.); Montluz. Bull Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 149, hg. p. 150; 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (Lenkoran) (1889); Saunders, Man. 
Brit. Birds, p. 395 (1889); Lilford, Col. Figs. Br. B. pt. xxi. pi. — 
(1892); Newt. Diet, of B. p. 376 (pt. 2,1893). 


Leucopareia ruficollis, Rchnb. Av. Syst. JSfat. p. ix (1852). 
Bernicla (Eufibrenta) ruficollis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, 

n. 35 (1856). 
Eufibrenta ruficollis, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10583 (1871). 
Anas (Bernicla) ruficollis, Lemetteil, Bull Soe. Zool Fr. v. p. 75 
(Lower Seine) (1880)


126 
ANATIDiE. 

Anser (Brenthus) nificollis, Rchnw. Orn. Ceniralbl. 1882, p. 37; id. 

Vog. zool Gart. p. 65 (1882). 
Branta nificollis, Sahad. El. Ucc. Ital p. 254, n. 353 (1886); 
Rchnw. J. f. 0. 1890, p. 81; Bartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 227 
(1891). 

Ptocas nificollis, Heine fy ReTinw. Nomencl. Mus. Bein. p. 342 
(1890). 

Adult male. Entire crown and hind neck black ; the black of the 
crown extends through the eye to the chin and throat, leaving a 
large round white patch between the eye and the bill; on the ear-
coverts a chestnut angular patch, surrounded with white, ending in 
a white tjand down the sides of the neck; neck and upper breast 
rich chestnut, surrounded below by a white narrow band; back, 
rump, lower breast, and upper abdomen black; upper tail-coverts, 
lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; flanks white, with 
black bands at the tip of the feathers; wings brown-black, the 
upper coverts with pale edgings, which on the middle and greater 
wing-coverts form two greyish bands; tail black : " bill almost 
black; irides hazel; legs and feet dark brown, almost black" 
(Saunde?*s). Total length about 22 inches, wing 14, tail 6, bill 1, 
tarsus 2*1. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, only somewhat smaller. 

Immature bird. The black replaced by dark brown, the auricular 
patch brown, with some rufons tinge, the neck and breast reddish 
buff; tips of the rectrices white. 

Bab. Ob and Tenesei valleys, where it breeds; Western Siberia, 
Northern Turkestan, and Caspian Sea, where it winters ; accidental 
in Europe and also in Egypt. 

a. $ ad. sk.
bf c. <$ ad . etimm. sk. 
Kusckowat, Ob, Sept. 
Lenkoran, Jan. (Berike). 
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 
Seebohni Coll. 
d. 2 ad. st.
e. Ad. sk. 
Europe (Holland ?). 
Berwick. 
Zoological Society, 
Bullock's Coll. 

19. NESOCHEKT. -
Nesochen, Salvad. MS. N. sandvicensis. 
Range. Confined to the Sandwich Islands. 

1. Nesochen sandvicensis. 
" Geese ... . not unlike the Chinese Geese," JBllis, Narr. Voy. ii. 
p. 143 (1782). 
Anser sandvicensis, Vigors, List of Anim. in the Gard. Z. S. ed. 11, 
p. 4 (June 1833); Gieb. TJies. Orn. i. p. 373 (1872). 
Bernicla sandvicensis, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 65; Hep. of Counc. 
Zool. JSoc. 1833, p. 13; Stanley, P. Z. S. 1834, pp. 41-43, 81 ; 
Jard. 8r Selb. Bl Orn. ser. 2, pi. viii. (1836); G. R. Gr. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 607, n. 10 (1844); Bartl. Erst. Nachtr. p. 19, n. 214 
(1846); RcJinb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 99. ft 2355-56 (1850); 
19. INTESOCHEN. 
127 
Hartl Arch. f. Naturg. 1852, i. p. 137; LicU. Nomencl Av. 

p. 100 (1854) j Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 206 (incubation): Dole, 
Pr. Post. 
Soc. N. H. xii. p. 305 (1869); Peh. Verh. z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, 18737 p. 159; Gullw. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488; Dole, Havai 
Aim. 1879, p. 54 ; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 81; Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, 

p. 504; Sato. Cat B. Strickl. Coll p. 529, n. 2577 (1882); Sclat. 
List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 423, n. 9G5 (1883); Mmttuz. Pull Soc. 
Acclim. 1886, p. 146,fig. p. 147; Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 51 (1889) 
(type!); Scott Wils. Aves Haioai. pt. iv. pi. — (1893). 
Berniela sandwicensis, Less. Compl. de Buff., Oi$. ix. p. 526 (1837); 
id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 717 (1838); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliiL p. 648, 

n. 32 (1856) ; Cass. U.S. JSxpl. Exped., Mamm. fy Orn. p, 338 
(1858); G. B. Gi\ Cat B. Trop. Isl. p. 54 (1859); Hartert, Eat. 
Vogelsamml p. 227, n. 3365 (1891); Sharpe, Cat Osteol. Spec. 
Coll. Surg. iii. p. 293 (1891). 
Chloephaga sandvicensis, Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 81 (1838); id. Syn. 

Anat p. 26 (1869) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 529. 

Anser hawaiiensis, Eyd. fy Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool i. p. 104, pi. 10 

(1841). 

Anser hauaiensis, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 249, pL lix. 

(1848). 

Anser hawaiensis, Hartl Arcli.f. Naturg. 1852, i. p. 122. 

Teenidiestes sandvicensis, Bclmb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852). 

Anser sandwicensis, Sehleg. Dierent p. 278 (1864); id. Mus. P.-B., 

Anseres, p. 106(1866). 

Leucopareia sandwicensis, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10582 

(1871); Hein. $ Bchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (1890). 

Anser (Brenthus) sandvichensis, Bchiw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 36; 

id. Tog. zool Gcirt. p. 64 (1882). 

Adult male. Head and throat black, which colour extends a little 
below the eye and down the back of the neck ; sides of the neck 
tawny buff, becoming lighter towards the lower part, the feathers 
blackish at their bases, giving the neck a mottled or striped appearance 
; tipper surface dark umber, the feathers barred with dull 
whitish; rump dusky black; upper tail-coverts whitish; breast 
and belly pale greyish brown, feathers darker on flanks, barred 
with umber and whitish at the tips; abdomen and under tail-
coverts pure white; quills and tail dusky black: "irides dark 
hazel; biU and feet black" {Scott Wilson). Total length 22-5 
inches, wing 14*3, tail 6, culmen 1*6, tarsus 2-8. 

Female. The black extending further down the throat, and 
occupying a greater space below the eye; feathers on flanks paler 
than in the adult male ; lower breast not so pale, but uniform in 
colour with'the flanks (Scott Wilson). 

Young. Similar to the female. 

Young in down. Upper parts greyish brown; forehead, sides of 
the head, throat, and middle of the underparts whitish; a white 
spot on each side of the back at the base of the wing. 

Hal. Sandwich Islands. 

a-e. Ad. et puU. st. Sandwich Islands. Zoological Society. 

f. Skeleton. 
- Zoological Society. 
128 
AKATm®. 

Subfamily VI. CHENONETTIN^E. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Tail nearly even; tipper wing-coverts white; 
size large 20. CHLOEPHAGA, p. 128. 
b. Tail not even, but distinctly graduated. 
b'. Tertials rather broad; upper wing-coverts 
blue; size large. ... 21. CYANOCHEN, p. 139. 

d. Tertials long and narrow; upper wing-
coverts grey; size small 22. CHENONETTA, p. 140. 
20. CHLOEPHAGA. 
Chloephaga, JEyt. Mon. Anat. p. 13 (1838) 0. magellanica. 
Tsenidiestes, Rchnb. Av. Byst. Nat. p. ix (1852) ... . C. antarctica. 
Oressochen, Barm. Pr. Ac, 8c. Philad. 1870, p. 131.. 0. melanoptera. 
Chloetrophus, Bann. Pr. Ac. 8c. Philad. 1870, 

p. 131 C. poliocephala, 
Chloophaga, Sund. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 
(1872). 
Tsenidiesthes, Heine, NomencL Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 
(1890). 


Mange. Confined to South America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Under tail-coverts white. 
a'. General plumage white, with no barrings. 
a". Upper scapulars white, each with a 
black spot along the middle melanoptera, p. 129. 
b". Scapulars like the rest of the plumage, 
white; in specimens not fully adult the 
primaries are black towards the tip .. hybrida $, p. 130. 

V. Plumage more or less barred. 
c". Scapulars brown-black; breast with 
deep black and white barrings; tail 
entirely white hybrida $ , p. 130. 

d". Scapulars grey; head pale grey. 
d"\ Breast entirely white mageUaniea cf > P* 132. 
e'". Breast more or less barred with 

black 
inornata $, p. 134. 

b. Under tail-coverts more or less blackish; 
plumage distinctly barred with black and 
rufous. 
c\ Head distinctly rufous mageUaniea $, p. 132. 
d'. Head greyish, scarcely tinged with rufous, inornata $ , p. 134. 

c. Under tail-coverts rufous-cinnamon. 
e\ 
Head rufous like the middle of the 
abdomen rtcbidiceps, p. 136. 


f. 
Head grey, middle of the breast and abdomen 
white. poliocephala, p. 137. 
20 . CHLOEPHAGA. 
129 

1. Chlo'ephaga melanoptera. 
? Otis chilensis, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 260 (1782). 
Anser melanopterus, Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 93 (1838) (Lake Titicaca) j 
Gould in Barium, You. 'Beagle,' p. 134, pi. 50 (1841); Fraser, 

P. Z. S.1843, p. 118 (Ohili) ; Marti Sijst. Yerz. Ges. Mm. p. 117 
(1844); Schleg. Mm. P.~B., Anseres, p. 100 (1866): Byt. Sim. AnaU 
p. 41 (1869); Gieb. The*. Orn. i. p. 512 (1872). 
Anser montana, Tsch. {nee Gm.) Wiegm. Arch. 1843, i. p. 390, n. 2L 
Anser anticola, Tsch. op. cit. 1844, i. p. 315, n. 342. 
Bernicla melanoptera, G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 128 
(1844); id. Gen. B.iii. p. 607,n. 5 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 

t. 101. f. 953 (1845) (ex Beagle); Des Murs in Gay, Hist, de 
Chile, l p. 443 (1848) ; Bartl. Naumannia, 1853, p. 222, sp. 160; 
Bibra, JDenkschr. k. Ah. Wissensch. v. 2, p. 131 (1853) ; id. J.f.O. 
1855, p. 57 ; Cass, in U.S. Astron. Exp. ii. p. 101 (1856) (Chili); 
Sclat. P. Z. S.1857, p. 128; Phil. $ Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, 
i. p. 185; Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 121; Peh. Beis. Novara, Yog. 
p. 137 (1865); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 320, 334, 339; Phil. <§• 
Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 40 (1868) (Chili); Sclat. $ Sah. P.Z.S. 
1869, p. 156 (Pitumarca); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 545, 700 (ZooL 
Gard.); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 365; Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 128, n. 2 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 362; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 504; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 420 (1883) j 
Boeck, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 167 (Extract, p. 24) (Puna, 
Bolivia); Sclat P. Z. S. 1886, p. 401 (Sacaya); Montluz. Bull. 
Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 164; Tacz. Orn. PSr. iii. p. 467 (1886); 
PMlippi, Ornis, 1888, p. 160 (Brea); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 122 
(1889); id. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136 (Tarapaca); B. James, New 
List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 143 (1892). 
Bernicla anticola, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 11 (1844). 
Anser (Chloephaga) melanopterus, Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 54, 
308 (Puna) (1846). 
Chloephaga melanoptera, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 100 (1854); Bp, 
Compt. Rend. xlHi. p. 648, n. 25 (1856); Burm. La Plata-Beisef 

ii. p. 513 (1861); Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 122; G. B. Gr. Band-list, 
iii. p. 77, n. 10591 (1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 365; Tacz, 
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 554; Gigl Viagg. Mag. ^p. 946, 957 (1876). 
Oressochen melanopterus, Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131. 
Anser (Brenthus) melanopterus, Bchnw. Orn. CentralbL 1882, p. 37; 
id. Vbg. zool. Gart. p. 65 (1882). 
Branta melanoptera, Kartert, Kat. YogeUamml. p. 227, n. 336S 
(1891). 

Adult male. White; anterior scapulars with, a brown spot along 
the middle; posterior scapulars brown with a greenish tinge;, 
median greater wing-coverts dark green with a purple gloss, forming 
a speculum, the innermost ones and tertials dark glossy green -r 
primaries and tail-feathers black with a green gloss: " hill cinnabar-
red, with the nail black; tarsus, feet, and membranes cinnabar-
red, with the nails black; iris grey-brown" (Phil. Sf Landb.y 
Total length about 28 inches, wing 16*5, tail &2, culmen 3/7, 
tarsus 3*2. 

Female. Similar to the male but smaller. 
Young jpartly in down. White; two brown-grey bands on the 
sides of the upper part of the head, meeting on and extending 
voi. XXVII. K 

130 
ANATIDiE. 

down the nape; back brown-grey; on the sides of the rump 
two white longitudinal bands; scapulars grey with dark spots; 
tertials and tail-feathers dark glossy green ; iris dark brown; feet 
dark brown; " beak black " (Eahmer). 

Hal. Western South America, from Peru and Bolivia to Magellan 
Strait; seen also at Punta Arenas (Giglioli). 

>a. Ad. sk. S. America. 
Purchased. 

b. Ad. sk. Peru; June (Jelshi). "Warsaw Museum 
<?. Ad. sk. Pitumarca, Peru, Aug. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whit eh). 

d. 
Ad. sk. Chili. Eyton's Coll. [One of 
the types of the 
species.] 
e. Ad. sk. Chili. 
T. C. Bridges, Esq.. 
[0.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 

g. Ad. sk. Lake Titicaca, Chili. M. Pentland, Esq. 
[C.]. 

k. 
Ad. st. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett & 
Capt. Fitzroy [P.]." 
i, k. <$ ad. et $ Cueva Nigra, Prov. of Tara-H. B. James, Esq. 
juv. sk. paca, Feb. 
I <$ ad. sk. L. Huasco, Prov. of Tarapaca, H" l l James, Esq. 
Jan. [P.]. 
m, n,o. S ? ad. Sacaya, March, May, PI. B. James, Esq[. 
et juv. sk. [P.]. 


p. 
g. Ad. etimm. Central Chili. H. B. James, Esq. 
sk. [P.]. 
r. 
Ad. sk. Prov. Colchagua, Chili {Heed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. Pull. sk. Pampas Argentinas (Lei/bold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. 
Skeleton. Chili. Purchased. 
2. Chloephaga hybrida. 
Anas hybrida, Mol. 8agg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 213 (1782) ,* id. op. tit. 
2nd ed. p. 198 (1810); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 502, n. 50 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 835, n. 6 (1790). 

Antarctic Goose, Forst. It. pp. 495, 518; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 442, 

ii. 7 (1785;; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 228 (1824). 
Anas magellanica, Sparrm. (nee Gm.) Mus. Carls, fasc. ii. t. 37 ( 9 ) 
(1787). J 
Anas antarctica, Gm. S. N i. 2, p. 505, n. 57 (1788): Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 835, n. 8 (1790). 
Anser hybridus, Bonn. Fnc. M4th. i. p. 112 (1790); Vieill N. D. 

xxiii. p. 331 (1818) ; JSteph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 39 (1824); Bum. 
Diet Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 471 (1825). 
Oie a tete cendrSe, Bonn. op. cit. p. 117, pi. 31. f. i. (1790). 
Anser antarcticus, Vieill. N. B, xxiii. p. 328 (1818); Bum. Biet 

Be, Nat. xxxv. p. 470 (1825) : Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 331, pi. 50 (9 j 
(1826) 5 id. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 409 (1828); Licht. in Forst. Beser 
An. pp. 334, 335 (note) (1844); JSehleg. Mus. P.-JB., Anseres* 

p. 98 (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 369 (1872); Cab. u. Mchnw 
J.f. 0.1876, p. 329. 
20 . CHLOEPHAGA. 
131 

Bernicla antarctica, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 59 (1824); JEyt Mon. 
Anat p. 84 (syn. emend.), pL ii. f. 5 (trachea) (1838); Darwin, 

Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 134 (3841) (Tierra del Fuego, Falkland 
Islands); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 127 (1844); id, 
Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 4 (1844); Hartl. 8ysb. Verz. Ges. Mus. 

p. 117 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 98. ff. 397, 948 
(1845) ; Bes Mure in Gay, Hist, de Chile, I-p. 442(1848); Bibra, 
Benkschr. h. Ah. Wissensch. v. 2, p. 131 (1853); id. J. f. 0.1855, 
p. 57; Cass. U.S. Astron. Exp. ii. p. 200, pi. xxiii. (S 2) (1856) 
(Coast of Chili); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (egg); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1860, p. 388; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 159; Ph. Sf Landb. Wiegm. 
Arch 1863, i. p. 199; iid. Cat. Av. CHI. p. 40 (1868); Sclat. Ibis, 
1864, pp. 121,122; Belz. Beise Novara, Voy. p. 136 (1865); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 320, 334, 339; Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 127 ; 
Fyt. Syn. Anat. p. 30 (1869) ; Bum. P. Z. S.1872, p. 366; Sclat. 
$ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 807, 1878, p. 436 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (egg), 1880, 
p. 504; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13; Sclat. $ Salv. Voy. Chall, 
Birds, p. 106 (1881); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 422 
(1883); Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 153, fig. p. 154; 
Bunn. Anal. Mus. Nac. Bum. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888); Tristr. 
Cat Coll B. p. 51 (1889); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol Spec. Coll. Surg. 
iii. p. 303 (1891); B.James, New List CHI. B. p. 9,n. 146 (1892). 
Chenelopex leucoptera, part., Less. Tr. d'Om. p. 627 (<$) (1831). 
Chenelopex antarctica, Less. op. cit. p. 628 ( $) (1831) ; id. Compl. 
de Buff., Ois. 2nd ed. p. 717 (1838). 
Anas sranta, Forst. Icon. ined. t. —; id. Bescr. An. (ed. Licht) p. 336 
(1844). 
Taenidiestes antarctica, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Bann. 
Br. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 132; G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, 

n. 10585 (1871). 
Chlogphaga antarctica, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 100 (1854); Bp, 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 23 (1856); Sclat P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 527, 
529 (FalHands) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Port Otway), 
1870. p. 499 (Goods Bay); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, pp. 927, 938, 
942, 944, 947 (1876); Newt, Diet ofB. p. 375 (pt. 2,1893). 

Bernicla 
hybrida, BJi. fy Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 199 
(note). 
Anser (Brenthus) antarctiens, Bchnw. Orn. CentraM. 1882, p. 36* 
id. Vog. zool. G'drt. p. 64 (1882). 
Taenidiesth.es antarctica, Hein. u. Bchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. 

p. 342 (1890). 
Bernicla (Chloephaga) antarctica, Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois. 
p. 195 (1891). 
Branta 
antarctica, Hartert, Kat Vogelsamml. p. 227; n. 3364 
(1891). 

Adult male. Entirely white: " bill black, with a yellow spot at the 
base ; tarsns and feet yellow; irides greyish brown " (Glglioli, MS.). 
Length, about 24 inches, wing 15, tail 5, culmen 1*5, tarsus 2*75. 

. Female. Brown-black; upper part of the head and nape brown ; 
forehead, sides of the head, and neck black with narrow white 
bands; upper back, scapulars, and tertials brown-black ; lower back, 
rump, upper tail-coverts, lower abdomen, vent, under tail-coverts, 
and tail pure white ; breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks deep black, 
handsomely barred with white; lower and median wing-coverts, 

x2 

132 
AIRTID^]. 

secondaries, and under wing-coverts white; greater wing-coverts 
metallic green, forming a speculum, tipped with, white, and with a 
black band before the tip ; primaries and their coverts black: " bill 
flesh-colour; tarsus and feet yellow; irides greyish brown " (Giglioh\ 
MS.). Total length 23 inches, wing 14, tail 5, culmen 14, 
tarsus 2-2. 

Hah. Patagonia, Straits of Magellan to Chiloe, Tierra del Fuego^ 
and Falkland Islands. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Antarctic Exp. 
Oapt. King [C."|. 
b. Imm. st. Straits of Magellan. Zool. Soc. 
c. d. £ P ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Sir R Murchison 
[p.]. 
e9 f. cT $ ad. sk. Port Henry, Str. of Magellan, Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
Feb. 

g. Pull. sk. Str. of Magellan, Nov. Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
h, i. $ 2 &&-sk- Hermite Is., Oct., Nov. McCormick Bequest. 
hf I. <$ ad. st., $ Hermite Is., Sept. Antarctic Exp. [C.]. 
ad. sk. 

m. $ ad. sk. Cape Horn. 
Antarctic Exp. [C.]. 
n-y. 
<5$ ad. et Penguin Is. Challenger Exp. [C.]* 
juv. sk. 

r. 
2 ad. sk. Falkland Is. Sir W. Burnett & 
Capt. Fitzroy j_P.]. 
s. S ? ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. 
gad.sk. Falkland Is. Challenger Exp. [C.]. 
u. J ad. sk. E. Falkland. 
Antarctic Exp. [CX 
v. S nearly ad. sk. St. Salvador Bay, Falklands. Antarctic Exp. [_C.j . 
to. <S ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, Falkland, McCormick Bequest. 
Aug. 
&. Skeleton. 

3. CHoephaga magellanica. 
"White-winged Antarctic Goose, Brown. III. p, 100, pi. 40 (rf) 
(1776) (Falkland Islands). 
Oie des terres Magellaniques, D'Aubent. PL JEnl. 1006 ($ ) ; Buff. 

Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 68 (1783). 
Oie des iles Malouines, Buff. op. cit. p. 69 (1783). 
Bustard Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 440, n. 5 (1785). 
Magellanic Goose, Lath. op. cit. p. 443, n. 8 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. 

x. p. 231 (1824). 
Anas magellanica, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 505, n. 56 (1788) ($ ); Lath. 
Bid. Orn. ii. p. 838, n. 11 (1790); Yarr. P. Z. S. 1833, p. 3 
(trachea). 

Anas leucoptera, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 505, n, 59 (1788) ($); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 835, n. 9 (1790) ; Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. xxxv. p. 469 
(1825). * 

Anser 
leucopterus, Bonn. JEyic. MSth. i. p. 113, n. 13, pi. 30. f. 1 
(1790); Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 341 (1818); Less. Man. d'Om. ii. 

p. 410 (1828); Hartl. Syst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844). 
Anser 
magellanicus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 117, n. 23, pi. 29. f. 1 
(1790); Vieill N. B. xxiii. p. 346 (1818); Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. 

xxxv. p. 470 (1825); B'Orb. in Cuvier's Begne An., 
Ois. pi. 96. 
f. 3 (S) (18—?); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 99 (part.?) 
(1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 372 (1872). 
20 . CHLOEPHAGA. 
133 

Bernicla magellanica, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 57 (1824); G. R. 
Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 9 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 


t. 98. f. 949 (1845); Des Murs in Gay, Hist de Chile, i. p. 443 
.(1848) 5 Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 122,-Pelz. Reise Nomra, Fog. p. 136 
(1865) ; Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 127; Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 363; Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Chuput); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 502 • id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 420 (1883); Montluz. Bidl 
Soc. Aeclim. 1886, p. 155, fig. p. 157: Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 
(1889). * 
Bernicla 
leucoptera, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 58 (1824); Ph. $ 
Landb. An. Tin. ClxiU, xxi. p. 427 (1862); iid. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, 

i. p. 194. 
Ohenelopex leucoptera, part., Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 627 (1831), 
vChloephaga magellanica, Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 82, pi. L ft. 1, 2 
(trachea) (1838); G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 78 (1840); Dano. 
Voy. 'Beagle," iii. p. 134 (1841) (Tierra del Fuego and Falkland 
Isl.); Hartl Syst Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 117 (1844); G. R. Gr. 
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1844); Hartl. Naumannia, 1853, 

p. 222 ; Licht. Norn. Av. p. 100 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii, 
p. 648, n. 22 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 128, 1858, p. 289 ; 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (egg) j Sclat P. Z. S. 1860, p. 387 
(syn. emend. ?) : Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 (Falkland Isl.); Sclat. 
Ibis, 1864, p. 122; Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Straits of 
Magellan); Sclat. P.Z. S. 1868, pp. 527, 529 (Falklands) ; Ph. 8f 
Landb. Cat Av. CHI p. 40 (1868) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 
(breeding); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 27 (1869); Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1870, 
pp. 499, 500 (Elizabeth Isle); Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131; 
G. R. Gr. Rand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10586 (syn. emend. ?) (1871); 
Sclat. § Salv. Mm. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, n. 1 (part) (1873); Gigl 
Viagg. Magenta, p. 961 (1876) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 198, f. 2 
(skull); Sclat. P. Z. S, 1879, p. 310 (eggs); Burm. Anal Mus. 
Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888); Rogeron, Bull. Soc. Accl 1888, 
pp. 12-21; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 293 (1891) j 
Newt Diet ofB. p. 375 (pt. 2,1893). 
Anser (Brenthus) magellanicus, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 37; 
id. Tog. zool G'drt p. 64 (1882). 
Bernicla (Chloephaga) magellanica, Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois. 

p. 187 (1891). 
Branta 
magellanica, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 227, n. 3363 
(1891). 

Hybrids. 
Bernicla dispar $ X B. magellanica §, Sclat fy Salo. P. Z. S. 1876, 

p. 365, f. a (male), b (female); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 421, 
f. a (male), b (female) (1883). 
Adult male. "White; head and neck uniform; sides and upper 
part of the back with the lower part of the hind neck barred with 
"black; lower back and rump greyish black; upper tail-coverts 
white; vent and under tail-coverts white, the latter edged with 
blackish on the outer web ; scapulars, tertials, and primaries dark 
grey; smaller and median upper wing-coverts white, the greater 
ones grey, on the outer web metallic green with a purple gloss, 
forming a wing-speculum, and tipped with white; secondaries and 
cinder wing-coverts white; lateral tail-feathers white, the four 
middle ones greyish black: bill black; irides brown-black; feet 

134 A3STATIDJB. 

dark lead-colour. Total length about 26 inches, wing 16*3, tail 
5-5, culmen 1*5, tarsus 3*8. 

Female. Different from the male. Head and neck gre} ish rufous; 
upper back and breast pale rufous, with black bars; abdomen and 
flanks almost black, with whitish bars; lower back greyish brown, 
rump and upper tail-coverts almost black; vent and under tail-
coverts whitish, the latter stained with brown-black; wing as in 
the male; tail black : bill black; irides dark brown ; feet yellow. 
Size a little smaller than the male. 

Eah. Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fnego, Magellan Straits, and 

Patagonia. 
a. § ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c. c? ad. sk. 
d-h. d $ ad. sk. 
No locality. 
Island of Chiloe. 
Cliuput, Patagonia, Sept. 
Falkland Is., April (P. J. 
Sir W. Burnett & Capt. 
Fitzrov[P.n . 
H. Durnibrd,~Esq. [P.], 
Antarctic Expedition. 
et st. 
i $ ad. sk. 
h, I. $ ad. et $ 
Smith). 
Falkland Is. 
Falkland Is. (Zeconte). 
Sir W. Burnett & Capt* 
Fitzroy [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. 
ml $ ad. sk. East Falkland Is., July. Voyage of H.M.S. 
' llattle^nake.' 
n. 6 ad. sk. St. Salvador Bay, Falkland 
Is., June. 
MeCormick Bequest. 
o. $ ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, Falkland 
Is. 
Antaietie Expedition. 
p-s. S J ad-s&' 
t. <$ variety.* 
u. $ ad. sk. 
Berkeley Sound, April, 
May, Dec. 
Falkland Islands. 
No locality. 
MeCormick Bequest. 
Maidstone Museum FP.L 
E. Cross, Esq. [P.]. " 
z>? w. Skeletons. 

4. CMoephaga raornata. f 
? Painted Goose, Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 443, no. 9 (Staatenland) (1785) 
{ex J. Bank's drawings). 
? Anas picta, Gm. 8. JST. i. 2, p. 504, no. 55 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 836, n. 12 (1790) (?=magellanica) j Forst. Icon. ined. t. 65 $ 
id. Descr. An. (ed. Licht.) p. 333 (1844). 
? Anser pictus, Bonn. JEnc. Meth. i. p. 117 (1790); Vieill K. B. 

xxiii. p. 343 (1818); Bum. Bid. 8c. JSrat. xxxv. p. 470 (1825). 
? Bemicla picta, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 60 (1824). 
Anser inornatus, 5 (!), King, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 15 (Straits of 
Magellan). 
Anas inornatus, Less. CompL de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 527 (1837); id* 
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838). 
Ckloephaga magellanica, Fraser {nee Gm.), P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 
(Chili); 8clat. P. Z. S.1871, p. 700 (Chili) ; Sclat. $ 8alv. Norm. 

* Said to be a hybrid between C. antarctica and O. magellanica, but apparently 
an albino variety. 
20 - CHLOEPHAGA. 
135 

Av. Neotrop. p. 128 (part.) (1873); Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 273 
(Carhue). 
Bernicla magellanica, JDes Murs (nee Gm.) in Gay, Hist. Chile, i. 

p. 443 (] 847) (Chiloe); Cass. U.S. Astron. Exp. ii. p. 201, pi. xxiv. 
(1856) (Chili); Sclat. P.Z.S. 1872, p. 549 (Bio Negro), 1877, 
pp. 838,850 (Patagonia), 1879, p. 818,1880, p. 704; id. List Vert. 
An. 8th ed. p. 420 (part.) (1883). 
Bernicla inornata, Des Murs in Gay, Hist Chile, i. p. 444 (1847) ; 
Ph. $ Landb. An. Un. Chile, xxi. p. 436 (1862) ; iid. Wiegm. 
Arch. 1863, i. p. 199; Selat. Sf Sah. P. Z.8. 1876, p. 367 (note); 
Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 160. 

Chloephaga picta, Bp. Co?npt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 21 (1856); 
Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131; Gigl Viang. Magenta, p. 904 
(1876). 

Chloephaga 
inornata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 24 (1856) ; 
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 22 (1869); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, 

n. 10588 (1871) ; Sclat. $ Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, 
n. 2 (part.) (1873) ; Sharpe, Zool. Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 37, 
pi. 30 (type; (1875). 
Anas inornata, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 290 (?=magellanica). 
Bernicla^disgar, Ph. fy Landb. An. Univ. Chile, xxi. p. 427 (1862); 

iid. Wiegm'Arch. 1863, i. p. 190 ; Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 122; Pelz. 
Beise Novar., Vog. p. 137 (1865); Phil. $ Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. 

p. 40 (1808); Sclat # Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 500 (== magellanica): 
Burnt. P. Z. S.1872, p. 366 (Sierra Tinta, Rio Negro); Sclat. # 
Sah. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 364; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 503; Montluz. 
Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 159; Burm. Anal. Mm. Nac. Btien* 
Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 123 (part.) 
(1889); B. James, Neio List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 144 (1892) : Lataste? 
Act. Soc. Sc. Chili, iii. p. exxii (1894). 
Bernicla antarctica (errore), Burm. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 514 (1861). 

Chloephaga dispar, Selat. Ibis, 1864, p. 122; id. P. Z. S. 1867, 
pp. 320, 334 (Chili); Eyt Si/n. Anat. p. 29 (1869); G. R. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10587 (1871). 

Anser magellanicus, part., Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 99 (1866); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 372 (part.) (1872). 
Anser (Brenthus) dispar, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37; id. 
Vog. zool. Q'art. p. 65 (1882). 
Bernicla (Chloephaga) dispar, Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 311 
(1891). 
Bernicla (Chloephaga) inornata, Oust. op. cit p. 313 (1891). 

Hybrids. 

Bernicla dispar $ X B. magellanica $, Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 365, ff. a tf, b $; Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 421. 
£«d, 5 $(1883). 

 Similar to C. magellanica, but the male has the hreast and 
aMomen much more banded with black. 

The female has the head and upper part of the neck of a dull 
grey, almost without any of the reddish tinge so conspicuous in the? 
female of C. magellanica. Dr. Sclater, in the ' Argentine Ornithology/ 
describes the male with the rump (or upper tail-coverts ?) and 
tail-feathers ashy black. I suppose that the description applies 

136 
ANATID-S:. 

-only to immature birds, as in the original description of Philippi 
and Landbeck the upper tail-coverts and lateral rectrices are said 
to be white. A specimen in the Turin Museum, evidently moulting, 
received from Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck, has the upper 
tail-coverts partly black and partly white. 

Young male. The black bands are more numerous, both on the 
back and lower parts, but not so well-defined as in the adult bird ; 
the speculum is blackish, with no green lustre (Mus. Taurin.). 

Bob. Central and Southern Chili, and also Magellan Straits; 
Southern Argentine Eepublic; breeds on the Lakes of the Chilian 

Cordilleras. 
•a. <5 ad. sk. Chili. 
b. £ ad. sk. Chili (Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
•c, d. [<? ] ?
imm. sk. 
Chili (Seed). Purchased. 
e. $ ad. sk.
/ . J ad. sk.
\g. <$ imm. st. 
Chili (Beed). 
Santiago, Chili (Weisshaupt). 
Straits of Magellan. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Zool. Soc. (Tyne of 
Anser inornatus, King,) 

5. Chloephaga rubidiceps. 
Chloephaga poliocephala, part., G. JR. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
p. 127, specim. c, d, e (1844). 
Bernicla inomata, G. B. G?\ (nee King) Zool. Voy. JEreb.fyTerror, 
Birds, pi. 24 (nee Gen. of B.} neque King) (1846) ; Rcknb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 98. f. 947 (ex Voy. JEreb. $ Terr.) (18—?); ScL 
Guide to Gard. Z. S. ed. 5 & 6, p. 16. 

Chloephaga rubidiceps, 
Sel. B. Z. S. 1860, pp. 387, 415, pi. clxxiii. 
(Falkland Islands), 1861, p. 46; Abbott, IMs, 1861, p. 158 (Falkland 
Islands); Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 123 ; id. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 ; 

G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10590 (1871); Sclat. List Vert. 
An. Z. S. 1872, p. 245; Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. 
p. 128, n.4 (1873); Sharpe, Zool. Ereb. $ Terror, Birds, p.37 (1875). 
Anser rubidiceps, Schleq. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 102 (1866); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 373 (1872). 
Chloephaga rubiniceps (errore), Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 26 (1869). 
Chloetrophus rubidiceps, Bann. Br. Ac. Bhilad. 1870; p. 131. 
Bernicla rubidiceps, Sclat. $ Salv. B. Z. S. 1876, p. 367; Sclat. 

B. Z. S. 1880, p. 503; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 422, n. 963 
(1883); Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 162; Burm. Anal 
Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. 
p. 51 (1889); Sclat. B. Z. S. 1892, p. 472 (breeding). 
Anser (Brenthus) rubidiceps, RcJinw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36; 
id. Vo'g. zool. Gart. p. 64. 
Bernicla (Chloephaga) rubidiceps, Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois. 

p. 312 (1891). 
Adult male. Head, upper part of the neck, middle of the 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts of a cinnamon colour; lower part 
of the neck, mantle, breast, sides, and flanks rufous, banded with 
black; rump and upper tail-coverts glossy black; smaller and 
median upper wing-coverts and under wing-coverts white; greater 

20. CHLOBPHAGA. 
137 

tipper wing-coverts metallic green, tipped with, white; bastard-
wing, primaries, and primary-coverts black; secondaries white; 
terfcials and scapulars brown-grey; tail black: bill black; irides 
almost black; feet yellow, tinged with blackish exteriorly. Total 
length about 23 inches, wing 13*5, tail 4-5, oilmen 1-5, bill from 
the commissure 1*5, tarsus 2*5. 

Female. Similar, but somewhat smaller. 

Young birds of the first year assimilate in plumage to the adults, 
except that the speculum of the wing is of dull black instead of 
glossy green (Abbott), 

Hob. Falkland Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Tweeddale Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. Falkland Islands, July. McOormick Bequest. 
e. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expect. 
(Type of the species.) 
f. Imm. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped. 
g, 7i. cf ad. sk. St. Salvador Bay, Falkland Antarctic Exped. 
et ad. sk. Is. 

2. Skeleton. Falklands. 
Zool. Soc. 
6. Chloephaga poliocephala. 
Bernicla inornata, G. R. Gr. (nee King) Gen, B. iii. p. 607, n. 6 
(syn. emend.), pi. 165 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 98. 

f. 946 (nee 947) (ex Gray) (1845); Eartl Erst. Nachtr. Vogel-
mmml. p. 19, n. 216 (1846); Cass. XJn. St. Expl. Exp., Mamm. 
8r Orn. p. 337 (1858) (Tierra del Fuego & Falkland Isl.); Sclat 
Ibis, 1859, p. 327. 
Ohloephaga poliocephala, 
G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 127 
(part., specim. a, 5) (1844) (descr. nulla); Sclat. P. Z, S. 1857, 

p. 128,1858, p. 290; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96; Sclat. P. Z. & 
1859, p. 206 (incubation), 1861, p. 46 (Falkland Isl.); Abbott, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 159; Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 122; id. P. Z. S. 1867, 
p. 335; Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Oazy Harbour); Cunningh. 
Ibis, 1869, p. 233; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) $ Eyt. 
Syn. Anat. p. 29 (1869); Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Port 
Grappler); Sclat P. Z. S. 1871, p. 261 (note); G. B. Gr. Hand-
listen, p. 77, n. 10589 (1871); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. 
p. 128,n. 2 (part.) (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Gray Harbour, 
Tom Harbour); Gigl. Viagg. Magent. pp. 933, 937, 943, 946 
(1876); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 813; Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. x. pp. 383-384 (skull) (1887). 
? Anser leucopterus, Licht. (nee Gm.) in Forst. Descr. An. p. 334 

(1844). 
? Ohloephaga leucoptera, Licht. (nee Gm.) Nbm, Av. p. 100 (1854). 
Ohloephaga inornata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 24 (1856). 
Bernicla poliocephala, Sclat Ibis, 1859, p. 328; Pelz. Beise Novara, 

Vog. p. 136 (1865); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 366 (Bahia Blanca); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro); Sclat. § Salv. P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 366; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Centr. Patagonia); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 503; Scl. $ Sato. Toy. ChalL, Birds, p. 107 
(1881)$ Sclat List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 422, n. 962.(1883); 

138 ANA.TIDJ3. 

Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 160; Burm. Anal. Mus. 

Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 124 

(1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (1889) (Puerto Bueno) j 

B. James, New List CJiil. B. p. 9, n. 145 (1892); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1892, p.472 (breeding). 
Bemicla chiloensis, Phil, fy Landb. An. Univ. Chile, xxi. p. 427 

(1862); iid. Wier/m. Arch. 1863, i. p. 149 (Chiloe); Sclat. Ibis, 

1864, pp.121,122 (= poliocephala, Or.); Phil. $ Landb. Cat. Av. 

Chil. p. 40 (1868). 

Anser poliocephalus, Schleq. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 101 (1866); 

Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 373 (1872). 

Chestnut-breasted Goose, Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 127. 

Chloetrophus poliocephalus, Barm. Pr. Ae.'Philad. 1570, p. 131. 

Anser (Brenthus) poliocephalus, Bchmv. Orn. Cenircdbl. 1882, p. 36; 

id. Vog. sooL Gart. p. 64 (1882). 
Branta poliocephala, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3369* 
(1891). 
Bemicla (Ohloephaga) poliocephala, Oust. Miss. JSc. Cap Horn, Ois. 

p. 192 (1891). 
Adult Head and neck greyish plumbeous, paler on the upper 
part of the head; forehead and periophthalmic feathers whitish; 
long feathers of the nape tinged "with rufous, especially the lower 
ones; breast and upper back rufous chestnut, the base of the feathers 
white, banded with black; these bands more or less showing 
through; lower back greyish; rump and upper tail-coverts black; 
abdomen white ; sides white, regularly banded with black; lower 
flanks black; under tail-coverts white, but the outer feathers rufous, 
with the outer web black; scapulars rufous grey, with narrow 
transverse black bands ; lesser and median wing-coverts white; 
greater wing-coverts glossy green, with coppery reflections on the 
outer web, forming a distinct speculum, bordered with white 
posteriorly; tertials greyish brown with an olive east; primaries 
and primary-coverts blackish; under wing-coverts white; tail 
black: " iris orange; beak black; legs orange, upperside with a 
line of black; feet and claws black, the former with a little orange * 
(Dumford). Total length about 24 inches, wing 13*5, tail 5, 
culmen 1*15, tarsus 2*6. 

Female. Similar. 

Hah. Patagonia and Chiloe Island, where it breeds; Southern 
Chili and Southern Argentine in winter; rarely in the Falkland 
Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. No locality. John Barrow, Esq. 
b. (S ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
f. $ ad. sk. 
Chili (Leybold). 
S. Chili. 
Island of Chiloe, W. Coast of 
Chili. 
Bio Negro, April. 
Chupat, Patagonia, Sept. 
LP-]-
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
H. B. Jones, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Sir "W. Burnett & 
Capt.Eitzroy[P.]. 
(Type of the species.) 
Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
H. Durnford, Esq. 

21 . CYANOCHEN. 
139 

g. g ad. sk. Alert Bay, "W. Coast of Pata- Voyage of II.M.S. 
gonia, Dec. (Dr.Coppinger). 'Alert.' 
h. 
$ pull. sk. Port Henry, Dec. (Dr. Cop- Voyage of II.M.S, 
pinger). 'Alert.' 
i. 
$ ad.sk. Neesham Cove, Str. of Magellan, Voyage of II.M.S. 
Feb. (Br. Coppinger). 'Alert.' 
Jc. <$ ad. sk. Gray Harbour, Messier ' Challenger' Exped. 
Channel. 
l-o. 
<$ ad. et Tom Harbour, Jan. ' Challenger' Exped. 
pull, sk, 

p. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coil. 
q, r. Pull. sk. etst. Zool. Soc. 
s. 
Skeleton. 
21. 
CYANOCHEN". 
Type. 
Cyanochen, Hartl.fide Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648 
gen. 10 (1856) C. cyanopterus, 
Cyanaucken, Schleg. 1867 {fide G. B. Gr. Hand-list, 

iii. p. 76, 1871). 
Range. Confined to Abyssinia and Shoa. 

1. Cyanoclieii cyanopterus. 
Bernicla cyanoptera, Hupp. Syst. Uebers. pp. 120, 137, n. 488, t. 49 
(Shoa) (1845); G. B. Gr. Gen. B., App. p. 27 (1849) ; Bes Murs 
in Zefehvre, Voy. Abyss, vi. p. 169, pi. xiv. (1845-50) j Behnb. 
Syyi. Av. Novit. n. iv. Katatores, t. 99. f. 2354 (1850); Ileugl. 
Syst. Uebers. n. 785 (1856); id. J. f. 0. 1862, pp. 293, 306; id. 
Beierm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 416; Heifgl. Beise nach Abyss. 
1861-62, pp. 309, 317 (1808) ; Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 30 (1869) ; 
Blanf. Geol 8; Zool. Abyss, p. 439 (1870); Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. 
yii. p. 329 (1870); Sclat. B. Z. S. 1880, p. 502; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 241 (Shoa) (1884): Montluz. Bull Soe. Acclim. 
1886, p. 151, tig. p. 152. 

Cyanochen cyanopterus, Hartl. fide Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, 

n. 26 (1856); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10584 (1871); 
Hein. $ Bchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (Woggera) (1890). 
Anser cyanopterus, Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 96 (1866); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 370 (1872). 
Branta cyanoptera, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1292 (1873); 
Hariert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 227 (1891). 
Anser (Brenthus) cyanoptera, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37. 

Adult. Head and neck ashy, somewhat darker on the hind part: 
back, scapnlars, and underparts brown, the feathers, especially on 
the latter, with pale grey edges, producing a mottled appearance; 
rump and upper tail-coverts grey, with a bluish tinge; under tail-
coverts whitish; upper wing-coverts lead-blue; primaries and 
tertiaries glossy black; secondaries glossy green, with a narrow 
white edge at the tip; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the 
median ones whitish: "bill and feet blackish: irides hazel-brown" 
{Antinori). Total length about 26 inches, wing 15, tail 6, culmen 
1*4, tarsus 2*55. 

140 
AN-ATID^}. 

Female. Similar to the male. 

Young in down. Upper parts blackish brown, underparts yellowish 
white; a broad superciliary band, a patch on the scapular region, 
a band across the wings and two on the sides and flanks yellowish 
white (Mus. Taurin.), 

Hob. Abyssinia and Shoa. 

a, b. $ ad, st. Shoa, May, June (Kan-is). India Museum [P.], 
et sk. 

c. Ad. sk. Shoa (Harris). India Museum [P.], 
22. CHENONETTA. 
Type. 
Chenonetta, Brandt, Descr. et Ic. An. Moss. Nov. i. p. 5 
(1836) C. jubata, 
Chlamydochen, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, gen. 11 
(1856) C. jubata. 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. Chenonetta jubata. 
Hawkesbury Duck, 
Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 358, fig. in frontispiece 
(1801). 
Anas jubata, Lath. Ind. Orn. App. p. lxix, n. 3 (1801); Vieill. N.D. 

v. p. 110 (1816)-; Dum. Diet So. Nat. vi. p. 388 (1817); Brandt, 
Ic. An. Boss. Nov. i. p. 5 (1836). 
Anser subata (errore), Vieill. Enc. MUh. i. p. 358 (1823). 
Bernicla jubata, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 63 (1824); Eyt. Mon. 

Anat. p. 89 (1838); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. hi. p. 607, n.3 (1844); id. 
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 128 (1844); Gould, B. Austr. vii pi. 18 
(pt. xxi., 1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 98. ff. 944-45 (1845), 

t. 99. if. 2352-53 (1850) (ex Goidd); Hartl. Erst. Nachtr. Vogelsamml. 
p. 19, n. 215 (1846); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 100 (1854); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 587 (Zool. Gard.); Midi B. Z. S. 1869, 
p. 280 (Zool. Gard. of Melbourne); Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 34 (1869); 
Biqgl. B. Austr. ii. pi. 110 (1872); Sclat. B. Z. S. 1880, p. 504; 
Sa'lv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 529 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 420 (1883); Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 137, 
fig. p. 138 (1886); Legge, Br. B. Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (Tasmania) 
(1887); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (1889). 
Anser 
lophotus, Brandt, in Mus. Betrop. (cf. Descr. et Ic. An. Boss. 
Nov. i. p. 5,1836). 
[Chenonetta] jubata, Brandt, Descr. et Ic. An. Boss. Nov. i. p. 5 
(1836). 
Chlamydochen jubata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 648, n. 27 (1856) ; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 354 (1865) ; Bams. Ibis, 1866, 

p. 335 (Port Denison); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10577 
(1871); Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872); Bams. 
B. Z. S. 1877, p. 345: North. Cat. Nests and Eggs Austr. B. p. 336 
(1889). 
Chenalopex lophotus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 45 (1856). 
Anser jubatus, Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres,p.97 (1866): Gieb. Thes. 

Orn. i. p. 372 (1872). 
Chenonetta lophotus, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 74, n. 10559 (1871). 

22. CHENONETTA. 
141 

Branta (Clilamydoclien) jubata, Hams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. TV. 

ii. p. 200, n. 649 (1878): id. Tab. List Austr. R p. 22, n. GGO 
(1888). 
Anser (Brentlius) jubatus, Hclmw. Orn. Cent mill 1882. p. 37 : id. 
Vdg.zool.GltH.^.m (1882). 
Ghloephaga jubata, Rogeron, Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1889, pp. 478-485, 
569-576, with two cuts. 
Chlamydochen jubatus, Hein. <$• Rchiw. JSfom. Mies. Ilein. Orn. 

p. 342 (1890). 
Branta jubata, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891). 
Adult male. Head and neck rich brown; the lengthened plumes 
down the back of the neck brown-black; back, lesser wing-coverts, 
and tertiaries grey ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts black ; breast grey, each feather broadly tipped with greyish 
white, and spotted with black on each side, giving the whole a 
mottled appearance; sides and flanks grey, delicately pencilled 
with wavy lines of black; abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts 
deep glossy black; scapulars grey, broadly edged on the outer 
web, and narrowly on the inner, with black; a glossy green 
speculum across the secondaries, which are broadly tipped with 
white ; also the greater wing-coverts tipped with white, the white 
tips forming two bands above and below the speculum, which is 
black anteriorly; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries 
glossy brown-black; under wing-coverts and., under surface of the 
quills towards the base white ; tail glossy black: " bill olive-brown, 
irides very dark brown; legs and feet dark brown" (Gould). 
Total length 20 inches, wing 11, tail 4, culmen 1*15, tarsus 1*42. 

Female. Similar to the male, but the head and neck paler brown, 
the former speckled with white on the sides of the face; upper 
parts greyish brown, scapulars and tortials blackish on the outer 
webs; green speculum less conspicuous; breast, sides, and flanks 
brown, each feather broadly barred and tipped with white; abdomen, 
vent, and under tail-coverts white. 

Hah. Australia. 
a. $ ad. sk. Australia. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Australia. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
c, d. S $ &cL. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Jf-i. 
ad. sk. 
<$ $ ad. sk. 
Australia. 
N.W. Australia. 
Lady Carrington [P.]. 
Capt. Bowyer Bower 
7c. 3 ad. sk.
I. $ imm. sk.
m. 3 ad. sk.
:, o. <$ 2 ad-s*n, 
W. Australia. 
W. Australia, April. 
Queensland. 
Murray Kiver. 
Capt. Sir G. Grey [P.], 
Hume Coll. 
Mrs. Simpson [P.]. 
Capt. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

142 
ANATID-3B. 

Subfamily VII. ANATINM. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Lower portion of tarsus in front without 
transverse scutellaa, but covered with 
small reticulate scales 23. DENDBOCYCNA, 
b, Lower portion of tarsus in front with a row [p. 144. 
of transverse scuteHas. 
b\ Wing-speculum more or less conspicuous, 
but always present. 
bu. Outer web of tertials chestnut; upper 
wing-coverts white, except in Chenalo<
pex jubatus, which has them black; 
size rather large. 

P. 
Edges of the bill with no prominent 
lamella3 24. CHENALOPEX, 
c3. Edges of the bill with more or less [p. 166. 
prominent lamellae. 
e4. Bill broader towards the tip than 
at the base; culmen rather concave; 
lamellae more developed 
towards the tip of the upper mandible; 
lower mandible with the 
lamellae not projecting outwardly; 
feet flesh-colour: sexes similar .. 25. TADOBNA, p. 170.. 

d\ Bill not broader towards the tip 
than at the base; culmen almost 
straight; lamellae equally developed 
along the inner edge of the 
upper mandible; lamellae on the 
edge of the lower mandible projecting 
outwardly; bill and feet 
dark : sexes dissimilar 26. CASABCA, p. 177, 

c". Outer web of tertials not chestnut ; 
tail-feathers not broad and not rounded 
at the tip, but usually more or less 
pointed; colouring of the plumage 
more or less mottled, not in large 
uniform patches, except on the wing-
coverts. 


d3. Bill not spatulate. 
e1. Upper wing-coverts not blue, but 
of a more or less dark grey. 
e5. Tail moderate, with the central 
tail-feathers not very long. 
e6. Bill broad, about the length of 
the head 27. ANAS, p. 187. 

/6. Bill not very broad, more or 
less compressed, and shorter 
than the head. 


/ 7 . Speculum generally with 
metallic gloss, sometimes 
black, or black and white. 

AtfATIKZE. 143 

f8 

. Tertials or inner secondaries 
sickle-shaped; upper 
and under tail-
coverts reacMng beyond 
the tail j central tail-
feathers not lengthened 
beyond the tip of the 
lateral ones 28. EUNETTA, p. 218. 


g8. Tertials or inner secondaries 
not sickle-shaped, 
but straight. 

^°. Bill not fringed with a 
soft membrane near 
the tip of the apical 
portion. 


ff10. Lamellas of the upper 
mandible quite prominent; 
central tail-
feathers scarcely extending 
beyond the 
lateral ones; speculum 
black outwardly, 
white inwardly 
29. CHATJLELASMFS, 

hl°. Lanieliaa of the upper [p. 221. 
mandible scarcely 
prominent; central 
tail-feathers more or 
less acuminate and 
extending somewhat 
beyond the 
lateral ones. 

A11 

. Bill small, and 
gradually tapering 
towards the 
tip 30. MARECA, p. 227. 

i11 

. Bill moderate, not 
gradually tapering 
towards the tip, 
where it is more 
rounded and comparatively 
broader 
than in Mareca; 
scapulars and tertials 
longer and 
narrower 31. NETTION, p. 238. 

h9. Bill fringed on the 
edges of the apical 
portion of the upper 
mandible with a narrow 
soft membrane. 


ilQ 

, Lamellae extremely 
developed; wings [p. 287. 
apt for flight 34. ELASMONETTA, 

j10 

. Lamellae moderate; 
wings very small; [p. 289. 
useless for flight .. 35. NESONETTA, 

144 
ANATID2E. 

f. 
Tail long, with the central 
feathers very long and acuminate. 
fQt Oilmen of the bill almost 
straight; speculum broader 
than the light band at the tip 
of the secondaries 32. DAITLA, p. 270. 

gG. Culmen not quite straight, but 
somewhat concave; speculum 
very narrow, much narrower 
than the rufescent band at 
the tip of the secondaries .. 33. PCBCILONETTA, 

/4. Upper wing-coyerts blue or bluish [p. 281. 
grey 36. QUEHQUEDULA, 
e\ Bill spatulate. # [p. 290. 

gl. No soft membrane on the sides of 
the bill, towards its tip; upper 
wing-coverts blue 37. SPATULA, p. 306. 

A4. Bill with a soft membrane on the 
sides, towards the tip 38. 3IAXAC!OBHYNCHI:S, 
Speculum wanting, combined with general [p. 319. 
colouring grey or greyish brown. 

d". Tail normal, of moderate length; bill 
rather long, equal in length to the 
head, not broader at the tip than at 
the base ; culmen distinctly concave.. 39. MAEMAEONETTA, 

<s". Tail very short, bill broader towards [p. 320. 
the tip than at the base. 

f3. Bill longer than the head, at the 
base much higher than broad, with 
the culmen much concave and with 
the nail bent backwards as in Ei-ismatura 
40. STICTONETTA, 

g3. Bill about the length of the head, [p. 324. 
nearly as high as broad at the base, 
with the culmen not very concave, 
and with the nail almost perpendicular 
; plumage like that of the [p. 325. 
species of the genus JErismatura .. 41. HETEBONETTA, 

23. BENDEOGYCHA*. 
Type. 
Dendronessa, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 281 (nee 8iv. 1831) .. ? D. arcuata. 
Dendrocygna, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837) D. arcuata. 
Leptotarsis, Gould, MS.; Eyt. Mon. Anat. p, 29 (1838). D. eytoni. 
Dendrocycna, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 508 (nomen 

emend.). 

Range. Tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and 
Polynesia, as far east as the Piji Islands. 

* Of. Sclater, P. D., "Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Ducks 
of the Genus Dendrocygna " (P. Z. R 1864, pp. 299-301); "Additional Notes 
on the Anatidm of the Genera Dendrocygna and Tadorna*' (P. Z S. 1866 
pp. 148-160). 
23 . DENDEOCYCETA. 
145 

Key to the Species, 

«» Feathers of the flanks normal, viz. not very long; 
under wing-coverts uniform or nearly so. 

d. 
Smaller upper wing-coverts deep chestnut. 
a". Anterior part of the head and throat white, viduata, p. 145„ 
b". Anterior part of head not white. 
¥. 
Upper tail-coverts whitish buff, uniform 
or spotted with black. 
54, Breast uniform rufous-chestnut, with no 
black markings fulvaf p. 149. 
c4. Breast rufous-chestnut, more or less 
with black markings arcuata, p. 153. 
c3. Upper tail-coverts chestnut javanica, p. 15(1 
b\ Smaller upper wing-coverts not deep chestnut. 

cv. Abdomen and sides uniform black, sharply 
defined from the breast, or whitish with 
narrow greyish bars; quills basally white. 
cP, Mantle chestnut, uniform with the 
back autumnalis, p, 159* 
e3. Mantle greyish brown, sharply defined 
from the chestnut back discolor, p. 161. 

d''. Abdomen and sides not uniform black, but, 
like the breast, varied with white or black 
spots; quills not white basally. 


/ 3 . Upper tail-coverts uniform black; larger, 
wing 10*5 inches arborea, p. 162. 
gz. Upper tail-coverts black, with white 
spots or bars; smaller, wing 8*5 inches.. guttata, p. 164. 

b. Feathers of the flanks very long and acuminate; 
under wing-coverts banded; wing with no 
chestnut colour; sides of the breast reddish, 
barred with black eytoni, p. 165. 
]. Dendrocycna viduata. 

Anas viduata, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 205, n. 38 (1766) (Cartagena,. 
Jacquiri); Jacquin, Beytr. i. p. 3, n. 2, 1.1 (1784); Gm. 8. N. 
i, 2, p. 536, n. 38 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 858, n. 65 (1790); 
Bonn. LJnc. Meth. i. p. 132 (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 164(1816); 
Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 383 (1817); Wted, Eeise nach Bras. 
pp. 163,168,307 (1820), ii. p. 199 (1821); Licht Vers. Doubl. p. 84 
(1823): Steph. Gen. Zool. adi. 1, p. 102 (1824); Less. Tr. tfOrn. 

p. 634 (1831); Wied, Beitr.iv. p. 921 (Brazil) (1832); WOrb. Voy. 
l. p. 448 (1839) ; Tschudi, Consp. Av. Per. n. 345 (Wiegm. Arch. 
1844, i. p. 315) ; Burm. Thiere Bras. iii. p. 434 (1856). 
Canard du Maragnon, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. n. 808. 
Canard a face blanche, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 255 (1783); 

D'Azara, Voy. (ed. 8onn.) iv. p. 343 (1809). 
Spanish Duck, part., Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 525, n. 69 (1785). 
Anas viduata ft Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 858, n. 65 j3 (1790). 
Pato cara blanca, D'Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 440, n. 435 (1805) (Para


guay). 
Anas leucopsis, Vieill. (nee Bechst.) N. J), v. p. 116 (1816). 
Dendrocygna viduata, Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 110 (1838); G. JK. Gr* 

vol.. XXVII. 
*» 

146 ASTATID^. 

List P. Br. Mus. iii. p. 132 (Brazil) (1844); Marti. Vers. Ges. 
Mus. p. 118 (1844); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 5 (1845); 
 *Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. ff. 173-74 (1845); Tsch. Faun. 
Per., Aves,p. 54 (1845-46); Marti. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 28, n. 435 
(1847); Cab. in Schomb. Guiana, iii. p. 762 (1848); Blyth, CatB. 
Mus. A. S. B. p. 301 (1849); Licht. NomencL Av. p. 102 (South 
Arner.) (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 55 (1856); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 274 (Cuba) (1860); Burnt. J.f 0. 
1860, p. 266 (Tucuman) ; id. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 515 (Tucuman) 
(1861); Albrecht, J.f. 0. 1861, p. 214; Giindl. J.f. 0. 1861, 
p. 344, 1862, p. 179 (Cuba); Sclat P. Z. S. 1864, p. 299 (Guiana, 
Brazil, Paraguay, etc.); Gundl. Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 388 
(1866); Leot. Ois. Trin. p. 509 (Trinidad) (I860) ; Selat. # Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Ucayali); Schleg. Mus. R.-B., Anseres, p. 90 
(1866); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 160 (Rep. Arg.) ; Fyt. 
Syn. Anat. p. 61 (1869) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 319, 459, .Iviii 
(1870) j Beinh. Meddel. Fork. 1870, p. 21 (Brazil); G. B. Gr. 
Mand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10613 (1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1S72, 
p. 367; Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 304 (Ucayali); iid. 
Nomencl. p. 129, n. 5 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 559 (1874); 
Gundl. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 377 (Cuba); Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 
(1875); Sclat. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 376; Dumford, Bis, 1878, 
p. 64 (Buenos Ayres); Sclat. P. Z. S.1880, p. 509 ; Rchmo. Orn. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 22 ; Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 425 (1883); 
P., P., 8f R. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 481 (1884); Cory, List P. 
W. Lid. i. p. 30 (1885); Salv. Lbis, 1886, p. 172 ; Taos. Orn. Per. 
iii. p. 471 (Peru) (1886); Frnst, Bev. Cient. Univ. Centr. Venez. 
i. p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887) ; Berl. J. f O. 1887, pp. 33, 124 
(Paraguay); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 119 (1887); Cory, Auk, 
1888, p. 60; id. B. W. Ind. p. 261 (1889); Feild. Ibis, 1889, p. 500 
(Barbados); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 128 (1889); Martert, Mat. 
Vogelsamml. p. 228, n. 3384 (1891); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower 
Pilcomayo) ; Berl $ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 399, 408 (Peru); 
Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Mist. 1894, p. 82 (Trinidad.) 
Dendrocygnus viduata, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. N. M. vii. p. 308 (1860). 
Dafila (errore) viduata, Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 370. 
Dendrocycna viduata, Bchnw. Vog. d. Zool. Gart. p. 58 (1882). 


Africa. 
Anas viduata, Benh. 8r Clappert. Travels, App. xxi. p. 205 (1826); 
id. Beise (ed. Weimar, 1827, App. p. 688) ; Dub. Orn. Gal. p. 71, 
pi. 44 (1839); Brehm, J.f.O. 1855, p. 484, 1856, p. 413,1857, 
pp. 76, 377,1858, pp. 470, 471; Meugl. J.f 0.1863, p. 6. 
Dendrocygna viduata, G. B. Gr. List Spec. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 

p. 132 (Africa) (1844); Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 137, n. 489 
(Abyssinia) (1845); Bes Murs, in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss., Ois. 
p. 172 (1845); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); id. 
Ann. fy Mag. N. M. 1852, p. 349 (Kordofan); Licht. NomencL 
Av. p. 102 (Africa) (1854); Marti J.f. 0.1854, p. 303 (Senegal, 
Gambia, Senaar, Mossambique, Natal); Cab. ibid. p. 304 (note): 
Marti. J. f O. 1855, p. 361 (Gold Coast); Brehm, Reisesk. 
iii. p. 143 (1855); Meugl Syst. Uebers. p. 66, n. 686 (1856) : 
Marti. Orn. Westafr. p. 247 (1857); Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 251 
(Natal); Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 175 (Gamma and 
Ogobai); Meine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 203; Marti. J. f. O. 1861, 
p. 272 ; id. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 83 (Madagascar) (1861); 
Gum. Ibis, 1862, p. 158 (Natal); Poll. N. T. £>. i. p. 327 (1863); 
23 . DENDBOCYCNA. 
Bengl J.f. 0.1863, p. 164; Iiartm. ibid. p. 463; Sartl P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 106 (Kazeh, E. Africa); Roch # B. Newt Ibis, 1863, 

p. 174 (Madagascar) ; JS. Newt. ibid. p. 452 (introduced in 
Mauritius); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 114 (Meninga, E. Afr.), p. 299 ; 
Antin. Cat. JDescr. p. 113 (1864); Iiartm. J.f. 0. 1864. p. 150; 
A. Netut. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837 (Madagascar); Vine. Voy. a 
Madag. p. 4 (1865); Schleg. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 426 (Madagascar, 
Reunion, Mayotte); id. Mus. P.-B., Anserea, p. 90 (1866); Layard, 
Birds 8. Afr. p. 349 (1867); Grand. Rev. et Mag. Zool 1868, 
p. 6; 8chleg. $ Poll Peek Faun, de Madag. p. 143 (1868); 
Chapm. Trav. 8Afr.ii. App.p.423 (1868); Ileugl Peterm. Geogr. 
Mitth. I860, p. 413; id. Peise in d. Geb. d. Weiss. Nil, 1862-64, 
pp. 51, 384 (1869); Finsch £ Bartl. Tog. Ost~Afr.y. 806 (1870) ; 
G. P. Gr. Band-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10613 (part.) (1871); Anderss. 
B. DamaraLand, p. 338 (1872); Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2. 
p. 1298 (1873) ; Pchmv. § Liihder, J.f 0. 1873, p. 211; Pclrnio. 
J.f. 0. 1874, p. 374 (Gold Coast) ; Bartl. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68 
(Madagascar); Bocage, J.f. 0.1876, p. 294 (Mossamedes), p. 434 
(Bissao) ; Pchnw. J.f. 6. 1877, p. 11 (Loango); Bartl. Vog. 
Madag. p. 358 (1877); Fiseh. 8f Pchnw. J. f. O. 1878, p. 248 
(Osi-Tana); Fischer, ibid. p. 295, 1879, pp. 295, 296: 8clat. 
P. Z. S.1880, p. 509; Shell. P. Z. S.1881, p. 601 (Ugogoj; Sato. 
Cat. B. 8tricM. Coll p. 530 (Kordofan) (1882); Bolub fy Peh. 
Beitr. Orn. S.-Afr. p. 328 (1882); Milne-Fdw. § Grand. Ok. 
Madag. p. 729, pi. eclxxv. f. 5 (head) (1882); Sharpe, Bayard's 
B. 8. Afr. p. 751 (1884); id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xyii. p. 441 
(Nyam-Nyam) (1884) ; 8ahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. pp. 242 
(Shoa), 276 (Lake Ota) (1884); Bohm, J.f.O. 1885, pp. 38, 62, 
65, 67,115 ; Fisck. ibid. p. 115; Shell. Ibis, 1885, p. 414 (Somali); 
Bartert,J.f.O. 1886, p. 612 (Niger-Benue); Dubois, Bull. Mus. 
Roy. oVB/N. Belg. iv. p. 149, n. 192 (1886) (Tanganyika); 
Ayres, Ibis. 1887, p. 64; Pchnw. J. f. 0.1887, p. 46 (Kagehi); 
MaUchie, J.f.O. 1887, pp. 137, 144; Shell Ibis, 1888, p. 307 
(Tangani); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 320 (1888) ; 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (1889); Rend. Ibis, 1892, p. 227 (Gambia); 
Sibree, Ibis, 1892, pp. 262, 268, 270 (Madagascar); Salvad. Mem. 
P. Ac. 8c. Tor. (2) xliv. p. 564 (Somali) (1894); Pchnw. Vog. 
Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 27, fig. p. 28 (1894). 
Dendrocygnapersonata, Wurttemb. in litt.,fide Bartl. Jardinis Contr. 
Orn. 1850, p. 140; id. J.f.O. 1854, p. 304; Bp. Compt. Rend. 

xliii. p. 649, n. 54 (1856); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 336 (Zambesi); 
Pchnw. J.f. 0.1890, p. 107 (Kamerun). 
Dendrocygnus viduatus, Brehm, J. f 0.1855, p. 488. 
Dendrocygna viduata personata, Pchnw. J. f. O. 1889, p. 265 

(Quilimane) ; Bartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 228, n. 3385 (1891); 
Pchmv Mitth. Naturh. Mus. zu Bamb. x. p. 5 (Quilimane) 
(1893).* 

* I have yery little doubt that the following references belong to the present 
species; Sonnerat's bird, which has never been properly identified, was probably 
from the Cape of Good Hope:— 
La petite Sarcelle de 1'isle de LiKjon, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Grtcin. p. 91, pi. 55 
(1776). 
Manilla Teal, Bath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 557, n. 96 (1785). 
Sterna multicolor, Scop. Bel. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92, n. 74 (1786) 
[ecc Sonnerat). 
Anas manillensis, Qm. S. JV. i. p. 523. n. 91 (1788); Lath. hid. Orn. ii. 

L Jt 

148 
ANATIDiE. 

Adult. Pore part of the head, chin, and spot on the middle of the 

throat white ; back of the head and upper part of the neck blacky 

lower neck chestnut; hack and scapulars brown, the feathers of the 

tipper part of the back with narrow fulvous bars, the feathers of the 

middle part of the hack and the scapulars margined with fulvous; 

in the centre of the back a chestnut patch ; lower back, rump, and 

upper tail-coverts black; centre of the underparts, vent, and under 

tail-coverts black ; sides and flanks whitish buff, barred with black ; 

lesser wing-coverts chestnut, remainder of the wing-coverfcs slaty 

black, the median ones and the tertials with an olive tinge ; quills 

brown-black ; tail black; iris dark brown : " bill with nail blacky 

with a grey crescent-like band behind the nail; tarsi and feet with 

membranes lead-colour" (Wiecl). Total length about 17*5 inches,, 

wing 9, tail 2-5, culmen 2, tarsus 1-9. 

Female. Similar. 

Immature birds have the middle of the abdomen whitish mixed 

with black. 

Young in down. Pale greyish brown above, whitish below and on 

the sides of the head; a dark band through the eyes from the 

forehead backwards ; 
a white band across the occiput; four whitish 

spots on the sides of the back and two lower down on the sides of 

the rump. 

There is no tangible difference between the American and 

African birds ; occasionally specimens from both localities have the 

white of the head slightly tinged with fulvous, and the white spot 

on the middle of the throat not separated by a black band from the 

white of the chin. 

Hal. West Indies, South America as far south as Argentine 

Republic, Africa south of the Sahara, and Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. No locality. 
Zoological Society. 
American specimens. 

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
c. Ad. sk. Brit. Guiana. Sir B. Schouiburgk 
[P.]. 
«?, e. <J 2 ad. sk. River Rupurumi, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (JET. Whitely). 

f. 
<$ ad.sk. Lower Ucayale, May (H. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
Bartlett). [P.], 
p. 875, n. 107 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Metk i. p. 159, pi. 40. f. 4 (1791); 
Vidll. N. D. T. p. 172 (1816); Bum. Bid. Se. Kat. vi. p. 397 (1817). 
Querquedula rnanillensis, Sieph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 152 (1824). 
Querquedula multicolor, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. ill p. 616, n. 10 (1845); Bp. 

Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 97 (1856); Wald. Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 242 
(1875); Tweedd. Orn. Works, p. 404 (1881); Wardl. Barns., Tweedd, 
Om. Works, p. 660 (1881). 

Anas (Querquedula) rnanillensis, v. Mart J.f.O. 1866, p. 31. 
Nettapus pulchellus, part., Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 77 (1866). 
Anserella coromandelica, part. ?, 67. B. Gr. Hand-list, ill p. 77, n. 10594 


(1871). 

23 . DENDROCYCNA. 
149 

g. 
Ad. st. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Roth-
say [P.]. 
h. c? ad. sk. Cuyaba, Brazil, March Salvin-Godman Ooll. 
{batterer).
% k. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I J ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, Sept. H. Durnford, Esq. 


[P.]. 

African specimens* 

m. Pull. st. ? W. Africa. Purchased. 
n. Ad.sk. Gambia. 
Ii. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
o, Ad. sk. Fantee. H. F. Blissett, Esq. 


PP.]


p. Ad. sk. Fantee (Ussher). 
Shelley Coll. 

q-t. <$ $ ad. sk. Accra, May (J. Smith). 

Shelley Ooll. 

u. Ad.sk. Benue R. 
Capt. Mochler Ferryman 
[P.], 

2>, w. Ad. sk. et Lake Tchad. 

Major Denham [P.]. 

sk. 

x. 
Ad. sk. Nyam-nyam. F. Bohndorff, Esq. 
[0.]. 
y. 
$ ad.sk. Lamu, Aug. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
s. Ad. sk. Mamboio (Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
a1. Ad. sk. Ugogo {Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
&',<?',#. J $ ad. Lake Shirwa, Nyassa-land, H. H. Johnston, Esq. 
sk. Feb. (Whyte). [pj. 
e'. Ad. sk. Lake Nyassa (Kirk). 


Livingstone Exped. 

f~g'. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Bradshaiv). Shelley Coll. 
A'. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Kirk). Livingstone Exp. 
i'. $ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Nov. (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Taylor). 
h'. Juv. sk. No locality. 

r. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
wl. Ad. sk. West of Antananarivo, MadaTweeddale 
Coll. 
gascar, July (Deans Cowan). 
ri. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Seebohm Coll. 
0'. Skeleton. 

2. Dendrocycna Mva. 
Millouin du Mexique, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 390 (Mexico) (1760). 
Penelope (!) mexicana, Briss. ibid. 
Mexican Pochard, Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 524 (1785). 
Anas fulva, Gm. S. N. i. p. 530, n. 100 (1788) (ex Brisson); Lath. 


Did. Orn. ii. p. 863, n. 79 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 137 
(1790); Weill N. D. v. p. 127 (1816); Bum. Diet. Se. Nat. vi. 

p. 384 (1817) j Waff1. Isis, 1831, p. 532 (Mexico) j Wied, Beitr. iv. 
p. 918 (1832) (Brazil); JBurm. Sijst. Ueh. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 435 
(1856). 
Pato roxo y negro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 443, n. 436 (Paraguay) 
(1805); id. Voy., Sonn. ed. iv. p. 344 (1809). 
Anas 
bicolor, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 136 (1816) (ex Azara); id. Knc. 
MSth. i. p. 355 (1823) ; Q. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 17 (1845), 
App. p. 28 (1849) ; Marti. Ind. Azara, p. 28, n. 436 (1847); 
IM. Ois. Trin. p. 514 (Trinidad) (1866); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, 
j>. 370 (Parana). 

ANATID.E. 

Anas virgata, Wied, Beise Bras. i. p. 322 (1820). 


Fuligula fulva, Staph. Gen. Zool xii. 1, p. 204 (1824). 
Fuligula Tricolor, Steph. I. c. p. 208 (1824). 
Dendronessa fulva, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282. 
Nyroca fulva, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 7 (1844). 


Anas sinuata, Licht. in Mus. Berol. (fide Bp.). 
Anas collaris, Merrem {nee Donov.) in JErseh u. Grub. Enc. sect. i. 
vol. xxxv. p. 31 (1841) {ex Azara). 
Dendrocygna fulva, Hartl. Syst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118, n. 3 (Brazil) 
(1844); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. 

xliii. p. 649, n. 58 (1856): Baird, B. AT. Am. p. 770 (California) 
(1858); id. op. cit. ed. I860, pi. 63. f. 1; id. Cat. N. Am. B. 
n. 575 (1859); Xantus, Br. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 192 (Port Tejon); 
Burm. J.f.O. 1860, p. 266 (Tucuinan); id. La Plata-Reise, ii. 
p. 514 (1861); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 301, 1866, p. 149; Dress. 
Ibis, 1866, p. 42 (Texas); Coues, Br. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98 
(Arizona); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 87 (1866) ; Moore, Am. 
Nat. iv. p. 126 (1871) (New Orleans, Louisiana); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 687 (Zool. Gard.); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 635 
(Argentina) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176 (=major) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 319, 459 (1870); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10616 
(1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 ; Coues, Key, p. 284 (1872); id. 
Chech-list, n. 486 (1873); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. p. 129 (1873); 
Coues, B. N-West, p. 558 (1874); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. E. ii. 
p. 313 (1874) j Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 (1875); Sclat. $ Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 372 ; Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 63; Merrill, Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. i. p. 170 (1878) ; Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22 ; 
White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625; Coues, Chech-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, 
n. 705 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 427 (1883); 
Coues, Key, 2nd ed. p. 689, n. 705 (1884); Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. 
p. 470 (Moyobamba) (1886); A. O. U. Code of Norn, and Check* 
list, p. 129, n. 178 (1886); Bidgio. Man. N. Am. B. p. 119 (1887) ; 
Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 124; Sclat. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 126 (1889); 
Trisir. Cat Coll. B. p. 51 (W. Mexico) "(1889); Allen, Bull Am. 
Mus. N. B. ii. p. 269 (1889); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol Speeim. Coll. 
Surg. iii. p. 297 (1891); Palacky, J.f.O. 1891, p. 400; Kerr, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pileomayo); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 
(Uruguay); Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. 1894, p. 82 (Trinidad). 
Dendrocygna virgata, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 6 (1845); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 301,1866, p. 149 (= fulva). 
Dafila {errore) fulva, Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 370. 

Dendrocycna fulva, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 509; Bidgio. Nom. N. 

Am. B. n. 600 (1881); Bchnw. Yog. d. zool. Giirt. p. 59 (1882); 
B., B., $ B. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 484 (1884). 

Africa. 
Dendrocygna arcuata, Gr. B. Gr. {nee CUD.) List B. Br. Mus. iii. 

p. 131 (Lake Tschad) (1844); Heugl Syst. TJeb. n. 687 (1856); 
Boch 8f E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 175 (Madagascar); K. Newt. ibid. 
p. 460 (Madagascar); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300 (part., Int. of 
Africa); Beugl. Beise in d. Geb. des Weiss. Nil, p. 51 (1869J. 
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. africana, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, 

n. 53 e (1856); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 90 (1866); Grand. 
Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 6 (Madagascar). 
Dendrocygna major, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300 (Madagascar), 1866, 
pp. 148, 149 (Madagascar); A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837 
(Madagascar); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175 (Madagascar); Sclat. 

23 . DENDROCTCNA. 
151 

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1046 (Madagascar, Zool. Gard.); ScJilea. $ Poll. 
Fech. Faun. Madag. p. 161 (1868); \Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176 
(=Mva) ,• lleugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1303 (1873); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. ii. p. 31 (Madagascar) (1875); Hartl. Vog. Madaq. p. 350 
(1877) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 270 (Madagascar). 
Dendrocygna africana, G. F. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10609 (1871); 
Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1304 (1873); id. op. tit Nachtr, 

p. cxcix (1871). 
Dendrocygna fulva, Finsch $ llartl Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 808 (Senaar; 
Kordofan) (1870); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1301 (1873); id. 
op. tit. Naclitr. p. cxcix (1871!); Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, 

p. 372 (part.) (Madagascar); llartl. All. Brem. 1882, p. 216 
(Lado) ; Holub §• Feb. Beiir. Orn. S.~Afr. p. 328 (1882) ; Sakad. 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 243 (Shoa) (1884); Dubois, Bull. 
Mus. Fog. d'H. N. de Belg. iv. p. 149, n. 191 (1886) (Tanganyika); 
Fchmo. J.f O. 1887, p. 46 (KageM); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Gen. (2) vi. p. 320 (Shoa) (1888); Fchnw. Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 
p. 27 (1894), J 
Dendrocycna major, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510 (East Africa, Madagascar). 
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. major, Milne-Fdw. fy Grand. Ois. Madag. 

p. 731, pi. cclxxii. (bird), cclxxiii., cclxxiv. (osteology), cclxxv. a, 
I 5 (head) (1882). 
India. 

Dendrocygna major, 
Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 218, n. 377 (1840) -r 
id. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 23 (1843); G. F. Gr. List Spec. B. Br. Mus, 

iii. p. 131 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 2 (1845); Hartl Frst 
Nachtr. Vogelsamml. p. 19, n. 218 (1846); Blyth, Cat B. Mus, 
A. S. B. p. 301, n. 1761 (1849) (Lower Bengal); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 100. f. 2768 (ex Jerdon) (1850) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. 
p. 790 (syn. emend.) (1864); Sclat F. Z. S. 1864, p. 300 (India) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 39 (India), I860, p. 149 (India); Schleg. Mus. 
F.-B., Anseres, p. 90 (1866); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175; Fyt Syn. 
Anat. p. 59 (syn. emend.) (1869); G. F. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, 
n. 10611 (1871); Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 640 (1873); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. ii. p. 31 (India) (1875); Hume, Str. Feath. iii. p. 193 (Upper 
Pegu) (1875); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z S. 1876, p. 373; Wardl. Pams. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 472; Fchmo. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 22; Sclat List 
Vert An. 8th ed. p. 427 (1883). 
Dendrocygna arcuata, Tar. major, Pp. Compt Fend, xliii. p. 649y 

n. 53 a (1856). 
Dendrocygna Mva, 
Sclat $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 372 (India); 
Hume | Davis. Str. Feath. vi. p. 488 (1878); Hume, Str. Feath. 

vii. p. 463 (1879), viii. p. 115, n. 953 (1879); Legge, B. of CeyL 
p. 1069, Obs. (1880); Hume fy Marsh. Game Birds, iii. p. 119, 
pi. 16 (1880); Parker, Str. Feath. ix. p. 487 (1881); Oates, Str. 
Feath. x. p. 245 (1882); id. B. Br. Burmah, ii. p. 274 (1883); 
Hume, Nests §• Eggs {Oates1 ed), iii. p. 286 (1890); Hartert, Fat 
Vogelsamml p. 228, n. 3386 (Calcutta) (1891). 
Dendrocycna major, 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510 (India); Fchnw. 
Vog. d. zool. Gart p. 59 (1882) ; Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 51 
(Elurrachee) (1889). 

Adult Head, neck, and lower parts deep reddish ochraceousy 
passing into cinnamon on the flanks, where the longer feathers have 

152 
A1T1TID.2E. 

A broad mesial stripe of pale ochraceous, bordered by dusky; crown 
ferruginous, nape with a distinct brown-black stripe, commencing 
at the occiput; middle of the neck whitish, minutely streaked 
with dusky on the edges of the feathers; prevailing colour above 
brownish black, the dorsal and scapular feathers broadly edged with 
cinnamon colour, giving a barred appearance; lesser wing-coverts 

•chestnut; upper and under tail-coverts buffy white ; quills and tail 
dark brown: " bill bluish black, legs bright slaty blue " (Merrill) ; 
"irides brown" (White). Total length 18-20 inches, wing 8*108-
90, tail 2% culmen 1-66-1-95, tarsus 2-10-2*4, middle toe 2-302-
8. 
Female similar. 
Young birds have very little chestnut colour on the smaller upper 

wing-coverts : the underparts paler * the upper tail-coverts narrowly 
margined with brown. 

Young in down. Upper parts greyish brown ; lower parts whitish ; 
a white band across the occiput, interrupted by the brown band 
which runs along the hind-neck; a brown band from the ears to the 
hind-neck; no white patches on the sides of the back; a whitish 
band across the wing. 

Eab. America (from Southern border of the United States to 
Mexico), and then from Venezuela and Peru to Argentine Eepublic; 
Africa south of the Sahara, and Madagascar; Asia, the greater 
part of India and Burmah. 

a. Ad. sk. No locality (Massena Coll.). E. Wilson, Esq. [P.], 
American specimens. 

b. S ad. sk. Galveston, Texas, June (H. JEJ.Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dresser). 
c~h. 6 S ad. sk. Corpus Ohristi, Texas, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

June, Oct. (F. B. Armstrong). 
L Juv. sk. Nueces Co., Texas, Oct. (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. A.). 
k-o. S ? ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April, Nov., Dec. (F. B. A.). 

p. Ad. sk. Washoe Lake, Nevada, winter Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. G. Barker). 
q. Juv. sk. California. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. § ad. sk. San Diego, California, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. § juv. sk. San Francisco, California (D. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JS. Bryant), 

t. cf ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
u» Ad. sk. Valley of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v. Ad. sk. Near City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w, a. Ad. sk. El Salto, San Luis Potosi, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, July {W. B. Richardson). 


y. Pull. st. Brazil. 
Zool. Soc. 
z. 
Ad. sk. Central Chili. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.1 
«'. Ad. sk. ? Upper Parana. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

23 . DENDR0CYC2U. 
153 

h\ 2 ad. sk. La Plata, Buenos Avres, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(E. W. White). " 
African specimens. 

c\ c? ad. sk. Landana, Congo (L. Petit). Shelley Coll. 
d', e'. $ $ a<*. s^. Paloinbi R., Shirwa Plains, H. II. Johnston, Esq. 
Aug. (A. Whyte). [P.]. 
f-k'. tf?ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Feb. {A. Whyte). H. H. Johnston, Esq. 
[p.]. 

Indian specimens. 

7. Ad. sk. Bengal. Purchased. 
m'. Ad. sk. India Museum [P.]. 
n', o'. S 2 a^- sk. Sindh, Dec, Jan. Hume Coll. 
jp'. Juv. sk. Hydrabad. India Museum. 
q'. S juv. sk. Bhawulpore, Dec. Hume Coll. 
r'. Juv. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum [P.l 
$'. c? ad. sk. Calcutta, Nov. Col. J. Biddulph 
[C.]. 
t'-n". (S$ ad. Calcutta, Nov., Dec, Jan., Hume Coll. 


et imm. sk. Feb., March (A. 0. H.). 
o". J ad. sk. Tonghoo, July {R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll. 
/', f. <J ? ad. Lower Pegu, July. E. W. Oates, Esq. 

r". Skeleton. 


3. Dendrocycna arcuata. 
Anas javanica, var. /3, Horsf. Tram. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 200 (1821) 
(Java). 

Anas arcuata, Cuv. in Mus. Paris *; Horsf. Zool. Res. in Java, 
pi. 65 (1822) (Java); Less. Tr. ffOrn. p. 634 (1831) (Java); 
Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 183 (1865) (Port Essington, Amboina, 
Celebes, Java) ; Rosenb. Reist. naar GeelvinJcb. p. 118 (1875). 

Dendronessa arcuata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, n. 282. 

Dendrocygna 
arcuata, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837); ? JECartl 
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 1 
(1845) (excl. syn.); Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 14 (1846); Rchnb. 
Vog. Neuholl. p. 521 (1851) ; ? Rosenb. N. T. N. I. xxv. p. 256, 

n. 301 (1863); id. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 138, n. 301; Sams. Ibis, 1865, 
p. 87; DiggL Orn. Austr. pi. 114. f. 2 (pt. xxi., 1870); Legge, B. 
of Ceyl. p. 1069 (1880); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 400, 
n. 2 (1882); Bias. J.f.O. 1884, p. 219 (S.E. Borneo); ? Hartert, 
Xat. Vogelsamml. p.* 229 (1891); Wiglesw. Aves Polynes. p. 69, 
n. 346 (1891). 
Anas badia, 8. Mull. Verh. Land-en Volhenh. p. 159 (1839-44) 
(Moluccas, descr. nulla). 
Dendrocygna vagans, Eyt. MS.; G. R. Gr. List Spec. B. Brit. Mus. 

iii. p. 131 (1844, Manilla, descr. nulla); Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 68 
(1849) (Manilla); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. cclxxxvii. f. 2361 
(ex Fraser) (1850); G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198; id. Cat B. 
New Guin. p. 63 (1859); id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 54 (Fiji) (1859); 
Wall. P. Z. JS. 1863, p. 487 (Timor); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1865, pp. 38, 39; Pelz. Novara Reise, Vogel, p. 137 
* Under the name of Anas arcuata, Cuv., there are six specimens in the Paris 
Museum, two belonging to this species and four to D.javanica, all collected 
by Leschenault; evidently Ctivier, like Horsfield, dicl not distinguish the two 
species. 
154 ANATIDiE. 

(1865) (Manilla); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 149; Schlep. Mus. P.-P., 
Anseres, p. 88 (1866); BlythJHs, 1867, p. 175; Marti. $ Finsch, 
Fauna Centralpolyn., Orn. p. 211 (1867); Bams. P. Z. S. 1868, 

p. 388; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176 ; G. M. Gr. Hand-list, lii. p. 79, 

n. 10610 (1871); Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 99; Wald. Trans. ZooL 
Soc. viii. p. 102 (1872); Tweedd. Trans. Zool Soc. ix. pp. 242, 
252 (1875); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, pp. SO, 440 (Viti-levu); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 (1875); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 

ix. p. 49 (1876) (Bioto); Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 ,• Bruggem. 
Abli. naturw. Ver. Brem. v. p. 98 (1876); Mams. Pr. Linn. Soc, 
N. S. TV. i. pp. 77, 195, 217, 386 (1876), ii. p. 200, n. 654 (1877); 
1)'Alb. Sydn. Mail, 1877, p. 248; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. x. 
pp. 19, 20 (1877) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 372 : Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. 
xiii. p. 505 (1877); Tweedd. P. Z. S. '1877, pp. 769, 834, 1878, 
pp. 602, 712, 954; Ewne, Sir. Feath. vi. p. 488 (note) (1878); 
Rams. Br. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. iii. p. 301 (1878), iv. p. 102, n. 211 
(1879); Mosenb. Malay. Archip. pp. 279 (Goram), 373 (Aru, Ke), 
564 (New Guinea) (1878-79); JDAlb. $ Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ, 
Gen. xiv. p. 134 (1879) (Fly Eiver) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 144 
(Celebes); DAlb. Nuova Guin. pp. 585, 588 (1880); Legge, B. 
Ceyl. p. 1069 (observ.) (1880); Tweedd. Orn. Works, pp. 201,404, 
543, 561, 602, 625, 645 (1881); Wardl. Mams. ibid. p. 660 (1881); 
Mchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 23; Salv. Cat. B. Strichl. Coll 

p. 531, n. 2586 (1882); Bias. J. f. O. 1883, p. 133 (Celebes) ; 
Vorderm. N. T. N I. xliii. p. 133 (Java) (1883), xki. pp. 222, 
240, n. 452 (Bandjerniassin) (1887), xlix. p. 419 (Sumatra?) 
(1889) ; Bams. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 665 (1888) ; ? Everett, Journ. 
Sir. Br. M As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (1889); North, Cat. Nests $ Fggs 
Austr. p. 339 (1889); Wiglesw. Aces Bolyn. p. 69 (1891). 
Dendrocygna arcuata (australis), Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 91. 
ff. 2650-51 (1850) (ex Gould). 
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. gouldi, Bp. Compt. Rendus, xliii. p. 649, 

n. 53 c (1856). 
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. vagans, Bp. ibid. n. 53 d (1856). 
Dendrocygna badia, G. M. Gr. P. Z. S.1860, p. 366 (Moluccas). 
Dendrocygna gouldi, Gould, Sandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 374 (1865); 
Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870); id. Ibis, 1877, 

p. 363, n. 105 (New Caledonia); Mams. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346; 
Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 538, 542, 544. 
Anas, sp., Jouan, Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Ch&rb. ix. p. 242 (1863) (N. 
Caledonia). 
Dendrocygna javanica, Jerd. (nee JIo?^/.) B. of Ind. iii. p. 789 
(1864). 
Anas vagans, Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 183 (1865). 
Anas (Dendrocygna) vagans, Mart. J.f. 0.1866, p. 30, n. 190. 
Dendronessa arcuata, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 
(1872). 
Dendrocycna vagans, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510 ; Trislr. Cat. Coll 

B. p. 51 (N. Australia) (1889). 
Dendrocycna arcuata, Salvad. Orn. Map. e Mol. iii. p. 385 (1882); id. 
Agg. p. 210 (1891); Meyer, J. f. O. 1892, p. 265 (Kaiser-Wilb 
elm's-Land). 
Dendrocvgna arcuata vagans, Stem. Mr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 398 
(1887). 

Adult. Upper part of the bead and a line down the "back of the 
neck brown-black; sides of head and neck pale fulvous; throat 

23 . DENDKOCYCNA. 
155 

almost white; back and scapulars black, with, the edges bright 

rufous-chestnut, on the upper back the black part of the feathers 

with rufous spots or bars; rump black; median upper tail-coverts 

black, the lateral ones buffy white, more or less spotted with black; 

breast pale rufous, each, feather with black dots or crescent-like 

spots in the middle, 
and shading into the bright rufous-chestnut 

of the abdomen; lower abdomen and the under tail-coverts whitish 

buff, the latter uniform, but the abdomen with brown spots; the 

feathers of the flanks with broad mesial buffy white streaks, edged 

with black: lesser and median wing-coverts bright chestnut, the 

greater ones, quills, and tail black: irides brown ; bill blackish or 

dark ashy; tarsi and feet dark ashy. Total length about 17 inches, 

wing 8*5, tail 2*8, culmen 1*7, tarsus 1-85. 

Female similar. 

Hab. Philippines, Celebes, Borneo, Java, Timor, Sumba, Moluccas, 

[New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, and Fiji Islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Manilla, Philippine Is. Cuming Coll. (Type 
of Dendrocygna vagans, Eyton.) 
c, 5 juv. gk' Catbalogan, Samar, April. E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
[0.]. 
d, e. <$ ad. et Cebu, March, April (A. E. Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. Everett). 

f. 
<$ ad. sk. S. Leyte, Sept. (A. E. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
g. h. cS $ ad. sk. Amparo, July (A. E.E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
t, k, I. ? ad. et N. Bohol, Oct., Nov. (A.E.E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
<$ J juv. sk. 
m, 
n. S ad. et Siquijor, Feb. E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
$ juv. sk. [C.]. 


o. $ ad. sk. Zamboanga, April (A. E. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
p. 
Ad. sk. N. Mindanao (A. E. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Malimaui, Nov. E. L. Moseley, Esq. 
[C.]. 
r, s. <$ ad. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 


t. u. S 
ad. sk. Makassar. A. K. Wallace, Esq. 
[P.]. 
v. (3 ad. sk. Makassar (A. JR. Wallace). H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
w. 
Ad. sk. Java (JSorsHeld). India Museum [P.]. 
(Type of Horsfield's plate, Zool. Pes. pi. 65.) 
a\ 
Ad. sk. Java (Morsfield). India Museum [P.]. 
(One of the types of Anas javanica^ var. /3, Horsf.) 

y. 
Ad. sk. E. Timor (A. JR. W.). Tweeddale Coll. 
z. Q ad. sk. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[P.]. 
a'j V, c'. Ad. et Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. 
d\ er. Ad. sk. Lawrence R.,Australia (Irving). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/', g\ $ ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. 

et ad. sk. [P.]. 
h\ Ad. sk. New Caledonia. Tweeddale Coll. 
i' k'. Ad. sk. Viti Levu, Fiji Is., Sept. (J. Voyage of H.M.S. 

D. Macdonald). ' Alert.' 
/'. Ad. sk. Kandi, Fiji Is. (E. X. Layard). Seebohm Coll. 
AtfATIDJS 

4. Dendrocycna javanica. 
Anas javanica, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. ;p. 199 (Java) (1821). 
Anas arcuata, part., Horsf. Zool. Bes. in Java, text of pi. 65 

(1822;; Sykes (nee Cuv.), P. Z. S. 1831, p. 126. 
Anas sp., Baffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 331 (Sumatra) (1822). 
Mareca awsuree, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 168 (Dukhun) ; Less. Compl 

de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 534 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 721^(1838). 

Dendrocygna 
arcuata, Sw. (nee Cuv.) Class. B. ii. p. 365 (Java) 
(1837); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 108 (1838); Hodgs. in Gray's Zool 
Misc. p. 86, n. 581 (1844) ; G. B. Gr. List Spec. B. Brit. 
Mus. iii. p. 131 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 1 (syn. 
emend.) (1845); id. Cat. Spec. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 144 
(1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 301, n. 1762 (1849); 
Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 136 (1852) (Ceylon); ? Licht. Nomencl 
Av. p. 102 (Bengala, Java) (1854); Layard, Ann. 8f Mag. N. BE. 

xiv. p. 269 (1854); G. B. Gr. Cat. Spec. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 
2nd ed. p. 76 (1863); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 224 (Banjermassing), 
1864, p. 300 (part.); Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 39; Pelz. 
Beise Novara, Vogel, p. 137 (Java) (1865); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 89 (1866); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175; Eyt. Suppl. 
Osteol. Av. pi. — (1862); id. Syn. Anat. p. 60 (1869); G. B. 
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10608 (1871); Hume, Str. Feath. i. 
p. 260 (Sindh) (1872-73) ; Anders. Ibis, 1874, p. 222; Hume, 
Nests and Bggs, p. 639 (1873-74); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 362 (part.) 
(1874); Hume, Str. Feath. ii. p. 315 (Nicobars) (1874); Ball, 
ibid. p. 437 (1874): Hume, ibid. p. 483 (Tenasserim) (1874); Blyth, 
B. Burm. p. 165 (1875): Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 30 (part.) (1875) ; 
Wardl Bams. Ibis, 1877, p. 472; Oates, Str. Feath. v. p. 169 
(1872); Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22; Salv. Cat. B. Strichl 
Coll. p. 531, n. 2585 (1882); Vorderm. N. T. N. L xliii. p. 194 
(Java) (1883); ? Bias. J. f. O. 1884, p. 219 (Bangkau Lake); 
Graboiosky, Ornis, 1885, p. 163 (Bangkau, S.E. Borneo); A. 
Mull J. f. O. 1885, p. 162 (Salanga); Vorderm. N. T. JSf. I. 
xlvi. p. 240, n. 451 (1886), xlix. p. 419, n.481 (1899); Tristr. Cat. 
Coll. B. p. 50 (1889). 
Dendrocygna awsuree, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 218, n. 376 (1840); 
id. B. of Ind. iii. p. 786 (1864); Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 93 (E. 
Bengal). 

Anas caryophyllacea, Sundev. (nee Lath.) Physiog. Sallsk. TidsJcr. 

i. p. 210 (1837); id. Isis, 1842, p. 795; id. Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 
xix. p. 172 (1847). 
Anas castanea, Mus. Holm, fide Sundev. II. cc. 
Dendrocygna javanica, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. rT. 171-72 
(1846)"; Holdsw.P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479 (Ceylon); Legge, Ibis, 
1874, p. 27 (Ceylon), 1875, p. 407; Hume $ Davis. Str. Feath. 
vipp. 486,488 (note) (Tenasserim) (1870); Cripps, Str. Feath. 

vii. p. 311; Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 71 (Malacca), p. 114, 
n. 952 (1879); Tiraut, Bull. Com. Agr. et Industr. Cochinch. i. 
p. 161 (1879); Legge, B. Ceyl p. 1069 (1880); Hume $ Marsh. 
Game Birds, iii. p. 109, pi. 15 (1880) ; Bingh. Str. Feath. ix. 
p. 198 (1882); Park. ibid. p. 486 (Ceylon) (1881); Oates, Str. 
Feath. x. p. 245 (1882); Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 197 (Malay Peninsula) 
; Oates, B. Br. Burmah, ii. p. 273 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. 
An. 8th ed.p. 426 (1883); Parker, Ibis, 1883, pp.194,195 (breeding,. 
Ceylon) j C Swinh. § Barn. Ibis, 1885, p. 131; Parker, Ibis, 1886, 
23 . DENDEOCYCNA. 
157 

p. 188 (Ceylon); Seehh. Ibis, 1887, p. 181 (Loo-choo Isl.); Stejn. 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 397 (Loo-clioo I.) (1887); id. Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. 1887, p. 169; Styan, Ibis, 1889, p. 446 (Shanghai); 
Everett, Journ. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192; Hume, Nests 
Sf Eggs {Oates' ed.),iii. p. 284 (1890); Seebh. Birds Jap. Emp. 
p. 240 (1890); Kartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 229 (1891); Sharpe 
Cat. Osteol. Speeim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 297 (1891); Rickett Ibis, 
1894, p. 225 (China). 
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. minor, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649 

n. 536(1856). 
Dendrocycna arcuata, part., Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510 (India); 
Rchnw. Vog. der zool. G'drt. p. 59 (1882). 
Dendrocycna javanica, Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 388 (1882) • 
Gigl. Avif ItaL p. 301 (1886); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital p. 256 
(1887): id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) iv. p. 616 (Burmah) (1887); 
Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital. pt.xxxiv. pi. 346 (1887); Gigl. Primo Resoc. 
Avif. Ital. pt. 1, p. 465 (1889), pt. 2, p. 26 (1890). 

Adult. Forehead, crown, and occiput brown, more rufous on the 
forehead; sides of the head and neck pale greyish fulvous, darker 
on the hind-neck; chin and throat whitish; back and scapulars 
dark brown, each feather broadly edged with rufous; rump black • 
upper tail-coverts chestnut; breast^ellowish ochreous, shading 
gradually into the light chestnut of Ifae lower plumage; feathers of 
the flanks fulvous-brown, with white-fulvous streaks along the 
middle ; axillaries brown-black; under tail-coverts whitish fulvous; 
lesser and median upper wing-coverts ch^tnut, greater coverts and 
quills ashy black, the quills darker; tail brown: " bill, legs, and 
feet brownish blue, the nail of the bill nearly black; iris brown ; 
eyelids bright yellow; claws bluish horn-colour" (Oates). Total 
length about 16 inches, wing 7*5, tail 2*3, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1-7. 

Female. Similar. 
Eal. India, Ceylon, Indo-Burmese countries, Siam, Cochinchina, 
China, Loo-choo Islands, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and 

Java *. 
a. Juv. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
India (Blyth). 
India. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Purchased. 
c. § ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/ , g, h. Ad. et juv. 
E. Narra, Sindh, July (E.
A. Butler). 
G-odra, Pauch Mehals, Sept. 
Jhansee, Sept. 
Etawah, Aug. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
sk. 
i-n. Ad. et iuv. sk.
o. Imm. sk. 
Oudh. 
Oudh, Dec. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
Hume Coll. * 

p, q, r. <$ ad. et ad. Saugor, Central Provinces, Hume Coll. 
sk. Aug. to Dec. 

* The last specimen in the list below, by mistake and with a query, is 
labelled as from the interior of Africa {Major Denham). It is important to 
notice that the only species of Dendrocycna recorded as mefrwith during the 
journey of Denham and Clapperton is D, viduata. 
158 
ANATIDJB. 

s, t, u. Ad. sk. et 
St. 
v-y. Ad. sk. 

z. Ad. sk. 
a'. Iram. sk. 
b'. Juv. sk. 
c\ Ad. sk. 
<Z', e'. <3 5 ad. sk. 

/';/• c?S Fv.sk. 

A'-2'. cT ad. et ad. 
sk. 
m'. Ad. sk. 

n'. Ad. sk. 

o\ S ad. sk. 

j9'. $ ad. sk. 

q\ $ ad. sk. 

r'. <$ ad. sk. 

$'. c? ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 

«'. Ad. sk. 

v'. Ad. sk. 

w'-z'. Ad. sk. et 

St. 

a". Ad. sk. 

//'. $ ad. sk. 

<c". ? $ ad. sk. 

d",e". c?$ ad.sk. 

/", #". <? ad. sk. 

A". cJ itnm. sk. 

i", k". Ad. sk. 
I". $ ad. sk. 
m", n". Ad. sk. 
o",p". c? ad.etjuv. 

sk. 

S S ad s&


q", r'.


5". tf juv. sk. 

£". <£ ad. sk. 
tt"-ff". c?2 ad.sk. 

«/", a". Ad. sk. 

Nepal. 

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 

Darjeeling. 

Bkotan Terai, Jan. (L, 

Mandelli). 
Bhotan Doars, Jan. (L. MJ). 
Assam. 
Dollah, Assam, May (J. 

Cockbum). 

Dipur Bheel, Assam, Nov. 

[A. W. Chennell). 
Suddya, Assam, March, 
April (J. <?.). 
Dilkoushali, Cachar (J. 

Inglis). 
Bengal (Falconer). 
Sambalpur, Amil.

ipn. 

" launbhoom (JR. C.

MaunbEoom, Feb. 

Beavan). 
Beavan).Beavan). 

Calcutta, Feb. 

Calcutta, Jan. (/. Anderson).

Calcutta, Feb. (J. Bzddulph).
Vizagapatam, Madras Presi


dency (Major Wynch). 
Dacca.
Deccan (Sykes).

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
India Museum QF 
India Museum [I 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.], 
Hume Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Col. J. Biddulph, 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum pp.], 


(Type of JMJareca aiusuree, Sykes.) 

Deccan (Sykes).

Ceylon. 
Giant's Tank, Ceylon, Feb. 


(JB. Parker). 
Bentottee, Ceylon, Sept. (W. 
V.Legge). 

Lower Pegu, Aug. 

Tonghoo, Feb., June (JR. G. 

W. JR.). 
Kyouk-kyee, Brit. Burmah 

(JR. G. W. JR.). 

Tenasserim. 
Thamban, Thatone, Jan. 
Thatone, July. 
Amherst, July, Dec. (W. 


Davison). 

Yea, Tenasserim, March 

(W.D.). 
Near Yeaboo, Dec. (J. 

Darling). 
TavoyR., April (W. DJ). 
Bangkok, Siam, April (Capt. 

Conrad). 

Cochin China, Nov. 

India Museum [P.]. 

Dr. J. Kelaart [C.]. 

Hume Coll. 

R. 
Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq. PP.]. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
"R. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq. pp.]. 

M. St. Pierre [P.], 
23 . DENDKOCYCNA. 
159 

a3, b3, c\ Ad. et 
juv. sk. 
d\e\f. <S$ ad. 

sk. 
g\ h\ tf 2 ad. sk. 

^3-m3. c? $ ad. sk. 

n3, o3. <$ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
p3. Ad. sk. 

q3-?. Ad. sk. 
u3. Ad. sk. 

v3. Ad. sk. 
w3. Ad. sk. 


x3. Ad. sk. 
y3. Ad. sk. 

s3. Ad. sk. 
a4. 2 ad. sk. 
bK Ad. sk. 


Loo-chco Is., Aug. (H. 

Pryer). 
Kossoom, April, May (J. 

Darling).

Port Blair, S. Andamans, 
May (JR. J. Wimberley). 
Trinkut Is., Nicobars, Feb., 

March (W.JD.). 
Trinkut Is., Jan. (22. J. W.). 

Prov. Wellesley (Dr. 
Cantor).

Pinang (Dr. Cantor). 
Pakang. 

Malacca (Dr. Maingay). 
Sumatra. 

Sumatra (Carl Bock). 
Java (Horsfield). 

Java (? Horsfield).

Java (Diard). 

[Interior of Africa.] 

Seebokm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Cant. H. J. Kelsall 

in 

A. R. "Wallace, Esq. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

[C.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 
(Type of the species.) 
India Museum [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[Major Denkam [P.].] 

5. Dendrocycna autumnalis. 
Red-billed Whistling Duck, JEdw. Birds, iv. pi. 194 (West Indies) 
(1743); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 498, n. 47 (1785); id. Suppl. i. p. 274 
(1787). 

Anas 
fistularis americana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 400, pi. 38 (1760) 
(Amerique septentrionale). 
Anas autumnalis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 205, n. 39 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 2, 

p. 537, n. 39 (part.) (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 52 
(part.) (1790); Bonn. Line. MSth. i. p. 140 (part.) (1790); Vieill 
N. D. v. p. 153 (part.) (1816) (Cayenne) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. 
p. 369 (part.) (1817); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 99 (part.) (1824). 
Sinleur a bee rouge et narines jaunes, part., Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 
ix. p. 183 (1783). 
Dendronessa autumnalis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282. 
Dendrocygna autumnalis, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 109 (1838); G. B. Gr. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 3 (part.) (1845) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 89. f. 175 (1845); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 398 (1847); 
Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. T. 1851, p. 117; Stansb. Rep. p. 334 (1852); 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 57 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, 

p. 360 (Honduras); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 770, pi. 63. £ 2 (Texas) 
(1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 574 (1859); id. Mex. B. Surv. ii. 
2, p. 26, pi. 25 (Texas) (1859); Sclat. # Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 231; 
Tayl. Ibis, 1860, p. 315; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 197 (R. 
Truando) ; AlbrecM, J.f.O. 1862, p. 266 (Jamaica); March, Pr. 
Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 70; Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 172 (Porto Rico); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 299 (part.); Sclat. § Salv. ibid. p. 372 
(Panama); Salv. Ibis, 1865, p. 193 (Guatemala); Laior. Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y. vii. p. 13 (Panama) (1865); Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 42 (Texas); 
Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. p. 63 (Panama) (1866), ix. p. 143 
(Costa Rica) (1863); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 61 (part.) (1869); Frantz. 
J.f.O. 1869, p. 379 (Costa Rica); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 459 (1870); 
160 
ANATID.2E. 

G. R. Or. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10615 (part.) (1871) j 6« . Thes. 
Cm. ii. p. 31 (1875); Coues, Key, p. 284= (1872); i& Check-list, 
n. 487 (1873) 3 #cto. f Sato. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129, n. 2 
(1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 558 (1874); Lawr. Mem. Bostr 
Soc. N. H. ii. p. 313 (Mazatlan) (1874); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. & 
1876, p. 375; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 169 (1879); 
A. 8f E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 112 (1881); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. 
Coll. p. 530 (1882); Coues, Check-list, 2nded. p. 112, n. 706 (1882); 
Rchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 62; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 
p. 426 (part.) (1883); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 689, n. 706 
(1884); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 30 (1885) ; A. O. U. Code of 
Norn, and Check-list, p. 129, n. 177 (1886); Lloyd, Auk, 1887, 
p. 185 (W. Texas); Ridgw. Man. M. Am. B. p. 119, n. 177 (1887) : 
Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 60 (Jamaica); id. B. W. Ind. p. 261 (1889); 
Salv. Ibis, 1889, p. 377,1890, p. 89 (Cozumel I.); Richm. Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 531 (Rio Frio) (1893). 
Dendrocycna autumnalis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 509; Pidgw. Nom. 

N. Am. B. n. 599 (1881); Pchnw. Vog. d. zool. Gart. p. 59 (1882) : 
B., B., Sr P. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 481 (1884). 
Adult. Pileum cinnamon-brown, pale in front, on the occiput 
passing into black, which is continued in a narrow stripe down the 
nape ; sides of the head and upper part of the neck pale ochreous 
ashy; remainder of the neck, back, scapulars, jugulum, and breast 
cinnamon-brown, the dorsal region more rusty; rump, upper tail-
coverts, abdomen, flanks, and under wing-coverts deep black, 
abruptly defined against the cinnamon of the breast; crissum 
white, spotted with black; lesser wing-coverts ochreous olive, 
middle coverts ash-colour, the greater and primary-coverts greyish 
white, the lower feathers of the latter dusky; quills and tail deep 
black, but the quills pure white basally: " iris brown; bill coral-
red, orange above, nail of bill bluish; legs and feet pinkish white " 
(Merrill). Total length about 19 inches, wing 9*20-9-70, tail 3, 
culmen 1-90-2-15, tarsus 2-25-2-60, middle toe 2-30-2*70. 

Female. Similar to the male. 

Young. Much like the adult, but pattern of coloration much less 
distinct and colour duller; the reddish brown replaced by dingy 
greyish tinged with rusty ; the belly and flanks greyish white, with 
dusky cross-bars; bill and feet dusky. 

Downy young. Above blackish brown, varied by large, sharply-
defined patches of sulphury buff—two on the sides of the back and 
two on the sides of the rump; a sharply-defined superciliary stripe 
and a band across the cheeks encircling the occiput saffrony buff; 
a blackish-brown band from the cheeks to the nape; lower parts 
pale buffy yellow, the beHy whitish. 

Hah. Central America, from Eio Grande Yalley in Texas to 
Panama. 

a-i. <5 $ ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (F. B. Armstrong), 
k, Lm. 6 $ ad. sk. HidaJgo, Texas, April (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. A.). 
n. 
Ad. sk. Tamaulipas, Mexico (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson). 
23 . DEJSTDBOCYOSA. 
161 

o. $ ad. sk. Altamira, Tamaulipas, May Salvin-Godman ColL 
(W. B. JR.). 
p. 5 ad. sk. Tampico, Mexico, June ( W. Salvin-Godman ColL 
B. It.). 
q. S 
ad. sk. Xalapa, Mexico, Nov, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{Ferrari-Perez). 
r, s. d 
$ juv. sk. Vega del Oasadero, Vera Salvin-Godman ColL 
Cruz, Dec. (M. TrujUlo). 

t. 
Ad. sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico (A. Salvin-Godman ColL 
J. Grayson). 
w;«?. S ad. et $ Presidio, W. Mexico, Jan., Salvin-Godman ColL 
imm. sk. Feb. (A. Forrer). 

w. 
$ ad. sk. Huamuchal, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. (0. 8.). 
%-V. Ad. sk. Cozumel I., Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 

c'. Ad. sk. Nicoya, Costa Pica, March Salvin-Godman ColL 

(E. Arce). 
dl. 6 ad. sk. Lion Hill, Panama [Mc-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Leannan). 
e'. Pull. sk. Aqua dulce, Panama. Salvin-Godman ColL 
/' . Skeleton. Mexico. 

6. Dendrocycua discolor 
Canard sifHeux de Cayenne, DAubent. PL Fnl 826. 
Siffleur a bee rouge et narines i amies, part., Buff. Sist Nat Ois. ix. 


p. 183 (1783).# 
Anas 
autumnalis, Jacquin (nee Linn.), Beytr. i. p. 6, n. 4 (New 
Grenada) (1784); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 537, n. 39 (part.) (1788) ; 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 52 (part.) (1790) ; Bonn. Ene. Meth. 

i. p. 140 (part.) (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 153 (Cayenne, 
Nouvelle Grenade) (1816); Bum. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 369 
(part.) (1817); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (Brazil) (1823); Staph 
Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 99 (part.) (1824); Less, {nee Linn.) Tr. d'Orn. 
p. 634, n. 68 (Cayenne) (1831); Burm. Syst. Ueb. Thiere Bras, 
Vog. ii. p. 436 (part.) (1856); Ernst, Rev. dent. Univ. Centr. 
Venez. i. p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887). 
Dendrocygna autumnalis, G. R. Gr. (nee Linn.) List Spec. B. Br. 
Mus. iii. p. 131 (S. Amer., Guiana) (1844); Cab. in Scho?nb. Guian. 
Beis. iii. p. 762 (1848); ? Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 102 (1854); 
Select. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 299 (part.); Sclat. 8? Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, 

p. 200 (Ucayali); Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 507 (Trinidad) (1866); 
ScUeg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 2 * (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 61 
(part.) (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 320, 459, lviii (1870); Finsch 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 589 (Trinidad); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, 
n. 10615 (part.) (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 (part.) (1875); 
Sclat List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 426 (part.) (1883) ; Tristr. (nee 
Linn.) Cat Coll. B. p. 50 (Para) (1889); Kartert, Eat Vogelsamml. 
p. 228, n. 3383 (S. America) (1891). 
Dendrocygna discolor, Sclat § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. pp. 129, 
161 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 375; Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 506; 
JRchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 23; Salv. Cat. B. StricH. Coll 

p. 530 (1882); B., B., $ R. Water-Birds N A. i. p. 482 (1884); 
* Scblegel mentions the skeleton of a specimen from Buenos Ayres. 
voi. xxvii. M: 
AKATIDiE. 

162 

Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 172 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 469 (1886); Bidgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 119 (1887); Chapm. Bull Mus. N. H. 1894, 

p. 82 (Trinidad). 
Dendrocvgna autumnalis discolor, B.} B.9 § B. Water-Birds N. A. 
i. p. 480 (1884). 
Similar to B. autumnalis, but differs in the lower hind-neck being 
fulvous-grey, strongly and abruptly contrasted against the dark 
chestnut-brown of the back; also the breast is greyish, instead of 
chestnut as in D. autumnalis. Wing 9* 10-9*30 inches, culmen 
1-80-1-90, tarsus 2-20-2-25. 

Hah. Colombia, Guiana, with Trinidad Island, Ecuador, Eastern 
Peru, and Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. 
b, c. Ad. efc juv. Balzar Mts., Ecuador (filing- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. worth). 
d, e. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir E.. Schomburgk 
[p.]. 
fiff* d $ ad.sk. B.Bupurumi, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May#(J21 Whitely). m 

h. Ad. sk. Maroni Biver, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. 2 ad. sk.
Jk. $ ad. sk.
(Kappler). 
Upper Ucayali,
Bartlett).^ 
Bio Parana, Brazil,
(Natterer). 
May (E. 
^ ^ 
April 
(Type of the species.) 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

7. Dendrocycna arborea. 
Whistling Duck, Shane, Jam. ii. p. 324, t. 272 (1726). 
Black-billed Whistling Duck, Edw. Glean, pi. 193 (1743) (West 


Indies); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 499, n. 48 (1785). 
Anas fistularis janiaicensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 403 (1760). 
Anas arborea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 207, n. 44 (1766); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, 

p. 540, n. 44 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 53 (1790); 
Bonn. Enc. Mith. i. p. 141, n. 42 (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 152 
(1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 368 (1817); Steph. Gen. Zool 
xii. % p. 98 (1824); Less. Tr. fflOrn. p. 633 (1831); B'Orb. in La 
Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, i. p. 291 (1840); Burm. Thiere Bras. iii. 
p. 436 (1856); Thienem. J.f. 0.1857, p. 157 (egg): Sundev. (Efv. 
K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork 1869, p. 603. 
Canard sifEeur de la Jamai'que, B'Aubent. PI. Enl. 804. 
Siffleur a bee noir, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 185 (1783). 
? Succe", Jacquin, Beytr. i. p. 5, n. 3 (1784) (S. Domingo). 
? Anas jaequini, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 536, n. 108 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 
ii. p. 863, n. 80 (1790); Vieill. N. B. v. p. 158 (1816): Bum. Diet. 
8c. Nat. vi. p. 385 (1817). 
? Anas suecS, Bonn. Enc. MSth. i. p. 134, n. 29 (1790) (ex Jacquin; 
San Domingo). 

Dendronessa arborea, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282. 

Dendrocygna arborea, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837); Eyt. Mon. 

Anal p. 110 (1838); 67. £. Gr. List Spec. B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 131 
(Jamaica) (1844); id. Gen. B. p. 612, n. 4 (1845); Hartl. Erst. 
Nachtr. Vogelsamml. p. 19, n. 219 (1846); Gosse} B. Jam. p. 395 

23 . DENDKOCXCNA. 
163 

(1847); PcJinb. Syn. Av., NoviticB, Natatores, t. 107. f. 2359 (ex 
Edio.) (1850) ; id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852); Baird, Stansb. Pep. 

p. 834 (1852); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. m (1856): Cab. 
J.f 0. 1857, p. 227 ; A. <$• E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 366 (St. Croix, 
with fig. of the trachea); Bryant, Br. Bost. Soc. N. JR. vii. p. 122 
(Bahamas) (1859); Albr. J.f 0. 1862, p. 206; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 300 (Jamaica); March, Pr. Ac. Bhilad. 1864, p. 70: Bniant, 
Br. Bost. Soc. N. JET. xi. p. 73 (Inagua) (1866) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., 
An^eres, p. 84 (1866); Gundl. Pep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 387 
(1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 62 (1869); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 459 
(1870); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10614 (1871); Gundl 
J.f 0.1871, p. 273 (?); Bodin. J.f 0. 1872, p. 72 (breeding); 
Sclat. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873); Coues, Birds 
N.- West, p. 558 (1874); Gundl. J.f. 0.1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico), 
1875, p. 375 (Cuba); Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 30 (1875); Sclat. # 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 375; Gundl. An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. 
p. 400 (1878); id. J.f O. 1878, pp. 162,190 (Porto Rico); Cory, 
B. Bahama I. p. 183 (1880); A. § E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. ll2 
(1881); BcJinw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22 ; Salv. Cat. B. StricU. 
Coll. p. 530 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 426 (1883); 
Con/, B. Haiti and San Domingo, p. 166 (1885); Pidgio. Man. N. 
Am. B. p. 119 (1887); Conj, Auk, 1888, p. 59; Tristr. Cat. Coll. 
B. p. 50 (Jamaica), p. 270 (Domingo) (1889); Cory, B. W. Ind. 
p. 260 (1889); Sharpe, Cat. Ost. Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 298 (1891). 
Dendrocygnus arborea, Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. N JET. vii. p. 308 (I860). 
? Dendrocygna autumnalis, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 172 (Porto Rico). 
Dendrocycna arborea, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 509; Pchnw. Vog. d. 
zool. Gdrt. p. 59 (1882): B., B., $B. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 480 
(note) (1884). 

Adult. Anterior half of the crown reddish brown, shading into 
black on the occiput, whence a black band runs down along the 
nape ; sides of the head and of the neck dull greyish, indistinctly 
mottled with white; throat white; round the lower neck a kind of 
collar, interrupted behind, formed by white feathers, edged with 
black; upper back, scapulars, and tertials brown, with tawny edges 
to the feathers ; rump and upper tail-coverts black; breast reddish 
brown, with indistinct whitish spots; lower down the breast has 
the feathers white along the middle, blackish on the edges; abdomen 
and under tail-coverts white, thickly covered with round black 
spots; feathers of the sides white in the middle and broadly edged 
and even banded with black; wing-coverts pale brown, with paler 
edges, the outermost and also the greater ones greyish, each with a 
black subapical spot; quills grey, blackish towards the tip, the 
under surface uniform blackish brown ; under wing-coverts black, 
the smaller ones with narrow white stripes; tail dark brown; legs 
and bill black. Total length about 22 inches, wing 10-5, tail 3*8, 
culmen 2*1, tarsus 2*7. 

Female somewhat smaller. 

Young in doivn. Upper parts brown, lower parts white; a white 
band round the occiput; ear-coverts brown; four white spots, two 
on the sides of the back and two on the sides of the rump. 

Mob. Bahamas and Antilles. 
M2 


164 ANATIJX2E. 

#. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. 

h. <$ ad. sk. Cuba. Salvin-Godman ColL 
c. Pull. sk. Virgin Gorda, W. L, Dec Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C I. Winch). 
d. Skeleton. 
e. Sternum. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. 
[P.]. 
8. Dendrocycna guttata. (Plate I.) 
Anas guttata, Forst. MS. et Mus. Lugd. (fide Schlegel). 
Anas guttulata, Temm. (fide Wallace). 
Dendrocygna guttulata, S. Midi. MS. (fide Sclate?-). 
Dendrocygna guttulata, Wall. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 36 (Bouru, Ceram, 


Celebes); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300; Eyt. Syn. Anat p. 66 
(1868); BAlb. fy Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. yii. p. 839 (Hall 
Bay) (1875) ; Salvad. ibid. viii. p. 386 (Bouru) (1876); Hams. Pr. 
Linn. Soc. JSf. S. W. i. p. 395 (1876); Pchnw. Orn. Centralbl 
1882, p. 23. 

Anas punctata, " Temm." Finsch, JSfeu-Guin. p. 183 (1865) (Halmahera, 
Batchian). 
Dendrocygua guttata, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 85 (1866) 
(descr. princeps); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176 ; G. P. (Jr. Sand-list, 

iii. p. 79, n. 10612 (1871); Wold. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 102 (1872); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 (1875); Posenb. Peist. naar Geelvinkb, 
p. 3 (1875) (Ternate); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ix. p. 49 
(1876); BAlb. Sydn. Mail, 1877, p. 248; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
x. pp. 19,20 (1877); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 372; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, 
Zool. viii. p. 505 (1877); Posenb. Malay. Archip. p. 279 (Celebes), 
p. 324 (Goram), p. 407 (Ternate) (1&78-79) ; Pams. Pr. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. iii. p. 301 (1878), iv. p. 102, n. 210 (1879); ISAlb. £ 
Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. p. 134 (Yairu I.) (1879); J)1 Mb. 
Nuova Guin. pp. 193, 451, 519, 585, 588 (1880); Sdlat. P. Z. S. 
1883, pp. 52, 200 (Larat, Timorlaut); Plas. J.f.O. 1883, p. 140 
(Celebes); Finsch, Vog. d. Siidsee, p. 29 (1884); Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1884, p. 434; Bias. J. f. O. 1890, p. 146 (Mindanao) ; Salvad. Agg. 
Orn. Pap. e Mol. p. 2i0 (1891); Meyer § Wighsio. J.f.O. 1894. 
p. 253 (Talaut L). 
Dendrocygna arcuata, Posenb. {nee Cuv.) Peis naar Zuidoostereil. 
pp. 54 (Ara), 82, 83 (Kei), 101 (Goram) (1867). 
Dendrocygna vagans, Posenb. (nee Eyt.) Malay. Arcliip. p. 373 
(1878-79); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. p. 668 (1879). 
Dendrocycna guttulata, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 509; Tristr. Cat. 
Coll £. p. 51 (1889). 
Dendrocycna guttata, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 401, n. 3 
(1882); id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 388 (1882); id. Agg. Orn. Pap. 
e Mol p. 210 (1891). 

Adult. Upper part of the head dark brown; a black line along 
the hind-neck ; back and wings dusky brown; the feathers of the 
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts edged with pale brown; lores 
brown; superciliary stripe, sides of the head, and upper part of the 
neck greyish, with dusky cross-lines, giving a mottled appearance; 
chin and throat uniform whitish; lower part of the neck dusky 
with white spots ; rump brown; upper tail-coverts black, the basal 
ones broadly barred with white ; upper breast rufous-brown, each 

165 

23 . DENDHOCYCSTA. 
feather with a white spot at the tip; lower breast and abdomen 
whitish, with faint dusky lines across; feathers of the flanks 
with large white round spots, the longer feathers are almost barred 
with black; under tail-coverts whitish, with black bars: quills 
brown ; tail almost black : " bill black ; tarsi and feet ashy, more 
or less tinged with reddish ; irides brown or chestnut" (D'Albertis). 
Total length about 17 inches, wing 8*5, tail 2*9, culmen 1*63, 
tarsus 1*62. 

Female. Similar. 

Young. Feathers of the flanks paler and with the white spots 

elongated and lanceolated (ScMegel). 

Hah. Mindanao, Celebes, Moluccas, and New Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. [Sumatra.] 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Celebes. 
Wallace Coll. ) 
c. $ 
ad. sk. Bouru. Wallace Coll. f 
(Types of Wallace's description.) 
d. S ad. sk. Larat, Tenimber Islands, Aug. H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C.]. 
9. Dendrocycna eytoni 
Leptotarsis eytoni, 
Gould, MSS.; Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. Ill (1838); * 
Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 15 (pt. xx., 1845) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. 

p. 649, n. 59 (1856); Pelz. Novara Beise, Vogel, p. 137 (1865); 
Eyt Syn. Anat. p. 63 (1869); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, 
n. 10617 (1871). 
Dendrocygna 
eytoni, G. B. Gr. List B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 132 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 7 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 99. ff. 2357-58 (ex Gould) (1850); Stanl Sale-list 
Knoiosley Men. p. 45 (1851) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 301; Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 375 (1865); Schleg. Mus. P.-i?., Anseres, 

p. 87 (1866): Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 686 (Zool. Card.); Diggl. B. 
Austr. ii. pi. 144. f. 1 (1870) ; Hutt Cat. B. New Zeal. pp. 35, 77 
(1871) ; Finsclh, J. f. O. 1872, p. 184; Bur die, Tr. N. Z. Inst 
1872, p. 213 (New Zealand); ELecior, ibid., note; Butter, ECist. B, 
New Zeal pp. xxi, 265 (1873); Finsch, J.f.O.1874, p. 201; Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 (1875); Sharpe, Zool. Ereb. fy Terr., Birds, 
App. p. 31 (1875) ; Casteln. # Bams. Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 
p. 386 (Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria) (1877); Bchmo. Orn. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 23; Butter, Man. B. New Zeal p. 67 (1882); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed/p. 427 (1883); Legge, Br. B. Soc. 
Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (Tasmania) (1887); Butter, Hist B. New 
Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 268 (1888); North, Cat. Nests <§• Eggs Austr. 
B. p. 340 (1889); Kartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 229(1891); Sharpe, 
Cat Osteol Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 297 (1891). 
Dendrocygna -versicolor, Hartl. Erst. Nachtr. Vogelsamml. p. 19, 

n. 220 (1846) (descr. nulla). 
Dendrocygna arcuata, Bennett (nee Cuv.), in Sclat. B. Z. S. 1866, 
p. 149 (Sydney). 
Dendrocygna 
(Leptotarsis) eytoni, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 418; 
Bams. Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 195 (1876), id. ibid. ii. p. 200, 

n. 6oo (1877): id. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 666 (1888). 
Dendrocycna eytoni, 
Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510; Behnw. Vdg. d. 
zool Gdrt p. 59 (1882); Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 50 (1889). 

166 
ANATIDJK. 

Adult. Upper part of the head, hind-neck, and breast pale 
ochreous brown: sides of the head and neck dull pale grey, fading 
into white on the throat; back and wings greyish brown; the 
feathers of the back and scapulars with paler edges; upper tail-
coverts whitish buff, broadly edged with greyish brown; sides and 
lower part of the breast reddish, regularly barred with black, the 
black bars broader on the sides; feathers of the flanks very long, 
of a buff colour, and margined with black; abdomen and under 
tail-coverts buffy white; quills and tail brown ; under wing-coverts 
w ith reddish and brown-grey bands ; axillaries pale reddish along 
the middle, brown-grey on the edges: " irides dark brown; bill 
yellowish brown, largely blotched with black; the nail darker 
brown; legs and feet pale flesh-brown" (Butter); "feet bright 
rose-colour; bill reddish flesh-colour, with a large mottled patch in 
the centre; irides orange" (Biggies). Total length 16 inches, 
wing 9-5, tail 3, culmen 1*6, tarsus 2. 


Female. Similar. 
Sab. Australia; it straggles to New Zealand. 


a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
b-g.Ad.sk. Australia (Cockerell $ Salvin-Godman Coll* 
Thorpe). 
h, i, h. <$ Q ad. et N.W. Australia. Capt. Bowyer Bower 
juv. sk [P.]. 
L m. 
J 9 ad. sk. INT.W. Australia, March, May. J. R. Elsey, Esq. 
[P.]. 


n. 3 ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. 
o. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Sibbald [P.]. 
p. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum 
Cp-J; 

q, r. Ad. sk. South Australia, Jan. Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
$, t Ad. sk. South Australia. C. D. E. Eortnur% 
Esq. [P.]. 

24. CHENALOPEX. _ 
Type. 
Chenalopex, JSteph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 41 (1824)* .. C. eegyptiacus. 
Alopochen, Stejn. Stand. Mat. Hist. iv. Birds, p. 141 

(1885)(=Ohenalopex). 

Range. Africa, and South America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Wing-coverts white 
csgyptiaetis, p. 167. 
b. Wing-coverts black, with a metallic green lustre. Jubatusi, p. 169. 
* Dr. Sharpe (Oat. Ost. Spec. R. Coll. Surg. p. 294) has attributed this genus 
to Dumont (Diet. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 393), who, however, only mentions the word 
Chenalopex as a nomen vulgare used by Aristoteles and as a generic term used 
by Moehring. 
t Pollowing Sclater and Salvin, I have left Anser jubatus, Spix, in the genus 
Chenalopex, but I have some doubt about its being congeneric with C. agyptiacus. 

24 . CHBtfALOPEX. 
167 

1. Chenalopex aegyptiacus. 
Anser segyptiacus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 284, pi. 27 (1760); Bonn. Enc. 
Meth. i. p. 118, pi. 29. f. 3 (1790); Temm. Man. d'Om. iv. p. 523 
(1835); Ncuim. Vog. Beutschl. xi. p. 416, Taf. 294 (1842) ; Math. 
Faun. Sicil. p. 215 (1843) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit p. cxi (1844); 
JSruch, J.f O. 1854, p. 277 ; Brehm, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 484; Tayl 
Ibis, 1859, p. 54; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 94 (1866); 
Shell. Ibis, 1871, p. 315. 

Anas segyptiaca, Linn. S. N. I p. 197, n. 10 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 2, 

p. 512; n. 10 (1788) (excl. var. 0); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 840, n. 21 
(1790) (excl. var. jS); Geofr. Menag. du Mm. d'Hist Nat., art, 
Oie d'Egypte, pp. 1-4, pi. — (1801): Shaw, Nat Misc. pi. 605 
(1803): Cuv. Regn. An. i. p. 531 (1817); Lath. Gen. Hist x. 
p. 244 (1824); Cuv. Regn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 569 (1829); Less. Tr. 
d'Orn. p. 628 (1831); Temm. PI. Col i. Tail. Meth. p. 103 (1838); 
Schleg. Rev. Crit p. cxi (1844): Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 421 
(1868). 
Ove d'Egypte, D Auhent PI. Enl. 379 (1770); Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. 

"ix. p. 79, pi. 4 (1783). 
Oye du Gap de Bonne-Esperance, DAubent PI. Enl. 982,983. 
Oye sauvage du Cap de bonne esperance, Sonne?'. Voii. Ind. Or. iL 

p. 220 (1782). 
Oie arniee {errore), Buff. Hist Nat Ois. ix. p. 76 (excl. syn.) 
Egyptian Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 453, n. 16 (1785); Yarrel!T 

P. Z. S. 1833, p. 4 (trachea). 
Anser africanus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 119 (1790). 
Anas merganser, Naum. Naturg. Land-u. Wasser-Vog. iii. pp. 329, 
478, t. 53. f. 78 (1799). 
Anas varia, Beahst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 454, n. 39 (1803) {ex Naum. 

I. c. t. 53. f. 78), iii. p. 590 (1812); id. Naturg. Deutschl. (2nd ed.) 
iv. p. 1043, n. 18. 
Anser 
varius, Meyer $ Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 562 (1810), iii. p. 232 
(1822); Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 335 (1818); Bum. Diet Sc. Nat 

xxxv. p. 464 (1825). 
Ohenalopex 
asgyptiaca, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. p. 43, pi. 42 (1824) ; 
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 353 (1837); Eyt Mon. Anat pp. 22, 103, 
pi. 7 (skeleton and trachea) (1838); Bp. Comp. List, p. oQ, n. 403 
(1838); G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 72 (1840); K $ B. Wirbelth. 
Eur. pp. lxxxiv, 225 (1840); Bp. Cat Met Ucc. Eur. p. 70, 

n. 428 (1842) ; Harris, Highl. of Mhiop. p. 417 (1844); G. R. Gr* 
List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 126 (1844); Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 137,. 
n. 487 (1845); Des Murs, in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss., Ois. p. 170 
(1845) ; ViertL Naumannia, 1852, pp. 29, 55; StricJcl. Ann. fy 
Mag.'N. H. 1852, p. 349; Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 4a 
(1856); Hmgl. Syst Uebers. n. 682 (1856); id. Ibis, 1859, p. 348 ; 
Linderm. Griechenl. p. 158 (1860);-Ift?^. Faun. Roth. Meer. 
n. 285; $rehm, Habesch, p. 228; Antin. Cat p. 112 (1864); 
Eyt Syn. Anat p. 53 (1869); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 256 (1869); 
Hmgl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 411; Toes. J. f. O. 1870, 
p. 55 (Constantina); Blanf. Geol. fy Zool ofAk/ss.j)A3B (1870); 
Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 300 (1870); Tacz. J. f O. 1870, 
p. 55 (Constantina); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 74, n. 10557 
(1871); Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 279 (1872); Sund. Meth. nat Av. 
disp. Tent p. 146 (1872); Hartl. Griech. Jahresz. iii. p. 288 
(1875); Altum, J.f.O. 1877, p. 107 (Europe); Bolle, ibid. p. 209; 
168 . ANATIDJE. 
Fisoh. # Behnio. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 248: Fisch. ibid. p. 296 
(Kau), 1879, pp. 295, 296, 301; Select. F. Z. S. 1880, p. 498; id. 
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 416 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Gen. (2) i. pp. 241, 276 (Shoa) (1884); Tristr. Faun. § Flora of 
Palest p. 114 (Dead Sea) (1884); Sharpe, Layard's B. S. Afr. 

p. 747 (1884); Saund. YarreWs Hist Br. B. iv. p. 300 (1884-85); 
Shell. Ibis, 1888, p. 306; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. 
p. 319 (Shoa) (1888); Dubois, Bull. Mus. Boy. dH. N. de Belg. 
iv. p. 149, n. 190 (1886) (Tanganyika); Koenig, J. f 0. 1888, 
p. 285; Tristr. Cat Coll. B. pp. 51, 270 (1889); Sharpe, Cat. 
Osteol. Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 294 (1891); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 541; 
Koenig, J. f. 0. 1893, p. 95. 
Tadorna segyptiaca. Bole, Isis, 1826, p. 981,1830, p. 996. 
Chenalopex gegyptiaeus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1235; G. B. Gr. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 605, n. 1 (1845); Rchnb. Sign. Av., Anseres, t. 102. 
ft. 236-37 (1845); id. Av. Sgst Nat p. ix (1852); Brehm, 
J.f. 0.1853, Extraheft, p. 103, 1854, p. 84; Licht. Nomencl Av. 
p. 101 (1854); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 305 (Somali) (1855) ; 
Brehm, Vogelf. p. 369 (1855); id. J.f.O. 1856, pp. 329, 335, 398, 
477, 1857, p. 357; Homey. J. f. O. 1859, p. 370; Speke, Ibis, 
3 860, p. 248; Blyth $ Sp>eke, Bep. Coll. Somali Country, p. 15 
(1860); Licht Beisen, ii. p. 559; Hartl. J. f O. 1861, p. 272 
(Bissao); Livingst Miss. Trav. p. 204; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 336 ; 
Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 71; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 347 (1867); Boc. 
Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. 1867, p. 329; Gum. Ibis, 1868, p. 49 (Natal) ; 
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Dead Sea); Layard^ Ibis, 1869, p. 377; 
Cab. in v. d. Deck. Beis. iii. p. 51 (1869); Finscli 4* Hartl. Vog. 
Ost-Afr. p. 803 (1870): Landois, Zool. Gart. 1871, p. 251 (Westphalia) 
; Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 279 (1872); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 368 (1872); Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 335 (1872); Heugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1285 (1873); Boc. Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. 
1873, pp. 198, 289, 294, 1874, p. 45; id. J. f O. 1876, p. 295 
(Mossamedes, Humbe, Ounene, Kio Coroca); Bchnw. Yog. zool. 
Gart p. 63 (1882); Bocage, Orn. d'Ang. p. 497 (1882); Buil., 
Feild., 8f Beid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 427 (Natal): Nathus. J. f. O. 
1882, p. 305 (egg): Bohm, Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 114; B O. U. 
List Brit. B. p. Il 4 (1883); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, 
p. 393 (Massailand); Bohm, J. f O. 1885, pp. 62, 72; Fischer, 
ibid. p. 115 ; Hartert, J.f. 0.1886, p. 611 (Kiger-Benue); Bchnw. 
J.f 0,1887, p. 46; Matschie, ibid. pp. 137, 144; Hartert, ibid. 
p. 268 (Wesel); Fmin, J.f.O. 1891, pp. 339, 345; Hartert, Kat. 
Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3372 (1891); Bchnw. J. f O. 1892, p. 6; 
Salvad. Mem. B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xliv. p. 564 (Somali) (1894); 
Bchnw. Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 28 (1894). 

Bernicla cegyptiaca, Eyt Cat. Br. B. pi. 65 (1836). 

Chenalopex africanus, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 2 (1845); 
 *Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 98. ff. 942-43 (1845); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. i. p. 368(1872). 

Chenalopex varias, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 369 (1855) j id. Naumanma, 

1855, p. 297. 
Anas segyptica (sic), Chapm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 421 (1868). 
Oasarca africana, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10625 (1871). 
Anser (Chenalopex) segyptiacus, David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 490 

(Pekin) (1877). 
Alopochen segyptiaca, Stem. Stand. Nat. Hist, Birds, p. 141, f. 66 
(1885). 

24 . CHENALOPEX. 
169 
Hybrids. 
Tadorna, £egyptiacax Anas boschas, Leverk J.f. 0. 1890, p. 221. 


Adult male. Eeathers round the base of the bill, a patch, round 
the eyes, back of the neck, and ring round lower part of the latter 
ruddy; rest of the head and upper part of the neck greyish brown; 
mantle ruddy grey, finely lineated with dark grey; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts black ; lower neck, breast, and flanks 
buff, finely lineated with grey; on the middle of the breast a maroon 
patch; abdomen white; under tail-coverts ruddy; scapulars and 
tertiaries ruddy; upper wing-coverts white, with a narrow black 
band near the tip of the greater ones ; secondaries shining green ; 
primaries, their coverts, bastard-wing, and tail black; inner under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white: " iris dark yellow; bill pink, 
with tip, margins, and base black; tarsi and feet pink " (Ayres). 
Total length 28 inches, wing 16, tail 9, bill 1*78, tarsus 3. 

Female. Similar to the male, but smaller, and, according to 

Dr. Einsch, paler, and with the pectoral maroon patch smaller. 

Hob. Africa and Palestine. 

a. Pull. st. [Bred in captivity.] A. D. Bartlett, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Ochtertire, Stirlingshire. Sir D. Dundas [P.]. 
e. $ ad. sk. River Tweed, April 4. 
d. Ad. sk. Kiver Tweed. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Egypt. W. B. T. Turnbull, 
Esq. [P.]. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Egypt. Victor Ames, Esq. 
[p.]. 

g. S ad. sk. Egypt. 
Hume Coll. 
h. 
$ ad, sk. Anseba Valley, Bogos, July 5. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
i Ad. sk. Waliko, July 25 (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 

Maragaz, July 28 (W. Jesse). H. E. Dresser, Esq. 
kj lf m. 5 ad. sk. [P.]. 
Efat, Skoa, April (Sir W. C. India Museum. 

n, o. (S ad. sk. Harris). 
Lake Naiwascha. A. G. Baxter, Esq. 

p. Ad. sk. [0.]. 
*q. Ad. sk. Zambesi {Dr. Bradshaw). Shelley Coll. 
r. Juv. st. South Africa. Old Coll. 
£,t. c$2 ad. sk. Huinbe, R. Cunene, Jan. Shelley Coll. 
(Anchieta). 
u-z. Ad. et juv. sk. River Niger, Dec. Dr. Bailrie [C.]. 

(i. Skeleton. Zoological Society, 
b'. Skeleton. 
c', d'. Sterna and scapular girdles. 
Hybrid between " Penguin Duck " and C , aogyptiacus. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Died in captivity. Zoological Society. 
2. Chenalopex jubatxts. 
Anser jubatus, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 84, t. 108 (1825) (nee Anas 
jubata, Lath. 1801) ; Bunn. Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 433 (1856). 

170 
AtfATIDJE. 

Anser polycomos, Cuv. Mils. Paris; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 627, n. 4 
(1831); Pucker. Pev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 545 (=jubatus, 
Spiv) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 419; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 

p. 95 (I860). 
Chenalopex 
jubatus, Wagl Isis, 1832, p. 1235, n. 2; G. P. Gr. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 4, pi. 164 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 
t. 102. ff. 234-235 (1845); J. P. Gr. Glean, from KnowsL 
Menag. pi. xv. (1846); Schomb. Guian. Peis. iii. p. 762 (1848) ; 
Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96 (Orinoco); Sclat. $ Sate. P. Z. S. 1866, 

p. 200 (Lower Ucayali); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 53 (1869); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 319, 459, lviii (187Q); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, 
p. 304; Bchnw. Tog. zool. Gart. p. 63 (1882)*; Salv. Ibis, 1886, 
p. 172. 
Chenalopex jubata, 
G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 126 (1844) ; 
Bp. Compt. Pend. xliii. p. 649, n. 44 (1856); Sclat. |-Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neoirop). p. 128 (1873); iid. P.Z. S. 1876, p. 369 ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 499; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 416 
(1883); Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 468 (1886); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. 

p. 5 (1889). 
Anas pollicaris, Illig., unde 
Anser pollicaris, Licht. in Mus. Berol.; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 373 . 
(1872). 
Chenalopex pollicaris, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854). 
Chenonetta jubata, G. P. Gr. {nee Brandt) Sand-list, iii. p. 74, 

n. 10558 (1871; ; Sund.Metli. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872); 
Heine 8f Pchniv. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 341 (1890). 
Adult. Head, neck, and breast dull whitish grey, darker on the 
hind-neck; upper mantle and scapulars ruddy; lower mantle and 
inner scapulars brown; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and 
wings black with a green gloss; abdomen ruddy, whitish along the 
middle, changing into blackish brown on the lower part; under 
tail-coverts white; greater wing-coverts metallic green with a 
purple gloss ; base of the secondaries white, forming a white specu


lum : " bill black, irides brown " {Spice) ; " tarsi and feet yellowish 

flesh-colour?> (Burmeister). Total length about 20 inches, wing 

12-25, bill 1*45, tarsus 2-6. 

Hab. Amazonia and Guiana; apparently also Bolivia. 

a, b, c. Ad. st.
d. Ad. sk. 
S. America. 
Peruvian AmazonsSir R Schomburgk (?) [C.]« .._o._. v 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(P. Bartlett). 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . S ad. sk.
g. Skeleton. 
Bolivia. 
Brazil (Natterer). 
T. C. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

25. TAD0RHA. 
Type. 
Tadorna, leach, MS.; Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). T. comuta. 
Vulpanser, Keys. § Bias. Wirbelth. Pur. p. 84 (1840) .. T. cornuta. 
Radjah, Pclmb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852) T. radjah. 
Gennaeocken, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 343 (1890) 
(=Radjah, Rchnb.). 

Mange. Palaearctic and Australian Regions. 

25 . 
TAD0KNA. 171 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
A prominent red knob at the base of the bill; head 
and upper part of the neck black, glossed with 
green; tail white, tipped with black cornuta, p. 171, 
b. No knob at the base of the bill; head and neck 
entirely white ; tail black ., radjah, p. 175. 
1. Tadorna connrta. 
The Common Sheld-duck; Shieldrake. 
Anas maritima, Gesn. Aves, p. 803 (15-55). 
Tadorna belonii, Ray, Syn. A v. p. 140 (1713). 
Tadorna, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 344, pi, xxxiii. f. 2 (1760). 
Anas tadorna, Linn. S. N. i. p. 195, n. 4 (1706) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, 


p. 506, n, 4 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 854, n. 56 (1790); 
Bonn. Ena. Meth. i. p. 123, pi. 37. f. 2 (1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. 
JSOC. iv. p. 117, t. xv. £ 8, 9 (trachea) (1798) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-
As. ii. p. 239 (1811); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 539 (1815); Vieill 
N. D. v. p. 158 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 353 (1817); 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 833 (1820); Licht. Verz. Doubl 
p. 84 (1823); Ranz. Elem. di Zool. iii. 9, p. 97, t. 30. f. 1 (1826); 
Wern. Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 38 (1828); Less. Man. dOrn. ii. 
p. 416 (1828); id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 633 (1831); Savi, Orn. Tose. iii. 
p. 166 (1831); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 531 (1840),-Naum. 
Yog. Deutschl. xi. p. 534, t. 298 (1842); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxv 
(1844) ; Temm. # Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 128 (1850); Kjdrb. 
Orn. Dan. p. 363, Taf. 46, et Su^pl. Taf. 25 (1852) ; Passl. J.f O. 
1853, p. 243 (E. Einrnark); A. Brehm, J. f O. 1854, p. 84; 
Vangeroio, J.f O. 1855, p. 345 (Neumark); Mull. J.f.O. 1856, 
p. 232 (Camargue); Buvry, J.f. 0.1857, p. 123 (Algeria) ; Schleg. 
Vog. Nederl. p. 543, pis. 303, 304 (1858); Antin. J.f. 0.1858, 
p. 484 (Smyrna); Bolle, ibid. p. 489; Quistorjp, J. f. O. I860, 
p. 78 ; Holland, ibid. p. 305 (Ostseestrand); Altum, J.f 0.1863, 
p. 109; Schleg. Dierent. I p. 276 (1864); id. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 
p. 67 (1866); Holtz, J.f O. 1868, p. 128 (Gottland I.); Bole, 
J.f O. 1869, p. 97 ; Homey. J. f O. 1870, p. 43 (E. Siberia); 
Heugl. J.f.O. 1871, pp. 10, 82 (Skoro, N. Europe); Gieb. The*. 
Orn. i. p. 363 (1872; ; Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); 
Kinb. in Sund. Svensh. Eogl. p. 1311, pi. lviii. f. 1 (1886). 
? Anas subterranea, Scop. Ann. L. Hist. Nat. p. Q7, n. 83 (1769). 
Anas cornuta, S. G. Gmel. Reis. Russl. ii. p. 185, t. 19 (1774); 

Collett, Nyt Mag.f Nat. 1877, p. 198. 
Volpoca o Tadorna, Ger. Stor. degli Ucc. v. t. 576 (1776). 
Tadorne, BAuhent. PI. Enl. 53; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 205, 

pi. xiv. (1783). 
? Black-headed Duck, Shaw, Trav. p. 254. 
Damietta Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 487, n. 41 (1785). 
Shieldrake, Lath. op. cit. p. 504, n. 51 (1785). 
Anas damiatica, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 535, n. 106 (1788) (ex Hasselq. 

It. p. 264, n. 35,1757); Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 850, n. 48 (,1790); 
Bonn. Eno. MHh. i. p. 131 (1790) ; Vieill N. D. v. p. 119 (1816); 
Bum. Diet. Sc. JSat. vi. -p. 379 (1817); Stejph. Gen. Zool. xii. % 

p. 108 (1824). 
Tadorna 
tadorna, Elem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822); Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Hartert, Eat. Vogehamml. p. 228 
(1891); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 518 (E. Prussia). 

AJJATlDiE. 

Tadorna familiaris, Boie, Isia, 1822, p. 564. 

Tadorna bellonii, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 72, pi. 45 (1824); Sw. 
Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1836) ; Eyt. Mori. Anat. p. 105, pi. 1. ff. 3, 4 
(trachea), pi. 3 (sternum), pi. 8. f. 3 (cseca), pi. 9 (skeleton) (1838); 
JRchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852); Bp. Conpt.JRend. xliii. p. 649, 

n. 52 (1856); Uartm. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 235 : Co/lett, Korg. Fugl 
p. 63 (1868); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 55 (1869); Collett, Orn. Bemdrk. 
1871, p. 53. 
Tadorna vulpanser, Flem. Hist. Br. Anim. p. 122 (1828) ; Gould, 

P.Z.S. 1834, p. 51 (Trebizond); Strickl. P.Z.S. 1836, p. 102 
(Smyrna); Gould, B. Eur. pi. 357 (1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 56, 
n. 404 (1838); id. Cat Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 70, n. 429 (18J2) : Hartl 
Terz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
p. 132 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 613, n. 1 (1845); id. Cat. Hodgs. 
Coll. B. M, p. 144 (1846); Relink Syn. Av., Xatatores, t. 93. if. 43234 
(1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 303, n. 1769 (1849); A. 
Brehm, J.f O. 1855, p. 367 ; Cass. Exp. Am. Squad?: China Seas 
$ Japan, ii. p. 248 (Macao) (1856) (cf. J.f. 0.1858, p. 450); Somey. 
J.f. 0.1859, p. 371; Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (Amoj) ; Tristr. ibid. 
p/81 (Tuggurt) ; Powys, ibid. p. 354 (Ionian Isl.); Swinh. Ibis, 
1861, p. 344 (K. China), 1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 324; G. JR. Gr. Cat. JEodgs. Coll B. M. 2nd ed. p. 76 (1863) ; 
Jerd. B. oflnd. iii. p. 794 (1864) ; Allen, Ibis, 1804, p. 189 ; More, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 442 (England); Selat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ; 
Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 11 (1869); Fritsc/i, Tog. Eur. Taf. 50. 
f. 6 (1870) ; Ehues $ Buckl Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Turkey); Shell 
Ibis, 1871, p. 315 : Saund. ibid. p. 376 (Spain): Shell. B. of Egypt, 
p. 281 (1872); Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 403 (N. Fri&ia); Gulliv. 
B.Z.S. 1875, p. 488; Schmidt, P.Z.S. 1880, p. 317; Simson, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 92 (E.Bengal) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p.428 
(1883): Leverk. J.f O. 1887, p. 212; Sty an, Ibis, 1891, p. 496 
(Yangtse). 
Tadorna gibbera, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 1; id. Tog. Deutschl 

p. 856 (1831) -, id. Togelf. p. 370 (1855). 
Tadorna littoralis, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 2 ; id. Tog. Deutschl 
p. 856 (1831); id. Togelf p. 370 (1855). 
Tadorna maritima, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 3 ; id. Tog. JDeutschl 
p. 858 (1831); id. Togelf. p. 370 (1855). 
Vulpanser 
tadorna, K. § B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxiv, 225 (1840); 
Moschler, Kaumannia, 1853, p. 366 (Sarepta) ; Walien gr. Nau~ 
mannia, 1854, p. 270 (Scandinavia) ; JHJeugl. Si/st. Uebers. no. 688 
(1856); id.Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1861, p. 311; Altum,J.f O. 
1863, p. 75 (Rottum I.); Nordm. J.f 0.1864, p. 377 (Finnland); 

v. Droste, J.f O. 1864, p. 422, 1867, p. 69, 1868, p. 43; Meves, 
(Efv. K. Tet.-Ak. Fork. 1868, p. 287; Droste, Borkum, p. 272 
(1869); Ueugl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 408 ; GoebelJ.f O. 
1870, p. 143 (Djeper); Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent -p. 146 
(1872); Di/b. J. f. O. 1874, p. 326 ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool Fr. ii. 
p. 44 (1877); Einsch, Terh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 261 (W. 
Siberia); JRchmo. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 35 : id. Tog. zool Gart. 
p^ 62 (1882); JRadde, Ornis Caucas. p. 450 (1884); Heine $ 
JRchnw. Kom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 343 (1890). 
Tadorna Izlonii, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 94; Antin. Cat. Descr. Ucc. 

p. 113 (1864); JDegl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 499 (1867); Smith, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 456 (Portugal); David & Oust Ois. Chine, p. 497 
(1877). 
Tadorna schacliraman, A. Brehm, J.f O. 1854, p. 84; id. Togelf 

25. TAD0BNA. 
173 

p. 370 (1855) ; L. Brehm, Naumaunia, 1855, p. 291: A. Brehm, 
J"./. 0.1855, p. 307. 
Anas (Vulpanser) tadorna, Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 360 (1803). 
Chenalopex tadorna, v. JDroste, J.f. 0. 1805, p. 353. 
Anas vulpanser. David. N. Arch, du Mm., Bull. vii. Cat. n 444 

(1871). 

Tadorna 
cornuta, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10618 (1871) • 
Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 (China); Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 260 
(1873); Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1304 (1873); Ban/. $ 

H. Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 427 (Transylvania); B., B.. B. u. S. J.f. 
O. 1877, p. 336; Dress. Ibis, 1876; p. 419; Blah. $ Fryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 213; Brjev. Bowl Orn. Misc. iii. p. 100 (Mongolia) 
(1878) ; Dress. B. Bur. vi. p. 451, pi. 420 (pts. 67, 68, 1878); 
Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital. fasc. ii. tav. 348 (1879); Hume, Str. Feath. 
vii. p, 492, viii. p. 115, n. 956 (1879); Hume fy Marsh. Game B. 
iii. p. 153, pi. 18 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 511; Gigl. Ibis, 
1881, p. 214; Seebh. Ibis, 1882, p. 228 (Astrakhan) ; Salv. Cat. B. 
StricJcl. Coll. p. 531 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 122 (1883); 
Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 175 (Nagaski); Sound. TarreUs Hist. Br. B. 
iv. p. 352 (1884); Seebh. Hist. Br, B. iii. p. 520, pi. m (egg) 
(1885) ; Salvad. El. TJcc. Ital. p. 256 (1886) ; Tait, ibis, 1887, 
p. 375 (Portugal); Wash. Mitth. om. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 182 
(Styria); Koenig,J.f.O. 1888, p. 296 (Tunis); Saunders, Man. 
Br. B. p. 407 (1889); Lilf. Ibis, 1889, p. 345 (Cyprus); Tristr. 
Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 241 (1890); 
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 72 (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll. 
Surg. iii. p. 299 (1891) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1892, p. 27 (Heligoland); 
De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 491 (Eoochow and Swatow); Dubois, 
Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 423, pi. 251 (1892); Pears. §> Bidio. 
Ibis, 1894, p. 232 (N. Norway). 
"Vulpanser (Anas) tadorna, Barth. Norg. Fuglev. p. 49 (1881). 
Tadorna damiatica, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 38; SchaL 

J.f. 0.1890, pp. 5,10, 39; Bchmc. J.f. 0.1890, p. 82; Floericke, 
J.f. 0.1891, pp. 171,198, 291, 1892, p. 251. 
Tadorna vulgaris, Seebh. Ibis, 1883, p. 33. 
Hybrids. 
Tadorna vulpanser <$ x Casarca cana $, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 442, pi. clviii*; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 474; id. List Vert An. 8th 
ed. p. 428 (1883). 
Anas tadorna X Anas boschas, Mimter, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 302. 
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dark glossy green ; 
round the lower neck a broad white collar ; a band of rich chestnut 
covers the upper part of the back, the space before the bend of the 
wing, and the upper part of the breast; remainder of the back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts white, scapulars black, except the inner ones, 
which, are white; a band along the middle of the breast and belly 
dark brown; sides and flanks white; under tail-coverts rufous; 
wing-coverts white ; primaries Yery dark brown; speculum on the 
secondaries green ; long inner secondaries with rich chestnut outer 
webs; tail-feathers white, tipped with black: bill and knob at the 
base bright red; irides brown; legs, toes, and their membranes 
flesh-pink. Total length 24-26 inches, wing 13, tail 5'2, culmen 
2*4, tarsus 2. 

174 
AffATIDiE. 

Female. Kather smaller than the male; less bright in colours, 
and has no knob at the base of the bill. 

Young birds " of the year in August have the beak flesh-colour, 
the head and neck brown; chin and front of the neck white ; interscapulars 
brown; wing-coverts white; inner secondaries white, 
edged with chestnut; primaries black ; speculum becoming green ; 
all the under surface white; legs flesh-colour" (Yarrell). 

Nestlings in clown are dark brown above and white below ; the 
white on the underparts extending to the forehead, sides of the 
head and neck, wings, scapulary region, and sides of the rump 

(Seebohm). 

Hub. British Islands, across Europe and South Siberia to Japan, 
during the breeding-season ; Southern Europe, Northern Africa, 
"Western Asia, Northern India, Southern China, Formosa, and 

Japan in winter. 

a. Ad. sk. No locality. Mrs. Wakeling [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. No locality. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Pull. sk. No locality. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. Pull. sk. No locality. Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Gt. Britain. Gould Coll. 
f. <S ad. sk. North Uist, Hebrides, H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
July (M. J. K). 
g, h. <5 $ juv. sk. St. Andrew's, N. ScotJ. 
A. W. Cook, Esq. [P.]. 

land, Dec. 
i, k. Pull. st. Kirkwall. Purchased. 
I Pull. sk. Knox I., Fame Is., June. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m, n. d $ ad. sk. Norfolk, Jan, J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 


o. § mini. sk. Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Colonel Irby [P.]. 
July. 
p. $ ad. sk. Brighton, Feb. (JE. V. Seebohm Coll. 
Seehohm). 
q, r. Imm. sk. Hayling I. J. W. Tyndale, Esq. [P.]. 


s. 2 juv. sk. Havre, Dec. (V.Pluche). Seebohm Coll. 
t. Pull. St. Tunis. 
Fraser [C.]. 
u. 
<S imm. sk. Damietta, Egypt, Feb. Shelley Coll. 
(PMlippom). 
v. 
Ad. sk. Alexandria, Egypt, Shelley Coll. 
March (G. E. &). 
70. Ad. sk. Belutchistan, Feb. (W. Hume Coll. 
T. Blanford). 
.£,*. Imm. sk. Kattiawar, Dec. Hume Coll. 
y~b'. Juv. sk. Allygurh. Hume Coll. 


d. <$ imm. sk. fiheema, Etawah, Dec. Seebohm Coll. 
(A. Anderson). 
d). Imm.' sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
e',f. $ ad. et Oudh, Jan. Hume Coll. 
2 juv. sk. 
g\ Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
h'7 i'. (S imm. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Hume Coll. 
Nov.(PF.2V. Chill). 
h\ S imm. sk. Mohungunj, Jan. (G. Hume Coll. 

Reid). 
I'. <$ ad. sk. Calcutta, April. Hume Coll. 
m'-p'. Jad. sk. Lobnoor, Turkestan, Seebohm Coll. 

March {Prjevalsky). 

25 . TAJDOK^A. 175 
q\ Ad. sk. China (Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll. 
r\ s'. Ad. sk. et Shanghai, China. F. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
sx» 
f. Ad. sk Shanghai, China Seebohm Ooll. 
(MicMe). 
«'. JUT. sk. Anioy, China (JR. Seebohm Coll. 
Sicinhoe). 
©'. JUT. sk. Yokohama, Japan (J. Seebohm Coll. 
m'-a13 . S ad. etjuv. sk.
5". Skeleton. 
Fryer). 
Nagasaki, Japan, Jan., 
Nov. 
F. Pdnger, Esq. [P.]. 
c"-f'\ Sterna. 

2. Tadoma radjah. 
Sarcelle des MalaL, Gam. Voy. Coq., ZooL Atlas, pi. 49 (1826). 
Anas radjah, Gar a. Toy. Coq., ZooL i. 2, p. 302 (1828); Less. Man. 
ePOrn. ii. p. 417 (182*) (Boiiru); id. Tr. d Orn. p. 634 (1831); 
id. CompL de Buf.y (Jis. ix. p. 530 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. 

p. 710 |1838); Hull. Terh. Land- en Tolkenh. p. 159 (1839-44); 
Wall. Ami. $• Mag. X II. (2) xx. p. 478 (Aru) ^1857); Finsch, 
Kw-Gui/t. p. Ib3 (1B65); Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 69 
(18116); Gieb. Th^.Oru. i. p. 360 (1872); Bosenb. Beist. naar 
Geekinkb. pp. 9 (Teraate), b4 (Andai), 118 (1875); id. Malay. 
Archip. pp. 324 (Ceram), 407, 564 (1878-79); Bidtilc. Not. Leyd. 
Mm. vm. p. t>B (lb80). 

Tacionia radjah, i>f. *>/«/*. ylwrf. p. 106 (1838); Gould, B. Austr. 

vii. pi. 8 (pt. xiv., 1844); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 132 
f!h44); id. Gen.B. iii. p. 613, n. 2 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natal t. liii. € 396, 435-36 (1845); MacgilL Narr. Toy. Battlesn. 
ii. p. 358 (1*32); LkM. Nomencl Av. p. 101 (1854); G. B. Gr. 
P. Z. S. 18*58, p. 198; id. Cat. B. New Gain. p. 63 (1859); id. 
P. Z. & 1860, p. 365 (Batchian, Gilolo), 1861, p. 438; Wall. 
P. Z, 8. 1*363, p. 3d (Bourn, Moluccas, Xe\v Guinea); Bosenb. N. 
T. N L xxv. p. 256, n. 302 (1863); id. J.f.O. 1864, p. 138, 
n. 302; &M. P. Z. S. 1864, pp. Ib9, 190; Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. ii. p. 360 (1865); Bosenb. Bets naar Zuidoostereil p. 54 
(Aru) (1867); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 56 (1869); Bams. Br. Linn. 
Soc. N. 8. W. i. pp. 194, 217, 386, 395 (Port Moresby) (1876), ii. 
p. 200, n. B62 (1877); Mast ibid. p. 276 (1877); Bams. P. Z. & 
1877, p. 346; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. pp. 321, 505 (1877) ; 
Salmd. Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. x. p. 166 (1877); Lenz, J. f. O. 
1877, p. 381 (Ceram); Bigyl. B. Amtr. ii. pi. Il l (1877); Bams. 
Pr.Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. iii. p. 300 (1878), iv. p. 102, n. 209 (1879); 
Bosenb. Malay. ArcMp. pp. 373 (Aru), 396 (Salavatty) (1878-79); 
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 688 (1879) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
pp. 511, 535; DAlb. Num. Guin. pp. 34, 50, 582 (1880); Salmd. 
Ann. Mm. Cw. Gen. xvlii. p. 401, n. 4 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. e 
Mol iii. p. 391 (1882); Sato. Cat. B. StricJcL CoU. p. 532 (1882) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S.1883, pp. 52,195, 200 (Larat, Timorlaut); Finsch, 
1%. d. Siidsee, p. 29 (1884); Meyer, Sitzb. u. Abh. Gesellsch. Isis, 
1884, Abh. i. p. 57; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 434; Meyer, Zeitsehr. 
yes. Orn. I p. 295 (1884); Pleske, Bull. Ac. PStersb. xxix. p. 538 
(1884); GuUlem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 665 (Waigiou, Jobi); North, Pr. 
Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) ii. p. 446 (1887); Bams. Tab. List, p. 22, 

n. 6m (1888); Tristr. Cat. CoU. B. p. 50 (1889); id. Ibis, 1889, 
p. 558 (Ins. Fergusson); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) x. p. 828 
(1891) $ id. Agg. Orn. Pap. e Mol. p. 210 (1891); Hartert, Kat. 
176 
AKATIDiE. 

Vogelsamml p. 228 (1891) j Meyer, J. f. 0. 1892, p. 265; North, 
Cat. Nests # Bggs Austr. B. p. 338 (1889). 
Eadjak eytoni, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852)$ Bp. Compt 
Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 51 (1856). 

Anas leucomelas, Gam., fide Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, in syn. 
Eadjah eytoni (1856); G. R. Gr. B. Z. S. 1860, p. 365, in syn. 
Tadornae radjah. 

Eadjak radjah, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10619 (1871) ; 

Sund. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872). 
Vulpanser radjah, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 36. 
Gennseochen radjah, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Bein. Orn. p. 343 (1890). 

Adult male. Head, neck, breast, and abdomen white; back 
scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts black; the mantle vermiculated 
with narrow chestnut lines ; a chestnut pectoral band, with 
narrow black lines; under tail-coverts and lower flanks brown-
black, vermiculated with narrow white lines; upper wing-coverts 
white, with a black band near the tip of the greater ones ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black ; a glossy green speculum 
on the secondaries, edged with black posteriorly; tips of the 
secondaries broadly white ; inner secondaries or tertials brown-
black, rich chestnut on the outer web; outer under wing-coverts 
black, the inner ones white ; tail black: " eyelids yellow; iris milk-
white ; bill and feet white; claws dusky white; nostrils blackish " 
(Wallace). Total length abefut 19 inches, wing 11, tail 5, culmen 
1-75, tarsus 2*12. 

Female. Similar to the male. 

Young birds have the upper part of the head and the nape dark 
reddish, the upper wing-coverts edged with blackish, the black band 
near the tips of the greater wing-coverts broader, and the green 
speculum duller. 


Australian specimens are larger, and have the back much more 
chestnut than those from the Moluccas and Papuan Islands. 
Bah. Moluccas, Papuan Islands, and Australia. 


a, h. Ad. et inim. sk. Gilolo. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C 1. 

e. Ad. sk. Morty Is. A. E. Wallace, Esq. \c\ 
d. Ad.sk. Morty Is. (A.R.W.). Tweeddale Coll. 
e,f. d ad. sk. et ad. Batchian. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
st. 
g, h. $ 
ad. et imm. Bouru. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C,]. 
sk. 

i. Ad. sk. Ceram. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
k. J juv. sk. Isl. of Larat, Timor H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [0.]. 
Laut, Aug*. 
I 
$ juv. sk. Isl. of Larat, Timor Tweeddale Coll. 
Laut,Sept. (BE. O.F.). 

m. d ad. sk. New Guinea. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
n. <S ad. sk. Nekoora, S.E. New Tweeddale .Coll.; 
Guinea, Dec. 
o. Ad. sk. Australia. Major-Gen. Hardwicke 
[P.]. 
p. Ad. sk. Australia. Lady Carrington [P.]. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Australia (Cocherell $ Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Thorpe). 

26. CASA.RCA. 
177 
s, t. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. W. Chambers [P.], 
u, v. Ad. sk. Queensland. Hume Coll. 

w. d ad. sk. Moreton Bay. E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
26. 
CASAECA. 
Type. 
Casarca, Bp. Comp. List, p. 56 (1838) 0. rutila. 
Nettalopex, Seine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 343 (1890) 
( = Casarca, Bp.). 


Range. Confined to the Old World and Australian Eegion. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Under tail-coverts fulvous or chestnut. 
a'. 
Under tail-coverts fulvous ; back and scapulars 
uniform rufous; breast and abdomen 


•uniform cinnamon or rufous. 
a". 
Head buff, deepening into cinnamon on 

the 
neck; male with a black collar, 

female without 
rutila, p. 177, 

b". Head and neck ash-coloured, the anterior 

part of the head white in the female.... cana, p. 182. 

b'. 
Under tail-coverts chestnut ; back and 
scapulars black, waved with grey lines* 
male with the head and neck glossy black; 
female with the head and upper part of 
the neck pure white variegata, p. 183. 


b. Under tail-coverts black ; breast rufous; male 
with the head and upper part of the neck 
black, with a green gloss; female with the 
head brown, and a white band of feathers 
round the base of the bill tadomoides, p. 185. 
1. Casarca rutila. 
Ruddy Sheldrake. 
Anas aurantia, Marsill. JDanub. v. tab. 54 (1744). 
Anas persica, Frisch, Av. t. 167 ($) (1763). 
Anas ferruginea, Cat. Vroeg. Adumbr. p. 358. 
Anas casarca, Linn. S. N. iii. App. p. 224 (1768) ; 8. G. Gm. Feise, 


ii. p. 182, t. 15 (1774); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 511, n. 46 (1788); 
Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 841, n. 24 (1790); Bonn. Fne. Meth. i. 
p. 126, pi. 24. f. 2 (1790); Savigny, Leser. de VEgypt, Ois. pi. 10. 
f. 1 (1809); Bechst. Orn, Taschenb. iii. p. 589 (1812) ; Temm. 
Man. WOrn. p. 535 (1815); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 633 (1831) ; 
Temm. fy Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 128 (1850); Tobias, J.f O. 
1853, p. 217 (Oberlausitz); Passler, J.f. 0.1854, p. 380 (Tauris) ; 
Mull. J. f. O. 1856, p. 232 (Camargue); Buvry, J.f.O. 1857, 
p. 123 (Algeria) ^ Finsch, J, f. O. 1859, p. 386 (Bulgaria) ; 
Linderm. Vd'g. Griechenl. p. 159 (1860); Badde, Beitr. u. Kennt. 
Fuss. Reiches, xxxiii. p. 215 (1861); Kriiper, J.f O. 1862, p. 317 
(Greece); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 155 (Malta) • Schleg. Mus. P.~B., 
Anseres, p. 66 (1866); Wright, Ibis, 1870, p. 492 (Malta); 
Homey. J f. 0. 1870, p. 431 j Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 347 (1872); 
Hartl. Griech. Jahresz. iii. p. 289 (1875). 
Anas rutila, Fall Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv, 1, p. 579, tab. 22. f. 1 

TOL. XXVII. 
1ST 

A23"ATlD,a3. 

(1770) ; id. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 242 (1811); Temm. Man. 
2nd ed. ii. p. 832 (1820); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (1823) ; 
Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 30 (1827); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. 

p. 168 (1831); Menitr. Cat. Rais. p. 57, n. 195 (Bakon: 1832) ,• 
Temm. Man. iv. p. 531 (1840); No?*d?n. in Demid. Vog. iii. p. 286 
(1840); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 564, Taf. 299 (1842); Yarr. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 137 (1843); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxvi (1844); 
Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. pi. 48 (1854) ; Sund. Sv. Fogl. pi. 83. f. 1 
(1856) ; Costa, Fauna Regno di Nap., TIcc. pt. 2, p. 28, t. viii. 
(1857); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Palmen, J. f. O. 
1876, p. 56. 
Oermano forestiero, Ger. Stor. degli TJcc. V. tav. 571 (1776). 
Collared Duck, Gentlem. Mag. xlii. t. p. 161 ( ) (fide Latham). 
Ruddy Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 456, n. 18 (1785) ; id. SuppL i. 

p. 273 (1787). 
Anas cosarca, Bam. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 377 (1817). 
Anser casaxca, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 341 (1818); Dum. Diet. 8c. 
Nat. xxxv. p. 462(1825). 
Tadorna rutila, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 364; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, 

p. 71 (1824); Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 859 
(1831); Sijhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 167, n. 215 (Duklmn, Guzerat) ; 
StricH. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (Smyrna); Gould, B. Eur. pi. 358 
(1837) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 122 (Erzeroum) ; Jerd. 
Madr. Journ. xii. p. 220, n. 286 (1840); Blyth, P. Z. S. 1842, 
p. 94; Tayl. Ibis, 1859, p. 54; Poiuys, Ibis, 1860, p. 354 (Ionian 
Is.) ; 8clat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 190, 1866, p. 150; Taylor, Ibis, 
1867, p. 71 (Egypt); 8clat P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding); 
Elw. $ Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Dobrudscha); Shell Ibis, 1871, 
p. 315; Bound. Ibis, 1871, p. 396 (S. Spain, breeding); Garrod, 
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (carotids), p. 639 (muscles); Irly, Orn. 8tr. 
Gibr. p. 197 (1875); Danf. $ H. Brotcn, Ibis, 1875, p. 4^6 (Transylvania) 
; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 419 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307, 
312 (bursa Fabricii); Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 35 (Asia Minor); 
Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317; Selat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 511; 
Seebh. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 524, pi. 66 (egg) (1885) ; Tristr. Cat. 
Coll. B. pp. 50, 270 (1889); Seebh. B. Jap. Fmp. p. 241 (1890) ; 
Campb. Ibis, 1892, p. 245 (Corea); Elliot, Zool 1892, p. 311 
(Donegal). 
Tadorna rubra, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997. 

Oasarca 
rutila, Bp. Comp. List, p. 56, n. 405 (1838); Eyt. Mon. 
Anaft. p. 106 (1838); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 70, n. 430 
(1842) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 132 (1844); id. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 613, n. 1 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 93 
ff. 426-427 (1845); Rupp. Syst. TJeb. p. 138, n. 490 (Egypt, 
1845); G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll B. M. p. 145 (1846); Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 303, n. 1768 (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst. 
Nat. p. x (1852); Vierth. Naumannia, 1852, p. 44; Licht 
Nomencl Av. p. 101 (1854); Brehm, J.f.O. 1855, pp. 367, 484; 
id. Vogelf. p. 370 (1855); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 46 
(1856); Heugl. Syst. TJebers. n. 689 (1856); Brehm, J. f. O. 
1857, pp. 78,384; Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. AlgSr. p. 140 (1858) • 
Adams, P. Z. S.1858, p. 509,1859, p. 189 (Ladakh); Sclat. P. Z. 8 
1859, p. 206 (breeding); Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 357, 362 (E.Atlas) ; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (Amoy) ; Tristr. ibid. p. 81 (N. Africa); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344 (China); Heugl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth 
1861, p. 311; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); id. P. Z. 8 
1863, p. 324; G. R. Gr. Cat Hodgs. Coll B. M. 2nd ed. p. 76 
26, CASAHOA. 179 

(1863); Hartm. J.f 0.1863, pp. 234, 236; Tristr. P. Z. S.1864, 

p. 453 (Palestine) ; Antin. Cat. Descr. Ucc. p. 113 (1864) (Egypt 
Asia Minor); Jerd. B. of 2nd. iii. p. 791 (1864); Adams, Ibis. 
1864, p. 34 ; id. Jf 0. 1864, p. 457 ; De Fil. Viagg. in Persia, 
p. 342 (1865) ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Alg&r. ii. p. 366 (1867); Pelz 
Ibis, 1868, p. 321 (Puga, Thibet); id. J.f 0. 1868, p. 37 fPuga); 
Tristr. Bis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 401 
(India); Dyb. Sf Parrex, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 339 (Dauria); Gould, 
B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 12 (1869); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 56 (1869) ; 
Heugl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 408; Tacz. J.f 0. 1870, 
p. 55 (Constantine); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. pi. 47. f. 9 (1870); G. B. 
Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10621 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 418 (China) j Fritsch, J.f 0. 1872, p. 369 (Bohemia); Sund. 
Met. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872); Salvad. Faun. ItaL, 
Ucc. p. 256 (1872); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1306 (1873); 
Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 260 (1873) ; Adam, ibid. p. 401 (1873); 
Hume fy Anders. Lahore to Yark. p. 296 (1873); Hume, Nests ty 
Fggs, p. 641 (1873); Tacz. $ Dyb. J.f 0. 1873, p. 108 (Dauria); 
Ball, Str. Feath. ii. p. 437 (1874); Hume, op. cit. iii. p. 193 
(Upper Pegu) (1875); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 165 (Arakan, Bhamo) 
(1875); Butl Str. Feath. iv. p. 28 (1876); Sculhj, ibid. p. 198 
(E. Turkestan) (1876); Fairb. ibid. p. 264 (Khandala); Blanf. 
Fast. Pers. ii. p. 303 (1876); Schal. J.f 0.1876, p. 189 (Persia) ; 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 44 (1877); Butl. Str. Feath. v. 
p. 234 (1877); David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 497 (1877); Blah. $ 
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213; Schal Orn. Centralbl 1878, pp. 12-13, 
76; Brehm, J f. 0. 1878, p. 365; Prjev. Bowl. Orn. Misc. iii. 
p. 100 (Mongolia) (1878); Hume $ Davis. Str. Feath. vi. p. 489 
(Tenasserim, Kolan Island, Mergui ArcMp.) (1878); Hume, Str. 
Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 654 (1879); Scully, ibid. p. 362 (Nepal); 
Finsch} Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 261 (W. Siberia); Hume 
8? Marsh. Game B. oflnd. iii. p. 123, pi. 17 (1880); Bidd. Ibis, 
1881, p. 99 (Gilgit); Gigl. ibid. p. 214 (Italy); Schal J. f 0. 
1881, p. 296; C. Sioinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 124 (Kandahar); Oates, 
Str. F. x. p. 245 (Pegu) (1882); Bchnw. J.f 0. 1882, p. 122 
(Hamburg); Salvad. El. Ucc. ItaL p. 257 (1886); Scully, J. A. 
S. B. lvi. p. 89 (1877); Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 544 
(Shoa) (1888); Koenig, J. f. 0.1888, p. 285 (Tunis); Sharpe, Tr. 
Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 191 (1889) ; Huet, Le Natur. xii. pp. 107, 
108 (1890); De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 491 (China). 
Vulpanser rutila, K. 8f B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxiv, 225 (1844); 

v. d. Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 122 (1844); Bchnw. Orn. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 36 (1882); id. Vbg. zool. Gizrt. p. 62 (1882). 
Tadorna casarca, Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 163 (1842); Drake, 
2bis, 1867, p. 430 (xMoroeco); Degl. <$• Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 2nd ed. 

ii. p. 501 (1867); Doderl. Avif Sicil. p. 257 (1869); Dress. B. 
Eur. vi. p. 461, pi. 421 (1875); Anders. Yunn. Exped. p. 699 
(1879); Legge, B. Ceyl p. 1070 (note, Ceylon ?) (1881); Seebh. 
Ibis, 1882, p. 228 (Astrakhan); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 532 
(1882); B. 0. XT. List Brit. B. p. 122 (1883); Scl. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 428 (1883); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 277 (1883); 
Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang); Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Br. B. 
iv.p. 347 (1884-85); Swinh. # Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 137 ; Lilford, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 345 (Cyprus); Hume, Nests fy Eggs (Oates ed.), iii. 
p. 286 (1890) ; Bchnw. J.f 0. 1890, p. 82; Evans, 2bis, 1891, 
p. 72 (breeding); Dress, ibid. p. 369 (Erzeroum); Collett, Fork 
Selsk. Chr. 1890 (1891), no. 4, pp. 17-19 (Norway); Sharpe, Sec. 
180 AKATTD^E. 

Yarh. Miss.,Aves, p. 128 (1891) ; Lilford, Col Fig. Br. B. pt. xx, 
(1891); Hartert, Kat. Vogehamml p. 228 (1891); Ogilvie, Zool 
1892, pp. 392-398 (Brit. Isl.); Ussher, t. c. pp. 334, 335 (Ireland) j 
Vanh. Verh. Ges. JSrdk. Berl xx. p. (Greenland) (1893). 

Anas (Casarca) rutila, Brehm, J.f.O. 1854, p. 84 (Sudan). 
Anas (Vulpanser) rutila, Rctdde, JReis. 8. O.-Sibr. ii. p. 361, Taf. 

xiv. f. 1 (pullus) (1863). 
Vulpanser rutilus, JRadde, Ornis Caucas. p. 351 (1884). 
Cairina rutila, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 611 (Corea); 1888, p. 
(Oorea). 
Nettalopex rutila, Heine u. Bclmto. Komencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 
(1890). 

Hybrids* 
Casarca rutila tfxC. cana $, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442; id. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 474. 
Tadorna rutila X Ohenalopex segyptiaca, JSclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 2. 
Tadorna casarca X Querquedula falcata?, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 1, 
pi. 1 (Vladivostok, N.E. Asia). 
Tadorna rutila XT. asgyptiaca, Leverh. J.f 0. 1890, p. 221. 
Adult male. Head, cheeks, and chin buff-colour, darkening to an 
orange-brown at the lower part of the neck, which is surrounded 
by a black ring; back, scapulars, breast, and all the underparts 
orange-brown or foxy-red : rump fulvous, vermiculated with black: 
upper tail-coverts, tail, and quills black ; wing-coverts white; 
secondaries glossed with green and purple on the outer web, forming 
a speculum; tertials yellowish, tinged with foxy-red on the outer 
web, and on the inner with grey : bill, legs, and feet blackish; iris 
brown-hazel. Total length about 24 inches, wing 14-5, tail 5*5, 
culm en 1*75; tarsus 2-25. 
Female. Similar to the male, but the head is whiter, the black 
collar round the neck is wanting, and the coloration lighter. 
According to Hume and others, the adult males also are without 
the black collar during the months of December, January, and 
February. 
Young. Resembles the female, but is duller in colour; the 
tertials and scapulars are brown, marked with yellowish red, and 
the white on the wings is washed or soiled with grey (Dresser). 
Nestling in down. Resembles those of the Common Sheldrake, 
but the brown of the upper parts is paler, and the white of the 
underparts is suffused with brown on the breast and belly (Seebohm). 
Hah. Southern and Eastern Europe (being rarer in the West), 
North Africa as far south as Shoa, and through Western Asia, 
Turkestan, and Mongolia to China and Japan; winters in India, 
Burma, and Formosa. 

a. Pull. st. No locality. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Athens. C. L. W. Merlin, Esq, 
c. [ ? ad.] sk.
d. <$ ad. sk.
e. d ad. st.
/ . Juv. st. 
Egypt, Feb. (G. H. S.). 
Damietta, Egypt, Dec.
(Filipjponi). 
[Cape.] 
Northern Asia ?
[P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [P.]. 
Purchased. 

g. Imm. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i} k. <$ ad. sk. 
I. cjT ad. sk. 
m,n. c? 2 ad. sk. 

o. 5 juv. sk. 
p. tf ad. sk. 
q, r. (S ad. et ad. 
sk. 
s, £. £ ad. sk. 

M. $ ad. sk. 
v. Ad. sk. 
w. S a.d. sk. 
#, y. Ad. sk. 
s-c'. c? ad. et juv. 
#. Ad. sk. 
e'. 2 ad. sk/'. 
2 ad. sk. 
#'. Ad. sk. 
h'-n'. <S $ ad. et 

c3 imm. sk. 
o', p', q'. 3 ad. et 
juv. sk. 
r'-a". S 2 ad. sk. 

h",e",d". Ad.sk. 

.e". <$ ad. sk. 

f. S ad. sk. 
g". $ ad. sk. 
"#', *". Ad. et 
Imm. sk. 
Jc", I". Ad. sk. et 

imm. st. 
m". Ad. sk. 
n". Ad. sk. 

o'\ $ ad. sk. 

p". $ ad. sk. 

#". 2 ad. sk. 
r'\ s". Ad. sk. 
£". 2 ad. sk. 
u". <$ ad. sk. 
v". S ad. sk. 
w", x". Ad. sk. 
y". Ad. sk. 


*", az. $ ad. et 
ad. sk. 
2>3. tf ad. sk. 


26 . CASARCA. 
Aden. 
Babylon (Jones). 
Bagdad. 

Bushire, Persian Griil£ 

March. 
Kandahar, March. 
Yarkand, June (J. Scully). 
Turkestan, May (Graf 

Waldburg). 

Saiar Mts. 

Lob-nor (PrjevalsJcy). 
Chuan-che supr. (Prjevalsky). 


India. 

India. 

N. India. 
Ij&(lak (Strachey). 

Sukkur, Sindh. 
Jheelum, Nov. 
Chenab below Mooltan,Dec. 
Murdan, March. 
Gurgaon, Delhi, Jan., Feb. 


(W. N. Chill). 
Etawah. 
Allahabad, Feb., March, 
Nov. (A. 0. MX 
Oadh. 

Oudh, Jan. 
Unao, Jan. (G. Meid). 
Sultanpore, Oudh, Feb. 
Nepal. 

Nepal. 

Nepal (Hodgson). 
Behar. 


Interior of Nat. Sikhim, 
May (L. Mandelli). 
Native Sikhim, May 

(X. M.). 
Sikhim, Oct. (L. M.). 
Calcutta, March. 
Raipur, Feb. 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Boulay, Upper Pegu, Nov. 
Kiukiang, China, Nov. 
Kiukiang, China, Nov. 
(F. W. Styan). 
Hankow, China. 

Shanghai, China, Jan. (A. 
Michie). 

C. Chevalier, Esq
EsqEsq.
.. [P.]. 
India Museum [P 
Kennethkus Es< 
[P. 
Loftus, 
,, 
[P.]. 

W. D. Cumminp*, Esq. 
Colonel Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [P.]. 


St. G-. Littledale, Esq. 

[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Major-Gen. Hardwicke 

Bequest. 
Purchased. 
Col. Cobb [0.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
India Museum [P.J. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
pp.]. 

Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P.]. 


E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.1 
F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
C. Maries, Esq. [0.]. 
Seebohm'Coll. 

182 
ANATID^. 

c3. 5 ad. sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq, 

d*. Skeleton. Zool. Soc. 
e3. Skeleton. Volga. Brandt Coll. 

f3. Imperfect skel. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
HYJBEIDS. 

Casarca rutilaX C. cana 
g3. Ad. sk. Zool. Soc. 

2. Casarca cana. 
Grey-headed Duck, Broion, III pp. 102,104, pis. 41, 42 (Cape of 
Good Hope) (1776); Lath. Syn. Suppl i. p. 273 (1787). 
Oie Saurage a tete grise de la Cote de Coromandel (!), Sonn. Voy. aux 

Ind. ii. p. 220 (1782). 
Grey-headed Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 458, n. 19 (1785). 
Anas cana, Gm. S. JST. i. 2, p. 510, n. 66 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 840, n. 22 (1790); Less. Tr. cFOrn. p. 633 (var.) (1831) j Licht. 
Forster's Descr. An. p. 44 (note) (1844); Schleg. Mus. P.-B.? 
Anseres, p. 67 (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 346 (syn. emend.) 
(1872); JDanf.fy Sarvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 430. 
Anas segyptiaca /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 840 (part.) (1790). 

Anser ferrugineus, Bonn. Enc. Mtth. i. p. 116, pi. 30. f. 2 (1790) (ex 
Brown). 
Anser canus, Vieill. JSf. D. xxiii. p. 346 (1818). 
Bernicla cana, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 61 (1824). 
Kasarka du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Lafr. Mag. de Zool.,Ois. 1834, 

in the text of pi. 36. 
Chenalopex cana, JEyt. Mon. Anat. p. 104 (1838): id. Syn. Anat. 

p. 54 (1869). 
Anas montana, Forst. (nee Gm. ?) Icon. ined. 69, 70; id. Descr. An, 
[ed. Licht), p. 44 (1844) (Cape of Good Hope). 
Casarca rutila, part., G. P. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 132 (1844); 
Layard (nee Pall), Birds S. Afr. p. 350 (1867); Holub, Beitr, 
Orn. Sudafr. p. 329 (1882). 

Bernicla inornata, part., G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 6 (1844). 

Casarca 
cana, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 254 (1848); id. Cat. B* 
Mm. A. S. B. p. 302, n. 1767 (1849); G. P. Gr. Gen. B. App. 
£ 27 (1849); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Bp. Compt. 
Bend, xliii. p. 649, n. 49 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442; 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 362; Gum. Ibis, 1868, p. 262 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 266 (Transvaal); G. P. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10624 (1871) ; 
Sharpe, Layard's Birds S. Afr. p. 753 (1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 350 (Transvaal) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Orange Free 
State). 
Tadorna cana, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 190,1869, p. 629 (breeding), 
1880, p. 512; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Colly. 532 (1882); Sclat.List 
Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 429 (1883) ,• PLartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 228 
(1891). 

Vulpanser cana, Pchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36; id. Tog. zool 
G'drt. p. 62 (1882). 
Tadorna rubida (errore), Sharpe, LayaroVs Birds S. Afr. p. 75B (in 
the synonymy) (1884). 
Nettalopex cana, PLein. fy Pchmo. Nom. Mus. Hem. Orn. p. 343 

(1890). 

26. OASAKCA. 
18S* 
Hybrids* 

Tadorna vulpanser S X Casarca cana J , Sclat P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442, 

pi. clviii.; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 414: id. List Vert, An. 8th ed. p. 428 

(1883). 
Tadorna vulpanser $ x Tadorna cana 9, A. Newt. Ibis. 1868, 

p. 226. 
Adult male. Head and neck ash-coloured; a dark rufous collar 
round the neck; lower part of the neck and breast fulvous, changing 
into cinnamon-colour on the upper hack, scapulars, and underparts; 
the lower abdomen almost chestnut; under tail-coverts bright 
fulvous; back and scapulars vermiculated with black; lower back 
blackish, with pale vermiculations; upper tail-coverts and tail 
black; lower flanks blackish, with fulvous vermiculations; upper 
and under wing-coverts white; primaries, bastard-wing, and 
primary-coverts black, secondaries glossy green on the outer web, 
forming a speculum; inner secondaries cinnamon on the outer web, 
dark grey on the inner one; greater under wing-coverts blackish; 
beak and feet black. Total length about 22 inches, wing 14, tail 
5-5, culmen 1*8, tarsus 2. 

Female. Similar to the male, from which it differs in having the 
anterior part of the head, the sides of the head above the ear-coverts, 
and the throat white; size somewhat smaller. 

Young male. Paler and duller than the adult bird; the head 
and upper part of the neck dull greyish brown. 
Hob. South Africa, as far north as Transvaal and Orange Free 

State. 
a, b. 2 ad. et juv. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0 J. 
St. 
c,d. 3 2 ad. sk.
e. c? ad. sk.
f. 9 ad. sk. 
Transvaal (T. At/res). 
Potschefstroom, July(T. Ayres). 
Kroonstad, March(F. Symonds). 
Shelley Coll. 
J. 3EL Gurney, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. H. Gkxmey, Esq. 
[P.]. 
HYBKIDS. 

Tadorna eornuta tf X Casarca cana $. 
g> h. <$ $ ad. sk. Zoological Society. 

Casarca cana ^XC. rutila $. 

i. Pull. st. 
Zoological Society. 
3. Casarca variegata. 
Variegated 
Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 441, n. 6 (1785) (N*ew 
Zealand). 
Anas variegata, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 505, n. 58 (1788); Lath Ind.Orn. 

ii. p. 836, n. 10 (1790),-Schleg. Mus. P.-R, Anseres, p. 65 (1866); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 364 (1872). 
Anser variegatua, Bonn. Bnc. MMh. i. p. 113 (1790),- Vieill. N. IX 

xxiii. p. 346 (1818); Bum. Diet 8c. Nat. xxxv. p. 472 (1825). 
184 
AXA.1J2M. 

Anas picta, Vieill. (nee Gm.) N. D. v. p. 132 (New Zealand) (1816) 

(ex Cooke). 
Bemicla variegata, #fc?^. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 59 (1824). 
Casarka castanea, Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 108, pi. 19 ($) (1838); id. 

Syn. Anat. p. 59 (1869). 
Anas cheneros, Foi*st. Icon. hied. t. 67; id. Descr. An. (ed. Licht.) 

p. 92 (1844) ; Licht. ibid, (note) (=A. variegata, Gm.). 
Oasarca variegata, 
G. R. Gr. in Dieff. Trav. ii. App. p. 198 (1843) ; 
id. List B.Brit. Mus. iii. p. 133 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 613, n. 3 
(1845); G. R. Gr. Zool. JEreb. <§• Terror, Birds, p. 15, pi. 16 (tf) 
(1846); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, p. 94. f. 2351 (ex JEreb. $ 
Terror) (1850); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854) ; Haast, 
Report, p. 136 (1861); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 101; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, 

p. 240 ; Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 245; Butter, Essay Orn. N. Zeal. 
p. 18 (1865); Sector, New Zeal. &vh. p. 277 (1865); Finsch, 
J.f. 0. 1867, p. 336,1870, p. 356; Potts, Tr. $ Br. N. Z. Inst. 
ii. (1869) p. 71 (1871); Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland) ; 
id. Cat. B. New Zeal. p. 35 (1871); G. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 80, 
n. 10623 (1871); Travers, Tr. $ Br. N. Z. Inst. iv. (1871) pp. 206, 
207 (1872); Finsch, J.f. 0.1872, p. 184; Botts, Tr. § Br. N. Z. 
Inst. v. p. 199 (1873); Butter, Hist. B. New Zeal. p. 241, pi. 25 
(d$ ) (1873); Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1874, p. 96 (egg); Finsch, 
J. f. 0. 1874, p. 202; Sharpe, Zool. Breb. # Terr., Birds, App. 
p. 31 (1875) ; Butter, Man. B. New Zeal. p. 67, pi. xxix. (1882) ; 
Finsch, Ibis, 1882, pp. 400, 401; ? Layard, ibid. p. 542 (New 
Caledonia); Butter, JEist. B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 264, pi. xliii. 
(1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 50 (1889); Smith, Trans. 8f Br. 
N Z. Inst. xxi. 1888, p. 222 (1889); Butter, Trails. $ Br. N. Z. 
Inst. xxv. 1892, p. 63 (1893). 
Casarca castanea, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 48 (1856). 
Anser variegata, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7471. 
Tadorna variegata, Sclat. B. Z. S. 1864, p. 191, pi. xix, 1866, pp. 78, 


149, 1869, p. 629, 1880, p. 512; id. List Ve?^. An. 8th ed. p. 429 
(1883); Rogeron, Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1885, pp. 151-173; Sclat. 
Ibis, 1888, p. 410 (note) ; Kartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 228 
(1891). 

Vulpanser 
variegata, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36; id. Vog. 
zool. Gart. p. 62 (1882). 
Nettalopex variegata, Hein. §• Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 343 
(1890). 

Adult male. Head and tipper part of tlie neck glossy black; 
back, scapulars, breast, and sides black, waved and freckled with 
narrow grey lines and points; upper tail-coverts deep black; 
middle of the abdomen chestnut-brown, waved across with black 
lines; under tail-coverts pure rich chestnut; upper and under 
wing-coverts, with the axillaries, white : primaries black; secondaries 
shining green on the outer web, forming a bright speculum; 
tertials have the outer web chestnut, becoming paler towards the 
tips, and their inner webs dark cinereous, freckled with grey ; tail 
black: " irides and bill black; feet greyish black" (Butter). 
Total length about 24 inches, wing 14-5, tail 6, culmen 1*7, 

tarsus 2-6. 
Adult female. Head and upper part of the neck pure white; 
lower part of the neck, back, scapulars, breast, and abdomen chest


26. CASAECA. 185 
nut, more or less waved and freckled with black and white lines ; 
remainder as in the male. Size somewhat less. 

Young, " In the young stage the sexes are alike, the plumage 
resembling more nearly that of the adult male. Head and upper 
portion of neck sooty black, varied with light brown; lower portion 
of neck dark brown, with narrow transverse lines of rufous; the 
whole of the under surface blackish brown, mottled and barred 
with rufous, each feather narrowly margined with white; shoulders, 
back, and lower sides of the body black, with white freckles and 
vermieulations ; wings as in the adult; rump and tail black; under 
tail-coverts pale ferruginous" (Buller). 

Young males have a tinge of brown about the head, and the 
feathers of the shoulders more or less margined with dull fulvous 
brown, presenting on the surface wavy lines {Buller), 

Young females show irregular white feathers on the head and 
neck, which rapidly increase in number, till the plumage of those 
parts becomes entirely white (Buller). 

Young in clown. Upper half of the head, a band along the nape, 
mantle, and anterior part of the wings, a band along the back, and 
two patches on the flanks brown; lower half of the head, lower 
parts, posterior half of the wings (except at the tip), and a band on 
.each side of the back and rump white. 
Hab. New Zealand (it has straggled to Brisbane ?). 

a, b. cT 2 ad. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Coll. 
c, d. S 2 a<i-st-
£,f. 6 2 ad. st.
f,ft' S 2 *&• sk*
t. <5 ad. sk. 
New Zealand. 
New Zealand. 
Qtago, July. 
[Brisbane, July] (Cockerell$* Thorpe). 
[P.]. 
P. Earl, Esq. [0.]. 
Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Jc. Pull. st. Zool. Soc. 

4. Casarca tadornoides-
New Holland Shieidrake, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 306 (1824). 
Anas tadornoides, Jard. fy Selby, III Orn. ii. pi. lxii. (1828); Lafr. 
Mag. Zool, Ois. 1834, text to pi. 23; Less. Compl de Buff., Ois. 

ix. p. 534 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 721 (1838); Schleg. Mus. 
P.-J?., Anseres, p. 65 (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 364 (1872). 
Anas kasarkoides, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1834, text to pi. 36. 
Casarka todoraoides, Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 107 (1838) j id. Syn. Anat. 

p. 58 (1869). 
Oasarca tadornoides, Gould, B. Austr. v. pi. 7 (pt. xiv., 1844); G. R. 
Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 133 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 613, 

n. 2 (1845) 5 Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 93.ff. 428-430 (1845); 
Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, 
n. 47 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 185; Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. ii. p. 361 (1865); G. It. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10622 
(1871): Bams. Br. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. i. pp. 195, 219 (1876), ii. 
p. 200, n. 653 (1878); id. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 664 (1888); Blaauw, 
Ibis, 1894, p. 317 (double moult). 
Tadorna tadornoides, Earth Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); Sclat. 

186 ANATIDiE. 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 191, pi. xTiii., 1880, p. 512 ; id. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 429 (1883) ; Zegge, Pr. JS. Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 244 
(Tasmania) (1887); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 59 (1889); Hartert, 
Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 228 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. 
Surg. iii. p. 298 (1891). 
Vulpanser tadornoides, JRchnw. Orn. Centralhl 1882, p. 35; id. Vog. 
zool. Gart. p. 62 "(1882). 
Nettalopex tadornina, Heine fy Hchmv. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 843 
(1890). 

Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck glossy dark green; 
a white ring separates the tipper part of the neck from the lower part, 
which, together with the upper part of the back and breast, are of 
a bright foxy-red; back, scapulars, and lower parts black, finely 
freckled and waved with fulvous; upper and under tail-coverts and 
tail black, glossed with green; wing-eoverts pure white: primaries 
and primary-coverts black; secondaries with a glossy green 
speculum; tertiaries rich chestnut on their outer web and dark 
grey on their inner webs: li irides dark brown; bill black; legs 
greyish black5' {Gould). Total length about 24 inches, wing 14, 
tail 6, culmen 1*8, tarsus 2-25. 

Female. Smaller and duller than the male ; head and upper part 
of the neck brown-black; a ring of white or mottled feathers 
surrounds the base of the bill. 

According to E. E. Elaauw, this bird is subject to a double moult. 
" In May the first moult takes place of all the feathers, primaries 
and tail-feathers included. The rich shining chestnut feathers of the 
breast are then replaced by dull yellowish-brown feathers, and the 
white neck-collar is replaced by another collar, also white, but not 
so clearly defined, and not nearly so pure in colour." Mr. Elaauw 
calls this the winter dress. 

"At the end of August generally, the second moult (of the 
small feathers only) begins and produces the breeding-dress. The 
dull yellowish breast-feathers are then shed and replaced by 
the bright chestnut-coloured ones, while the shining white neck-
collar is also regained. These bright feathers also seem to have 
a different structure from those of the winter dress, being much, 
more silky and hairy in appearance." 
Hah. Southern and Western Australia, and Tasmania. 

a~-d. <$ $ ad. sk. Australia (Cocker ellfyThorjpe). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

e,f. <$ 2 ad. sk. N. S. Wales. Australian Museum 
g. $ ad. st.
h. S ad. sk. 
S. Australia. 
Tasmania.
[E.]. 
Sir G. Grey 
Victoria M[P.], 
useum 
i $ ad. sk. Tasmania.
[P.I 
Gould. Coll. 
h. Skeleton. S. Australia. 

27. ANAS. 187 
27. ANAS. 
Type. 

Anas, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 134 (1766) A. boscas. 
Anassus, Itqfin. Analyse, p. 72 (1815). 
Boschas, 8w. Fauna JBor.-Amer., Birds, p. 442 (1831) A. boscas. 

Range. Cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a, Central tail-feathers curled up. 
a'. No white ring round the eyes. 
a". Speculum purple-blue; under tail-
coverts in full-plumaged males velvety 
black 
b". Speculum greenish blue; under tail-
coverts (in full-plumaged males?) 
black, more or less mixed with chestnut 


b\ A ring of white feathers round the eyes.. 
b, Central tail-feathers not curled up. 
c\ Wing-speculum purple, green, or blue, 
c". No transverse white oands across the 
tail. 

c'". Bill greenish olive or yellowish, but 
not yellow with a distinct longitudinal 
black patch on the culmen. 

<?4. Outer web of tertials not white. 

c5. No very distinct black band 
through the eyes, but sometimes 
only an obsolete one. 

ce. Throat and cheeks thickly 
streaked with brown; no 
white band anteriorly to the 
speculum. 

c7. Speculum metallic green .. 
d1. Speculum dark violet; 
general colour very dark.. 

d6. Throat usually not streaked 
with brown; the light part 
of the plumage more or less 
rufescent. 

e7. No white subapical band on 
the last row of the upper 
wing-coverts; speculum 
bluish green or greenish 
blue. 

e*. Secondaries with no white 
band at the tip, or with 
a very narrow one ... . 

/ 8 . Secondaries with a very 
distinct white band, 
about 035 inch broad, 
at the tip 

f7, A white subapical band on 
the last row of the upper 

boscas, p. 189. 

wyvilliana, p. 196. 
laysanensis, p. 199, 

melleri, p. 199. 
obscura, p. 200* 

\fulvigula, p. 202. 
maculosa, p. 203. 

aberti, p. 204. 

388 ANATIDJE. 

wing-coverts, quite distinct. 
yH. Speculum purple-blue or 

•violet boscas $ , p. 189. 
A8. Speculum greenish blue 
or bluish green wyvilliana $, p. 196. 
i8. Speculum green diazi, p. 204. 
d5. A very distinct black band 
through the eyes. 
eG. Sides of the head and neck 
rufous ; plumage almost uniform 
brown-grey luzonica, p. 205. 

Z8. Sides of the head and neck 
not rufous; general plumage 
distinctly mottled; speculum 
metallic green; no white 
band anteriorly to the speculum 
superciliosa, p. 206, 

d4

-. Outer web of tertials more or less 
broadly white; terminal portion 
of the upper mandible yellow. 


e5. Speculum metallic green; a 
broad white subapical band on 
the last row of the upper wing-
coverts, anteriorly to the speculum 
; mandible at the forehead 
red; breast white, with 
conspicuous black round spots ; 
the whole of the outer web of 
tertials white pczcilorhyncha, p. 209. 

f5. Speculum metallic blue, more 
or less with a greenish lustre; 
no white band anteriorly to 
the speculum; no red spots at 
the base of bill; feathers of the 
breast brown, but not conspicuously 
spotted on a white 
ground; only the apical portion 
of the outer web of the tertials 
white zonorhyncha, p. 211. 

d'ri. Bill yellow, with a distinct longitudinal 
black patch on the culmen ; 
speculum green undulata, p. 212. 

d". Conspicuous white bars across the 
tail, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and 
tertials sparsa, p. 213. 

d'. Wing-speculum coppery-red. 
e''. Tail moderate; a broad white patch 
between the bill and the eyes specularis, p. 215. 


/" . Tail rather long, approaching that of 
Dqfila; nape with a pendent crest; 
no white patch between the bill and 
the eyes (not typical) cristata, p. 216 * 

* The short diagnosis of the following species, published by me, was taken 
from a female bird; but having since examined immature males in the Paris 
Museum, I find that their central tail-feathers have a tendency to^curl up, 
27. ANAS. 189 
1. Anas boscas. 
Common Duck. 
Anas fera, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 318 (1760); Leach, Cat M. 8c B. Br. 
Mus. p. 38 (1816). 
Anas domestica, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 308 (1760) ; Gm. 8. N. i. 2, 

p. 538, n. 113 (1788); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 364 (1817) ; 
Brehm, Vbg. Beutschl. p. 866 (1831). 
Anas rostro incurvo, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 311 (1760). 
Anas boschas, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 205, n. 40 (1766); Scop. Ann. I. 

Hist. Nat. p. 63, n. 77 (1769); Forst. Philos. Trans, lxii. p. 383 
(1772) ; Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 538, n. 40 (1788): Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 850, n. 49 (1790); Bonn. Em. Meth. i. p. 142 (1790) ; Lath. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 112, pi. xiii. f. 10 (trachea) (1798); 
Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 255 (1811); Wits. Am. Orn. viii. 
p. 112, pi. 70. f. 7 (1814); Temm. Man. p. 537 (1815); Vieill. 
N. B. v. p. 138 (1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 356 (1817); 
Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 835 (1820); Bote, Ids, 1822, p. 564 ; 
Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 84 (1823); Stepk Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 84 
(1824); Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wils. n. 256 (1825); Banz. Mem. 
di Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 100 (1826); Bp. 8yn. p. 383 (1828); 
Licht. Preis-Verz. p. iii, n. 157 (Mexico) (1830); Brehm} Isis, 
1830, p. 992 ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 634 (1831); Saw, Orn. Tosc.m. 
p. 161 (1831) ; Wagl Isis, 1831, p. 532 (Mexico); Menetr. Cat. 
Rais. p. 57 (Bakou) (1832); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 164, pi. 221 
(1835) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (Smyrna); Gould, B. Bur. 
,, pi. 361 (1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 56 (1838) ; Byt. Mon. Anat 

p. 140, pi. 11 (skeleton & trachea) (1838); Fras. P. Z. S. 1839, 
p. 134 (Erzeroum) ; Aud. Syn. p. 276 (1839); Vig. Zool. Beech. 
Yoy. p. 30 (1839) ; Temm. Man. iv. p. 531 (1840); K. § B. 
Wirhelth. Fur. pp. lxxxv, 227 (1840); Macgill. Man. ii. p. 165 
(1842); Selys-Long. Faun. Beige, i. p. 140 (1842); Naum. Vog. 
Deutschl. xi. p. 575, Taf. 300 (1842); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 236, 
pi. 385 (1843); BeKay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 347 (1844); Giraud, 
B. Long Isl. p. 299 (1844); Schleg. Bev. Crit. p. cxiii (1844) 
Marti Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844); G. M. Gr. List B. Brit. 
Mus. iii. p. 135 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 1 (1845); Rtipp. 
showing some relation to A. boscas; besides, the mottling of the head and 
of the upper parts shows great likeness to A. boscas, with which the adult 
birds from the Marianne Islands, when available, will have to be compared. 
One of the specimens is very similar to the type of u A. boschas m.freycineti"; 
this is labelled as from "Malouines Islands," but, according to M. Oustalet, it 
may have come from the Marianne Islands. 

ANAS OUSTALETI. 

? Anas boschas a. freycineti, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649 (1856) (nomen 
nudum). 
Anas oustaleti, Salvad. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, n. xx. p. 1 (Marianne Is.) 
(1894). 

Female. Similar to A. superciliosa, but differs in being paler underneath, in 
having less defined dusky bands on the sides of the head (one through the lores 
and the eyes backwards, and the other through the cheeks), the light part of the 
cheeks redder and generally spotted, and the speculum bluish purple, while 
in A. superciliosa it is pure metallic green; besides anteriorly to the speculum 
there is a sufficiently distinct white band near the tip of the greater wingcoverts1, 
which is wanting in A. superciliosa. (Mus. Paris.) 

Kab. Marianne or Ladrone Islands (G-uaham). 

190 ATSTATIDiE. 

Sy&t. Uebers. p. 138, n. 497 (Abyssinia) (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 84. ff. 199-202 (1845); G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. 


B. M. p. 145 (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Feale, U.S. 
Expl. Exp. no. 103 (1848); Degl Orn. Eur. ii. p. 425 (1849) ; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 303, n. 1771 (1849) ; T. $ S. 
Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 126 (1850); Harcourt, F. Z.S. 1851, p. 146 
(Madeira) ; Rchnb. Av. Si/st. Nat. p. ix (1852); Hartl. Arch.f. 
Naturg. 1852, i. p. 122 ; Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. p. 103 (1853); Midd. 
Sibir. Reis. ii. 2, p. 229 (1853); Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, 
p. 270 (Scandinavia); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (Arabia, Mexico) 
(1854) ; Bolle, Jf. 0. 1855, p. 179 (Canaries); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 649, n. 64 (1856); Newb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 102 (1857) ; 
Cab. Jf. 0. 1857, p. 229 (Cuba); Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp., Mamm. 
and Orn. p. 340 (Oregon, California, Philippines) (1858); Kittl. 
Derikw. ii. p. 294 (1858); Adams, F. Z. S. 1858, p. 516; Murr. 
New Edinb. FHL Journ. 1859, p. 229 (Hudson's Bay) ; Adams, 
F. Z. S. 1859, p. 190; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 774 (1858) ; id. Cat. 
B. N. Am. n. 576 (1859); Bryant, Fr. Bost Soc. N. M. viii. 
p. 122 (Bahamas) (1859) : Brewer, ibid. p. 308 (Cuba) (1860); 
Flower, F. Z. S. 1860, p. 333 (gizzard); Coop. $ Suchl. N. H. 
Wash. Terr. p. 253 (1860); Schrenck, Vog. Amurl. p. 472 (1860); 
Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 13 (Greenland); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344 

(N. China); Coues, Fr. Ac. Fhilad. 1861, p. 238; Swinh. Ibis, 
1862, p. 254 ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332 (Japan); Verr. Fr. Ess. 
Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862); Ross, Canad. Nat. vii. p. 152 (McKenzie 
B.) (1862) ; id. Nat. Hist. Rev. (2) ii. p. 287 (1862); Hayd. Rep. 
p. 175 (1862); Licit. J.f.O. 1863, p. 59, n. 151 (Mexico) ; G. R. 
Gr. List Br. B. p. 193 (1863); id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd 
ed. p. 77 (1863) : Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (China) ; id. Ibis, 
1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ; Radde,Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 363 (1863) ; 
March, Fr. Ac. Fhilad. 1864, p. 72 (Jamaica) ; Jerd. B. oflnd. 
iii. p. 398 (N. India) (1864); Tristr. F. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Palestine) 
; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 13 (Panama) (1865) ; More, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 443 (Great Brit.) ; Godm. Ibis, 1866, p. 102 (Azores) ; 
ScUeg. Mus. F.-B., Anseres, p. 40 (1866); Coues, Fr. Ac. Fhilad. 
1866, p. 98 ; Gundl. Repert. Fisico-Nat Cuba, i. p. 388 (1866); 
Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 506 (1867) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
viii. p. 13 (Panama!), p. 296 (Long Isl.) (1868); Coues, Fr. Ess. Inst. 
1868, p. 298; Byb. 8? Farr. Jf. 0.1868, p. 338 (Dauria); Ball 8r 
Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 296 (1869); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 97 (1869) ; 
Bole, Fr. Bost. Soc. N. H, xii. p. 305 (Sandwich Is., naturalized 
in all the Islands of the group) (1869); Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. 
Terr. p. 466 (1870); Frzew. Futesh. Ussier, n. 197 (1870); David, 
N. Arch, du Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 445 (1871); G. R. Gr. Sand-
list, iii. p. 82, n. 10638 (1871); Swinh. F. Z. S. 1871, p. 417; 
Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. pp. 147, 148 (1872) \Merr. U.S. 
Geol Surv. Terr. p. 703 (1872); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 345 (1872); 
Shell B. of Egypt, p. 283 (1872); Coues, Key, p. 285 (1872); id. 
Check-list, n. 488 (1873) ; Ball, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw. p. 5 
(1873) ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 642 (Cashmere) (1873); id. 
Str. Feath. i. p. 261 (N.W. India) (1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
ii. 2, p. 1314 (1873) ; Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 129 
(1873); Sharpe 8f Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 469, pi. 422 (1873) j 
Severtz. TurJcest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Tacz. Jf O. 1873, p. 109, 
1874, p. 336; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 559 (1874); Lawr. Mem. 
Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874); Gundl. Jf. 0.1875, 
27. ANAS. 
191 
p. 378 (Cuba); Fowl Orn. Misc. i. p. 117, pi. xiv. £ 2 ($ in <$ 
plumage) (1875) ; Blanf. East. Fers. ii. p. 300 (1876): Sclat.% 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 380; Scully, Str. Feath. iv. p. 199 (Turkestan) 
(1876); Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 409; Frzew. Mongolie, ii. 
pp. loo, 170 (1876); Swinh. Bis, 1877, p. 146 (Hakodadi); Tacz. 
Orn. Faun. Yost. Sibir. p. 69 (1877); id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, 

p. 45; David <$-Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 495 (1877) ; Frjev., Rowley's 
Om. Misc. iii. p. 101 (S.E. Mongolia) (1878); Blah. $ Fryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 213; Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 430 (Michalaski); Seebh. 
Ibis, 1879, p. 22 (Japan) ; Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 958 
(1879); Finsck, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 262 (1879); Blah. 
4r Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 183 (1880); Cory] B. Bahama 
Id. p. 184 (1830); Sclat. F. Z. S. 1880, p. 516 ; Elliot, Mon. Seal 
Isl p. 130 (1881) ; Rchno. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 18; id. Toy. 
zool. Gdrt. p. 50 (1882); C. Stoinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 124 (S. Afghanistan) 
; Bldk. 8? Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x.p. 96 (1882); Blahist. 
Chrysanth. 1883, p. 27 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883. p. 343 ; 
Hartl J.f.O. 1883, p. 281 (Alaska); Nek. Cruise l Corwin; p. 95 
(1883) ; P., P., 8f F. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 491 (1884); Tristr. 
Faun. $ Flor. Falest. p. 115 (1884) ; DHamonv. Bull. Soc. Zool. 
Fr. 1834,^ p. 101; Madar. Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. i. p. 37 (1884) ; 
Schiavuzzi, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 38 (var.) ,* id. Zeitschr. 

d. 
ges. Orn. ii. p. 53, 1 5 (var.) (1885); Zarudn. Ois. Transcasp. 
p. 72 (1885); Seebh, Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 559, pi 63 (egg) (1885); 
Cory, List B. West Ind. p. 30 (1885); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158 ; 
Sfejney. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. n. 29, p. 152 (Bering Is.) (1885); 
Wells, List B. Grenada, p. 10 (1886) j D'Hamomo. Bull. Soc. 
Zool Fr. 1886, p. 286; Uarting, Zoolog. 1886, p. 229; Turner, 
Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 131 (1886); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Am. 
B. p. 114, n. 132 (1886); Wray, P. Z. S. 1887, pp. 348-350, 
pis. xxix., sxx. (wing); Nels. Fep. N. H. Coll. in Alaska, Birds, 
p. €7 (1887); Midgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 91 (1887); Stejn. Fr. 
ZT.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 (Commander Is.) (1887); Tacz. P. Z. S, 
1888, p. 460 (Corea) ; White, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xx. p. 39 (1888) 
(§ in 3 plumage); Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 61 (Cuba, Bahamas, 
Jamaica, Grenada); id. B. W. Ind. p. 262 (1889); Meyer, Abb. 
Vogel-SM. Taf. cxv. (pt. xiL, 1889); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 49 
(1889) ; Seebh. P. Jap. Emp. p. 243 (1890) ; Hartert, Kat. 
Yogelsamml p. 290 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Ost. Spec. Coll Surg. 

iii. Aues, p. 299 (1891); Brandt, J.f. 0.1891, p. 267 (Aleutian 
Is.); Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 38 (1892); Oust. Ois. du Turkest. 
etc., Nouv. Arch. (3) vi. Extr. p. 97 (1894). 
Anas bosehas, & Linn. S. N. i. p. 206 (1766) (=A . domestica). 
Anas adunca, Linn. S. N. i. p. 206, n. 41 (1766) (var. domestica) ; 
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 538, n. 41 (1788); Fall Zoogr. Fosso-As. ii. 

p. 257 (1811); Donovan, Br. P . ix. pi. 218 (1828) ,• Less. Tr. 
<POm. p. 634 (1831); J&nyns, Man. p. 234 (1835). 
Anas monacha, 
Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. Q5, n. 80 (1769) (var. ?) ; 
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 73 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 847, 

n. 40 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Mith. i. p. 146 (1790); Bechst. Orn. 
Taschenb. ii. p. 453 (1803); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 128 (1816); Dum. 
Diet Sc. Nat. vi. p. 384 (1817); Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 107 
(1824). 
Anas ciirvirostra, Fall. Spicil vi. p. 33 (1769); Gm. S. N. i. 2, 

p. 537, n. 112 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 50 (1790) ; 
192 AKATIDiE. 

Bonn. Em. Meth. i. p. 144 (1790); VieilL N. D. v. p. 107 (1816) j 
Du?n. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 365 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, 

p. 93 (1824); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 84. ff. 213-15 (1845), 
Canard sauvage, D'Aubent PL JSnl. 776 (<$), 777 ($ ) (1770); 
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 115, pis. 7, 8 (1783). 
Anatra salvatica reale, Ger. Stor. degl. Ucc. v. t. 570 ( g ) (1776). 
Mallard, Fenn. Zool Arct. ii. p. 563 (1785) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 489, 

n. 43 (1785). 
Curved-billed Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 496, n. 44 (1785). 
Anas cirrhata, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 538 (1788) (var.). 
Anas persica, Gm. ibid. (var.). 
Anas major, Gm. t. c. p. 539 (var.). 
Anas grisea, Gm. ibid. (\ar.). 
Anas nsevia, Gm. ibid. (var.). 
Anas nigra, Gm. ibid. (var.). 
Anas boscas, Forst. Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 35 (1817) ; Wharton, Ibis, 
1879, p. 453 (nomen emend.) ; Hume 8f Marsh. Game B. of Ind. 
iii. p. 151, pi. 21 (1880); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 99; Scully, L c. 
p. 592 ; A. 8r E. Neiot. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (J881) ; Ridgw. Norn. 
N. Am. B.J n. 601 (1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113, 
n. 707 (1882); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll p. 533 (1882) ; B. 0. U. 
List Brit. B. p. 125 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 430 
(1883) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 691 (1884) ; Saund. 
YarrelVs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 358 (1884-85) ; Gigl Icon. Avif. 
Ital. fasc. xxix. tav. 349 (1886): Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital p. 257 
(1886); Lilf. Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. viii. pi. — (1888); Hume, 
Nests 8f Eggs {Gates ed.), iii. p. 288 (1890); Bchmv. J.f. 0.1890, 

p. 82; Sharpe, Sec. Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 130 (1891) ; Bub. Faun. 
Belg., Ois. ii. p. 432, pi. 253 (1892) ; Fleske, Mel Biol xiii. p. 298 
(1892); A. Newt. Diet, of B. p. 168 (1893). 
Anas archiboschas, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 1; id. Vog. Deutschl 

p. 862 (1831). 
Anas subboschas, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 3 ; id. Vog. Deutschl 
p. 864 (1831). 
Anas conboschas, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 4 ; id. Vog. Deutschl 
p. 865 (1831). 
Anas (Boschas) domestica, Sw. <§• Bich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 442 
(1831); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 378 (1894). 
Anas (Boschas) boschas, Jenyns, Man. p. 233 (1835). 
Boschas domestica, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837). 
Penguin Duck, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 141 (1838) (var. dom.). 
Anas boschas domestica, Rchnb. Syn. Av. t. 84. if. 206-212 (1845). 
Boschas fera, Denny, F. Z. S. 1847, p. 40. 
Anas major, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 372 (1855); id. Naumannia, 1855, 

p. 297 *(E. Asia). 
Anas boschas, var. pallescens, Olph-Gall Naumannia, 1855, p. 402. 
Hybrids. 

Anas biweri, Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 302, pi. 338 (1838) (=A . boschas 
X A. strepera P); id. Syn. p. 277 (1839); id. B. Amer. vi. 

•p. 252, pi. 387 (1843); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 100. f. 2771 
(ex Audubon) (1850); Coues, B. N.-West. p. 560 (1874) (=A< 
boschas X A. strepera or F. vaHisneria); B., B., fy B. Water-B. 
27 . A3S-AS. 193 
N. Amer. i. p. 491 (=A. boschas tf in changing plumage?), 
p. 4Q5 (=A. boschas X A. obscura?). 
Anas auduboni, Bp. Comp. List, p. 56, n. 374 (1838) (=breweri). 
Anas nioschato-boschas, Rchnb. Sim. Av.. Natatores, t. 84. f. 203 
(1845). 

Anas fusco-bosehas, Rchnb. ibid.ff. 204-205 (1845). 

Anas maxima, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 399 (1847) ( = A. boscbas x Oairina 

moschata): Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 774 (1858); Sclat. P. Z. S. 

1859, p. 369 (Mexico). 

Cliaulelasmus streperus a. breweri, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650 

(=0 . streperus X A. boschas!) (1856). 

Anas boschas xDahla acuta, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 437. 

Anas boschas x Anas obscura, A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 337; 

Schleg. Mus. P.~B., Anseres, p. 41, n. 31 (1866) ; Slade, Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. vii. p. m (1884). 
Anas boschas x A. crecca, Cromm. N. T. JD. ii. p. 293 (1865) : 
Zeverk. J.f.O. 1890, p. 227. 
Anas boschas tf x Anas crecca P, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 

p. 41, n. 30 (1866). 
Anas boschas (domestica) x A. clypeata, Tschusi. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 
1885, p. 523. ^ ^ 
? Anas boscas $ x A. superciliosa <$, White, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. 

xviii. pp. 134, 135 (1885); 
Anas [domestica] labradoria X Anas parva alba (?), Kemp, Mem. 
Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 109 (1890) ; Zeverk. J.f.O. 1890, p. 227. 

Anas boscas x A. strepera, W. L. Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 213. 

Anas boscas $ x Mergus merganser $, Schluter, Orn. Jahrb. ii. 

pp. 109, 110 (1891) ; Tschztsi, ibid. pp. 170,171. 

Anas boschas x Anas americana, Elliot, Auk, 1892, p. 160. 

Anas boscas x Cliaulelasmus streperus, Pavesi, Bull. Soe. Veneto-

Trent. di 8c. Nat. v. no. 3 (1893). 

Adult male. Head and upper half of the neck rich glossy green;. 
below that a narrow ring of white, not quite meeting behind; 
mantle and scapulars grey3 more or less tinted with brown and 
minutely barred with brown; middle of the back dark umber-
brown ; rump, upper and under tail-coverts deep velvety black; 
upper breast deep chestnut; lower breast, sides, and abdomen 
greyish, white, waved with narrow dark lines; wings ash-brown; 
wing-speculum on the secondaries glossy purple-blue, margined 
anteriorly and posteriorly by a black and a white band, the last 
row of the coverts having a subterminal white band and the tip 
black, and the secondaries having a subterminal black band and the 
tip white; tertials partly dark brown on the outer web; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white; four middle tail-feathers black 
and recurved, remainder of the tail-feathers pale grey in the middle, 
edged with white : bill yellowish green, black at the tip; under 
mandible reddish yellow at the base; irides brown ; legs and feet 
reddish orange. Total length about 24 inches, wing 10-50-11-50, 
tail 4*4, culmen 2-2, tarsus 1*85. 

Adult female. General colour of the upper parts dark brown, each 
feather having a brownish-buff margin; the underparts are buff 
streaked with dark brown, except on the chin and throat, which 

VOL. xxvn. ° 

194 ANATIDiE. 

are immaculate; wings as in the male; tail brown, the edges of the 
feathers pale whitish buff. 
Young in first plumage closely resembles adult female, but the 
male is somewhat darker in colour. 
Adult male in moulting plumage resembles adult female, but is 
somewhat darker in colour. 

Toting in down has the upper parts dark brown, with nearly 
white spots on the wings, scapulars, and sides of the rump; the 
underparts are pale brown, palest on the belly, and shading into 
buff on the throat; it has a buff stripe over the eye, a dark brown 
stripe through the eye, and a dark spot at the end of the ear-
coverts (Seebohm). 

Hab. Northern Hemisphere, rarely north of the Arctic Circle • 
in Africa, extending from the Azores, Madeira, and Canaries on the 
"West to Nubia and Abyssinia (Euppell) on the East; in Asia, during 
the winter found from Arabia, through Persia and North India, 
to China and Japan ; in America, extending southwards to Mexico, 
the "West Indies, and Central America as far as Panama. 

a. $ ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
b. Pull. st. Orkneys, June. Purchased. 
c. J ad. sk. Eirth of Forth, Nov. (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. JR.). 
d. Juv. sk. England. Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Pull. sk. England ? Gould Coll. 
ffg,h. $ ad. et Great Britain. Purchased. 
pull. st. 
i-o. J ad. et $ Merton Hall, Norfolk, Aug., Lord Walsinghani 
5 juv. sk. Oct. 
jp. $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 
q, r, s. $ ad. et Avington, Feb., May. E. Bowdler Sharpe, 
pull. sk. & st. Esq. [P/j. 
t, u. $ 2 ad- sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
v-i/. <$ 2 ad. et East Sutton Park, Kent, July. W. Berry, Esq. [P.]. 

juv. sk. 

z. tf ad. sk. Near Vienna. E. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq. [P.]. 
a'. <J ad. sk. Arcachon, France, Nov. Seebohm Coll. 
b'. <$ ad. sk. Sueca, Valencia, Spain, Dec. Seebohni Coll. 


(H. Saunders). 
e'. $ ad. sk. Egypt (G.E.S.). Shelley Coll. 
d'. 2 ad. sk. Mt. Lebanon. S. Baroody, Esq. 


e'. S ad. [head]. Eao, Persian Gulf. W. D. Cummrng, 
Esq. [P.l 


/' . 2 ad. sk. Valley of the Yen-e-sai, lat. Seebohm uoll. 
58°, Siberia, Aug. (S. &). 
g'. $ ad. sk. Kansu, Feb. (Prjevalsky). Seebohm Coll. 

hr 

, i't S ad. sk. Kashgar (Bettew). India Museum [P.], 
&'. <$ ad. sk. Yarkand. E. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq. [P.]. 
V-$\ 6 $ ad. Ladak (Strachey). India Museum pp.]. 

q'-i. & $ ad. E. Jheelum, Nov. (A. 0. M.). Hume Coll. 

sk. 

27 . ANAS. 
195 
u', c? ad. sk. 
v'. 5 ad. sk. 


w'7 %'. S $ ad. 

sk. 
y', z'. <$ ad. sk. 
a". S ad. sk. 

b". S ad. sk. 

c". $ ad. sk. 
d", e". <$ ad. 
sk. 

f. c? ad. sk. 
/', A", *'"• tf? 

ad. sk. 
&". c? ad. sk. 


Z". c? ad. sk. 
m",n". $2 ad. 
sk. 
o",p". S 2 ad. 
sk. 
q". $ ad. sk. 

?\" $ ad.sk. 
a", 35". tf ad. sk. 
u". <$ ad. sk. 
v". <$ ad.sk. 
w". S ad. sk. 
x". <$ ad.sk. 
y". tf juv. sk. 

%''-e3. c? ad. et 
juv. sk. 
d\ $ pull. sk. 

e3,/3. <J $ ad. 
sk. 
g\ A3. $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 

i3 

. 
£ ad. sk. 

F ; Z3, m3. S 2 
ad et <? juv. 
sk. 

ra3. (51 ad. sk. 
o3. cJ inim. sk. 

p3, f. d 2 ad. 

sk. 
r3. $ ad. sk. 

s3-a\ S 2 ad. 
etjuv.sk. 

Muncha Lake. 
Larkhana, Sindh. Jan. (A. 
m O. JET.). 
Sirza. 

Near Fazilka, Nov. (A. 0. H.). 
Junction of Chenab & Sutledie, 
Dee. J ' 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Dec. (W. 

N. Chill). 
Mungloo, Kooloo,Feb. 
Etawah, Jan. [A. Anderson). 

Sandee, Feb. (A. A.). 
Nepal. 


Native Sikhim, Nov. {L. Man-

Bengal {Falconer). 
China. 


China (Tuckett). 

Wuhu, Yangtse, China, Jan. 

Shanghai, China. 
Nagasaki, Japan, Dec. 
Hakodadi, Japan, March. 
Fujisan, Japan (IT. Fryer). 
Yokohama, Japan (H. P.). 
"Western side of Kocky Mts. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, May 


(R W. Nelson). 
British Columbia (J. K. Lord). 

Washoe Lake, Nevada, May 

(H. W. Henshcw). 
Canada. 

Fort DufFerin. 

N. Land Expedition. 
49th Parallel. 
Greenland. 
Lake Minnesota, Oct. (A. J. 
Dayan). 

Chicago, Illinois, March, Oct. 

(A. J. D.). 
Hermisillo, 
State of Sonora, 
Mexico, Dec. (F. Ferrari-
Perez). 

Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct. 
Dec. (F. Armstrong). 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum [P.]. 

J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


F. W. Styan. Esq. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.] 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
N. America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Governt. of Canada 
[P.]. 

N. America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
Sir d. Back [P.]. 

N. 
America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman CoU. 

Salvin-Godman CoU. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

o2 
196 
ASTATID^. 

h\ c\ c? $ ad. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Nov., Salvin-Godman ColL 

sk. Pec. (W. C. D.Scott). 
<P-k\ Sterna. 
P-q*. Skulls. 


YAEIETIES. 
r4. $ ad. sk. No locality. Kev. W. Parish [P.]s 
(malformed). 
s\ Pull. sk. No locality. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
(domestic). 
t\ d ad. sk. Great Britain. Purchased. 
(dark). 
u\ Ad. sk. Lincolnshire Fens. J. Dash wood, Esq. 
(melanistic). 
v*. tf ad. sk. Lilford Aviaries, Nov. The Hon. Lord Lilford 
[P.]. 
^74. Ad. sk. Egypt. 0. Berkeley, Esq. 

pp.]. ^ 

#4. Ad. sk. China. Purchased. 
y\ %K Ad. sk. 


Amoy, China (B. Swinhoe). O.Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 

(albino). 

PENGTJTNT DUCK. 

a5. <$ ad. sk. Borneo (Rajah Brooke). C.Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 

b5. J ad. sk. Borneo {Rajah Brooke). C. Darwin, Esq. [P.], 

(huff). 
c5. $ ad. sk. Bali or Lombock (Raj. Brooke). C. Darwin, Esq. [P.l 
d\ Pull. Gould Coll. 
e5. Pull. Zool. Soc. 
f'°. Skeleton (incomplete) of the Eev. W. Parish [P.], 

malformed specimen r4. 
g\ Skull. 

HXBEIDS. 

Anas boscas x A. superciliosa. 
h\ $ ad. sk. Lilford Aviaries. Lord Lilford [P.] 

Anas boscas X A. flavirostris. 
i5. $ imm. st. Zool. Soc. 

k5 

. Sternum. 
Zool. Soc. 

2. Anas wyvilliana. 
Duck 
[of the Sandwich Islands], Bhxam, Byron's Voy. p. 251 
(1826). 
Anas boschas ?, Hartl. (nee Linn.), Wiegm. Arch.f. Naturg, 1852, i. 

p. 137 (Oahu, in Mus. Berol.)*; G. R. Gr. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 54 
(1859) (Oahu, Sandwich Islands); ? Cass. Br. Ac. Bhilad. 1862, 
p. 322^ (Sandwich Islands); Finsch # BCartl Orn. Centralpolyn* 
pp. xxxviii, xxxix, n. 138 (part.) (1867); ? Dole, Br. BostSSoe. 
N. JBL. xii. p. 305 (1869). 
* ^zwyvilliana (Keichenow in litt.). 
27. ANAS. 
Anas boschas, var., Hartl. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 170 (Sandwich Isl.). 

Anas superciliosa a. sandwichensis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649 

(1856) (nom. nudum). 

Anas superciliosa, var. (part.), G. R. Gr. Cat. B. Trop. Isl p. 54 

(1859). r 

Anas superciliosa, Bole (nee Gm.), Pr. Bost Soc. N. &, xii. p. 305 

(1869) (Sandwich Isl.); Sclat. Ibis, 1871, p. 360; Dole, Saw. 

Almanac, 1879, p. 55; id. B.Hawai. Isl. 2nd ed.p.55 (1879). 

Anas sandwichensis, " Bp." Buller, B. New Zeal p. 245 (in syn. 

A. superciliosae) (1873). 
Anas wvvilliana, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 350 (juv., Sandwich Isl): 
Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat.Mus. i. p. 251 (2) (1878); Sclat Ibis, 
1879, p. 92; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, $.79; Sclat. Voy. Chall, Birds, 

p. 98, pi. audi, (juv.) (1880); id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 517; Wall. 
Island Life, p. 296 (1881); Rchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; 
Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Mol iii. p. 398 (note) (1882); Stejn. Pr.U.S. 
Nat. Mus. xi. p. 98 (1888) ; Scott Wils. Aves Hawaii'enses, pi iv 
pi. — (1893). 
Besides the four specimens mentioned below, I have seen three 
others received for inspection from Prof. Newton, and many more, 
over twenty, in the Hon. W. Bothschild's collection. As observed 
by Dr. Stejneger, the specimens inspected show a number of extraordinary 
variations, truly perplexing, and I must confess that I do 
not quite understand this species. The most adult male bird 
examined in Mr. Eothschild's collection has the central tail-feathers 
curled up, so that this species appears to come near to A. boscas. 
Examining the series as I have done, it seems to me that perhaps 
not one of the specimens inspected is in full dress, and, secondly, 
that many of the birds have some taint of A. boscas, which, 
according to Judge Dole, is naturalized in all the Islands. Both 
these points cannot be solved at present, but we must wait for 
further information obtained in the Sandwich Islands. 

Before proceeding to mention the principal features distinguishing 

A. wyvilliana, I wish to point out that the figure of the type of 
Anas wyvilliana (Yoy. of the c Challenger') is not very exact in the 
following particulars:—1st, the speculum is much too green; 
2nd, the feathers of the breast have small roundish dark spots, 
while in the type there are U-shaped black submarginal bands ; 
3rd, the general colouring is not olive-brown, but much more 
rufescent. 
"When I was in Paris I examined in the Museum the presumed 
type of A. boschas a. freycineti; it is a male in moult, putting on 
the green feathers of the head. This bird, which is labelled as 
from " Les Isles Malouines," was inadvertently stated by Gray 
to be from the Sandwich Islands. According to the information 
given to me by M. Oustalet it is not at all improbable that the 
type of A. loschas a. freycineti came from the Marianne Islands, 
and if so, it would be the same as my A. oustaML 

Besides the central tail-feathers being curled up in one specimen, 
and very little so in another, the most adult male specimens of 

198 
ANATID^. 

the " Duck from the Sandwich Islands " examined by me show the* 
following characters:— 

1. The ramp and upper tail-coverts are black; also the under 
tail-coverts are more or less black, but mixed with chestnut in 
some specimens. 
2. The abdomen has a greyish tinge and traces of dusky narrow 
cross bars. 
3. The head on the upper part is blackish, glossed with green, 
while the sides and throat have dark streaks as in A. obscura; in 
one specimen the throat is blackish. 
4. The crop-region and breast are reddish chestnut, with black 
markings more or less of a crescent shape, especially on the sides. 
5. The feathers of the mantle and interscapular region have 
black and rufous-chestnut undulated bands, and many feathers, 
especially on the side, are finely waved with grey. 
6. The speculum is glossy green, with a bluish lustre in some 
specimens, and is bounded anteriorly by two bands on the last row 
of the upper wing-coverts—one, subapical, whitish grey, and the 
other, apical, black; posteriorly the speculum is bounded also by two 
bands—a subapical one, black, and a broad apical one, white. In 
some specimens the anterior whitish band is almost obsolete. 
7. The tertials are brown-grey, the outer ones have the outer 
web velvety black. 
8. The upper wing-coverts are dark grey, with narrow rufescent 
edges. 
9. The under wing-coverts are white, but in some specimens the 
marginal ones are dusky. 
10. The size is smaller than in A. hoscas; total length about 
18 inches, wing 9*25, culmen 1*85. 
11. Colour of the soft parts: bill black above, flesh-coloured 
below; feet orange. 
The female resembles that of A. boscas, but is smaller, darker, 
and has the speculum green, the upper wing-coverts more or less 
with rufescent edges; the bill dusky, with a yellow band near the 
tip. 

The young bird resembles the adult female, but has dark streaks 
also on the throat; the markings on the underparts are more like 
longitudinal streaks. 

Young in down are very similar to the same stage of A. boscasT 
but perhaps the brown colour of the upper parts is more olive* 

(Rothschild Coll.) 
Eab. Sandwich Islands. 

a, b. $ moult, et Hawai (Knudsm). Prof. Collett FP.1 
$ ad.sk. 
cdjuv.sk. Hilo; Owhyhee. Voy. of H.M.S. 
' Challenger/ 
(Type of species.) 

a. 6 
Jtm. sk. Hilo, Owhyhee. Voy. of H.M.S, 
1 Challenger.7 
27 . ANAS. 
199' 
3. Anas laysanensis. 
Anas 
laysanensis, Rothsch. Bull. B. 0. C. no. 4, p. xvii (Laysan I.) 
(1892); id. Ibis, 1893. p. 250: id. Avif. of Laysan, pt. i. p. 19, 
pi. — (1893). 

Male perhaps not fully adult. General plumage rufescent; head 
and nape black with a greenish lustre, especially on the nape; 
edges of the feathers on the sides of the head streaked with reddish; 
an irregular white ring round the eyes; throat mixed with 
white; back, crop-region, breast, and flanks with brown and rufescent 
V-shaped marks; rump blackish, with rufescent markings; 
abdomen rufescent, with brown bars; under tail-coverts rufous-
chestnut, with brown marks; upper wing-coverts greyish brown, 
edged with rufescent; speculum dull metallic purple and green, 
with a white apical band; tertials brown, with the outer web 
velvety black; under wing-coverts brown, edged with rufescent, 
the inner ones with the axillaries white; tail brown, the feathers-
edged and crossed with rufescent; the central tail-feathers much 
darker and somewhat curled up : " iris brown; upper mandible 
blackish, green towards the edges; feet dull orange, webs brown n 
{Palmer), Total length about 17 inches, wing 8, tail 3*5, culmen 1*6, 
tarsus 1*4. (Mm. Rotlischild.) 

Female. Similar to the male, but differs in having more white on 
the chin and upper throat and in the speculum being much duller, 
scarcely indicated; upper and under tail-coverts paler, rufescent 
with dusky marks or bands. (Mus. Rothschild.) 

In some specimens the white ring round the eyes extends backwards, 
in a kind of band, and many white feathers are scattered on 
the sides of the head; again, in one female many tail-feathers are 
white! (Mus. Rothschild.) 

Hah. Laysan Islands. 

4. Anas melleri. 
Anas xanthorhyncha, Roch $* U. Newt, (nee Forst.) &is, 1863, p. 174 

(Tamatave). 
DaOla erythrorhyncha, 8clat. {nee Gm.) P. Z. S.1863, p. 165. 
Anas melleri, 8clat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 487, pi. xxxiv. (Madagascar); 

G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10641 (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 357 (1872); JSartl. Tog. Madag. p. 360 (1877); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 517 ;' Milne-Edw. fy Grand. Ois. Madag. p. 724, pis. 269 
(bird), 275 a. I 1 (head) (1882); Rehnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, 
p. 19; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 270. 
Anas morelii, Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, pp. 88, 255( 
= melleri). 
Anas boschas (?),var, melleri, Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1868, 

p. 5. 
Anas boschas (?), Sehleg.fy Roll. Rech. Faun. Madag. p. 160 (1868). 
Anas mascarina, Vinson, Mem. 8oe. Accl. de Vile de la RAun. 1868, 
p. 5 ; id. Bull. 8oc. d'Acclim. 1868, pp. 626,627; cf. A. Newt Zooh 
Rec. v. pp. 108,109. 
200 
ANATIDJ3. 

Adult. General colour reddish; the feathers brown in the middle 
and margined with reddish; head and neck with narrow dusky 
streaks, each feather margined with reddish ; feathers of the back 
with some narrow irregular reddish bars; speculum glossy green, 
bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by two velvety-black bands, the 
anterior one at the tip of the greater wing-coverts; a narrow whitish 
band at the tip of the secondaries ; before the anterior black band 
there is also a narrow dull reddish band; tertials velvety brown, 
darker on the outer web; under wing-coverts and axillaries white: 
" bill black (?); irides sienna-brown; feet fleshy colour " (JSclater). 
Total length about 21 inches, wing 10*6, tail 5, culmen 2*3, 

tarsus 1-65. 
Female. Apparently similar to the male. 
Young. Has a redder tinge, almost rusty, on tbe edges of the 

feathers of the lower parts. 
Hah. Madagascar. 


a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. 
P. L. Sclater, Esq.. 
[P.]- (Type of 
species.) 

b. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Deans Cowan). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Deans Cowan). Shelley Coll. 
d. Juv. sk. E. of Antananarivo, MadaW. 
Deans Cowan, 
gascar. Esq. [C.l. 
e, Ad. sk. C. Madagascar. Shelley Coll. 
J„ Ad. sk. S.E. Madagascar. W. Deans Cowan. 
Esq. [C.]. 

5. Anas obscura. 
Dusky Duck, 
Penn. Arct. Zool ii. p. 564=, n. 496 (1785) : Lath. 
Syn. iii. 2, p. 545, n. 84 (1785). 
Anas obscura, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 541, n. 115 (1788); Lath. Did. Orn. 

ii. p. 871, n. 96 (1790); Bonn. Dno. Meth. i. p. 146 (1790); Wils. 
Am. Orn. vhi. p. 141, pi. 72. f. 5 (1814); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 131 
(1816); Dum. Diet. Se. Wat vi. p. 386 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. 
xii. 2, p. 104 (1824); Dp. Obs. Wils. n. 260 (1825); id. Syn. p. 234 
(1828); Dp. Comp. List, p. 5Q (1838); Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 140 
(1838); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 15, pi. 302 (1838); id. Syn. p. 276 
(1839),- id. D. Am, vi. p. 244, pi. 386 (1843); Bartl Verz. Ges. 
Mus. p. 119 (1844); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 301 (1844); De Kay, 
N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 344 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
p. 135 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 5 (1845) ; Rchnb. Syn. 
Av. Nat. t. 85. f. 918 (1845), t. 100. ff. 2764-65 {ex Aububon) 
(1850); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 649, n. 72 (excl. syn.) (1856); Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 
p. 219 (1856); Baird, B. K Am. p. 775 (part.) (1858); id. Cat. 
B. IT. Am. n. 577 (1859) • Wheat. Ohio Ayr. Bep. 1860, no. 241 • 
Corns Sf Prent. Smiths. Bep. 1861, p. 417 (winter); Coues, Pr. Ac. 
Philad. 1*861, p. 2S8 (Labrador, breeding); Verr. Pr. JBss. Inst. 
iii. p. 154 (Maine, breeding) (1862); Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soe. ix. 
p. 129 (Maine, resident) (1862); Blah. Ibis, 1863, p. 146 (Hudson 
Bay) * Allen, Pr. Dss. Inst. iv. p. 78 (Massachusetts, breeding) 
(1864); Mcllwr. ibid. v. p. 94 (Canada West) (1866) ; Schleg. 
Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 41 (1866) ,* Dawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.viii. 
27. ANAS. 201 
p. 297 (1866); Coues, Pr. Uss. Inst v. p. 298 (1868); ? id. Pr. Bost, 
J$oc. N. H. xii p. 721 (South. Carolina, winter) (1868); Allen, Mem. 
Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 502 (Iowa, summer) (18G8); Tumb. B. JB. Pa. 
p. 35 (1869); JEyt. Syn. Anat. p. 97 (1869); Mayn. Guide, p. 147 
(Massachusetts, breeding) (1870) ; id. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1871, 
p. 384 (1872) ; ? Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 36 (North 
Carolina); G. R. Or. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10649 (1871); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 359 (1872); Coues, Key, p. 285 (part.) (1872); 
id. Check-list, n.489 (1873); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. 
p. 129 (1873); Coues, Birds JV.-West, p. 560 (1874); Sclat. $ Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 380; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 517; llidgw. Norn. 
N. Am. B. n. 602 (1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113, 
n. 708 (1882); Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 18; id. Fog. d. 
zool Gdrt. p. 50 (1882); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl Coll. p. 534(1882); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 430 (1883); Coues, Key N. Am. 
B. 2nd ed. p. 691 (1884); B.,B., $ 22. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 499 
(1884) ; A. O. U. Check-list, p. 115, n. 133 (1886); Bidgio. Man. 
N. Am. B. p. 91 (1887); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 49 (1889) ; 
Hartevt, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 230 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. 
Specim. Coll Surg. iii. p. 300 (1891) ; Hatch. B. of Minnes. p. 40 
(1892). 
Anas boschas, var. obscura, Less. Tr. WOrn. p. 634 (1831). 

Anas (Boschas) obscura, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 392 (1834). 

Adult male. Prevailing colour brownish black or dusky, the 
feathers edged, more or less distinctly, with pale greyish fulvous; 
upper part of the head darker than the cheeks and upper part of 
the neck, which are greyish fulvous, streaked with dusky; a dusky 
stripe back from the eye; the chin and throat more sparingly 
streaked, but not immaculate; speculum deep glossy violet, surrounded 
with velvety black; before the anterior black band, formed 
by the last row of coverts, there is a narrow pale band almost 
obsolete; at the tip of the secondaries a narrow white band; marginal 
under wing-coverts dusky with white edges, the inner ones 
and axillaries white; primaries and tail-feathers dusky black, the 
latter with narrow pale edges: " bill yellowish green, the unguis 
dusky; iris dark brown ; feet orange-red, the webs duskyif (Audubon). 
Total length about 21 inches, wing 10*50-11, tail 4, culmen 
2-2-35, tarsus 1-70-1-80. 

" Some examples have a slight tinge of metallic green on the 
sides of the head, behind the eye" (I?., B., Sf B.). 

Female. Similar to the male. 

Young in down. il Above olivaceous brown, faintly relieved by 

six inconspicuous markings of light brownish buff, situated as 
follows: one on the posterior border of each arm-wing; one (small, 
and sometimes nearly obsolete) on each side of the back, behind the 
wing, and one, more distinct, on each side of the rump, near the 
base of the tail; pileum and nape (longitudinally) brown, like the 
back; rest of the head and neck, with lower parts, light dingy 
brownish buff, paler on the abdomen; sides of the head marked 
with a narrow dusky stripe running from the upper basal angle to 
the eye, thence back towards the occiput, but scarcely confluent 
with the brown on the latter; an indistinct spot on the auricular 

202 
A2UTIDJE. 

region, -with a still less distinct dusky mark extending back from 
this to the nape " (B., B., Sf R.). 

This species, in Mr. Ridgway's Key, comes in the section in which 
the wings are without white bands ; but in two of the specimens 
mentioned below, one from New Brunswick and the other from the 
Bermuda Islands, there is a distinct narrow white band at the tip 
of the secondaries. 

Bah. Eastern Forth America, breeding from more northern 
United States to Hudson's Bay and Labrador; western and southern 
limits imperfectly determined; Bermudas. 

a. Pull. st. No locality. 
b. Ad. sk. N. America. 
Purchased. 
o. Ad. sk. N. America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
[P.]. 
d. <$ ad. sk. New Brunswick, Sept. Capt S. G. Reid [P.l 
e. Ad. sk. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Oapt. S. G. Reid [P.]. 
f. (S ad. sk. New Haven, Connecticut, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. A. Merriam). 
g. <$ ad. sk. Peniston's Pond, Bermudas, Jan. Capt. S. G. Reid [P.]. 
\i. Skeletons. 
6. Anas fulvigula. 
Anas obscura, part., Atcd. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 15 (1838) ,* id. B. Am. 
vi. p. 244 (1843); ? Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847) j ? Gundl. (nee 
Gm.) J.f. 0.1857, p. 229 (Cuba); March, Br. Ac. PMlad. 1864, 
p. 72 (Jamaica); ? Cones, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. JBC. xii. p. 724 (South 
Carolina, in winter) (1868); ? Allen, Bull. Mtis. Comp. ZooL ii. 
p. 363 (Florida) (1871); ? A. $ JS. Newt Handb. Jam. p. 113 
(1881); ? Cory, JRev. List B. W. Ind. p. 30 (1886); id. Auk, 1888, 
p. 61 (Cuba, Jamaica); ? id. B. W. Ind. p. 262 (1889). 
Anas obscura, var. fulvigula, Ridgw. Am. Nat. viii. p. Il l (Florida) 
(1874); Coues, Check-list, App. n. 489 a (1874). 
Anas obscura, b. fulvigula, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 561 (1874). , 
Anas fulvigula, Ridgw. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. i. p. 251 (1878), iii. 

p. 203, m603 (1880); id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 603 (1881) j B., B.t 
8f R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 503 (1884); ? Cory, List B. W. Ind. 
p. 30 (1885); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 173 (1886); 
A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 115, n. 115 (1886); Ridgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 92 (1887); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. 
(abridg. ed.) p. 14, n. 134 (1889); Cory, Auk, 1890, p. 204 (eggs); 
? Breiost. ty Chapm. Auk, 1891, p. 137 (Suwanee River); Scott, 
Auk, 1892, p. 211 (Florida). 
Anas 
obscura fulvigula, Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113, n. 709 
(1882); id. Keg N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 692, n. 709 (1884). 

Similar to A. obscura but much paler; cheeks and throat plain 
buff; ochraceous or buff markings predominating in extent over the 
darker markings; lower basal angle of upper mandible with a 
triangular black spot; speculum usually bluish green; about the 
size of A. obscura. (Ridgway.) 

According to Ridgway's Key, this species ought to have no white 
bands on the wings, but the only typical bird in the Museum and 
others in Mr. Rothschild's collection have a distinct narrow white 
band at the tip of the secondaries. 

27 . ANAS. 203 
The last specimen in the list below differs very conspicuously 
from the other two : the speculum is black with a greenish gloss, 
only one of the feathers shows a distinct bluish-green colour on 
the outer web; the upper part of the head is very dark brown; 
there is a very distinct black band from the lores through the eyes; 
the cheeks are entirely covered with blackish streaks ; throat huffish, 
unspotted. I am not sure that it belongs to the present species. 
It has the appearance of being not fully adult; but in the collector's 
note it is said that it was sitting on 13 eggs! 

Hal. Florida, and perhaps also the "West Indies. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Florida (Henshaw Coll.). Salvin-Godman "Coll. 
b. 5 ad. sk. Lake Hichpoochee, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March (F. Menge). 
c. § ad. ? sk. Lake Hichpoochee, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March (F. Menge). 

7. Anas maculosa. 
Anas obscura, part., Baird, B. JSF. Am. p. 775 (1858); Dresser, Ibis, 
1866, p. 42 (Texas) ; Coues, Keg, p. 285 (part.) (1872); id. Checklist, 
n. 489 (part.) (1873) ; Snow, B. Kans. p. 11 (1873); Bidgw. 
Norn. N. Am. B. n. 602 (part) (1881); Goss, Cat. B. Kans. p.— 
(Kansas) (1883); Coues, Keg N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 691 (part.) 
(1884). 

Anas fulvigula, Goss (nee Bidgzc), Auk, 1886, p. 113 (Kansas); id* 
Rev. Cat. B. Kans. p. — (1886): Bidgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 92 
(part.) (1887); id. Auk, 1888, p. 108 (note) (Chihuahua). 

Black Duck, Emmet {nee auct), Auk, 1888, p. 108 (Chihuahua). 
Florida Duck, Goss (nee Bidgto.), Auk, 1888, p. 444. 
Anas maculosa, Sennett, Auk, 1889, p. 263 (Texas); Goss, Auk, 

1890, p. 88 (Kansas). 
Anas fulvigula maculosa, A.O.TJ. Auk} 1890, p. 61 (Eastern Texas, 
and north to Kansas). 

In my opinion A. maculosa is scarcely different from A. fulvigula, 
but, according to Mr. Sennett," the most marked differences between 

A. maculosa and A. fulvigula are that the cheeks of the former 
are streaked with brown, while those of the latter are plain buff, 
the speculum is purple instead of green : the general effect of 
the coloration, especially on the undersides, is mottled instead of 
streaked; the light colour everywhere is a pale buff or isabella 
colour instead of a rich, deep buff, and the tail-markings also are 
different, as indicated." 
Many of the specimens mentioned below have the throat immaculate, 
but several have it streaked with brown. 
Hah* Eastern Texas and north to Kansas. 

a. Ad. sk. San Antonio, Texas (H. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dresser). 
b-m. (S $ ad. sk. Corpus Chr|sti, Texas, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oct., Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 

n. Ad. sk. Texas (F. B. A.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
204 
AKATID-3E. 

8. Anas diazi. 
Anas diazi, Ridgw. Auk, 1886, p. 332 (Puebla, Mexico); F.-Perez, 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 171• Ridgw. ibid.; id. Man. N. Am. 

B. p. 32 (1887) j id. Auk, 1889, p. 264 
Male. Most like A. fulvigula, Eidgw., but last row of wing-
coverts -with a distinct subterminal band of white, and secondaries 
with a broad terminal bar of the same; general colour much less 
fulvous; cheeks streaked with dusky, and lower basal angle of 
upper mandible without black spot. Wing 10 inches, tail 4, culmen 
2*05, tarsus 1*60. (Ridgway.) 
Female. Similar, but somewhat smaller. 
Hob. Mexico. 


a. J ad. sk. Puebla, May (Ferrari-Perez). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
9. Anas aberti. 
? Anas obscura, Later, (nee Gm.) Mem. Post. Soe. N. H. ii. p. 314 
(Tepic, W. Mexico) (1874). 

Alias 
aberti, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 250 (Mazatlan, 
Mexico) (1878) ; P., P., $ R. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 490 
T1884); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 173 (1886); id. Man. 

N. Am. B. p. 92 (1887). 
Adult female. " Size of Querquedula discors and cyanojotera, but in 
coloration closely resembling A. fidvigula. Prevailing colour ochraceous 
buff, but this everywhere relieved by brownish-black spots 
or streaks. Head, neck, and lower parts streaked, the streaks finest 
on the neck and sides of the head, broadest on the jugulum and 
crissum, which is somewhat tinged with rusty, and assuming the 
form of oblong spots on the abdomen, thighs, and anal region; 
throat immaculate. Back, scapulars, and rump with the blackish 
predominating; the feathers bordered with ochreous; those 
of the back and the scapulars with irregular indentations and 
occasional bars of the same; lesser wing-coverts brownish-slate, 
bordered with dull earthy-brown; middle coverts with their exposed 
portion velvety-black, forming a distinct bar. Secondaries 
widely tipped with pure white (forming a conspicuous band about 

•35 of an inch wide), this preceded by a velvety-black bar of about 
equal width, the basal half or more (of the exposed portion) consisting 
of a metallic speculum of dark grass-green, varying to blue 
and violet in certain lights. Tertials opaque velvety-black exteriorly, 
the inner webs brownish-slate; primary-coverts and primaries 
brownish-slate, the latter edged with lighter. Tail brownish 
grey, the feathers edged and coarsely spotted with light buff. 
Bill yellowish brown, darker on the culmen, the unguis dusky; 
feet light yellowish (probably orange in life). Wing 8*50 inches, 
tail 3*25, culmen 1*65, greatest width of the bill -60, depth of 
maxilla through the base -50, tarsus 1*30, middle toe 1*70. 
" Remarks. [This Duck] in its small size and, to a certain extent, 
the narrow bill, is like the species of Querquedula, but its coloration 
calls instantly to mind the Anas fulvigula from Florida ... . 

27 . ABTAS. 
205 
" In addition to the characters given above, it may be mentioned 
that there is a distinct indication of a narrow, dusky, postocular 
streak, and of a wider and less distinct loral stripe, thus separating 
a light superciliary stripe from the light colour of the cheeks. The 
lining of the wing and the axillar are pure white, the latter with a 
segregation of dusky spots near the carpo-metacarpal joint." 

(Ridgway.) 
Hab, Mazatlan, Mexico. 


10. Anas luzonica. 
Anas luzonica, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 113 (Luzon); G. B. Gr. List, 
B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 136 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 7 (1845); 
Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 67 (1849): Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 
t. 94. f. 2346 (1850) (ex Fraser); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, 
n. 70 (1856); Mart. J. f. 0. 1866, p. 30; Schley. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 42 (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 96 (1869); Q. B. Gr. 
Sand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10626 (1871); Sartl $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 108; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 355 (1872) ; Wald. Tr. Zool. 
Soc. ix. p. 242 (1875); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool i. p. 354 
(1876) ; Tweedd. Orn. Works, p. 404 (1881); Wardl. Bams. op. 
cit. p. 660 (1881); Kiitter, J. f. O. 1882, p. 178; Bchmv. Orn. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; Steere, List B. <$• M. Philippines, p. 27 
(Guimaras, Marinduque, Siquijor) (1890); Grant, Ibis, 1895, 
p. 117. 
i^nas luconica, Finsch, J. f. 0.1870, p. 358. 
Adult. General plumage brownish grey, almost uniform, without 
any dark markings in the centre of the feathers; upper part of the 
head and upper part of the nape blackish brown; superciliary stripe, 
sides of the head, throat, and sides of the upper part of the neck 
rufous; a blackish-brown band runs across the eyes from the lores 
to the occiput; back dark grey, changing into brown on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts; speculum glossy green, bounded anteriorly 
by a velvety-black band at the tip of the greater wing-coverts and 
by a narrower white one at the tip of the last row of the median 
upper wing-coverts; posteriorly the speculum is bounded by a 
velvety-black subapical band, and by a narrow apical white band; 
under wing-coverts and axiUaries white ; underparfcs brownish 
grey, deepening into brown on the under tail-coverts; tail brown : 
colours of the bill and feet not recorded, but apparently dark 
olive. Total length about 20 inches, wing 9*8, tail 4*5, culmen 2, 
tarsus 1-7. 

Young. Similar to the adults, only much paler on the head and 
throat, which are scarcely tinged with rufous; the speculum less 
bright, and with some purple reflexions. 

Hah. Philippines. 

a. Ad. sk. Manilla. Eyton Coll. (Type of 
the species.) 
b, c, d. 
Ad. et Manilla. Cuming Coll. 
imm. st. 

e. Ad. sk. Manilla {Maitland Heriot). Tweeddale Coll. 
206 
ABATED J3. 

11. Auas superciliosa. 
Supercilious Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 497 (1785); id. Gen. Hist. x. 

p. 327 (1824). 
Anas superciliosa, 
Gm. S.N. i. p. 537, n. Il l (1783) (Nova Seelandia); 
Lath. Inch. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 51 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. 
Meth. i. p. 145 (1790); Bechst. Lath. Ushers, iii. p. 430 (1796), 

iv. p. 512; Vieill N. Dirt. v. p. 120 (1816) ; Bum. Diet. 8c. 
Nat. vi. p. 389 (1817); Steph Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 108 (1824) ; 
Less. TV. oVOrn. p. 633 (1831); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 139 (1838) ; 
Eraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 114; Mull. Verh. Land-en Volkenk. 
pp. 159, 178 (1839-44) (Timor, Java) ; Hartl. Terz. Ges. Mus. 
p. 119 (1844); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 135 (1844) ; 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 4 (1845); Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 9 
(pt. ix., 1845); Peak, Un. St. Expl. Exp. sp. 162 (1848); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 85. ff. 913-914 (1845), t. 94. f. 2347 (1850) ; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 304, n. 1772 (1849) ; Rchnb. Tog. 
Neuholl. n. 311 (1851); Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, i. pp. 122, 136; 
Macgill. Narr. Voy. Battlesn. p. 328 (1852); id. J.f.O. 1854, 
p. 169; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 101 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 649, n. 68 (excl. var. a) (1856; ; Cass. U.S. Da pi. Exped., 
Mamm. # Orn. p. 339 (1858); G. B. Gr. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 
(New Caledonia); Pelz. Sitzb. Ah. Wien, xll p. 331 (Norfolk I.) 
(1860); Lbis, 1860, p. 422; Verr. $ Des Murs, Ben. et Mag. Zool. 
1860, p. 442 (New Caledonia); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 37i (Zool. 
Gard.); G. B. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 241; Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 285; 
Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 487 (Timotf ; Jouan, Mem. Soc. Clierb. ix. 
p. 242 (18(33) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864,' p. 9 (Hualieine); Woodhouse, 
ibid. p. 11; Sclat. ibid. p. 487; Hartl. Ibis, 1864, p. 232 (Fiji 
Isl.) ; Buller, Ess. Orn. N. Zeal. p. 18 (1865); Finsch, Neu-Gtdn. 
p. 183 (1865); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 363 (1865); Bams. 
Ibis, 1866, p. 335 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 418 (Zool. Gard.) ; 
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 42 (1866) ; Hector, Neio Zeal. Es>p. 
p. 277 (1866); Finsch, J.f O. 1867, pp. 336, 337; Huti. Ibis, 
1867, p. 379; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 832; F. 8?H Orn. Centralpolyn. 
p. 213 (1867); iid. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 4,8,118 (Pelewlsl.) ; 
Midi. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280; Sclat. ibid. p. 659 (Pelew Isl.); 
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 96 (1869); Hutt. Ibis, 1870, p. 395; F. # H. 
J.f. 0.1870, p. 122 ; Finsch, ibid. pp. 357,358; Grilffe, ibid. p. 403 
(Samoa); Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870); G. 
B. Gr. 'Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10647 (1871); Trav. Tr. # Br. N. 
Z. Inst iv. p. 207 (1871), v. p. 218 (1872); ? H. § F. P. Z. S. 
1872, pp. 90,108 (Pelew); Hutt. Ibis, 1872, p. 247 (Chatham I.); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 363 (1872): Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, pp. 33,56, 
185; Fotts, Ibis, 1873, p. 85; Pelz. ibid. p. 123; Duller, D. New 
Zeal. p. 245 (syn. emend.) (1873) ; Fmsch, J. f. O. 1874, pp. 173, 
202; Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 440 (Fiji), 1876, p. 497 (Navigator 
Isl.), p. 503 (Friendly Isl.); id. Lbis, 1876, p. 393; Cab. % 
Bchnio. J. f. O. 1876, p. 329 (New Hanover); Bams. Pr. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. i. pp. 77, 195, 216, 219 (1876), ii. p. 200, n. 657 
(1877) ; Sharpie, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 505 (Port Moresby) 
(1877); Bams. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346; Finsch, ibid. p. 737 (Kandavu), 
776 (Euea), 785 (Ninafou); Marie, Ibis, 1877, p. 363; 
Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 266 (New Caledonia), pp. 279, 280 (New 
Hebrides); Tristr. ibid. p. 279 (Aneiteum) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1878, 

p. 350; Bams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N S. W. iii. p. 301 (1878), iv. p. 102, 
27. A2US. 
207 
n. 213 (1879); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 517, 535 ; Legqe, B. Ceyl 
p. 1074 (1880); Finsch, Voy. Chall, Birds, p 52 (1881) • Meyer, 
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 767 (Sumba); Rchnw. Orn. 
Centralbl 1882, p. 18; id. Yog. zool Giirt. p. 50 (1882); 
Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 537, 544; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sc. Nat., 
Zool (vi.) xiii., Art. 4, p. 41 (1882); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Gen. xviii. p. 401, n. 5 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. e Mol iii. p. 394 
(1882); Bull Man. B. Neio Zeal p. 09 (1882); Rams. Br. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 41 (Solomon Isl.) (1882); Sclat. List Vert. 
An. 8th ed. p. 431 (1883) ; Meyer, Sitzb. u. Abli. Ges. Isis, 1884, 
Abh. i. p. 57 (Celebes); Legge, Pr. R. Soc. Tas?n. 1886, p. 244 
(Tasmania) (1887); Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. IF. (2) i. 
p. 1152 (1887); Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 187 (Solomon Isl.); 
Rams. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 668, p. 38, n. 45 (Lord Howe and 
Norfolk Isl.) (1888); Puller, B. Neiv Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p 251 
(1888); Smith, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxi. 1888, p. 221 (Lake Brunner, 
N. Zealand) (1889); North, Cat. Nests $ Eggs, p. 341 (1889); 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (Samoa and Huaehine Isl.) (1889); 
Yorderm. N T. N. I. xlix. p. 419 (Sumatra, Java) (1889); 
Salvad. Mem. R. Ace. Tor. (ii.) xlii. p. 84 (Agg. Orn. Pap. e 
Mol. p. 210) (1891); ? Cheeseman, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. 1890, 
p. 221 (Kermadec Isl.) (1891); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 230 
(Java) (1891); Wiglesio. AvesPolyn. p. 70 (1891); Meyer, J.f.O. 
1892, p. 265 ; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 543 (Chatham Isl.); Tristr. 
Ibis, 1894, p. 31 (Santa Cruz, Solomon Isl.). 
Anas 
leucophrys, Forst. {nee Yieill.) Descr. Ant (ed. Licht.) p. 93 
(1844). 
Anas sp., G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 11 (1845) (ex S. Miill Verh. 

p. 178). 
Anas rniilleri, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 69 (1856) (Java, 
Timor). 
Anas superciliosa, var., G. R. Gr. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 54 (1859). 
? Anas superciliosa, var, pelewensis, Hartl. fy Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, 

p. 108. 
Anas pelewensis, H. fy F. 3ISS.; Finsch, Journ. Mas. Godeffr. Heft 
viii. p. 40 (1875)*; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 738; Schmeltz, Ethn. 
Abth. Mus. Godeffr. 1881, p. 407 (note). 
Anas 
superciliaris, "6 W (errore), Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 233 
(Loyalty Isl.). 

Hybrid. 

Anas superciliosa X Domestic Duck, Kingsl. Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxv. 
1892, p. 107 (1893). 

Adult male. General plumage above and below brown, the 
feathers narrowly edged with, ochreous buff; upper part of the head 
and a band from the forehead through the eyes to the occiput brown-
black ; superciliary stripe and a band from the base of the upper 

* I have examined a specimen from the Pelew Islands, in the Hamburg 
Museum, for the loan of which I have to thank the director Dr. Eraepelin; 
and I quite agree with Dr. Iftnsch, who has recognized that the Pelew Island 
bird, although smaller, like those from the Fiji, is not different from the true 
A. superciliosa. 
208 
ANATID2E. 

mandible through the cheeks, chin, and throat pale buff immaculate 
; a dark band formed of small blackish streaks runs from the 
gape to the ear-coverts; upper part of the sides of the neck pale 
buff, minutely streaked with brown; a pale brown band along the 
nape; wings brown; speculum on the secondaries glossy green, 
bordered anteriorly by a black band at the tip of the greater wing-
coverts, and posteriorly by another black band with a narrow white 
edge at the tip of the secondaries ; outer web of the outer tertials 
black; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; rump and upper 
tail-coverts blackish brown ; tail-feathers brown, with narrow pale 
edges: bill plumbeous, with the nail black; feet and toes yellowish 
brown, the membrane dusky brown. Total length about 24 inches, 
wing 10*75, tail 4-4, culmen 2-25, tarsus 1*65. 

Female, Similar to the male. 
Specimens from Timor, Pelew, Fiji, and Samoa Islands are 
decidedly smaller than those from Australia and Xew Zealand. 

Hah, .From Java and Timor to Southern New Guinea, Australia, 
New Zealand subregion and Polynesia, including the Pelew 
Islands. 

a-f. Ad. sk. Lake Wakolo, Bouru. Dr. EL 0. Forbes [P.l 
g} 7i, I Ad. sk. et E. Timor. A. R.Wallace, Esq.. [C.]. 

St. 

Jc. Ad. sk. Australia. Lady Carringtou [P.l. 
/. Ad.sk. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
m, d1 ad. sk. Australia. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.], 
n, o. Ad. sk, Australia (Cockerell fy Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Thorpe). 

p. 
Ad. sk. W. Australia. Governor of W. Australia 
[P.]. 
q. 5 ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.l 
r. Ad. sk. Melbourne. Tweeddale Coll. 
8, <$ ad. sk. Tasmania. Antarctic Exp. [C.l 
t Ad. sk. Tasmania. R Gunn, Esq. f P.l 
u. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey pp.]. 
v, w, x. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Exp. I C.l 
y. 
<$ ad. sk. Dusky Bay, Feb. (Dr. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
Lyall). 
s. (S ad. sk. Otago, New Zealand, April. Hume Coll. 
a\ $ ad. sk Dusky Bay. Dr.LyelirP.J. 
V. Ad. sk. Chatham Is. New Zealand Co. [P.]. 
c'. Ad. sk. Campbell Is. Antarctic Exp. [P.l 
d', e'. S ad. sk. Kandavu, Eiji. 'Challenger'Exp. [P.l 
f. 
J acl. sk. Ovalau, Fiji, Nov. (U. L. Tweeddale Coll. 
Lay ord). 
g'. $ ad. sk. Tongatabu, Friendly L, Dr. Coppinger [P.]. 
Nov. 
h'. Ad. sk. Navigator Is. Gould Coll. 
i'. Ad. sk. Navigator Is. Pev. J. B. Stair [P.]. 
k'. Ad. sk Samoa. Kev. J. Whitmee [P.l. 

V. Ad. sk. Huaheine, Society Is. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
m'. Ad. sk Huaheine, Societyls., July Tweeddale Coll. 
(A. Garrett). 
n'. Skeleton. Tahiti. 6 ChallengerJ Exp. 
27. ANAS. 
209 
12. Anas pcecilorhyncha. 
Anas 
poecilorhyncha, Forst. in Venn. Zool. Lid. p. 23, t. xiii. f. 1 
(Ceylon) (1781) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 850, n. 47 (1790); Leas. 
Tr. tfOrn. p. 633, n. 54 (1831); Gray Sf Hardio. III. Ind. Zool. i. 
pi. 67 (1833-34) ; G. JR. Gr. Gen. B. iii p. 015, n. 2 (1845); id. 
Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 145 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. 

B. p. 304, n. 1473 (1849); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 94. 
f. 2348 (1850) (ex Gr. $ Hardw.) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 136 
(1852); Layard, Ann. § Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 269 (1854); ? Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (Kafferland 1) (1854); Adams, V. Z. 8.1858, 
p. 510 (Indus): G. B. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 
(1863); Jerd.B. of Ind. iii. p. 799 (1864); Schley. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 43 (part.) (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat.y. 94 (1869); Sclat. 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 729 (Zool. Gard.) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 360 
(1872) (syn. emend.); Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479; Hume, 8tr. 
Feath. i. p. 281 (1873); Adam, ibid. p. 40*2; Legge, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 407 (Ceylon); Blyth, B. Burma, p. 165 (Arakan, Bhamo, 
Tenasserim) (1875); Hume Sf JDavis. Str. Feath. iv. p. 489 (1878); 
Anders. Yunn. Exped. p. 699 (1879); Hume, Str. Feath. vii. 
p. 507 (1879), viii. p. 115, n. 959 (1879); Hume $ Marsh. Game 
B. of Ind. iii. p. 168, pi. 22 (1880); Sclat. P.Z.8. 1880, p. 518; 
Leqge, B. of Ceyl. p. 1073 (1880); Huhnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, 
p/19; id. Tog. zool. Gdrt. p. 51 (1882); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. 
Coll. p. 534 (1882) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 283 (1883) ; 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 431 (1883); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Gen. (2) iv. p. 516 (Bhamo) (1887); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. 
p. 
49 (1889); Hume, Nests § Eggs (Oates' ed.), p. 289 (1890); 
Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 230 (1891). 
Spotted-billed Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 487, n. 40 (1785). 
Anas poekilorhyncha, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 535, n. 105 (1788); Bonn. 

Enc. Meth. i. p. 144, pi. 34. £ 2 (1790); Bum. Diet. So. Nat. vl 

p. 379 (1817); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10643 (1871); 
Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 643 (1873); Butl. Str. Feath. iv. 
p. 29 (1874); Hume, ibid. 
Anas erythrorhyncha, Vieill. (nee Gm.) N. D. v,p. 108 (part.) (1816). 
Mareca poecilorhyncha, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 134 (1824); Syhes. 
P.Z&1832, p. 166, n. 218. 
Anas pseeilorhyncha, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 138 (1838); G. It, Gr. 
List B. Brit. Mus. hi. p. 136 (1844) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. 

p. 694, n. 67 (1856). 
Tadorna? poecilorhyncha, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 221, n. 387 
(1840). 
? Chaulelasmns streperus, Stoliczka {nee and.), J. A. S. B. xii. 1, 

p. 255 (1872) {of. Hume, Str. Feath. iv. p. 29). 
Adult male. Upper part of the head and a broad band from the 
lores through the eyes to some distance behind them dark brown; 
superciliary stripe, sides of the head, and upper part of the neck 
dull whitish, minutely streaked with dark brown ; throat immaculate 
; back and scapulars greyish brown, each feather edged with 
pale brown; lower back, rump, upper and under tail-coverts brown-
black ; breast and abdomen fulvous white, spotted throughout with 
round brown marks well defined; lower abdomen changing into 
dark brown ; upper wing-coverts dark grey, with lighter edges; 
the last row, or greater ones, with a subterminal white band and 

Tor,, XXJIU 
£ 

210 
A^ATID^). 

a terminal one velvety black, bordering the glossy green speculum, 

which is bordered posteriorly by a subterminal velvety black band 

and an apical one at the tip of the secondaries ; tertiaries brown, 

but the outer ones mostly white on the outer web ; primaries brown ; 

under wing-coverts and asillaries white; tail brown, the central 

feathers velvety black with a green lustre, each feather with the 

edge of the outer 
web pale: "iris reddish brown; bill black, tip 

chrome-yellow, the nail black ; base of the culrnen yellow ,? (Legge): 

"mandible at the forehead red" (Oates) : " tip of the lower man


dible yellow; legs and feet orange-yellow; claws black " (Legge). 

Total length about 24 inches, wing 11, tail o, culrnen 2'2o, tarsus 

1*75. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller ; wing about 

10 inches. 

Young. "Wants the red at the base of the upple mandible (Oaies\ 

and besides it is much less spotted on the underparts, where the 

breast is unspotted white; the dark spots on the lower neck and on 

the abdomen are much smaller. 

Eab. India and Ceylon ; it extends to Independent "Burmah; 

rarely, if ever, in Pegu and Tenasserim. 

a. Juv. sk. India. Tweeddale Coll. 
b-e. tf § ad. sk. E. Jhelum, above Jung, Hume Coll. 
April, Nov. {A. 0. H.). 
/ . $ ad. sk. Chenab B., Dec. (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 


g. <3 ad. sk. Banepoor, Sindh,Feb. India Museum [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Sirdhar, Kattiawar, Dec. Gould Coll. 
i Ad. sk. Punjanb, Feb. Hume Coll. 
k-o. S 2 ad- et Sambhur, July, Aug., Dec. Hume Coll. 
imin. sk. (JR. 31. Adam). 

p. 
2 ad. sk. Sambhur, Jan. (it!. M. Tweeddale Coll. 
Adam). 
r/» r, s. Ad. sk. Etawah. 
Hume Coll. 

t. Ad. sk. Eoy Bareilly, Dec. Hume Coll. 
u. <$ ad. sk. Phoolpore, Allahabad, Feb. Hume Coll. 
(A. 0. H.). 
v, wf x. Ad. sk. Oudh. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
y. Ad. sk. Oudh. Hume Coll. 
h a'' <$ ? a(^ sk* Lucknow District, Dec, Hume Coll. 
Jan. (G\ Reid). 
V, c'. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
d'. Ad. sk. Assam (A. W. Chennell). Tweeddale Coll. 
e\ Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland^. India Museum [P.], 

f',sf. <S2 ad. Dibrughur, Jan., Feb. (/, Hume CoIL. 

H. Cripps).
sk. 

Maninur (A. O. JET.). Hume Coll. 

h% i'. Ad. sk. 


Jc', I'. Ad. sk. Gwalior. 
C. Maries, Esq. [P.]. 


m'9n\o\ Ad.sk. Deccan (SyTces). India Museum [P.], 
p'. JUV. sk. Shan States. E. W. Oates, Esq. [P.]. 
q'. Ad. sk. [Himalayas.] Gould Coll. 


r\ Juv. st. [China.] 
J. E. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 


s',t'. Skeletons. 
u\ Skeleton. Zool. Soc. 


27. ANAS. 
211 
HYBEID. 
Anas pmcilorhyncha X A. boscas. 


v'. Ad. sk. [In confinement.] T. H. Powell, Esq. [P.], 

13. Anas zonorhyncha. 
Anas poecilorliyncha, Rchnb. (nee Font.) Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 111. 
f. 1081 (184o); Temm. § Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 126, pi. 82 
(1850) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 100. f. 2763 (1850) (ex 
Temm. § Schley.) : Badde, Beis. 8. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 364 (1863); 
Swinh. F. Z. 8. 1863, p. 324 (China) j id. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa) 
; SWiley. Mus. F.-B., iinseres, p. 66, p. 42 (part., specim. 3, 
4, 5, Japan) (1866); ? Tacz. J.f.O.1870, p. 312 (Dauria); Homey, 
ibid. p. 431 (E. Sibir. & Amurl.) ; A. David, N. Arch. Mus., Bull 
vii. Cat n.446 (1871) ; Dyb.J.f.O. 1873, p. 109 (E. Siberia), 
1874, p. 336. 
Anas 
zonorhyncha, Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 394 (Ningpo); id. F. Z. 8. 
1870, p. 427 (Canton), 1871, p. 417 (China); G. R. Gr. Hand-
list, iii. p. 82, n. 10644 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 365 (1872); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 367, 1874, p. 164 (Hakodadi); Tacz. Bvll. 
Soc. Zool Fr. 1877, p. 45; David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 496 (1877); 
Blah, fy Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 (Japan); Frjev. Boiotey's Orn. 
Misc. iii. p. 103 (S.E. Mongolia) (1878) ; Sclat F. Z. S. 1880, 

p. 518; Behnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; Blak. $ Fryer, Tr. 
As. 8oc. Jap. x. p. 96 (Kuriles) (1882); Jouy, Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
vi. p. 318 (1883); Styan, F. Z. 8. 1887, p. 2 (egg); Tacz. F. Z. S. 
1888, p. 458 (Corea) ; Seebh. Birds Japan. F?np. p. 243 (1890); 
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 496; Seebh. Ibis, lb92, p. 96 (Tsu-sima); 
De la louche, ibid. p. 491 (China). 
Adult male. Eesembles the male of A. poecihrhyncha. Upper 
part of the head and a broad stripe from the lores through the eyes 
to some distance behind them dark brown; superciliary stripe, sides 
of the head, and throat whitish ; from the gape towards the eyes a 
slightly indicated dusky band, formed by dusky streaks; upper 
parts brown, the back and scapulars paler, with the edges of the 
leathers pale greyish; rump and upper tail-feathers uniform dark 
brown ; lower part of the fore neck and upper breast dull whitish 
buff, with the centres of the feathers dusky; lower breast and 
abdomen almost nniform brown, deepening into black-brown on 
the nnder tail-coverts ; wings brown; speculum glossy blue, more 
or less with a green lustre, bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by 
two velvety black bands ; the tip of the secondaries narrowly edged 
with white; tertials brown, with only the apical part of the outer 
web white; tail brown, the edges of the feathers whitish: bill 
black, with the apical portion, except the tip of the nail, yellow, 
no red spots at the base ; feet light bright red, the web slightly 
dusky; irides yellowish brown {Hoist). Total length about 23 
inches, wing 11*6, tail 4*8, culmen 2*2, tarsus 1-75. 

Female. Smaller and paler, the feathers of the breast for a greater-
extension than in the male having broader whitish edges. 
Young. Paler even than the i em ale, with smaller dusky spots on 
the underparts ; the edges of the upper wing-coverts pale; a broad 
p 2 

212 ANATIDJE. 

subapieal white band across the greater wing-coverts, and the outer 
web of the tertials for the greater part white. 
Hah. China, Mongolia, and Eastern Siberia; Japan and Kuriles. 

a. Ad. sk. No locality. Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. China (Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll. 
e; ft 9-6 2 ad. Shanghai, China, March, Seebohm Coll. (Types 
sk. Nov. (B. Swinhoe). of the species.) 

h. $ ad. sk. Shanghai, China, Nov. K. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
i. Ad. sk. Kiukiang, China, Feb. F. W. Stvan, Esq. [P.]. 
k. Ad. sk. Canton, China. Tweeddale Coll. 
/. $ ad, sk. Nagasaki, Japan, Bee. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.], 
wi.Ad.sk. Yokohama, Japan (H. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
n. S ad. sk. Kechi village, Tsu-shima, Seebohm Coll. 
Feb. (P. A. Hoist), 
o, Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan. H. "Whitely, Esq. [C.l 

p. Sternum. Hakodadi, Japan. Ii. Whitely, Esq. [_C.J. 
14. Anas undulata. 
Anas flavirostris, Smith (nee Vieill), Cat. S. Afr. Mus. p. 36, n. 323 
(1837) (descr. nulla) ; Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 141 (Cape of Good Hope) 
(1838); Smith, III Zool 8. Afr., Birds, pi. 96 (1844); Des Murs 
in Befebvre, Voy. Abyss, p. 171 (1845-50) ,* Bp. Compt. Rendus, xliii. 

p. 649, n. 65 (1856); Heugl. Syst Uebers. n. 697 (1856); id. J.f.O. 
1862, pp. 293, 306, 1863, p. 4; Felz. Beise Novara, Vogel, p. 138 
(Cape) (1866); Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 352 (1867); Gurn. Ibis, 1868, 
p. 49 (Natal); Heugl. Beise nach Abess. 1861-62, pp. 286,317 
(1868); Chapm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 422 (1868); Bocage,Jorn. 
Ac. Se. Bisb. 1868, p. 50; Heur/l Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, 
p. 417; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 98 (1869); Blanf Geol. $ Zool. 
Abyss, p. 437 (1870); Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 329 (1870); 
Boeage, Jorn. Ac. Se. Bisb. 1870, p. 351; Buekl. Ibis, 1874, 
p. 390 (Natal); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 394 (Masailand), 
Anas undulata, Dubois, Orn. Gall. p. 119, pi. 77 (Cape) (1839). 
Anas xanthorhyncha, Forst. Icon. ined. t. 72 (nee t. 71); id. Descr. 
Anim. (ed. Bicht.) p. 45 (nee p. 342) (Cape of Good Hope) (1844) ; 

G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 12 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 85. f. 917 (ex Smith) (1845); Bolle, J.f O. 1856, 
p. 164 (Zool. Gard.); Boch $ B. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 174 (Madagascar) 
; Sclleg, Mm. B.-B., Anseres, p. 43 (1866); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 629 (Zool. Gard.); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, 
n. 10639 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 365 (1872); Gurn. in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Band, p. 342 (1872); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
ii. 2, p. 1346 (1873) • Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 105 (Transvaal), 1880, 
p. 273; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 518; Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 500 
(1881); Skarpe in Oates1 Matab. Band, p. 327 (1881) ; Bchnw. 
Orn. CentralbL 1882, p. 18; id. Vog. zool Gart p. 51 (1882); 
Shell. Ibis, 1882, p. S6S; Holub, Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 329 (1882) ; 
Bntl, Feild., Sr Beid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 437 (Natal); Sclat. list Vert. 
An. 8th ed. p. 431 (1883); Sharpe, Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 755 
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mvs. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 243 (1884); 
Fischer, J.f. 0.1885, p. 115 (Lake Naiwascha); Bchnw. J. f. O. 
1887, p. 46; Clifton, Omis, 1888, p. 154 (Cape Colonv); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen, (2) vi. p. 320 (Shoa) (1888); Tristr. Cat 
Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); Hartertj Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 230 (1891); 
27. ANAS. 
213 
Shell. Ibis, 1894, p. 478 (PalomM Iliver); Bchnw. Vda. Deutseh-
Ost-Afr. p. 26 (1894). 

Anas capensis, IAcht. \nec Gm.) Verz. Simgeth. u. Vog. p. 20, n. 251, 
252 (Kaiferl.) (1842) ; id. in Forst. Descr. An. p. 45 (note) (1844) j 
? id. NomencL Av. p. 101 (1854). 

Anas rueppelli, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 265 (1856) ; id. Ibis, 1807, 

p. 176 ( = flavirostris, Smith); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 800 (1864) ; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 361 (1872). 
Querquedula xanthorhyncha, Sharpe, Ibis, 1892; p. 541 (Machako). 

Adult male. Dark brown above with narrow pale edges, below 
the edges of the feathers are broader and whiter; head rather dark, 
the light edges being very narrow; also the upper wing-coverts 
with narrow light edges ; wing-speculum very broad, of a metallic 
green with a bluish gloss, bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by 
two bands, one velvety black and the other white; outer tertials 
velvety black on the outer web; under wing-coverts whitish; 
axillaries white ; tail-feathers dark brown, with narrow pale edges: 
" irides chestnut; bill yellow, with a long longitudinal patch on 
the culmen, and the nail black; feet black" (Antinori), " tinged 
with yellow " (Ayres). Total length about 20 inches, wing 10*75, 
tail 4*5, culmen 2, tarsus 1*55. 

Female. Similar to the male. 
Hah. South Africa, Eastern Africa as far north as Abyssinia, and 
Western Africa as far north as Angola. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope, Sir A. Smith. (Type of 
Anasflavirostris, Smith.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. Port Natal (T. Ay res). Shelley Coll. 

d. Ad. sk. Movi R., Natal, May Shelley Coll. 
(Buckley). 
e. Ad. sk. Transvaal. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
f. _Ad. st. Transvaal Eepublic. A. Foresman, Esq. [P.], 
g,h. dTM.sk. P<ytehef&troom, Aug. (T. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [T.J. 
Ayres). 
i, k. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom. E. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.]. 

I. J ad. sk. Near Pretoria, June (F. W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
m.n. 
<$ % ad. PalomM B., Nyassa-land, H. H. Johnston, Esq., C.B. 
sk. Aug. (A. Whyte). [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Shoa (Harris). India Museum [P.], 
p, q. <$ ad. sk. Angollalah, May (Harris). India Museum [P.J. 
r. tf ad. sk. Agula, Abyssinia, May. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C], 
s. 
Pull. st. Zool. Soc. 
HYBRID. 
Anas undulata x A. obscura. 
t Ad. sk. Zool. Soc. 

15. Anas sparsa. 
Oat .
Anas sparsa, Smith, Cat S. 
S.S. Afr. 
Afr.Afr. Mus. 
Mus.Mus. p 
pp. 36, n. 324 (1837) (descr. 
XLLU.LO,,, *,„,. ^—. . . Afr v x , 7 ,.

nulla); Byt. Mon. Anat. 
Anat.Anat. p 
pp. 14 
14142
22 (S 
(S(S. Afr.) (1838); Smith, III. Zool. 

S. Afr., Birds, pi. 97 (pt. 21, 1844): G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. 
p. 616, n. 9 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av. t. 110. if. 911 (ex Smith), 
214 
AtfATIDiE. 

979 (1845); Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 251 (Natal); Heugl J. f. O. 
1862, p. 306; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 336 (Zambesi); Zayard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 352 (1867) ; Chapm. Trav. in 8. Afr. ii. App. p. 422 (1868) ; 
Heugl. Reise nach Ahess. 1861-62, pp. 296, 308 (1868); id. Tetenn. 
Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 417; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 99 (1869); Finsch 
# Hartl. Tog. Ost-Afr. p. 809 (1870); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. 

p. 82, n. 10642 (1871); Anderss. B. Damara Land,^. S41 (1872) ; 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii, 2, p. 1317 (1873); Aijres, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 105 (Transvaal), 1876, p. 433,1*80, p. 273 (Transvaal); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 518; Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1852, p. 19; Butt., 
Feild., Sr Reid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 427 (Natal) (1882); Holub, Beitr. 
Orn. Siidafr. p. 330 (1882); Sharpe, Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 756 
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 244 (Slioa) (1884), 
vi. p. 321 (Shoa) (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889); 
Hartert, Kat. Vogehamml. p. 230 (1891); Shell. Bis, 1894, p. 28 
(Zomba); Rchnw. Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 26 (1894). 
Anas flavirostris, G. R. Gr. (nee Smith), List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 

p. 137, spec, a (1844). 
Anas leucostigma, Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. yp. 130, 138, Taf. 48 
(S. Abyssinia) (1845); Des Micrs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss., Ois. 
p. 171 (1845); Blyth, J. A, 8. B. xxiv. p. 2% (1855;; Heugl 
Syst. Uebers, n.695 (1856); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 176; Cab. in 
v. d. Decken, Reisen, iii. p. 51 (1869). 
Anas 
guttata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. BeroL p. 101 (Caffraria) 
(1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 66 (1856); Jerd. B. of 
Ind. iii. p. 800 (1864); SeMeg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 49 (1866); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 353 (1872). 

Adult male. General plumage dark sepia-brown, the head and 
upper neck lighter, having the feathers edged with whitish; the 
feathers of the underparts with narrow pale edges; scapulars and 
tertials with one, two, or three whitish-huff bars, interrupted by 
the shaft; wing-speculum metallic green with a blue gloss, bounded 
anteriorly by two bands on the last row of the wing-coverts, one 
white subterminal, and the other on the tip velvety black; posteriorly 
the speculum is bounded by a black subterminal band and 
a terminal one white; under wing-coverts white, mixed with black; 
axillaries white; tail-feathers, upper and under tail-coverts almost 
black, with whitish bars, oblique on the tail-feathers: " irides dark 
chestnut; bill yellow on the edges and at the base, broadly black on 
the culmen and on the nail.; feet orange, webs black " (Antinori, 
Ragazzi). Total length about 21 inches, wing 10*5, tail 5-5, culmen 
1-85, tarsus 1*55. 
Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller. 
Hob. Southern and Eastern Africa, as far north as S. Abyssinia. 

a. Ad. sk. S. Afxica. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
(Type of the species.) 
b. Ad. st.
c. (S juv. sk.
d. e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. J juv. sk. 
Oape of Good Hope. 
Grahamstown, Jan. (Atmore). 
Natal (Ayres). 
Port Natal (Ayres). 
Pietermaritzberg, May (T. F.
Buckley). 
Purchased. 
Shelley Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

27 . ANAS. 215 
h, i. $ ad. et ad. Potcliefstroom, March, April J. II. Gurncy, Esq. 
fck. (ylyres). [P.l. 
7c, I. Ad. et juv. Zomba, Nyassa-land, Oct. (A. Sir 11. H. Johnston, 
bk. JTfyte). O.B. [P.]. 

16. Anas specularis. 
Anas specularis, King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 98 (Straits of Magellan) 
(1828) ; Eyt Mon. Anat. p. 138 (1838); JarA. <$• Selb. III. OJTI. 

iv. pi. 40 (1840) ; Hartl.Verz. Ges. Mm. p. 119 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. 
List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 136 (1844;; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 3 
(1845); JDes Murs, in Gay's Hist, de Chile, i. p. 450 (1848) ; 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 94. f. 2349 (ex J. $ S.) (1850) ; 
Hard. Naumannia, 1853, pp. 217, 222 (Chili)j Cass. U.S. Astron. 
Exped., Zool. p. 202 (1856); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vog. p. 138 
(Chili) (1865) 5 Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili); Phil. $ Landb. 
Cat. Av. CHI. p. 42 (1868); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 95 (syn. emend.) 
(1869); Sclat $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 380; Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 519, 1881, p. 734 (Zool. Gard.); Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, 
p. 19; id. Voq. zool. Cart. p. 51; Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. 
p. 432 (1883); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 248 (1888); 
Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) j Hartert, Eat VoqehammL 
p. 230 (1891); Berkeley James, New List CM. B. p. 9, n. 150 
(1892). / 
Anas chalcoptera, Kittl. Mem. pris. Acad. St. Ptfersb. ii. p. 471, 
pi. 5 (1835) j Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Colcbagua); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 100. £2766-67 (1850); Licht Nomencl 
Av. p. 101 (1854); Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 74 (1856) ; 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 46 (Bolivia) (1866); G. R. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10650 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 347 
(1872); Sclat §• Sah. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873). 

Adult male. Head and neck brown, but a large spot on the sides 

of the face, chin, and middle of the throat white, spreading on the 
~sife-o£4;he neck 5 back glossy brown-black, with the edges of the 
feathers pale brown] lower back uniform glossy brown-black, 
changing into olive-brown on the upper tail-coverts ; underparts 
pale rufescent, more or less with obso]ete brown bars or transrerse 
spots ; sides and Hanks with brown-black spots ; wings black with 
a green lustre; speculum on the secondaries coppery red, bounded 
posteriorly by a subterminal velvety black band and by a white 
apical band; under wing-coverts glossy black, the greater ones dark 
grey; axillaries white; tail above brown-black, with a green lustre, 
below greyish brown : " bill black ; legs red " (King); " legs 
yellow" (Sclater Sf Salvin). Total length about 21 inches, wing 

10-5, tail 4#8, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1*65. 

Female. Similar to the male, but duller. 

Young in down. Upper parts brown ; underparts, sides of the 

head, a band on the posterior edge of the wing, joining another on 

the sides of the back, and a spot on each side of the rump whitish 5 

a brown band from the eye to the occiput, and a second one across 

the cheeks (Mus. Turin). 

Hah. Central and Southern Chili, (Bolivia?), and Magellan 
Straits. 


21G 
ANATIDiE. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Reed). Sal vin-Godman" Coll. 
b. c, d. 
Ad. sk. C. Chili. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
e,f. <$ ad. sk. Eio Pilmacquen, Feb. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 

V. Juv. st. Straits of Magellan. JSir "W. Bui*nett & 
Capt.Fitzroy[P.]. 
k 
Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan (Wet's- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
haupt). 

17. Anas cristata. 
Crested Duck, lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 543, n. 81 (Staaten Land) (1785). 
Anas cristata, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 540, n. 114 (1758) lex Latham); 
Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 870, n. 93 (1790); Bonn, Erie. Meth. i. 

p. 143 (1790); VieilL N. B. v. p. 120 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. 
Nat. vi. p. 3S3 (1817); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 13(5 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 6 (1845); Des Murs in Gay 
Hist, de Chile, i. p. 449 (1848) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (e-g, 
Falklands); Sclat P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands) ; Abbott, Ibis, 
1861, p. 160 (Falklands); Pelz. Iteise Novara, Tog. p. 138 (Chili) 
(1865); Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 39 (Bolivia, BOrbigny) 
(1866); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili); Sclat. $ Salv. 
I c. p. 990 (Salinas, Peru), 1868, p. 570; Phil. <$• Landb. Cat. 
Av. (Ml. p. 41 (1868) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 
(Tuesday Bay); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10651 (1871) ; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 349 (1872); Sclat. $ Saiv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 129 (1873); Pelz. Ibis, 1678, p. 46; Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 554 (Junin, Centr. Peru) ; Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 381; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 519 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13; 
Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 473 
(1886); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 401 (Tarapaca), 1887, p. 396 
(Zool. Gard.); Philijppi, Ornis, 1888, p. 160 (Pastos largos); 
Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Bum. Air. iii. p. 248 (1888); Iristr. Cat. 
Coll. B. p. 49 (Tilly Bay, Magellan) (1889); Oust. Hiss. Sc. Cap 
Horn, vi. Ois. p. 199 (1891) ; Berkeley James, New List Chil. B. 
p. 9, n. 151 (1892). 
Tadorna cristata, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 77 (1824). 
Anas specularioides, Xing, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 98 (Straits of Magellan) 
(1828); Gibson, Pr. Phys. Soc. Edinb. iv. p. 186 (1878; ( = 

A. cristata). 
Milouin des Malouines, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 632, n. 42 (1831); Pucher. 
Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 636 (=A. specularioides). 
Anas pyrrhogastra, Meyen, Nov. Act. xvi. Suppl p. 119 (Maipu, 
Ohili) (1833); Hartl. Naumannia, 1853, p. 222. 
Anas pyrrhogaster, Meyen, I. c. tah xxv. (1833). 
Dafila pyrogaster, Eyt Mon. Anat. p. 113 (1838); Eraser, P. Z. S. 

1844, p. 157 (Chili); Eyt Syn. Anat p. 65 (1869). 
Anas lophyra, Forst Icon. ined. t. 78; id. Bescr. An. (ed. Licht.) 

p. 340 (Magellan Straits) (1844). 
Dafila pyrrhogastra, Rchnb. Syn. Av.^&t&toTes, t. 88. f. 923 (1845). 
Dafila cristata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 114 (1856). 
Daphila cristata, Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875). 
, Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dull greyish, minutely 
spotted with brown ; a large "brown patch covers the occiput 

27 . ANAS. 
217 
and extends to the eyes; nape with a long pendent crest; chin and 
throat whitish immaculate; back and scapulars brown, the feathers 
of the back with pale edges, the scapulars darker towards the tip; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform olive-brown; 
breast and abdomen pale ruiescent, the feathers of the breast with 
a brown spot in the centre; the abdomen with obsolete darker bars; 
longer under tail-coverts black ; wings olive brown-grey, speculum 
on the secondaries coppery red with a green gloss, and bounded 
posteriorly by a velvety black band, broader on the inner feathers, 
and by a second white band at the tip of the secondaries : primaries 
olive-brown; under wing-coverts olive brown-grey, the greater 
ones grey ; axillaries white; tail brown-black, with a purple gloss : 
"iris blood-red" or orange (Berkeley James); "legs dark grey, upper 
mandible horn colour, lower one flesh-colour" (Coppinger). Total 
length about 24 inches, wing 11-5, tail 6, culmen 1*85, tarsus 1*75. 
Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller, and the 

crest shorter. 
This species is not a very typical member of the genus Anas. 
Hah. Southern America, from S. Peru (and .Bolivia ?) to Magellan 

Straits, and also the Falklands. 

a. 
Ad. sk. P5 A Tn PVIO^ Eyton Coll. 
Salinas, Peru, 14,000 ft., July. H. Whitely, Esq. 
b. S ad. sk. 
[o.]. 

Salinas, Peru, 14,000 ft., July 

c. $ ad. sk. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
(H. WMtely). 
Tinta, Peru, June (JET. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili {Ley-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
bold). 
e. cT ad. sk. Prov. of Tarapaca. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Jan. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]: 
-JU h.<$ $ ad. sk. Sacaya, Jan., Feb. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. TP.]. 
i-o. $ 5 ad. sk. Sitana, Jan. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]/ 
p-s. 
(S 2 ad. sk. Central Chili. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 

t. Ad. sk. 
Straits of Magellan. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
v. Ad. sk. Cockle Cove, Straits of MagelDr. 
Coppinger [P.], 
i0. § ad. sk. lan, Feb. 
x. $ ad. sk. 
Port Rosario, March. Dr. Coppinger [P.]. 
y. 
fj ad. sk. North Bay, Hermit Is., Sept. McCormick Bequest. 
(JR. McC). 
z. $ ad. sk. 
North Harbour, Hermit Is. Antarctic Exp. [C.]. 
a'. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. The Admiralty [P.J. 
b\ Ad. sk. Falkland Is. Eyton Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. Falkland Is. Antarctic Exp. [C.]. 
d'. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e',f. Ad. sk. 
Falkland Is. Tweeddale Coll. 


(j. $ 
ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, E. Falklands, Antarctic Exp. [C.]. 
May. 
218 
ANATIDiB. 

28. 
EUIffETTA. 
Type. 
Eunetta, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, gen. 35 (185(3) .. E. falcata. 
Mange. Eastern Palsearctic Eegion. 

1. Eunetta falcata. 
Anas falcata, 
Georgia Beise Buss. Beichs, i. p. 167 (1775); Ball. Zoogr. 
Bosso-As. ii. p. 259, tab. lxx. (1811) ; Brandt, Descr. et Icon. An. 
Boss. fasc. i. p. 21, t. 3 (1836); Eartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 110 
(1844); Midd. Sibir. Beis. ii. p. 231, Taf. xxi. f. 2 (young tf) 
(1853) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 1025 (1856); Kittl. Denkw. ii. 

p. 307 (1858); Bias. u. Bald. Naumami's Tog. Deutschl. xiii. 2, 
p. 300, Taf. 389. f. 1(d) (I860); Sclileg. Mus. P.-J5., Anseres, 
p. 72 (1866); Byb. u. Parr. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria); 
Przew. Voij. n. 201 (1867-69) ; id. Butesch. Ussur. n. 201 (1870); 
Homey. J. f 0. 1870, p. 432; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 350 (1872) ; 
Blahist. Ibis, 1876, p. 335 (Kanitschatka); McLeod, Str. Feath. x. 
p. 168 (Bhawulpore) (1881); Taoz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 458 (Corea); 
Seebh. B. Jap. Bmp. p. 245 (1890); Brandt, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 268, 
Anas 
falcaria, Ball. Beise Buss. Beichs, iii. p. 701, n. 34 (1776); 
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 521, n. 86, with Tar. 0 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Om. ii. p. 860, n. 70 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 147, pi. 36. 

f. 5 (1790) ; Vieill. N. I), v. p. 105 (1816) ; Bum. Bid. Sc. 
Nat. vi. p. 397 (1817); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 100 (1824); 
Temm. $ Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 127 (Japan) (1850); 
Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 273 (Skandinavia); Swinh. Ibis, 
1862, p. 254; id. B. Z. S. 1803, p. 324; David, N.Arch. du Mus., 
Bull. vii. Cat n. 450 (1871). 
Sarcelle de Java, D'Aubent. Bl Enl. 
n. 930 (tf); Buff. Hist. Nat. 

Ois. ix. p. 275 (1783). 
Anas javana, Bodd. Tail PI Enl. 55, n. 930 (1783) (ex PL JSnL). 
Falcated Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool. i. p. 574, t. 23 (1785); Lath. Sun. 

iii. 2, p. 516, n. G2 (1785). 
Anas javanensis, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 160, pi. 39. f. 3 (1791) (ex PL 
Enl 930). 
Anas drepanopteros, Messerschm. MB., fide Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. 

ii. p. 259 (1811). 
Querquedula major, Gmel. sen. MS.,fide Pallas, L c. 
Anas drepanopteros torquata, Mus. Betrop. p. 407, n. 650, fide Pall. 
I.e. 
Anas falcaria, var., Vieill. N. D. v. p. 172 (1816) (ex PL Enl. 930). 
Aix falcaria, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 329. 
Querquedula falcaria, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 126 (1838); Strichl. 
B. Z. S. 1842, p. 167 (China); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. p. 137 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av. t. 89. ff. 182 (tf), 413 ($ ) (1845); 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); Siuinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345 
(N. China) ; Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332 (N. Japan); Swinh. Ibis, 
1863, p. 434 (Formosa ?); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 78 (1869). 
Qiierquedula falcata, 
G. B. Gr. Gen. B. p. 616, n. 4 (1845); Bp. 
Bev. Crit. pp. 103,193 (Hungary) (1850); Gerbe $ Begl. Orn. Em. 

ii. p. 526 (1867); Sharpe $ Bress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 525, pi. 429 
(Sweden) (pt. 2,1871); Fritsch, J.f.O. 1872, p. 369 (Boehmia); 
Byb. J.f 0.1873, p. 109: Sclat. B. Z. S. 1874, p. 152 (Zool. 
Gard.); Tacz. J.f.O. 1874, p. 337,1875, p. 257 (Ussuri); Hume, 
Str. Feath. iv. p. 225 (Kurnal and Oudh) (1876) ; Tacz. Orn. Faun. 
28 . EUNETTA. 219 
Vast. Sibir. p. 69 (1877) ; id. Bull Soc. Zool Fr. ii. p. 45 (1877); 
Blakist. # Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 214 (Japan) ; Anders. Twin. Etped. 

ii. Birds, p. 701 (1878); Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 494 (Calcutta 
market) (1879), viii. p. 115, n. 966 bis, p. 411 (India) (1879) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 521; Hume fy Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. 
p. 231, pi. 30 (1880); Blakist. $ Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. 
p. 105 (1880), x. p. 98 (1882); Bolau, J.f 0. 1882, p. 340 ; Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 343 (Karatsckatka) (1883); Sclat. List 
Vert. An. 8 th ed. p. 434 (1883); Blalist. Amend. List B. Jap. 
p. 9 (1884) ; Madar. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 38 (Hungary) 
(1884); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. 
(2) Zool. v. p. 91 (1889); id. Cat Osteol. Speaim. Coll. Sara. 
iii. p. 301 (1891). 
Querquedula javana, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n, 5 (1845). 
Querquedula drepanopteros, Bp. Rev. Crit. p. 103 (1850). 
Querquedula javanensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, n. 96 (1850); 
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 74 (1869). 
Eunetta falcata, Bp. Compt. Fiend, xliii. p. 650, n. 108 (1856); 
Swinh. F. Z. S. 1871, p. 419; G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, 

n. 10671 (1871) ; Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 (1872); 
Swinh. Jbis, 1873, p. 368, 1874, p. 164 (Hakodadi); Heugl. J.f. 0. 
1874, p. 462; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 504 (1877); Frjev. in 
Bowl Orn. Misc. iii. p. 104 (Mongolia) (1878) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, 
p. 270 (C. China); Stejn. Naturen, 1884, p. 9 ; id. Bull U.S. Nat. 
Mus. n. 29, p. 156 (Bering I.) (1885); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. 
p. 136 (Bering I.) (1887); Gigl $r Salvad. F. Z. S. 1887, p. 591; 
Salvad. $ Gigl. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 118 (1888) ; 
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328,497; Schal J.f 0. 1891, p. 268; Be la 
Touche, ibis, 1892, p. 492. 
Mareca falcata, Cass. Exp. Am. Squadr. China Seas and Jap. ii. p. 231 

(1856); id. J.f.O. ItSoS, p. 448. 
Querquedula multicolor, Swinh. (nee Scop.) Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (Amoy). 
Anas (Querquedula) falcata, Schreiik, Vog.Am.-Land^.&YQ (1860) ; 

Radde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 369 (1863); Bchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 
—0882*. p. 20 ; id. Vog. zool Gart. p. 54 (1882). 
Kettion i&mxxm^jn. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 71 (1883). 

Adult male. Crown deep chestnut; sides of the head bronze-
purple, greener posteriorly; a long green mane on the back of the 
nape ; throat and upper part of the neck white, intersected below 
by a green collar; mantle and upper scapulars with narrow 
crescentic bands grey and blackish; rump blackish; basal upper 
tail-coverts grey, vermiculated with black, the longer ones black 
and entirely hiding the tail; upper breast waved with alternate 
crescentic bars of black and white, producing a regular scaly 
appearance; lower breast whitish, each feather with black bars, 
one of which is subterminal; sides, flanks, and abdomen waved 
with narrow black and greyish bands; under tail-coverts black, 
very long, and reaching beyond the tail; on each side of the 
under tail-coverts a very distinct buff patch, the bases of the 
feathers being black, showing a beautiful black bar, which separates 
the bufTy patch from another silky white band formed by the tip of 
lowest flank-feathers ; scapulars grey, narrowly waved with black, 
and more or less distinctly whitish on the edges; a black patch on 
the outer scapulars; wing-coverts grey, the last row whitish; 

220 ANATIDJE. 

wing-speculum on the secondaries dark glossy green, bounded below 
by a narrow whitish band at the tip of the secondaries; tertials 
very long and narrow, sickle-shaped, with the shafts whitish, the 
webs velvety glossy black, the edges and part of the inner webs 
grey; quills dark grey, almost blackish towards the tip ; under 
wing-coverts white, but the greater ones grey; axillaries white; 
tail-feathers grey, with narrow white edges : bill greenish black ; 
feet dull blue-grey, darker on the web; iris brown. Total length 
19 inches, wing 10, tail 3, culmen 1*8, tarsus 1*35. 

Adult female. Head striped with blackish, each feather margined 
with fulvous ; sides of the face and neck lighter, dotted with small 
black points and stripes; feathers of the back black, varied with 
rufous V-shaped marks and edges ; rump blackish ; upper breast 
and sides rufous, with black crescentie bars; lower breast and 
abdomen white, with black crescentie bars or spots, but almost 
uniform in the middle; under tail-coverts reddish, with blackish 
marks ; upper wing-coverts dusky grey, the greater row whitish at 
the tip ; wing-speculum black, faintly glossed with green ; primaries 
greyish brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; tail-feathers 
brown-grey, with reddish edges : bill, feet, and irides as in the male. 

The female resembles that of GJiaulelasmus streperus, but differs in 
having the visible portion of all the later secondaries black, with a 
metallic green reflection, narrowly tipped with white, and the terminal 
portion of their greater coverts, or last row of the wing-coverts, 
whitish, while in the female Gadwall the entire visible portions of 
the later secondaries are pure white, and the terminal portion of 
their greater coverts black. Besides, the tail-feathers of Kfalcata $ 
are almost uniform brown-grey, except the reddish edges, while in 
the female Gadwall the outer tail-feathers are whitish, with 
irregular brown marks. Finally, the upper mandible of the female 

E. falcata is uniformly dark coloured* whereas in the female 
Gadwall it is only dark along the culmen and the remainder pale. 
Hal. Eastern Asia and Japan; it seldom straggles into the 
"Western Paleearctic Eegion. 

a. $ ad. sk. Omsk, Siberia. Old Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Bala Morghab (Dr. AitcM-Afghan Delimitation 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d,e. £ $ ad. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. 
bon).
Abohur. Oudh. 
Sultanpur. Gurgaon,
{W.N. Chill). 
Feb. 
Commission [P.], 
Mai or Cumberland m 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coil. 
g. 3 ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
Calcutta, Jan. 
Kurnal. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
i. J ad. sk. 
k-o. $ $ ad. sk. et 
Tapengk, Feb. 
China. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
sk. 
p, q. <$ ad. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
China (Tuckett). 
Shanghai, China, March. 
[P.l-
Tweeddale Coll. 
R.Swinhoe,Esq.[P.]. 
s, t,u.<$2 ad. sk. Shanghai, March {JR.. Seebohm. Coll. 

29. CHA.ULELA.SM:US. 
v. $ irnrn. sk. Shanghai, Feb. F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. " 
w» ^»y. d'Sadsk . Kiukiang, China, Feb. F. W. Styan, Esq. 
z. S juv. sk.
a'. $ &&•sk- 
Peking, China, Oct. (J2. &). 
S. Manchuria. 
Seebohm Coll. 
H. M. James, Esq. 
[P/]. 
&'. J ad. sk. Awomeri, Japan, April Seebohm Coll. 
{Blakiston). 
c'-f. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, Jan., F. Einger, Esq. [P.]. 
March. 
g\ h'^ ir . d 2 ad. Yokohama, Japan (H. Seebohm Coll. 
et juv. sk. Fryer), 

29. CHAULELASMUS. 
Type. 
Chauliodus, Sic. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Bi7-ds, p. 440 
(1831) ; id. Journ. Foy. Inst. ii. p. 19 (1831) (nee 
Blorh, 1801). 
Clmuliod.es, Fyt.Mon.Anat^AZ (1838) (nee Latr.17 98) C. streperus. 
Chaulelasmus, G. F. Gr., fide Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. 
$ N. Amer. p. 56 (1838) ( = Chauliodus, Sw.); G. F. 
Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617 (1845). 
Ktinorhynchus,, Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 137, preface, p. 2 
(1838) C. streperus, 
Ctenorhynchus, Agass. Nomencl. Zool, Ind. TJnw p. 198 
(1846). 
Chauliodous, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occ. 

iv. p. 50 (1888). 
Range. Confined to Northern Hemisphere. 

Key to tJie Species. 

a. Larger; wing about 11 inches stieperus, p. 221. 
ML Smaller ; wing 8 inches (only female known) ... couesi, p. 220. 
1. Chaulelasmus streperus. 
Strepera, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 339, tab. xxxiii. f. 1 (1760). 
Anas strepera, Linn. S. JY". i. p. 200, n. 20 (1766) ; Orn. S. JV. i. 2, 


p. 520, n. 20 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 859, n. 69 (1790); 
Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 138 (1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. Ill, 
pi. 13. £ 7, 8 (trachea) (1798); Fall. Zoogr. Fosso-As. ii. p. 254 
(1811) j Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 120, pi. 71 (1814) ; Temm. Man. 
p. 539 (1815); Vieill K D. v. p. 135 (1816); Dwn. Diet. So. Nat. 
vi. p. 365 (1817); Temm. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 837 (1820) ; Bout, 
Isis, 1822, p. 564; Licht Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (1823) ; Steph. Gen. 
Zool xii. 2, p. 103 (1824); Bp. Obs. Wih. n. 257 (1825); id. Syn. 
p. 383 (1828); Fkm. Brit. An. p. 124 (1828); 8avi, Orn. Tow. 
iii. p. 159 (1831); Brehm, Vdg. Feutschl. p. 870 (3831); Sykes, 
F. Z. S. 1832, p. 168 (Dukhun); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 353, 
pi. 348 (1838); id. Syn. p. 278 (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 254, 
pi. 388 (1843); K.\ B. Wirbelth. Fur. pp. lxxxv, 226 (1840) ; 
Naum. Vdg. Feutschl. xl p. 659, pi. 302 (1842) ; Selys-L., Faun. 
Belg. i. p. 141 (1842); Schleg. Fev. Crit. p. 115 (1844); Giraud, 
B. Long. Isl p. 304 (1844); Be Kay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 343 (1844) ; 
Degl Orn. Fur. ii. p. 430 (1849); Temm. fy Schleg. Faun. Jap.. 
222 ANATIDJE. 

Aves, p. 128 (1850); Midd. Sibir. Pels, ii. p. 232 (1853); ? Pastier, 
J.f.O. 1853, pp. 242, 312 (Lapland! breeding*); Wallengr. 
Naximannia, 1854, p. 272 (Scandinavia) ; Neiob. P. R. P. Pep. vi. 

p. 102 (1857); Jon., Wedd., fy Hurdis, Nat in Perm. p. 47 
(Bermuda) (1859); Mart. J.f. 0. 1859, p. 220; Finsth, J.f.O. 
1859, p. 387 (Bulgaria); Preen, ibid. p. 463 (note); Poivys, Ibis, 
1860, p. 353 (Ion. Isl.); Simps, ibid. p. 394 (W. Greece); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (China); Nordm. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 377; 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 48 (Cape of Good Hope !) (1866); 
Przew. Voy. n. 203 (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 1808, p. 328 (Palestine); 
Elwes fy Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p, 340 (Macedonia); Homey er, J.f.O. 
1870, p. 432; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 396 (S. Spain, breeding); 
Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 233 (Crimea); Shell B. of Egypt, p. 283 
(1872); Gieb. The*. Orn. i. p. 363 (1872); Senertz. Tvrhe^t. Jemtn. 
p. 70 (1873) ; Sclat. <$• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873) ; 
Blyth, B. of Burma, p. 166 (Arakan) (1875); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 382; Blanf. Matt. Pers. ii. p. 300 (1876) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. 
Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 262 (W. Siberia); A. $ P. Neict. Handb. Jam. 
p. 113 (1881); C. Siuinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 124; Pchnw. Orn. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; id. Vog. zool. Gart. p. 52 (18fe2) ; 
Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest.. Aves, p. 115 (1884); Saund. 
Tamil's Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 370'(1885); Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. 
p. 530, pi. 64 (egg) (1855); Menzb. Ibis, 1885, p. 357; A. O. U. 
Chech-list, p. 115, n. 135 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. II. Alaska, 
p. 131 (1886); Scully, J. A. S. B. lvi. p. 88 (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N. 
Am. B. p. 95 (1887); Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 61 (Cuba and Jamaica, 
winter); id. Birds TV. Ind. p. 262 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. 
p. 49 (Bermuda) (1889); Rchmu. J. f. O. 1890, p. 82 ; Lilf Col. 
Fig. Br. B. pt. xv. pi. — (1890); Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 242 
(1890); Hartert, Eat. Voyelsa?7iml.-p. 231 (1891); Hatch, B. of 
Minnes. p. 41 (1892); A. Newt. Diet of Birds, pt. 1, p. 207 
(1893). 
Anas cinerea, S. G. Gm. Peise Bussl ii. p. 184, t. 17 (<£) (1774); 
Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 871 (1831). 

Anas kekuschka, S. G. Gm. Peise, iii. p. 249, tt. 26, 27 (Caspian 
Sea) (1774); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 531, n. 102 (1788); Lath. Hid. 
Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 112 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 153 (1791); 
Vieill. N. JD. v. p. 122 (1816); Hum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 379 
(1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 110 (1824). 

Gadwall, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 603, n. 288 (1776); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, 

p. 515, n. 61 (1785). 
Anatra canapiglia, Gerini, Stor. Ucc. v. tav. 574, 575 (1776). 
Chipeau, DAubent. PI. Enl. p. 958 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 187, 
pi. 12 ($ ) (1783). 
Anas (Okauliodus) strepera, Siv. $* Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 440 
(1831); Jen. Man. p. 231 (1835). 
Chauliodus strepera, SID. Journ. Pot/. Inst. ii. p. 19 (1831); Thomps. 

P. Z. S. 1834, p. 30 (Ireland); Eyt. Cat. Br. B. p. 60 (1836) ; Sw. 
Class. B. ii. p. 366 (1837); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 43 (1838) ; Jei<d. 
Madr. Journ. xii. p. 220, n. 381 (1840); Ever, P. Z. S. 1842, 
p. 93; Blyth, ibid. p. 94 ; Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40. 
Anas (Boschas) strepera, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 383 (1834). 
Chauliodes strepera, Gould, B. of Eur. v. pi. 300 (1837); Radde, 
Ornis Caucas. p. 434 (1884). 
Chaulelasmus streperus, G. P. <?r.(ubi?); Bp. Comp. List, p. 56 (1838); 
Eraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 134 (Erzeroom); G. P. Gr. List Gen. B. 

p. 74 (1840); id. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 139 (1844); id. Gen. B. 
29 . CHAULELASMUS. 
223 

iii. p. 617, n. 1 (1845); id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 145 (1846); 
Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 304, 
n. 1777 (1849); Rchnb. Syst. Av. p. x (1852); Woodh. Sitgr. l&p. 
p. 104 (1853); Bp. Compt Mend. xl. p. 064 (1853), xliii. p. 650, 
n. 80 (1856) ; Heugl. Syst Ueb. n. 693 (1856); Brehn, J. f. 0. 
1857, p. 357 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 782 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. 
B. n. 584 (1859); Heerm. P. P. It. Hep. x. pt. vi. p. 69 (1659) ; 
Salo. Ibis, 1859, p. 363 (E. Atlas); llomeij. J.f 0. 1859, p. 373 
(Zool. Gard.) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 81 (N. Afr.) ; Coop. $ Suckl. 
JY. H. Wash. Terr. p. 256 (1860); AlbrecM, J.f. 0. 1862, p. 207 
(Jamaica); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 146 (Br. N. Am.) ; G. 22. Gr. 
Cat. Hodge. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); March, Pr. Ac. 
Pkilad. 1864, p. 72 (Jamaica); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 ; Jerd. 
B. oflnd. iii. p. 802 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 442; Dress. 
Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texas); Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 99 
(Arizona) ; Gundl. Pep. Fis.-Nat i. p. 389 (Cuba) (1866); Later. 
Ann. Lyc. K.Y. viii. (1866), p. 297 (1867); Beav. Ibis, 1868, 
p. 402 (India) ; Broiun, ibid. p. 420 (Vancouver) ; Ball fy Bam. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 
(China) ; Goebel, J. f. 0. 1871, p. 147 (Umansclien Kreise); 
Gundl. J. f 0. 1871, pp. 292, 2^4 (Cuba); Fritsch, J. f 0. 
1872, p. 369 ; Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872); 
Merr. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. p. 704 (Idaho) (1872); Allen, Bull. 
M. C. Z. iii. p. 183 (Colorado) (1872); Aiken, Pr. Boot. Soc. xv. 
p. 240 (Colorado) (1872); Cones, Key, p. 286 (1872); id. Chechlist, 
n. 491 (1873); AH. 8? H. Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 70 (Archangel) 
; Lloyd, ibid. p. 420 (Kattiawar); Snow, B. Fans, p. 11 
(1873); Hume § Senders. Lahore to Yark. p. 296 (1873); Dress. 
B. Far. vi. p. 487, pi. 424 (pt. xxiii., 1873); Heual Orn. N.O.-
Afr, ii. 2, p. 1327 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.~ West, p. 563 (1874) ; Law. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. IT. ii. p. 315 (1874) ; Gundl. J f O. 1875, 
p. 381 (Cuba); Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 419; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 499 (1877) ; Prjev. in Bowl Orn. Misc. iii. p. 105 (Mongolia) 
(1878) ; BlaMst. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 214 (Yokohama); Hume, 
Str. Feath. yiii. p. 115, n. 961 (1879); Scully, ibid. p. 362 (Nepal) 
tl^fOff-ScM^P. Z±S. 1880, p. 519; Hume $ Marsh. Game Birds, 
iii. p. 181, pi. 24 (188TFT; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 100 (Gilgit); Midgiu. 
Norn. N. Am. B. n. 604 (1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113, 
n. 711 (1882); Sab. Cat B. Strickl Coll. p. 534 (1882); Blah. 8? 
Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 98 (1882); Bcbiw. Orn. Ceniralbl. 
1882, p. 19; id. Tog. zool Gdrt. p. 52 (1882); B. O. U. List 
Br. B. p. 125 (1883 j ; Sdatldst Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 432 (1883); 
Gates, B. of Br. Burma, ii. p. 283 (1883): Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 424 
(Chamba); B.} B., <$• P. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 506 (1884); 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 693 (1884); Sharps, Bayard's B. 
S. Afr. p. 759 (Orange River) (1884); Nehrl J.f. 0.1885, p. 146 
(Illinois) ; Salvad. Fl. Ucc. Ital. p. 258 (1886); Ta>t, Ibis, 1887, 
p. 376 (Portugal); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 (Bering I.) 
(1887); St. John, Ibis] 1889, p. 129 (Afghanistan); Sharps,'Tr. 
Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 91 (1889); id. Sec. Yark. Fxp., Aves, 
p. 131 (1891); id. Cat. Osteol Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 301 (1891); 
Siyan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 496 ; Dub. Faun. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 438, 
pi. 254 (1892); Oust Ois. Turkest etc. {Nouv. Arch. Mus. (3) vi. 
Fxtr. p. 99) (1894); Pickett, Ibis, 1894, p. 224 (China). 
Ktinorhynchus streperus, Eyt Mon. Anat p. 137 (1838). 
Querquedula strepera, Macgill. Man. Orn. ii. p. 109 (1842); id. Hist 
Br.B.y. p. 59(1852). 

224 ANvriLiE. 

Ktinorhynchus strepera, JEartl. Vers. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844). 
Anas mail, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81, n. 500 (2) (1844). 
Ohaulela&mus strepera, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 92. ff. 165-167 


(1845) ; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 100 (1854); Bolle, J. f. 0. 1855, 

p. 314 (Spain); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 510 (1867) ; Gould, 
B. Great Brit v. pi. 19 (pt. xiii., 1868); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 93 
(1869); Tacz. J.f. 0. 1870, p. 55 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, 
n. 10674 (1871); JDyb, J.f O. 1873, p. 110, 1874, p. 337; Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (1877) ; Madar. Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. 
p. 39(1884). 
Ohaulelasmus cinereus, Brehn, Vogelf. p. 373 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 297. 
Ohaulelasmus americanus, Gray (ubi ?),Jide Brehm, Vogelf. p. 374 
(1855); id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 297. 
Ohaulelasmus streperus, b. americanus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650 
(1856). 
Anas strepera americana, Wied, J.f. 0. 1859, p. 169. 
Anas (Chauliodes) strepera, Badde, JReis. 8. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 370 (1863). 
Anas streperus, Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 30 (1885). 
Chauliodous streperus, Olpke-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. iv. 

p. 50 (1888). 
Adult male. Upper part of the head reddish brown, indistinctly 
speckled with darker brown; sides of the head and upper neck 
whitish, the latter with a rusty tinge, both thickly speckled with 
brown; an indistinct brown band behind the eyes; mantle and 
scapulars grey, thickly waved with blackish ; lower back uniform 
brown, changing into velvety black on the rump, upper and under 
tail-coverts; lower neck in front and on the sides and upper breast 
with blackish and white crescent-like bars on each feather, producing 
a scale-like appearance; lower breast and upper part of the abdomen 
white; sides and flanks thickly waved with blackish and greyish 
bands, which extend on the sides of the vent; smaller wing-coverts 
brownish grey, the median ones chestnut, the greater velvety black : 
wing-speculum velvety black outwardly, inwardly white ; primaries 
brownish grey; primary-coverts and tertiaries grey; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white; tail-feathers greyish, with the tips 
whitish: "bill lead-colour; irides hazel; legs, toes, and their 
membranes dull orange " (Yarrell). Total length about 21 inches, 
wing 11, tail 4, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1*5. 

Female. General colour dark brown, each feather with a buff 
margin, except the scapulars, the feathers of the rump, which are 
brownish black, and the wings, which resemble those of the adult 
male, except that the reddish chestnut is confined to a few of the 
median wing-coverts. The general colour of the underparts is 
white, suffused with rufescent on the breast and flanks, which, 
together with the under tail-coverts, are spotted with dark brown. 

Young in first plumage. Closely resembles the adult female, but 
there is no chestnut or black on the wings, the white on the 
secondaries is dull, and the whole of the feathers of the underparts 
have obscure, ill-defined, brown centres. 

Males not quite in full dress have a very distinct reddish tinge on 
the throat and lower part of the neck. 

29 . OHAtriELASMTJS. 
Young in down resemble those o£ the Mallard, " but there is a 
more pronounced golden tinge on the throat and cheeks, the streak 
through the eye is more defined, and there is a small dark spot at 
the junction of the mandibles, which the Mallard has not" 
(Tarrell). 

Hah. Northern Hemisphere, breeding in subarctic regions of both 
continents, extending south during winter as far as Abyssinia and 
Shoa, but not as far as the Cape (?), Palestine, India, Arakan, 
China, and Japan; in America as far south as Mexico and Jamaica. 

a, b, c. (S 2 ad. sk. Great Britain. 

d. <5 ad. sk. I. of Three, Nov. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
f-o. 
S ? ad., c? Merton, Norfolk, June, July, 
imm. sk., et pull. st. 

p. 
Imm. sk. 
q. $ ad. sk. 
r. <$ ad. sk. 
s. tf ad. sk. 
t,u. S $ ad. sk. 
v, w. (S ad. et J 
imm. sk. 
x, y. d juv. sk. 

s. $ ad. sk. 
a'-d'. <S $ ad. sk. 
e',f. £ ad. et S 
juv. sk. 
g'-i'. £ ad. sk. 

V, m'. <$ ad. sk. 
n\ S ad. sk. 

o'-sr. tf ad. et <J 

juv. sk. 
t'. S ad. sk. 
u'. $ ad. sk. 
v\ wr. (S imm. sk. 
x% yr, z'. d $ ad. 

et <S imm. sk. 
a"-e'l S $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
f\f. 6 ad. et^ 
juv. sk. 
h". £ ad. sk. 

i". S ad. sk. 

#', I". <J ad. sk, 
m", n", o". $ ad. 
et $ juv. sk. 
VOL. xxvrr. 

Pembrokeshire. 
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Aug. 


Kent. 
Hastings Market, April. 


London Market. 
Egypt, Feb. (G. E. &)• 


Lenkoran. 
Teheran, 4000 ft., Persia. 


Lob-nor,Feb. (Prjevalsky). 
Bala Morghab, Jan., Feb. 


(Aitchison). 

Kandahar, Feb., Mar. 

I£. Jhelum, near Shahpoor, 

Nov. {A. O. J2".). 
Hamal Mehur, Jan. 
Mehur, Upper Sind, Jan. 

{A. O. H.). 
Sambhur, Feb., March, Nov. 

{R.M.Adam). 

Gwalior. 
Ajmere, Pec. {A. 0. U.). 
Sirza. 
Gurgaon, Feb. (W. N. Chill). 


Etawah, Nov. 


Futtehgurh,Feb. {A. Anderson). 


Phoolpore, near Allahabad, 
Feb. 
Oudh. 

Oudh, Dec, Jan. 
Nepal. 

Purchased. 
Col. Irby & Capt. 

Keid [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Lord Walsingham 

[P.]. 
Earl of Cawdor [P.]. 
Theodore Fisher, 

Esq. [P.l. 
Montagu Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
Shelley Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
W.T.Blanford,Esq. 

[E.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Afghan Delimitation 

Commission [P.]. 
Lt.-Col. Swinhoe 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

C. Maries, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
226 AKATIDJE. 

p":v". <J $ ad. et Native Sikhim, Feb., March, Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. Nov. {L. Mandelli). 
to1'1. $ ad. sk. Dipur Bheel, Assam, Feb. Tweeddale Coll. 

{A. W. Chennell). 
x". S ad. sk. Dinapore, Jan. Hume Coll. 
*/', as". <5 ad. sk. et India Museum [P.]. 

Deccan (Sykes). 
$ ad. sk. 


Shanghai, March (It, Siwn-Seebohm Coll. 

a*~d\ S $ ad. sk. 

hoe). 
<?3,/3. $ Jad.sk. Yokohama, Jan. (H. Fryer), Seebohm Coll. 


(f. ? <$ juv. st. Behring Straits. Capt. Kellett & Lieut, 
Wood [P.]. 
7^3. c? ad. sk. N. America. J. E. Grav, Esq. [P." 


«3. tf ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K Lord, Esq. [P.' 
h\ $ ad. sk. West side Bocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [K 
/3. <$ juv. sk. 49th Parallel. N. America Boundary 
Comm, [P.]. 
w3. $ juv. sk. Warner Lake, Oregon, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

723. Juv. sk. Washoe Lake, Nevada, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o3. c? ad. sk. Mississippi Valley, April. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p3. c? jitv. sk. San Antonio, Texas, winter Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. E. Dresser). 
#3-R <? S ad. et Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Dec, Jan. (F. B. Arm


strong). 
cK g ad. sk. Los Angeles, California. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
dK $ juv. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Feb. {A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Forrer). 
*l,A9*. 3 2 a<*Zacatecas, Mexico, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 


sk. (W. B. Hichardson). 

A1, i\ k\Zool. Soc. 

 Pull. st. 

No locality. 

/*. Pull. St. 

Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

oil4'. Skeleton (im


[P.]. 

perfect). 
w1. Sternum and 
shoulder-girdle. 


2. Chaulelasmus couesi. 
? Anas strepera, Forst. Descr. An, p. 156 (Tahiti) (1844); Hartl. 
Wiegm. Arch. 1852, i. p. 136. 
Chaulelasmus strepera, var. (?), G. H. Gr. Cat B. Trap. Isl. p. 55 
(Society Islands, New Caledonia !) (1859). 

Chaulelasmus couesi, Streets, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 46 (Washington 
and New York Islands) (1876); id. Bull U.S. Nat Mus. 
no. 7, p. 21 (1877); id. Amer. Nat xi. p. 68 (1877); Sclat. F. Z. S. 
1880, p. 520 (Fanning Islands); B., B., <$• Ft. Wate?--B. N. Am. i. 

p. 505 (note) (1884); Wiglem. Aves Folyn. p. 70 (1891) ; A. Newt 
Diet o/B. pt. i. p. 298 (1893). 
Anas couesi, Seebh. Hist, Br. B. iii. p. 531 (1885). 


Only known from immature specimens. 

It is " presumed that the adults will show the peculiar vermiculated 
appearance of C. streperus." The immature birds " resemble 
the immature condition of C, sireperus so closely that one description 
of the coloration would answer for both species; but (7. couesi is 

30 . 
MARECA. 997 
immediately distinguished by its greatly inferior size, which hardly 
exceeds that of a Teal, the different colour of the bill and feet 
(black, somewhat lighter on the inner side of the tarsus), and the 
singular discrepancy in the lamellse of the bill; these are small and 
closely packed, about 75 in number, while in streperus are only 
about 50. Length 17 inches, wing 8, culmen 1*45, tarsus 1-40." 

(Streets.) 
Hab. Washington and New York Islands, Panning Group. 

30. MABECA. 
Type. 
Mareca, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 130 (1824) M. penelope. 
Penelops, Kawp, Natiirl Si/st. p. 31 (1829) M. penelope. 
Marica (errore ?), Leach, fide Sio. Class. B. ii. p. 366 

(1837). 

Mange. Palcearctie, Nearctic, and ISTeo tropical regions. 

Key to the Species. 

A wide white patch on the upper wing-coverts; 
central tail-feathers rather acuminate; bill 
rather small; lamellae scarcely prominent. 

a. Upper tail-coverts grey, the outer feathers 
black; under tail-coverts glossy black in 
males. 
a'. 
Upper part of the head buff; remainder of 
the head and upper neck chestnut; female 


•with the head brown-chestnut, spotted with 
black . penelope, p. 227. 
b'. Upper part of the head whitish; sides of the 
head and upper neck whitish, with black 
spots; female with the head and upper 
neck whitish, spotted with black amerieana, p. 233. 

b. Upper tail-coverts white; under tail-coverts 
white, tinged with chestnut; hind part of 
the head and nape glossy green, with blue 
lustre, especially on the nape sibilatrLv, p. 236. 
1. Mareca penelope. 
The Wigeon. 
Penelops, Gem. Av. p. 108. 
Anas fistularis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 391, t. xxxv. f. 2 ($) (1760); 


Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997; id. Kandb. Vbg. Beutschl. p. 874 (1831); 

? Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40. 
Anas penelops, Linn. S. N. i. p. 202, n. 27 (1766). 
? Anas melanura, Scop. Ann. I. K. N. p. 66, n. 82 (1769). 
Anas cogolca, S. G. Gm. Meis. i. p. 70 (1770). 
Anas kogolca, 8. G> Gm. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 468, t. 21 (1771); 

Gm. S. N. I 2, p. 527 0 (1788) ; Weill N D. v. p. 122 (1816); 

Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 376 (1817). 
Anatra marigiana, Gerini, St or. degli Ucc. v. tt. 585,586 (1776). 
Canard siffleur, B'Aubent. PL Phil 825 (d); Buff. JECist. Nat. Ois. 

ix.p.l69,pls.l0,ll(1788). 
Q2 

ANATTD.2B. 

"Wigeon, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 518,n. 63 (1785). 
Anas penelope, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 527, n. 27 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 


ii. p. 860, n. 71 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 141, pi. 34. f. 4 
(1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. Ill , t. xiii. f. 9 (trachea) 
(1798); Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 251 (1811) (.Russia, Siberia, 
Kamtschatka); Temm. Man. d'Om.-p. 542 (3815); Leach, Cat 
p. 37 (1816): Vieill N. D. v. p. 150 (1810); Bum. Diet. 8c. JSJat. 
vi. p. 366 (1817); Temm. Man. oVOm. 2nd ed. ii. p. 840 (1820); 
Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564; Licht. Yerz. Boubl p. 84 (Iceland, Egypt) 
(1823) ; Brehm, Eur. Yog. p. 768 (1823) ; Flem. Br. Anim. p. 124 
(1828) ; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997; id. Handb. Yog. BeutschL 
p. 874 (1831); Less. Tr. oVOm. p. 634 (1831); ? Wagl. Isis, 1831, 
p. 532 (Mexico) ; Savi. Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 146 (Italy) (1831); Nordm. 
in Ermanris Yerz. Th. Pfl. p. 18 (1835); Thienem. Si/st. Barstell. d. 
Fortpfi. Yog. Eur. 5 Abth. p. 34, t. xxiv. f. 5 (1838); Temm. Man. iv. 
p. 532 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxiv, 223 (1840); 
Naum. Yog. BeutschL xi. p. 724,t. 305 (1842); Selys-L. Faun. Belg. 
p. 142 (1842); 8chleg. Bev. Cnt. p. cxiv (1844); BeKay, iV. Y. 
Zool ii. p. 436 (1844); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 307 (1844); Begl 
Om. Eur. ii. p. 431 (1849); Temm. § 8chleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, 
p. 127 (1850); Midd. Sibir. Beise, ii. 2, p. 229 (1853); Passl 
J. f. 0. 1853, pp. 242, 318 (Lapland); Sckill. ibid. p. 337; 
Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 271 (Scandinavia) ; Beinh. J.f. 0, 
1854, pp. 426,441; Thienem. Fortpflanzungsg. ges. Yog. t. Ixxx. f. 6 
(1856); Kittl. Benkio. ii. p. 292 (1858); Simpson, Ibis, 1860, 
p. 394 (Greece) ; Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 13 (Greenland^; Sicinh. 
B. Z. 8.1863, p. 324 (China; ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 155 (Malta); 
Nordm. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 377 (Finland, Lapland); Blyih, B. of 
Burma, p. 166 (Arakan, Hainan) (1865); Schleg. Mvs. P.-B.? 
Anseres,p. 44 (1866); Przew. Yoy. n. 199 (1867); Byb. $ Parr. J.f. 0. 
1868, p. 338 (Dauria); Mull $ Broste, J.f 0.1869, p. 346 (Faroe 
Is.); Elwes $ BucM. Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Turkey); David, N. Arch, 
du Mus., Bull vii. Cat. n. 449 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 359 
(1872); Heugl Ibis, 1872, p. 64 (Waigats Is.); TaijL ibid. p. 233 
(Crimea); Fischer, J.f. 0.1872, p. 390 (St.Petersburg); Severtz. 
Turk. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. TYien, 1879, 
p. 263; JSeehh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 539 (1885); Scully, J. A. S. B. 
Ivi. p. 88 (1887); Bryant, For. $ Str. xxyi. no. 22, p. 426 (California) 
(1887); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 425 (1889) ; Bchnw. 
J.f 0.1890, p. 82 : Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 247 (1890); HaHert, 
Kat. Yogelsamml. p. 230 (1891). 
? Anas meianura, 
Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 74 (1788) (ex Scojwli); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 861, n. 72 (1790); Bonn.E?ic. Meth. i. p. 153 
(1791); Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 453 (1803); Yieill N. B. v. 

p. 155 (1816); Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 369 (1817). 
Anas penelope 13, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 861 (1790). 
Canard Kogolka, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 142 (1790). 
Mareca fistularis, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 131, pi. 50 (1824); 
Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 168, Cat. n. 219 (Duklmn); Eyt. Mon« 
Anat. p. 118 (1838); Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 219, n. 380 (1840); 
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 70 (1869). 

? Mareca melanura, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 134 (1824). 
Penelops penelops, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 31 (1829). 
Anas kagolca, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997: id. Handb. Yog. BeutschL 


p. 872 (1831). 
Mareca penelope, Selby, Br. Orn. ii. p. 324 (1833) ; Jen. Man. p. 236 
(1835}; Strickl. B. Z. 8.1836, p. 102 (Smyrna); Gould, B. Eur. 

30. MAKECA. 229 
pi. 359 (1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 56 (1838); StrickL P. Z. K 
1842, p. 168 (China) ; Macgill Man. ii. p. 174 (1842); Earth 
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit, Mus. iii. 

p. 133 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 1 (1845); Riipp. Syd. 
Ushers, p. 138 (Egypt, Abyssinia) (1845); Rcbib. 8yn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 92. ff. 168, 169 (1845) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll, 
B. M. p. 145 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 305, n. 1778 
(1849); Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); JRchnb. Av. 
8y$t. Nat. p. ix (1852); Harcourt, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. xii. p. 63 
(Madeira) (1853); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Hartl. 
J.f 0. 1854, p. 160 (Ceylon!)*; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, 
B. 117 (1856); Cassin, Nan: Exp. Am. Squadr. etc. ii. p. 231 
(Hakodadi) (1856); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 784 (1858); id. Cat. N. 
Am. B. n. 586 (1859); 8alv. Ibis, 1859, p. 364; Homey. J. f 0. 
1859, p. 372 ; Finsch, ibid. p. 386 (Bulgaria); Roget, Rev. et Mag. 
de Zool. 1859, p. 145, pi. 6 (var.); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 81: 
Poxoys, ibid. p. 353 (Ionian Isl.); Sioinh Ibis, 1861, p. 345 
(N. China), 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); G. R. Gr. List Br. B. p. 191 
(1863) ; id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 76 (1863) ; Tristr. 
P. Z. S.1864, p. 453 (Jordan); Jerd. B. of Lid. iii. p. 804 (1864k 
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 444 (Great Britain); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 207 (Hakodadi) ; Swinh. ibid. p. 399; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
viii. p. 297 (1867); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 512 (1867); 
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine) $ Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 
p. 299 (New England) (1868); Tacz. J. f O. 1870, p. 55 (Constantina); 
Swirik. Ibis, 1870, p. 366; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 ; 
Sound. Ibis, 1871, p. 397 (Spain) j Goebel, J. f O. 1871, pp. 21, 
22, 23, 24,148; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 81, n. 10628 (1871); 
Gould, B. Gr. Brit v. pi. 13 (1871); Sundev. Metli. nat. Av. 
disp. Tent p. 147 (1872); Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 288 (1872); 
Coues, Key, p. 268 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 492 (1873) ; Ball, Avif 
Aleut. Isl. TJnal. eastw. p. 5 (1873); Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 271 
(Sindh) (1873) ; Ala. <$r H. Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 71 (Archangel); 
Brooke, ibid. p. 343 (Sardinia); JDi/b. J.f.O. 1873,p. 110; Heugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afi: ii. 2, p. 1309 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West} p. 564 
(1874); Tacz. J. f. O. 1874, p. 337; Sioinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 457 
(Hakodadi); Coues in Elliotfs Affairs Alaska, p. 191 (1875); 
Harting, Fauna Prybil. Isl. p. 29 (1875) ; Butl. Str. Feath. iv. p. 30 
(1876); Hume, ibid.; B. WJiarton, Ibis, 1876, p. 28 (Corsica) ; 
Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 420; id. B. of Eur. vi. p. 541, pis. 432, 433 
(pt. 48,1876) 5 Blanf East. Pers. ii. p. 301 (1876); Sharpe, Ibis, 
1877, p. 24 (Borneo); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr, ii. p. 46 (1877); 
id. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p. 70 (1877); David § Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 499 (1877); Prjev. in Rowl Orn. Misc. iii. p. 101 (Mongolia) 
(1878); Blahist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 (Japan); Lawr. Bull. 
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii. p. 98 (1878); Berier, op. cit. iv. p. 190 (N. 
Carolina) (1879); Heme, Str. Feath. vii. p. 494 (Calcutta) (1879); 
id. op. cit viii. p. 115, n. 963 (1879); Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
v. p. 126 (N. Carolina, Virginia) (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 574; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, pp. 332, 333 (Taluit, Marshall I.); 
Hume § Marsh. Game-Birds of Ind. iii. p. 197, pi. 26 (1880); 
Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 606 (1881); Cecil Smith, Zool. 1881, 
p. 448; Hume, Str. Feath. x. p. 245 note (Pegu) (1882); C. Swinh. 
Ibis, 1882, p. 124 (Kandahar); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113, 
* Not mentioned in Legge's ' Birds of Ceylon/ 
230, ANATIDJE. 

n. 712 (1882); Blakist § Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 97 (1882); 
Elliott, Mm. Seal-Isl. p. 180 (Prvbilov Isl.) (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 532 (1882); Tacz. Butt. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 314 
(Kamtschatka) (1883) j B. 0. TJ. List Br. i?.p. 123 (1883); Sclat. 
List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 436 (1883); Nels. Cruise < Corwin,' p. 96 
(1883) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 278 (1883); Blakist Chrysanth, 
1883, p. 27 ; id. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9 (1884); Trisir. Faun. % 
Flor. of Palest, p. 116 (1884); Radde, Omis Caucas. p. 456 (1884) y 
B., B., 8r R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 517 (1884); Coues, Fey N. 
Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 694 (1884); Madar. Zeitschr. d. yes. Orn. i. 
p. 34 (1884) ; Finsch, Mitth. orn. Ter. Wien, 1884, p. 127; 
Sound. Tamil's Hist. Br. B. IT. p. 397 (1884-85); Chapm. Ibis, 
1885, p. 169 (Lapland); Reid, ibid. p. 256 (Maroceo); Stejn. Butt. 
US. Nat Mus. no. 29, p. 157(Bering I.) (1885); Salvad. Fl. Ucc. 
Ital. p. 259 (1886): Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 377 (Portugal); Stejn. Fr. 
U.S. Fat Mus. x. p. 136 (Commander I ) (1887); Ridgw. Man. X. 
Am. B. p. 96 (1887); Nels. Nat. Fist Coll. in Alaska, p. 67 (1887) ; 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 640 (Oorea); Gum. Ibis, 1888, pp. 228,230 j 
Koenig, Jf. 0.1888, p. 296 (Tunis); Salvad. £ Giql. Mem. R. Ac. 
Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 131 (Japan) (1888); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 340 
(Cyprus); Prist?-. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); JEverett, Jour a. Sir. Br. 
R. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (Borneo); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. 
p. 92 (1889); id. Ibis, 1890, pp. 148,285 (Borneo); Russell, Zoolog. 
(3) xiv. pp. 62-69 (Essex) (1890); Lilf. Col. Fig.Br. B. pt. xv. pi. — 
(1890) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 72 (incubation); Sharpe, ibid. p. 116 
(Fao) ; Styan, ibid. pp. 328, 496; Wiglesio. Aves Poly a. p. 71 
(Marshall Is.) (1891) j Sharpe, Cat. Osteal. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. 
p. 302 (1891); Dub. Faun. Vert Belg., Ois. ii. p. 441, pi, 225 
(1892) : Be la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 492 ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 
1893, p. 199 (Canaries). 
Anas ? Titticeps, Hodgs. Gratis Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 677 ($) 
(1844). 
Fuligula ? chesnea, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 458 (c$) 
(1844). 
Mareca kagolka. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 297 : id. Vogelf. p. 373 
(1855). 
Mareca fistulans, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 297 j id. Vogelf. p. 373 
(1855). 

Anas (Mareca) penelope, Schrenck, Vb'g. d. Amur-Land, p. 471 (1860); 
Radde,Reise S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 363 (1863); Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 
1882, p. 19; id. Vog. zool. Gdrt. p. 53 (1882). 

Marica fistularis, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occ. fasc. IT. 

p. 9 (1888). 
Hybrids. 

Anas boschas ?x Mareca penelope?, Sclat P. Z. S. 1861, p. 101. 
Mareca penelope tf x(Anas boschas feraxA. boschas domestica) 2 , 

A. Newt P. Z. S. 1861, p. 392, 
Querquedula bimaculata, G. R. Gr. Cat. Brit B. p. 194, specim. c 
(1863). 
Mareca penelope ?x Querquedula crecca, Sclat P. Z. S. 1864, p. 727; 
id. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 436 (1883): Arrig. degli Oddl Atti 
Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat xxxiii. p. 17 (1890). 

Wigeon S X Pintail $ , TarreWs Hist. Br. B. (Saund. ed.) iv. w. 303 
401 (1884-85). ** 

30 . MARECA. 
231 
Anas penelope X A. acuta, Cvomm. N. T. D, ii. p. 296 (1865): Leverk. 

J.f. 0. 1890, pp. 210, 230. 
Anas penelope x A. crecca, Zeverk. J.f. 0.1890, p. 230. 
Adult male, Porehead and top of the head buff, rest of the head 
and neck cinnamon, minutely spotted, especially round the eyes, 
with bottle-green; chin and throat more or less black; mantle, 
back, and scapulars grey, crossed with irregular zigzag lines of 
black: central tail-feathers paler, almost whitish; lateral tail-
feathers like the under tail-coverts, black; lower fore neck and 
sides of the breast vinaceous; middle of the breast and abdomen 
white; sides, flanks, and under wing-coverts grey, with zigzag lines 
like the back; wing-coverts white, the largest tipped with black; 
primaries uniform dark brown; outer webs of the secondaries green, 
forming a speculum, edged with black; black outer webs of the 
secondaries broadly edged with white; tail-feathers elongated, 
pointed, and nearly black: irides dark brown; bill bluish leadcolour, 
tipped with black; legs, toes, and their membranes dark 
brown. Total length 18 inches, wing 10*5, tail 4*6, culmen 1*55, 
tarsus 1*55. 

Female. Head and neck pale reddish brown, speckled with 
blackish ; upper parts brown, each feather with pale whitish edges, 
the edges of the scapulars reddish brown; breast and sides reddish 
brown; under surface white; under tail-coverts white, with 
irregular brown bars or spots; primaries dark brown, secondaries 
dull black, slightly tipped with white; wing-coverts like the back, 
but the larger ones tipped with white ; tail dull greyish brown: 
irides brown; bill bluish black. 

Young male. Eesembles more or less the female. 

Nestling " may be distinguished by the warm rufous tint of the 
cheeks and throat and the absence of any loral streak; the upper 
parts are, moreover, of an almost uniform brown, with hardly any 
signs of bars on the pinions " (Tarrell). 

Hah. Paraparetic Eegion, breeding in the colder regions from Iceland 
to Kamtsehatka, wintering in the more southern latitudes, in Africa 
as far as Madeira and Abyssinia, in Persia, in Northern. India, 
Burma, China, Japan, Borneo, and even as a straggler in the 
Marshall Islands; also occasionally in Eastern North America, frequently 
in Alaska; it straggles even to California. 

a. <3* inim. sk. No locality. Zool. Soc. 
5, c. <$ ad. et imm. Great Britain. Purchased. 
d. & ad. sk. Orkneys. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
e,f. 
6 2 ad. sk. Sutherland, June. Col. Irby & Capt. 
,J ° * Held [P.]. 

a. Imm. sk. St. Andrew's, Fifeshire (JR. Tweeddale Coll. 
G. W. JR.). 
7i. 5 juv. sk. K. Carron, Stirlingshire, Jan. Tweeddale Coll. 
(J. A. JEIarvie-JBrown). 
i. <? ad. sk. Llandilo, Wales. H. Peel, Esq.. [P.]. 
k,l 3 2 ad. sk. 

m. $ imm.sk. 
n. J ad. sk. 
o, 3 imm. sk. 
p. 
Juv. sk. 
q. $ imm. sk. 
r. 
3 ad. sk. 
s, t, u. 3 $ ad. sk. 
et c? imm. sk. 
v, to. 3 ad. sk. 

s, 
y, z, 3 ad. et 

imm. sk. 
a!. 3 imm. sk. 
b'. 3 ad. sk. 
c', d', e'. 3 $ ad. 

et 3 juv. sk. 
/' . Juv. sk. 

g', h'. 3 ad. sk. 

i\ 3 juv. sk. 
k', V. 3 ad. sk. 
ni'i n*> d $ ad. sk. 

o'. J ad. sk. 
p', q'. 3 $ imm. 
sk. 
r', s'. 3 ad. et $ 
imm. sk. 
t'. $ juv. sk. 
w'. 3 ad. sk. 
A*. <5 ad. sk. 
w', %' 3 $ imm. 
sk. 
«/f. 5 ad. sk. 
z'-a". 2 ad. et <£ 
juv. sk. 
b"-e". 3 $ ad. sk. 
/', g". 3 ad. sk. 
A", i". 3 ad. sk. 

k", I". 3 £ imm. 

sk. 
m". c? imm. sk. 
n"-q'[. 3 ad. et 

3 imm. sk. 
?'"-w". 3 $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

.r",y",z". <? ad. et 
<J imm. sk. 
«3, 63. tf ad. et 

juv. sk. 
£3. 3 imm. sk. 

A3STA.TID2E. 

Cambridge Market. 

Wells, Norfolk, Jan. 

Berkshire. 

I. of Grain. 
Bed^ebury Park, Kent, Nov. 
Addington, Surrey, Feb. 
Christckurch, Hants, Sept. 
Devonshire. 

Arcachon, France, Nov. (JB. 

0. &). 
Egypt, Feb. (G. E. &). 
Mesopotamia (Jones). 

Babylon (Jones). 

Bagdad. 

Aden. 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct. 

Narimskaja, Ob, Sept. 
Lob-nor, Feb. (Prjevalsky). 
Valley of the Yen-e-sai, E. 

Siberia, lat. 66%°} June 

(J3T. S.). 
Lake Balkash, Aug, 
Bala Morghab, Jan. (Aitclii


son). 

Kandahar, Jan., Feb. 

Olipur, Afghanistan. 
Ladak (Strachey). 
Mynpoori, Feb., 
Futtehgurh, Mar., Nov. (A. 

Atiderson). 

Sambhur. 
K Narra, Sind, Nov. (JS. 
JDoig). 

Muncha Lake, Jan. 
Delhi, Jan. 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Dec, 

March ( W. N. Chill), 
Etawah, Nov. 

Sandee, Feb. (A. Anderson). 
Allahabad, Jan., Feb. (A. 0. 
Jff.). 
Phoolpore, Allahabad, Feb. 

(A. 0. JST.). 
Oudh, March, April. 
Lucknow List., Jan., Nov. 

(G.Meid). 

Nepal. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

E. Dodson, Esq. [P.]. 
W. Brigga, Esq.[C.j. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Colonel Irby. 
Baron A. von Hiigel 
pp.]. 

Montagu Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 
India Museum [P.], 
India Museum [P.J. 
Kenneth Loftus, 
Es ^ [P.]. 

C. Chevalier, Esq. 
[P.I 
W. D. Cumming, 
Esa. [P.]. 
Dr. 0*. Finsch [C]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Afghan Delimitation 
Commission [P.]. 
Lt.-Oolonel Swinhoe 


[P.]. 
India Museum [P.I. 
India Museum [P. J. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

B. 
H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
30. M1RECA. 233 
:3 

. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.].. (Type of 
Anas vitticeps, Hodgs.) 
e\f\ <$ ad. et $ Native Sikhini, April, Oct. Hume Ooll. 
irnra. sk. (X. Mandelli).


#3 

. 2 juv. sk. Manipur, March. (.4. 0. K). Hume Coll. 
'A3. $ ad. sk. Calcutta, March. Hume Coll. 
i*, &3. 6 2 ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. 

[P.]. 

Z3. J imm. sk. Shanghai, China, March. F. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
m3, nK <$ $ ad. sk. Shanghai, March (JR. Sioin~ Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). 
<$ ad. sk. Shanghai, Nov. F. W. Styan, Esq. 

[P.]. 
p3. tf iram, sk. Ningpo, China, Nov. (P. S). Seebohm Coll. 
$3. d juv. sk. Kiukiang, China, Jan. F. W. Styan, Esq. 

r3. cf juv. sk. Takow, Formosa,'Dec. (U.S.). Seebohm Coll. 
s3. <5 ad. sk. Japan. Tweeddale Ooll, 
t*, w3. tf ad. et ? Yokohama, Japan (H. Seebohm Coll. 

imm. sk. Fryer). 
^,w3. <5 2 juv.sk. Nagasaki, Japan, March. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.], 
a,3. 2 imm. sk. Ilakodadi, Japan, Nov. Seebohm Coll. 
?/3. $ imm. sk. Chichi-shima, Bonin Is., Oct. Seebohm Coll. 

(P. A. Hoist). 
fia. $ juv. sk. Bintulu, Borneo. Purchased. 
a1. 2 juv. sk. Newfoundland. H. Reeks, Esq. [P.]. 
bK Skeleton. 
c*. 2 skeleton. Zool. Soc. 
dl 4 

, e. Imperfect Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

skeletons. 

pp.]. 

/*-**. Sterna. 
h\ P. Skulls. 
HYBRID. 
Mareca jpenelojpe X Anas 
n*. Ad. sk. Great Britain. Hon. Grantley 
Berkeley [P.]. 

2. Hareca americana. 
Canard Jensen de la Louisiane, D'Anient. PI. JBnl. 955 ; Buff. 
Hist Nat Ois. ix. p. 174 (1783). 
American Wigeon, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 567, n. 502 (1785); Lath. 
Syn. iii. 2, p. 520, n. (55 (1785). 
Anas americana, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 526, n. 97 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 861, n. 74 (1790) ; Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 86, pi. 69. 

f. 1 (1814); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 121 (1816); Bum. Diet So. Nat. vi. 
p. 385 (1817); Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wils. n. 529 (1825); id. Syn. p. 384 
(1828) j Less. Tr. cPOrn. p. 634 (Jamaica, Porto Rico) (1831); 
Natt Man. ii. p. 389 (1834); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 337, pi. 345 
(1838); id. Syn. p. 279 (1839); D'Orb. in La Sagra, Hist. Nat 
Cuba, Ois. p. 293 (1840); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 259, pi. 389 (1843); 
Tarr. Hist Br. B. iii. p, 196 (1843); Giravd, B. Long Isl. p. 306 
(1844); Schleg. Mev. Crit. p. cxiv (1844); DeKay, N. Y. Zool ii. 
p. 345 (1844); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 45 (1866); Sundev. 
(Efv. K. F&t.-AJc. Fork. 1869, p. 603 (Porto Rico); Gieb. Thes. 
234 AMATID.2]. 

Orn. i. p. 344 (1872); Finsch, Abh. Brem. Ver. iii. p. 66 (Alaska) 
(1872); Adams, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 431 (Michalaski); Turner, Aul, 
1885, p. 158 (Nearer Islands); Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 543, pi. 63 
(egg) (1885); A. O. U. Cliecl-list N. Am. B. p. 116, n. 187 (1886); 
Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist Alaska, p. 131 (1886); Nets. Nat. Hist 
Coll Alaska, p. QS (lSb7); Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 96 (1887); 
HarteH, Eat Vogelsamml. p. 230 (1891); Hatch, B. of Minnes. 

p. 43 (1892); Chapm. Bull Am. Mus. N. H. 1894, p. 83 
(Trinidad). 

Anas wigeon, Bonn. JEnc. Metli. i. p. 129, pi. 33. f. 4 (1790). 

Mareca americana, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2. p. 135 (1824); Sio. 8? Rich. 

Fauna Bor.-Am. ii. p. 445 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 06 (1838); 
Eyt. Mon. Anat p. 116 (1838); Blyth, Naturalist, iii. p. 417 
(England) (1838); Marti. Verz. Ges.Mus.y. 118 (1844); G.R. Gr. 
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 134 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 2 
(1845); Thomps. Aim. § Mag. N. H 1845, p. 310 (Ireland); 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 92. ff. 159-1G1 (1845); Benny, P. Z. S. 
1847, p. 40; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Macgill Hist. Br. B. 

v. p. 90 (England) (1852); Baird, Stansbury's Rep. p. 322 (1852); 
Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. p. 102 (1853); Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 664 
(1854), xliii. p. 650, n. 118 (1856); Cab. § Gundl J.f O. 1857, 
p. 227 (Cuba); Neiob. P. R. R. Rep. vi p. 102 (1857); Cass. U.S. 
Expl. Exp., Mamm. $ Orn. p. 342 (1858); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 783 
(1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 585 (1859) ; id. Mex. Bound. Surv. 
ii. Birds, p. 27 (1859); Beer at. P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. vi. p. 68 (1859); 
Mat $/».27^,1859,p.231 (Guatemala); Murr.Edinb.N.Philos. 
Jour. 1859, p. 229 (Hudson Bay) ; Coop. t\ SucJrt. N. H. Wash. 
Terr. p. 256 (1860); Newt. Ibis,lb60,p.308 (St. Thomas); Breiver, 
Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (Cuba) (1860); Gundl. J.f. 0.1861, 
p. 344 ; Ross, Canad. Nat. April 1862 (Mackenzie); Verr. Pr. Ess. 
Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862); Hayd. Rep. 1862, p. 176; Albr. J.f. 0. 
1862, p. 207 (Jamaica); Blak. Ibis, 1863, p. 147 (Brit. N. Am.); 
G. R. Gr. Cat. Br. B. p. 192 (1863); March, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, 
p. 71 (Jamaica) ; A. Nezut. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 256 (egg) ; Salv. Ibis, 
1865, p. 193 (Pac. coast of Guat.); Gundl. Rep. Eis.-Nat. Cuba/i. 
p. 388 (1866); Press. Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texas); Coues, Pr. Ac. 
Philad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona); Leotaud, Ois. Trinid. p. 511 (1866); 
A. Newt. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 167 (earg); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. 
p. 297 (1867); Begl. § Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 514 (1867); Cones, Pr. 
Ess. Inst. v. p. 299 (1868); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver 
I.); Ball $ Bami. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (Yukon) (1869); 
Baird, t c. p. 783 (1869); Eijt. Sipi. Anat. p. 68 (1869) ; Stev. 
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. p. 466 (Wyoming) (1870); G. R. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 81, n. 10629 (1871); Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii. 
p. 183 (Utah) (1872); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 2S6 (1872); 
Harting, Handb. Br. Birds, p. 159 (Great Britain) (1872); Coues, 
Chech-list, n. 493 (1873) ; Snow, B. Hans, p. 11 (1873); Sclat. $ 
Salv. No?nencl Av. Neotrop. p. 130 (1873); Lazvr. Mem. Bost. Soc. 
N. H. ii. p. 315 (Mexico) (1874); Coues, Birds N.~ West, p. 564 
(1874); Gundl. J.f O. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico), 1875, p. 378 
(Cuba) ; Sclat 8? Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 394 ; Gundl. Anal. Soc. Esp. 
Hist. Nat. vii. p. 402 (Porto Eico) (1878) ; id. J.f 0.1878, p. 190; 
Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 514 ; A. § E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 
(1881); Bean,Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1882, p. 166; Salv. Cat. B. 
StricH. Coll p. 533 (1882); Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 607 
(1882); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113, n. 713 (1882); B. O. U. 
List Br. B. p. 124 (1883); Nelson, Cruise lCorwh; p. 96 (1883); 
30 . MA.RECA. 235 
B., B., $ R. Water-Birds N Am. i. p. 520 (1884); Cones, Key 

N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 694 (1884); Yarrell, Hist. Br. B. (Sound. 
ed.) iv. p. 403 (1884-85); Nehrl J.f. 0.1885, p. 146 (Illinois) ; 
Matsch. 8f Ziemer, ibid. p. 191; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, 
p. 158 (Bering- Isl.) (1885) ; Cory, List Birds W. 2nd. p. 31 (1885); 
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 158 (Bering I.) (1885); id. 
Br. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 13G (Bering I.) (1887) ; Cory, Auk, 1888. 
p. 63 (W. Indies); id. B. W. 2nd. p. 264 (1889); Tristr. Cat Coll. 
B. p. 50 (1889^1; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 427 (1889); Sharpe, 
Cat. Osteol. Specim. R. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 303 (1891). 
Anas (Bosclias) aniericana, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 389 (1834). 
Marica aniericana, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 366 (1837). 
Chaulelasmusamericanus, ZacM^mewcJ. Av. p. 102 (Mexico) (1854). 
Mareca penelope, /3. americana, Bias. List B. Bur. p. 21 (1862). 
Anas (Mareca) americana, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20. 

Adult male. Forehead and top of the head whitish, almost 
immaculate; sides of the head and neck dull -whitish, speckled with 
black; behind the eyes a dark patch, thickly speckled with metallic 
green; mantle, scapulars, back, and median upper tail-coverts grey, 
more or less tinted with reddish, finely undulated with black; rump 
almost black; outer and longer upper tail-feathers black; upper 
breast and sides reddish vinaceous, the latter undulated with black; 
lower breast and abdomen white ; under tail-coverts velvety black; 
upper wing-coverts white, but those near the bend of the wing dark 
grey; primaries and primary-coverts dusky, the former with the 
inner web paler ; secondaries black, some of the inner ones glossed 
with green, forming a black and green speculum; the longest upper 
wing-coverts are broadly tipped with black; outer tertial whitish 
grey on the outer web, the inner ones very long, acuminate, dusky 
grey on the inner web, velvety black, edged with white on the outer 
web ; under wing-coverts grey : asillaries white ; tail dusky black: 
" bill light greyish blue, the end black; iris brown; legs and feet 
light bluish " (Mdgivay). Total length 18-21 inches, wing 10*2510*
75, tail 4*5, culmen 1-30-1*50, tarsus 1*50. 


Adult female. Very similar to the female of M. penelope, but the 

head and neck much whiter, the light part of the feathers being 

whitish instead of reddish brown. 

Young male. Similar to the adult female, but the colours more 
pronounced and the pattern better defined, especially on the wings 

(Ridgway). 

Young in dotvn. " Above dark olive with a sepia tinge ; a spot of 
pale greenish fulvous on the posterior half of the wing, one on each 
side of the back, and one on each side of the rump; lower parts, 
including head and neck, pale fulvous; a distinct blackish-olive 
stripe from the bill to and back from the eye, with a wide and 
conspicuous superciliary stripe of fulvous above it" (Ridgway). 

Hah. North America, from the Arctic Ocean to Guatemala, and 
occasionally the West Indies. 

a. <3 ad. sk. No locality. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
b. J ad. sk. N. America. Audubon Coll. 
c. 3 ad. sk. N. America. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
236 
A^ATID^. 

d. <f juv. sk. N.W. America. Purchased. 
e. S ad. sk. Missouri Brakes, Montana, E. S. Cameron, Esq. 
April. [P.]. 
f} g. h. $ ad. et tf 49th Parallel. N.America Boundary 
juv. sk. Coram. [P.]. 

z. $ ad. sk. British Columbia (J. K. N.AmericaBoundary 
Lord). Comm. (T.]. 
k, I $ ad. et juv. Vancouver Is. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
sk. 
m, n, o. (S ad. et $ VT. side of Bocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
juv. sk. 

v, q. S ad. et $ Arctic Land Exp. Sir G. Back [P.]. 
juv. sk. 

Government of 
Canada [P.]. 

r. $ ad. sk. Canada. 
s. J ad. sk. Virginia; Mar en (R. Bean). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t 
$ imrti. sk. Norfolk, Virginia, Feb. ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Brewster). 

w. $ ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois (Nelson fy Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jencks). 
#. c? ad. sk. Florida. W. B. Dismore, Esq. 
[P.]. 
«£-«'. c? ad. et $ Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Dec, Jan. {F. B. Arm


strong). 
5', e'. c? $ ad. sk. Ventura, California, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d'. tf ad. sk. Ilermosillo, State of Sonora, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Mexico, Dec. (F. Ferrari-
Perez). 

«'>/'> <?'* c? ad. et Presidio, Mexico, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c? S juv. sk. March (A. Forrer). 
A', *', k'. $ ad. et Duenas, Guatemala, Feb. (0. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
cJ juv. sk. 8.). 

V. $ ad. sk. Dueiias, Guatemala (O. 8.). Tweeddale Coll. 
m'. J juv. sk. Duenas, Guatemala (O. 8.). H. J. Ehves, Esq. 
[P.]. 
n\ $ juv. sk. Chiapan, Guatemala (O. 8.). H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
o'. Skeleton. 

3. Mareca sifoilatrix. 
Pafco pico pequeno, Azara, Apuni. iii. p. 432, n. 432 (1805) (Buenos 

Ayres). 
Canard a petit bee, 8onnini, Voyage cFAzara, iv. p. 338 (3809). 
Anas viduata, part., Vieill. N. D. v. p. 164 (1816). 
Anas sibilatrix, Poeppig, Fror. Not. xxxi. no. 529, p. 10 (Chili) (1829); 

id. Bull 8c. Nat. xix. p. 103 (1829); Less. Compl de Buff., Ois. 

ix. p. 536 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 722 (1838). 
Anas 
chiloensis, King, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 15 (Chiloe); Less. 
Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 535 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 721 
(1838); Burm. La Plata Beise, ii. p. 517 (Mendoza) (1861); 
8chleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 46 (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. I 

p. 347 (1872) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 230 (1891). 
Mareca chiloensis, Eyt. Mori. Anat. p. 117, pi. 21 (1838) (Chiloe, 
and Cavenne !); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Chili) ; G. M. Gr. 
List B".Brit. Mvs. iii. p. 134 (Falkland Isl.) (1844) ; id. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 614, n. 3 (1845) ; Bclml. 8yn. Av., Natatores, t. 92.ff. 162-63 
30 . MARECA. 
237 
(1845) ; Hartl. Ind. Az. Apimt p. 27, n. 432 (1847); Bes Murs 
in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 447 (1848); Hartl. Naumannia, 1853, 

p. 222 ; Bibra, Benkschr. Alt. Wien, y. p. 131 (1853) (Chili) ; id. 
J.f. 0. 1855, p. 57 ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 120 (1850); 
Cass. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 201 (1850); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, 
p. 96 (Falldands); Sclat. P. Z. S. I860, p. 389 (Falldands) ; Abbott, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 160 (Falldands); Pet. Reise Novara, Tog. p. 138 
(1865) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili) ; Phil cy Zandb. Cat. 
Av. Chil. p. 41 (1868); Sclat. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 635 (Rep. 
Arg.) ; iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Gregory Bay) ; Ht/t Syn. Anat. p. 69 
(1869); Sclat P. Z. S. 1870, p. 667" (Zool. Gard.), 1871, p. 700 
(Zool. Gard.); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 81, n. 10630 (1871); 
Burin. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argentina); Sclat. <§• Salv. Nowmcl 
Av. Neotrop. p. 130 (1873) ; Huds. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 108; Bumf. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Ayres); Milne-Ediv. Pech. Faun. Reg. 
Austr. ch. ix. p. 45 (1882); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (La Plata); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 437 (1883); Bodimis,J.f. 0.1885. 
p. 
21 (Zool. Gart.); Withingi. Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de 
Zamora); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. pp. 247,320 (1888). 
Anas parvirostris, Merr. in JSrsch u. Grub. JEnc. sect. i. vol. xxxv. 

p. 43 (1841). 
Sarkidiornis sibilatrix, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 3 (1845), 
Chaulelasmus chiloensis, Zicht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854). 
Anas (Mareca) chiloensis, Burm. J.f.O. 1860, p. 267 (Mendoza). 
Mareca sibilatrix, Sclat.fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 395; Bumf. Ibis, 
1877, p. 41 (Chuput), p. 192 (Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 401 (Central 
Patagonia) ; Sclat.fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Elizabeth I.); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 514; Sclat. fy Salv. Toy. Chall, Birds, 

p. 107 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13 (Coquimbo); Barrows, 
Auk, 1884, p. 274 (Bahia Blanca); B., B., fy R. Water-Birds W. 
Am. i. p. 517 (1884); Berl J. f. O. 1887, p. 133 (Paraguay?): 
Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 135 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 
(1889); Oust Miss. Sc. Cap Hom,Y\. Ois. p. 210(1891); Holland, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 208 (Argentina) ; Berkeley James, Nezo List Chil. B. 
p. 9, n. 159 (1892). 
Anas (Mareca) sibilatrix, 
Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20; id. 
Vog. zool. Gart. p. 53 (1882). 

Hybrids. 

Mareca chiloensis x Dafila spinicauda, Sclat P. Z. S. 1878, p. 1002; 
id. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 437, spec, t2 (1883). 
Anas chiloensis X A. spinicauda, Leverk. J.f.O. 1890, p. 229. 

Adult male. Forehead and fore cheeks "white, remainder of the 
head and neck black; behind the eyes a glossy green band meeting 
on the nape; lower neck with black and white bars; back and 
scapulars black, broadly edged with white ; lower back and rump 
black; upper tail-coverts, breast, and abdomen white; sides, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts rusty red ; wing-coverts white, except those 
near the bend of the wing, which are dusky grey : primaries dusky 
black; tips of the greater wing-coverts and secondaries velvety 
black, forming a speculum; tertials long and acuminate, black, more 
or less broadly edged with white, especially on the outer web; 
under wing-coverts greyish, finely powdered with brown; tail dusky 
black: " bill and feet black; irides chestnut-brown " (Mas. Taur.). 

238 
A^ATIDJS. 

Total length 20 inches, wing 10*0, tail 4*2, cxilmen 1*45, 

tarsus 1*55. 
Female. Similar, but not so bright in colour. 
Young in clown. Upper parts brown, with two white spots at the 

base of the wings and two on the sides of the rump ; lower parts 
white ; sides of the head bright rufous. 
Hob. Southern part of S. America, Chili, Paraguay, Argentine, 

Patagonia, Falkland Islands. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk.
c. c? ad. sk.
d. $ ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/. £ ad. sk.

a. h. Ad. et imm.
sk.
i. Ad. st.
Jc. d ad. sk.
I 
$ juy. sk.

m. Ad. sk.
n. Juv. sk.
o. $ imm. sk.
_£>. $ imm. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Pull. sk.
s. Pull. st. 
Chili. 
Chili (E. C. Heed). 
Pro v. of Santiago, Chili


(Leybold). 

 Santiago.

 Iiio Palmaiquen, March.

 Lake Llanqne, Nov.

 Central Chili.

 I. of Chiloe. 
Straits of Magellan. 
Coqivimbo, June. 
Falldand Is. (Leconte). 
Falkland Is. 
Falldand Is., Nov. 
Buenos Ayres, Jime (F.


Withingtori). 
Monte Video (Johnston). 
Bred in confinement.

 Bred in confinement.

31. HETTIO^T.
Nettion, Kaitp, Natiirl Syst p. 96 (1829)
Querquedula, Eyton {nee Stejph.)f Mon. Anat.
(1838)
Virago, Newt. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 051Range. Cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species* 

a. Upper -wing-coverts dark grey or slate-grey. 
a\ Head entirely or partly metallic green. 
a". Head partly metallic green. 
a'". 
Top of the head black, cheeks whitish 
buif,with a black band descending from 
the eyes to the hind part of the throat: 
female with a whitish round spot on 
the anterior part of the cheeks, near 

 Eyton Coll. 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H. 
Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
H. 
Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
H. 
Berkeley James, 
E.q. [P.]. 
The Admiralty [P.l 
Voyage of II.M.S. 
'"Challenger' [P.]. 
Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweed dale Coll. 
Antarctic Exp. [P.], 
Sclater Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
[p.]. 
A. 
D. Bartlett, Esq. 
[P.]. 
™_ 
Type. 

 N. crecca. 
p. 37 
N. crecca. 
2\T. castaneum. 
the base of the bill 
formosum, p. 240. 

31 . 
NETTION. 
b'". Top of the head chestnut, like the 
cheeks; a "broad metallic-green band 
from the eyes to the occiput. 

bi. ]J\o white crescentic hand on each 
side of the breast, in front of the 
shoulder; the lower scapulars 
yellowish white, broadly edged on 
the outer web with velvety black..

e4. A broad crescentic white band on 
each side of the breast, in front 
of the shoulder ; scapulars with no 
white

b". Head and upper part of the neck dark 
metallic green

V. Head with no metallic-green colour. 
c", A white band anteriorly to the speculum, 
formed by the tips of the last row of 
upper wing-coverts; this white band 
broader anteriorly and gradually diminishing 
in breadth posteriorly. 
c'". Anterior secondaries entirely white: 
female similar to the maled'". Anterior secondaries not entirely 
white. 
dK Speculum velvety black, with a longitudinal 
metallic green band on the 
7th, 8th, and 9th secondaries, leaving 
a black portion also above. 

d\ 
Cheeks dull greyish,finely streaked 
with black; no ring of white 
feathers round the eyes; usually 
no white edge on the outer web

e5. Cheeks brown, with indistinctdarker streaks; a ring of white 
feathers round the eyes; the first 
secondary broadly white on the 
outer web

e4. Speculum entirely velvety black, with 
a green lustre in some lights, but 
with no metallic-green band

d". A narrow cinnamon band at the tip of 
the last row of the upper wing-coverts; 
head and upper part of neck greyish 
brown, thickly barred with narrow 
black bands: sexes similar. 

e'". Speculum velvety black, with a 
metallic-green longitudinal band on 
the upper part. 

/*. Bill yellow, with the culmen black. 

p. 
Smaller, wing 8 to 8'25 inches; 
abdomen like the breast whitish, 
each feather with a subterminal 
black spot; scapulars with large 
black spots and narrow rufescent 
edges
239 

 crecca tf, p. 243. 

carolinense J , p. 250. 
castaneum <$, p. 252. 

capense, p. 259. 

, em+amum o 959 
'^ v ° hV< ° • 

albigulare, p. 257. 

bernieri, p. 258. 

Jlavirostre, p. 261. 

240 
ANATID2E. 

g5. Larger, wing 8-70 inches; abdomen 
unspotted, and like the 
under tail-coverts pale greyish 
white; scapulars with small black 
spots and broad rufescent edges.. oxypterum, p. 262. 

gK Bill wholly dark, without any yellow, andium, p. 203. 
f"'1. Speculum black, with no inetallicgreen 
band georgicum, p. 264 

b. Upper wing-coverts not dark grey. 
c'. Upper wing-coverts brassy green: size small, 
wing 6*20 inches punctoium, p. 265. 
d'. 
Upper wing-coverts velvety black. 
e". Axillaries white; a white patch or broad 

band at the tip of the secondaries ... . brasiliense, p. 266. 
f . Axillaries black ; a white patch above 
the tip of the anterior greater wing-
coverts torquatum, p. 208. 

1. Eettion formosum. 
Anas forniosa, Georgia Prise Puss. Peich. p. 108 (1775) ,* Gm. 8. N. 
i. 2, p. 523, n. 92 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. 11. p. 876, n. 108 (1790) ; 
Vieill. N. B. v. p. 168 (1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 393 
(1817); Hartl Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844) ; Schleq. Pev. Crit. 
p. 109 (1844); Temm. # Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 127, tab. 82 B 
(d), 82 C ($) (1850); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 54 (1866) 
(syn. emend.); Gieb.Thes. Orn. i.p. 351 (1872) (syn. emend.); Seehh. 
Ibis, 1888, p. 351 (Great liakoff I.); Tacz. P. Z. S.1888, p. 460 
(Corea); Seebh. P. Jap: Emp. p. 244 (1890); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 96 
(Tsusima) ; Campb. ibid. p. 245 (Corea). 
Anas glocitans, Pall. Act. Stockh. xl. pp. 26, 33, t. 1 (1779); Gm. 

8. N. i. 2, p. 526, n. 96 (1788) (syn. emend); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. 
p. 862, n. 75 (1790) (syn. emendl); Bonn. JEnc. Meth. i. p. 128, 
pi. 36. f. 4 (1790); Pall. Zoogr. Posso-As. ii. p. 261 (1811); Bum. 
Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 375 (1817); Less. Compl. Buff-, Ois. ix. 
p. 536 (1837); id. op. tit. 2nd ed. p. 722 (part.) (1838); Midd. 
8ibi?\ Peis. ii. p. 230, tab. xxiii. fl' 1, 2 (eggs) (1853) ; Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324; id. Ibis, 1867, pp. 231, 394 (Amoy); 
Przeio. Voy. n. 200 (1867-69); Tacz. J.f. 0.1870, p. 312 (Dauria); 
Homey, ibid. p. 431; A. David, N. Arch, du Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. 
n. 451 (1871). 
Baikal Teal, Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 557, n. 97 (1785). 
Anas baikal, Bonn. JEnc. Meth. i. p. 158 (1791). 
Querquedula torquata, Messerschm. Orn. M8. viii. n. 196 {fide Pall. 
Zoogr. Posso-As. ii. p. 261) (1811). 
Anas picta, 8teller, Obs. M8. {fide Pallas, I. c). 
Querquedula forniosa, 8teph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 151 (1824); Eyt. 

Mon. Anat p. 124, pi. ii. f. 2 (trachea) (1838); Strickl. P. Z. S. 
1842, p. 168; Bp. Cat. Mqt. Ucc. Bur. p. 71, n. 436 (Eur. Or.) 
(1842); G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 137 (1844); Bp. Pev. 
Crit. Orn. Eur. p. 103 (1850) ; Gerbe, Pev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 

p. 12 (France); 8clat. P. Z. S.1867, p. 818 (Zool. Gard.); JDegl. <$• 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 523 (France) (1867); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 77 
(1869); Sharpe fy Bress, B. of Eur. vi. p. 521 (syn. emend.), 
pi. 428 (pt. 1,1871); Htime, Str. Feath. vii. p. 494 (India) (1879), 
viii, p. 115, n. 966, p. 494 (Sultanpore) (1879); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
31 . NETTlOtf. 
241 
1880, p. 521; Hume § Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 225 (1880); 
Bolau, J.f 0. 1881, p. 64; Blah. $ Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. 1, 

p. 98 (1882); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl Coll. p. 536 (1882); Fiori, 
Zool. Anzeig. 1882, p. 94; id. Atti Soc. Natur. di Mod. (3) i, p. 4 
(1882) ; Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital sp. & tav. 354 bis (fasc. xxL 
1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 433 (1883) ; Salvad. El 
Ucc. Ital. p. 260 (1886); Dorries, J.f. 0.1888, p. 94 (E. Siberia): 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889). 
Querquedula glocitans, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 329; G. B. Gr. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 616, n. 6 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av. t. 89. f. 412 (tf) (1845). 
t. 
90. ff. 2338-40 (1850); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 305, 
n. 1779 (Lower Bengal) (1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 
(1854) ; Sicinh Ibis, 1861, p. 344, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); Jerd. 
B. of Ind. iii. p. 808 (1864); Fyt. Syn. Anat. p. 74 (part.) (1869); 
Byb. J.f 0. 1873, p. 109; Tacz. J.f 0. 1874, p. 337, 1875, 
p. 257; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 45 (1877) ; Hume, Sir. 
Feath. viii. pp. 412, 494 (1879); Hume # Marsh. Game B. of Ind. 
iii. pi. 29 (1880); Byb. $ Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ix. p. 147 
(Kanitschatka) (1884). 
Anas perpulchra, Tarr. Report of Counc. Z. S. 1831, p. 22. 
Anas (Boschas) formosa, Siu. Journ. of the Boy. Inst, of Gr. Brit. ii. 

p. 21 (1831). 
Anas 
cucullata, Fischer, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, iii. p. 279 (Petropaulsld) 
(1831); id. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, iii. p. Ill, 
pi. ix. (1834); Gieb. Tlies. Orn. i. p. 349 (1872); {cf Stejn. Br. 

U.S. Nat. Mus.^ x. p. 136, note, 1887). 
Anas (Anas) glocitans, Brandt, JDescr. et Icon. An. Boss. Nov. fasc. i. 
p. 28, t. 4 (1836). 
Dafila ? cucullata, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 3 (1845) (ai 
Fischer). 
Eunetta 
ibrrnosa, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, n. 109 (1856); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 (China); G. B. Gr. Hand4ist, iii. 

p. 84, n. 10672 (1871); Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 368, 1875, p. 137 
(Chefoo); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 147 (Japan); David § Oust. Ois, 
Chine, p. 503 (1877); Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (C. China); Stejn. 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 (note) (1887); Styan, Ibis, 1891, 
pp. 328, 497; Be la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 492. 
Dafila acuta, a. cucullata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650 (1856) 
(hybrid!). 

Anas (Querquedula) formosa, Gerbe, Bev. et May. de Zool. 1854, 
pi. 3 (France); Bchnw. Orn. Centrdlbl. 1882, p. 20; id. Vog. zool. 
Gdrt. p. 54 (1882). 

Anas (Querquedula) glocitans, Sehrenck, Vog. d. Amur-land, p. 474 

(1860); Badde, Beis. in S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 368 ,(1863). 
Aix formosa, " Brandt;1 Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 394. 
Aix glocitans, Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 409. 
Querquedula bimaculata, Fritsch (nee auet.), Vog. Bur, p. 418, 

Taf.47.f.7(c?),iUl(?) (1870). 
Eunetta glocitans, Brjev. in Bowl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 105 (Mongolia) 
(1878). 
Nettion formosa, Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 312, n. 302 (1886). 

Hybrid. 
Anas formosa X A. penelope, Kemp. MSm. Soc. Zool Fr. iii. p. 112 
(1890) ; Zeverh. J.f. 0.1890, p. 230. 

Adult male. Crown of the head, back of the neck, entire throaty 

VOL. XXVII. 
K 

24:2 A2TATID2E. 
and a band extending from the eye across the face to the throat, 
black; face and neck on the sides and under the throat buff, 
the buff parts margined narrowly with white; also the black 
crown from behind the eye is bordered on each side with a white 
band which runs down the sides of the black nape, and spreads 
on the sides of the neck; from behind the eye a broad glossy 
green band of a crescentic shape passes along the sides of the 
head and inferiorly changes into black, between the buff colour 
anteriorly and white band posteriorly; back and scapulars grey, 
somewhat tinged with brown, minutely vermiculated with black; 
the inner scapulars elongated, lanceolate, on the outer web black, 
edged with cinnnamon, silky buff, edged with brown on the inner 
web ; lower back and rump greyish brown; the upper tail-coverts 
brown, edged with rufous; lower neck and upper breast vinous, 
marked with small oval black spots; on the sides of the breast, just 
before the bend of the wing, a crescentic white band; lower breast and 
belly white; flanks grey, minutely vermiculated with black; under 
tail-coverts black, but marked with bay on the sides, the longer ones 
whitish buff at the tip, with slight vermiculation; on the lower flanks, 
just at the base of the tail a band of silky white, formed by the tip of 
the feathers; wings pale greyish brown; the ]ast row of the upper 
wing-coverts tipped with cinnamon, forming a band which borders 
anteriorly the wing-speculum: the latter is glossy green anteriorly, 
with a subapical velvety black band, and bordered by a white band at 
the tip of the secondaries; the longer tertials marked with velvety 
black on the outer web; quills pale brown; under wing-coverts 
brown-grey, the greater ones pale grey, the central ones and the 
axillaries whitish, minutely spotted with brown-grey: bill dark bluish 
brown; feet light greyish blue, darker on the web ; irides chestnut-
brown. Total length 18 inches, wing 8'5, tail 4*2, culmen 1*5, 
tarsus 1. 

Female. Brown, the feathers with paler edges, more or less rufous; 
at the base of the upper mandible near the gape a round buffy 
white spot, above which on the lores there is a brown mark; throat 
and part of the lower cheeks buffy white, immaculate; superciliary 
stripe and cheeks buffy, streaked and spotted with brown; rump 
greyish brown; breast and flanks rufous, mottled with dark brown 
marks more or less of a crescentic shape; abdomen and under tail-
coverts buffy white, the latter with brown oval spots; on the lower 
flanks at the base of tail a greyish patch, minutely vermiculated with 
brown; wing as in the male, but duller, and the band at the tip of the 
secondaries buffy white. In size somewhat smaller than the male. 

Hal. Eastern Siberia; Southern China and Japan in winter ; it 
straggles into India and very rarely into the Western Palsearctic 
Eegion (France, Italy). 

a. $ imm. sk. Ghumanhora Jheel, 22 miles Hume Coll. 
W. of Delhi, Nov. {W.N. 
b, c,d. <$$ ad. st.
Chill). 
Siberia. Cld Coll. 
s. S imm. st. Siberia. ZooL Soc. 

31 . STETTION. 
243 
/, g. & ad. sk. et China. 
J. E. Reeves, Esq. [P.], 

St. 

h, i. $ 2 ad. sk. China. . Hume Coll. 

k. <$ ad. sk. China {Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll. 
l,m,n. S 2ad.sk. Pa-Chow, Ichang, Dec. C. Pratt, Esq. [C.]. 
o. 
§ ad. sk. Shanghai, March (P. 8win- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe), 
p. S ad. sk. Amov, China, Jan. (22. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
q, r. $ 2 ad. sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq. 
[P.]. 
s, t,u. d1 J ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (JET. Seebohm Coll. 
Pryei-). 
v-z. $ 2 ad. et S Nagasaki, Japan, Dec-Jan. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
juv. sk. 
a\ S ad. sk. Awomeri, Japan, April. Seebohm Coll. 
b'. 6 ad. sk. Kobe (??), Jan. (8 Chap- Tweeddale Coll. 

man). 
c', d'. (S ad. sk. Kechi village, Tsu-shima Seebohm Coll. 

(P. A. mut). 
e'. 2 skeleton. Zool. Soc. 
2. Nettion crecca. 
The Teal. 
Querquedula minor, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 436, t. xl. f. 1 (1760). 
Anas crecia {errore?), Linn. Faun. 8uec. p. 45, n. 129 (1761). 
Anas crecca, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 204, n. 33 (1766); Gm. 8. N. I 2, 

p. 532, n. 33 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 872, n. 100 (1790); 
Bonn. Fnc. MSth. i. p. 154 (1791) j Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 108, 
pi. xiii. f. 1 (trachea) (1798); Pall Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 263 
(Kurile I. and Kamtschatka) (1811); Temm. Man. p. 547 (1815); 
Vieill N. D. v. p. 173(1816) ; Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat vi. p. 390 (1817); 
Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 846 (1820) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 84 
(1823); Mem. Brit. An. p. 125 (1828) ; KiUl. Ms, 1829, p. 529 
(Kamtschatka); Franhl P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125; 8am, Orn. Tosc. 
iii. p. 148 (1831); Brehm, Vbg. Deutsehl. p. 884 (1831); Menttr. 
Cat Mais. Cam. p. 57 (Caspian) (1832); Jen. Man. p. 235 (1835); 
Temm. Man. 2nd ed. iv. p. 539 (1840); Keys. $ Bias. Wirbelth. 
Fur. pp. lxxxv, 227 (1840); 8elys-L.,Faun.Belg. i. p. 142 (1842); 
Naum. Vog. Deutsehl. xi. p. 701, t. 304 (1842); 8chleg. Bev. Crit. 
p. cxiii (1844); Eartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844); Degl. Orn. 
Fur. ii. p. 438 (1849); Temm. fy 8chleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 127 
(1850) ; B[arc. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); Midd. Sibir. Beis. 
ii. p. 230 (1853) ,• Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 27S (Scandinavia) 
; Bolle, J f O. 1855, p. 179 (Canaries); Kittl. Denhw. ii. 
p. 292 (1858); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (China); Jerd. B. of 
Ind. iii. p. 806 (1864); Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 347 (Formosa); 
Godm. Ibis, 1866, p. 102 (Azores); Schleg. Mus. P.-P., Anseres, 
p. 52 (part.) (1866) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); 
Przew. Patesch. Usmr. n. 205 (1867-69); Dyb.fyParr. J.f. 0.1868, 
p. 358 (Dauria); Droste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 280 (1869); Sioirih. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 366 (Hainan); Gum. Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria); 
8aund. ibid. p. 396 (S. Spain); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 349 (1872); 
8evertz. Turhest Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Blyth, B. of Burma, p. 166 
(1875); Blahist Ibis, 1876, p. 335 (Kamtschatka) ; Legge, B. of 
Ceyl p. 1083 (1880); 8cully, Ibis, 1881, p. 593 (Gilgit); 8evertz 
Ibis, 1883, p. 76 (Pamir Range); Tristr. Faun, fy Fhr. of Palest 
K2 

ANATIDJE. 

p 116 (1884) ; Seebh. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 545, pi. 66 (egg) (1885); 
Turner, Contr. N. H Alaska, p. 1-32 (Aktka I.) (1886); A.O.U. 
Check-list N. Am. B. p. 116 (1886); Scully, J. A. S. B. lvi. p. 88 
(1887) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emj). p. 244 (1890); JRchnw. J. f. 0. 1890, 

p. 82; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 231 (1801) ; Brandt, J.f. 0. 
1891, p. 267 (Sitka). 
Anatra querquedula minore, Ger. Stor. degli TJcc. y. tt. 596, 597 
(young), 598 (tf ad.) (1776). 
Petite Sarcelle, D'Attbent PL Enl. 947: Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. 

p. 265, pis. 17,18 (1783). 
Common Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 551, n. 88 (1785). 
Querquedula crecca, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. % p. 146 (1824); Boie, 
Isis, 1828, p. 329; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 169, n. 222 (India) ; 
Strickl P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (Smyrna); Gould, B. Eur. p. 362 
(1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 57 (1838): Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 123, 
pi. 8. ff. 1, 2 (anatomy), pi. 10 (skeleton and trachea) (1838); 
Macgill Man. ii. p. 167 (1842); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii, 

p. 137 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n, 1 (1845): Riipp. Syst 
Uebers. p. 138, n. 494 (Red Sea) (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Ai\, 
Natatores, t. 89. ff. 186-187 (1845): G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll 
B. M. p. 146 (Nepal) (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 
p. 305, n. 1780 (India) (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. ix 
(1852); Kelaart, Prodr. Cat.-p. 130 (Ceylon) (1854); Layard,Ann. 
§Mag. F. H. xiv. p. 269 (1854) ; Licht.Nom. Av.y. 102 (Arabia) 
(1854); Bolle, J.f 0. 1855, p. 314 (Spain); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 650, n. 94 (1856) ; Brandt, Kordl Ural etc. p. 70 (1856) ; 
Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 81; Sioinh, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 345 (China), 1803, p. 434 (Formosa) ; Jerd. B. of 
Ind. iii. p. 806 (1S64); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. x. pi. 16 (1865); 
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 443 (England); Whitely, Ibis, lb67, p. 207 
(Hakodaki); JDegl. § Gerbe, Dm. Eur. ii. p. 521 (1867); Sioinh. 
Ibis, 1867, p. 399 (Amoy); Eyt Syn. Anat. p. 75 (1869) ; Ehv. § 
Buckl Ibis, 1870, p. 340; Blanf. Geol. and Zool Abyss, p. 438 
(1870); Finsch, Tr. Zool Soc. yii. p. 329 (1870) ; Sharpe $ Dress. 
B. Eur. yi. p. 97, pi. 426 (pt. 1, 1871): Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 418; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479; Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 286 
(1872); Coues, Key, p. 287 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 474 (1873) ; 
Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1322 (1873) ; Hume $ Anders. 
Lahore to Tark. p. 297 (1873) ; Dijb. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 110; Coues, 
Birds JV.-West, p. 566 (1874); Hume, Sir. Feath. iii. p. 193 (Pegu) 
(1875); Blanf. East PITS. ii. p. 301 (1876); Dress. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 419; Scully, Str. Feath. iy. p. 200 (1876); Seebh. 4 H. Brown, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 443; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (E. Siberia) 
(1877); id. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p. 70 (1877): Stoinh. Ibis, 
1877, p. 147; David £ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 502 (1877); Blakist 
Sf Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 (Japan); Anders. Yxmn. Exped. p. 700 
(1878); Prjev. in Rowl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 104 (1878); Hume 8? 
Davis. Str. Feath. yi. p. 489 (1878); Seebh. Ibis, 1879, p. 22 
(Yesso); Finsch, Verh. k. a.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 263 (W. Siberia) 
; Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 964 (1879); Scidly, ibid. 
p. 363 (Nepal) (1879); Tiraut, Bull Com. Agr. $ Industr. 
Cochinchine, i. 1,1878, p. 161 (1879): Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 521; 
Blakist. $ Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 184 (1880); Hume $ 
Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 205, pL 27 (1880); Bidd. Ibis, 
1881, p. 100; Bolau, J.f. 0. 1881, p. 64; C. Sioinh. Ibis, 1882, 
p. 124; Blakist 8? Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 97 (1882); Salv. 
Cat. B. Strickl Coll p. 535 (1882); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. 
31. NETTIO^. 
245 
n. 714 (1882); Oates, Sir. Feath. x. p. 245 (Pegu) (1882); id. B. 
of Brit Burm. ii. p. 285 (1883); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 127 
(1883); Sclat. ListVert. An. 8th ed. p. 433 (1883); Tacz. Bull.Soc. 
Zool. Fr. viii. p. 343 (1883); Blakist. Chrysanth. 1883, p. 27; id. 
Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9 (1884); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
(2) t p. 246 (Shua) (1884); Radde, Ornis Caucas. p. 457 (1884) ; 
Dyb. $ Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ix. p. 147 (Commander Isl.) 
(1884) ; Madar. Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. i. p. 38 (1884); Saund. 
TarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 38 (1884-8-5); Terburg, Ibis, 1886, 
p. 22 (Aden); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital p. 261 (1886); Scully, J. A. 
S. B. Ivi. p. 88 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 376 (Portugal); Lilf. 
Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. viii. pi. — (1888); Sahad. Ami. Mus. Civ. 
Gen. (2) vi. p. 321 (Shoa) (1888); Sahad. $ Gigl. Mem. R. Ac. 
Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 131 (Japan) (1888); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. 
(2) Zool. v. p. 91 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) ; 
Meyer, Ahhild. Vogel-Shel. pt. xii. pi. cxiv. (1889); Saunders, Man. 
Brit. B. p. 419 (1889) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 72 (incubation); 
Sharpe, Sec. Tark. Miss., Aves, p. 130 (1891); Arrig, degli Oddi, 
AttiSoc. Ven.-Trent. Sc. Nat. xii. pp. 142-144 (var.) (1891); Be 
la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 491 (China); Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg., 
Ois. ii. p. 452, pi. 258 (1892); Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 174 (Aden); 
Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 199 (Canaries) ; Bears. § Bidw. Ibis, 
1894, p. 232 (N. NorwajO ; Oust. Ois. Turkest. etc. (Noicv.Arck 
^Mus. (3) vi. Extr. p. 98, 1894). 
2^ettion crecca, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 95 (1829); Baird, B. N. Am. 

p. 778 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 580 (1859); Cones, Br. Ac. 
Philad. 1861, p. 238 (Labrador); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332 (N. 
Japan); G. R. Gr. Cat. tfodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1867); Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. 
v. p. 298 (1868); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10661 
(1871); Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 (1872); Ridgw. 
Norn. N. Am. B. n. 611 (1881) ; B., B., % R. Water-B. N. 
Am. ii. p. 7 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 155 
(Bering I., Kamtschatka) (1885); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 397 
(Loo-choo I.) (1887); id. Zeitschr. yes. Orn. iv. p. 169 (Loochoo 
I.) (1887); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 94 (1887). 
Querquedula subcrecca, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998; id. Yog. Deutsclil. 

p. 885 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 376 (1855). 
Querquedula creccoides, Brehm (nee Xing), Isis, 1830, p. 998; id. 
Vbg. Deutschl. p. 886 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 376 (1855). 
Sarcelle rouge, Less. Tr.oVOm. p. 634, n.74 (1831) (type examined); 
Pucher. Rev. et Mac/, de Zool. 1850, p. 637 (Bengala=A crecca, 
juv.) ; Hartl. J.f.O. 1855, p. 420, n. 35. 

Anas rubens, Less, (nee G?n.) (ubi?), fide Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. 

p. 650. 
Boschas crecca, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837); Jerd. Madr. Journ. 
xii. p. 220, n. 384 (1840). 
PAnas groenlandica, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 376 (1855). 
Querquedula crecca, a. rubens, Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 650 (Bengala) 
(1856). 

Anas (Querquedula) crecca, Schrenck, Vog. d. Amur-Land, p. 474 
(1860); Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 367 (1863); Rchnw. Orn. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 20; id. Vog. zool. Gart. p. 54 (1882). 

Querquedula (Nettion) crecca, 
CoueSj Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 695 
(1884). 
Dafila (!) crecca, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 136 (Commander 
Isl.) (1887). 

246 A^ATIDiE. 

Hybrids. 

Bimaculated Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 002, pi. C, n. 287 (England) 
(1770); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 521, n. 06 (part) (1785); Mont 
Orn. Diet i. (1802); Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 378 (1804); Penn. 
Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. ii. p. 274 (1812); Mont Orn. Diet 2nd ecL 

p. 34 (1831) ; Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 105, with fig. (1843); Tomes, 
Zoologist, 1847, p. 1698 ; Sclat P. Z. S. I860, p. 303 (=A. boschas 
X Querquedula crecca); Hancock, N. H. Tr. Northumb. vi. p. 153 
(1874) (=Wigeon X Teal); Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 386 
(1884-85) (=TealX Wigeon). 
Anas glocitans, Lath, {nee Pall.) Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 297 (1787); 
Gm. S. N. I 2, p. 526, n. 96 (part.) (1788); Vieill N. D. v. 

p. 118 (part.) (1816) ; Flem. (nee Pall.) Brit An. p. 125 (1828); 
Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. An. p. 232 (1835) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 
2nd ed. iv. p. 533 (1840) ; Tarr. Hist Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 260 
(part.) (1845); Tomes, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 121; Macg. Hist Brit B. 
v. p. 42 (part.) (1852). 
MarecaP glocitans, Steph. Gen. Zool. sii. 2, p. 140 (1824). ^ 
Querquedula glocitans, Vig. {nee Pall.) Linn. Trans, xiy. p. 559 
(1825); Eyt. Cat Brit B. p. 60 (1836); id. Mon. Anat p. 122 
(1838); Bp. Comp. List, p. 57, n. 414 (1838); Macgill. Man. iV. 
If., Orn. ii. p. 168 (1842); Eyt Syn. Anat p. 74 (part.) (1869). 

Bimaculated Teal, Selby, Brit. Orn. ii. p. 321, plb. 55 ($ ), 55* ($ ) 
(1833) ; Gould, B. Bur. pi. 363 (1837); Swinh. Ibis, 1807, p. 394. 
Anas bimaculata, " Gm.," Bp. Comp. List, p. 57 (in syn. sp. 414) 
(1838) ; E. £ B. Wirbelth. Eur. p. Ixxxv (1840) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit 

p. cxiii (1844); Tomes, Zoologist, 1847, p. 1698 (=A. boschas X 
Querquedula crecca); Bp. Bev. Crit. Orn. Eur. p. 103 (1850); 
Berkeley, Field, 1861, March 16 (=A. boschas X Mareca penelope); 
Neivt P. Z. S. 1861, p. 392 (=A. boschas X Querquedula crecca); 
Jerd. B. oflnd. iii. p. 809 (1864). 
Querquedula bimaculata, Bp. Cat. Met. TJcc. Eur. p. 71, n. 437 
(1842); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 7 (1845); Bp. Rev. Crit 
Orn. Eur. p. 193 (1850); G. R. Gr. Cat. Brit B. p. 194, specim. 

u List Brit B P-127

«((?),*(?) C1863); B-°---I1883) (Tealx 

Wild Duck). 
Ennetta bimaculata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 110 (1856). 
Anas formosa, part., Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 351 (1872). 
Anas crecca X A. penelope, Kemp. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. Ill 

(1890); Leverk. J.f. 0.1890, p. 230. 
Anas boschas (JxA. crecca §, Leverk. J. f. 0.1890, p. 227. 
Anas crecca X A. boschas, Leverk. J.f.O. 1890, p. 229. 

Adult male. Head and upper neck chestnut; a glossy green patch 
on each side of the head from the eyes backward to upper nape; a 
narrow buffy line from the gape upwards along the base of the 
upper mandible and from thence to the eye, bordering above and 
below the anterior part of the green patch; chin black; hind-neck? 
back, and scapulars with narrow grey and black wavy lines; outer 
scapulars buff, broadly edged with black on the outer web; upper 
tail-coverts black, edged with bunish brown; on the middle of the 
neck a collar of whitish and black cross lines ; breast and abdomen 
white, the former with round subapical black spots; sides and 
flanks waved with narrow black lines; central under tail-coverts 

31 . STETTIOK. 
247 
velvet-black, the lateral ones of a buff colour, with a band of black 
at the base; upper wing-coverts lead-grey, the greater row whitish 
buff, darker towards the inner ones; wing-speculum on the secondaries 
velvety black, with a white apical band on the outer half, 
glossy green on the inner half; the first tertial velvet-black on the 
outer web; primaries and tail-feathers greyish brown, the latter 
with pale edges; under wing-coverts grey, edged with white, the 
central ones and the axiUaries wholly white : bill nearly black; iris 
hazel; legs, toes, and membranes brownish grey. Total length 
14*5 inches, wing 7*25, tail 3, culmen 1*6, tarsus 1*1. 

Female. General colour of the upper parts dark brown, each 
feather with reddish-brown edges; upper part of the head darker 
than the sides, which are whitish, thickly speckled with black; a 
black line behind the eyes; chin and throat whitish * the feathers 
of the back and scapulars with two narrow transverse bars of buffy 
brown; underparts whitish, with a reddish tinge on the breast, 
each feather, except those of the belly, with obscure dark centres; 
wing as in the male, but somewhat duller. 

Young in first plumage closely resembles the female, but the 

wing-coverts have pale edgings, and the dark centres of the feathers 

appear also on the belly. 

Males in moulting plumage resemble the adult females. 

"Nestling is yellowish white on the underparts, buff on the forehead 

and throat; a dark brown streak from the forehead to the crown, 

which, with the upper parts, is brown; a dark loral streak, and two 

other streaks from behind the eye to the nape, on each side?r 

(Yarrell). 

Hah. The Palsearctie Region, wintering in Northern Africa as 
far south as Shoa, in Arabia, Persia, India, Ceylon, Burmah, China, 
and Japan; accidentally in Greenland, and along the Atlantic coast 
of North America. 

«, b. S 2 ad. sk. Gt. Britain. Purchased. 

c. c? ad. sk. Gt. Britain. Yarrell Coll. 
d-g. 
$ ad. et pull. Kirkwall. Purchased. 
St. 


h. (S ad. sk. N. Uist. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
i, $ ad. sk. Nairnshire, N.B., March. H. F.Rose, Esq. [P.]. 
7c. J ad. sk. St. Andrew's, Fifeshire, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. 

(JR. G. W. £.). 
I $ acl. sk. R. Eden, St. Andrew's, Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
(£. G. W. &.). 


m. 2 ad. sk. Carmarthen. Montagu Coll. 
n. 
Ad. st. [isabel-Pembrokeshire. Earl of Cawdor [P.]. 
line var.j 
o,p. (5 2 ad. sk. Merton, Norfolk, May. Lord Wal&ingham 
[P.]. 
q, r. <$ 2 ad* stTring, Herts, May. Hon. Walter Roth



schild [P.]. 

s, t. (S 2 acL sk* Avington, Feb. (JR. B. 8. 8f R. Bowdler Sharpe, 

G. E. Shelley). Esq. [P.]. 
248 

u. <$ imm. sk. 
v. S ad. sk. 
w. $ juv. sk. 
.f. c? ad. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
z. 2 ad. sk. 
a\ b'9 c'. $ J ad. 
sk. 
d'. $ ad. sk. 
e',f. 2 ad. sk. 
g',h'.2 ad.sk. 


i'. tf ad. sk. 

k'. $ juv. sk. 
I', m\ d $ ad. sk. 


w\ cJ ad. sk. 
o'9 p', q'-6 2 ad. 
sk. 
/. 2 ad. sk. 
$', t', u'. 2 ad. sk. 
v'. (S ad. sk. 

wrj x'. $ 2 ad. sk. 

*/. cJ ad. sk. 
«', a". 2 ad. et tf 
juv. sk. 
Z/', c". 2 ad. et S 
juv. sk. 
<*"-#'. <? 2 ad. sk. 

i",l". 2 a^-e"k c? 

imm. sk. 
I". <$ ad. sk. 
m". cS ad. sk. 
»". 2 ad. sk. 
o"-r". <5 2ad. etc? 

imm. sk. 

b"-io". $ ad, sk. 

«r". c? ad. sk. 

y", c? ad. sk. 

z", a3, g ad. sk. 

b\ S ad. sk. 
£s. 2 ad, sk. 

ANATID-3E. 

Aboyne. 

Ljolland, Denmark, March 

(Benzon). 
Hungary, Aug. (C. JEde). 


Valencia, Spain, Dec. (H. 
Saunders). 
Malaga, Spain, Oct. (H. 
Saunders). 

Biskra. 

Egypt, March (G. JE. S.). 

Alexandria, Feb. 
Socotra (Balfour). 
Socotra (Balfour). 


Bagdad. 

Bonder] ohan, Ob B.., Sept. 
Valley of the Yen-e-sai, E. 
Siberia, lat. 66h°, June 

(H. &). 
Samarkand, March. 
Kashgar (Bellew). 


Shahidula, Oct. (Forsyth). 
Ladak (Strachey). 
Bala Morghab, Jan. (Aitchi


son). 

Kandahar, Dec. 

Mekran Coast, Dec. 
River Jhelum, Nov. (A. 

o. jsr.). 
Karachi, Oct., Dec. (E. A. 
Butler). 
Sambhur, Jan., Feb. (R. M. 
Adam). 
G-urgaon, Feb., May (W. N. 
Chill). 

Delhi. 
DehraDhoon, Feb. (G. King). 
Near Koteghur, March. 
Etawah, Nov. 

Allahabad, Feb. (A. 0. MX 
Oudh. 

Benegunge, Oudh, Jan. (A. 
Anderson). 
Nepal. 

Nepal (Hodgson). 
Nepal. 

B,. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hungarian National 
Museum [P.]. 
Tweeddale Con. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 


Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
The British Associa


tion [P.]. 
Kenneth Lof tus, Esq. 

[P.]. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [0.]. 
Seebohm CoH.u 


Seebohm Coll. 
India Museum [P.]. 

India Museum [P.], 
India Museum [P.], 
Afghan Delimitation 

Comm. [P.]. 
Lt.-Colonel Swinhoe 

pp.]. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
PP.]. 
India Museum HP.]. 

J. Scully, Esq. pP.]. 
/ 


31 . NETTION. 
249 
cP-P. tf 2 ad. sk. 

h\ $ ad. sk. 

P. $ ad. sk. 
m*. S ad. sk. 
33 3

n, o, p. $ ad. sk. 

q*, r3. cJ $ ad. sk. 
s3, t3. § ad. sk. 

«43. c? ad. sk. 
v's, w3. S 2 ad. sk. 
x3. 2 ad. sk. 
y3. 5 ad. sk. 
s3. $ ad. sk. 

a4. $ ad. sk. 

b4*. 2 ad. sk. 
e4. cj ad. sk. 

^-/i4. d2ad.sk. 
et <5 ad. sk. 
z\ hS J4. 2 ad. et 

c? juv. sk. 
m4, %4. c? 2 ad. sk. 
o\ 2 ad. sk. 

et $ juv. sk. 
s4. c? ad. sk. 

f\ 
c? ad. sk. 

M1 

. 2 ad. sk. 

v\ <$ ad. sk. 

w4. 2 ad. sk. 

%% y4. 2 ad. sk. 
»4. c? ad. sk. 

a5. Skeleton. 

b5 

. Skeleton. 
c5, <23, e5. Skeletons 
(imperfect). 
/*, ^r5, h5. Skulls. 

tfi5

-w. Sterna. 
o5. Sternum with 
shoulder-girdle. 

Native Sikhim, March (X. 

Mandelli) 

Sikhim. 

Darjeeling. 
Assam (McClelland). 
Upper Assam (A. W. Chen


mil). 
Manipur, March (A. 0. &,). 
Bengal (Falconer). 
Behar. 

Calcutta, Feb. (A. 0. K). 
Deecan (SyJces). 
Tonghoo. 
Lower Pegu, Feb. 


Nr. Thatone, Dec. (W-Bavison). 
Malacca, Dec. (Maingay). 

S. Manchuria. 
China. 

China (Tuckett). 

Kiukiang Canal, China. 
Kiukiang, Oct. 

Amoy, China, Feb., Nov. 

(JR. Swinhoe), 

Amoy, China, winter (22. 

Stoinhoe). 

Yezo, Japan. 

S. 
Yezo, Japan, Oct. (Blateston), 
Corea. 

Yokohama, Japan (JBT, 

Fryer). 

Nagasaki, Japan, Jan., Nov. 
Kechi village, Tsu-shima, 

Jan. (P. A. Hoist). 
England. 
Wurtemberg. 
Nepal. 

England. 

HYBBID. 

Hume Coll." 

H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
PP.]. 
India Museum ( 
India Museum 

m 

Tweeddale Col 


Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P."]. 


B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


E. W. Oates, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

H. 
M. James, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. 
E. Peeves, Esq. 
[P.]Tweeddale 
Coll. 

Lieut. Davies [Pj. 

F. W. Styan, Esq. 
PP.J * 

Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

C.W.Campbell, Esq. 
[P.]-

Seebohm Coll. 

F. Pinger, Esq_. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Giinther [P.]. 


B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
T. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
Ffettion crecca x Anas hoscas. 
p5f g5. <$ 2 ad. sk. Maldon, Essex (Vigors Coll.). Zoological Society. 
(Types of Querquedula glocitans, Vigors.) 

ANATID2E. 

250 

3. Nettion carolinense. 
Anas 
crecca, var., Font. Phil Trans, lxii. p. 419 (1772); Adams, 
Ibis 1878. p. 431 (Michalaski). 
American Teal, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 569, n. 504 (1785) ; Lath. 

fa'l«n* « • M A iv, p. 391 (1884-86) 

Anas carolmensis, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 533, n. 103 (1778); Lath. Ind 
Orn ii p 874, n. 101 (1790) ; Bum. Diet Sc. Nat. vi. p. 399 
(1817) • Jard. § Selby, III Orn. iii. pi. cxlvi (1835); And. Syn. p. 281 
(1839) '• Via, Beech. Voy., Orn. p. 30, pi. xiii. (1839); And. B. Am 
vi p h>81, pi. 392 (1843); Giraud, B.Long Isl p. 314 (1844): 
DeKcw N. T. Zool. ii. p. 340 (1844) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus, 
t) 119 (1844) : Lemb. Av. Cub. p. 114 (1850); Peinh. Vid. Med. 
1853, p. 84 (Greenland) (1854); Wied, J. f. 0. 1859, p. 172 : 
Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 13 (Greenland); Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst, vi. 
p 119 (Minnesota) (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 346 (1872) ; 
Seebh. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 549 (1885); A. 0. IT. Check-list, p. 116, 
n 139 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 132 (Alaska) 
(is86); Nels. Nat. Mist. Coll in Alaska, p. 68 (1887); JRidgw. Man. 

N. Am. B. p. 94 (1887) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 44 (1891). 
Anas arnericana, Bonn, (nee Gm.) Enc. Mtth. i. p. 155 (1791). 
Anas migratoria, Bartr. Travels, p. 295 (1791). 
Anas crecca, Wils. (nee Linn.) Am. Orn. viii. p. 101, pi. 60. f. 1 
(1814) ; Bp. Obs. Nomencl Wilson, n. 263 (1825); id. Syn. p. 386 
(1828); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 218 (1835), v. p. 616, pL 228 
(1839); Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 52 (part.) (1866). 

Anas sylvatica, Vieill N. D. v. p. 167 (1816). 
Querquedula carolmensis, Staph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 148 (1824) ; 
Bp. Comp. List, p. 57 (1838); Exjt. Mon. Anat. p. 124 (1838) ; 

G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 137 (1844); id. Gen. B. Iii. 
p. 616, n. 2 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Katatores, t. 89. f¥. 188-89 
(1845); Jard. Ann. $ Mag. N. II. xx. p. 377 (Tobago) (1847) ; 
Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 90f. 
2345 (1850) (exBeeehey's Voy.), 1.100. £2769-70 (1850) (eoa 
Audubon) ; Baird, Stansbwnfs Pep. p. 322 (1852); Woodh. Sitgr. 
Pep. p. 103 (1853); Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 664 (1854) , 
xliii. p. 650, n. 103 (1856); Newb. P.P.P.Pep. vi. p. 102 (1857) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 215 (Orizaba); Gundl J.f.O. 1857, p. 229 
(Cuba); Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp., Mamm. # Orn. p. 342 (1858) ; 
Heerm. P. P. P. Pep. x. pt. vi. p. 69 (1859); Sclat. fy Salv. Ibis, 
1859, p. 231 (Honduras); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 65 (Honduras) ; 
Sclat. ibid. pp. 237, 369, 1860, p. 254 (Orizaba) ; Brewer, PrrBost. 
Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (Cuba) (1860) ; Gundl J. f. O. 1862, p. 92 
(Cuba) ; March, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1864, p. 72 (Jamaica); Eyt, 
Syn. Anat. p. 76 (1869); Coues, Key, p. 287 (1872) ; id. Checks 
list, n. 495 (1873) ; Sclat. #• Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 129 
(1873); Coues, Birds lY.-West, p. 565 (1874); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S„ 
1876, p. 385; Nicholls, Zoolog. 1880, p. 70 (Devon) ; FeUowes, ibid, 
(Hampshire); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 521; Cory, JB. Bahama I. 
p. 187 (1880); A. % E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881) ; Coues, 
Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 114, n. 715 (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. 
Coll p. 535 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 127 (1883) ; 
Hartl J.f.O. 1883, p. 282 (Alaska); Cory, List B. W. Bid. p. 31 
(1885); Wells, List B. Grenada, p. 10 (1886) ; Saunders, P. Z. &„ 
1888, p. 469 (Devon); id. Man. Brit. B. p. 421 (1889); Cory, Auk, 
33 . STETTIOtf. 251 
1888, p. 64; id. B. W. Ind. p. 265 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll 

B. p. 48 (1889) ; Sharjpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 301 
(1891). 
? Querquedula americana, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998 (descr. nulla); 
id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 887 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 376 (1855). 
? Querquedula grcenlandica, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998 (descr. nulla) ; 
id. Tog. Deutschl p. 887 (1831). 
Anas (Boschas) crecca, Tar., Sw. & Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. pp. 400. 
403 (1831). 
Boschas carolinensis, Jard. edit, of Wilson, iii. p. 124 (1832),* Sw. 
Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837). 
Boschas crecca americana, Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40. 
Nettion carolinensis, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 777 (1858;; id. Mex. B. 

Surv. ii. pt. ii. Birds, p. 26 (1859); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 579 
(1859); Bryant, Br. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122 (Bahamas) (1859); 
Coop. % Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 254 (1860) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. 
Philad. 1861, p. 238 (Labrador); Sayd. Rep. 1862, p. 175; Ross, 
Canad. Nat. vii. p. 152 (McKenzie R.) (1862); id. Nat. Hist. Rev. 

(2) ii. p. 287 (1862); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texas) ; Coues, Pr. 
Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Arizona); Gundl. Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i. 
p. 389 (Cuba) (1866) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1867); 
Ball § Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 297 (Alaska, breeding; (1869); 
Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming); G. R. Gr. 
Sand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10664 (1871); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. 
Zool. iii. p. 183 (Kansas and Utah) (1872); Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. 
N. H. xv. p. 241 (Iowa) (1872); Aiken, ibid. p. 210 (Colorado) 
(1872); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. Bf. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874) ; 
Gundl. J.f.O. 1875, p. 381 (Cuba); Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. 
n. 612 (1881); B., B., $ R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 2 (1884); 
Nehrl. J.f.O. 1885, p. 147 ; Matsch. u. Ziemer, ibid. p. 191. 
Querquedula americana, Murr. JEdinb. New Philos. Journ. ix. p. 230 
(1859). 
Nettion carolinense, Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 9, 1863, p. 147 (Brit. N. 
Am.); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver I.). 
Querquedula (Nettion) carolinensis, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 695, 

f. 482 (1884). 
Querquedula crecca, var. carolinensis, Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. 
ii. p. 453 (1892). 
Adult male. Similar to that of N. crecca, but the whitish line 
which surrounds the green patch on the sides of the head, and passes 
down to the base of the bill, is almost obsolete; the scapulars are 
uniform pale slate-grey, with no white, and there is a broad whitish 
crescent on each side of the breast in front of the shoulder. 

Female. Apparently indistinguishable from that of N. crecca. 
Hah. Northern America, from Alaska and Greenland, to Mexico, 
Honduras, and the West Indies ; accidentally in Europe. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. N. America. Audubon Coll. 
c. S hum. sk.
d. 2 ad.sk.
e,f. <5 $ ad. st.
g, h. $ ad. sk. 
N. America. 
N.America. 
Arctic Land Exped. 
W. side Boeky Mts. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.j. 
Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
Sir G. Back [P.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 

252 
ANATID^E. 

i7 k. $ ad. et 3 British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
inim. sk. 

/. g ad. sk. Washington, B.C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. 5 juv. sk. Keewaken Val., Oregon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug". (J£T. 7F. Henshaio). 

n. <$ ad. sk. Utah^'Nov. {H. TV. H.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
°,P- 6 ? ad. sk. 49th Parallel. N. American Bound. 
Comm. [P.]. 
y, r. cJ ad. sk. Canada. Governmt. of Canada 
LP.]. 

s. S ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. J. Rae [P.]. 
t $ ad. sk. Ontonagon, Michigan, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. J. Bay an). 
z*. $ ad. sk. Hudson R., Albany, New-Tweeddale Coll. 
York {J. H. Hurst). 
I?. cJ juv. sk. Lyon's Falls, New York, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(A. J. D.). 
w-e*. $ $ ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 
/'. 3 juv. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(J. 
J ad.sk. Herniosillo, State of Sonora, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, Nov. (F. Ferrari-
Perez). 
A', *\ d $ ad. sk. 
Presidio, Mexico, Jan. {A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forrer). 
k', l\ m'. $ P ad. Zacatecas, Mexico, Eeb. ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. B. Richardson). 

4. E*ettion castanenm. 
Anas punctata, Cuv. in Mus. Paris (nee JSurch.) (3»type examined); 
Less. Tr. ffiOrn. p. 634 (Java!) (1831); Gould, B. Amir. vii. 
pi. 11 (pt. xix. 1845) ; Pucker. Rev. et Mac/, de Zool 1851, p. 549: 
Macgill. Narr. Voy. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852); G. P. Gr. P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 198 ; id. Cat. B. Neio Gum. p. G3 (1859); Gould, Handb. 

B. Austr. ii. p. 365 (1865); ? Sclat. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 861 (Zool. 
Gard.); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 47 (1866): Pams. Ibis, 
1866, p. 235 ; Mull P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 900; Newt P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 649, 650 (part.), f. 1 (sternum), 
f. 2 (trachea, with bulla ossea); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 360 (1872); 
Pams. Pr. Linn. Soc. K S. W. i. pp. 195, 216, 219 (1876) ; id. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346; Pchiw. J. f. O. 1877, p. 218 (Celebes) ; 
Bias. J.f.O. 1883, pp. 116,121 (Celebes); Bchnw. ibid. p. 122 ( = 
castanea, Fyton) (Celebes); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 230 
Mareca castanea, Fyton, Mon. Anat. p. 119, pi. 22 (tf) (1838); 

G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 4 (1845); Rchnb. Syn.Av., Natatores, 
t. 86. if. 2330-31 (1850) (ex Gould): Futon, Syn. Anat p. 71 
(1869). ' 
Mareca punctata, G. P. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iv. p. 134 (1844) ; 
Bp. Compt Pend. xliii. p. 650, n. 119 (1856) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, 

iii. p. 81, n. 10631 (1871); Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1881, 
p. 767 (Sumba). 
Querquedula punctata, 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (New Holland) 
(1854). 

31 . NETTIOHT. 253 
? Anas punctata, var., G. R. Gr. P. Z. & 1859, p. 106 (New Caledonia); 

id. Cat.B. Trop. Isl. p. 55 (New Caledonia) (1859); fVerr. ty Des 

Murs,Rev. et Mag. deZool. I860, p. 442 (New Caledonia); Jouan, 

Mem. Soc. Cherb. ix. pp. 100, 242 (New Caledonia) (1863). 

Anas castanea, A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 649 (note) ; Ranis, Pr. 

Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. pp. 38, 154 (bulla ossea only in male) 

(1878) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 452, 518, 535, 1881, pp. 452, 

454; Echmo. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; id. Vog. zool Glirt. 

p. 51 (1882); Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Mol iii. p. 396 (1882); Sah. 
Cat. B. Strichl. Coll. p. 530 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 
p. 432 (1883); Bias. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 320 (1885) ; Legge, Pr. 
R. Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (Tasmania) (1887) ; Rams. Tab. List, 
p. 22, n. 669 (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll £.p. 49 (1889) ; North, Cat. 
Nests $ Eggs Austr. B. p. 341 (1889); Keartland, Vict. Nat. vii. 
p. 46 (Australia) (1890). 
Anas (Virago) castanea, part., Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 
p. 200, n. 058 (1877). 
Virago castanea, Stejn. Kings!. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 145 (1885). 
Adult male. Head and neck dark glossy green, with bronze reflections 
in some lights ; mantle and back black, each feather edged 
with chestnut; rump, upper and under tail-coverts deep black, with 
a green gloss; breast and abdomen chestnut, with round black spots, 
those on the sides and flanks larger ; on the lower flanks a whitish-
buff band bordering exteriorly the black under tail-coverts; scapulars 
and wings dark olive-brown, the former narrowly edged with 
chestnut; the last row of upper wing-coverts white, slightly tinged 
with reddish; wing-speculum on the secondaries velvety black, with 
a metallic green band, glossed with coppery red, on the upper half; 
at the tip of the secondaries a reddish-white narrow band; under 
wing-coverts olive-brown, some of the inner ones white ; axillaries 
white; tail brown-black: " bill bluish lead-colour, nail and the 
edges of the upper mandible black, the under mandible crossed near 
the tip by a band of reddish flesh-colour; irides hazel; feet leadcolour, 
with the membranes of a somewhat darker hue" (Gould). 
Total length about 18*5 inches, wing 9, tail 4*5, culmen 1*5, 
tarsus 1*4. 

Female. Upper part of the head dark brown, with some light 
edges to the feathers, sides of the head paler, thickly streaked with 
dusky; chin and throat whitish, immaculate : upper parts brown, 
the feathers edged with pale reddish or greyish; lower back and 
rump almost uniform brown; the feathers of the underparts light 
fulvous or rufescent-grey on the margins, with obscure brown spots 
in the centre, especially on the breast and sides, each feather having 
a broad central mark of blackish brown; sides and under tail-
coverts darker than the rest of the underparts; wing-coverts uniform 
dark greyish brown, with an olive lustre, the greater or last row 
white, forming a band broader outwardly than inwardly ; speculum 
on the secondaries velvety black, tipped with a white band, but the 
three middle secondaries metallic green on the outer web ; primaries 
and tail-feathers dark brown ; under wing-coverts dark brown, the 
greater ones dark grey and the innermost, with the axillaries, white. 

254 
A3STATIDJE. 

Total length about 16 inches, wing 7*5, tail 3*5, culmen 1-4, 

tarsus 1*3. 

Young in down. Upper parts brown, the upper part of the head 

darker ; sides of the head, fore-neck, and lower parts whitish, with 

a rufescent tinge ; a dark brown band from the lores, through the 

eyes backwards; a 
small dark spot at the gape; two whitish


rufescent spots on the back, at the base of the wings, and two more 

on the sides of the rump. 

Hah. Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia (?), and as a 

straggler in Celebes and Java. 

a. S ad. sk. Australia. 
Hardwicke Bequest. 
b. S ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
e, d. <5 ad. sk. Australia. Salyin-Godman Coll. 
e. S ad. sk. Sydney ? Tweeddale Coll. 
/. ? $ imm. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.! 
g. ? $ imm. N. Australia. Dr. Sibbald [P.]. 
h, i. <$ ad. et ?$ New S. Wales. Australian Museum 
ad. st. pp.]. 

k. d ad. ? sk. N.W. Australia. 
Cn.pt. Bowyer Bower 

I 
$ imm. sk. N.W. Australia, April. J.R.Elsey,Esq.[P.l. 

m. 
$ imm. ? sk. Perth Flats, W. Australia, Gould Coll. 
May. 
n, o. <$ ad. et ? $ S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
ad. sk. 


p. ? 9 ad. sk. S. Australia. Gould Coll. 
q. Pull. sk. Australia. 
Purchased. 
r. $ ad.sk. Flinders I., Bass' Straits, Jan. Voyage of H.M.S. 
(F. M. Bayner). < Alert '[G]. 
s,t. ? $ ad. sk. Tasmania. R. Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 
u. $ 
ad. sk. Recherche Bay, Tasmania, Gould CoH. 
Dec. 
v. $ ad. sk. R. Derwent, Tasmania, Nov. Gould CoH. 
to, x. d 2 ad. sk. Port Arthur, Tasmania, Oct. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
y. $ ad. ? sk. Otago, New Zealand, May. Hume Coll. 
5. Nettion gibberifrons. (Plate II. fig. 2.) 
Anas (Mareca) gibberifrons, S. Mull. Verh. Land-en VoTkerik. p. 159 
(Celebes) (1839-44). 

Mareca gibberifrons, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 5 (1845) : 
Wold. Tr. Zool Soc. viii. p. 102 (1872); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 144 : 
Wald. Tweedd. Orn. Works, p. 201 (1881). 

Querquedula 
gibberifrons, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, n. 102 
(1856); Suit. Cat. B. New Zeal p. 36 (1871) ,* Finsch, J. f. O. 
1870, p. 356, 1872, p. 188 ; Butter, B. New Zeal. p. 250 (1873); 
Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, p. 173; Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 329; Layard, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 266 (New Caledonia) ; Hurt. Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii. 

p. 271 (1880); Ibis, 1881, p. 162; Milne-Edic. Ann. Sc. Nat, Zool 
(6) xiii. Art. 4, p. 41 (1882); Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xlvi. p. 90 
(Java), p. 240 (1886); Smith, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxi. p. 221 (Lake 
Brimner) (1888); Cab. J. f. O. 1888, p. 118; Vorderm. N T. 
N.I. xlix.p.419 (1889). 
? Anas punctata, var., G. B. Gr. P. Z. JS. 1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia); 
31 . JSTETTION. 
2o5 

id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 55 (1859); Verr. & Des Murs, Bev. et 
Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 442. 
Anas gibbifrons, Wall P. Z. S. 1863, p. 487 (Flores, Timor): Finscli, 
Neu-Guin. p. 183 (1865); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 94 (1869). 

Anas punctata, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. pp. 3G5, 366 (part) 
(1865) ; Sclat B. Z. S. 1865, p. 861; Newt. P. Z. S. 1871, p 649, 
fig. 2 (sternum), fig. 4 (trachea with bulla ossea). 

Anas gibberifrons, Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 58 (1866) ; Bidler, 
Ibis, 1870, g. 459 ; IBitt Cat. B. New Zeal. p. 36 (1871) ; Gieb. 
Thes. Cm. i. p. 353 (1872); Hartl. Ibis, 1877, p. 335; id. Tog. 
Madag. pp. 364, 365 (1877); Bams. Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 

p. 209 (1877), iii. p. 38 (1878); Bosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 279 
(Celebes) (1878-79): Finscli, Ibis, 1880, p. 397; Mat. P. Z. S. 
1880, pp. 452, 519, 1882, p. 453, pi. xxxiii.; Sclat. $ Sato. Ibis, 
1882, p. 538 (note); Salvad. Orn. Bap. e Mol. iii. p. 398 (1882); 
Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; id. Vo'g. zool. Gart p. 52 
(1882) 5 Vorderm. N. T. N. 1. xli. p. 219 (Java) (1882); Sclat. list 
Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 432 (1883); Bias. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. 

p. 325 (Celebes) (1885), iii. p. 171 (1886); Bams. Br. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1151 (1886); id. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 670 (1888): 
Bull. B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. p. 261 (1888); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. 
p. 49 (E. Timor) (1889); North, Cat. Nests and Bggs Austr. B. 
p. 342 (1889); Keartl. Vict Nat vii. p. 46 (Australia) (1890); 
Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 231 (1891): Wiglesw. Aves Bohn. 
p. 70 (1892). 
Anas muta, S. Mull, (ubi ?),tfide Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 58, 
in syn. A. gibberifrontis. 
Anas gracilis, Buller, Ibis, 1869, p. 41 (New Zealand); Haast, I. c. 

p. 42 (note) (South Australia); Finscli, ibid. p. 380 (=gibberifrons); 
Buller, Trans. N. Z. Inst. ii. p. 392 (1869) : Button, 
Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii. p. 271 (1880). 
Anas (Querquedula) gibberifrons, Finsch, Ibis, 1869, p. 380. 

Mareca castanea, Marie (nee Eyt), Act Soc. Linn, Bord. xxvii. p. 328 
(New Caledonia) (1870); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 363 j Layard, Ibis, 
1882, pp. 538, 544. 

Nettion gibberifrons, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10663 (1871). 
Anas (Virago) castanea, part., Bams. Br. Lxnn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 

p. 200, n. 658 (1877). 
Anas castanea, Bams, (nee Eyt) Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 115 
(Hall Sound, Ethel River) (1878), p. 301 (S. New Guinea) (1879), 

iv. p. 102, n. 212 (Port Moresby, South Cape) (1879); Sclat (nee 
Eyt) P. Z. S. 1879, p. 827 (Zool. Gard.); id. List Vert An. 
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 367; Hutt. Trans. N. Z. Inst xii. p. 272 
(1880); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 402, n. 6 (1882). 
Adult male. Upper part of the head dark brown, with the edges 
of the feathers reddish or greyish; sides of the head paler, thickly 
streaked with black or brown; chin and throat white, immaculate ; 
tipper parts brown, the feathers edged with pale reddish, the 
feathers of the lower back and rump almost uniform, with edges 
scarcely paler; the feathers of the underparts light fulvous on the 
margins, with obscure brown spots in the centre, especially on the 
breast and sides of the body, each feather having a broad central 
mark of blackish brown ; sides and under tail-coverts darker than 
the rest of the underparts; wing-coverts dark greyish brown, with 
an olive lustre, the greater row white, forming a band broader 

256 ANATID-E. 

outwardly than inwardly ; speculum on the secondaries velvety 
black, tipped with a white band, but the three middle secondaries 
metallic green on the outer web ; primaries and tail-feathers dark 
brown ; under wing-coverts dark brown, the greater ones dark grey, 
the innermost and the axillaries white : " irides yellowish brown ; 
bill bluish black, on the edges somewhat greenish, with the nail 
black; the tip of the lower mandible yellowish; feet lead-colour, 
with a yellowish tint" (8. Mutter). Total length 17 inches, wing 8, 
tail 4, bill 1*5, tarsus 1-25. 

Female. Somewhat smaller than the male, and paler: " iris 
brick-red; bill black, with a yellow band across the middle of the 
lower mandible ; feet greyish purple " (Loria). Total length 15*5 
inches, wing 7'5, tail 3*5. 

This species is absolutely similar to the supposed female of N. castaneum, 
both in colour and dimensions, so that I am utterly unable 
to distinguish it; still it seems quite certain that they are not 
identical, as birds in the plumage of Anas gibberifrom have bred, 
and, perhaps, are still breeding, in the Zoological Gardens of 
London. 

In the Hon. "W". Eothschild's collection there are two specimens, 
brought frozen in the flesh from Melbourne: one is in the plumage 
of the male iV. castaneum, and the other in that of the supposed female 
of the same, and both, having been dissected, proved to be males ; 
I have seen the testicles and the windpipe, with the bulla ossea, of 
both; one had the testicles enormously developed, showing that it 
was killed in the breeding-season. 

I have seen also a male bird that lived in the Zoological Gardens 
of London, which has the plumage of JSF. gibberifrom, or female 

N. castaneum, but shows on the breast a distinct reddish tinge. 
Is this a hybrid of the two species ? 
We must wait for additional information in order to settle 
the question of the specific differences between iVT. castaneum and 
A7, gibherifrons. 


Hab. Celebes, Java, Timor, Elores, Sumba, and, if N. castaneum 
be not distinct, also Southern "New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, 
and New Caledonia. 


a. Ad. sk. [Sumatra.] Purchased. 
b, e, d. Ad. et juv. Celebes. Tweeddale CoU. 
sk. 


e. Ad. sk. Celebes. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
/. d ad. sk. Makassar. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
[0.]. 
g, Ji. $ 5 ad. sk. Java (Diard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

i-n. $ J ad. sk. et E. Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 

St. CO.]. 

o, p. S $ ad. sk. E. Timor (A. H. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 

q. $ ad. sk. E. Timor (A. R. Wallace). H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
r. Ad. sk. Elores. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
[OJ. 

31 . NETTION. 257 
6. Nettion albigulare. (Plate II. fig. 1.) 
Querquedula andamanensis, Tytler, Ibis, 1867, p. 333, n. 89 (descr. 
nulla). 
Nettion andamanensis, G. R. G?\ Sand-list, iii. p. 84, n. 10G69 

(1871). 
Anas andamanensis, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 344 (1872). 
Mareca punctata, " Quv."?, Ball, J. A. & B. xli. 2, p. 290, n. 62 

(Andamans) (1872); id. Sir. Feath. i. p. 88 (1872). 
Mareca albogularis, Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 303 (Andamans) (Febiv 
1873); Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 225. 

Mareca gibberifrons, Wald. {nee 8. Mull.) Ibis, 1873, p. 321; Sume, 
Nests $ Eggs, p. 644 (Andamans) (1873); id. Str. Feath. ii. p. 310 
(1874); Wald. in BlytKs B, of Burm. p. 160 (note) (1875): 
Tioeedd. Orn. Works, p. 251 (Andamans) (1881). 

Anas punctata, Blyth (nee Cuv.), B. of Burm. p. 166 (note) (1875). 
Querquedula gibberifrons, Sume {nee 8. Midi), Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, 

n. 966 ter (1879); Sume # Marsh. Game B. of hid. iii. p. 243. 
pi. 32 (1880) ; Sume, Nests $ Eggs oflnd. B. (ed. Oates), iii. p. 290 
(1890). 
V Anas andamanensis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1893, p. 614 (Zool. Gard. of 
Cologne). 

Adult male. Upper part of tbe bead brown; this colour covers also 
the upper part of the cheeks and gradually changes into the white of 
the lower part of the cheeks and throat; the brown of the cheeks 
with obsolete dusky streaks; round the eyes there is a ring of white 
feathers, broader below; in some specimens on the lores or at the 
base of the bill there are some white feathers ; upper parts brown, 
the edges of the feathers of the back and scapulars pale brown ; 
rump uniform; feathers of the breast and abdomen pale brown in 
the centre, and broadly margined with brownish fawn-colour, 
producing a mottled appearance; under tail-coverts brown, almost 
uniform; upper wing-coverts dark brown, greater or last row of 
upper wing-coverts white, forming a band, diminishing in breadth 
and tinged with brown inwardly ; speculum velvety black, with a 
longitudinal coppery-green band on the middle, from the seventh 
to the ninth secondary, and bounded at the tip by a buff band; the 
first secondary broadly white on the outer web; tertials broadly 
velvety black on the outer web; primaries brown, with an olive 
lustre; under wing-coverts brown, the median ones tipped. with 
white; axillaries white; tail brown : " legs and feet greenish blue 
to plumbeous, webs usually darker ; bill plumbeous, nail black ; in 
some the lower mandible, in one the terminal two-thirds of this, 
pink; irides reddish brown to deep reddish brown " (Sume). Total 
length 17 to 18 inches, wing 7 to 8, tail 4 to 4*2, culmen 1*4, 
tarsus 1*3 to 1*4. 

Female. Similar to the male, but smaller, and the lower surface 
duller and the centerings of the feathers less marked, the green 
band on the wing-speculum more coppery. Total length 15*5 to 
16 inches, wing 7*25 to 7*4, culmen 1*3 to 1*35. 

Young birds are similar to the females, but the dusky markings 
of the under surface are even less distinct. 
VOL. xxvii, s 

258 
ABTATIDJE. 

This species is very similar to N. gibberifrons and to the female of 

N. castaneum, but it differs in having the sides of the head darker 
and more nniform brown, with the darker streaks almost obsolete; 
besides it has a ring of white feathers round the eyes, and the first 
secondary with the outer web entirely or broadly edged with 
white. 
Hob. Andaman Islands. 

a-e. <$ $ ad. sk. S. Andamans, Feb. (P. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. P.). 
f> 9-$ acl et

-Juv' S. Andamans, May, Dec. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. (P. J. Wimberley). 
h. J ad. sk. S. Andamans, April (P. Hume Coll. 
J. W.). 
i, Jc, I cf ad. sk. Port Mouat, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
April (W. Davison), 

m. 
S ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, Tweeddale Coll. 
May (P. J. W.)~ 
n-r. 
S $ ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
March to May ( W. Davison 
§• It. J. Wimberley). 

s. 
J ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, R. Bowdler Sharpe, 
June (22. J. W.). Esq. IT.]. 
t-y. 
(S $ ad. sk. Dungleaf Creek, Andamans, Hume Coll.) 
Jan,, Dec. (W. Davison). > 

z. 
Ad. sk. Andamans. Hume Coll.) 
(Types of the species.) 
7. Kettion bernieri. 
? Sarcelle de Madagascar, Sganzin, Notes sur les Mamm. et TJOm. de 
Madag. p. 48 (MSm. Soe. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Strati. 1840). 

Querquedula 
bernieri, J. Verr. MS. in Mus. Vindob. et Paris-, 
Hartl. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 173 ; id. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 82 
(Madagascar) (1861) (type examined); Poll. N. T. D. i. p. 327 
(1863); Vinson. Voy. a Madag. p. 308 (1865): Verr. ibid. Ann. B, 

p. 4 (1865). 
Anas bernieri, Vinson, in DuprS, Trois mois a Madag. p. 262 (1863) ; 
Hartl Vbg. Madag. p. 363 (1877); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 519; 
Salvad. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 175; Pelz. u. Lor. Ann. h. naturh. 
Hofmus. iii. p. 58 (1888) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 270. 

Anas assimilis, part., Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 59 (1866); id 
{nee Forst.) P. Z. S. 1866, p. 426 (N."W, Coast of Madagascar): 
Gxeb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 344 (1872). 

Daflla vinsoni, Grand. Pev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 87 (Mada


gascar), p. 255 (=D. bernieri). 
Daflla bernieri, Grand. I. c. p. 255. 
Querquedula gibberifrons, Grand, (nee S. Mull.) Pev. et Mag. de Zool. 

1868, p. 6 (Madagascar). 
Anas gibberifrons, Schleg. $ Poll (nee S. Mull) Fech. Faun. Madaq.< 
Ois. p. 160 (1868). 
Anas capensis, part., G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10640 (Madagascar) 
(1871). *" 
Anas gibberifrons, var. bernieri, Milne-Hdw. fy Grand. Ois. Madag. 

p. 726, pis. 270 (bird, bad), 271 (skeleton), 271 a (osteology), 275, 
f. 3 (head) (1882). 
31 . NETTIOtf. 259 
Adult male. Head and neck pale reddish, brown, thickly streaked 
-with blackish; upper part of the head darker; back brown, the 
feathers narrowly edged with rufous-grey; rump and upper tail<
ioverts brown-olive, almost uniform; breast and abdomen dull 
reddish, with the centres of the feathers pale brown, producing a 
mottled appearance; longest under tail-coverts uniform brown; 
upper wing-coverts dark grey, the last row with the apical portion 
Tvhite, forming a white band, much broader outwardly and 
decreasing inwardly; speculum velvety black, bounded at the tip 
by a broad white band; primaries blackish brown; tertials and 
scapulars greyish brown, with narrow reddish margins; under 
wing-coverts dark brown; axillaries white; tail-feathers brown, 
with paler tips: " irides brown; beak and feet red n (Grandidier) ; 
"beak reddish brown, feet brown" (Mus. Rothschild). Total 
length 16 to 17 inches, wing 8, tail 4, culmen 1-5, tarsus 1-5. 

(Mus. Rothschild.) 
Female. Similar to the male, only somewhat smaller, and the 
dusky spots on the underparts duller. (Mus. Rothschild.) 

Immature "bird. Similar to the adult, but the dusky spots on the 
underparts more longitudinal, streak-like; the brown under tail-
coverts not uniform, but distinctly margined with reddish buff. 

This species, although nearly related to N. gibherifrons, is perfectly 
distinct, having the bill much smaller and red, the spots on the 
breast paler and less denned; the upper wing-coverts more grey; 
the speculum velvety black, without the green longitudinal band; 
the white band at the tip of the secondaries broader, pure white, 
with no trace of rufous tinge; the axillaries pure white instead of 
brown. 

The figure in the 'Oiseaux de Madagascar' is not exact and 
rather misleading, showing the speculum with blue and green 
gloss, the white band on the last row of the wing-coverts equally 
broad, instead of gradually diminishing in breadth inwardly, and 
the general colour too rufescent. 

Hah. Madagascar. 

a. Imm. sk. Madagascar (Van Dam). Shelley Coll. 
8. Nettion capense. 
Cape Wigeon, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 519, n. 64 (1785). 
Anas capensis, Gm. S. N. i. % p. 527, n. 98 (1788) (ex Latham)] 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 861, n. 73 (1790); Bonn. JEnc. MUh. i. 

p. 148 (1791); Vieill. 2V. D. v. p. 154 (1816) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. 
Nat. vi. p. 368 (1817); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 13 (1845); 
Licht. Nomencl.Av. p. 101 (1854); Feb. Novara Reis., Vog. p. 138 
(1865); Ohapm. Trav. in 8. Afr. ii. App. p. 422 (1868); G. R. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10640 (syn. emend.) (1871); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. i. p. 346 (syn. emend.) (1872); ? Gadow, J.f. 0.1877, p. 389 ; 
Salv. Oat. B. Strickl. Coll p. 534, n. 2602 (syn. emend.) (1882); 
Salvad, JP. Z. S. 1884, pL xiii.; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 231 
(1891). 

Mareca capensis, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 139 (1824); G. R. Gr. 

260 
ANATIDiE. 

Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 6 (1845); Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 351 

(1867); id. Ibis, 1869, p. 2Q; Ay res, Ibis, 1869, p. 302 (Trans


vaal) ; Guru, in Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 339 (1872). 

Chauliodus capensis, Sw. Journ. Roy. Inst. ii. p. 19 (1831). 
Anas larrata, Cuv. MS. Mus. Paris (Oape); Less. Tr. cVOm. p. 634, 


n. 72 (1831) (descr. nulla) ; Pitcher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, 
p. 549 (descr.); Hartl. J. f 0. 1855, p. 419; Socage, J. /. 0. 
1876, p. 294. 
Querquedula capensis, Smith, Cat. S. Afr. Mus. p, 37, n. 326 (1837); 
LJyt. Mon. Anat. p. 128 (1838); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 15 
(1845); Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 82 (1869); Bocage, Orn. Any. p. 502 
(1881)-Salvad. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 174; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) 

i. p. 245 (1884) ; Sharpe, Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 758 (1884); Tristr. 
Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (1889). 
Psecilonetta georgica, G. R. Gr. {nee Gm.) List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 

p. 134 (Cape of Good Hope) (1844). 
Anas assimilis, Forst. Icon. ined. t. 75; id. Bescr. Anim. (ed. Lickt.) 
p. 46 (1844) j Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 59 (svn. emend.) 
(1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 344 (syn. emend.) (1872)* Earth 
Fog. Madag. pp. 364, 365 (1877). 
Chaulelasmus strepera, 
a. capensis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650 
(1856). 
Querquedula larvata, Bp.Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 99 (syn. emend.) 
(1856); Bocage, Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. 1871, p. 278, 1872, p. 70. 
Anas sparsa ?, B'6hm (nee Smith), J.f.O. 1885, p. 62. 

Adult male. Head, neck, and underparts whitish; head and neck 
dotted or streaked with black ; throat immaculate ; feathers of the 
back and rump and upper tail-coverts edged and barred with fulvous, 
each feather has one or more brown-black bars and a subterminal 
spot of the same colour; upper breast with brown bars ; remainder 
of the underparts with obsolete greyish-brown spots, better defined 
and bar-like on the sides and under tail-coverts ; wings dark grey; 
the greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a white 
bar anteriorly to the glossy green speculum on the secondaries, 
which are broadly tipped with white and have a subterminal narrow 
black band bordering the speculum posteriorly; anterior secondaries 
entirely white * scapulars greyish brown, edged with fulvous; 
under wing-coverts greyish brown, with pale edges; tail-feathers 
grey, edged with whitish: bill crimson-red, with the base of the 
culmen black, and also the base and edge of upper mandible and the 
base of the lower one ; feet ochreous fuscous; hides yellow. Total 
length about 15*5 inches, wing 8, tail 2*9, culmen 1*6, tarsus 1*6. 

Female. Similar to the male. 

Eab. Southern Africa, northward to Angola on the "West and 
Shoa on the East. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
I. 
Juv. st. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Eyton Coll. 
d. 
J juv. sk. Walvich Bay, Nov. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
(Andersson). [P.]. 
e. S 
ad. sk. Mossamedes, Angola, Shelley Coll. 
March (Anchieta). 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Bio Coroca, Angola, Shelley Coll. 
Jan. (Anchieta). 
31 . NETTIOK. 261 
9. Nettion flavirostre. 
Pato pico amarillo y negro, Azara, Apunt.m. p. 448. n. 439 (Buenos 
Ayres) (1805). 

Anas flavirostris, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 107 (1816) (ex Azara) ; id. Enc. 
Meth. i. p. 353 (1823); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 19 (1845); 
Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 28, n. 439 (1847) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av. 

t. 90. £ 2343 (1850); Burm. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 516 (1861); 
Schkg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 59 (part.) (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. 
i. p. 351 (syn. emend.) (1872); P., B., $ R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. 
p. 2 (note) (1884); Frenz. J.f 0.1891, p. 125 (Cordova); Hartert, 
Kat. Vogelsamml.y. 231 (1891). 
Anas creccoides, King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 99 (Straits of Magellan) 
(1828). 
Sarcelle a. "bee jaime et noir, Less. Tr. d'Om. p. 634 (Malouines) 
(1831). 
.Querquedula creccoides, Eyt. Mon. Anal. p. 128 (1838); Eraser, 

P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chili); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
p. 138 (syn. emend.) (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 3 (syn. 
emend.) (1845) ; Des Murs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p: 453 (Chili) 
(1848); Darwin, Voy. 'Beagle,1 iii.p. 13 (1848); Bp. Oompt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 650, n. 104 (syn. emend.) (1856); Cass. U.S. Astron. Exped. 
ii. p. 203, pi. xxvi. (Chili) (1856); Gould, P. Z. S.1859, p. 96 (egg, 
Falklands); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands) ; Abbott, 
Lbis, 1861, p. 160 (Falklands); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 385; Phil. 
# Landb. Cat. Av. Chil p. 42 (1868); Eyt. Syn. Anatt p. 81 
(1869); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 700 (Zool. Gard.): Milne-Ediv. 
Rech. Faun. Reg. Austr. ch. ix. p. 46 (1882); Sclat. List Vert An. 
8th ed. p. 434 (1883). 
Anas azarse, Merrem in Ersch u. Grub. Enc. sect. i. vol. xxxv. p. 26 

(1841). 
? Canard innominS femelle, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 247 (1847). 
Querquedula oxyptera, Hartl. (nee Meyen) Naumannia, 1853, pp. 217, 

222 (Bio de Valdivia, Chili); fBibra, Denkschr. Ah. Wien, v. p. 131 
(Chili) (1853) (cf J.f. 0.1855, p. 57); LicH. Mmencl. Av.y. 102 
(part., Montevideo, nee Peru) (1854); ? Pelz. Reise Novara, Vog. 

p. 138 (Chili) (1865); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Port Gallant 
and Cockle Cove); Oust. Miss. So. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 314 
(1891). 
Anas (Dafila) flavirostris, Burm. J.f 0.1860, p. 266 (Mendoza). 

Querquedula flavirostris, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (part.) ; Sclat. <$• 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 990, 991, 1868, p. 146 (Buenos Ayres); 
Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 (Argentine); Sclat. $• Salv. Nomencl 
Av. Motrop. p. 129 (1875); Huds. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 167; Sclat. $ 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 386; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, pp. 41 (Chuput), 
191 (Buenos Ayres), 1878, pp. 65, 401 (Oentr. Patagonia); Sclat. 

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (eggs), 1880, p. 522; id. Voy. Challeng., 
Birds, p. 150 (1881); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (Cordova); Berl. 
u. Jher. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 175 (Taquara do Mundo Novo, 
S. Brazil); Berl J. f. 0.1887, p. 133; Cab. J.f. 0.1888, p. 118 ; 
Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 247 (1888) ; Sclat. Argent. 
Orn. ii. p. 131 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889); Oust. 
Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 205 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 207 (Argentine); Berk. James, New List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 153 
(1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay). 
Nettion flavirostris, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10665 (1871). 
Anas (Querquedula) flavirostris, Rchnio. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 21; 

id. Vog. zool Gart. p. 55 (1882). 

262 
AlTATIBiE. 

Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck greyish brown7 
thickly barred with narrow blackish bands ; mantle and anterior 
scapulars greyish brown, with a black spot near tho tip, and 
margined with rufescent brown; lower back, wings, and upper tail-
coverts uniform, greyish brown; breast and underparts whitish, 
the former more or less tinged with reddish, each feather has a 
subterminal black spot and a blackish bar hidden and almost obsolete; 
the s|>ots almost evanescent on the abdomen; vent and under tail-
coverts whitish grey, unspotted; upper wing-coverts brown-greyy 
the tips of the greater row hazel, forming a band bordering anteriorly 
the wing-speculum, which is velvety black, only on the 
outer web of the inner feathers being glossed with green ; tips of 
the secondaries rufous white, forming a band; tertials and longer 
scapulars greyish brown, edged with reddish; primaries dusky 
grey ; under wing-coverts brown-grey, but the central ones and the 
axillaries white; tail brown-grey : " bill wax-yellow, with the 
culmen and nail black; iris carmine (or wood-brown, Dumford) ; 
feet grey-blue" (Pliilippi). Total length 15 to 16 inches, wing 8 
to 8*25, tail 4-75 to 4*25, culmen 1*4, tarsus 1*12. 

Female. Similar, but somewhat duller and smaller. 
Young. Duller, and the markings on the head and breast not so* 
distinct, especially on the latter. (Mus. Turin.) 
Hab. Southern Brazil, Argentine, Chili, Patagonia, and Ealklands. 

a. <$ ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. 2 l*uv. sk.
d. Inim. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/. Imm. st.
g. $ ad. sk.
h 9. ad. sk. 
Chili, March (Weisshaupt). 
Chili (Reed). 
Chili. 
Central Chili. 
Port Gallant, W. coast ofPatagonia, Feb. 
Straits of Magellan. 
Cockle Cove, Straits ofMagellan, Oct. 
St. Martins Cove, HermitIs., Oct. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H. Berkeley James. 
Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
The Admiralty [P.]. 
Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
Antarctic Exp. ["0.1. 
i. $ ad. sk.
h I <S 9. ad. sk. 
St. Martin's Cove, HermitIs,, Sept. 
Falkland Is. 
McCorniick Bequest. 
Antarctic Exp. [C I 
m. Ad. sk.
n, $ ad. sk. 
S. Salvador Bay, C. Falklands, 
July. 
Conchitas, Buenos A vres, 
Antarctic Exp. [C.J. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Nov. {W.E.Hudson). 

10. Nettion oxypterum. 
Anas oxyptera, Meyen, Nov. Act. xvi. Suppl p. 121, t. 26 (Southern 
Peru) (1833) ; TscJi. Arch.f. Nature/. 1844, i. p. 315. 

Querquedula creccoides, part., G. B. Or. List B. Brit. Mus. p. 138 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n, 3 (part.) (1845); Bp. Compt. 
Bend, xliii. p. 650, n. 104 (part.) (1856). 

Cyanopterus (?) oxypterus, 
Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (Peru) 
(1844). 

31 . NETTION". 263< 
Querquedula oxyptera, Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 55,309 (Sierra 
region of Peru) (1844-46); ? Bibra, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, v. p. 131 
(1853) (Chili); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 102 (part., Peru) (1854); 
Bibra, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 57; Sclat <$• Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 990 
(Salinas, S. Peru), 1868, p. 570, 1869, p. 157 (Peru); iid. Nomencl 
Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873); Tac%. P. Z. S.1874, p. 554 (Junin, Centr. 
Peru); 8clat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 385; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, 

p. 212 (Outervo); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522,1886, p. 401 (Tarapaca) 
; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 476 (1886) ; Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 49 
(1889); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136 (Tarapaca); Berk. James, 
New List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 155 (Tarapaca). 
Dafila oxyptera, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 92. f. 164 (exMeyen) 
(1845)." 

Querquedula angustirostris, Ph. § Landb. (nee Menetr.) An. Univ. 
Chile, xxi. p. 439 (1862); iid. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 202 (Tacna); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 395 (=oxyptera, Meyeri); Philippi, Ornis, 
1888, p. 160 (Calalaste). 

Anas flavirostris, part., Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 59 (1866); 

Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 351 (part.) (1872). 
Querquedula flavirostris, Sclat. (nee Vieill.) P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335. 
Nettion oxyptera, G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, n. 10670 (1871). 

Adult. Similar to N. flavirostre, but larger, with longer bill; 
interscapular feathers paler, with the central spots less distinct; 
scapulars more rufescent and with smaller central black marks; 
dark spots on the lower parts smaller and confined to the breast; 
abdomen and under tail-coverts pale greyish white, the latter with 
a slight reddish tinge: bill yellow, culmen and tip black. Total 
length 17*5 inches, wing 8*7, tail 4, culmen 1*45, tarsus 1*4. 

Hob. Cordilleras of Peru and of Northern Chili. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. (5 ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
Tinta, Peru, June. 
Tinta, Peru, June (H.
Whitely). 
Salinas, S.W. Peru, July(JEE. WJiitely). 
W. Whitely, Esq. 
[C.l 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d.e. S 2 ad. sk. Laguna de Lanjui,
(K Whitely). 
Feb. H. J. 
[P.]. 
Elwes, Esq. 
/ , g. S $ acL sk.
Ji-?n. <$ 2 a^« e^
juv. sk.
n. 9 ad. sk.
o. 5 ad. sk. 
L'ueva negra, Prov. of Tarapaca, 
Feb. 
Sacaya, Tarapaca, Jan., 
Feb. 
Sitani, Tarapaca, Jan. 
Huasco, Tarapaca, Feb. 
H. Berkeley Jamesf 
Esq. [P.]. 
H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
H. Berkeley Jamesr 
Esq. [P.]. 
H. Berkeley Jamesr 
Esq. [P.]. 
11. Kettion andium. 

Dafila sp., Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 83 (Ecuador). 

Querquedula andium, Sclat. 8? Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. pp. 129, 
162 (Ecuador) (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 237 (Sierra Nevada 
of Merida), 1876, p. 387, pi. xxxiv.; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522; 
Tacz. $ Berl P. Z. S.1885, p. 119. 

Adult. Similar to N. flavirostre and N. owypterwm, but darker on 

264 ASTATIDiE. 

the upper parts, with the interscapular feathers and scapulars less 

reddish, having the pale edges narrower and more greyish; blackish 

spots on the breast larger than in A7", oxypterum, but not so well-

defined as in N. flavirostre ; the upper part of the speculum bronze-

green ; the principal difference is in the bill, wholly dark, without 

any yellow; feet flesh-colour. Total length 16 to 17 inches, wing 9, 

tail 3*5 to 4, culmen 1*66, tarsus 1-5. 

Hah. Andes of Ecuador and Venezuela. 

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador, between Eio Bamba Sclater Coll. 
and Mocha (Fraser). (Type of the species.) 
h. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (Villagomez). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c, d. Ad. et inrm. Rio Blanco, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Buckley). 
e,f. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{/. cf juv. sk. Sierra Nevada of Merida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Venezuela (A. Goering). 

12. Kettion georgicum. 
Georgia Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 478, n. 34 (1785) (Georgia Aus~ 
trali Americas) (ex Sir Joseph Banks's draiuings). 
Anas georgica, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 77 (1788) j Lath. Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 847, n. 41 (1790); Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 148 (1791); Vieill. 
N. JD. v. p. 118 (1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Fat vi. p. 381 (1817); 
G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 8(1845) (= xanthorhyncha, Forst. 
Ic. 71); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10652 (1871). 

Tadorna georgica, Steph Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 76 (1824). 

Anas xanthorhyncha, Forst. Icon. ined. t. 71 (nee t. 72); id. JDescr. 

An. (ed. Licht.) p. 342, n. 257 (nee p. 45) (1844) (Georgia Aus


trali); Licht. ibid, note ( = Anas oxyptera, Licht. (nee Meyen), 

which is = A. flavirostris, Vieill), cf. KomencL Av. p. 102 (Monte


video). 

Querquedula xanthorhyncha ?, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650 (1856). 

Anas obscura, part., Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 72 (1856). 

Querquedula eatoni, Cab. (nee Sharpe) J. f. O. 1884, p. 254 (S. 

Georgia) ; Pagenst. Jahrb. d. Hamburg. Wissensch. Anst. ii. p. 8, 

n. 4 (part.), p*. 13 (1885); v. d. Steinen, Intern. Folarfonch. 188283, 
JDeutsch. Exped. ii. p. 273 (1890). 
Querquedula antarctica, Cab. J.f.O. 1888, p. 118,1.1 (S. Georgia): 
Schal J.f.O. 1891, p. 18. 

Very similar to -V. flavirostre, but the speculum entirely black, 
with no longitudinal metallic-green band on the upper part. 

I have had no opportunity of examining a specimen of this Teal, 
but, judging from Cabanis's plate and short description, it appears 
that it belongs to the group containing iVT. flavirostre, H. oxypterum, 
and N. andium, and differs from all in wanting the green band on 
the speculum. I have compared Cabanis's plate with Eorster's 
Icon. ined. no. 71, and I believe them to represent the same bird. 
I have been informed by Dr. Reichenow that the bill of the original 
bird in the Berlin Museum figured by Cabanis is not black, as in the 
plate, but has only the culmen black, while the sides are greenish, 
and there is a small yellowish spot under the nares. 

Hob. Southern Georgia. 

265 

31 . KETIIOKT. 
13. KettioB. punctatum. 
Anas punctata, Burch. Travels, i. p. 233 (note) (1822); G. B. 
Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 21 (1845); Newt. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 649 
(note). 

Querquedula 
hottentota, Smith, Cat. S. Afr. Mus. p. 37, n. 327 
(1837) (descr. nulla); Eyt. Mori. Anat. p. 129 (Orange River) 
(1833); Smith, III. S. Afr. Zool, Aves, pi. 105 (1845); G. B. Gr. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 016, n. 8 (1845); Bp. CompL Bend xliii. p. 650, 

n. 
101 (1856) ; Gvrn. Ibis, 1862, p. 154 (Natal); Bayard, B. of 
S. Afr. p. 353 (1867); Boo. Jam. Acad. Se. Lisb. 1867, p. 329; 
Gum. Ibis, 1868, pp. 262, 471; Chapm. Travels in S. Afr. ii. 
App. p. 442 (1868); Grand. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1868, p. 5 
(Madagascar); Byt. Si/n. Anat. p. 83 (1869); Newt. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 
649 (note) ; Boo. Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisboa, 1872, p. 70; Bartl 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 69 (Tamatave, Madagascar); Boc. $ Gad. J.f.O. 
1876, p. 294; Kartl. Vog. Madag. p. 365 (1877); Ayres, Ibis, 
1830, p. 273 (Transvaal); Boc. Orn. Aug. p. 503 (Mossamedes, Rio 
Ooroca) (1881) ; Butl,Feild., <$• Beid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 427 (Natal); 
Milne-Edxc. § Grand. Ois. Madag. p. 723, pi. 275 a. I 3 (head) 
(1832); Sharp*, Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 757 (1884) ; Dubois, Bull 
Mus. Boy. d'H. N. deBelg. iv. p. 149, n. 194 (1880) (Tanganyika); 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p."270 (Natal) (1889); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, 

p. 271 (Madagascar) ; Shell. Ibis, 1894, pp. 28, 478 (Lake 
Sliirwa). 
Anas pileata, Licht. Verz. SclugetJi. u. Yog. p. 20, nn. 244, 245 
(Kaffernl.) (1842); G. R. Gr.'Gen. B. App. p. 28 (1849); Gieb. 
Tlies. Orn. i. p. 360 (1872); Bohm, J. f. 0.1885, p. 67 (Karema, 
Tanganyika). 

Pterocyanea pileata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854). 

Anas hottentota, Schleg. Mtcs. P.-B., Anseres, p. 60 (Umias, S. Afr.) 
(1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 354 (1872) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. 
p. 231 (1891) ; Bchnw, Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 26 
(1894). 

Querquedula madagaseariensis, 
Grand. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, 
pp. 87 (Madagascar), 255 (=Q. hottentota), 
Nettion hottentota, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, no. 10662 (1871); 
Anderss. B. Eamara Band, p. 340 (Damara and Great Namaqua 
Land) (1872). 
Anas assimilis, Mus. Paris., fide Oustalet (cf Hartl. Vog. Madag. 

p. 365, 1877). 
Querquedula punctata, Sclat. P Z. S. 1880, pp. 522, 534 (S. Africa); 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 322 (Shoa) (1888); Tristr. 
Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (Transvaal) (1889). 

Querquedula pileata, Schalow, J.f. 0.1884, p. 177 ; Matschie, J.f O. 
1887, p. 137. 
Querquedula cyanorhyncha, Bohm, MS., fide Schalow, J.f O. 1884, 

p. 177 (=pileata, Licht). 
Adult male. Upper part of the head, including the eyes, black, 
sharply defined from the huffish-white lower half and throat; the 
white of the cheeks extending backward in a broad band towards 
the occiput; sides of the neck whitish, thickly mottled with black; 
back black, each feather edged with light brown ; lower back and 
rump black, glossed with green ; upper and under tail-coverts pale 
brown, thickly undulated with narrow black lines; lower parts 

266 ANATU>JS. 

light brown, the feathers of the lower fore neck, breast, and sides 
with large subapical black spots ; lower breast and abdomen undulated 
with blackish bars; wings brassy green; a glossy green 
speculum on the secondaries, which are broadly tipped with white 
and have a black subterminal band bordering posteriorly the 
speculum ; longer scapulars brassy green, with a light brown stripe 
along the middle; under wing-coverts blackish brown, the median 
and the greater ones, like the axillaries, white; tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with pale brown : •" bill dark lead-colour ; feet dark 
brown; irides brown" (Antinori); but according to Andersson, 
" iris reddish yellow; bill bluish red except at the base, where it 
is black; legs purplish yellow." Total length about 13 inches, 
wing 6*2, tail 2-5, culmen 1*45, tarsus 1. 

Female, Similar to the male, but somewhat duller, and the 
markings less distinct. 

Young. Differs from the adult birds in having the breast as well 
as the abdomen pale fawn-colour, with no distinct spots or obsolete 
ones and no transverse dusky bars; the under tail-coverts are 
reddish fawn-colour and unspotted. 

Hab. Southern Africa and Madagascar, north to Angola on the 
"West and Shoa on the East. 

a. 2 imm. sk. Darnara-land. Purchased. 
b. ? (5 juv. sk. Omanbonde*, Damara-land H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
(Andersson). [P.]. 
c. d. cS 2 ad. sk. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
(Types of Querauedida hottentota, Smith.) 
e-z. <$ 5 ad. sk. Natal. Tweeddale Coll. 

h. <5 ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Dec. Shelley Coll. 
/. <$ ad.sk. Potchefstroom,Nov.(jP.-4ym). J. H. G-uraey, Esq. 
m, <$ ad. sk. Transvaal. R. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
[P.]. 
n-t. <$ J ad. et Lake Shirwa, Nyassa-land, Sir H. H. Johnston, 
juv. sk. May, August (A. Whyte). C.B. [P.]. 

14. Nettion brasiliense. 
? Mareca, alia species, Marcgr. Hist. Br. p. 214 ($ ). 
Anas brasiliensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 360 (1760) {ex Marcgrav). 
Mareca, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 256 (1783). 
Mareca Duck, Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 508, n. 54 (1785). 
Anas brasiliensis, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 517, n. 78 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Om. ii. p. 856, n. 59 (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 125 (1816); 
Licht. Abh. h Ah. Wissensch. Bert 1816-17, p. 172; Bum. Diet. 
8c. Nat vi. p. 380 (1817); Wied, Meise nach Bras. i. pp. 112,163 
(1820); Less. Tr. dOrn. p. 634 (1831); Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 933 
(1832); Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844): Cab. in Schomb. 
Guiana, iii. p. 762 (Guiana) (1848); Burm. 8yst. Uebers. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 439 (1856); id. J. f. 0.18C0, p. 267 (Parana and 
Tucuman); id. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 517 (Tucuman) (1861); 
8chleg. Mus. P.-J?., Anseres, p. 61 (1866); Euler, J.f. 0.1867, 
pp. 189 197, 198; Reinh. Fugl. Bras. Camp. p. 21 (int. Brazil) 

31 . HETTIOtf. 
267 
(1870); Gieb. Then. Orn. i. p. 346 (1872) ; Frenz. X f. 0.1891, 

p. 125 (Cordoba); Hartert, Kat. Vogel&amml p. 231 (1801). 
Anas niareea, Bonn. JSnc. MSth. i. p. 152, n. 67 (1791). 
Pato ipecutiri, Azar. Apunt. iii. p. 445, n. 437 (Paraguay) (1805). 
Anas ipecutiri, Vieill. N. B. v. p. 120 (1816) (ex Azara); id. Bnc. 
Metk i. p. 354 (1823). 
Mareca brasiliensis, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 138 (1824); G. E. Gr. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 7 (1845). 
Anas paturi, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 85, 1.109 (Eio S. Francisco) 

(1825). 
Anas notata, Illig. inMus. Berol.,fide Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 634 (1832). 
Querquedula erythrorhyneha, "Spiv" Eyt. (nee Gm.) Mon. Anat. 

p. 127 (1838); Demo. Voy. 'Beagle? iii. p. 135 (Buenos Ayres and 
Straits of Magellan) (1841) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 79 (1869); Burm. 
Ann. Mus. Nac. Bum. Air. iii. p. 267 (1888). 
Querquedula ipecutiri, G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 139 
(British Guiana) (1844); Hartl Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 28, n. 437 
(1847); Bes Murs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 451 (1848) ; 
Sclat P. Z. S. 1864, p. 138 (Para, Zool. Gard.); Phil $ Landb. 
Cat. Av. GUI. p. 42 (1868). 

Querquedula 
ipecuturi, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 9 (1845); 
 *Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. f. 179 (1845) (ex Spix). 
Querquedula novae hispaniEe, Rchnb. (nee Gm.) Sim. Av., Natatores, 

1.110. ff. 981-82 (1845). 
Querquedula 
brasiliensis, Lichi. Nomenel. Av. p. 102 (1854) j Bp. 
Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, n. 106 (1856); Sclat. $ Safe- P. Z. & 
1869, p. 635 (Buenos Ayres); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 320, 460, lix 
(Eio Branco, S. Paulo and Matogrosso) (1870); Burm. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 368 ; Sclat. $ Sab. Nomenel Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 809 (Zool. Gard.); Cab. J.f 0.1874, p. 231; 
Sclat. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 390 (Bolivia, Pearce) ; Bumf. Ibis, 
1877, p. 192, 1878, p. 64; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 532; Sah. 
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll p. 536 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 

p. 433 (1883); Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 273 (Entrerios); Berl u. 
Jhering, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 176 (Taquara) ,* Berl. J.f O. 
1887, p. 124; Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 48 (1889); Sclat. Argent. 
Orn. ii. p. 133 (1889) ; Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 312 
(1891); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomayo); Aplin, Ibis, 
1894, p. 201 (Uruguay). 
Kettion 
brasiliensis, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, no. 10667 
(1871). 
Anas (Querquedula) brasiliensis, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1S82, p. 20; 
id. Vog. zool Gdrt. p. 55 (1882). 

Hybrids. 
Anas brasiliensis X A. castanea, Suchetet j Leverh. J. f. O. 1890, 

p. 229. 
Adult male. Upper parts olive-brown, the feathers of the back 
darker in the centre; forehead, anterior part of the cheek, and 
throat brown; top of the head, occiput, and upper part of the nape 
black, the latter with a green gloss ; sides of the head, posteriorly, 
and upper part of the sides of the neck dull greyish; lower part of 
the neck and breast reddish, changing into greyish on the abdomen 
and tinder tail-eoverts; the breast and abdomen with brown 

268 
ANATIDiE. 

obsolete spots or bars; round the middle of the neck some small 
black spots; some round black spots on the sides; rump velvety 
black ; upper tail-coverts greyish olive ; under tail-coverts undulated 
with some irregular dark cross lines, the tip of the larger ones black ; 
upper wing-coverts velvety black, but the greater row like the 
secondaries glossy green, more or less with a purple gloss, especially 
towards the innermost of the latter, which have the apical half 
snowy white; between the green and the white portions a black 
velvety band; tertials like the scapulars olive-brown; primaries 
black, the inner ones glossed with green on the outer webs ; under 
wing-coverts blacky with a green lustre; axillaries white; tail 
black : " iris brown ; above dark greyish red, brighter on the edges ; 
under mandible pale red ; feet cinnabar-redJ? (Wied). Total length 
17 inches, wing 8*15, tail 3*9, culmen 1*75, tarsus 1*25. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat duller; the top of 
the head and the nape brown ; a whitish spot just a little over and 
before the eyes, and a second one at the base of the bill above 
the gape; no black spots round the middle of the neck; bill dark 
brown. 

Hah. South America, from New Granada and Guiana to Magellan 

Straits. 

a. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota, New Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Granada (G. Crowther). 
b, c. c? ad. et juv. British Guiana, Sir B. Schomburgk 
st. [P.]. 
d) e. S ? ad. sk. Aunai, Brit. Guiana, June Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

{H. Whitely). 
f. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [C.]. 
g~i. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Wueherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. 
<$ juv. sk. Pelotas, liio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Brazil {Joyner). 
1. Ad. sk. Salinas, Bolivia, May (JK. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Pearce). 
m. Ad. sk. Monte Video (Johnstoii). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. $ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, June. H. Dumford, Esq. 
o, p. 3 ? ad. sk. Buenos Ayres. Alan Peel, Esq[. [P.]. 

q. Ad. sk. 
Zool. Soc. 
15. Nettion torquatum. 
Pato collar negro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 452, n. 441 ($ ) (Paraguay) 

(1805). 

Pato ceja blanca, Azara. ibid. p. 453, n. 442 (§) (1805). 

Anas torquata, Vieill. (nee Briss. neque G?n.) N. D. v. p. 110 (1816) 

(ex Azara); id. Erie. Meth. I p. 355 (1823); Schley. Mm. P.-B., 

Anseres, p. 61 (Brazil! Chili! San Domingo!) (1866); Gieb. Thes. 

Orn. i. p. 364 (1872). 

Anas leucophrys, 
Vieill. N. B. v. p. 156 (1816) (ex Azara); id. Eric. 
MStft. i. p. 355 (1823); G. It Or. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 20 
(1845); HartL Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 28, n, 442 (1847). 

31 . NETTION. 
269 
Querquedula manillensis, JByt. {nee Gin.) Mon. Anat. p. 125 (1838) 
(type examined) **; id. Syn. Anat. p. 78 (1869). 
Anas rubidoptera, Bub. Orn. Gal. p. 90, pi. lvii. (<$ and 9) (1839) j 

G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 23 (1845). 
Anas rhodopus, Merrem in Ersch u. Grub. JEnc. sect. i. vol. xxxv. 
p. 45 (1841). 
Querquedula 
torquata, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 139 
(1844) • id Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 12 (1845); Earth Lid. Azar. 
Apunt. p. 28; n. 441 (1847); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, 

n. 105 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili!); Sclat. $ Sab. 
P. Z. S. I860, p. 635 (Argentine); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 460 (1870): 
Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 (Parana) ; 8clat. # Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (Argentine) (1873); 8elat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 389; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522; Berl J. f. O. 1887, 
p. 124- Sclat Argent Orn. ii. p. 132 (1889); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, 
p. 201 (Uruguay). 
Anas rhodoptera," Dub. (errore), Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650 (in 
syn. sp. 105) (1856). 
? Querquedula leucophrys, Bp. I. c. n. 107 (1856). 
Nettion torquata,G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10666 (1871). 

Adult male. Crown and bind neck black, expanded below into a 
half-collar; forehead dull grey, streaked with black; cheeks, throat, 
and sides of the neck dull whitish grey, with dusky streaks on the 
former; back greyish olive; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts deep black ; breast rosy red, each feather with a roundish 
subapical black spot; abdomen whitish, obsoletely barred with 
grey; flanks pure grey, waved with narrow black lines; under 
tail-coverts black, with a white blotch on each side at the base• 
scapulars chestnut-red; upper wing-coverts glossy black, with a 
white patch on the anterior secondary-coverts • secondaries bronzy 
green on the outer web, forming the speculum; tertiaries olive-
brown, primaries blackish brown; under wing-coverts black, the 
greater ones brown-black; tail black: bill black (?); feet yellow. 
Total length 14: inches, wing 7*2, tail 2-5, culmen 1*48, tarsus 1*08. 

Female. Brown; superciliary stripe, middle of the cheeks, throat, 
and sides of the upper neck white; back and scapulars olive-brown ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts black; beneath dull whitish, with 
broad subapical pale brown bands, better defined on the flanks; 
abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish, the latter powdered with 
dusky; wings as in the male; tail brown: bill reddish brown ; 
feet brown (or yellow ?). 

Hob. Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentine; wrongly stated to 
inhabit Chili, Brazil, and San Domingo (Schlegel). 

a. <$ ad. sk. S. America. 
Old poll. 
b. ($ ad. sk. Buenos Ay res (W. H. Hudson). Salvin-Grodman Coil. 
c. 2 a^- st. Probably Bolivia (Bridges). Cuming Coll. 
* Dr. H. O. Forbes has been so kind as to let me examine one of the types 
of Byton's description, preserved in the Liverpool Museum. 
270 
ANATIDJS. 

32. DAFILA. 
Type. 
Dafila, Leach, in Brit. Mas.; Stepli. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, 

p. 126 (1824) D. acuta. 
Trachelonetta, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 115 (1829) D. acuta. 
Pha&ianurus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225 D. acuta. 
Daphila (!), S%o.,fide Coues, Birds N.-West, p. 562 (1874); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875). 
Range. Cosmopolitan, except Australia and le w Zealand, but 
one species has been found in the Phoenix Group. 

Key to ike Sjpecies. 

a. Tai]-feathers not barred across. 
a'. Central tail-feathers black, lateral ones 
grey, with paler or whitish margins; 
head dark brown; a narrow band at the 
tip of the last row of wing-coverts 
cinnamon. 


a". Larger: culmen 1*85-2'15 inches; anterior 
part and sides of neck, breast, 
and middle of the abdomen white.... acuta S ? p. 270. 

b". Smaller: culmen 1*35 inch: anterior 
part and sides of neck, breast, and 
abdomen dull greyish; the breast with 
narrow brown streaks eatoni $, p. 278. 

b'. Central tail-feathers dark brown, a little 
darker than the lateral ones; head 
rufescent on the upper part, whitish on 
the lower part, thickly dotted with 
blackish; band at the tip of the last row 
of the wing-coverts, like the one at the 
tip of the secondaries, buff spinicauda <$ $ , p. 279. 

b. Tail-feathers blackish, barred across with 
whitish or rufescent. 
<?'. Larger: culmen 1*85 inch acuta $ , p. 270. 
d'. Smaller: culmen 1*35 inch eatoni $ , p. 278. 


1. Dafila acuta. 
The Pintail. 
Anas 
longicauda, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 369, pi. 34. fT. 1 (tf), 2 ($) 
(1760); Brehn, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 2 ; id. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl 

p. 868 (1831). 
Anas acuta, Linn. S. N i. p. 202, n. 28 (1766); Gm. S. N i. 2, 
p. 528, n. 28 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 864, n. 81 (1790) ; 
Bonn, JEnc. Meth. i. p. 137, pi. 38. f. 3 (1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. 
Soc. iv. p. 110, pi. xiii. f. 6 (trachea) (1798) ; Wils. Am. Orn. viii. 
p. 72, pi. 63. f. 3 (1814); Temm. Man. oVOrn. p. 540 (1815); 
VieilL N. D. v. p. 133 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 369 
(1817); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 838 (1820) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, 
p. 564; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (1823) (Egypt, Nubia); Bp. Obs. 
Wils. n. 528 (1825); id. Syn. p. 383, n. 325 (1828); Less. Man. 
d'Om. ii. p. 417 (1828); Flem. Brit An. p. 124 (1828); Less. Tr. 
d'Om. p. 634 (1831); Brehm, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl p. 866 
(1831); Wagl Isis, 1831, p. 532 (Mexico) ( = Anas tzitzihoa, 
32. DAFILA. 
271 
VieilL); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 156 (1831); Menetr. Cat Mais. 
Cauc. p. 57 (Caspian) (1832); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 214 (1835); 
Kordm. in Ermann's Verz. Th. Pfl. p. 18 (1835); Aud. Orn. 
Biogr. v. p. 615, pi. 227 (1839): id. Syn. p. 279 (1839); Vig. 
Zool. Beechey's Voy., Orn. p. 31 (1839); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. 

iv. p. 532 (1840); K. 8? B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxv, 227 (1840); 
Naum. Vog. Beutschl xi. p. 638, Taf. 301 (1842) ; Selys~Lo7igch. 
Faun. Belg. i. p. 142 (1842); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 206, pi. 390 
(1843); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 310 (1844); BeKay, N. Y. Zool. 
ii. p. 341 (1844); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. 115 (1844); Holboll, Faun. 
Groenl. p. 64 (1846); Begl Orn. Eur. ii.p. 430 (1849); Lemb.Av. 
Cub. p. 113 (1850); Temm. § Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 128 
(1850); Midd. Sib. Reis. p. 233 (1853) ; Wallengr. Nawnannia, 
1854, p. 271 (Scandinavia) ; Layard, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. xiv. 
p. 269 (Cevlon) (1854); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510; EittL 
Benkiu. ii. pp. 292, 343, 366 (1858); Wied, J.f 0. 1859, p. 169 : 
Martens, ibid. p. 220 (Bermudas) ; Finsch, ibid. p. 386 (Bulgaria); 
Stoinh P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (China) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, 
p. 453 (Palestine): Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 37 (Senegal!, 
Brazil, Burmeisterl) (1866); Przew. Putesch. Ussuri, n. 204 
(1867-69); Bavid, N. Arch, du Mus., Bull vii., Cat. no. 448 
(1871); Finsch, Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 66 (Alaska) (1872); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 343 (1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 
(1873); Blyth, B. Burma, p. 166 (Arakan) (1875) ; Adams, Ibis, 
1878,p.431 (Alaska); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879,p.262; 
Legge, B. of Ceyl p. 1076 (1880); Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 593; 
Rchnw. J.f O. 1890, p. 82; Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 246 (1890); 
Brandt, J.f 0. 1891, p. 267 (Aleutian I.). 
Anas subulata, S. G. Gm. Reise Russl. i. p. 13,1.1 ($ ) (1771). 
Pin-tail, Penn. Brit Zool ii. n. 282 (1776); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 326, 

n. 72 (1785). 
Anatra di coda lunga, Gerini, Stor. degli TIcc. v. t. 581 (J ) (1776). 
Canard a longue queue, BAubent PI Enl 954 (17—?). 
Pilet, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 199, pi. 13 (1783). 
Anas alandica, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, fasc. iii. t. 60 (1786). 
Anas acuta ft Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 528 (1788) (ex Beseke, Schr. der 
Berl natwrf. Ges. vii. p. 459). 
Anas sparrmanni, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 876, n. 110 (1790) (ex 
Sparrman); Vieill N. D. v. p. 157 (1816). 
Anas caudacuta, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 280 (1811): Leach, Cat. 

M. 8? B. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1816). 
Anas tzitzihoa, Vieill N. D. v. p. 163 (1816) (Mexico, ex Hernandez). 
Dafila 
caudacuta, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 127, pi. 49 (1824) ; 
Jard. Br. Birds, iv. p. 120 (1837 ?); Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 
(1837); Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 365 (1837); Eyt. Mon. Anat. 

p. 113 (1838); Eraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 134 (Erzeroom); Jerd. 
Madr. Journ. xii. p. 220, n. 385 (1840) ; Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, 
p. 40; Orde, Ibis, 1859, p. 469 (N. Uist); Parker, P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 517 (sacral vertebra); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 73 (1869). 
Trachelonetta acuta, Kaup, Naturl Syst p. 115 (1829). 
Anas caudata, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 3 ; id. Naturg. Vog. 
Beutschl. p. 869 (1831). 
Anas (Dafila) caudacuta, Sw. fy Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 441 

(1831). 
Phasianurus acutus, Wagl Isis, 1832, p. 1235. 
Querquedula acuta, Selby, III Brit. Orn. ii. p. 311,pi. 59 (<$),pi. 60. 

272 A2TATID-E. 

f. 2 (?) (1883); Strichl P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (Smyrna) : Gfcff/r. 
P. Z. 6'. 1875, p. 488. 
Anas (Boschas) acuta, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 386 (1884:). 
Anas (Dafila) acuta, Jenyns, Man. p. 232 (1835). 
Dafila acuta, Eyt. Cat. Br. B. p. 60 (1836): Bp. Comp. list, p. 56 
(1888); Blyth, P. Z 6'. 1842, pp. 93, 94; Harth Terz. Ges. Mus. 

p. 119 (1844); G. B. Gh\ List B. Brit. Mits. iii. p. 134 (Jamaica; 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 1 (1845) ; id. Cut. BZudgs. Coll 
B. M. p. 145 (Nepal) (1846) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Satatore*, t. 8S. 
ff. 221-23 (1845); B'upp. Syst Ueb. p. 138 (184-5) ; Gosw, B. Jam. 
p. 408 (1847) 5 Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 304. n. 177,5 
(1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. ix (1852); Bnird. Stanch. Hep. 
p. 323 (1852); Woodh. Sitgr. Bep. p. 103 (New Mexico and 
California) (1853) ; LicM. Nojiiencl Ai\ p. 102 (Arabia; (18541; 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvii. p. 664 (1854),- id. Cumpt. Bend, sliii. 
p. 650, n. 112 (1856); Neicb. P. P . P . Jkp.yi. p. 102 (California, 
Oregon) (1857); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 20G (Jalapa); Cab. 4" 
Gundl. J. f. 0. 1857, p. 227 (Cuba); Cass. Ejp. Am. Sqvadr. 
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 231 (1851); id. U.S. ErpL Eep.f 
Mamm. $ Orn. p. 341 (1858); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 770 (l&te); 
id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 578 (1859); Heermz. P. It It Bep. s. 
pt. vi. p. 69 (California) (1859); Murr. Edinb. N. Phil Journ* 
1859, p. 229; Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 190; Sclat. 4* Sak. IM$7 
1859, p. 231 (Guatemala) ; Coop. <$• SuckL iV. //. Wtwh. Ttrr. 
p. 252 (I860); Breiver, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. II vii- p. 30b (Cuba) 
(1860); Irby, Ibis, 186], p. 250 (Oudb) ; Swirik. Ibis* lte«l, p. ."43 
(N. China); Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, p. 207 (Jamaica); MmjtL 
Pep. 1862, p. 175 (Nebraska); Bldk. Ibis, im% p. 332; It***, 
Canad. Nat, vii. p. 152 (1862): aVf. Nat. Hist. Bei\ (2) ii. p. 2fe7 
(1862); FemZ/, Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862); G. It On 
List Br. B. p. 192 (1863); id. Cat Bodt/s. Cvll/B. M. 2nd. edp. 
77 (1863); Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); Lawr. Arm. 
Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 13 (Panama) (1863); Jerd. B. of Bid. ill 
p. 803 (1864); March, Pr. Ac. Pkilad. 1804, p. 71 (Jamaica); 
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 443 (Great Britain); Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 43 
(Trcas); Gundl. Eepert. Fis.-Nat. i p. 388 (Cuba) (18U6|; Cone*, 
Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Arizona); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
viii- p- 297 (1867); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 207; Swinh. Ibis, 1807, 
p. 399 (Amoy); Degl 8f Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 515 (1867); 
Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 298 (1868); Lawr. Ann. Life. N, Y. 
ix. p. 143 (Costa Rica) (1868); Frank. J. /. 0. 1860f p. 378 
(Costa Rica); Ball $* Bonn. Ti\ Chic. Ac. i. p. 297 (Alaska, 
breeding) (1869); Gould, B. Gr. Brit Y. pi. 18 (pt. xv., 1869); 
Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming); 8mmkm 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 (Formosa); G. P. Gr. Hmzd~k'gi~ HI p. 81n. 
10632 (1871); Holdsto. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479 (Ceylon); SMI 
B. of Egypt, p. 284 (1872): Allen, Bull. Mm. C. Z. iii. p. 188 
(Utah) (1872); Aiken, Pi\ Bost Soc. xv. p. 210 (Colorado) (1872); 
Trippe, ibid. p. 241 (Java) (1872); Merr. U.S. Geol Sun. Terr. 
1872, p. 703 (Wyoming); Coues, Key, p. 286, £ 186 (1872); ML 
Chech-list, n. 490 (1873) ; Dress. B. Eur. vl p. 681, pis. 48G, 431 
(pts. 19, 20, 1873) j Hume, Str. Feath. I p. 261 (India) (1873) ; 
Snow, B. Kans. p. 11 (1873); Sclat. fy Sate. Nommcl Aw. Nmirmm 
p. 130 (1873) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. % p. 1311 (1873): D# . 
J. f 0.1873, p. 109, 1874, p. 337; Coues, Birds N.~Wre$if p. 561 
(1874); Law?\ Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874) 
32. DAPILA. 
27S 

mime, Str F. Hi p. 193 (Pegu) (1875) ; Gundl J.f 0.1875 v 378 
(Cuba) ; gre88.m, 1876, p. 420; Sclat $ Sah, Rzs'^m 
P' 301.(187°) 5 ^

& ^ %fi{^ia$t'/Ta^l StrFeath. 

p' lbld

« 2til8'6)j &*%>- P-2°° (E. Turkestan) (1876); 
Stor/*, 25w, lb^ , p. 24 (Borneo); Swinh. ibid. p. 147 : Tacz Orn 
Faun. That Sibir. p. 69 (1877) ;'«*. 2fc«. tf£ Zool.Frim 

p. 4o; J>a«rf tf 0^. Ofc C%me, p. 498 (1877) ; <W*. i«. fl* 
Esp. Hist Zat. m p4421 (Porto Eico) (1878); J W $ JD^ . 
^f****-Y\.P-4,89 (18'8) ? p ^ -w Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. 

p. 101 (Mongolia) (1873); Blahist. 8? Fryer, Ibis, 1878 p 213 • 
.Seek Ibis, 1879, p. 22 ; Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 962 
(India; (1S70): &*%, i5«. p. 362 (Nepal) (1879) f F. Gray, Pr. 
1 W £to. JStonk 1880, p. 361 (Outer Hebrides); Blahist Sr 
Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 184 (1880) ; Schmidt, F. Z. S. 
SclaL R Z & im

^'A. 318.;-> P- 515 ; Hume £ Marsh. Game 
B. of ImL m. p. 189, pi. 25 (1880) ; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 100 
(Gilgit); Bidffw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 605 (1881) ; A. §• E. Newt* 
Hamlb. Jam. p. 113 (1881); Blahist. $ Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. 

"T. TV 07 (19,R->\* rtni//>o /?7>*/>Z-_7»"W O,,^ nA « HO ~ TTA /^ oon. . 

LM Br, B. p. 124 (1883); Select. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 434 
CiS^i); Zfccs. 2?K& JSOC. Zool Fr. 1883, p. 343; Nels. Cruise 
4 C\tnrin: \h 96 (1883); J?., £., Sr F. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 511 
(1*84); Cowa, .£>// iY. .4??i. j?. p. 692, %. 480; Radde, Ornis 
Omc. p. 4*>*3 (1884); Blahist. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9 (1884); 
Sifozr/. .4/2«. Jfw. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 243 (Sboa) (1884); Saund. 
YarrrWs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 380 (1884-85); Stem. Bull. U.S. Wat. 
JWTwtf.no.29, p. 153 (1885); A. 0. TJ. Chech-list' N. Am. B. p. 117, 

n. 143 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alasha, p. 133 (1886); 
Saicad. El Uee. Hal. p. 259 (1886); Nels. Nat. Hist. CoU. m 
AlrnJm, p. 69 (1887); Fidgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 97 (1887); 
Schier, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 23 (breeding in Bohemia); 
Martin, Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. 1887, p. 88 (breeding near Brenne); 
Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1887, p. 136 (Commander I.), 1888, p. 97 
(Hawaiian IsL); Oafes, Ibis, 1888, p. 73 (Bbamo); Tacz. F. Z. S. 
1888, p. 460 (Corea); Salvad. # Gigl Mem. F. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) 
xxxix. p. 131 (Japan) (1888); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. 
p. 320 (Sboa) (1888); Domes, J.f. 0.1888, p. 93 (E. Siberia); Cory, 
Auh, 1888, p. 62 (Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico); id. B. W. Ind. 
p. 263 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); Everett, Journ. 
Str. Br, M. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (Borneo); Saunders, Man. Brit. 
B. p. 417; Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xiii. (1890); Steere, List 
B. $ M. of the FUlippines, p. 27 (Luzon) (1890) ; Evans, Ibis, 
1891, p. 72 (incubation) ; Sharpe, ibid. p. 116 (Fao); Styan, ibid. 
pp. 328, 496; Sharpe, Sec. Tarh. Miss., Aves, p. 131 (1891); 
Marten, Kat Vogehamml p. 232 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. 
Spec, ail Surg. iii. p. 302 (1891) ; Match, B. of Minnes. p. 49 
(1892) ; Scott WHs. Aves FLawai. pt. iv. p. — (1893); Chapm. Ibis, 
1894, p. 349 (W. Jutland, breeding) ; Oust. Ois. Turkest. etc. 
(Nmu>. Arch. Mus. (3) vi. p. 100,1894). # 
Qaerquedula caudacuta, Macgill Man. Orn. 11. p. 170 (184^5). 

Daizla longicauda, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 297. 

Dafila caudata, Brehm, ibid. 

B&fiia acuta a. americana, Bp. Compt Fend. xlm. p. 650 (185b). 
Anas (Dafila) acuta, Schrench, Tog. d. Amiir-Lande, p. 481 (I80U); 
VOL. XXTH. T 

274 ANATXD2E. 

JRadde, Peise 8. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 371 (1863); Pchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 

1882, p. 20; id. Vog. zool. Gllrt. p. 53 (1882). 
Dapliila acuta, Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875). 
Dapbila longicauda, Gieb. ibid. 


Hybrids. 
Pafila acuta X Uliynckaspis clypeata, Selys, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. 

p. 650 (1850). 
Anas boschas x Dafila acuta, A. Newt. P. Z. S. I860, p. 338, 
pi. clxviii. 
Anas acuta x A. querquedula, Leadb. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 84 
Dafila acuta S X Anas "boschas (domestica) §, Bias, in Xenon. Vog. 

DeutschL xiii. % p. 308, Taf. 389. f. 3 (I860) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 515. 
Pintail <$ x Common Duck 5 > Yarrett, Hist. Brit. B. (6'aioid. ed.), 

iv. p. 383 (1884-85). 
Adult male. Head and Tipper neck plain hair-brown, darker on 
<crown, and faintly glossed on sides of occiput with purple ; upper 
half of hind neck black, with a white stripe on each side, confluent 
with the white of the lower neck and breast; lower hind neck 
greyish brown; back, sides, and flanks waved with grey and dusky; 
upper tail-coverts black, the median broadly edged with grey ; longer 
scapulars velvety black, edged with whitish; wing-coverts uniform 
brownish grey, the last row broadly tipped with cinnamon, producing 
a distinct bar; primaries brownish grey, darker towards the tip ; 
speculum varying from dull metallic green to bronzy purple, tipped 
with white, and crossed by a subterminal bar of velvety black ; the 
inner quill of the speculum velvety black, with a white band along 
the inner part of the outer web • tertials grey, marked with a velvety 
black median stripe; abdomen whitish, dusted with grey, lower 
flanks with a buff tinge; under tail-coverts black, the outer ones 
white on the outer web; central tail-feathers long, acuminate, and 
black, remainder of the tail-feathers dusky grey, edged with whitish : 
bill blackish, with the sides dull lead-blue; feet greyish, black; 
irides dark brown. Total length from 24 to 30 inches, wing 11, 
middle tail-feathers 7*25-9*50, culmen 1-85-2-15, tarsus 1*551-
85. 
Adult female. Above greyish dusky, varied with irregular bars of 
yellowish white or pale ochraceous; head and neck whitish buff, 
each feather, except on throat, streaked with blackish• lower parts 
dingy white, the flanks, the abdomen, and under tail-coverts streaked 
with dusky • wings brown, smaller wing-coverts tipped with whitish; 
the greater wing-coverts and the secondaries are tipped with white, 
forming two white bars across the wing, but the space between them 
is dull brown, mottled with black, without any metallic gloss of 
any kind (iSeebohn): tail brown, with oblique huffish spots or bars. 
Total length 21-23*50 inches, wing 9*60-10*10, middle tail-feathers 
4*50-5, culmen 1-80-2-10, tarsus 1*65. 
Young in first plumage closely resemble adult females, but young 
males may always be distinguished by having an alar speculum 

(SeeloTim). 
Males in first nuptial plumage have pale margins to the wing


32. DAFILA. 
275 
coverts, and most of the feathers of the rump are broadly barred, 

instead of finely vermiculated, with white (Seebohm). 

Adult males in moulting-plumage maybe distinguished from adult 

females by having an alar speculum, and being richer and darker in 

colour (SeehoJim). 

Young in down have the same pale spots on the upper parts as 
those o£ the Mallard, but the white on the throat and belly is slightly 
suffused with grey instead of buff, and in addition to the dark line 
passing through the eye, a second dark lino passes from the lores 
below the eye to the nape (Seebohm). 

According to some ornithologists, European specimens differ very 

appreciably from Eorth American in having a narrower speculum 

(B., B., $ B.), but I have failed to find that there is any appre


ciable difference. 

Hah. Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the northern parts, and 

migrating southward to Northern Africa, India, Ceylon, China, and 

Japan, and in America as far as Panama and Cuba.* 

a. $ juv. sk. Shetland, April. H. J. Elwes, Esq 
b. 
$ juv. st. Aldeburgh, Suffolk; Sept. Theodore Fisher, 
Esq. [P.]. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Purchased. 
d. S ad. sk. Kent. 
Montagu Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
/ . Pull. sk. Valkenswaard, Holland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(/, 7i. (S ad. et <$ Arcachon, France, Jan., Nov. Seebohm Coll. 
inim. sk. (B. V. Seebohm). 

L S ^d. sk. S. Spain. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 

h. <S ad. sk. Near Seville, Spain, Feb. Tweeddale CoU. 
(H. Saunders).
I. cj ad. sk. Egypt, Feb. (67. E. S.). Shelley Coll. 
m. 
$ ad. sk. Egypt, March. Dr. "Worthington 
[p.]. 
n. 2 ad. sk. Angollala (Harris). India Museum [P.]. 
o. Pull. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
p. 
tf juv. sk. Nerirnowskaja, Ob River, Dr. 0. Finsch [P.]. 
Sept. 
q} r. <S 2 ad. sk. Yen-e-sai, Siberia, Lat. 66J° Seebohm Coll. 
June. 


s. 
S ad. sk. Omsk, May. St. G. Littledale, 
Esq. [P.]. 
* DAFILA MOBESTA. 
Dafila inodesta, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 79, pi. vii. (Sydney I., Phoenix 
Group, Oentr. Pacific); id. Oat CoU. B. p. 50 (1889); Lister, P. Z. S. 
1891, pp. 289, 298, 300; Wiglesw. Aves Polyn. p. 71 (1891). 

Canon Tristram has kindly sent me for inspection the types of his J), modesta: 
the male is immature, has the right wing cut, and has been kept in confinement; 
I cannot distinguish them from some specimens of D. acuta-, still, 
considering the locality whence they came, I do not think it quite safe, at least 
for the present, to identify 2). modesta with J), acuta. 

T 2 

276 
ANATID-33. 

t—w. 6 2 ad. sir. 

a:. $ juv. sk. 

y, z. $ $ ad. sk. 
a% b\ c'. 6 2 ad. 
et S .pv. sk. 
d'. 5 ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 
f-i'. tf ? ad. et 

$ juv. sk. 

&'. <$ ad. sk. 

2'. (J ad. sk. 

m \ <£ ad. sk. 

n'. c? ad. sk. 

o', <? ad. sk. 

.p', $ ad. sk. 

q'. <$ ad. sk. 
r'-?/. tf $ ad. et 
cJ juv. sk. 
wW. c? ? ad. et 
juv. sk. 
f'\ 2 ad. sk. 

$", h". <S ad. sk. 
i". tf ad. sk. 
tc". <$ ad. sk. 

2"-o". <$ $ ad. sk. 

et c? juv. st. 
jp". $ ad. sk. 
q". <3 ad. sk. 

r". 5 ad. sk. 

$". <$ ad. sk. 

£". c? inim. sk. 

w". $ ad. sk. 

v". $ ad. sk. 

?v''. 5 ad. sk. 

A*". $ ad. sk. 

y". $ ad. sk. 

»". d ad. sk. 

a3, 53. c? 2 ad. sk. 
c3. <£ ad. sk. 

e?3. $ juv. sk. 

c3. Juv, sk. 

y 3. S ad. sk. 
^% A3, c? $ ad. sk.' 

Lob-nor, Feb. (Prjevalshy). 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct. 

Babylon {Commander Jones). 
Bagdad. 

Kandahar, Feb. 

Kandahar, Feb. 
India. 

N. India. 
Guibee Dekra, Larkhana, 
Jan. {A. 0. J5T.). 
Roree, Upper Sindh, Jan. 
Roree, Feb. 
Delhi. 
Gurgaon, Delhi, Feb. (W. 

JST. Chill). 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Etawah, Nov. 


Allahabad, March, Nov., 
Dec. (A. O.H.). 
Oudh. 


Oudh, Dec, Jan. 
Sultanpur, Oudh, Feb. 
Hurdui, Oudh, Feb. (A. 


Anderson). 

Nepal. 

Nepal Dolaka, Jan. 
Manoura, Nepal, April. 
Native Sikhim, Oct. (L. 

Mandelli). 
Bootan (Pemberton). 
Bengal {Falconer). 
Nandurbar, Feb. 
Raipur. 
Madras. 
Tonghoo, Nov. (JR. G. 

W. It.). 
Lower Pegu, Feb. 

China. 

China (Tuehett). 
Amoy, China, Feb. (J2. Stoinhoe). 


Shanghai, China, March (JS.

Swinhoe). 

Kiukiang, China, Feb. 

Nagasaki, Japan. 
Awomeri, Japan, April. 

H. Seebohin, Esq. 
[P.l 
W. D. Cummmgj 
Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum \V.\ 
Kenneth Loffcus,Esq. 

[P.]. 

Lt.-Colonel Swinhoe 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Purchased. 

India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P.]-
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Capt. Stackhouse 


Pinwill f*R]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohni Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


J. Scully, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum [P.l 
India Museum [P.j. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


E. 
W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


 Seebohm CoH. 

F. W. Styan, Esq. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.], 
Seebohm Coll. 
32. DAFILA. 
277 
i3. $ ad. sk 

hK § juv. sk. 

P. c? juv. sk 
m3. 5 juv. sk. 
%3. 2 ad. st 
*>3. djnv.sk. 

j>3, *f. d1 juv. et 

pull. sk. 
r\ s3. cJ jay. sk. 
#*, K3. c? ad. et $ 


juv. sk. 

2s 

. <J ad. sk 
ZG3. c£ ad. sk. 


ic3. c? ad. sk 

y% s\ <J ad. et d1 
juv. sk. 
a1, c? ad. sk 

&4. d ad. sk. 
c1. $ imm. sk. 
(IK 2 ad. sk 


el-pl. d 2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

f~uK 2 ad. sk. 

IT*. J ad. sk. 

a*\ $ ad. sk. 

x4. $ ad. sk 

v4. S ad. sk. 
«*. Pun. st. 
a%» <? skeleton. 

F . Skeleton. 
fi5. Skeleton (imperfect). 


d\ es. Ad. sk. 
fi Ad. sk. 
g\ $ ad. sk 


Yokohama, Japan (JT. 

BrntulurNov. 
Labuan, Dec. 

Sarawak. 

N. America. 
Kotzebue Sound. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, July, 

Aug. (K W. Nelson). 
"W. side of Rooky Mts. 
British Columbia. 

Washington, D. G, March. 
Missouri Brakes, Montana, 
April. 
Fort Dufferin, April. 

49th Parallel. 


Canada. 


Indiana. 
Washoe Lake, Nevada, Nov. 
Weaverville, N. California, 


March (J. S. Cairns). 

Corpus Christi, Texas, Jan., 
Oct., Bee. (F. B. Armstrong). 


Tarpon Springs, Florida, 
Jan., Nov. (W. B. D. 
Scott). 

Zacatecas, Mexico (W. B. 
Michardson). 

Buenas, Guatemala, Feb. 

(O.8.). 

San Jos£, Costa Rica, May 

(M. L. CaU&ja). 
Antigua, Constancia (0. S.). 
London Market, March. 

Nepal. 

HYBRIDS. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Purchased. 

A. H. Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Wallace Coll. 
Sir G. Back [P.]. 
Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 

Wood [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

E. S. 
Cameron, Esq. 
[p.]. 
N. 
America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
N. 
America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
Government of 
Canada [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman CoU. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Zool. Soc. 
Purchased. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Dajila acuta x Anas hoscas. 
Great Britain. Old Coll. 


Great Britain. Frederick Bond, E^q. 


Beardstown, Illinois, April. H. Saunders, Esq. 
. [P.]. 

278 
ANATID2E. 

2. Dafila eatoni. (Plate III.) 
Querqnedula sp., G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 138 (Kerguelerx 
I.) (1844). 
Querqnedula kerguelensis, Clarke, Wreck of the 'Favorite,' p. 186 
(1850) (descr. nulla). 

Querquedula 
eatoni, Sharjoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 328 (Kerguelen Island) j-
Corns, Contr. Nat, Hist. Kerg. Is. p. 4 (1875) ; Kidder § Coues7 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. ii. p. 4 (1875); Cab. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 449 ; 
Kidder, op. cit. iii. p. 7 (eggs) (1870); Cab. # ItcJinw. J.f 0. 1876r 

p. 329; Sharpe, Trans. Ven. Biped., ZooL, Birds, p. 5, pi. vi. 
(1877) ; Eaton, ibid. p. 7 (Crozattes) (1877); Sclat. B. Z. 8. 1878, 
p. 578; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 105, pi. vi. (1879); Baton, 
ibid. p. 107 (Crozettes) (1879); Moseley, Notes, pp. 190,191 (1879)3 
Sclat, B. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (eggs), 1880, p. 523 • id. Yoxj. Challenge 
Birds, pp. 113, 150 (1881) ; Milne-Bdw. Bech. Faun. Beg. Austr. 
chap. ix. p. 40 (1882); B., B., §• B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 2 
(note) (1884) • Bagenst. Jahrb. d. Hamb. Wissensch. Anst. ii. p. 8 
(part) (1884) ; Cab. J.f.O. 1888, p. 118. 
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dark brown, the 

feathers with narrow central darker stripes; nape blackish, with 

pale dottings; interscapular region and back brown, waved 

with narrow whitish, bars; scapulars long and acuminate, blacky 

with greyish edges, the outer ones black on the apical part out


wardly ; upper tail-coverts brown edged with whitish, the outer 

ones black on the outer web; underparts dull greyish, with a slight 

brown tinge on the crop-region, which is thickly dotted with small 

blackish spots or streaks, the latter finer on the breast; sides and 

flanks regularly barred with black and white, the white bars the 

narrowest; crissum black in the middle, greyish outwardly: wings 

greyish brown; speculum bronzy green, but the upper and lower 

parts velvety black, bounded anteriorly by a narrow cinnamon 

band at the tip of the last row of the upper wing-coverts, and 

posteriorly by a subapical black band and by an apical one white ; 

tertials grey on the outer web, blackish on the inner one, the outer 

tertial velvety black on the outer web, and with a very distinct 

whitish band along the inner part of the outer web; primaries-

brown on the outer web and at the tip, paler grey on the inner 

web; under wing-coverts brown-grey, with pale edges; tail brown-

grey, the central tail-feathers black, elongated and acuminate: bill 

blackish, but probably in the living bird plumbeous ; feet also dark 

in dry skins. Total length about 17 inches, wing 9*1, central tail-

feathers 6, culmen 1*35, tarsus 1*35. 

Female. Similar in colouring to the female of D. acuta, only dull 

greyish on the lower parts, breast with fine dusky streaks, and 

dimensions much smaller. Head rufescent grey, thickly streaked 

with black; the black streaks broader on the upper part of the 

head; speculum brown without any metallic lustre, margined with 

white anteriorly and posteriorly at the tip of the last row of the* 

upper wing-coverts and at the tip of the secondaries. Total length 

about 14 inches. 

32. DAPH.1. 
Immature male. Resembles the female, hut has the win^a as in 
the adult male. 
Young. Resembles the female, but has the feathers of tho lower 
parts centred with brown streaks. 
Young in clown. Similar to the young in down of D. acuta, but 
the sides of the head distinctly rufescent; a tinge of the same 
appears also on the throat, breast, and sides. 
The type of this species is an immmature male, and does not show 
the characteristics of the genus, which are quite evident in the 
fully adult male—almost a miniature of the male Pintail. 
Rob. Kerguelen Island, and apparently also Crozette Islands. 

arf. d 2 ad., juv., Kerguelen I. < Challenger' Exped. [0.1 
etpull.sk. & J- L J 
g, h. 2 ad- e t c? Kerguelen I. (Eaton). The Admiralty [P.]. 
imm. sk. (Types of the spedea.) 
*, M- 6 2 ad. sk. Kerguelen I. Antarctic Exped. [C.j. 

m. Imm. sk. Orozette I. Capt. Armson [P.J. 
3. Dafila spinicauda, 
Pato 
cola aguda, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 421, n. 429 (Buenos Ayres) 
(1805) unde 
Anas spinicauda, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 135 (1816); id. Ene. Meth. i, 

p. 356 (1823) ; Burm. La Plata-Beise, ii. p. 515 (Parana) (1801); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 38 (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. I 
p. 362 (1872). 
Anas oxyura, Licht. in Mus. Berol.; Meyen, Nova Acta, xvi. Suppl. 
i. p. 122 (Chili) (1834); Merrem, JSrsch $ Grub. Em. sect. L 
vol. xxxv. p. 43 (1841); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 016, n. 22 (1845) j 
EesMurs, in Gay's Faun. Chil. i. p. 449 (1848) ; Licht. NomencL 
Av. p. 101 (1854) j Cass. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii, p. 202 (1850) ; Burm. 
La Plata-Beise, ii. p. 515 (Mendoza) (1861); Bhil. fy Landb. Cat. 
Av. Chil. p. 41 (1868); Philippi, Ornis, iv. p. 160 (1888 ) (Antofagasta),* 
Waugh # Lataste, Act. Soc. 8c. Chili, iv. p. lxxxix 
(Penaflores) (1894). 
Erismatura 
spinicauda, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 027, n. 7 (1844) ; 
Marti 2nd. Azar. Apunt. p. 27, n. 429 (1847); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. 

iii. Append, p. 28 (1849); Belz. Orn. Bras. pp. 321, 400, lix 
(S. Brazil) (1870). 
Dahla oxyura, Behnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 88. fl. 920-921 (1845); 
Selat. P. Z. S.1867, p. 335 (Chili); G.B. Gr. Rand-list, iii. p, 81, 
no. 10635 (1871); Tacz. B. Z. 8. 1874, p. 554 (Peruj, 18825 p. 47 

(N.E. Peru); Philippi, Ornis, iv. p. 160 (Antofagasta) (1888). 
Dafila 
spinicauda, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, n. 113 (1856); 
Selat. * Sato. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Rep. Arg.), 1809, p. 157 

— -* .., „. -,«™ _ *m. Sdatm P# z. S. 1870, 

1873, pp. 467, 639: Selat. §* Salv. NomencL Av. Neotrop. p. 130 
(1873); iid. P. Z. S.1876, pp. 17, 392 (Peru); Bumf. JBw,1876, 

p. 163,1877, pp. 41,192,1878, pp. 64,401 (Centr. Palag); Selat 
P Z. 8. 1880, p. 515; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14; Salv. Cat, 
280 ANATIDiE. 

B. StricH. Coll. p. 533 (1882); Milne-Edio. Bech. Faun. Beg. 
Austr. ch. ix. p. 45 (1882) ; White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42; Sclat. 
List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 433 (1883); Barrows, Auk, 1884, 
p. 274 (Entrerios); Boeck, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 167 
(extract, p. 24) (Cochabamba, Bolivia); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 402 
(Tarapaca); Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 481 (1886); Berl. J. f. O. 
1887, p. 133 (Paraguay?); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 134 (1889); 
Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); Sclat P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136 
(Tarapaca); Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 425; Finn, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 178 
(ductus JBotalli); Oust. Miss. Sc. CajJ Bom, vi. Ois. p. 209 
(1891); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 231 (1891); Kerr, Ibis, 
1892, p. 146; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 207; Berkeley James, New 
List CHI. B. p. 9, n. 157 (1892) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 201 
(Uruguay). 
Dafila urophasianus, Sclat (nee Tig.) P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falk


lands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 160 (Falklands). 

Anas (Dafila) spinicauda, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266, n. 246 

(Mendoza); Milne-Edw. BecJi. Faun. Beg. Austr. chap. ix. p. 45 

(1882). 

Anas (Dafila) caudacuta, Burm. [nee Pall.) ibid. p. 247 (Parana). 

Dafila sp., Sclat § Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point). 

Dafila caudacuta, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 81, n. 10633 (Parana) 

(1871). 

Daphila spinicauda, Gieb. Tlies. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875). 

Anas (Dafila) spinicauda, Bchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20; id. 

Fog. zool. Gctrt. p. 53 (1882). 

Hybrids. 

Dafila spinicauda <$ X Ms. sponsa $ , Finn, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 330 (tf). 

Adult male. Above brown, feathers black in the centre, those of 
the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts margined -with greyish, 
brown, the scapulars margined with rufous-brown; head above 
rufous-chestnut, sides of the feathers and upper neck pale brown, 
thickly dotted or streaked with blackish along the centre of each 
feather; throat whitish, almost immaculate; the feathers of the 
lower parts blackish brown in the centre, those of the upper breast, 
sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts with rufescent edges, those of 
the lower breast and abdomen whitish on the edges ; wings greyish 
brown; speculum black, glossed with green, margined by two 
whitish-buff bands—one above, formed by the tips of the greater 
wing-coverts, and the other below, formed by the tips of the secondaries 
• inner tertials greyish brown, with a broad velvety-black stripe 
along the middle; tail greyish brown, the edges of the feathers 
rufous: bill black, at the babe yellow, or "yellow with black culmen7' 
(Cojijpinger) : feet plumbeous, irides brown. Total length 20 inches, 
wing 9-2, middle tail-feathers 5*8, tarsus D6. 

Female. Similar to the male, but moro greyish and less rufescent, 
especially on the head; tail shorter. 

Young male. Similar to the female, but the top of the head 
tinged with rufous, and the throat with brown dots or streaks like 
the sides of the head. 

33 . PCECILONETIA. 
Hah. South. America, from Southern Brazil on the East and 
Southern Peru on the West to Magellan Straits and Falkland Islands. 

a. $ ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June. H. Whitely, Esq.[C.l. 
b. $ 
ad. sir. Laguna de Tangasuca, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Peru (H. Whitely). 
c. $ ad. sk. Laguna de Langui, Feb. PI.J.Elwes,Esq.[P.]. 
(H. Whitely). 
d. Ad. sk 
Purchased. 
e. f. 
Ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Read). Purchased. 
g. Ad. sk. Chili (JE. C. Read). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. 
c? ad. sk. Eio Bueno, Chili, Jan. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
i, k, I cS ? ad. Saeaya, Prov. of Tarapaca, H. Berkeley James, 
sk. t Chili, March. Esq. [P.]. 
m, n. (S $ ad. Sitani, Tarapaca, Jan. H. Berkeley James, 
sk. 
Esq. [P.]. 
Corral, Chili, Oct. H. Berkeley James, 

°)P>2- <?$ ad. 

Esq. IP.]. 

sk. 

Eio Pilniaiquen, Chili, Feb. H. Berkeley James, 

r-u. S ad. et 

Esq. [P.]. 

c? $ juv. sk. 

Central Chili. H. Berkeley Janies, 

v-y. 6 $ ad. et 

Esq. [P.]. 

juv. sk. 

Talcahuano, Sept. Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 

z. Ad. sk. 
Sandy Point, Str. of MaSalvin-
Godman Coll. 

a'. Juv. sk. 

gellan, Dec. 

V. $ ad.sk. Falkland Is. Tweeddale Coll. 
c', d'. $ 5 imm. Uruguay, Sept. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.]. 
sk. 
e'. <$ ad. sk. Monte Video (Johnston). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f,gf. Pull.sk. Moreno, Buenos Ayres, H. Durnford, Esq. 

A'. PuU. sk. 
Nov. 
Bred in confinement. LordLilford[P.]. 
HYBEID. 
2V . cT ad. sk. 
Dafila spinicauda $ x JE& sponsa $ . 
Bred in confinement (ZooL FrankSoc). [P.]. 
Finn, Esq. 

33. 
PGSCILONETTA. 
Type. 
Paecilonitta, Uyton, Mon. Anat. p. 31 (1838) P. hahamensis. 
Poecilonitta, G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 74 (1840). 
Poecilonetta, Agassiz, Nomencl. ZooL, Aves, p. 61 (1842-46). 

Rawje* Southern America from the West Indies southwards, and 
Africa south of the Sahara. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Tail and upper tail-coverts pale rufous, nearly 
uniform; central tail-feathers much elongated 
and acuminate. 
a\ 
Cheeks pure white, with no dark spots: 
size larger $ wing 8*4 to 10 inches bahamensis, p. 282. 

282 
ANATIDJG. 

V. 
Cheeks whitish, thickly speckled with 
brown : size smaller; wing 7*5 inches .. galapagensis, p. 284. 
b. 
Tail and upper tail-coverts brown, the feathers 
with narrow whitish or greyish edges; central 
tail-feathers not particularly elongated erythrorhyncha, p. 285, 
1. Poecilonetta foahamensis. 
Mareca, Anatis sylvestris species, Morcgr. Hist. Br. libr. v. p. 214 
(1648). 
Anas bahaniensis, Catesby, Carolina, i. p. 93, t. 93 (1754); Briss. 

Orn. vi. p. 358 (1760). 
Ilathera Duck, Catesby, ibid.; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 507, n. 53 (1785). 
Anas bahaniensis, Linn. 8. iV. i. p. 199, n. 17 (1706) (ex Catesby); 

Gm. 8. AT. i.2, p. 516, n. 17 (1788); Lath. Inch Orn. ii. p. 85f>, n. 58 

P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Chili); Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, i. p. 315 
(Peru); id. Faun. Fer.,Aves, p. 54, n. 2 (1846); ?Yarrell,F. Z.8. 
1847, p. 54 (Chili; egg); Burni. St/st. Ueb. iii. p. 436 (1856); 
Cab. J.f. 0.1857, p. 227 (Anmerk.); Gundl. J.f.O. 1861, p. 191 
(Cuba); 8ckleg. Mus. F.-B., Anseres, p. 55 (1866); 8und. (Efv. 
K. Vet.~Ak. Forh. 1869, p. 591; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 345 (1872). 
Marec, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 256 (1783). 
Anas ilathera, Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 151 (1791). 
Pato pico aplomado y roxo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 436, n. 433 (Buenos 
Aires) (1805). 
Canard a bee rouge et plombe, Sonnini, Amr. Toy. iv. p. 340, n.433 
(1809). 
Anas rubrirostris, Vieill. N. F>. v. p. 108 (1816) (ex Azara) ; id. Fnc. 

Meth. i. p. 353 (1823); G. F. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 16 (1845). 
Mareca bahaniensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 137 (1824). 
Anas nrophasianus, Vig. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 357 (N.W. America !) 

(1829) ; Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 536 (1837) ; id. op. tit. 
2nd ed. p. 722 (1838); Vig. Zool.Beechey's Voy., Orn. p. 31, pi. 14 
(1839); Milne-Fdio. Bach. Faun. Beg. Austr. chap. ix. p. 46 
(1882). 

Phasianurus vigorsii, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1235. 
Dafila nrophasianus, Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 112, pi. 20 (1838); Bridges, 


F. Z. 8. 1841, p. 95 (Chilian Andes); Fraser, F. Z. 8. 1844, p. 157 
(Chili); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 86. f. 2336 (1850) (ex 
Beechei/s Voy.); Fyt. Syn. Anat. p. 64 (1869); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. 
p. 50 (type, tJhili, Fyt. Mus.) (1889). 
Paecilonitta 
bahaniensis, Fyton, Mon. Anat. p. 116 (1838); Bp. 
Compt. Fend, xliii. p. 650, n. 115 (1856); Fyt. Syn. Anat. p. 68 

Poecilonitta bahaniensis, G. F. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 74 (1840). 
Anas limbriata, Merrem, Frsch u. Grub. Fnc. sect. i. vol. xxxv. p. 35 
(1841) {ex Azara). 
Dafila bahaniensis, G. F. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 135 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 2 (1845); Hartl. Frst. Nachtr. p. 19, 

n. 221 (1846); id. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 27, n. 433 (1847); Cab. 
in Schomh. Guiana, iii. p. 763 (1848) ; DesMurs, in Gay's Faun. 
CHI. i. p. 448 (1848); Haril. Naumannia, 1853, p. 222; Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Cass. U.S. Astron. Fxp. ii. p. 203 
(California!, Chili) (1856); id. U.S. Fxpl. Fxp., Mamm. fy Orn. 
33 . PCECILONETTA. 
283 

p. 341 (1838); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 776 (note; (1858) ; Pek* 
Reise Novara, Vdg. p. 138 (Chili; egg) (I860) ,* Sclat P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 335 (Chili); Phil fy Landb. Cat Av. Chili, p. 41 (1868) ; 
Sclat # Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 14G (Conchitas); Feb. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 320,460, lviii (1870) ; Burin. P. Z. S.1872, p. 307 (Argentine); 
Pek. Ibis, 1873, p. 46 ; Sclat fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 130 
(1873); iid. P.Z.S. 1876, p. 393 (part); Bumf. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 163, 1877, p. 192 (Buenos Avres); Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
i. p. 487 (Antigua, Guadeloupe) (1878); Taca. P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 243 (Tumbez, X. Peru); Sclwiidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 318 ; Sclat 
P. Z. S 3880, p. 516; Cory, B. Bahama Isl p. 185 (1881); A. $ 
E. Neiut. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl Coll 
p. 533 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th eel. p. 435 (1883); Barrows, 
Auk, 1884, p. 274 (Pampas) ; Boeclc, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, 
p. 167 (extract, p. 24) (Cochabamba, Bolivia); Cory, B. Haiti 
and San Domingo, ^. 167(1885); id. List B. W. Ind. p. 31 (1885); 
Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 172; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 482 (1886); Mac-
Farl. Bis, 1887, p. 203 (Arica, Mollendo) ; Ridgiu. Mem. N. Am. 
B. p. 98 (1887) ; Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 133 (Paraguay?); Cory, 
Auk, 1888, p. Q2 (Bahamas and Antilles); id. B. W. Ind. p. 263 
(1889): Sclat Argent Orn. ii. p. 135 (1889); Tristr. Cat Coll 
B. p. 50 (1889) 5 Meyer, Abb. Vogel-Skel. Taf. cxvi. (1889); Holl 
§ Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 425; Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. 
p;314 (1891); Fre?iz. J.f.O. 1891, p. 125 (Cordoba) ; Hartert, 
Kat. VoqeUammL p. 231 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll 
Surg. iii. p. 302 (1891);' Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 207; Berkeley 
James, Neto List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892). 
Poecilonetta 
bahamensis, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 83. f. 922 
(1845); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat p. ix 
(1852); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands); Abbott, Ibis, 
1861, p. 160 (Falklands) ; Albrecht, J.f.O. 1862, p. 207; March, 
Pr. Acad. Philad. 1864, p. 71; Sclat P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) 
; G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 81, n. 10636 (1871); Sundev. 
Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent p. 147 (1872); Gundl. J. f. 0.1874, 

p. 314 (Porto Bico) ,* id. An. Soc. Bsp. Hist Nat vii. p. 403 
(1878); Yd. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 162, 190, 1881, p. 400 (Cuba). 
Psecilonetta urophasianus, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 116 
(1856). 
Dafila urophasiana, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 776 (1858). 
Anas (Dafila) bahamensis, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266; id. La 

Plata-Reise, ii. p. 515 (Uruguay) (18*61); Bclmw. Orn. Centralbl 
1882, p. 206; id. Tog. zool Gliri p. 53 (1882)._ 
Poecilonetta urophasiatrus, G. P. Gr. Hand-list. iii. p. 81, n. 10637 
(1871). 
Daphila bahamensis, Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875). 

Adult male. Upper part of the head, nape, lower neck, upper 
back, breast, and abdomen reddish, with black spots, almost round, 
on the neck, breast, and abdomen; cheeks, sides of the head, and 
throat pure white; lower back and rump blackish brown; upper 
tail-coverts, tail, and under tail-coverts immaculate fawn-colour, 
the latter with a slight rosy tinge ; the tail paler towards the tip ; 
scapulars black, edged on both webs with reddish ; wing dark slaty 
green, speculum glossy green, margined anteriorly by a fawncoloured 
band, formed by the tips of the greater wing-coverts, and 
posteriorly by a velvety black band, followed by a broader one of a 

284 
ANATIDJE. 

fawn-colour, formed by the tips of the secondaries; tertials dusky 
brown edged with fawn-colour, the inner ones velvety black along 
the middle; under wing-coverts like the upper ones, but the greater 
ones grey, and the inner ones, like the axillars, whitish : bill bluish-
lead, with two red or bright orange-yellow spots at the base of the 
upper mandible; feet brown. Total length 19 inches, wing 8*4-10, 
tail 5, culmen 1*85, tarsus 1-40. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller and less 
bright, especially on the speculum. 

Young male. (Similar to the female. 

Young in down. Yery similar to the same stage of Bafila acuta,, 
but the white of the sides of the head and underparts with a slight 
yellow tinge. 
Hob. Bahamas, Antilles, and the whole of South America, with 
the Falklands, but not in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. <$ ad. sk. 
Antigua, W. 
(Feilden). 
Cajutuba,
Indies; Feb. 
Brazil (NatW. 
India Committee 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c.Ad.sk.
d. Ad. st.
e. Ad. st.
/ , g. tf ad. etad. sk.
h. Ad. st.
i, k. Pull. st.
I. Skeleton. 
terer). 
Buenos Ayres, Aug. 
Chili. 
8. America. 
Bred in confin 
Soc), Feb., Oct. 
ement (Zool. 
H.Duniford,Esq.rP.l. 
C. Crawley, Esq. [P.I. 
J. E. Gray, Esq. [P.I. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P. 
Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
Zoological Society. 

2. Poecilonetta galapagensis. 
Poecilonitta bahamensis, Gould (nee Linn), Zool. of the Beagle, iii. 
p. 135 (Galapagos) (1841). 
Anas bahamensis, Sund. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 126 (Galapagos). 
Dafila bahamensis, Selat $ Sal v. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable 
Island) ; Salv, Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. p. 499 (Galapagos) (1876) ; 
Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 393 (part.); Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, 

p. 428 (Charles Isl.). 
Poecilonetta 
galapagensib, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. llo 
(1889). 

Similar to P. bahamensis (Linn.), but white on sides of head 
thickly speckled with brown, instead of being quite immaculate, and 
top of head greyer brown; under tail-coverts less rufescent and 
more greyish; axillaries white, usually with brown spots along the 
middle. Total length about 14 inches, wing 7*5, tail 2-9, culmen 
1*6, tarsus 1*3. 

Hat. Galapagos Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Charles I., Galapagos, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Capt. A. II. Markham). 
b, c, d. § ad. et Indefatigable I., Galapagos, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<$ juv. sk. Aug. (Dr. Ilabel). 

33 . PCECILONETTA. 
285 
3. Poecilonetta erytbrorhyndia. 
Crimson-billed Duck, Lath Syn. iii. 2, p. 507, n. 52 (1785) (Cape of 
Good Hope). 

Anas 
erytbrorbyncba, Gm. S. X. i. 2, p. 517, n. 79 (1788) ; Lath 
Ind. Orn. ii. "p. 855, n. 57 (1790); Bonn. Fnc. Meth i. p. 120 
(1790) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 380 (1816) ; Burch Travels, 

i. p. 283 (1822), ii. p. 346 (1824); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 610, 
n. 14(1845) ; Smith, 111 S. Afr. Zool, Birds, pi. 104 (1845) ; Des 
Murs in Lefebvre, Toy. Abyss., Ois. p. 172 (1845-1850); LieJit, 
Xome?icl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 265 
(Abyssinia) (1855); Bolle, J.f O. 1856, p. 165 (Zool. Gard.) ; 
Heagl. J. f O. 1863, p. 4 ; Pelz. Reise Xovara, Togel, p. 138 
(Cape) (1865) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 56 (1806); id. 
P. Z. S. 1806, p. 426 (Madagascar) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 351 
(1867) ; IlartL P. Z. S.1867, p. 827 (Zanzibar); Ileugl. Reise nach 
Abessin. 1861-62, p. 206 (1868); Schley. $ Poll.' Peek. Faun. 
Madag. p. 141 (1868) ; Chapm. Trav. in S. Afr. ii. App. p. 422 
(1868); Finsch £ IlartL Tog. Ost-Afr. p. 808 (1870) ; Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 350 (1872) ; llartl. Tog. Madag. p. 362 (1877): 
Shell. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 310 (Mamboio); Milhe-Fdw. ^ Grand. 
Ois. Madag. p. 725, pi. 275. f. 4 (bead) (1882); Fischer, Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. '1884, p. 394 (Masai); Bohm, J.f O. 1885, p. 02 
(Karuma, C. Africa); Fmin, J.f.O. 1891, p,58 (Ugogo); Rclmw. 
ibid. p. 141; Hartert, Kat. Togelsamml p. 230 (1891); Sibree, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 270; Rchnw. J.f.O. 1892, p. 6 (Bukoba, Uganda): 
id. Tog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr.-p. 26 (1894). 
Anas melanura, Tieill. {nee Gm.) X. D. v. p. 135 {nee p. 155) 

(1816). 
Tadorna erytbrorbyncba, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 75 (1824). 
Querquedula erytbrorbyncba, Smith, Cat S.-Afr. Mus. p. 36, n. 325 

(1837) ; Bp. "Compt. Fend, xliii. p. 650, n. 100 (1856); Ileugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1325(1873); Uolub, Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. 
p. 330 (1882); Bohn, J. f O. 1885, p. 62; Fischer, J f O. 
1885, p. 115 (Galla); Dubois, Bull. Mus. Roy. dJK. N. de Belg. 

iv. p. 149, n. 193 (1886) (Tanganyika); Matschie, J. f O. 1887, 
pp. 137, 144. 
Psecilonitta erytbrorbyncba, Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 115 (1838); G. R. 
Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 134 (Abyssinia) (1844); Fyt. Syn. 
Anat. p. 67 (1869). 

Mareca erytbrorbyncba, Hartl. Terz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844). 
Anas pyrrborbyncba, Forst. Icon, ined. t. 73; id. Descr. An. (ed. 
Licht.) p. 45 (1844). 

Poecilonitta erytbrorbyncba, Rilpp. Si/st. TIebers. p. 138, n. 491 
(Sennaar, Abyssinia) (1845); Shell. Ibis, 1885, p. 415 (Somali) ; 
id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371 (Kilimanjaro). 

Anas punctata, Rchnb. {nee Burch.) Syn. Av., Natatores, t. (xlix.) 85. 
ff. 915-916 (1845). 
Anas pyrrbocepbala, u Forst." (errore), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 
. p. 304, in syn. n. 1776(1849). 
Danla erytbrorbyncba, Blyth Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 304, n. 1776 
(1849); Hartl Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 82 (1861); Pollen, 

N. T. D. i. p. 327 (1863); Bock $ F. Newt Ibis, 1863, p. 174 
(Madagascar); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 165; Terr, in Ti?iso?i1s 
Toy. a Madag., Ann. B, p. 4 (1865); Grand. Rev. et Mag. de 
Zool. 1868, p. 5 (Madagascar); Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315; Butt, 
Feild.j 8f Reid, Natural 1882, p. 427 (Natal); Salv. Cat B. Strichl 
286 ANATIDJ3. 

Coll. p. 533 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th eel. p. 436 (1883) : 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 30 (1889). 
Poecilonetta erythrorhyncha, Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 251 (Natal), 1861, 

p. 134, 1862,"p. 158/1808, p. 471; Boc. Jam. Ac. 8c. Lisb. 1867, 
p. 329; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding); Boc. Jorn. Ac. 8c. 
Lisb. 1871, p. 277, 1872, p. 70; Anderss. B. JDamara Land, p. 339 
(Damara and Great Namaqua-land) (1872); Boc. J. f. O. 1876, 
p. 294 (Rio Coroca); Gum. ibid.; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 272 
(Transvaal) ; Boc. Dm. Ang. p. 501 (1881) ; Sharps in Gates' 
Matab.-Land, p. 328 (1881) ; id. LayanVs B. 8. Afr. p. 754 
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 244 (Shoa) (1884), 
vi. p. 32 (Shoa) (1888); Shell Ibis, 1888, p. 307 (Tangani), 1894, 
pp. 28, 478 (Lake Shirwa)• Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. 8c. Tor. (2) 
xliv. p. 564 (Somali) (1894). 
Nettion erythrorhyncha, G. It. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, n. 10668 
(1871). ' 
Dafila erythrorliynclia, Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875). 
Querquedula pyrrhorhyncha, Kolub, Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 330, in 

syn. Q. erythrorhynchas (1882). 
Anas (Dafila) erythrorhyiicha, Mchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20; 
id. Tog. zool Gart. p. 54 (1882). 

Adult male. Upper half of the head, as far as the eyes, dark 
brown, sharply defined from the whitish of the sides of the head 
and throat; neck greyish, mottled with blackish spots ; back and 
scapulars brown, the feathers edged with reddish buff; Tinder-
parts whitish, each feather with greyish-brown spots, larger on the 
flanks, darker and better defined on the under tail-coverts ; wings 
slaty grey; a narrow velvety-black speculum more or less with a 
green lustre, edged anteriorly by a reddish-fawn band formed bv 
the tips of the last row of upper wing-coverts; a very broad band 
of the same colour on the apical half of the secondaries; under wing-
coverts brown-grey, the greater ones paler and purer grey; tail dark 
brown, the edges of the feathers fawn-eolour: " iris brown; legs, 
toes, and webs blackish purple; upper mandible dark purple, faintly 
tinged with green upon the ridge, the remainder of the mandible 
above the edge pinkish; lower mandible bluish pink " (Andersson); 
but, according to T. Ayres, " iris light umber; bill bright pink, 
darkest towards base of upper mandible; ridge dusky brown; tarsi 
and feet dark ash." Total length about 17 inches, wing 9, tail 3-8, 
culmen 1*62, tarsus 1*42. 


Female. Similar, or scarcely different. 
Young in down. Similar to the same stage of P. bahamenms, but 
a shade darker on the upper parts. 
Hah. Africa, from the Cape to Angola on the "West, and to 
Abyssinia and Sennaar on the East; Madagascar. 


a. Ad. sk. No locality. Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Africa. Old Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Eiippell [0.]. 
e. J ad. sk. E. side of Kilimanjaro; June. H. 0. V. Hunter 
Esq. [P.]. 
f-i. d S ad, sk. Lake Shirwa, Nyassa-land, May H.H. Johnston, Esa.. 

{A. Whyte). O.B.[P.]. ^ ' 
34. ELASMONETTA. 
28 7 
h. S a(i-s^« 
Laniit, Aug. F. J. Jackson. Esq. 
[P.]. 

7. Ad. sk. Mamboio (Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
m, n. d 2 &&-s^« Mapane Pan, Matabele, Nov. W. E. & 0. G. Gates, 
Esqrs. [P,]. 
o,p. 
<$ J ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, J, H. Gurney, Esq. 
March, June (T. Ayres). [P.]. 

a. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom. E. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[p.]. 
r. Ad. sk. Graharnstown (JE. L. Layard). Shelley Coll. 
s, t. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
u. $ ad. sk. Central Madagascar. Shelley Coll. 
V, 2D. Pull. St. Zool. SoC. 
x. *Ad. st. Zoological Gardens. Zool. Soc. 
y. Skeleton. 
Zool. Soc. 
34. ELASMOHETTA. 
Type. 
Elasmonetta, Salvad. MS. E. chlorotis. 
Bill compressed, soft on the edges of the apical part of the upper 

mandible; lamellae extremely developed; wings well developed. 
Range. Confined to New Zealand subregion. 

1. Elasmonetta chlorotis. 
Anas chlorotis, G. B. Gr. Voy. JEJreLty Terr., Birds, p. 15, pi. 20 
(1846); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 85. f. 912 (184-) (ex I c.); 

G. B. Gr, Gen. B., App. p. 28 (1849); Bp. Compt Mend, xliii. 
p. 649, n. 71 (1856); G. B. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 241; Feb. Beise 
Novara, Vogel, p. 138 (1865); Buller, Ms. on the Orn. New Zeal. 
p. 18 (1865); Hector, New Zeal. Bxh. p. 277 (Otago) (1866); 
Finsch, J.f. 0. 1867, p. 336; id. Tr. N. Z. Inst. i. p. 72 (1869) ; 
? Trovers, Tram. N. Z. Inst. L p. 178 (Chatham Isl.!) (1869) t ; 
Byt. Syn. Anat p. 93 (1869); Botts, Tr. N. Z. Inst ii. p. 72 
(1870); Mutt. Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland); Finsch, J. f 0. 
1870, p. 357; Mutt. Cat B. New Zeal p. 36 (1871); G. B. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10648 (1871); Hutt. Ibis, 1872, p. 250 
(Chatham Isl. ?); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 347 (1872); Finsch, J. f O. 
1872, p. 186; Buller, Hist B. N. Zeal p. 248 (1873); Finsch, 
J.f O. 1874, p. 202; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. fy Terr., Birds, p. 31 
(1875); Sclat. P Z. S. 1880, p. 519; Finsch, Ibis, 1882, p. 397; 
Bull. Man. B. New Zeal p. 6S (1882); Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 
1882, p. 19; Milne-Bdw. Bech. Faun. Beg. Austr. chap. ix. p. 41 
(1882); Bull. Hist B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 257, pi. xlii. (upper 
fig. S) (1883); Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 49 (1889); Buller, Trans. 
N. Z. Inst. xxv. 1892, p. 62 (1893). 
Nesonetta 
aucklandica, Hector (nee G. B. Gr.), New Zeal Bxh. 
p, 277, n. m (1866); cf. Finsch, J.f. 0.1874, p. 202. 

* Sent as a hybrid between P. hahamensis and Anas xaoithorhyncha, but is 
indistinguishable from P. erythrorhyncha. 
t I have not been able to find this reference, quoted by Hutton. 

288 ABTATKD-aE. 

Hybrids. 
? Anas chlorotis $ (P) x Anas "boscas $, Butter, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. 

p. 259 (1883). 
Adult male. Head and upper part of neck brown, the crown 
glossy, with, a chestnut tinge; sides of the occiput and nape glossed 
with metallic greeu ; throat more or less whitish; upper parts 
brown, the edges of the feathers paler, greyish brown; on the interscapular 
region the feathers are finely waved with black and rufous 
lines; the outer scapulars black on the outer web, waved with 
black and chestnut lines on the inner one; lateral upper tail-
coverts black, glossed with green on the outer webs ; a white collar, 
more or less distinct, separates in front the brown of the upper from 
the lower part of the fore neck, which is chestnut, shading into pale 
reddish on the breast and abdomen; these parts have numerous 
black spots, almost round, on the lower fore neck, more transverse on 
the breast and abdomen; flanks waved with rufous and black lines; 
under tail-coverts black, at the base of them on each side a white 
patch; wings brown; speculum black, metallic green on the upper 
part, bounded anteriorly by a narrow cinnamon band at the tip of 
the last row of the upper wing-coverts, and posteriorly by a rufescent 
white band at the tip of the secondaries; tertials edged with 
rufescent; under wing-coverts brown, the inner ones, with the 

axillaries, white ; tail brown-black, with narrow rufescent edges to 
the feathers : " irides black ; bill bluish black ; the pectination of 
the upper mandible yellowish brown ; feet dull slaty grey " (Buller). 
Total length about 18 inches, wing 8, tail 4, culmen 1*7, tarsus 1*5. 

(Mus. Rothschild.) 

Female. Head and upper portion of the neck brown, the crown 
darker, each feather edged with rufous; sides of the head and 
throat with darker streaks; lower part of neck behind and upper 
surface dark brown, each feather margined with rufous ; lower 
parts rufous-brown, each feather largely centred with brown; abdomen 
paler; sides and under tail-coverts darker; wings as in the 
male, but the upper wing-coverts with narrow rufous edges; tail 
brown : " bill greyish brown; legs pale yellowish brown " (Bidler). 
Total length about 17 inches, wing 7*7, culmen 1*7. 

Immature male. Similar to the female, and has no white collar 
in front of the neck and no gloss on the sides of the occiput and 
nape. 

Young. Very similar to the adult female. (Mus. Rothschild.) 

Young in down. 6t Covered with thick soft down, blackish brown, 
with lighter markings on the upper surface; chin and underparts 
yellowish brown." (Bidler.) 

Sir "W. Buller speaks of an apparently smaller form of this Duck, 
brought from the West Coast Sounds by Mr. Eeischek. 
Hob. ISTew Zealand, Chatham, and Auckland (?) Islands, 

a, b, 0. $ ad. et New Zealand. P. Earl, Esq. [0.]. (Types 
<$ imm. sk. of the species.) 

35 . NESONETTA. 
289 
d, e, f. $ ad. et New Zealand. Wellington Museum 
6 juv. sk. [E.]. 
g,h. <5 imm. et New Zealand. Sir Gr. Grey [P.]. 
juv. sk. 
i, k. <$ $ ad. sk. Foveaux Straits, New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 

7. Ad. sk. Chatham Is. Dr. H. 0. Forbes [0.]. 
35. 
NESONETTA. 
Type. 
Nesonetta, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 627 (1844) N. aucklandica. 
Mange. Confined to the Aucklands. 

1. Nesonetta aucklandica. 
Nesonetta 
aucklandica, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 627 (excl. syn.), 
pi. 169. f. 4 (head, wing, and foot) (1844); id. List B. Brit. Musi 

iii. p. 191 (exel. syn.) (1844); id. Toy. Ereb, § Terr., Birds, p. 16, 
pi. 17 (1846); id: Gen. B. Append, p. 28 (1849); Rchnb. 8ijn.Av.. 
Natatores, t. 77. f. 891 (ex- Erebus § Terror) (184-?): id. Av. 
Syst. Nat. p. ix, t. vii. (1852); Bp. Compt. Rend, xlinu p. 651, 
n. 154 (1856); G. B. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 242; Finsch, J.f 0.1870, 
p. 358; G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10724 (1872); Sundev. 
Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 150 (1872); Finsch, J.f 0. 1872, 
p. 188 ; Butt Trans. N. Z.Inst, v. p. 238 (1873); Finsch, J.f 0 
1844, p. 203; Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 700 (1875); Shame, Fog. 
Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 31 (1875) ; Butler, Hist. B. New Zeal 
2nd ed. ii. p. 263, pi. xlii. (lower fig.) (1888); id. Trans. N. Z. Inst. 
xxiv. 1891, p. 86 (1892) (young in down). 
Erismatura (Nesonetta) aucklandica, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, 
p. 4. 
Adult male. Head and upper portion of the neck blackish brown 
with a green gloss, especially on the nape; upper parts brown, 
with a green gloss and with brown-chestnut edges to the feathers; 
lower portion of hind neck, mantle, and scapulars waved with black 
and rufous-brown lines; lower part of fore neck and crop-region 
chestnut, changing into whitish on the breast and abdomen; on 
the crop-region and breast the feathers are centred with blackish 
round spots; abdomen crossed with dusky and whitish bars; sides 
and flanks waved with black and rufous bars; under tail-coverts 
blackish, mingled with brown ; at the base of them, on each side, 
a not very distinct paler patch, waved with rufous-grey and black 
bars; wings brown, the feathers with narrow brown edges ; secondaries 
obscurely glossed with green, and tipped with reddish white, 
forming a narrow apical band; under wing-coverts brown, broadly 
edged with white; tail blackish brown, almost uniform: " bill 

blackish brown; tarsus and feet reddish brown; irides dark hazel" 
(Buller). Total length from 17 to 18 inches, wing 5'5^ tail 3*8, 
culmen 1*6, tarsus 1*25. (BotliscHld Coll.) 

Female. Much smaller than the male; head brown, with no green 
lustre; on the cheeks and throat the feathers edged with whitish; 
general colour brown, with a dark green lustre on the back and 
wings; crop-region, sides, and flanks brown-chestnut; on the flanks 

VOL. XXVII. 
u 

290 
AKATIDJ3. 

the feathers have "brown marks before the edge, nearly hidden; 
middle of the abdomen buffish, the tips of the feathers being of that 
colour, while the bases are dusky; wings browner than in the 
male; secondaries scarcely showing a green lustre, and with less 
conspicuous reddish-white apical band. Total length about 14 
inches, wing 5, culmen 1*35. (Rothschild Coll.) 

Young in down. " The body is covered with thick down, with 
long central filaments, especially on the upper parts. The general 
colour is dark olivaceous-brown, fading to pale fulvous-brown on 
the throat and fore neck, and to dull fawn colour on the breast and 
abdomen. There is a purer shade of dark brown passing through, 
the eyes and melting away behind. The rudimentary wings have 
an outer fringe of yellowish brown ; the produced filaments on the 
shoulders and mantle are of the same pale colour. The bill is dark 
brown, with the terminal shield and feet olivaceous-brown, the 
webs being darker; claws yellowish brown." (Butter.) 

This bird is very nearly related to Masmarietta chlorotis, having 
the same markings and colours, but has very small wings, useless 
for flight, and lamellae of the bill much less developed. 

Hob. Aucklands. 

a, 2 ad. sk Auckland. Antarctic Exped. (Type 
of species.) 

b. 6 ? imm. sk, [New Zealand.] Sir G. Grey [IV. 
e. Juv. st. Auckland Island. The Counter of Galloway 
[P.]. 
d, e. S 
$ ad. sk. Auckland Island. The ~ Ihm. Walter 
Rothschild [P.]. 

36. aUEEaUEDUIA. 
Type. 

Querquedula, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. % p. 142 (1824).. Q. cireia. 

Cyanopterus, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 88 (1838) (nee 

Halid. 1835) Q. cyanoptera. 
Pterocyanea, Bp. Icon. Faun. Itcd., XJcc. Introd. p. 17 
(1841) Q. cireia. 
Pimanetta, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. G49; gen. 28 
(1856) Q. puiUL 
Adelonetta, Seine, Nom. Mus. Hem. Orn. p. 346 
(1890) (=Punanetta, Bp.). 

Range. Northern Hemisphere and Neotropical [Region. 

Key to the £%pede$* 

A. 
Upper wing-coverts grey lead-colour $ upper tail-
coverts distinctly barred across; sexes almost 
similar (Punanetta). 
a!. Smaller; bill with a broad orange spot at the 
base of the upper mandible; rump like the 
upper tail-coverts, with narrow white bars .. versicolor, p. 291 

b'. Larger j bill light blue, with the ridge black, in 
dry skin uniform black; rump uniform brown-
grey, with no white bars puna, p. 203. 


30 . QUERQUEDTTLA. 
291 

b. 
Upper wing-coverts pale blue ; cheeks and sides 
of the upper part of the neck brown-vinous, 
streaked with white (male) circia, p. 293. 
c. Upper wing-coverts bright smalt-blue. 
c'. A crescent-like white band between the eyes 
and the bill of the male; smaller, bill usually-
less than 1*65 discors, p. 299. 

d'. 
No crescent-like white band between the eyes 
and the bill of the male, which has the sides 
of the head, neck, breast, and sides bright 
chestnut; larger, bill usually more than 1-65. cyanoptera, p. 303* 

1. Querqrie&nla versicolor. 
Pato pico de tres colores, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 450, n. 440 (Paraguay) 
Anas versicolor, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 109 (1816) (ex Azara); id. Enc. 
Meth. i. p. 353 (1823); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 57 (1866); 
Sclat. § Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Sandy Point) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. 

i. p. 364 (1872); Hartert, Kat. Vogehamml p. 231 (Eio Grande, 
S. America) (1891). 
Anas maculirostris, Lichi. Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (Montevideo) (1823) ; 
Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 12G (Galapagos!). 
Anas> fretensis, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (Magellan Straits). 
Cvanopterus fretensis, Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 131 (1838); lard. § 

"Sett. III. Orn. iv. pi. 29 (1838); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 157. 
Anas niuralis, Merrem in Ersch u. Grub. Eno. sect. i. vol. xxxv. 

p. 42 (1841;. 
Cyanopterus maculirostris, Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844). 
Querquedula maculirostris, G, R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 138 
(1844); Des Murs in Gay, Hist de Chile, i. p. 452 (1848); Hartl 
Kaumannia, 1853, p. 222 ; Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); 
Phil. $ Landb. Cat. Av. CHI p. 42 (1868); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, 

p. 367 ; id. An. Mus. Nac. Bum. Air. iii. pp. 247, 320 (1888). 
Pterocyanea maculirostris, G. It. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617, n. 2 (1845) ; 
Rchnb. Syn. Av.. Natatores, t. 89. f. 181 (1845); Hartl hid. Azar. 
Apunt. p. 28, n.'440 (1847); Rchnb. Syn. Av. t. 90. f. 2344 (1850) 
[ex Jard. § Selb.); Bibra, Denkschr, Ahad. Wien, v. 2, p. 132 
(1853) (Chili); id. J.f.O. 1855, p. 57; Pelz. Reise Novara, Tog. 

* p. 139 (Chili) (1865); id. Orn. Bras. p. 464 (1870). 
Pterocyanea versicolor, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, no. 91 (syn. 
emend.) (1856). 
Querquedula versicolor, Cass. U.S. Astron. Exp. ii. p. 203 (Chili) 
(1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, 

p. 161 (Falklands); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili) ; Mat §• 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Buenos Ayres); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, 
iii. p. 83, n. 10659 (1871); Sclat # Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. 
p. 129 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 499 (1876); Sclat. 
8? Sah. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 388; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, pp. 41 (Chuput), 
191 (Buenos Avres), 1878, p. 401 (Centr. Patag., resident); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p". 522 ; Milne-Edxo. Rech. Faun. Rig. Austr. ch. ix. 
p. 46 (1882); Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 274 (Entrerios); Berl J.f. 0. 
1887, p. 124 (Paraguay); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 131 (1889); 
Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. "49 (1889); Oust Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. 
Ois. p. 207 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 207 (Argentina); Kerr, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 358,1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomayo); BerJsef. James, 
292 ANATID^E. 

New List CMl. B. p. 9, n. 154 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 
(Uruguay). 
Anas (Pterocyanea) maculirostris, Buron. J. f. O. 1880, p. 266 
(Mendoza); id. La Plata-Beise, ii. p. 516 (1861). 
Pterocyanea fretensis, Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 85 (18G9). 

Adult male. Upper half of the head blackish brown; sides of the 
head and throat whitish buff; lower part of the neck huffish, 
minutely spotted with black ; mantle and anterior scapulars black, 
the feathers edged with ochreous, and with a narrow bar of the 
same colour; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with narrow 
white bars, which are more numerous on the latter; breast huffish, 
changing into white on the abdomen, each feather with a subapical 
bpot and a bar black; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts white, 
with black bars, very narrow on the vent and central under tail-
coverts ; longer feathers of the flanks with white and black bars : 
longer scapulars brown, with a central huffish stripe; upper wing-
coverts greyish brown, the greater row white at the tip, forming a 
white band anteriorly to the glossy green speculum on the secondaries 
; the speculum more or less changing into blue towards the 
posterior half and bounded by a subapical black band, and by a 
second white one at the tip of the secondaries ; longer tertials brown ; 
primaries brown ; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the central 
ones and the axillaries white; tail brown-grey, freckled and waved 
with irregular narrow white bands : bill black, with an orange patch 
On each side at the base of the upper mandible; '* legs and feet 
green, webs black ; irides white J1 (Dumford). Total length about 
16*5 inches, wing 7*5, tail 3*4, culmen 1*6, tarsus 1*1. 

Female. Similar, but smaller, colour duller, and wing-speculum 
not so bright (Sclater). 
Young. Speculum grey, with no metallic-green colour and no 
subapical black band. 
Hah. Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chili, Patagonia, and Falklands 
; also Galapagos Islands (?). 

«, b. $ ad. etjuv. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
5 Province of Santiago, Chili 
(Leybold). 
Bio Bueno, Chili, Jan. 
Maldonado. 
Salvin-Gfodman Coll. 
H. Berkeley Jameis, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Sir AV. Burnett & 
e. Ad. sk.
/. (S ad. sk. 
Monte Video (Johnston). 
Buenos Avres, May.
Capt. Fitzroy [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
H. Dumford, Esq. 
g. Ad. st.
h. Juv. st. 
Straits of Magellan. 
Straits of Magellan.
[P.]. 
The Admiralty [P.1 . 
Sir "W. Burnett "& 
i Ad. sk. Falkland Is.
Capt. Eitzroy [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
k Ad. sk.
I Ad. sk/
w. Ad. sk. 
Falkland Is. 
Falkland Is. 
Falkland Is. (Leconte). 
Antarctic Exped. [0.1 
E. A. Holmstead, 
Esq. HP.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

36 . QTJERQUEDULA. 
293 

2. ftxierquedula puna. 
Anas puna, Lickt. Mus. Berol.; Tsch. Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, i. p. 315, 

n. 347 (Peru) ; id. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 309 (1845-46); Burm. 
Si/st. Ueb. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 439 (1869) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 360 (1872). 
Qaerquedula 
puna, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. p. 616, n. 14 (1845); Zicht. 
Nomencl. AD. p. 102 (1854); By ton. Syn. Anat. p. 81 (1869) ; 
Sclat. $ Salv. B. Z. S. 1809, p. 157 (Tungasuca); iid. Fxot. Orn. 

p. 197, pi. 99 (18G9): iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129, n. 10 
(1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 554 (.Turin); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
Ib76, p. 388; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522 (Andes of Peru and 
Bolivia) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 478 (1886); Sclat P. Z. S. 1886, 
p. 401 (Tarapaca); PMlippi, Ornis, iv.p. 160 (Antofagasta) (1888); 
Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 49 (1889); Sclat P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136 
(Tarapaca); Berk. James, New List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 156 (Tarapaca) 
(1892). * 
Punanetta leucogenys, " Tsch'1 (errore), Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. 

p. 649, n. 78 (1850). 
Punanetta puna, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, n. 10673 (1871). 
Adelonetta puna, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 346 (1890). 
Similar to Q. versicolor, but much larger, with, longer and in dry 
skins uniform black bill; the upper half of the head deep black; 
cheeks and throat purer white; the bars on the flanks much 
narrower and less sharply defined; the lower back uniform brown-
grey, with no whitish narrow bars: " bill light blue, with the 
ridge black ; eyes dark hazel; legs and toes bluish lead-colour" 
(Whiteh/). Total length 19*5 inches, wing 8*5, tail 3*8, culmen 
1-8-2-15, tarsus 1*3. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller • the upper 
half of the head dark brown ; the speculum less bright. 
Young. Has the speculum grey, without any metallic green 
colour. 
Hab. Andes of Peru, Bolivia, and Northern Chili. 

a} b. Ad. sk. Peru (Jelshi). Warsaw Museum [E.]. 

c. S 
ad. sk. Yunoca, Peru, March (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
d. 
2 ad. sk. Laguna de Tungasuca, Peru, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July (H. W.). 
e. J ad. sk. Laguna de Tungasuca, July. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.l 
f. 
<$ ad. sk. Laguna de Tangui, Peru. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.J. 
g-t 
A&. etirnm. Province of Tarapaca, Chili, H.Berkeley James, Esq. 
sk. Jan-April. [P.~|. 

3. Uuerque&ula circia. 
The Garganev. 
Querquedula,*j?rww. Orn. vi. p. 427, pl.xxxix. ff. 1, 2 (d ?) (1760). 
Querquedulci sestiva, Briss. op. cit. p. 445 (1760). 
Anas querquedula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 203, n. 32 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. 


i. p. 531, n. 32 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 872, n. 99 (1790) ; 
Bonn. Enc. Mtth. i. p. 153, pi. 39. f. 1 (1791); Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. 
iv. p. 108, tab. xiii. ft 2, 3 (trachea) (1798); Pall. Zoogr. Rosso
294 ANATIDiE. 

As. ii. p. 264 (1811); Temm. Man. p. 545 (1815); Vieill. N. D„ 

v. p. 106 (181(3) ; Bum. Bid. 8c. Fat. \i. p. 389 (1817); Temm. 
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 844 (1820); Boie, Isis, 18±>, p. 504; Licht 
Verz. Doubl.p. 84(1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 151 (1831) ; K.B. 
Abbott, P. rl. S. 1834, p. 134 (Trebizond); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. 
iv. p. 530 (1840) ; K. fy B. Wirbelth. Bur. pp. lxxxiv, 220 (1840); 
Kaum. Vog.Deutschl. xi. p. 677, Taf. 303 (lb42); Schleg. Rev. Crit. 
p. cxiv (1844) ; Midd. Sibir. Reis. ii. p. 221) (1853); Wallengr. 
Naumannia, 1854, p. 272 (Scandinavia); Bolle, J.f. 0. 1855, 
p. 365 (Spain); Blyth, Ibis, 1859, p. 464 (Lower Bengal): Finsch, 
J. f. O. 1859, p. 387 (Bulgaria) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 353 
(Ionian Ms.); Simps, ibid. pp. 341, 394 (Greece) ; Sici?ih. B. Z. 8. 
1803, p. 324 (China); Nordm. J. f. 0. 1804, p. 377 (Kuopio) ; 
Broste, ibid. p. 428 (Borkum); Schleg. Mus. F.-B., An&eres, p. 49 
(Philippines) (1866); Przew. Voy. n. 202 (1867) ; Byb. $ Farr. 
J.f.O.1868, p. 338 (Dauria); Pizeto. Futesch. Ussur. n. 202 (1870); 
Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 396 (Southern Spain); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 360 (1872) ; Tayl. Ibis, 1872, p. 233 (Crimea) ; Serertz. Turk. 
Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 9 (Ternate!) 
(1875) ; Blyth, B. of Burma, p. 166 (Arakan, Tenasseriin) (1875); 
Salvad. Orn. Fap. e Mol. iii. p. 400 (Ternate ?) (1882) ; Rchmc. 
J.f 0.1892, p. 82; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 231 (Abyssinia) 
(1891). 
Anas circia, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 204, n. 34 (1766); Gm. 8. X. i. 2, p. 533, 

n. 34 (1788); Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 155 (1791); Vieill N. B. v. 
p. 166 (1816); Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 592 (1817); Less. Tr. 
cPOrn. p. 634 (1831) ; Zegge, B. of Ceyl. p. 1080 (1880); Scully, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 593 ; Tristr. Faun. 6r Flor. of Palest, p. 316 (1884); 
Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 551, pi. 66 (egg) (1885) ; Lilford, Col. 
Fig. Brit. B. pt. xiii. pi. — (1890). 
Garganey, Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 604, n. 289,1.101 (1776); Lath 
Syn. iii. 2, p. 550, n. 87 (1785). 
Mestolone femmina {errore), Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. t. 573 (<£) 

(1776). 
Anatra quercjuedula, o Arzagola, Gerini, op. cit. t. 595 ($ ) (1776). 
Sarcelle, BAubent PL Enl. 946; Buff. Hist. Kat. Ois. ix. p. 260 

(1783). 
Sarcelle d'Ste, Buff. op. cit. p. 268 (1783). 
Summer Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 552, n. 89 (1785). 
Anas balbul, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 543, n. 124 (1788) (ex Forsh. Descr. An. 

p. 4, n. 12,1775). 
Anas crecca, var. /§, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 873 (1790). 
Anas crecca, var. 8, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 874 (1790). 
Querquedula circia, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 143, pi. 51 (1824); Boie, 
Isis, 1828, p. 329 ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 169, n. 221 (Dukhun) ; 
Gould, B. Bur. pi. 364 (1837); Dicks. $ Ross, P. Z. S. 1839, 

p. 134 (Erzeroom); Strickl. Ann. fyMag. N. H. viii. p. 545 (1842) ; 
G. R. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 137 (1844) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. 
p. 138, n. 495 (Egypt) (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus, A. 8. B. p. 305. 
n. 1781 (1849); Lnyard, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 269 (Ceylon) 
(1854); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. 
B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); Szvinh, Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); 
Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 807 (1864); Gould, B. of Great Brit, v, 
pi. 17 (pt. viii., 1865); Begl. § Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 518 (1867): 
Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 407 (Amoy); id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 427, 1871, 
p. 418 (China, Formosa) ; JSlw. $Buckl Bis, 1870, p. 340 (Turkey); 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10656 (1871); Sharp>e § Dress. 
36. &UEKQTTEDtrLA. 
295' 
B. Eur vi. p. 513, pi. 429 (pt. 5, 1871) ; 7W^. Ibis, 1872, p. 296 
(Palestine); Molds™. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479 (Ceylon): Walk Tr. 
AS. VIIL p. 102 (Celebes) (1872); Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 287 (1872); 
^LOrn.N.O^Afr. ii. 2, p. 1320 (1873) ; Hzme, Nests $ Eggs, 
P-6,f/lS73) j Dyb. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 337; Salvad. Cat Ucc. Bom. 
p. 361 (Borneo ?) (1874); Hume, Str. Feath. iii. p. 193 (Teen) (1875); 
M £% i5^71876; P-419; &*%, &r. Jiwtf. iy. p. 201 (E. Turkestan) 
(18/6); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 301 (1876); David § Oust Ois. 
Chme, p. 502 (1877); Prjev. in Bowl Orn. Misc. iii. p. 103 
(Mongolia) (1878); Blah. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 214; Hume $ 
Dams. Sir. Feath. Vi. p. 489 (Tenasserim) (1878); Cripps, Str. 
Feath. vii. p. 312 (E. Bengal) (1878); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. 
p. 115, n. 965 (1879); Scully, ibid. p. 363 (Nepal); Finsch, Verb. 
z.-k Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 263 (W. Siberia); Tiraut, Bull. Com. 
Agr. et Industr. i. 1 (1878), p. 161 (1879); Bum* $ Marsh. Game 
B. of 2nd. iii. p. 215, pi. 28 (1880); Bingh. Str. Feath. ix. p. 198 
(1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S 1880, p. 520 ; Blah. 8f Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. 
Jap. viii. p. 185 (1880), x. p. 98 (1882); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 100; 
C. Svsinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 125 ; Oates, Str. Feath. x. p. 245 (Pegu > 
(1882); Salv. Cat. B. Strichl. Coll. p. 535 (1882); Severtz. Ibis, 
1883, p. 76 (Pamir range); Nichols. Ibis, 1883, p. 86 (Borneo); 
B. O. U. list Brit. B. p. 126 (1883); Sclat List Vert. An. 8th ed. 
p. 434 (1883); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 286 (1883); Blakist. 
Amend. List B. Jap. p. 34 (1884) ; Seel. Ibis, 1884, p. 175 ; 
Stejn. Naturen, 1884, p. 9; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. 
p. 247 (Shoa) (1884); Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xliv. p. 253 (Java) 
(1884); Madar. Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. i. p. 37 (1884); Saund. 
YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 393 (1884-85); Backet, Le Natural. 
1885, p. 36; Menzb. Ibis, 1885, p. 358; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 
(Fao);. Bias. Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. iii. p. 171 (Celebes) (1886) ; 
Salvad. EL Ucc. Ital. p. 261 (1886); Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xlvL 
p. 240 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 372 (Portugal); Salvad. Ann. 
Mm. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 321 (Shoa) (1888); Salvad. $ Gigl. Mem. 
B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 137 (China) (1888); Everett, Joum, 
Str. Br. B. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (Borneo); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. 
p. 49 (1889); Saunders, Man. Brit B. p. 423 (1889); Vorderm, 
N. T. N. I.xlix. p. 419 (1889); Hume, Nests § Eggs (Oates' ed.), 
iii. p. 291 (1890); Steere, List Philipp. B. <$• M. p. 27 (Luzon) 
(1890); Evans, Ibis, 1892, p. 73 (incubation) ; Sharpe, Sec. Yark. 
' Miss., Aves, p. 131 (1891); Be la Touehe, Ibis, 1892, p. 492 (China) ; 
Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 448, pL 257 (1892); Barnes, 
Ibis, 1893, p. 174 (Aden); Styan, ibid. p. 435 (Hainan); Salvad. 
Mem. B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xliv. p. 564 (Somali) (1894). 

Querquedula 
glaucopterus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vogel 
Deutschl p. 882 (1831). 
Querquedula scapularis, Brelim, Isis, 1830, p. 997; id. Vogel Deutschl. 

p. 883 (1831). 
Boschas circia, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837) ; Jerd. Madr. Joum, 
adi. p. 220, n. 383 (1840). 
Cyanopterus circia, Exit. Mon. Anat p. 130, pi. ii. f. 3 (trachea) 
(1838); G. B. Gr. Cat Hodge. Coll. B. M. p. 146 (1846). 
Pterocyanea circia, Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital., Ucc. Introd. p. 17 (1841) ; 
id. Cat Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 71 (1842); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617, 
n 1 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. ff. 183-185 (1845); 
id. Av. Suet. Nat p.ix (1852) ; Bolle, J. f. 0.1855, p. 314 (Albufera); 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 363 (E. Atlas) ; Hartm. J.f.O. 1863, 

p. 309 (South of Dongola); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 443 (Great Brit.) j 
296 
ANATID.3B. 

JEijt.8yn.Anat p. 84 (1869); Toes. J.f 0. 1870, p. 55 (Constantina). 
Anas (Querquedula) humeralis, 8. Mull. Verli. Land- en Volkenl\ 

p. 159 (Java) (1839-44). 
Querquedula vulgaris, Ilodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 8Q, n. 767 
(1844). 
Cyanopterus querquedula, llartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844) ; 
Tleuql. Syst. Uehers. n. 692 (1855) ; Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. 
Tent. p. 147 (1872): v. Koch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 139; Alst. $ J£.~ 
Brozon, Ibis, 1873, p. 71. 

Querquedula humeralis, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 13 (1845); 
Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 616, n. 98 (1856). 

Pterocvanea 
querquedula, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); Bp. 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 93 (1856); Di/b. J.f. 0.1873, p. 110 ; 
Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (1877); id. Orn. Faun. Yost. 
Sibir. p. 70 (1877); Heugl. Faun. Roth. Meer. n. 286 (1881) ; 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 343 (1883); Byb. # Tacz. op. cit. 

ix. p. 147 (Bering I) (1884). 
Pterocyanea glaucopteros, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 374 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Pterocyanea scapularis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 374 (1855) ; id. Kaumannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Anas glaucoptera, C. F. Dub. PL Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 274 (I860). 
Anas (Cyanopterus) querquedula, Radde, Rets. S. O.-Sib. iii. p. 370 

(1863). 
Querquedula numeralis (errore), Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 808 (1864). 
Querquedula querquedula, Baird, Am. Journ. of 8c. c§* Arts, xli. 

p. 339 (1866) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 283; 8tejn. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. 
no. 29, p. 156 (Kamschatka) (1885) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. 
p. 136 (note) (1887). 
Anas pterocyanea, Goeldlin, J.f.O. 1879, p. 382 (Schaffhausen). 
Anas (Querquedula) circia, Rclinw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20; id. 
Vog. zool. Gdrt. p. 55 (1882). 
Cyanopterus querquedulus (!}, Radde, Ornis Cauc. p. 457 (1884). 

Adult male. Upper part of the head and occiput brown-black; 
from above the eyes, on each side of the head, a whitish band, 
extending to the sides of the occiput; sides of the head and upper 
part of the neck chocolate-brown, streaked with white; chin black; 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish, each feather edged 
with greyish olive; scapulars elongated and pointed, black, with a 
central stripe of white; breast with brown and black crescentic 
bands, producing a scaly-like appearance; lower breast white; 
abdomen, sides, and flanks white, waved with narrow black lines; 
longer feathers of the flanks bounded by a subapical white band, 
and a bluish-grey band at the tip; sides of the rump and under 
tail-coverts whitish, with black spots ; upper wing-coverts and outer 
scapulars bluish grey; wing-speculum on the secondaries glossy 
green, bounded anteriorly by a white band formed by the greater 
wing-eoverts, and posteriorly by another white band at the tip of 
the secondaries; primaries and tail-feathers brown, the latter edged 
with whitish; under wing-coverts dark grey, the central ones, like 

the axillaries, white : bill black, irides hazel; legs, toes, and their 
membranes greyish brown. Total length about 16 inches, wing 7'75, 
tail 2*75, culmen 1'62, tarsus 1*2. 

36. amEEauEDTJLA. 
Female. General colour of the upper parts dark brown, each 
feather with a pale margin; broad superciliary stripe whitish; a 
dusky band behind the eyes: sides of the head and neck whitish, 
streaked with black; chin and throat white; feathers of the lower 
fore neck blackish, with whitish edges; breast and abdomen white; 
sides. Tent, and under tail-coverts white, with brown-black spots; 
wings greyish brown; a dull metallic-green speculum, bounded 
anteriorly and posteriorly by two white bands: under wing-coverts 
brown, margined with white, the greater ones pure grey, the central 
ones, like the axillaries, white. Size smaller than that of the male. 

Young in first plumage resemble the females, but are darker and 
more suffused with rufous on the breast. 

Adult males in ntovUhig phi mage closely resemble adult females, 
but are darker in colour, and may be distinguished by the brighter 
alar speculum (tietbohn). 

Downy nt-stllng resembles that of the Mallard, but it is smaller, 
and has a broad unbroken buff streak above the eye, and a well-
defined dark streak through the eye (Yarrell). 

Hah. Paltuaretic Eegion, wintering in Northern Africa as far south 
m Shoa and Somali-land, in Palestine, India with Ceylon, in Burmah, 
('hina, Japan, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Ternate, and Ceram. 

«T #• 6 2 a& s^* England, March. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

N< »rfolk, Feb. 

c. (S ad, at. 
d. £ ad. *k Itockland, Norfolk, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
e. (S ad. *-k. Norwich, March. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
f. <J ad. hk. Suffolk. Tweeddale Coll. 
//. <j ad. &k. Somersetshire. Montagu Coll. 

A, i. <J J ad. sk Shoreham, Kent; March. Seebohm Coll. 

k~n. d* ad. sk. Egypt, April. Shelley Coll. 

o, p. d S ad. sk. Bagdad. 

Kenneth Loffcus, Esq. 
[P.]. 

q. r. c 2 a^-s^-Fao? Persian Gulf. W. D. Cummmg, 
Esq. [PO-
Omsk, May. St. George Littledale, 

s- r. cf ? ad. sk. 

Esq. [P.]. 
Colonel J. Biddulph 

«?. c5 ad. sk. Pamir. 

[P.]. 

Dr. R. Bowdler 

Jf ¥~ cJ $ ^d. sk. Yarkand. 

Sharpe [P.]. 
z, c? ad. sk Kandahar, March. 


Lt.-Col. Swinhoe 

Colonel J. Biddulph 

Gilgit, Sept. 
[P.J


V. 2 ad. sk. Leh, Sept. (F. Stoliczka). India Museum [P.]. 
c\ <F. <J 5 imm. st. India. 
Purchased. 
/, cf iiam.sk Ahmedabad, Bee. Seebohm Coll. 
/' . 5> ad.sk Karachi, Dec. (E. A, Butler). Hume Coll. 
#', //. (J ad. sk Sambhur, March, April (H. Hume Coll. 

M. Adam). 
t'-r'. c£ ? ad. sk Gur«caon, BelhiJ April, May Hume Coll. 

(W. N. CMll). 
*',£*. d ad.etimm. Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Jan., Hume Coll. 
sk. March, Dec. 


298 
ANATIDJE. 

u'. (S juv. sk. Raipur, 0. Provinces. 
v\ w'. ' $ imm. sk Eta wall. 
:v', y\ c'. <$ ad. sk. Futtehgurh, March, May (A. 

p2, q3, r3. S ad. et Lower Pegu, March, Oct. 
$ imm. sk. 
s3~v3. 2 ad. et 6 Kadaikeglay, near Thatone, 

juv. sk. Dec. (W. Davison). 
w3, x3. S ad. sk. Cochin China. 
y3. 6 ad. sk. Lob-nor, March (Prjevalsky). 
z3. d ad. sk. China. 

a.K 2 juv. sk. China (Tuckett). 
V. 2 ad. sk. Shanghai, China, April. 
c\ d\ S 2 ad« sk-Shanghai, March (H. Sioin


hoe). 
e4-. 6 ad. sk. N. Formosa, March (E. S.). 
/ 4. <$ imm, sk. Yokohama, Japan. 
#4. c? ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, March. 
A4. $ ad. sk. Baram, N.W. Borneo. 
i\ h\ 2 ad. sk. Labuan, Nov. 

/*, m4. ^ P imm. Menado, N. Celebes. 
sk. 
^4, o4. c? ad. sk. et Ceram. 
$ ad. sk. 
;?4. Skeleton. England. 

<74. Sternum. England. 
r4. Sternum. England. 
*l, *4. Skulls. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Capt. Stackhouse 

Pinwill [P.]. 
Hume ColL 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
India Museum [P.]. 


India Museum [P.], 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum [P.], 


Tweeddale ColL 


Tweeddale Coll. 


E. 
W. Oates, Esq. 
[C]. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Hume Coll. 

M. St. Pierre [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale ColL 
F. W. Styan, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm ColL 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
C. Hose, Esq. [0.]. 
A. H. Everett, Esq. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Purchased. 

T. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
J, Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
a". <$ imm. sk. 

b"~e". $ ad. sk. 
/". 2 ad. sk. 
&",h",i". c?S ad. 

sk. 

k". § ad. sk. 

l"-r". (S $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 

s", t", u". 6 2 

imm. et juv. sk. 
v". 6 juv. sk. 
iv"-a3. £ 2 ad. et 

$ juv. sk. 
b\ 2 ad. sk. 
c3. 6 ad. sk. 
d\ e3. 2 ad. sk. et 

semi-albino variety. 
f\ g3, h3. <$ ad. et

imm. sk. 

iA. 6 ad. sk. 

V-n\ ? J ad. sk. 

2 
ad. sk. 

Anderson). 
Kheree Dist., Feb. (A. A.). 
Allahabad, March (A. 0. JS.). 
Oudli; Jan. 
Oudli. 

Hills N. of Mussorie. 
Nepal. 

Nepal (Hodgson). 

Darjeeling. 
Native Sikhim, March, Oct. 

(L. Mandelli). 
Assam (McClelland). 
Manipur (A. 0, H.). 
Calcutta, Feb. (A. 0. H.). 
Deccan (Sykes) 

Madras. 
Tonghoo, Oct., Dec. (R. G. 


W. JR.). 
Pegu, Sept. 

Eyovid. 

Querquedula circia x Spatula clypeata. 
u\ $ st. Kept in confinement. Zool. Soc. 

36 . QUERQTJEDtJLA. 
299 

4. Querquedula discors* 
Querquedula americana variegata, Catesb. Carol i. p. 100,t.100 (tf) 
(1754). 
Querquedula americana fiibca, Catesb. Carol i. p. 99, t. 99 (J) 

(1754). 
Querquedula americana, Briss. Orn. \l p. 453 (17G0). 
Querquedula virginiana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 455 (1760). 
Anas discors, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 205, n. 37 (1766) (ec Catesby); Gm. 

8. N. i. 2, p. 535, n. 37 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 854, n. 55 
(1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 156, pi. 41. f. 2 ($) (1791): Wils. 
Am. Orn. viii. p. 74, pi, m. f. 4 (1814); Vieill. N. I), v. 'p. 175 
(1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 399 (1817); Bp. Obs. Wils. 
n. 262 (1825); id. Syn. p. 385 (1828),-Licht. Preis-Verz. mexic. 
Tog. p. 3 (1830); Wagl lsis, 1831, p. 532 (Mexico) ; Less. Trt 
oVOrn. p. 634 (Cayenne!) (1831); And. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. Ill, 
pi. 313 (1838); id. Syn. p. 282 (1839); JD'Orb. in La Sagra's 
Mist Nat Cuba, Ois. p. 294 (1840); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 287, 
pi. 393 (1843); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 315 (1844); BeKay, N 

Y. Zool ii. p. 339 (1844); Licht J.f. 0. 1803, p. 59 (Mexico); 
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 50 (1866); Sundev. (Efv. K Vet-
Ah. Fork. 1869, p. 591 (St. Bartholomew), p. 603 (Porto Rico) ; 
Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. p. 119 (Minnesota) (1871); Gieb. Thes. 
Om. i. p. 350 (1872); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 551 (1885); 
A. O. U. Cheek-list N. Am. B. p. 116, n. 140 (1886); Turner, 
Contr. N. If. of Alaska, p. 133 (1886); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll in 
Alaska, p. 69 (1887) ; Pddgic. Man. N. Am. B. p. 93 (1887): 
Winge, Ornis, 1888, p. 412 (Saby, Denmark) ; Hartert, Kat. 
Vogelsamml. p. 231 (lb91) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 45 (1892) ; 
Chapm. Bull Amm\ Mus. N. II. 1894, p. 83 (Trinidad). 
Sarcelle de Cayenne, ditte la Soucrourou, BAubent. PI Enl. 966 

(c?), 403(8). 
Sarcelle Soucrourou, Byff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix.p. 279 (<$) (1783). 
Sarcelle Soucrourette, Buff. op. cit. p. 280 ( $ ) (1783). 
White-faced Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 502, n. 50 (1785). 
Querquedula discors, 8teph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 149 (1824); Boie, 

lsis, 1828, p. 329 ; G. P. Or. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 138 (1844); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa); Sails, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 237 

(S. Domingo); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 779 (1858); id. Mex. B. 
Sum. p. 20 (1859); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 591 (1859); Bryant, 
Pr. Boat. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122 (Bahamas) (1859); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 393 (Oaxaca); Sclat. fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 231 (Guatemala) 
; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 254 (Orizaba); Coop, fy Suckl N. 
H. Wash. Terr. p. 254 (1860) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 82 
(Jamaica); Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 9 (Brit. N. Amer.); Boss, 
Canad. Nat, April 1802; Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. p. 153 (1862) ; 
Hayd. Pep. 1862, p. 176; Blakist. Ibis. 1863, p. 146; March, Pr. 
Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 71 (Jamaica) ; Later. Ann. Lyc.N. Y. viii. 
p. 101 (Sombrero) (1804), p. 297 (1866); Salv. I&w, 1865, p. 193 
(Guatemala); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texas, breeding); Gundl 
Pep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 389 (1866); Degl 8p Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 
ii. p. 520 (1867); Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. p. 299 (1868); Sclat 
fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 252 (Valencia, Venezuela) ; Lawr. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 143 (Costa Eica) (1868); Ball $ Bonn. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 297 (Alaska, breeding) (1869); Pefc. Orn. 
Bras. p. 460 (Brazil!) (1870); Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 (Veragua); 
G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10659 (1871); Allen, Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 183 (Kansas) (1872); Aiken, Pr. Post. 
300 
ANATID2E. 

Soc. xv. p. 210 (Colorado) (1872); Trippe, ibid. p. 241 (Iowa) 
(1872); Coues, Key, p. 287 (1872); id Cheek-lid, n. 496 (1873); 
Snow, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873); Sclat. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. 

p. 129 (1873); Coues, Birds N.- West, p. 566 (1874) ; Lawr. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874); GundL J.f 0. 
1874, p. 314 (Porto Eico), 1875, p. 380 (Cuba); Sclat. $ Salv. 
F.Z. S. 1870, p. 383; GundL An. Soc. JBsp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 404 
(Porto Eico) (1878); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879. p. 543 (Medellin) 
; Cory, B. Bahama I. p. 186 (1880); Sclat. F. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 521; Ridyw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 609 (1881); A. # E. Newt. 
Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl Coll. p. 535 
(1882); Coueb, Check-list, 2nd ed. n. 716 (1882); B. O. If. List 
Brit. B. p. 126 (1883); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 696 
(1884); P., B., cV JR., Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 531 (1884); 
Saund. TarrelPs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 392 (1884) ; Matsch. # 
Ziemer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 191; Cory, B. Haiti and San Domingo, 
p. 168 (1885); id. List Birds W. J. p. 31 (1885); Wells, List B. 
Grenada, p. 10 (1886); Ernst, Rev. Cient. Univ. Centr. Venez. i. 
p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887); Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 63 ; id. B. W. Ind. 
p. 
264 (1889); Salv. Ibis, 1889, p. 377 (Oozuniel); Feild. ibid. 
p. 590 (Barbados); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889). 
Anas (Bosehas) discors, Sw. § Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 444 
(1831); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 397 (1834). 
Bosehas discors, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837); Benny, P. Z. S. 
1847, p. 40. 
Cyanopterus discors, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 131 (1838): Bp. Comp. List, 

p. 57 (1838); Gosse,B. Jam.?. 401 (1847); Cab.'fy Gundl. J.f O. 
1857, p. 228; Sclat. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 83 (Ecuador); Taylor, Ibis, 
1860, p. 315 (Tigre Island); Bias. B. Eur. p. 21 (France) (1862) ; 
GundL J.f O. 1871, p. 289. 
Pterocyanea 
discors, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617, n. 3 (1845); 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. ff. 176-177 (1845) ; Bp. Compt. 
Rend. xlii. p. 664 (Nicaragua) (1853); Woodh. Sityr. Rep. p. 103 
(1853); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. 

xliii. p. 650, n. 90 (1856); Neiob. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 103 (1857) 
(California and Oregon, rnav rather refer to Q. cyanoptera); Bp. 
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, p. 62 (Manche); Moore, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 64 (Honduras); Brew. Fr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 
(Cuba) (1861); Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 516 (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat. 
p. 86 (1869); Frantz. J.f.O. 1869, p. 378 (Costa liica). 
Cyanopterus inornatus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 402 ($ ) (1847); id. 
Jamaica III pi. cxi. (1849); Sclat. F.Z.S. 1861, p. 82 (? =Q. 
discors); Albrecht, J.f.O. 1862, p. 206. 

Pterocyanea inornata, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. App. p. 28 (1849); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 87. f. 2556 (1850) {ex Gosse, III); Bp. 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 89 (1856); Eyt. Sy?i. Anat. p. 84 
(1869). 

Qnerquedula 
clypeata {errore), Albrecht, J.f.O. 1862, p. 207 
(Jamaica). 
Querquedula inornata, March, Fr. Ac. Fhilad. 1864, p. 71 (Jamaica): 

A. # E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881). 
Anas 
(Querquedula) discors, Bryant, Fr. Bost Soc. N. H. xi. p. 97 
(San Domingo) (1867) *. 

* 
The following synonyms seem also to belong to Q. discors:— 
Querquedula mexieana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 458, n. 37 (1766) {ex Toltecoloctli, 
Hern. Hist. Nov. Hisp. p. 36, Cap. cv.). 

36 . QJTERQTJEDTJLA. 
301 

Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dull plumbeous, 
slightly glossed with green on the occiput and nape, and marked in 
front of the eyes by a large crescentic band of white, extending 
from the sides of the forehead to the sides of the throat; pileum and 
chin blackish; back and anterior scapulars dusky, marked with 
U-shaped bars of pale reddish buff; rump and upper tail-coverts 
blackish, with lighter edges; lower parts pale reddish, thickly spotted 
with black ; under tail-coverts black; a white patch at the base of 
the tail on each side; longer scapulars black, with a central stripe 
of buff; lesser wing-coverts and outer webs of some of the outer 
scapulars pale blue ; greater coverts white, forming a bar anteriorly 
to the wing-speculum on the secondaries, which is glossy green ; the 
tips of the secondaries bluish black; primaries and tail-feathers 
blackish brown; under wing-coverts dusky bluish, the central ones 
and axillaries white: bill uniform black; iris brown ; feet yellowish. 
Total length about 16 inches, wing 7*5, tail 3*25, culmen 1*75, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Female. Upper parts dusky, the feathers bordered with whitish 
buff; pileum blackish: sides of the head and upper neck dull 
whitish, minutely streaked with blackish, the streaks more dense 
before and behind the eye, forming an indistinct dusky stripe ; the 
throat almost immaculate ; feathers of the underparts dusky, with 
broad whitish edges and irregular bars, the bars more of a Y-shape 
on the flanks; no light stripes along the centre of the longer 
scapulars; wings as in the male, but the green speculum much 
duller, and the white band formed by the tip of the last row of 
upper wing-coverts narrower. 

Males moulting, similar to the fern ales, but the wings of a brighter 
colour, and the markings of the feathers better defined. 
Young. Similar to the adult female, but whole belly immaculate, 
and speculum dull greyish brown, without metallic gloss. 
Hab. ]N"orth America, but chiefly east of Rocky Mountains; in 
winter "West Indies and Middle America, south to Columbia, Ecuador, 

and Peru. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
b. S ad. sk.
c. S ad. st.
d. 6 ad. sk.
e. 5 ad. sk. 
No locality. 
N. America. 
Repulse Bav. 
"W. side of Rocky Mts. 
Hudson's River. 
Purchased. 
Capt. KellettLieut. Wood [ 
Dr. J. Rae [P.]. 
J. K Lord, Esq. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
and 
P.]. 
[P.]. 

Sarcelle du Mexique, Buff. Rist. Kat. Ois. ix. p. 285 (1783). 

Mexican Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 539, n. 78 (1785). 

Anas novse hispanise, Gm. S. K i. p. 525, n. 94 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 
p 868, n. 89 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 160 (1791); Weill K D. 

v. p. 173 (1816); Dim. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1817); Wagl. Isis, 
1831, p. 532(=discors). 
Querquedula novae hispanise, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 153 (1824). 
Pterocyanea novas hispanise, 6>. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617, n. 5 (1845); Bp. 

Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, n. 88 (1856). 

ANATID2E. 

f~l cT $ ad. et 

5 imui. sk. 

h\ 
<$ juv. sk. 

/. c£ ad. sk. 

in, n. 2 ad. et 
pull. sk. 
o, 5 ad. sk. 

p. 
$ ad. sk. 
t/. 
J juv. sk. 

/•, ,s\ Ad. sk. 

t, ft. <3 2 ad-sk


*>-?/. 2 ad. et <$ 

juv. sk. 

c, a'. 6 ? ad. sk. 

//. <$ ad. sk. 

adfek

t'-/'. 6 2-


ad 
sk

</-/'. 6 2«


w'. 2 ad. sk. 

n'. d ad. sk. 

r ad et 

o'f p. 62 
imm. sk. 


q', r', s'. 2 ad- et 
cJ imm. sk. 
$*, 2 ad. sk. 

u'. c5 ad. 8&


i>', w'. Ad. sk. 

,v'} Ad. sk. 

y'. Ad. sk. 

«'. tf juv. sk. 

a". <$ juv. sk. 

b". <S juv. sk. 

c". <$ juv. sk. 

<#''. J ad. sk. 

e". [2 ad.]sk. 

/". Ad. sk. 

Fort Duff oi in, June. 

Warner Lake, Oregon, Sept. 
Missouri Brakes, Montana, 
April. 
Washoe Lake, Nevada, May, 
June. 
Ontona^o, Michigan, Sept. 

(A. J. Dayan). 
Gibson, Indiana, April ( W. 
Brewster). 
New 
Haven, Sept. (A. J. 
Day an). 

Bermudas, Oct. 

Florida, March (C. J. Maynard). 


Tarpon Springs, Florida, Oct. 

(W. E. D.Scott). 
Texas. 
San Antonio, Texas, April 

(H. JE. Dresse?*). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Jan., 
Oct., Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 


Brownsville, Texas, March 

(F. B. A.). 
Weaversville, N. California, 

Sept. (J. S. Cairns). 
Mexico. 
Tamesi, near Tampico, 

Mexico, March (W. B. 
Richardson). 
Presidio, Mexico, Jan. (A. 
Forrer). 

Ciudad Durango, Mexico, 
Aug. (A. Forrer). 
Mugeres I., Yucatan, Feb. 

(G. F. Gaumer). 
Duenas, Guatemala (0. 8.). 
Duenas, Guatemala (0 8.). 
Duenas, Guatemala, Nov. 

(o. a). 
Coban, Guatemala, Jan. 

(0. &). 
San Jose-, Costa Rica, May 
(M. L. Calleja). 
Costa Rica (Entires). 
Laguna de Castillo, Veragua 
(ArcS). 

S. America. 
Medellin, U.S. of Columbia, 
(T. X. Salmon). 
Vicinity of Bogota (G* Crowther). 


Brit. N. Am er.Bound. 
Comm. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coil. 

E. 
S. Cameron, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt. S. G. Reid 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

BE. J. Elwes, Esq. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

36. QtrERQUEDTJIA. 
30 3 
if. $ ad. sk. Lima, Peru (Nation), Salvin-Qodniau (loll. 
h". ? ad. sk. Jamaica, \V. Indieb. P. II. GOHSO, Esq. 

[0.1


i", I". (S ad. et <J Jamaica. 
Gould Coll. 

imm. st. 
Z". Ad. sk. Nevis, W. Indies. W. Cottle, Esq. 
m" . $ sk. S. Vincent, W. Indies, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(B. W. Smith). 
, o". S sk. Grenada, Sept. (B. W. Smith). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sternum. Jamaica. 

P. 
II. Gosse, Ehq. 
[0.]. 
q". Sternum. 

5. UixerqTie&iila cyanoptera. 
Pato alas azulas, Azara, Apunt. iii. pp. 437, 439, n. 434 (1805). 
Canard aux ailes bleues, Azara, Voy. (Sonn. ed.) iv. p. 341 (1800). 
Anas cyanoptera, Vieill. N. B. v. p. 104 (1810); id. JSnc. Meth. i. 

p. 352 (1823); Merr&m in JErsch u. Grub. JSnc. sect. i. -vol. xxx\. 
p. 33 (1841) ; Burm. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 516 (1801) ; Schkg. 
Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 51 (1866); Gieh. Thes. Orn. i. p. 349 
(1872) ; A. O. U. List N. Amer. B. p. ]17, n. 141 (1886); Ridgw. 
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 93 (1887); Prenzel, J. f. O. 1892, p. 125 
(Cordoba); JEart&rt, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 231 (Mexico) (1891); 
Hatch, B. ofMinnes. p. 47 (1892). 
PAnas jaspid'ea, Vieill. N. B. v. p. 162 (Paraguay) (1810) (ex 

Azara). 
Canard a tete jaspe"e, Vieill. ibid. ; id. Enc. Mtth. i. p. 352 (1823). 
Anas rafflesii, King, Zool. Joicrn. iv. p. 97 (1828), Suppl. pi. 29 

(Magellan Straits); Jard. § Sell. III. Orn. new ser. pi. 23 (1838); 
Cass. Journ. Ac. Philad. iv. p. 195 (Louisiana) (1848). 
Cyanopterus rafflesii, JEyt. Mon. Anat. pp. 38, 132 (1838) : Hartl. 
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844). 

Querquedula cserulata, u JEyton^ (scribe ceeruleata), Fraser, P. Z. S. 
1843, p. 118; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 138 (1844) ; 
Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 54 (egg) ,* Des Murs in Gay's Hist, cle 
Chile, i. p. 452 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 305, 

n. 1782 (1849) ; Hartl Naumannia, 1853, pp. 217, 222; Gould, 
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 95 (Falklands); Philippi, Ornis, 1888, p. 160 
(Antofagasta). 
Anas cseruleata, Licht.,fide G, It. Gr. List B. Brit Mm. iii. p. 138 
(in synonym. Querquedulse cseruleatae) (1844); Licht. in Mus. 
Berol, Bibra, Benhschr. Ah. Wien, v. p. 131 (Chili) (1853); id. 


J.f. 0.1855, p. 57. 
Pterocyanea caeru'eata, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617, n. 4 (1845); 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. f. 178 (1845), t. 90. f. 2337 
(1850) (ex Jard. et Selby); Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 27, n, 434 
(1847); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 220 (California) (1852): 
Bp. Compt Rend, xxxviii. p. 664 (California) (1853); Woodh. 
Sitgr. Bep. p. 103 (Texas, New Mexico, California) (1853); Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (Mexico, Chili) (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. 

xliii. p. 650, n. 87 (1856); Newb. P. P. R. Rep. vi. p. 103 (S. California) 
(1857); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vogel, p. 139 (1865); Phil fy 
Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 42 (Chili) (1868). 
? Boschas discors occidentalis, Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40. 
Pterocyanea rafflesii, Baird, Stansbury's Rep. p. 322 (Great Salt 
Lake) (1852) ; JSyt. Syn. Anat. p. 88 (1869). 


304 A2TATID2E. 

Quorquedula cyanoptera, Select. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 164 (Bogota, Sta, 
Martha): Cass. III. B. Calif, p. 82, pi. 15 (Louisiana, Utah) 
(1855); id. US. Astron. JEip. ii. p. 202 (185G); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1856, p. 311 (Mexico); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 780 (Rocky Mountains 
to Pacific) (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 582 (1859); id. 
Mex. B. Surv. ii. 2, Birds, p. 26 (Texas) (1859); Sclat. P .Z. 8. 
1859, p. 287 (Vancouver I.); Kenn. P. R. R. Rep. x. Birds, p. 35 
(Arizona and California) (1859); Heerm. ibid. p. 69 (New-
Mexico and California) (1859); Coop, fy Sudd, ibid. xii. p. 255 
(Oregon) (1860); Sclat P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands) ; Abbott, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 161; Cones, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Arizona) ; 
id. Ibis, 1866, p. 263 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili) ; Baird, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 271; Sclat. § Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point) ; 
Brmo7i, Ibis, 1868, p. 428; Sclat. $ Sab. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 160 
(Buenos Ayres); Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming) 
; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10657 (1871); Merr. 

U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872, p. 703 (Idaho, breeding); Aiken, Pr. 
Post. Soc. xv. p. 210 (Colorado) (1872); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. 
Zool iii. p. 183 (Utah) (1872); Coues, Key, p. 288 (1872); id. 
Chech-list, n. 497 (1873); Sclat. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. 
p. 129 (1873): Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. W. H. v. p. 314 (Mexico) 
(1874); Cones, Birds N.-West, p. 567 (1874); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, 
p. 554 (Centr. Peru); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 17, 384 
(Peru); Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163, 1877, p. 41 (Chuput), p. 191 
(Buenos Ayres); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 146 (W. Peru); Durnf. 
Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Centr. Patagonia) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. o22 ; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Talcahuano); Ridgw. No?n. N. Am, 
B. n. 610 (1881); Coues, Chech-list, 2nd ed.p. 114, n.717 (1882); 
Milne-Edio. Rech. Faun. RSg. Austral, ch. ix. p. 46 (1882) ; Salv. 
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 536 (1882); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625 ; 
B., B., 8> JR. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 534 (1884); Barrows, 
Auk, 1884, p. 273 (Pampas); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 696 (1884); Tacz. § Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 116 (Ecuador) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 401 (Tarapaca); Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 474 
(1886); Berl. J.f.O. 1887, p. 133; Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 130 
(1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B p. 49 (1889); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891, 
p. 136 (Tarapaca); Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 203 
(1891) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomayo); Holland, 
ibid. p. 206 (Argentina); Berl. <§• Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 399; 
Berk. James, New Libt CHI. B. p. 9, n. 152 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 
1894, p. 200 (Uruguay). 
Anas (Pterocyanea) coeruleata, Burm.J.f. 0.1860, p. 266 (Mendoza, 
Parana). 
Pterocyanea cyanoptera, Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argentina) : 
id. An. Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 247 (1888). 

Adult male. Head, neck, and lower parts uniform rich glossy 
chestnut; top of head blackish ; belly shaded with blackish; under 
tail-coverts black; mantle, middle of the back, rump, and npper 
tail-coverts brown-black, with the edges of the feathers paler ; 
scapulars chestnut, with black bands, the longer ones narrow, 
pointed, black, with a central buff stripe; wing-coverts and also 
the outer web of some of the outer scapulars smalt-blue, the 
greater row of the wing-coverts white, forming a white band 
anteriorly to the glossy green wing-speculum on the secondaries; 

36 . QTTEKQirEDTTLA. 
primaries, primary-coverts, and bastard-wing dark brown; under 
wing-coverts brown, with, a bluish shade, and tipped with white, 
the inner ones, like the axillaries, white; tail-feathors brown, with 
narrow pale edges : bill black; feet yellow; iris dark brown. Total 
length about 18 inches, wing 7'9, tail 3'5, culmen 1*9, tarsus 
1-25. 

Female. Very similar, to that of Q. discors, but somewhat larger, 
the bill especially; culmen 1-65-1-85; the feathers of the back less 
blackish, and with the pale greyish-brown edges broader and much 
more conspicuous; lower parts deeply tinged with light brown or 
buff-brown. 

Young. Similar to adult female, but markings of lower parts much 
narrower, streak-like. 

Young in down. " Above dark olivaceous, varied by a spot of deep 
greenish buff on each side of back (behind wings) and a spot of 
clearer yellowish on each side of rump, at base of tail; top of head 
and hiad-neck similar to back, but darker; forehead, broad superciliary 
stripe, sides of head and neck, and lower parts generally, 
deep buff-yellow, the sides of the head marked with a distinct 
narrow stripe of dark brown." (Ridgway.) 

Hah. Western America, from the Columbia Eiver to Chili, Paraguay, 
Argentine Republic, Patagonia and Falkland Islands; casually 
in the Missisippi Valley. 

a. <S ad. sk. 
N". America. Capt.Kellett&Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
6, e. <5 ad. sk. Carson, Nevada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d, e,f. tf ad. sk. California (_D. 8. Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. c? ad. sk. California, Dec. {H. G. Par-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
leer). 
h, i. <$ ad. sk. San Francisco, California. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k-n. <$ ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll. 

March, April (F. B. Armstrong). 
Of p. $ ad. et <J Presidio, Mexico, Feb. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. Forrer). 

q. 
(5 ad. sk. Interior of N*ew Granada Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Trubner). 
r. c? ad. sk. 
Chili. Lord Byron [P.]. 
s, $ ad. sk. ChiH. Cuming Coll. 
t-z. c? $ ad. et Sacaya, Tarapaca, Jan., Feb., H. Berkeley James, 

imm. sk. March. Esq.. [P.]. 
a'y V. <$ ad. sk Sitani, Tarapaca, Jan. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq.. [P.]. 
c'-k'. 6 ? ad. et Central Chili. H. Berkeley James,. 
Esq.[P.]. 

<$ juv. sk. 

T. $ 
ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Leylold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Colchagua, Chili, July. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
m', ri. 3 $ ad. sk. 

[P.]. 
o',p'. <S2 ad.sk. Talcahuano, Chili, Sept. Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
g/. <$ ad. sk. Monte Video (Johnston). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r'. <S ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, May. H. Durnford, Esq. 

[P.]. 

vol.. XXVIIt 

306 ANATIOZE. 
$'. $ irarn. sk. Straits of Magellan. Capt. King [C.]. 
t', u'. S $ ad. sk. Falkland Is., August. Gould Coll. 
v'9 w\ $ ad. et Falkland Is. Tweeddale Coll. 
<$ juv. sk. 

37. SPATULA. 
Type. 
Spatula, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 564 S. clypeata. 
Khynchaspis, Leach, MSS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 114 

(1824) S. clypeata. 
Spatulea, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 123 (1828) S. clypeata. 
Clypeata (subgen.), Less. Man. d?Orn. ii. p. 416 (1828).. S. clypeata. 
Clypeata, " Boie," Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 S. clypeata. 
Anas, Sw. {nee Linn.) Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 439 (1831). S. clypeata. 

Range, Cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a* Longer scapulars with, a white hand along the 

central part; abdomen deep chestnut. 
a'. Head and upper portion of the neck deep 

glossy green clypeata o ? p. 306. 
b'. Head and upper portion of the neck bluish 

lead-colour, with a white crescentic band 

between the base of the bill and the eyes, 

extending to the throat rhynchotis £, p. 314. 
e'. Head and neck light rufescent, minutely 
dotted with black platalea $ , p. 316. 

b. Longer scapulars dark blue-green, more bluish 
on the outer web, with no white band 
along the central part; abdomen with no 
chestnut colour capensis <$, p. 318. 
1. Spatula clypeata. 
The Shoveler. 

Anas americanus lato rostro, Catesb. Carol, i. t. 96 (5) (1754). 

Anas fera sive Boschas niexicana, Briss. Orn. yi. p. 327, n. 5 (1760) 

(ex Hernandez). 
Anas clypeata, Briss. Orn. yi. p. 329, n. 6, tab. xxxii. f. 1 (1760). 
Anas clypeata mexicana, Briss. op. eit. p. 337, n. 7 (1760) (ex Mem.). 
Anas clypeata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 200, n. 19 (1766); Scop. Ami. I. 

Hist. Nat. n. 70 (1769); id. Bemerh. Naturg. p. 63 (1770); Gm. 

S. N. i. p. 518, n. 19 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 856, n. 60 
(1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Mtth. i. p. 150 (1791); Lath. Tr. Linn. Boo. 
iv. p. 109, pi. xiii. &. 4, 5 (trachea) (1798); Illig. Prodr. p. 270 
(1811); Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 282 (1811) ; Wils. Am. Oni. 
viii. p. 65, pi. 67. f. 7 (1814) ; Temm. Man. Orn. p. 543 (1815) : 
Fieill. K I), Y. p. 155 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 370 
(1817); Temm. op. eit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 842 (1820): Brehm, Lehrb. Bur. 
Vog. ii. p. 788 (1823); Licht. Verz. Boubl p. 84 (Egypt, Nubia) 
(1823); Bp. Obs. Wilson, n. 255 (1825) ; id. Syn. p 382 (1828); 
Less. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 416(1828); Licht. Preis-Verz. mexic 
Vog. p. 3 (1830); Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 532 (Mexico); Sw. $ 
Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii, p. 439 (1831); Less, Tr. WOrn. p. 632 
37 . SPATTTLA. 
307 

(1831); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii.p. 154 (1831) ; Mhietr. Cat Pais. Cam. 

p. 57 (Caspian) (1832); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 375 (1834); Jen. Man. 
p. 230 (1835); Nordm. in Brmarfs Verz. TMer. Pflanz. p. 18 
(1835); Sio. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. 
p. 241, pi. 327 (1838); id. Syn. p. 283 (1839); Temm. Man. 
2nd ed. iv. p. 540 (1840); Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 220, n. 382 
(1840); Blyth, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 220 (Calcutta); Naum. Vog. 
Deutschl. xi. p. 747, Taf. 306 (1842); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 293, pi. 394 
(1843); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 317 (1844); BeKay, N. T. Zool. ii. 
p. 342 (1844); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxv (1844); Benny, P. Z. S. 
1847, p. 40: Peak, U.S. Bxpl. Exp., Birds, p. 251, sp. 164 (Hawaii 
and Oaliu) (1848); Begl. Orn. Bur. ii. p. 423 (1849); Temm. 8f 
Schleg. Faun. Jap.,Aves, p. 128(1850); Hartl. Arch. Naturg. 1852, 
i. p. 122 (Hawaii, Oanu); Midd. Sibir. Beis. ii. p. 233 (1853); 
Lemb. Av. Cub. p. 115 (1856); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510; 
Kittl. Benkw. ii. p. 294 (1858); Tayl. Ibis, 1859, p. 54 (Egypt): 
Wied, J.f.O. 1859, p. 174; Mart ibid, p. 220 (Bermuda); Bias, 
in Naum. Vog. BeutscM. xiiL 2, p. 312 (eggs) (1860) ; Powys, Ibis. 
1860, p. 353; JSwinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 254 (Foochow) ; id. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 324; Idcht. J. f. O. 1863, p. 59 (Mexico); Wright, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 155; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 33 (part.) 
(1866); Sundev. (Bfv. K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork. 1869, p. 603 (Porto 
Rico) ; Bole, Pr. Post Soc. N. PL. xii. p. 305 (1869); Przew. 
Puteseh. Ussur. n. 206 (1870); Gum. Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria); 
Tayl. Ibis, 1872, p. 233 (Crimea) ; Gieb. Tlies. Orn. i. p. 348 (syn. 
emend.) (1872): Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 30 (1873); Adams, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 432 (Michalaski); Bole, Haioai. Alman. 1879, p. 55; 
Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 76 (Pamir); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 554, 
pi. 63 (egg) (1885); id. B. Jap. Bmp. p. 242 (1890). 

Anas clypeata/3 (Anas muscaria, Gesn.), Linn. S. N. i. p. 200 (1766); 
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 518 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 857 (1790); 
Vieill. N. D. v.' p. 156 (1816). 

Anatra mestolone, Gerini, Stor. degli Uec. v. tav. 572 (c?) (1776). 
Souchet, B'Aubent PI. Bnl. 971 (<A 972 ($); Buf. Hist. Nat 
Ois. ix. p. 191 (1783). 
Red-breasted Shoveler, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii.n. 281 (England) (1785) ; 

Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 512, n. 57 (1785). 
Mexican Shoveler, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 511, n. 5Q (1785). 
Anas rufigaster, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 297 (1787). 
Anas clypeata y, Gm. S. N. i. % p. 519 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 857 (1790). 
Anas mexicana, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 519, n. 81 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 
ii. p. 857, n. 61 (1790); Bum. Bid. So. Nat. vi. p. 386 (1817); 
B'OrK in La Sagra's Hist. Nat Cuba, Ois. p. 299 (1840) ; Gundl 
J.f. 0.1871, pp. 278, 280. 
Anas 
rubens, Gm. S. N i. p. 519, n. 82 (1788) (ex Pennant); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 857, n. 62 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 145 
(1790); Vieill. N. B. v. pp. 134,156 (1816); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat 

vi. p. 378 (1877). 
Anas clypeata-mexicana, Bonn. Bnc. Mtth. i. p. 151 (1791). 
Spatula clypeata, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564, 1826, p. 980; G. B. Gr. 
ListB. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 139 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 618, n. 4 
(1845) (syn. emend.); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 13; Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 88. ft. 215-218 (1845); Bupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 138, 

n. 496 (N.E. Afe.) (1845); G. B. Gr. Cat Hodgs. Coll B. M. 
p. 146 (Nepal) (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 303, n. 1770 
(syn. emend.) (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. ix (1852); Woodh. 
308 ANATID^E. 

Sitgr. Bep. p. 104 (1853) ; Layard, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. adv. p. ^70 
(Ceylon) (1854); Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 95 ; Hartl. Syst Orn. 
Westafr. p. 248 (Casaniance) (1857); Cab. J. f O. 1857, p. 228 

(Cuba>; Cass. U.S.Fvpl Kip., Mam. % Orn. j>. 843 (1858); Bazrd, 

B. N. Am. p. 781 (1858); id. Cat. JV. Am. B. n. 563 (1859); itf. 
Jfea\ J?. j$kn>. p. 27 (1859); iferm. P. P. P. i&p. x. pt. vi. p. 69 
(1859); Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 231 (Guatemala): Salv. ibid. 
pp. 356, 363 (E. Atlas); G. P. Gr. List B. Trop. Isl.-p. 55 (1859); 
Coop. <S> JSuckL Ar. H. Wash. Terr. p. 255 (1860): Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. T. vii. p. 274 (Cuba) (1860): A. Kent. Ibis, I860, p. 308 
(St. Thomas) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 82 (Jamaica): Irby, Ibis, 
1861, p. 249 (Oudh) ; Blahist. Ibis, 1862, pp. 9, 332; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1862, p. 20 (Mexico); JBCayd. Bep. 1862. p. 176; G. P. Gr. 
List Br. B. p. 197 (1863) j Boss, Canad. Is at., April 1862; Verr. 
Br. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862); Albrecht, J. f. O. 1802/p. 207 
(Jamaica); G. P. Gr. List Br. B. p. 197 (1863); id. Cat Sodgs. 
Coll B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); BlaJzist Ibis, 1868, p. 140; 
Stuinh. ibid. p. 434 (Formosa); March, Pr. Ac. Phiiad. 1864, p. 71 
(Jamaica); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 796 (1864) ; ? Gould, Month. 
B. Austr. ii. p. 370 (K S. Wales!) (1865); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1803, 
p. 618 (Hakodadi); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 442 (Great Brit.); 
Gundl. Bepert. Fis.-Nat i. p. 389 (Cuba) (1866); Cones, Pr. Ac. 
Phiiad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. JV. T. vilL 
p. 297 (1866); Leot. Ois. Trin. p. 518 (1866); Der/L 4* Gerht, 
Orn. Bur. ii. p. 503 (1867); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p.^07; OVUM, 
Pr. Bss. Inst y. p. 299 (18C8); Drake, Ibis, 1*$», p. 154 
(Morocco); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ; Gotb. J.f. 0. 
1869, p. 32 (Archangel); Frantz. J.f. 0.1869, p."378 (Costa Rica); 
Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 90 (1869) ; Ball $ Barm. Tr. Chic. Acad. L 
p. 297 (Alaska) (1869); Muses $ Buehl Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Turkey); 
Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 301 (Abyssinia) (1870); Stev. U.S. 
Geol Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming); G. P. Gr. HamUM, 
iii. p. 85, n. 10676 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. & 1871, p. 418 (S. Cnina, 
Formosa) ; Goidd, B. Gh*eat Brit. v. pi. 14 (pt. xx., 1871); Allen, 
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool iii. p. 183 (Utah) (1872); Moldsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 479 (Ceylon); Sunder. Meih. not. Av. disji, Tent p. 148 
(1872) ; Coues, Key, p. 288 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 498 (1873); 
Layard, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 205 (Ceylon) j Heugl. Orn. KO.-Afr* 
ii. 1, p. 1331 (1873); Snow, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873) ; Bremer, B. 
of Bur. vi. p. 497, pi. 425 (pt. xxi., 1873); Sclat. %• Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotrop. p. 130 (1873); Coues, Birds if.-West, p. 570 (1874); 
Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. PL. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874); Gundl. 
J.f O. 1874,p. 314 (Porto Eico)7 1875, p. 379 (Cuba); Swinh. 
Ibis, 1875, p. 457 (Hakodadi); Bruggem. Zool. Gart. 1876, p. 195; 
Bldkist. Ibis, 1876, p. 235 (Kamtschatka); Bress. ibid. p. 420 
(Turkestan); Blanf Bast Persia, p. 301 (1876); Sclat # Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 396; Sadly, Str. Feath. iv. p. 199 (E. Turkestan) 
(1876); David $ Oust. Ok. Chine, p. 500 (1877); Byev. in Bowky's 
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 105 (Mongolia) (1878) ; ? Mams. Pr. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. ii. p. 200, n. 660 (1878); BlaMst. $ fryer, lim, 1878, 
p. 214; Gundl An. Soc. Bsp. Mist. Wat. vii. p. 404 (Forto Rico) 
(1878); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 116, n. 957 (1879) ; Sclat. i 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 543 (Medeffin); Blahist $ fryer, Tr. As. 
Soc. Jap. viii. p. 185 (1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1086 (1880); 
Sclat P. Z. S. 1880. p. 523; Hume fy Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. 
p. 142, pL 19 (1880); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 99; Scully, ibid. p. 592; 
A. # JB. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881) ; Bidgw. Mm. M. Am. 
37. SPATULA. 
309 
Birds, n. 608 (1881); C. Sioinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 124: Coues, Checklist, 
2nd ed. p. 114, n. 718 (1882); Sato. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll 

p. 536 (1882) ; Blakist. $ Bryer, Tr.As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 98 (1882) ; 
B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 128 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 
p. 437 (1883); Nelson, 'Cruise Corwin,' p. 96 (1883); Coues, Key 
N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 696 (1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
(2) i. p. 247 (Shoa) (1884): B., B., $ B. Water-B. N. Am. L 
p. 526 (1884); Tristr. Faun, ty Flor. Palest, p. 116 (1884); Sauna*, 
in YarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 375 (1884-85); Cory, List B. W. 
Ind. p. 31 (1885); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 159 
(Bering I.) (1885); Zaroudn. Ois. Transcasp. p. 72 (1885) ; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 493 (Fao); A. 0. U. Check-list N Am. B. p. 117, 
n. 142 (1886); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital p. 260 (1886); Newt. Bnc. Brit 
9& ed. xxi. p. 842 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 133 
(1886); Nelson, Nat Hist Coll. in Alaska, p. 69 (1887); Stejn. Br. 
U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 137 (Bering I.) (1887); Ridyw. Man. N. Am. 
Birds, p. 97 (1887); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Corea) : ? Bams. 
Tab. List, p. 22, n.' 672 (New S. Wales) (1888); SJmfeldt, Br. 
US. Nat Mus. 1888, pp. 230-248, ff. 15,16,17,18, 20,22,23,24, 
2o (osteology); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 323 (Shoa) 
(1888); Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 64 (W. Indies); id. B. W. Ind. p. 265 
(1889); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 91 (1889); Lit/. 
Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. x. pi. — (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 
(1889); Feild. Ibis, 1889, p. 500 (Barbados) ; North, Cat Nests 
|* Eggs Austr. B. p. 371 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 415 
(1889); Bchnw. J. f. O. 1890, p. 82; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73 
(incubation); Styan, ibid. pp. 328, 497; Sharpe, See. Yark. Miss., 
Ams, p. 132 (1891); id. Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 303 
(1891); Hartert, Kat Vogelsamml. p. 232 (1891); Hatch, B. of 
Minnes. p. 47 (1892); Harvey, Ann. Scott. N. H. i. p. 138 (Orkney) 
(1892); Battersby, Zool. 1892, p. 311 (Westraeath); Dubois, 
Faun. Vert Belg., Ois. ii. p. 428, pi. 252 (1892); Be la louche, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 492; Fairbridge, Ibis, 1893, p. 153 (Cape !); Meade-
Waldo, ibid. p. 199 (Canaries); Koenig, J. f. O. 1893, p. 104; 
Chapm.Ibis, 1894, p. 342 (W. Jutland) ; Scott Wils. AvesHawai. 
p t iv. (1893); Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus.N H. 1894, p. 83 (Trinidad); 
Salvad. Mem. R.Ac. So. Tor. (2) xliv. p. 594 (Somali) J1894). 

JR-hynchaspis 
clypeata, Leach, MS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 115, 
pi. 48 (1824); Strickl B. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (Smyrna); Byt. Cat 
Br. B. p. 61 (1836); Gould, B. of Fur. v. pi. 360 (1837); Byt 
Mon. Anat p. 134, pi. 3. f. 7 (sternum) (1838); Bp. Comp. List, 

p. 57 (1838); Dicks. $ Boss, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 134 (Erzeroum) ; 
Tig. Zool. Beachey's Voy. p. 31 (1839); K.$B. Wirbelth. Bar. 
pp. lxxxv, 227 (1840); Strickl. B. Z. S. 1842, p. 167 (China); 
Macgill. Man. ii. p. 172 (1842); Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 143 
(1842); Hartl Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844); Gosse, B. Jam. 
p. 408 (1847); Hartl. Arch. f. Naturg. 1852, i. pp. 136, 137 
(Sandwich Isl.) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxvii. p. 664 (1853) ; 
Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 270 (Scandinavia); Licht. Nomencl. 
Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Sclat B. Z. S. 1855, p. 164 (Bogota!); Bp. 
Compt Mend, xliii. p. 650, n. 82 (1856); Newb. B. B. B. Bep. vi. 
p. 103 (1857); Cab. $ Gundl. J.f.O. 1857, p. 228 (Cuba); Loche, 
Cat Mamm. et Ois. Alg. p. 141 (1858) ; Marr. Edinb. New Phil. 
Journ. 1859, p. 229; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 37 (Palestine), 1860, 
p. 81 (N.E. Afr.); Simpson, Ibis, 1860, p. 394; Brew. Br. Bost 
Soc. N H. vii p. 308 (Cuba) (1860); Stoinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 57 
(Hongkong); Tristr. B. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Palestine); Swirik. 
310 ANATIDJS. 

Ibis, 1867, p. 388; Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 316; Saund. Ibis, 1871? 

p. 396 (S. Spain); Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 285 (1872); Tacz. J.f O. 
1873, p. 110,1874, p. 337; id. Orn. Vost. Sibir. p. 20 (1877); id. 
MIL Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 46,1883, p. 343; Badde, Ornis Caucas, 
p. 458 (1884). 
Ehynchaspis mexicana, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 118 (1824). 
Spatulea clypeata, FUm. Brit. Anim. p. 123 (1828). 
Clypeata macrorhynchos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997; id. Vog. Deutschl 
p. 876 (1831). 
Clypeata platyrhynchos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997; id. Vog. Deutschl 
p. 877 (1831). 
Clypeata pomarina, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 j id. Vog. Deutschl 
p. 879 (1831). 
Clypeata brachyrhynchus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997; id. Vog. 
Deutschl p. 878 (1831). 
Ehynchaspis virescens, Beach MSS.,Jide Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 168f 

n. 217 (Dukhnn). 
Ehynchaspis macrorhynchos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 377 (1855). 
Ehynchaspis platyrhynchos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 378 (1855); id. Nau-* 
mannia, 1855, p. 298. 
Eliyncliaspis pomarina, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 298. 
Ehynchaspis brachyrhynchos, Brehm, ibid. 
Ehynchaspis platyuros, Brehm, ibid. 
Ehynchaspis clypeata a. mexicana, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650 

(1856). 
Anas (Kbynchaspis) clypeata, Schrenck, Reis. Amurl i. p. 481 
(1860); Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 373 (1863). 
Ehynchaspis spatbulata, C. F. Dub. PL Col Ois. Belg. iii. p. 27G 
(1860). 
Ebyncbasmus (!) clypeata, Koenig, J.f.O. 1893, p. 104. 

Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dark glossy green •, 
lower neck, breast, and the anterior scapulars white ; middle of the* 
back dark brown, the feathers with pale edges• rump and upper 
tail-coverts black glossed with green; lower breast and abdomen 
rich chestnut; flanks, vent, and thighs paler, freckled with brown ; 
under tail-coverts black, glossed with green; a white patch on the 
lower flanks at the base of the tail; upper wing-coverts and the 
outer web of two of the longer scapulars pale blue; remainder of 
the scapulars black, all with a broad silky white stripe along the 
middle; last row of the wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a 
band, which borders anteriorly the glossy green wing-speculum; 
the tip of the secondaries and the primaries brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; tail mostly white, freckled with 
brown-grey, the central feathers brown, edged with white : irides-
yellow ; bill lead-colour; feet reddish orange. Total length about 
20 inches, wing 10*25, tail 3*75, culmen 2*75, tarsus 1*4. 

Female. General colour of the upper parts brown, each feather 
with a broad reddish margin; throat reddish immaculate; feathers* 
of the back and scapulars with reddish bars, more or less crescentic; 
underparts reddish buff, each feather brown in the central 
part, especially those of the breast and flanks; under tail-covertslighter 
; the wings resemble those of the male, except that the blue 
on the wing-coverts is very dull, and the speculum not so glossy *T 

37. SPATULA. 
311 
tail-feathers whitish, with brown marks : beak olive-brown, baso of 
the maxilla and the entire mandible orange ; irides hazel-brown; 
feet dull orange. 

Male in first plumage resembles the female, but the wings are 
brighter coloured; bill pale reddish brown; legs and feet fleshcolour. 


Males in their first nuptial plumage have the white of the breasi 
with a few dark crescentic bands, the lower belly with dark bars, 
and the rich black of the under tail-coverts mottled with chestnut 
and white. 

Adult male in moulting plumage may be distinguished from the 
adult female by the greater brilliancy of the blue and metallic 
green on the wing, the plain dark upper tail-coverts, and the 
general darker colour of the entire plumage; the crown is dark 
brown. 

Young in down resemble those of the Wigeon in having the upper 
parts almost uniform, with indistinct pale spots, but they possess 
the dark brown stripe through the eye as in the young Mallard. 
The bill is not widened at the tip, but it grows very rapidly. 

Hah. Northern hemisphere, breeding as far north as lat. 68°: 
from the Palsearctic region in winter extends in Africa as far south 
as Casamance on the West, and Somali-land on the East; and in Asia 
as far as Arabia, Persia, India, Ceylon, Formosa, Southern China,, 
and Japan; in America as far as Colombia and the "West Indies. 

«,5. d ? ad. sk. Great Britain. Purchased. 

c. § ad. sk. Great Britain. 
d. 2 ju-v. sk. Loch Lomond, Scotland, Aug. The Duke of Montrose 
[P.]. 
e,f. 8 ? ad. sk. Merton, Norfolk, May. Lord Walsingkam 
[P.]. 
g-l. 
6 ? ad. et Lincolnshire. Montagu Coll. 
juv. sk. et st. 

Theo. Fisher, Esq. 

m. 6 ad. sk. Essex. 
[P.]. 

n. Juv. sk. Aldeburgk, Suffolk, Aug. Theo. Fisher, Esq. 
[P.]. 

o. 3 ad. sk. Somersetshire. Montagu Coll. 
Christchurch, Hants. Baron A. von Hiigel 
p, q. 6 $ ad. sk. 

[P.]. 
Poole Harbour, Dec, Jan., Feb. Baron A. von Hiigel 

r-v. 6 ad. et^$ 

[P.]. 

juv. sk. 

Archangel, June. Baron A. von Hiigel 

w. S imm. sk. 
[P.]. 

x7 yf z. $ ad. et Hiddensee, Germany, June, Baron A. von Hiigel 

Nov. 
[P.]. 

<S $ juv. sk. 

Hungary, Sept. Hungarian National 

a\ 3 imm. sk. 

Museum [P.]. 
Baron A. von Hiigel 

Galicia. 

b'. <$ ad. sk. 

[P.]. 

c\ <$ ad. sk. Sardinia, March (G. B. &). Shelley Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq.. 
d'. $ ad. sk. Eubcea, Greek Archipelago, 

Feb. 

312 

•«'?/'. #'• c? i^met 
juv. sk. 
A'. $ ad. sk.
i\ <S ad. sk.
#, T. S S ad. sk.

m', n\ o\ cS ad.
et $ imm. sk. 
p'. $ juv. sk.

#', 5 ad. sk.

r'. $ ad. sk.

*', ^. c? $ ad-si:*

u', vf. & ad. etimm. sk. 
w\ £ ad. sk. 

x'. Pull. sk. 

y1. $ imm. sk. 

z', $ juv. sk.
a", <$ ad. sk.


b", c", d'\ $ 2

A2*ATIDiE. 

 Egypt, Feb., April (<?. B. &). 
Egypt. 
Alexandria, Feb. 
Senafe*, Abyssinia, April (Wm. 

Jesse), 
Angollala {Harris). 
Aden. 
Bagdad. 
Mesopotamia (Jones), 
Eao? Persian Gulf. 
Lenkoran, 
Sarepta, April. 
Kasan; June. 
Om«k, May. 
Narimskaja, Ob E., Sept. 

 Valley of the Yen-e-say, 
Siberia, Lat. 66h°} June 

(H. &). 
Kasbgar (Bell&w). 
imm. et cT juv. sk. 

e". <$ ad. sk.

/". $ ad. sk. 
(/". (S ad. sk. 

A", i", <3 $ ad. 

sk. 

k". c? ad. sk. 

I", Ad. sk. (isa


belHne var.). 
m", $ ad. sk. 
n'T. S ad. sk. 
o"-r". <$ $ ad, 

et (S imm. sk 
3", <S imm. sk. 

 Panja, Yarkand, April (F, Sto


liczka), 
Ladak (Strachey). 
Kalla-maurj Afghanistan, March 

(Aitckison), 

Kandahar, Feb., March. 

Banepoor, Sindh. 
The Null, Kattiawar, Sindb, Feb. 

(H. B, James), 
Hamal Mehur, Jan. (A, O, J2".). 
Khandeish, March {J. Davidsm), 
Sambhur, Dec, Jan. (M. M, Hume Coll. 

Adam), 
Sirsa. Hume Coll. 

 Shelley CoIL 

J. Bowring?Esq. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum [P.], 

0. Chevalier, Esq. 
Kenneth Loffcus, E&q. 

Euphrates Exped. 

"vv. D. Cummmg, 
Esq. [PJ. 
Seebohm OolL 

Baron A. von Hugrel 

cp.]. 
Baron A. von Hugel 
[P.]. 
St. George Littled&le, 

E^q. [P.™. 
Dr. O. Tmhch [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll/ 

India Museum [P.], 

India Museum [P.]. 

India Museum [P,l 
Afghan Deliiuitatfon 
Coram. [P.]. 
Lieut.-Col. &winhoe 

[P.]. 
Gould CoH. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

t"-~w", <S $ ad. Gurgaon, Feb., March {W. W.Hume Coll. 

et imm. sk.
x"-bz. d 5 ad.

et imm. sk. 
c3. $ juv. sk.
d?. S juv. sk.

^/W :c??ad.

et $ juv. sk, 
A3. J juv. sk.
PKhz. S ad. et

juv. sk. 

Chill), 

 Etawah. Hume Coli 

 Allahabad, Jan. (A. O. Jr.). Hume Coll. 
Oudh. Capt. Stackhoufie 
PinwiH [P.]. 
Oudh, Dec. Hume Coll. 

 Muddapur, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 
Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq* 

pp.]. ^ 

2\ 2 «d. sk.
m3. <? ad, sk

n2. $ ad. skoz. S ad. sk.

c? ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 

r3. 
<J ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 

w3, u3, to3, <? ? 

ad. sk. 
A-3. c£ ad. sk. 
$r*. $ imm. sk. 

#3. $ imm. sk. 

a% bK <$ ad. et 

Takow, Formosa, Feb., Dec.

JUT. sk 

(R. 8.).
e% d\ $ ad* et 

Yokohama, Japan f J9T. Fryer).

2 imm. sk 
el-hK <$ 2 ad. et Nagasaki, Japan, Jan., Feb., 

37. SPATULA. 
Nepal (B. JET. Hodgson). 
Native Sikhirn, March (L. Man


delli). 
Bootan (Temderton). 
Shan States. 

CocMn China. 

Lob-nor, March (Prjevalsky). 

Djungaria, May (Prjevalsky). 

China (Tuckett). 

China. 

KIuMang, China, March. 

Shanghai, China. 

Anioy, China. 

Canton Market, China (R. Swinhoe), 


imm. sk. 
%K $ ad. sk 

it*. $ ad. sk 
t\ m% n%. $ ad. 
et juv. sk 
*Sj ^ $*.<?? ad. 

et imm. sk. 
r*. <jf ad. sk. 
a4, 2*. dad.etj 

imm. sk 
«*. $ juv. sk. 
t>*. cf imm. sk 

«?*. <£ ad- st. 

*mm* s&jr4. 
c? juv. sk. 

xK 2

zK <$ ad. sk 
a5~*£3. S ad. sk. 

sk 
^. <J ad- sk 
m5~|??. <J $ juv, 

sk. 

tf, r5. c? juv. et 
$ imm. sk 
#5-»s. <? $ ad. et 


imm. sk 
ws. <S ad. sk. 

x5. <$ juv.sk 

March. 

S. 
Yezo, Japan, Oct. (Blakiston). 
W. side Rocky Mts. 
Brit. Columbia. 
F t Dufferin. 

Ft. Simpson, Julv. 
49th Parallel, April. 

Massachusetts, Oct. 
Chicago, Illinois, April (K W. 
Nelson). 

Roekporfc, N. America. 
Fairpori, N. America. 
French Broad R«, near Alex


ander's, N. C, April (JE. 

w. JST.). 
Denver, Colorado, May. 
Brownsville, Texas, March, 
April (F. B. Armstrong). 
Corpus Cbristi, Texas, Oct., 

Dec. (P. B. A). 
California,Dec. (JST. G. Barker). 
Zacatecas, Mexico, Feb. (W. B. 

Richardson). 
Presidio, Mexico, Feb. (A. 
Forrer). 

Duenas, Guatemala, Feb., Oct. 

(0. &). 
Huamuckal, Guatemala, Feb, 
(O.S). 
Medellin, U.S. Colombia (T. K. 
Salmon). 

India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 

E. 
W, Oates, Esq. 
[P.]. 
M. St. Pierre [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Fortune Coll. 
F. 
W. Styan, Esq. 
Lieut. Davies [P.]. 

H. Saunders." Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.' 
J. K Lord, Esq. [P.; 
N. 
America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
N. America Boundary 
Comm. [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coil. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Prof. Kirtland [PA 
Prof. Kirtland [P.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

314 Animas. 

if, z\ Pull. St. 
aG. Skeleton. 
bG 

. Skeleton, imperfect. 
c6. Skull. 

de 

. Sternum. 
e6. Sternum with 
shoulder-girdle. 

England.
Nepal.

England.
England.

Piircliased. 
Purchased. 

 B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. ^ 
T. IngaU, Esq. fP.j. 
J. Ray, Esq. Tl]. 
2. Spatula riiyncliotis. 
New Holland Shoyeler, Lath. Gen, Syn. SuppL ii. p. 339, n. 37 
(1801). 

Anas rhynchotis, Lath. Ind. Orn. SuppL p. Ixx, n. 5 (1801); Le«s. 
Tr. d'Om. p. 033 (1831); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 35 
(1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 361 (syn. emend.) (1872); Fin*ck, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 397. 

Rhynchaspis rhynchotis, StepJi. Gen. Zool xii. % p. 123 (1824); 
Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 133 (1838); P. Z. S. 1839, p. 114; Bp. 
Vompt Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 85 (1836) ; Buller, Hist. B. Xew 
Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 271 (1888). 

Spatula rhynchotis, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. ill. p. 140 (syn. 
emend.) (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 618, n. 2 (s\n. emend.) (1845); 
Gould, B. Austr. viii. pi. 12 (pt. xx., 1845)*; Rchnb. Syn. Ai\, 
Natatores, t110. f. 980 (1845), t. celxxxiii. (80) ff. 2334-35 (1850) 
{ex Gould?); Goidd, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 95; id. Handb. B. Austr. 

ii. p. 368 (1865); Pelz. Reis. Xovara, Yog. p. 139 (New Holland 1 
(1865); Eyt Syn. Anat. p. 88 (1809) : ? Marie, Act Soc. Linn. 
Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (New Caledonia) (1870); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, 
iii. p. 85, n. 10677 (1871); Biggl. B. Austr. ii. pi. 112 (1877); 
? Marie, Ibis, 1877, p. 363 (New Caledonia); Ramsay, Br. Linn. 
Soc. X. S. W. ii. p. 200, n. 659 (1878); Legge, B. of CeyL p. 108S 
(1880) ; Mat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 523; Sato. Cat. B. StrickL Coll. 
p. 536 (1882^; ? Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 538, 544 (New Caledonia); 
B., B., $ R. Water-B. X. Am. i. p. o'25 (1884) ; Leqge, Br. R. Soc. 
Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (Tasmania) (1887) ; Burns. Tab. List p. 22, 
n. 671 (1888); Xorth, Cat. Xests $• Eggs Austr. B. p. 34S 
(1889); Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 48 (1889); Wiglesic. Aves Polyn. 
p. 70 (syn. emend.) (New Caledonia) (1891): Hartert, Eat. 
Vogelsarmnl p. 232 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Speeim. Coll. 
Surg. iii. p. 303 (1891). 
(Spatula variegata.) 

Spatula rhynchotis, G. R. Gr. (nee Lath.) in Dleff. Trav. ii. App. 

p. 198 (N. Zealand) (1843); id. Voy. Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 15 
(1846); Sharpe, op. cit. p. 92 (1875). 
Spatula variegata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 51 (New Zealand) ; id. 

B. Austr., Suppl. pi. 80 (pt, iii., 1859); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, 
p. 241; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. App. p. 580 (1865); Bull. 
Xew Zeal. Exh. p. 255 (1866); Hector, Xeio Zeal Exk. p. 277 
(Otago) (1866); Hutt Ibis, 1870, p. 395 (Auckland) ; G. R. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 85, n. 10680 (syn. emend.) (1871) ; Poits7 Tn 
Xew Zeal Inst. v. p. 199 (1872); f ravers, ibid. p. 218 (Chatham I.) 
(1872) ; Bull Hist B. Xew Zeal p. 252, pi. 26 (d ?) (1873) ; 
37. SPATULA. 315 
Legge, B. of Cet/l p. 1088 (1881); Select P. Z. S. 1880, p. 523; 
North, Bee. Austr. Mus. ii. p. 37 (Tasmania) (1892). 
Bhynehaspis variegata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 86 (1856) 
(syn. emend.?); Finseh, J.f O. 1870, p. 358; Potts, Tr.K Z. 

m* i1870) P- 102

~^-(1871); Button, Cat. B. JV. Zeal p. 37 
(16/1); Button, Ibis, 1872, p. 248 (Chatham Is.) ; Finseh, J.f.O. 
1872, p. 187, 1874, p. 202; Bullet, Man. B. New Zeal. p. 70, 
pi. xxx. (1882); Bull Mist. B. Neio Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 269, 
pi. xliy. (1888); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 543 (Chatham I.). 

Anas rhynehotis, Fllman (nee Lath.), Zoologist, 1861, p. 7471 ; 
Schhg.Mus.P.-B., Anseres, p. 35 (part.) (1866): Gieb. Thes. Orn. 
L p. 361 (part.) (1872). 
Adult male. Crown of the head, space surrounding the base of 
the bill, and chin brownish black; a crescentic white band between 
the bill and the eyes,bounded posteriorly by speckles of black; rest 
of the head and neck bluish grey, with greenish reflections, especially 
on the sides of the nape; back brownish black, the feathers edged 
with reddish; ramp and upper tail-coverts black, with a green 
gloss; feathers of the lower neck and upper breast more or less 
white, with blackish-brown crescentic bands, and edged with rufous; 
lower breast and abdomen bright rufous chestnut, with black bands; 
the flanks brighter, each feather crossed by several broad crescentic 
bands of black; under tail-coverts black, glossed with green; a white 
patch on the lower flanks on each side of the base of the tail; shorter 
scapulars brown, with white crescentic bars and rufous edges ; the 
longer scapulars with a central greyish-white stripe, but the upper 
ones glossy black, while the lower ones have the outer web light blue 
like the upper wing-coverts; upper wing-coverts light blue, the anterior 
ones of the last row broadly tipped with white ; wing-speculum 
glossy green, the tips of the secondaries brown with a blue tinge; 
the inner secondaries or tertials long, black, with a blue gloss, some 
with, a whitish, central stripe; marginal under wing-coverts pale 
brown, edged with white, the remainder of the axillaries entirely 
white; tail black, the outer feathers narrowly edged with whitish on 
the outer web ; " irides bright yellow; bill dark purplish black, the 
under mandible clouded with yellow ; legs and feet yellow" (Gould). 
Total length 22 inches, wing 9*75, tail 4, culmen 2-55, tarsus 1-3.^ 
Female. Yery similar to that of S. clyjpeata, from which it 
differs in being darker, heavier brown-spotted on the underparts, 
and principally in the tail, which is dark brown, with rufescent 
edges and narrow bars, instead of being pale fawn-colour with 
brown, marking; the speculum is of a darker green. 
Young. Similar to the female, but duller and darker. 
Although I have kept separate the synonymy of 8. variegata 
from rJew Zealand, I must say that I have not been able to 
satisfy myself that it is different from S. rhynchotis of the Australian 
continent. According to Mr. Grould the New Zealand male bird 
has much more white on the sides of the lower neck and breast. 
I have seen Australian birds which have as much white on 
the sides of the neck and breast as the New Zealand ones; and 
knowing how much the extension of the white on the neck varies 

316 
ANATID-2E. 

in the male of & clypeata according to age, I am inclined to 
consider the Australian and New Zealand forms as specifically 
identical. 

Hab. Australia, Tasmania, and Few Zealand. 

a, <5 imm. st. Australia. Purchased. 
b, c. (S ad. sk. Australia ? Gould Coll. 

d. S imm. sk. Australia. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
e. £ ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
fiff>h-<$ $imm.sk. Australia. F. D. Godman, Esq. 
[P.]. • 
i, k. S S a& stN. S. Wales. Australian Museum 



p.]. 

/. $ ad. sk. N. S. Wales. Hume Coll. 

m. (S imm. st S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
n. <$ ad. sk. Tasmania. Hume Coll. 
o. Jiw. sk. Near Hobart Town, Tas-Gould Coll. 
mania, Nov. 
p. <$ imm. sk. New Zealand. P. Earl, Esq. [P.]. 
q. $ ad. sk. New Zealand. W. Mantell, Esq. [P.]. 
(Typ e of Spatula vai-ieyata, Gould.) 
r, s. $ ad. et cJ Cook's Straits, New ]Zea-Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
imm. sk. land. 


3. Spatula platalea. 
Pato espatula, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 427, n. 431 (Buenos Ayres) (1805), 
unde 
Anas platalea, Vieill N. D. v. p. 157 (1816); id. Bnc. MSth. i. p. 357 
(1823); Burm. La Plata-Peise, ii. p. 517 (Parana and Buenos 
Ayres; (1861); Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 35 (1866); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 360 (1872). 

Spatula platalea, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980 ; Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. 

p. 27, n. 431 (1847); SclaL P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili); Sclat. % 
Sah. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii, 
p. 85, n. 10678 (1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argentine); 
Sclat. 8r Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 130 (Falklands) (1873); 
Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Ayres); Sclat. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 
1876, pp. 17, 306 (Tungasuca, Peru); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 41 
(Chuput), 1878, p. 65 (Buenos Ayres), p. 401 (Centr. Patag.) ; 
Sclat $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Sandy Point); Legge, B. of 
Ceyl. p. 1088 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 523; Sclat. $ Sah. 
Voy. Challeng., Birds, p. 107 (1881) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625 
(Argentine) ; Sah. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll p. 536 (1882); B., B., fy 
P. Water-Birds N. Am. pp. 525, 526 (1884); Barrows, Auk, 
1884, p. 274 (Carkue, Pampas); Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 480 (1886); 
Berl. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 124; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (type of 
M. maculatus, J. & S.) (1889); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 136 
(1889); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 232 (1891); Frenzel, J.f.O. 
1891, p. 125 (Cordoba); Berk. James, New List Chil. B. p. 9, 
n. 160 (1892); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomayo); Holland, 
ibid. p. 208 ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 201 (Uruguay). 
Rhynchaspis 
maculatus, Gould MS., Jard. 8f Selby, 111. Orn. iii. 
pi. 147 (1835); ? Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 134 (New Holland!) (1838); 
Gould, Voy. l Beagle; Birds, p. 135 (1841); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, 

p. 118 (Chili); Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 54 (egg, Chili); JDes 
Milts in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 454 (syn. emend.) (1848); HartL 
37. SPATULA. 
317 

Naumannia, 1853, p. 222; PHI $ Landb, Cat. Av. Chil. p. 4«$ 
(1868); Waugh §• Lataste, Act. JSOC. SC. Chil, iv. p. lxxxix (IVmflores) 
(1894). 

Rhynckaspis maculata, Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844). 
Spatula rhynchotis, part., G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. Hi. p. 140 
specirn. b (1844): id. Gen. B. iii. p. 618, n. 2 (part.) (1845). ' 
Daiila csesioscapula, Rchnb. Sun. Av,, Natatores, t. li. (89) f 180 
(1845). ^ V ; 
Dafila csesioscapulata, Bibra, Denkschr. Ah. Wien, v. -n. 131 (Chilis 
(1853); id. J.f. 0, 1855, p. 57. > i I ^ 
Bhynchaspis niexicana, Lklit. (nee Gm.) Nomencl. Av. u 10^ 

(Montevideo, Chili) (1854). r' 
Bhynchaspis platalea, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 83 (1856). 
Spatula maculatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 95 (Peru F, Bolivia ?) -

Eyt. 8yn-Ana^ P- 89 (1869). *f" 
Spatula (Bhynchaspis) maculata, Pefo. JKew. Novara, Vda p 131) 
(Chili) (1865). i 
u£<fo&Ztf maZe. General plumage reddish, thickly spotted with black; 
head and neck light rufescent, minutely dotted with black, chin 
almost immaculate ; crown black, with pale edges to the feathers ; 
chest and abdomen chestnut; shorter scapulars reddish, with black 
spots like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black, 

•with a golden gloss ; under tail-coverts black; on the lower flanks, 
at the base of the tail, a white patch; longer scapulars glossy black, 
with a central buff stripe along the middle, the superior ones edged 
with rufous; wing-coverts light blue, the last row white at the tip, 
forming a band anteriorly to the wiug-speculum, which is glossy 
green, with a blue lustre towards the tip and on the inner secondaries; 
primary-coverts and primaries greyish brown, the latter 
darker and with a green lustre towards the tip; marginal under 
•wing-covert greyish brown, with a blue tinge, the remainder and 
the axillars white; tail greyish black, the outer feathers lighter, 
all broadly edged with whitish on the outer webs: bill dark, almost 
"blackish; feet yellow; irides white. Total length about 20 inches, 
wing 9, tail 5*3, culmen 2-5, tarsus 1*4. 
Female. Yery similar to the female of 8. ch/jpeata, so like that it 
is very difficult to distinguish it, except by the bill, which is a little 
shorter and in dry skin of a dusky colour, while in S. clypeata it 
becomes yellowish. 

Hah. Southern America, from the Falklands and Patagonia to 
Peru on the "West, and Paraguay on the East; possibly also Bolivia. 

a. d ad. sk. No locality. Lord Byron [P.]. 
h 9 iuv sk. Tarapaca, N. Chili, Feb. H. Berkeley James, 
" Esq. [P.]. 
c d e rf 9. ad.
sk 
Central Chili. H. BerkeleyEs<l-Lp-> 
James, 
f r?'ad sk. Bio Bueno, Chili, Jan. H. Berkeley James, 
a hv 
2 iuv. sk.J Bio Pilmaiquen, Chili, Feb.
Esq. [P.]. 
H. Berkeley 
Esq. [P.]. 
James, 
I * ad. sk. Santiago, Chili {Leybold). Salvin-Qodman Coll. 
t ? imm. sk. Mendoza. PL J. Elwes, Esq. [P.J. 

318 ANATID-S. 
I S ad. sk.
?». c? ad. sk. 
Uruguay, Oct. 
Conckitas, Buenos Ayres 
Alan Peel, Esq- [0-]. 
Salvia-Godman Con. 
(W. JET. Hudson), 
n. $ ad sk.
o. (S ad. sk,
p. $ JUT. sk. 
Moreno, Buenos Ayres, May. 
Sandy Point, Str. ofMagellan. 
Falkland Is. (Zeeonte). 
H. Burnf ord, Esq. fT-3* 
* ChallengerJ Exped. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
4. Spatula eapensis. 

Ehynchaspls eapensis, Smithy Cat. S. Afr. Mus. p. 36, no. 322 (1837) 
(descr. nulla); Byt. Mon. Anat p. 135 (1838); Smith, III & 
Afr. Zool., Birds, pi. 98 (1844) ; Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 650, 

n. 84 (1856); Zayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 354 (1867); Boc. Jorn. Ac. 
Sc. Zisb. 1867, p. 330; Gum. Mis. 1868, p. 50 (Transvaal and 
Xatal); JE. L. Bayard, Ibis, 1869, p. 377 (eggs); Boc. Jorn. Ac. 
Se. Bisb. 1872, p. 70; Salmd. P. Z. S.1884, p. 173 (note). 
Spatula clypeata, part., G, R. Gr. Bist B. Brit. Mm* ill* p. 139, 
specim.J* (Cape) (1844). 

Spatula eapensis, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 618, n. 3 (1845); Behnb. 
Syn. Av.f Katatores, t. L. (88} ff. 219-220 (1845) (er Smith); 
? Des Murs, in Zefebvre, Thy. Abyss., Ois. p. 172 (1£45-1650); 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 05; Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 91 (1869); G. It 
Gr. Hand-list, iii p. 85, n. 10679 (1871); Anderss. B. IJamam 
Zand, p. 341 (1872); Boc. J. f. O.1876, p. 294 (Itio Coroca); 
Selat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 523; Boc. Orn. Angola, p.504 (Itio Coroca) 
(1881); But!., Feild.,fyBeid, Zuolog. 1882, p. 42S (Natal); tiharpe, 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 759 (1884); Trisir. Cat Coll. B. p. 48 
(1889). 

Anas clvpeata, part., Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, pp. 33,34 (special. 

from S. Africa) (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. L p. 348 (part.) (1872). 
Anas eapensis, part., Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 346 (1872). 
Spatula smithii, Hartertf Bat. VogelsammL p. 331, note 447 (1891), 

Adult male. Upper part of the head dark brown, with the edges 
of the feathers dull greyish, producing a streaked appearance; sit e 
of the head and upper part of the neck dull whitish grey, finely 
mottled with dark brown streaks; mantle and upper part of the 
back brown, with irregular undulated narrow bars; ramp and 
upper tail-coverts dark brown, with a green gloss; lower parts 
dull greyish brown, thickly mottled with brown irregular markings; 
on the lower neck and crop-region the feathers are brown, with 
U-shaped rufescent bars; flanks brown, with narrow pale reddish-
white irregular bars; upper wing-coverts smalt-blue; a white band 
anteriorly to the speculum, broader outwardly than inwardly; 
speculum dark metallic green, with a blue tinge towards the tip 
and on the outer edge of the secondaries; tertials dark metallic 
greenish blue, longer scapulars dark blue-green, more bluish on the 
outer web; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; the marginal 
under wing-covert brown, edged with white; tail blackish with 
a greenish tinge, the feathers with pale narrow edges; " iris lemon-
yellow ; bill deep reddish brown, almost black; legs, toes, and webs 
ochry yellow, but the latter are dusky towards the extremity^ 
(Anderssm). Total length 20 to 21 inches, wing 9*5, tail S*7f 
culmen 2*35, tarsus 1*5. 

38 . MAXACOEHOTCHUS. 
319 

Female. Similar to the female of S. clypeata, but easily distinguishable 
by the blue tinge of the speculum; besides it has the tail 
much darker brown, with irregular rufescent bars ; the bill in dry 
skin is dark brown. 

Bab. South Africa, north to Angola on the "West, and Transvaal 
on the East; according to Lefebvre also Abyssinia, but this locality 
requires further proof. 

a. $ ad. sk. S. Africa. Shelley Coll. 
b. <3 ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.]. (Type 
c. 2 a&*st-
d. $ ad. sk.
e. <$ juv. sk. 
Gape of Good Hope. 
Port Natal {Ayres). 
Kio Coroca, Angola, Jan.
(Anchieta). 
of species.) 
Purchased. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

38. 
MALACOEHYUCHITS. 
Type. 
Malacorhynehus, 8w. Journ. Roy. Inst. 
ii. no. iv. 

p. 18 (1831) M. membranaceus. 
Range. Confined to Australia and Tasmania. 
1. Malacorhynchus membranaceus. 
New Holland Duck, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. 359, n. 36 (1801). 

Anas membranacea, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. lxix, n. 4 A (1801); 
Vieill. N. D. v. p. 108 (1816); Bum. Diet So. Nat vi. p. 388 
(1817); Vkill Bne. MM. i. p. 358 (1823); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 

p. 357 (1872). 
Anas fasciata, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xvii. pi. 697 (1790-1813): Less. 
Tr. ffiOrn. p. 632 (1831). 
Membranaceous Duck, Lath. Gen. JEList. x. p. 331 (1824). 
Bhynchaspis membranacea, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 124 (1824). 
Malacorhynchus membranaceus, SID. Journ. R. Inst. ii. no. iv, p. 18 

(with %%. of head) (1831); G. R. Gr. List Gen. R. p. 74 (1840); 
id. op. dt. 2nd ed. p. 94 (1841); Marti Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 
(1844): G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 139 (1844); id. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 618 (1845); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 13 (pt. xviii., 1845); 
Rehnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 88. ft. 924-925 (1845); G. R. Gr. 
Gem,. B., App. p. 28 (1849); Rehnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 86. 
ff. 2332-S3 (ex Gould) (1850); id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) ; 
Idcht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, 
n. 81 (1856); Zuchold, J. f. O. 1858, p. 41 (Lynch Eiver); 
Gould, BEandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 372 (1865); Rams. Ibis, 1866, p. 335 
(Port Denison); Mull. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 (Melbourne) ; G. R. 
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 85, m 10681 (1871) (syn. emend.); Sund. 
Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872) ; Rams. Br. Linn. Soe. 
N S W. i. pp. 195, 216, 219 (1876); Casteln. fyRams. ibid. p. 386 
(Gulf of Carpentaria) (1876); Diggl. B. Austr. ii. pi. 113 (1877); 
Rams. Br. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. ii. p. 200, n. 661 (1878); Sclat. 
B Z S 1880, p. 524; Rams. Br. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. vii. p. 58 
(1882); Sah. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 537 (1882); Legge, Br. R. 
Soe. Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (Tasmania) (1887); Rams. Tab. List, 
p. 22, n. 673 (1888); North, Cat. Nests $ Rygs Austr. B. p. 344 
(1889): Tristr. Cat. CoU. B. p. 48 (1889); Sharpe, Cat Osteol. 
Specim. CoU. Surg. iii. p. 304 (1891). 
320 AKATIDiE. 

Malacorhynclius fasciatus, WaffI. Lsis, 1832, p. 1235. 
Malacorliynclms membrinaceus, JEi/t. Mon. Anat. p. 186 (1838) (syn, 
emend.); id. Syn. Anat. p. 92 (1869). 
Malacorliynclms iodotis, Less. JDescr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 246 (<?) 

(1847). 
Anas iodotis, Less. (cf. Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 36). 
Anas rnalacorhynclia, Schley, (nee Gm.) Mus. P.-B.} Anseres, p. 36 

(1866). 
Malacorhynclius nialacorlivnclius, llartert (nee Gm.), Kat. Vogelsammly. 
232, n. 3426 (1891). 

Adult male. Crown greyish brown; sides of the head and chin 
greyish white; a patch on the sides of the head, including the eyes, 
and a line from either eye uniting at the occiput and passing down 
the back of the neck, blackish brown ; an oblong mark of rose-pink 
immediately behind the dark patch surrounding the eye; neck, 
breast, and underparts greyish white, crossed by numerous brown 
bars, narrow on the neck, broader on the breast and flanks, nearly 
obsolete on the centre of the abdomen ; under tail-coverts whitish 
buff: back, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts greyish brown, 
minutely dusted with lighter points ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
dark brown, the latter with a white band at the base ; secondaries 
with a white band at the tip; primaries dark brown, the shorter 
ones tipped with white; under wing-coverts white, crossed with 
narrow brown bars ; axillaries white; tail brown, the feathers 
slightly tipped with white : " irides dark reddish brown ; bill varies 
from greenish grey to bluish olive; tip of the lower mandible 
white ; tarsi and toes emerald-green in some specimens, and yellow-
brown in others; webs dark brown" (Gould). Total length about 
17 inches, wing 7*15, tail 2-5, culmen 2*5 to 2'65, tarsus 1*25. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller; according 
to Eyton it wants the pink spot behind the eye, but I have found 
it in all the females examined. 

Hob. Australia, except perhaps the most northern part; Tasmania. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. Ad. sk.
*>/> 9-6 ? a&.sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
N.W. Australia. 
New S. Wales. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
CaptBowyer Bower [P.1 
Hume Coll. 
i. Ad. sk.
A:, I. <$ ad. sk. et st.
m. Ad. sk.
n, o,p. Ad. sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s. $ [head].
t Ad. sk. 
New S. Wales. 
S. Australia. 
S. Australia. 
S. Australia. 
S. Australia. 
S. Australia. 
Tasmania. 
Lord Leigh [P.]. 
Sir G. Grey [Pi]. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
E. Bartlett, Esq. [P.]. 
E. Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 

39. MAEMARONETTA. 
Type. 
Marmaronetta, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852).. M. angustirostris, 
Marmonetta (er?vre), Martens, J.f. 0.1868, p. 67 : 

G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84 (1871). 
Range. Erom the basin of the Mediterranean to India. 
39 . MAB2O.E02O3TTA. 
321 

1. JCarmarouetta aoigustirostris. 
Anas angnstirostris, Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 58, n. 205 (Lenkoran) 
(lfe32); Less. Compl de Buff., Ois. 2nd ed. p. 722 (1838) -,K.$B. 
Wirbelth. Bur. p. Ixxxv (Aninerk.) (1840) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit. 

p. exiii (1844); Homeyer, J. f O. 1863, B, p. 26; Schleg. Mus. 
P.-B., Anseres, p. 63 (1886); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 456 (Portugal); 
Sharpe 4- Dress. B. of Bur. vL p. 479, pi. 423 (pt. 13, 1872); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. I. p. 344 (1872); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 229 (Malta); 
Irbtj, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 199 (1875) (Morocco); Gum. Rambles of 
a Natural p. 226 (Egypt) (1876); Blanf. Bast. Pers. ii. p. 301 
(Baluchistan) (1876); teeth. Ibis, 1883, p. 34 (Caucasus); Scully, 
J. A. S. B. hi. p. 88 (1884); Tristr. Faun. fy Flor. of Palest. 
p. 115 (Palestine and Egypt) (1884); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 376 
(Portugal); Koenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 285 (Tunis); Pleske, Rev. 
Turkest. Omis, p. 55 (Tschinas) (1888); Guillem. Ibis, 1889, 
p. 216; Lilf. ibid. p. 345 (Cyprus); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 
(1880); Beam, Ibis, lb91, p. 72 (incubation); BLartert, Kat. Vogel-
mmml p. 230 (1891); Rika, Orn. Jahrb. iii. p. 260 (Bohemia) 
(1»92); ScM. P. Z. 6. 1893, p. 776 (Spain, Zool. Gard.). 
Anas (Fuliguia) marmorata, Temm. apud Gould, B. of Bur. v. pi. 373 
(pt. ix.7 163— *). 

f 
f 
Anag marmurata, Gould, P.Z.S, 1836, p. 59 (N. Africa); Temm. 
Man. d*Onu 2nd ed. iv. p. 544 (Sardinia) (1840); Werner, Atlas, 
PtdmipMes, pi. 493 (18—?) ;I.p . Wirbelth. Bur. p. lxxxv 
(Annierk) (1H40); Cara, Orn. Sarda, p. 190 (Sardinia) (1842); 
JBmrg^ J, /. O. 1857, p. 123 (Algeria) • Bolh, ibid. \. 348 
(Canaries, breeding); Pomys, Ibis, 1860, p. 353 (Ionian I.; Tunis); 
Tristr. ibid. p. 372; id. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Palestine); Bree, B. 
ff Bur. iv. p. 166, with plate (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 
(Palestine); Samd, Mis, 1869, p. 171 (Spain), 1871, p. 396 (S. 
Spain); Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 46o (Scinde); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, 
« 343; Danf. §* Barm-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 430; Seeb. Ibis, 
882, p. 229 (Astrakan); ? Chapm. Bis, 1884, p. 90 (Spain); 
ter, Yerh. z»-b. Ges. Wienf xl. p. 4 (Herzegovina) (1890); id. 
Orn. Jakrb. L pp. 108, 109, Tail i. (1890). 
Pafila marmozata, Byt Mon. Anat. p. 114 (1838); Bp. Comp. List, 

p. 56, DL 410 (1838); id. Syn. Anat. p. 66 (1869). 
Querquedula 
angustirostris, Bp. Comp. List, p. 57, n. 415 (1838); 
lharazzo, Uce. Lig. p. 79 (Sardinia) (1840); Bp. Icon. Faun. 
ItaL L Ucc. tav. 47. if. 1,"2,Introd. p. 17 (1841); id. Atti Riun. 
Be. ltd. Firemse, 1841, p. 317; id. Cat. Met Ucc. Bur. p. 71, 

a. 435 (1842); id. Is», 1843, pp. 403, 404; G. R. Gr. Gen. B., 
App. p. 28 (1849); Begl Orn. Bur. p. 435, sp. 467 (1849); Bp. 
Ret:. Crit pp. 104,193 (1850); Rchnb. Syn. A v., Natatores, t 90. 
ff 2341-42 (ex Bp.), t. 91. f. 2652 (ex Gould) (1850); Vidal, 
Mem. d. Madr. Ac. 1851, p. 196 (Spain); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 375 
(1865); BoUe, J.f.O. 1855, p. 314 (Spain); Salvad. Cat Ucc. 
Sard. p. 106 (1864); id. J.f.O. 1865, p. 323; Cara, Osserv. Cat. 
Uce. Sard. p. 121 (1866); Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Bar. ii. p. 528 
(1867); ZMderl Amf SicU. e Mod. p. 264 (1869); Blwes $BucM. 
(1881); C Swinh. Ms, 1882, p. 124 j Arevalo, Aws de Bspana, 


TOL. XXTII.

322 
AKATIDJE. 

p. 386 (1887) ; Salvad. Ibis, 1888, p. 323; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. 
(2) Zool. v. p. 92 (1889). 
Marmaronetta angustirostris, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Bp. 
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. Ill (1856); Locke, Cat. Mamm. et 
Ois. AlgSr. p. 142 (Algeria) (1858); Salvad. Faun. dltal, Ucc. 

p. 263 (1872) ; Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 520; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, 
p. 214 (Italy); id. El Ucc. Ital. p. 87, n. 326 (1881); Salv. Cat. 
B. Strichl. boll. p. 534 (1882); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 309 (1886); 
Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 262 (1886) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 179 
(Afghanistan); Gigl. Brimo Besoc. Inch. Orn. Ital. i. p. 477 (1889); 
Carruccio, Boll. Soc. Bom. ii. pp. 1-14 (1893); Gigl. Icon. Avif. 
Ital. fasc. lii. sp. & tav. 356 (1893) ; Koenig, J.f.O. 1893, p. 95. 
? Anas cypria, linger u. Kotschy, Die Inset Cxjpern (1865); A. Mull. 

J.f.O. 1879, p. 392, n. 108;* cf. Ibis, 1889, p. 346. 
Marmonetta angustirostris, Mart. J.f O. 1868, p. 67 ; Sundev. Meth. 
nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 (1872) ; Bogdan. Birds of the Cauc. (in 
Russian), p. 173 (1879) ; id. Mamm. § B. of Middle and Lower 

Volga (in .Russian), p. 149 (18— ?): (cf. Badde, Ornis Caucas. 

p. 455). 
Chaulelasmus (Marmonetta) angustirostris, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, ill. 
p. 84, n. 10675 (1871). 
Chaulelasmus 
angustirostris, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 1, p. 1329 
(1873), ii. 2, p. cc (1873); id. J.f.O. 1874, p. 54; Hume, Str. 
Feath. vii. pp. 493, 523 (Lower Bengal) (1879), viii. p. 115, 

n. 961 his (1879); id. Nests 8f Eggs Ind. B. (Oates* ed.), iii. p. 291 
(1890). 

Querquedula marmorata, Dress. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 605 (eggs, Seville). 

Chauliodes angustirostris, Badde, Ornis Caucas. p. 455 (1884). 

Marhle Duck, McLeod, Str. Feath. x. p. 168 (Firoza, Indus Valley) 

(1881). 

Marbled Teal, Hume, Str. Feath.x. p. 174 (Gur^aon) (1881). 

Marmaronetta marmorata, Bias. Ver. f Naturwiss. {Braunschw. 

Tagebl. 14. 3. 94) (Lech, near Munich); cf. Ibis, 1894, p. 453 ; 
Sclat. ibid. 

Adult male. General plumage greyish, mottled and marbled with 
greyish brown; head pale greyish, the upper part and the long 
occipital crest barred with dark brown; a brown patch across the 
eyes covers the periophthalmic region; cheeks and throat whitish, 
minutely streaked with brown ; upper parts greyish, brown, each 
feather with greyish-bufY spot at the tip, rump-feathers brown with 
paler edges; underparts greyish white, with brown bars, more 
distinct on the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts; on the lower 
breast and abdomen the bars are almost obsolete; upper wing-
coverts brownish grey; secondaries paler grey, forming an additional 
speculum; primaries brown, silky grey on the outer web; under 
wing-coverts white, the marginal ones more or less pale brown; 
axillaries white, barred with pale brown towards the tip ; tail greyish 
brown, the tips and the edges of the feathers whitish: irides brown; 
bill bluish grey, black on the culmen and tip; legs and feet horny 
brown, with webs black. Total length about 18*5 inches, wing 
8-1 to 8-5, tail 3-6, bill 1-77 to 1-85, tarsus 1-44 to 1-52. 

Female. Similar to the male, but smaller, the eye-patch and 

39 . MARMAROKETTA. 
generally all the markings and tints duller and less conspicuous; 
the occipital crest shorter. Total length 16*9 to 17*5 inches. 
Young, Similar to the female, but all the markings and tints still 
duller; the lower parts almost uniform dull pale greyish. 

Sab. From the Canaries, Portugal, and Spain, through Northern 
Africa, Palestine, Persia, and Caucasus to India; apparently also in 
the Seychelles; it straggles into Southern Europe, and also into 

Bohemia. 

a. Pull. st. 
b. ? ? ad.sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. S ad. sk. 
e. f. 
Ad. et JUT. 
sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h, i. Ad. sk. 
k, L S $ ad. sk, 
m9 n. Juv. sk. 
0. Ad. sk. 
p. § ad.sk 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. 
Ad. sk. 
s. J ad. sk. 
t. Ad.sk. 
u-V. <S $ ad. sk. 
c'f df, e\ <J 2 ad. 
sk. 
f'-k'. 6 2 ad. sk.


V. $ ad. sk. 
mr, n'. 6 $ ad. sk. 

o'. $ juv. sk. 

p'} q'. S ad. sk» 

r\ c? ad. sk. 

s\ 6 ad. sk. 
t'. Skeleton. 
v>, v'. Sterna, with 

shoulder-girdles. 
to', x\ Sterna, with 
shoulder-girdles. 

y\ s'. Trachea. 

[Europe.] 
Santa Olaya, Seville, Spain, 
^May. 
Near Seville, Spain, Nov. 

(H. Saunders). 
Malaga, Spain, Sept. (IT, &). 
Morocco. 


Tangier. 
Tunis. 
Seychelles, April. 
Mesopotamia (Comm. Jones). 
Mesopotamia (Comm. Jones). 
Babylon (Comm. Jones). 


Bala Morghah (Aitchison). 

Kandahar, March, 

Sindh. 
Hamal Mehur, Upper Sindh, 
Jan. (A< o. m.y 
Dostalle, Upper Sindh, Jan. 

(A. 0. H.). 
Guybee Dehra, Upper Sindh, 
Jan. (A. 0. J21). 
Eoree District, Upper Sindh, 
Jan. (A. 0. J2lJ. 
The Gag, Sehwan, Sindh, 
Jan. (A. 0. H.). 
Karachi, Sept. (U. A. Butler). 
Sandee, March (A. Anderson). 
Gurgaon, April (W. N» 

Chill). 
Calcutta, Dec. {A. 0, H.). 
Specimen in confinement. 
Algeria. 

Purchased. 

H. Saunders, Esq. 
[C.]. 
SheUey Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 

E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
Eraser Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Euphrates Exp. [C.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Kenneth Loftus, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Afghan Delimitation 
Comm. IT J. 
Lt.-Col. Swinhoe 

Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 


Hume ColL 


Hume Coll. 


Hume ColL 


Hume ColL 


Hume Coll. 


Seebohm ColL 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 


Y2 

AN£TID-3B. 

824 

40. STICTONETTA* Type# 
Stictonetta, Rchnb. AD. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) S. n&YOsa. 
Range, Confined to Australia. 
1. Stictonetta nsevosa. 
Anas 
nsevosa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 177 (W. Australia); id- Bt 
Austr. Tii. pi. 10 (pt. v., 1841) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 192; 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 63 (1866); Milll. P. Z. S. 1869, 

p. 280; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 358 (1872) (China!); Earns. Pr. 
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. pp. 195, 216, 219 (1876); Echnw. Orn, 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 19. 
Tadorna nsevosa, G. E. Gr.List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 132 (1844); id. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 613, n. 3 (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 93. 

f. 431 (ex Gould) (1845). 
Stictonetta nsevosa; Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Bp. Compt. 
Bend, xliii. p. 649, n. 79 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 192; 
Gould. Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 307 (1865); G. E. Gr. Sand-list, 

iii. p. 80, n. 10620 (1871); Earns. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 200, 
n. 656 (1878), iii. p. 154 (trachea) (1878); Sclat. P.Z.S. 1880, 
p. 513; Morton, Pr. E. Soc. Tasm. 1884, p. lxxii (Tasmania) 
(cf. Ibis, 1884, p. 472) (1885); Leg§e, Pr. E. Soc. Tasm. 1886, 
p. 244 (Tasmania) (1887); Earns. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 667 (1888); 
Worth, Cat. Nests $ Eggs Austr. B. p. 340 (1889); Tristr. Cat. 
Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); JSartert, Kat. VogeUammL p. 228 "(1891); 
Harting, Ibis, 1894, p. 297 (Gippsland). 
Adult The whole of the plumage is dark hrown, "blacker on the 
anterior part of the head, minutely freckled and spotted with 
irregular .oblong marks or bars of white, tinged with, huffish on 
the upper parts; the under surface the same, but whiter, the 
ground-colour being white, and the freckles and bars brown ; under 
tail-coverts almost regularly barred with brown; wings without 
speculum; primaries plain brown; secondaries spotted like the 
upper parts and besides towards the tip they have distinct white 
bands; under wing-coverts white, irregularly marked with brown j 
axillaries pure white: " irides light brown; bill greenish grey, 
becoming much darker at the tip; legs bluish green" (Gould). 
Total length 17"5 inches, wing 9, tail 3, culmen 2% tarsus 1*8. 

Female. Similar to the supposed male, but perhaps less black on 
the face. 

Bab. Southern and Western Australia, and Tasmania. 

a-d. Ad. sk. Australia (Cockerel $• Thorpe). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e, f. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum [E.]. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Interior of New South Wales. Lord Leigh [JPA 

i. 
5 ad. sk. Gipps Land Lakes, Victoria J. E. Harting, Esq. [PA 
(E.Curtis). *" v 
Jc, I. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

* Systematic position very uncertain. Nail of the bill bent backwards as in 
EHsmatura! Bill rather long, at the base much compressed and very high, 
rather broad towards the tip; the edge of the upper mandible furnished 
towards the tip with lamellae prominent horizontally; culmen very concave, as 
in Tadorna comuta. No wing-speculum. Tail very short. 
41 . HETtfKOOTTTTA.. 
325 

41. 
HETERONETTA. 
Type. 
Heteronetta, Salvad. AtbiSod. Ital. Sc. Nat. viii.p. 374 
(1865) ELatricapilla. 

Mange. Confined to the southern part of South America. 

1. Heteronetta atricapilla. 
Fato cabezal negra, Azard, Apunt, iii. p. 447, n. 438 (1805). 
Canard h tete noire, A<Mra, Voy. (Sonn. ed.) iv. p. 847 (1809}; Whd, 
Beitr. iv. p. 932 (1832). 
Anas melanocephala, Vieill. (nee Gm.) N. B. v. p. 163 (1816) (ex 
Azara); id. Em. Meth. i. p. 354 (1823); G. E. Gr. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 616, n. 18 (1845); Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 28, n. 438 (1847) ; 
Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii p. 649, n. % (1856); Cass. U.S. Astron. 
Exp. ii. p. 202, pi. xxv. (1856); Burm. Syst. TIeb. Thier. Bras. 
iii. p. 439 (note) (1856); Pelz. Eeise Novara, Vdg. p. 138 (Chili) 
(1865) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867f p. 335 (Chili); Phil. 8? Landb. Cat. 
Av. Chil p. 42 (1868); Pelz. Orn. Bras, pp. 320 (mote), 459 
(1870); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 556 (1872); Burm. P. Z. $. 1872, 
370; Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p\ 129 (1873); 
rnf.lbis, 1878, p. 64 (Buenos Ayres). 
Anas atricapilla, Merrem, in Ersch u. Grub. Eric. Sect. L vol. xxxv. 
p. 26 (1841). 
Anas nigriceps, Licht. in Mus. Bero'L; id. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 
(Montevideo) (1854). 
Heteronetta melanocephala, Sdlvad. At'ti Soe. Itdl. Sc. Nab. viii. 

p. 574 (1865); id. J.f.O. 1870, p. 67; G. E. Gr. Hand-list, iii. 
p. 83, n. 10655 (1871); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 382; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 520; id. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 130 (1889) j Hotland, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 19 (Argentina), 1892, £. g(B; Berhl. James, Neio 
list Chil. B. p. 9, n. 149 (1892). 
Fuligula melanocephala, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Arigeres, p. 3$ (1866). 
Nyroca melanocephala, Eyt Syn. Anat. p. 118 (Chili) (1869). 
Fuligula nigroceps, a Vieill.,71 Eyt. I. C. in the synonymy. 

Adult. Head and upper part* of the1 nefek "black; chin white; 
back or upper parts blackish brown1, minutely vermiculated with 
pale rufous; below dirty whitish, but the base of the feathers 
dusky brown;, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts rufous brown, 
freckled with blackish ; no wing-speculum, the tips of the greater 
coverts white, a white band at the tip of the secondaries; also the 
shorter primaries edged with white at the tip ; primaries and tail-
feathers blackish; under * wing-coverts, except the greater which 
are grey, and axillaries white: u bill blackish, with a basal spot on 
each side flesh-colour ; feet horny brown " (Sctater'). Total length 
about 14*5 inches, wing 7, tail 2*3, culmen 1*75, tarsus 1-12. 

Female. " Similar, but the head like the back, cheeks brown, 
freckled with black, and throat and superciliary stripe whitish " 
(Sdater): " upper mandible dark horn, side base with a tinge of 
yellowish red; legs and feet pale slate, webs darker; irides wood-
brown " (Durnford). 

32 6 A27ATID2B. 
Edb. Rio Grande do Sul (Wied); Uruguay, Argentina, and 

Chili. 
a. $ ad. sk. Alvear, Buenos Ayres, Sept. H. Dumfordj Esq. 
b,e, <S 9. ad. sk. Mendoza, Argentine Republic Purchased. 
d,e.<$2 ad.sk/ . $ ad.sk.
g. J ad. st.
{E. C. Heed), 
Mendoza, Feb. {Weisshaupt). 
Mendoza, Feb, 
Chili. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. J.EIwes,Esq.T.> 
E. Wilson, Esq. JP.j. 
h. $ ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
i. k. d ? ad. sk. Santiago, Chili {Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t m. <$ 2 ad. sk. Eio Pilmaiquen, Chili, Feb. H. Berkeley James, 
Esq- [P.]. 

Subfamily VIII. ETTLIGUIJIIOE. 

Key to the Gmera* 

a. Primaries not uniform dark brown, or 
blackish, but partly whitish, with the tip 
brown; the first three or four primaries 
brown also on the outer web $ bill rather 
long, broad, and flat. 
a\ Indentations of the upper mandible 
prominent; head of the male fully 
crested 42. JSJBTTA, p. 327. 

l\ Indentations of the upper mandible not 
prominent. 

5". Bill gibbous at the base; outline of 
loral feathering straight, and inclined 
backwards 43. MJSTOFIASTA, p. 332. 

c". Bill smooth, not gibbous at the base. 

<?'", Bill not distinctly wider near the 
end than at the base, neither very 
broad or short .,.....».....,*. 44. NYKGCA, p. S34. 

d'". Bill somewhat wider near the end 
than at the base, rather broad and 
short, and much more rounded at 
the tip than in Nwroca; head in 
adult males glossy Hack ....... . 45. FCU0UX*A, p. S54. 

b. Primaries uniform dark brown, or blackish. 
d. Central tail-feathers narrow, short and 
curled up; bill very strong; wings very 
short, often useless for flight . . . . 46. TACHYBBBS, p. 3?3» 
d\ 
Central tail-feathers not curled up. 
d". No stiff feathers on the head of the 
adult males. 
df". General plumage of the males not 
black. 
dK Head fully crested; bill strong* 
and thick. 
cP, Tail moderate, the feathers 
somewhat rounded at the tip; 

42 . NETTA. 327 
edges of the upper mandible 
not bent inwardly; males with 
a glossy head, females with a 
brown head 47, CLANGULA, p. 376. 

e5. Central tail-feathers of the 
male very long and pointed; 
edges of the upper mandible 
partly bent inwardly 48. HAEELDA, p. 388. 

e4. Head smooth, not distinctly 
crested ; bill conical, almost 
tapering to a point 49. COSMONETTA, p. 394. 

ertr. General plumage of males deep 
black, of the females greyish 
brown, but not barred 50. GEDEMIA, p. 399. 

". Some patches of stiff feathers on the 
bead of the males. 


f". Upper mandible fringed with a 
soft skin towards the tip; lower 
mandible with apical portion flat [p. 416. 
and spatulated 51. CAMPTOL-aanus, 

,r\

g Upper mandible not fringed with 
a soft skin towards the tip; bill 
rather narrow and pointed; tertials 
more or less falcate, especially in 
the males; females barred with 
rufous and black. 


g^. Edges of upper mandible bent 
inwardly; lower mandible with 
the apical portion flat and almost 
spatulated; male and fern ale with [p. 418. 
a metallic speculum 52. HENICONETTA, 

A4. Edges of upper mandible not bent 
inwardly. 


h\ Feathering of forehead continuous 
with that of lores, and advancing 
quite to the nostrils; 
a pad of feathers encircling the 
eyes 53. AECTONETTA, p. 422. 

**• Feathering of forehead separated 
from that of lores by the 
interposition on each side of a 
more or less extensive naked 
angle; no pad of feathers 
encircling the eyes. 54. SOMATEBIA, p. 423. 

42. NETTA. Type. 
Branta. Sole, Isis, 1822, p. 564 (nee Scop. 1769, neque 

OTcen, 1815) N. rufina. 
Netfca, Kaup, Naturl Syst. p. 102 (1829) N. rufina. 
(3allich&nfBrehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999 ; id. Handb. Naturg. 

Vcg. Deutsckl. p. 921 (1831) , N. rufina. 
Mer^oides, M/t. Cat. Brit JB. p. 57 (1836) N. rufina. 

Sange. From the Basin of the Mediterranean to Turkestan and 
Nortliern India, 

JjrA.TID.ZE. 

1. Netta rufina. 

Anas fistularis cristata, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 398 (1760). 

Anas rufina, Pall. Reise, ii. App. p. 718, n. 28 (1773); id. Spirit 
german. vi. tab. 5 (c$ & ?) \ Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 541, n. 118 
(1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 870, n. 94 (1790); Bonn. Ene. 
Meth. i. p. 128 (1790); Fall Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 253, tab. 

lxxix. (1811); Temm. Man. d? Orn. p. 560 (1815); Vieill. N. D. v. 

p. 154 (1816); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 367 (1817); Temm. 
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 864 (1820); LicM. Verz. Boubl. p. 85 (1823); 
Ram. El. di Zool iii. pt. 9, p. 126 (1826); Tarrell, Tr. Linn. Soc. 

xv. 2, pp. 387, 391, tab. xv. f. e (trachea) (1827); Less. Tr. d'Orn. 

p.632 (1831); Menetr. Cat. Rais.Cauc.-p. 57 (Bakon) (1832); Temm. 
Man. oVOrn. 2nd ed. iv. p. 544 (1840); Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxxi 
(1844); Naum. Vog, Beutschl. xii. p. 7, Taf. 307 (1844); Brehm, 

J. f. 0. 1854, p. 84 (Egypt); Fassl. ibid. p. 380; Mull. J.f. 0. 
1856, p. 232 (Provence); Costa, Fauna Regno di Nap., Uce. pt. ii. 

p. 33, t. xiv. (1857); Munchausen, Naumannia,1857', pp. 239-330; 
Bolle, J.f. 0.1858, p. 227 (Canaries P) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 161; 
Bias, in Naum. Vog. Beutschl xiii. 2, p. 304 (1860); Freen, 

J.f. 0. 18133, p. 282 (Mecklenburg); Gieb. Thes. Orn. I p. 361 
(1872). 
Anas cinerea, S. G. Gmel. Reise RiissL ii. p* 184, tab. 18 (§) 
(1774). 
Fischione col ciuffo, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. tav. 587 (1776). 
Anas ruficeps, Fall. Vet. Acad. FLandl. xl. p. 28 (1779). 
Canard siffleur buppg, D'Aubent. Fl. Enl. 928. 
Siffleur hupp**, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 182 (1783). 
Eed-crestedDuck, Lath. Syn. ii. 2, p. 544, n. 82 (1785). 
Anas sjurakan, Be Brujn, It. Moscov. p. 336, tab. n. 182. f. D. 
Canard de Steller (errore), Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. pL 36. f. 3 (<S & $) 
(1790). 
Branta rufina, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 564; Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital. 
Introd. p. 17 (1841) ; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Em: p. 73 (1842); 

G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 142 (1844): id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 620 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t, 76. ff. 116-118 (1845); 

G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 146 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. A. S.B. p. 306, n. 1784 (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. viii 
(1852); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 102 (1854); Bolle, J.f.O. 1855, 

p. 314 (Spain); Brehm, ibid. p. 369; Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 358, 363 

(E. Atlas) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 250 (Oudb) ; Sclat. F. Z. S. 1862, 

p. 163 (Argyllshire); G. R Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. Mus. 2nd ed. 

p. 77 (1863); id. Cat. Brit. B. p. 198 (1863); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. 

p. 811 (1864); Salmd.Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 109 (1864); id. J.f. 0.1865, 

p. 325 (Sardinia); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 22 fpt. xi., 1867}; 
Begl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 530 (1867); Beav. Ibis, 1868, p. 402; 
Elwes Sr BuckL Ibis, 1870, p. 340 (Turkey); Baldam. J.f. 0.1870, 

p. ^78 (Mansfelder See); Salvad. Faun. d'ltal, Ucc. p. 264 (1872); 
Holdsw. F. Z. S. 1872, p. 480; Fritseh, J. f. O. 1872, p. 370 
(Bohemia); Layard, F. Z. S. 1873, p. 208 (Ceylon); Lilford, 
Ibis, 1875, pp. 16,26; Blyth, B. of Burm. p. 166 (Bhamo) (1875); 
Scully, £tr. Feath. iv. p. 201 (E. Turkestan) (1876); Fritseh. 

J.f.O. 1876, p. 79; Savi, Orn. Ital. iii. p. 58 (1877) ; ?Bidd. 
Ibis, 18&, p. 100 (Gilgit?); Hume $ Marsh. Game B. of Ind. 

iii. p. 253", pi. 34 (1880); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool v. p. 90 
(1889); id. Sec. YarK Miss., Aves, p. 129 (1891). 

42* HETTA, 

m 

Fuligula rufina, Steph. Gen. Z&d. xiL 2r p„188,pL54 (dO (1824); 
£W, 0m. Tose. iii. p. 187 (1831); $/feT P. £ 5. 1832, p.. 169 
(Bukhun) ; Gould, B. Eur, v. pi. 369 (1837); Jfer<£ jtfatff. lourn. 

xii. p. 221, n. 389 (1840); K. $ B< Wirbelth. Eur, pp. lxxxvii, 
231 (1840); Ewer, P. Z. &1842, p. 93; Blyth, ibid. p. 94 (India); 
Marti. Verz* Ges. Mus, p. 120 (1844) $ Layardf Ann. \ Mag. 
N. H, xiv. p. 269 (Ceylon?) (1854); Costa, Faun, Regn. Nap., 
Ucc. pt. L p. 78 (1857); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510 (Punjab) ; 
Tristr. Ibis, 1860, pp. 163, 372 (E. Algeria); Powys, Ibid, I860, 
-p. 354 (Ionian L) ; Simpson? Ibis, I860, p. 394 j Schleg* Mus. 
P.-B., Anseres, p. 25 (1866); Saund. Ibis, 1869, p. 397 (Sicily, 
breeding), 1870, p. 397 (S. Spain); G. R. Gr. Rand-list, iii. 
p. 85, n. 10683 (1871); Tayl. Ibis, 1872, p. 233 (Crimea); Dress. 
B. of Bur. vi, p. 559, pL 435 (pt. xxik, 1873); Heugl. Ont. N.O.Afr/
n. 2, p. 1335 (1873)* Semrtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); 
Xhess. Ibis, 1876, p. 421; Blanf. Bast Pers. p. 301 (1876) ; Forbes, 
P. Z, S. 1877, p. 312r (bursa. Fabrieii); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. 
p. Ill, n. 967 (1879) ; %e, -B. o/ Cryl p. 1087 (note) (1880) ; 
&?/az!. P . Z. & 1880, p. 524; Payne-Gallwey, Zoolog. 1881, p. 143 
(Ireland); More, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 409 (Ireland); Bidgw. Bull 
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 85 (Loner Island) (1881); id. Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. x. p. 23 (Long Island) (1831); Alien, Bull. Nutt. 
Club, vi. p. 173 (1881); C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 125 (Kandahar); 
Corns, C/iech-list, 2nd ed. p. 130, n. 88$ (1882); Rchnw. Orn. 
CentralbL 1882, p. 5 ; id. Tog. tod. Gdrt. p. 46 (1882); Salv. 
Cat, B. StrickL Coll. p. 537 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 128: 
(1883); Sclat. List Vert, An. 8th ed. p. 440 (1883); B., B., $ R, 
Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 15 (1884); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 700 (1884); Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 407 
(1884-85); Seeb. JSisf. Brit. B. iii. p. 567, pi. 64 (egg) (1885); 
Macphers. Zoohg. 1886, p. 489 (young in do*wn); Lilford, Col. 
Fig. Brit. B. pt. x. pL — (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 48 (1889); 
Rchnw. J.f.O. 1890, p. 83; Hartert, Kat Vogelsamml p. 233 
(1891) ; Oust. Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (3) vi. p, 102 (Turkestan)(
1894); Clarke, Ibisy 1894, p. 549 (Camargue), 
Platypus rufinus, Brehmf Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Fog. ii. p. 826 (1824) ; 

Pdssler, J.f.O. 1856, p. 67 (Anhalt). 
Anas (Fuligula) rufina, Less. Man. <FOrn. ii. p. 415 (1828). 
Hetta rufiaa, Kaup, Naturl. St/si. p. 102 (1829); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. 

Nat. Mm. viii. p. 355 (1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. 

p. 118, n, [145] (1886) $ Bidgw. Man. N AM, B. p. 100 (1887). 
Callichen ruficeps^ Brehm, Isist 1830, p. 999, n, 1 (descr. nulla); id. 
Vbg. Deutscht. p. 922 (1831). 
Callichen rufinus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 990, n^2; id. Vbg. BeutscU. 

p. 924 (1831); Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 (1838); id. Icon. Faun. 
Ital. i. tav. 47. f. 3 (fasc. xxx., 1841); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. 
p. 651, n. 144 (1856); Homey. J. f. 0.1862, p. 434 (Balearic Isl.) ; 
Severiz. J. f. G, 1873, p. 344, 18/5, p. 185; Radde, Ornis Caucus. 
p. 463 (1884); Salvad. El Ucc. Ital p. 262 (1886). 
Callichen subrufinus, Brehm, Ms, 1830,* p. 999, n. 3 (descr. nulla); 
id. Vbg. Deutschl p. 924 (1831). 
Callichen micropus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999,. nr 4 (descr. nulla) ; 
id. Vbg. Deutschl. p. 925 (1831). 
? Fuligula, sp., Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 169 (Dukhun) ($ ?). 
Mergoides rufina, Eyt. Cat. Brit. B. p. 57 (1836); id. Hist. Rarer 

Brit. B. p. 77 (1836); id. Syn. Anat. p. 17 (1869). 

330 ANATID^l. 

Callichen rufinum, Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 152 (1838). 
Aythya rufina, Macgill Man. Brit B. p. 191 (1842). 
Tadorna? pnoe, Hodgs. Gray's Zool Misc. p. 86, n. 819 (J ) (1844). 
Callichen rufescens, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 379 (1855). 
Callichen rufina, Bp. Corrupt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 144 (1856) ; 


Locke, Cat. M. et 0. Algir. p. 144 (1858); Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 81 

(N. Africa); Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872). 
Fuligula ruficrista, C. F. Dubois, PI. Col Ois. Belg. iii. p. 277 
(1860). 
Callichen rufa (errore?), Komig, J.f. 0. 3888, p. 285 (Tunis). 

Hybrids. 

Fuligula rufina X Metopiana peposaca, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 524. 
Branta rufina <$ x Anas boscas $, Martorelli, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 489. 

Adult male. Head, throat, and sides of the upper neck reddish 
chestnut; the feathers on the top of the head much elongated, 
forming a conspicuous crest of a reddish-buff colour* back of the 
neck above and lower neck brown-black, changing on the breast, 
belly, and under tail-coverts into glossy brown; back greyish brown, 
darker on the lower part, and changing into brown-black on the 
rump and upper tail-coverts; scapulars pale brown; wing-coverts 
and tertials greyish, secondaries white, forming the wing-speculum, 
bordered near the tip by a grey-brown band; primaries whitish, 
but the tips and the outer webs of the first five greyish brown ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the latter greyish at the 
tip• edge of the wing near the carpal joint white; a white patch 
almost hidden at the base of the scapulars; sides and flanks white, 
with an evanescent pinkish tinge, more or less undulated with brown 
lines anteriorly and posteriorly, the upper feathers brown-olive, 
and also the longer ones at the tip ; at the base of the tail on the 
sides the feathers are black with a green gloss; tail-feathers 
greyish brown, the outer ones paler and more or less with lighter 
edges: bill crimson or vermilion-red; irides reddish brown* legs 
and toes vermilion-red, interdigital membrane blackish. Total 
length about 22 inches, wing 10, tail 4, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1*5. 

Female. General colour greyish, browner on the upper parts, 
the rump blackish brown; upper part of the head, including the 
ocular region, brown ; cheeks, throat, and sides of the neck 
greyish white; point of the wing-speculum greyish white, primaries 
grey, with the tip and outer webs brown; beak and legs reddish 
brown. 

Young male similar to the female, but the darker centres of the 
feathers of the underparts are brown instead of grey; back and 
breast darker brown; and more indications of a crest (8eebohm). 

Males in first nuptial dress have the underparts more suffused 
with brown, the white not suffused with pink, and the bill much 
paler (Seebohm). 

Males in moulting plumage very closely resemble the adult 
females, but may be distinguished by the brighter colour of their 

42. NETTA, 
331 
"bills and eyelids, "by the greater development of their crest, "by the 
darker brown of the belly and tinder tail-coverts, and by the redder 
colour of the feet. 

Young in down are described by Baldamus (J. f. 0. 1870, p. 280) 
as having the upper parts dull olive-grey, with a buff spot on each 
shoulder, and the underparts buff; a bun2 stripe passes over each 
eye, and through the eye runs a dark stripe, which divides into two 
behind the eye. 

Hah, Palasarctic Region, from the basin of the Mediterranean to 
the Black and Caspian Seas, and from there to Turkestan in summer, 
and India in winter; accidental visitor in the North of Europe; 

only once in N.E. America. 

a. S &d. st. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
e-f. 
Pull. st. et 
sk, 

g. $ ad. sk. 
h, i. d ad. et 

juv. sk. 
k, Z. J $ a<*-skm, 
n. $ 2 ad. sk. 

o. $ ad.sk. 
p. (S ad. sk. 
q. 2 ad. sk. 
r. <$ imm. st. 
s,t,u. 
£ ad., ^ 
imm., et j juv. 
sk. 

v. 2 a<^ sk. 
w, x,y. 
6 2 ad-
et <$ imm. sk. 

z. (S ad. sk. 
ar. <S imm. sk. 
b'-e\ c? $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
f'-m'. d 2 ad. 
et juv. sk. 
n\ <$ ad. sk. 

°'y Pr- 6 2 imm« 
sk. 
4-v!. c? $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
v', w\ S ad. et 
juv. sk. 
x\y\ ($ ad.sk. 

z\ & ad. sk# 

a!\ 2 *&•s** 

Great Britain. 
Milford Haven. 
Dulwich (born in captivity). 


Damietta, Egypt, Dec. {Filipponi), 
Constantinople (T. Robson)+ 

Lenkoran. 
Bala JMorghab, Jan. (AitcMsori). 


Kandahar, March. 


India (Blagrave). 
India. 
India. 


R. Jhelum, Sindh, Nov. (A. 
0. J5T.). 
Muncha, Sindh, Jan. (A. O.B.). 
Sambhur, Dec, Jan., Eeb. (-&. 

M. Adam). 
Gurgaon, Feb. {A. O. H.). 
Delhi, Punjaub, Jan. 

Etawah, Jan. 

Kheree District, Feb. {A. Anderson), 
Futtehgurh, Dec. [A. Anderson). 


Oudh, Dec, Jan., Feb. 

Oudh. 

Nepal. 

Bengal (Falconer), 
Behar. 

Earl of Cawdor [P.]. 

R. Hoffmann, Esq. 
pp.]. 

Shelley Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Afghan Delimitation 

Comm. [P.]. 
Lt.-Colonel Swinhoe 

[p.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Bartlett Coll. 
Col. Cobb [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
India Museum [P.], 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
332 
AXATZQM. 

b". $ ad. gk Sambulpore Distr^Central Pro** Hume Coll. 

vincesc". 
3 imm. sk. Dinapore, Dec. Hume Call. 
d", J ad. sk. Kaipur, Jan. Hume Coll. 

 Hume ColL 

«">/"> /' • d ad. Calcutta, Dec. (A 0. JT.)sk. 
hn. P ad. sk. Calcutta, Nov. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
i", k". tf ad. sk. Lob-nor, Feb., March (Prje- Seebobm Coll. 
valsky). 

V. S imm. st» China. 
«L B-. Reeves, Esq. 
in". Skeleton Nepal. B. fir Hodgson, Esq. 
(imperfect). [P.}. 
n". Skeleton Volga. Brandt Coll. 

(imperfect). 
o". Sternum. England. X Bay, Esq:. [P.]. 
p". Sternum. Purchased. 

43. METOPIANA. 
Type. 
Metopiaua, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, gen. 26 
(1856) ^... M. peposaca. 
Metopias, Heme, Nom, Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 347 (1890). 

Range* Confitted to South America. 

1. Metopiana peposaca. 
Pato 
negrizco ala blanca, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 423, n. 430 (Paraguay 
and Buenos Ayres) (1805). 
Anas peposaca, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 132 (1818); id. Enc. Miih. i. 

p. 357 (1823); Marti Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844); id. Ind. 
Azar. Apunt. p. 27, n. 430 (1847); Burm. J.f. 0.1860, p. 267 
(Parana); id. La Plata-Beise, ii. p. 518 (1861); Scfai. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 687 (Zool. &ard.); Gteb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 359 (1872); 
Bodinus, J.f O.1876, p. 241 (Zool. Gaxd.). 
Anas metopias, Poppig, Fror. Notiz. xxxii. no. 529, p. 9 (1829)mt id. 
Fragm. Zool Bin. ChU. p. 10 (1829); ef Bull. Se. Nat. 1829, 

p. 103 ; Less. Compl de Buff. 2nd ed. p. 722 (1838). 
Milouin 
en deuil, Less. Tr. oVOrn. p. 632, n. 41 (Brazil) (1831) ; 
Pucher. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 636 (=A. peposaca) j HartL 

J.f. 0.1855, p. 420. 
Anas albipennis, Lirfvt. Mm. Berol.j teste Meyen} Nova Acta, xvi. 
Suppl. p. 119 (1833); Lieht. Nomencl Av. p^ 101 (Montevideo) 
'(1854). 

Euligula metopias, G. B. Gr. List B. Brit Mus* iii p. 143 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, *n. 6 (1844); Des Murs in Gay, Hist, de 
Chile, i. p. 456 (1848); Kartl. Naumannia, 1853, pp. 217, 222 
(Chili); Cass. U.S. Astron. Exp. ii. p." 204, pi. xxviL (1856); 
Phil 8f Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 43 (1868). 

Anas pesosaca (errore), G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 15 (1845). 
Fuligula pesosaca (errore), G. B. Gr, Gen. B., App. p. 28- (1849). 
Fuligula albipennis, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. celxxxv. (94), 

f. 
2350 (1850); Bibra, Benkschr. Ah. 'Wien, v. p.'132 (1853); 
43 . ^EXOPI^A. 
333 
& J, /• 0, 186*5, p. 57 j Peh, JReis. Nomra, Yog. p. 139 (Chili) 

(1865). 

Metopiana peposaca, Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 76 (18-56): 

JSclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Conchitas); Sclat P Z. 8. 

1870, p. 666, pL xxxvii. (Zool. Oard.); G. %• Or. Rand-list, iii. 

p. 87, n. 10695 (1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Patagonia, 
Buenos Ayres, Parana); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (carotids), 
p. 639 (muscles); Sclat ty Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Neotrop. p. 130 
(1873); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 319 ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 154156, 
f. 6 (trachea); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 398; Bumf. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 163, lb77, p. 192 (Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 65 
(nest); Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 524; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625 
(Argentina); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 439 (1883); Barrows, 
Auk, 1884, p. 274; Berl. J.f O. 1887, p. 124; Tristr. Cat ColL 
B. p. 48 (1889); Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 137 (1889); Kerr, Ibis, 
1890, p. 358: Holland, ibid. p. 427; Hartert, Kat Voyekamml, 
p. 231 (1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, pp. 206, 208, 210; Berk. 
James, New List Chil. B. p. 10, n. 161 (1892); Aphri, Ibis, 1894, 
p. 201 (Uruguay). 
Fuligula peposaca, ScTileg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 31 (1866): Sclat 
P. Z S. 1867, pp. 335, 340. 
Metopias peposaca, 
Heine & Rchnw. Norn, Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 347 
(1890). 

Hybrid. 
Fuligula rufinax Metopiana peposaca, Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 524: 
Lmerk. J.f.O. 1890, p. 2'25. 

Adult male. Above blaek, very finely striated with grey on the 
back and scapulars; sides of head and upper part of neck with a 
purple gloss; breast, like the neck, black; abdomen and flanks 
minutely vermieulated with pale grey and greyish brown; under 
tail-coverts white; wings black with a green gloss, edge of the 
wing and speculum on the secondaries white, the latter with a 
glossy black band at the tip ; primaries white with the tips black, 
the four outer ones brown-black on the outer web, and grey on the 
outer part of the inner web; under wing-coverts white, except the 
marginal ones which are blackish; axillaries white, vermieulated 
with grey near the tip; tail brown-black, the outer feathers 
greyish: bill rosy red, with the tip and nail black; feet yellow; 
irides golden red. Total length about 12 inches, wing 10, tail 3, 
culmen 2-5, tarsus 1*6. 

Female. Head, neck, sides of the breast, and flanks rufous-brown ; 
crown of the head and occiput darker brown ; back, scapulars, and 
wing-coverts dark brown, with an olive gloss; upper tail-coverts 
brown; chin and throat, and also a few feathers on the sides of 
the head at the base of the upper mandible, white; lower parts 
whitish, the base of the feathers brown; under tail-coverts white; 
edge of the shoulder grey; speculum on the secondaries grey, with a 
brown band at the tip; primaries brownish grey, with black tips, 
the first three or four blackish brown on the outer webs; under 
wing-coverts, like the axillaries, white, but the marginal ones 
brownish; tail brown: "bill bluish brown" (Kew Gard.). 

334 
ASTATID-2E;. 

Another specimen in the Turin Museum has the rufous-brown 
colour of the head, neck, and sides of body paler, and the whitish 
of the underparts tinged with ochreous. 

Eab. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chili. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. S ad. st.
c-e. <$ 2 ad. st.et5 ad. sk. 
f,g. 
6 ad. et $
juv. St. 

h. d ad. sk.
L h 
d 2 ad. sk.

l,m. S ? ad. sk.

n. $ ad. sk.
o. <$ juv. sk,
p. £ ad. sk.
q, r. $ $ ad. sk. 
Chili. 
Chili (T. Bridges). 
Chili. 
Chili.

 Central Chili. 
Santiago, Chili (ZeyboloT), 
Santiago, Chili, Aug. 
Eio Pilmaiquen, Chili, Feb. 
Uruguay. 
Monte Video (Johnston).

44. 
NYEOCA.
Nyroca, Flem. JPhil. of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822)
Aythia, Boie, Isis, 1822. p. 564 (nomen nudum)
Aithya, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 99 (1829)

 AdmiralBowles[P.]. 
Purchased. 
Cuming Coll. 

 T. Bridges, Esq. [0.]. 
H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
rp.]. 
H. 
Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
L 
*J* 

 H. Berkeley James, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Alan Peel, Esq. [P.l 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 ....

Euligula, Sw. (nee Steph.) Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1838)..

Aethyia, Agass. Nomencl. Zool. Ind. Univ. p. 42 (1846), 

Marila, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. viii (1852)

Aithyia, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, gen. 50 (1856). 

Aristonetta, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 793 (1858)

Ilyonetta, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hem. Orn. p. 847 

(1890) (=Nyroca,I%?m.). 

Range. Cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
General plumage grey; head and neck rufous-
chestnut in adult males (Aethyia). 
a'. Bill moderate, much shorter than middle toe. 
a". 
Head and neck chestnut-rufous, without 
distinct purple gloss; lower parts finely 
vermiculated with ashy; upper mandible 
(in life) blue only between nostrils and end, 

_ 
Type. 

 N. africana. 
N. ferina. 
N. feiina. 
N. ferina. 
N. ferina. 
N. rallisneria* 
the basal portion being dusky ferina, pt 335. 

V. 
Head and upper half of neck rich chestnut-
rufous, glossed with purple$ abdomen 
white, not yermiculated with dusky; bill 
pale blue, only the end black americana, p. 340. 
b\ 
Bill very long, equal to middle toe; upper 
part of the head dusky; abdomen white.... vcdlimeriaj p. 342. 

44 . NTKOCA. 335 
. General plumage brown; head, except in N. 
baeri, wholly or partly tinged with chestnut, 
especially in adult males (Nyroca). 

c\ Lower breast and upper part of the abdomen 

white. 

c". Head and upper part of neck black, glossed 
with green; a chestnut patch on the 
anterior part of the cheeks near the base 
of the bill in the female baeri} p. 344. 


d". Head chestnut, more or le3s bright. 
d3. A white spot on the chin » africana, p. 345. 
e3. No white spot on the chin. 

e*. Breast of a brighter and deeper chestnut 
; smaller, wing 7*8 inches innotata, p. 350. 
J*. Breast of a duller chestnut; larger, 
wing 8*75 inches australis, p. 350. 

d'. Abdomen dusky; upper part of the head 
black; sides of the head and of the upper 
portion of the neck deep chestnut-brown; I brunnea, p. 351. 
sides reddish brown . < nationi, p. 353. 


[ erythrophthalma, 

[p. 353. 
1. Nyroca ferina. 
Penelope, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 384, pi. xxxv. f. 1 (J ) (1760). 
Penelope nigra, Briss. op. cit. p. 389 (1760). 
Anas ferina, Linn. 8. N i. p. 203, n. 31 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 2, 


p. 530, n. 31 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. '862, n. 77 (1790); 
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 137, n. 32, pi. 38. f. 2 (with var. a, p. 137) 
(1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 116, tab. xiv. ft 5, 6 (trachea) 
(1798); Ball. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 250 (1811); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. p. 564 (1815); VieilL N. D. v. p. 125 (1816); Bum. Bid. 
8c. Nat. vi. p. 373 (1817); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 868 (1820); 
Licht. Verz, Boubl. p. 85 (Siberia and Cyprus) (1823); Bp. Speech. 
Comp. jp, 73, n.232 (1827); MenStr. Cat Rais. Cauc. p. 58 (Bakou) 
(1832) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxx (1844); Naum. Vog. Beutschl. 
xiii. p. 21, Taf. 308 (1844); Brehm, J.f O. 1854, p. 84 (Egypt); 
Jacket, ibid. p. 363 (Bavaria, breeding); Eassler, ibid. p. 380 
(Taurie); id. J.f O.1856, p. 68; Mull. ibid. p. 232 (Provence); 
Buwy, J.f. 0.1857, p. 123 (Algeria); Heugl. J. f. O.1862, p. 307 
(N.E. Air.); Homey. J.f.O. 1870, p. 433 (Baikal); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. i. p. 350 (syn. emend.) (1872); Bowl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 230 
(1878). 
Anas ferina £, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 530 (1788); Lath. Jnd. Orn. ii. 

p. 863 (1790). 
Anas ruficollis, Scop. Ann. I. Hist Nat. p. 66, n. 81 (1769); Bonn. 
Enc. MSth. i. p. 132 (1790). 
Anas erythrocephala, S. G. Gmel. Beise Bussl. i. p. 71 (1770); id. 
Nov. Comm. Betrop. xv. p. 465, n. 14, tab. 20 (1771). 
Anas penelope. Gerini, Stor. TJcc. v. tav. 583 (tf), 584 ($ ) 
(1776). 
Millouin, BAubent. Bl Enl. 803; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 216 
(1783). 
Pochard, Benn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 600, n. 284 (1776); Lath. Syn. iii. 
2, p. 523, n. 68 (1785). 
Kufous-necked Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 477, n. 32 (1785), 


836 
A®&m>M* 

Anas rufa, Gm. Syst Nut i 2, p, 515, n. 71 (1788) (ex Scopoli) % 
Lath. Ind. Orn. H. p. 863, ju 78 (1790) j Less, IK iZ'Orra, p. 631 
(syn. emend.) (1831). 

Nyroca ferina, Flem. Phil, of Zool ii. p. 260 (1822); id. Brit An. 

p. 121 (1828); G. B. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 75 (1840),- M. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 621, n. 1 (1844); id. List B. Brtt, Mm, iii p. 143 (part.) 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. AD., Natatores, t.75, ft 124-26(1845); Bolle, 
J.f. 0. 1855, p. 315 (Spain) ; Homey, J.f 0. 1859, p. #70 (Zool. 
Gard.); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 445 {Gxmt Brit); Gdw&, ,& 6?r. Pr#. 
v. pi. 21 (pt xxi., 1872). 
Aytnya 
ferina, Boie9 Ms, 1852, p, 564; JBratoi, Isis, 1830, p. 999; 
*U Vog.Deutsehl p. 920 (1831); J3^. Comp. List, p. 58 (1838); 
*& Cat. Met, p. 73 (1842); Brekm, J,f O. 1855, p. 369 (Egypt); 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 653, n. 142 (excl. var.) (1856); Loche, 
Cat. M. et O, AlgSr. p, 144 (1858); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 812 
(1864); Sahad. Cat, Ucc. Sard, p. 109 (1864); id. J.f O. 1865, 

p. 325 (Sardinia); G, B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n, 10689 (1871); 
JSwink P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (Shanghai); Fritsch, J.f O. 1872, 
p. 371 (Bohemia); Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 420 (Kattiawar); Dyb. 
J, f. O. 1873, p, 1.10; ffeugl Om N.O.-Afr. ii, 2, p. 1341 (1873); 
Tacz. Bull 80c. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (1877); David $ Oust. Ois. Chin. 
p. 506 (1877) ; Prjev. Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 106 (1878); 
Badde, Omis Camas, p. 460 (1884); ? Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat.Mus. 
x. p. 137 (1887). 
Fuligula 
ferina, Steph, Gen. Zool xii 2, p. 193 (1824); Savi, Orn. 
Tosc. iii. p. 135 (1831); Strickl P. Z. & 1836, p, 102 (Smyrna); 
Byt Cat. Brit B. p, 57 (1836) 1 Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1837); 
Gould, B. Bur, v. pi. 367 (1837); Byt. Mm. Anat p. 154, pi. 12. 

i. 3 (cseca) (1838); K. & B« WirbeM. Bur. pp. lxxxvii, 230, 
(1,840); Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 521, n. 389 (1840); Blyth, 
P. Z. S. 1842, p. 94 (India); Marti. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 
(1844) 5 Blyth, Cat B. Mm. A. 8. B* p. 306, a. 1785 (1849) ; 
Lilljeb. Naumannia, 1852, 2, p. 110 (N. Russia); Wallengr. 
Naumannia, 1854, p. 273; JmM, J.f.O. 1855, p. 407; Wied, 
J.f O. 1859, p; 175; Tristr. Ibis, I860, pp. 81, 163 (N. 
Africa); Powys, ibid. p. 354 (Ionian I.); Simps, ibid. p. 394 (W. 
Greece); Tristr. B. Z. & 1864, p. 454 (Palestine); Nordm. J.f O. 
1864, p. 379 (Finland); Schley. Mm% P.-B., Anseres, p. 23 (1866) 
(Europe and Japan); Baird, J. f O. 1866, p. 341 (Iceland) ; 
Droste, ibid. p. 391 (Borkum) (excl. fpecim. Amer.); Tayl. Ibis, 
1867, p. 71 (Egypt); Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 538 (1867); 
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); Byt Syn. Anat. p. 112 
(1869); Droste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 294 (1869); Blwes $ Buchl. 
Jte,1870, p. 340 (Turkey); SheU. Ibis, 1871, p. 316 (Egypt); 
Saund. ibid. p. 397 (Spain); David, N. Arch, du Mus., Bull. vii. 
Cat. n. 455 (1871); Meves, (Efv. K^Vet Ah. Fork 1871, p. 782; 
Tayl Ibis, 1872, p. 233 (Crimea); Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 289 
(1872); Homey. J f O. 1872, p. 339 (breeding in N. Germ.); 
Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p, 70 (1873); Blanf. Bast Pers, ii. p. 302 
(1870); Dress, Ibis, 1876, p. 420 (Turkestan); Pahntn, J.f O. 
1876, p. 60 (Finland); Blakist $• Fryer, Ibu, 1878, p. 214; 
Dress. B. Bur. vi. p. 551, pL 434 (1878); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. 

p. 115, n. 968 (1879); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 263 
(W. Siberia) ; Sclat P. %. S. 1880, p. 525; Brandt, J.f 0.1880, 
p. 250; Hume $ Marsh. Game B. of Ind.nl. p.248, pi. 33 (1880); 
Legge, B. Ceyl. p. 1090 (note) (1880); Jtohnw. Orn. Centralbl 
1882, p. 5; id. Yog. zool. Gart. p. 46 (1882); JSalo. Cat. B. Strickl. 
44. NYBOCA. 
Coll p. 537 (1882); Blakist. $ Pryer, 7V. As. Soe. Jap. x. p. 99 
(Japan; (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 130 (18^3); Selat List 

(l883^

^^/noo^l^rV'^0 
M<&i**. Amend. List B. Jap.

J&e5;? l!' rt 
1884'

?' ™ (1 ^9 ; P- l^(nakockdi); Tnstr. Faun. 
$ JBhr. Palest p. 117 (1884); Saimd. Tamil's lint. Brit. B. i\ 

p. 413 (1884-85), and Man. Brit. B. p, 429; A. Newt Enc Brit 
9th ed. xix. p. 252 (1885); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 575, pi. 04 
(egg) (1885) ; Meade-Waldo,Ibis, ISbd, p. 515 (Canaries): Trhtr 
Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (18*9); Rchiw. J. f. O. 1890, p. 84; Li/ford, 
Col. Fig. Brit B. pt. xiii. pi. — (1890) J" Seeh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 254 
(1890); Sharpe, Sec. Ywk. Miss., Aves, p. 132(lb91); Hartert, 
Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 232 (1891); My an, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 497 ; 
Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 472, pi. 262 (1892) ; Meade-
Waldo, Iks, 1893, p. 199 (Canaries) ; Collett, Mindre Medd. redr. 
Norges Fuglef. 1881-92, p. 215 (1894). 

Platypus ferinus, C. L. BreJmi, Lehrb. Nature/, eur. Fog. ii. p. 828 

(1824). t 
J F 
Aithya ferina, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 99 (1829). 
Aythya erytln ocephala, Brehn, Isis, 1830, p. 999 : id. Voq. Deufschl. 

p. 919 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 379 (1855). 
Alias rnarila, Malh. (nee Lt?in.) Faun. Orn. Sicil p. 220 (1843). 
Fuligula rufa, G. B. Or. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 7 (1844). 
Marila ferina, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. \iii (1852). 
Aithyia ferina, Liclit. Nomencl. A v. p. 102 (1854). 
Aythya ruficeps, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 298. 
Fuligula erythrocephala, C. F. Dubois. PI. Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 278 
(1860). 
Anas (Fuligula) feiina, Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 375 (1863) 
(Baikal). 
Aethyia ferina, Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 52 (Pisa); Stoinh. Ibis, 1874, 

p. 182 (Taihoo Lake); B., BL, B., $ S. J.f.O. 1877, p. 337 
(Germany); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital p. 2C5 (1886); Sharpe, Cat 
Osteol Specim. Coll Surg. iii. p. 306 (1891). 
Fulix 
ferina, Salvad. Faxtn. oVltal., Ucc. p, 265 (1872); Begalia, 
Proe.-Verb. Soc. Tosc. So. Nat. 1888, p. 92 (nail on the digit*). 

Hybrids. 

Fuligula mariloides, Tarred (nee Vig.), Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 247, 
with fig. (1837-43); Bp. Beo. Crit pp. 106,195 (part.) (1850). 
American Scaup, Tarrell (nee auct.), 1. c.; Saund. in TarreWs Hist. 

Brit. B. iv. p. 427, £g. p. 428 (1884-85). 
Avthya mariloides, part., Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 72, n. 453 
"(1842); id. Bev. Crit p. 195, n. 443 (pait.) (1850). 
Fuligula ferinoides, Bartl P. Z. S. 1847, p. 48; Gould, P. Z. S. 

1854, p. 95 j A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1800, pp. 337, 338. 
Fuligula leucoptera, A. Newt. Zoologist, 1848, p. 2063 (=ferinoides). 
Fuligula homeyeri, Bddeker, Naumannia, 1852, Heft i. p. 12 (Rotter


dam) ; Baldam. ibid. Heft ii. p. 124, Taf. 1; Naum. J. f. O. 
1853, Extrah. p. 7 (hybrid); Fritsch, J. f. O. 1854, p. 280; 
Gloe/er, J.f.O. 1854, p. 408 (not a hybrid !); Biidek. J.f. 0.1854, 
Extrah. p. xiv; Homeyer, ibid. p. lxvi; Olphe-Gall. Naumannia, 
1855, pp. 402, 403; Gloger, op. cit 1856, p. 252; id. J. f. O. 
1856, pp 272,351; Olphe-Gall Naumannia, 1857, p. 6; Bias, 
in Naum. Deutsch. Tog. xiii. 2, p. 305, Taf. 389. f. 2 (1800); 

A. Newt P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 337, 338 ; Bey, Syn. Eur. Brutvog. it. 
VOL. XXVII. 

338 AFATIDJE. 

Gliste, p. 130 (1872); Arriq. degli Oddi, Atii Soc. Ltal. Sc. Nat. 

xxxiv. fasc. 2, pp. 179-192 (1894). 
Anas intermedia, Jaubert, Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 118 (=Anas 
ferina x A. iryroca) ; A. Newt. P. Z.S. I860, p. 337. 
Avthya homeyeri, BreJim, Vogelf. p. 380 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Avthvia ferina a. komeveri, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 142 a 
"(1856). 
Aythyia ferina b. intermedia, Bp. I. c. n. 142 b (1856). 
Aythyia ferina c. ferinoides, Bp. I c n. 142 c (1856). 
Anas'homeyeri, Homey. J.f. 0. 1870. p. 433. 
Fuligula ferina X^Ex sponsa, Sciat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. v. 440 

(1883); Leverh. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 224. 
Fuligula ferina (JxF. cristata g , Saund. P.Z. S. 1886, p. 550. 
Fulia-ula ferinaxF. nyroca, Leverh. J.f.O. 1890, p. 223; Albarda, 

J.J. O. 1892, p. 429. 
Fuligula ferina X F. cristata, Leverh. J. f. O. 1890, p. 224. 
Fuligula ferina X Olangula glaucion, Leverh ibid. 
Fuligula ferina X Anas boschas, Leverh. ibid. 
Fuligula ferina x Anas obscura, Leverh. ibid. 
Fuligula ferina X (Anas boschas X A. strepera), Leverh. ibid. 
Adult male. Head and upper neck rufous chestnut; upper back, 
lower neck, and upper breast all round glossy black; mantle, 
scapulars, tertials, and upper parts lavender-white, finely vermiculated 
with black ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and under tail-coverts 
dull black; lower breast almost white, scarcely vermiculated, and 
gradually becoming darker on the lower abdomen and merging into 
black on the under tail-coverts; wing-coverts grey, more or less 
vermiculated with white; a grey speculum on the secondaries, the 
inner ones edged with blackish on the outer web, all edged with white 
at the tip; primaries grey, darker at the tip and on the outer web ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the marginal under wing-
coverts grey; tail brown-grey : bill black at the "base and tip, the 
intermediate space dull light blue; legs dark lead-blue, webs nearly 
black; irides yellow. Total length about 18 inches, wing S-Q, 
tail 2-6, culmen 2*2, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Head and neck dull reddish brown, shading into 
huffish white on the throat; back and scapulars greyish brown, 
vermiculated with blackish; rump and upper tail-coverts black, 
indistinctly vermiculated with greyish ; upper breast pale reddish 
brown, the edges of the feathers whitish grey; lower breast and 
abdomen grey, becoming darker brown on the lower abdomen and 
under tail-coverts, which, like the sides and flanks, are distinctly 
vermiculated with blackish; wings and tail as in the male: bill 
duller than in the male; legs dull dark lead-grey. In size somewhat 
less than the male. 

Young males resemble the females, but have the brown of the 
head and neck redder. 

Males in first nuptial dress differ from the adults in having the 
chestnut of the head and neck paler, and the black of the breast and 
upper back replaced by dark brown. 

Young in down, according to Nauruann, are dark brown on the 

44 . STYROCA. 
339 
upper parts, shading into rusty brown on the head and nock ; underpays 
dirty yellowish white: bill and feet light bluish; iris grey. 

Hah. Palsearctie Eegion from Iceland to Japan; breeding principally 
in the northern part of the Western Fahearctic Region; it 
winters in S. Europe and Northern Africa, and from Asia Minor 

throtigh Persia, India, and China to Japan. 

a. fS 
ad. sk 
b,c. g § ad. sk. 

d. S ad. sk 
e. <$ ad. sk. 
/. 2 ad.sk. 
g7 h. <$ ? ad. sk. 
i, k, I. g ad. sk. 
Qt($ Jimrn. st. 
m9 n* $ ad. sk. 

o. $ ad.sk. 
p. <$ 
imm. st. 
q. £ ad. sk. 
r. cJ ad. sk. 
$fi». S 
ad. et 5 

hum. sk. 
«, r. cf ? ad- sk. 
te. $ imm. sk. 


x. $ ad. sk. 
y, z. <2 5 imm. 
sk. 
a', cf ad. sk. 
b%c\ cT ad. sk. 
d% e*. d $ ad. sk.

ft 9% %-6 ? ad.
sk. 
*\ $* ad. sk. 

"M. & ad. sk 

P. a ad. sk. 
m\ n% o'. 3 S ad. 
sk. 
p'-t''d $ ad. et 

(3 imm. sk 
u\ cf juv-sk* 
v\ d1 ad. sk. 

wf. <J ad. sk 

#% t/r. 
$ a<*-s^» 

z\ 2 imm. st. 

Aberdeenshire (W. C.

Angus). 

England (Loudon Market). 

Milford Hall, Stafford, Jan. 

Cambridge Market, Nov. 

Cambridge Market, Nov. 

xlldeburgh, Feb., Aug. 

Tring, Herts, June, Sept. 

Avington, Hants, Dec. {G, 

E. 8.) 
Cookham, Dec. (W. Briggs).
Somersetshire.
Devonshire.
Arcackon, France, Nov. (E.
V. Seebohm). 
El Baheira, Tunis, March

(O.S.). 

Egypt, Feb. (Q. E. &). 

Cairo, May. 
Mesopotamia. 

Lenkoran, Jan. 

Central Asia.

Kashgar (Bellew).

~~ ' * " *

 Kandahar, March 

 Mado Mehur, Upper Sindh,
Jan. (A. 0. JS.). 
Sehwan, Sindh, Jan. (A.

0. sx 
Roree, Sindh, Feb. 
Rajpootana, March {A. 

o. jar.). 
Delhi, Jan. 

Gurgaon, Jan. [A. 0. &.). 

Etawah, Dec. 
Sandee, March (A. Anderson). 
Futtehgurh, Feb. (A. Anderson). 


Oudh. 

Nepal. 

 H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Capt. W. S. Levett 
pP.]. 
Salvin-G-odman Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
Theodore Fisher, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hon. W. Rothschild 
[P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 

 Montagu Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Dr. Worthington. 
Euphrates Expd. [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

 Moscow Museum [P.]. 

 India Museum [P.J. 
Lt.-Colonel Swinhoe 

[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hame Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 

B. H. 
Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
' 
z2 


340 
ANATIDJE. 

a". cT ad. sk. Manipur. March (-4. 0. IT). Hume Coll. 
6". J ad. sk. Shanghai, China, Dec. (A. Seebohm Coll. 

Miehie). 
c". S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, March. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
d",e". $ 9 imm. Yokohama, Japan, winter Seebohm Coll. 

sk. (H. Fryer), 
f". $ skeleton. England. Purchased. 
7/". Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
#'. Sternum. England. G. Ingall, E?q. rp.]. 
i". Sternum with England. J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 

shoulder-girdle. 
h". Sternum with England. M. Lefebvre's Coll. 
shoulder-girdle. 
l",m". Sterna. 


HYBBIDS. 

Nyroca ferina X F. marila. 

n''. S ad. sk. Purchased at Mr. Double- F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. 
day's sale, Aug. 23,1871. 
(Type of Fuligula mariloides, Yarr. nee Vigors.) 

Nyroca ferina X F. fuligula, 

o". cT iuv. st. Woodford Park, Blackburn, R. J. Howard, Esq. 
Aug. [P.]. 

2. Nyroca americana. 
Anas ferina, 
6m. S. N. i. 2, p. 530, n. 31 (part.) (1788); Lath. hid. 
Orn. ii. p. 862, n. 77 (1790); Wih. {nee Linn.) Am. Orn. viii. 

p. 110, pi. 70. f. 6 (1814); Bp. Speech. CUnp. p. 73, n. 253 (1827); 
Doughty, Cab. N. E. ii. p. 40, pi. iv. (1832); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 350 (part.) (1872). 
Anas (Fuligula) ferina, Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wih. n. 270 (1825). 
Fuligula ferina, Bp. {nee Linn.) Ann. Lyc. AT. Y. ii. p. 392 (1826) ; 
id. Syn. p. 392 (1828); Sw. Sr Bach. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 452 
(183i); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 434 (1834); And. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 198, 

p. 322 (1835); id. Syn. p. 287 (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 311, 
pi. 396 (1843); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 320 (1884^; Schley. 31ns. 
P.-B., Anseres, p. 23 (part.) (1866). 
Fuligula americana, Bp., fide Eyt. Mon. Anat. pp. 155, 156 (1838); 
Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Wied, J.f. 0.1859, p. 175: Albreeht, 

J.f. 0.1862, p. 207 (Jamaica); Turnb. B. E. Pa. p. 46 (1860) ; 
Fyt. Syn. Anat. p. 113 (1869); Sclat. § Solv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 400; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 526; Cory, List B. W. Lnd. p. 31 (1885) ; 
Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 576 (1885); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 
(1889). 
Aythya erythrocephala, Bp. (nee Brehm), Comp. List, p. 51, n. 387 
(1838) ; Newb. P. P. P. Pep. vi. 4, p. 103 (1857). 

Nyroca americana, G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 2 (1844) ; id. 
"List Spec. B. Brit Mus. p. 143 (1844); A. § E. Newt. Handb. 
Jam. p. 113 (1881). 

Nyroca ferina americana, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 77. f. 889 

(1845) (ex Audubon). 
Nyroca ferina, Woodh. Sitgr. Pep. p. 104 (1853). 
Aythya ferina, d. americana, Bp. Compt. Pend. xliii. p. 651, n. 142 d 

(1856). 

44 . UTROCA.. 
341 
Aythya americana, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 703 (1858); id. Cat. iV. Am. 
f- n. 618 (1859); Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 2V. //. vii. p. 122 
(Bahamas) (1859); id. J. f. 0.1861, p. 56 ; March, Pr. Ac. Philad. 
JfHp . 27 (Jamaica); & R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10690 
(1871) ; Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 315 (Mazatlan) (1874); 
A 0. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 118, n. 146 (1876) • Ridgw. Man. 

N. Am. B. p. 101 (1887); Con/, Auk, 1888, p. 66: id. B. W. hid. 
p. 267 (1889) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 55 (1892). 
JNyroca erythrocephala, Heerm. (nee Brehm) P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. 4, 
p. 70(1859). 
r v i 
Aethyia americana, 
Dress. Ibis, 1866; p. 43 (Texas) ; Brown, Ibis, 
1868, p. 426 (Vancouver I.) ; Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. 

p. 130 (1873); Ridgw. Nomencl. K Am. B. n 618 (1881); B., B., 
$ R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 36 (1884); Nehrl. J. f. 0. 1885, 
p. 147 (Illinois). 
Aythya ferina, var. americana, Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. p 183 
(1872). * 
Fuligula ferina, var. americana, Coues, Key, p. 289 (1872); id. Checklist 
N. Am. B. n. 503 (1873); id. Birds N.- West, v>. 575 (1874) ; 
Cory, B. Bahama I. p. 189 (1880) : Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. 

ii. p. 473 (1892). 
Fuligula ferina americana, Coues, Check-list N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 114, n. 723 (1882). 
Fulix ferina americana, Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 702, n. 723 
(1884). ^ * 
Hybrid. 
Fuligula americana X F. marila (!), Leverk. J.f.O. 1890, p. 224. 
Yery similar to N. ferina, but the rich chestnut colour of the 
head and upper half of neck glossed with purple; abdomen white, 
not vermiculated with dusky: bill pale blue, only the end black. 
Size the same as that of N. ferina^ or very little larger; wing 9*4 
inches, culmen 2. 
Female. Head and neck greyish brown, darker above, the fore 
part of the former lighter, almost white on chin and upper throat; 
back, scapulars, chest, sides, and flanks dull greyish brown, the 
feathers tipped with paler or fulvous; abdomen whiter than in 

N. ferina female. 
Young in down. u Above ochraceous olive-brown, with an indistinct 
yellowish spot behind each wing, another on the lower border of the 
arm-wing, and a third on each side of the rump; whole sides of 
head and neck, with lower parts in general, deep buff-yellow, paler 
and duller on belly and ventral region * no dark markings on sides 
of head " (Ridgway). 

Hal. "Whole of North America, breeding from Maine and California 
northward. 

a, h. 3 $ ad. sk. No locality. Mr. Hadcraft [0.]. 

c. S ad. sk. [England.] 
Tweeddale Coll. 
d. <$ ad.sk. Vancouver's Island (Higgins). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e.f. 
c?$ ad.sk. 49th Parallel. N.America Boundary 
Commission [P.]. 
g. 
2 ad.sk. Fort Duff erin. N.America Boundary 
Commission [P.]. 
342 
AKATIDiE. 

h. 3 juv. sk. 
TTarner Lake, Oregon, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. $ 
ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois (Nelson § Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jencks). 
k. $ ad. sk. 
Neuces Co., Texas, Jan. (N. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
E. Noakes). 
l-St $ ^ ad. et S Corpus Christi, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. 
Oct., Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 


t. S "»m. sk. 
Brownsville, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
u. <$ ad. sk. Zacatecas, Mexico, April (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
B. Richardson). 
v. 
<S ad. sk. Valley of Mexico (H 8. le Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Strange). 
3. Nyroca vallisneria. 
The Canvas-hack Duck. 

Anas vallisneria, Wils. Am. Orn, viii. p. 108, pi. 70. f. 5 (1814); 
Less. Tr. oVOrn. p. 631 (1831); Doughty, Cab. N. H. ii. p. 36, pi. 4 
(1832); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 30 (1885). 

Anas vallisneriana, Sabine, App. Frankl. Jour. p. 699 (1823). 
Anas valisneria, Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 359 (1823). 
Fuligula vallisneria, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 190 (1824) ; Bp. Ann, 


Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 392 (1826); id. Syn. p. 392 (1828); Sw. fy Rich. 
Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 451 (1831) j Nutt. Man. ii. p. 430 (1834); 
Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 153 (1838) ; And. Orn. Bioqr. iv. p. 1, pi. 301 
(1838); id. Syn. p. 285 (1839) ; id. B. Am. yi. p. 299, pi. 395 
(1843); Gir. B. Long Isl. p. 318 (1844): DeKay, N. T. Zool ii. 

p. 321 (1844); Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, p. 46; Coues, Key, p. 290 
(1872); id. Check-list, n. 504 (1873); id. Birds N.-West, p. 575 
(1874); id. Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 115, n. 724 (1862); Hartert, 
Kat. Vogelsamml p. 232 (1891). 
Aythya 
valisneria, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980; Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 
(1838); id. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 664: (1854); id. Not. Coll 
Delattre, p. 94 (1854); id. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 143 
(1856); Newb. P. R. 22. Rep. vi. p. 103 (1857); Baird, B. N. Am. 

p. 794 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 592 (1859); Coop. $ Suckl 
N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 258 (1860); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 10 
(Brit. N.Am.); Kirkby, Ibis, 1862, p. 308; Ross, Canad. Nat. 
Apr. 1862; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 148; March, Pr. Ac. Philad. 
1864, p. 72 (Jamaica); Gundl Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 390 
(1866); Ball ty Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (Alaska) (1869); 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10691 (1871); Aiken, Pr. Bost. 
Soc. xv. p. 210 (1872); Snow,B. Kans. p. 11 (1873); Lawr. Mem. 
Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 315 (Mexico) (1874); Gundl J. f. O. 1875, 
p. 382 (Cuba); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 118, n. 147 
(1886) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll in Alaska, p. 71 (1887); Cory, 
Auk, 1888, p. 66 (Cuba, Jamaica) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 57 
Fuligula valisneria, Hartl Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 80. ff. 2758-60 (1850) (ex Audubon); Wied, 

J. f. 0.1859, p. 174; Sclat. £ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 400; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 526. 
Nyrcca valisneria, 
G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 43 (1844); id. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 3 (1844); Woodk Sitgr. Rep. p. 104 (1853); 

44 . NYROCA. 
343 
Heerm. P. P. P. Pep. x. pt. iv. p. 70 (1859) ; Brewer, Pr. Post. 
Soc. y. H. vii. p. 308 {Cuba} (1800) ; A. &E. Newt Handb. Jam. 

p. 113 (1881). 
Nyroca valisneri, Rclmh. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 75. f. 127 (1845). 
Aythyia erytkrocepkala, Licht. (nee Brehm) Nommcl. Av. p. 102 
(N. America, Mexico) (1854). 
Aythya valisneri, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 298; id. Yogelf. p. 380 
"(ISoo). 
Aethyia valisneria, Cab. § Gundl. J. f. 0. 1857, p. 229 (Cuba); 
Gundl. J.f.O. 1801, p. 24b ; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 198 (Guatemala); 
Brown, Ibis, 1808, p. 426 (Vancouver I.); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotrop. p. 120 (1873); Bidgio. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 617 (lb81). 

Aristonetta vallisneria, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 793 (in text) (1858). 

Aethyia vallisneria, Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texas); B., £., $ P. 
Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 30 (1884) ; Nehrl J. f. O. 1885, p. 147 
(Illinois). 

Fnlumla valisneriana, ScJileg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 25 (1866); 

Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (1889). 
Anas valisneriana, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 364 (1872). 
Fulix vallisneria, Coues, Keg N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 703 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to that of N. ferina, but much larger and 
with a much longer bill; the upper part of the head darker chestnut 
than the rest; lower breast and abdomen white: " bill entirely 
greenish black ; iris carmine-red ; feet bluish grey " (Coues). Total 
length 20 to 22 inches, wing 9*25, tail 2*9, culm en 2*6, tarsus 1*6. 

Adult female. Head, neck, jugulum, and anterior part of back 
raw-umber-brown, a postnuchal space, the fore part of the head, 
and fore neck whitish ; chin, throat, and cheeks tinged with fulvous ; 
back, scapulars, and Hanks greyish brown, vermiculated with white; 
wings as in the male: " bill greenish black; iris brownish red ; 
feet plumbeous " (B., B., Sf B.). 

Hah. North America, breeding from the North-western States, 
northward to Alaska; in winter southwards to Guatemala and 
"W. Indies. 

a, b. tf $ ad. sk. 
N. America. Old Coll. 
Fort Eupert, Vancouver's N. America Boundary 

c. S 
ad. sk. Island (/. K. Lord). Commission [P.]. 
Vancouver's Island (J. K. N. America Boundary 
d, e,f. S ad. sk. Lord). Commission [P.]. 
Minnesota. H. Courage, Esq. 
g,h. 
c$ $ ad. sk. [p.]. 
49th Parallel. N. America Boundary 

<$ juv. sk. 

Commission [P.]. 

Cook Co., Illinois (E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. <$ ad. sk. Nelson), 
l-o. c? $ imm. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Jr. B. Armstrong), 
p-v. <$ $ ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April (F. B. Armstrong). 
ID. S imm. sk. Duenas, Guatemala (O. #.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

x. skeleton. 
N. America. Eyton Coll. 
344 
AETATIDiE. 

4. Nyroca baeri. 
Anas leucophtlialmos, Kittl. {nee BorkJi.) Isis, 1829, p. 529 (Kamtschatka); 
cf. Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 137 (note)J1887). 
? Nyroca leucophthalma a. dussumieri, Bp. Convpt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, 


n. 138 a (Bengal, valde major) (1856) *. 
Anas (Fuligula) baeri, Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 376, pi. 15 
(1863) j cf. Ibis, 1866, p. 118. 
Anas baeri, Homey. J.f.O.1870, p. 433. 
Aythya ferina (errore), Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (Shanghai) ; id. 

Ibis, 1873, p. 306. 
Fulix baeri, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (Kiukiang on the Yangtse); 

id. Ibis, 1873, pp. 366, 367, ? 1875, p. 457. 
Fulix cristata, part., G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10084 (1871). 
Fuligula nyroca, David {nee Giildenst.), N". Arch, du Mus., Bvll. vii. 

Cat. n 354 (1871); Blahist. 8? Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Japan); 
Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 22 (Japan). 

Fuligula baeri, Dyb. J. f. 0.1874, p. 337; Tacz. J f. 0.1875, p. 257 
(Ussuri); id. Bull. Soe. Zool Fr. ii. p. 47 (1877); David § Oust 
Ois. Chine, p. 509, pi. 124 (1877); Seeb. B. Jap. Emp. p. 254 
(1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 497 (Yangtse). 

Fulix 
nyroca, David fy Oust, (nee Giildenst) Ois. Chine, p. 507 
(1877) f. 
Nyroca ferruginea, Bldkist. fy Pryer {nee Gm.), Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. 
1, p. 99 (1882); Blahist. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9, n. 47 (1884). 
Fuligula baueri (errore), Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 48 (1889). 

Adult male. Head and neck black, with a green lustre ; a white 
spot on chin; upper parts brown ; the interscapular region and 
the scapulars finely waved with paler brown irregular lines ; breast 
rufous chestnut, sharply defined from the white of the abdomen; 
under tail-coverts white; flanks rufous brown; vent tinged with 
brown; speculum white, with a broad blackish subapical band; a 
narrow white band at the tip of the secondaries; quills whitish, 
with the outer web and tips brown; marginal under wing-coverts 
blackish, remainder, like the axillaries, white; tail brown: bill 
bluish, with the base and the nail black ; feet lead-grey, with the 
joints darker; irides white or " pale yellow " (David). Total length 
about 19 inches, wing 8, tail 2-8, culmen 1*75, tarsus 1*45. 

Female. Similar to the male, but the head and neck less glossy, a 
chestnut patch on the anterior part of the face, near the base 
of the bill; upper breast of a duller chestnut; back brown, without 
narrow wavy lines; brown base of the abdominal feathers more 
extended. 

Hob. Eastern Asia, from Kamtschatka to Shanghai, and Japan. 

a. tf ad. sk. No locality. Seebohm Coll. 
b. cf ad. sk. Kiukiang, China, March (R. Seebohm ColL 
Swinhoe). 

* In the Paris Museum there is a specimen, of N. baeri labelled " Bengala, 
1825 (Duvaucel)"! 
t In the Paris Museum there are no specimens of .A7, afrieana collected in 
China by Pere David. 

44. NYROCA. 
345 
c-g. 6 ? ad. sk. Shanghai, China, March Seebohm Coll. 
(R. Swtnhoe). 
h. <$ ad. sk. Shanghai, China, March. Dr. E. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 
i. $ ad. sk. Shanghai; China, March. Shanghai Museum 
[P/]. 
&, I, m. £ J ad. Yokohama, Japan (R. Pryer). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 

5. Nyroca africana. 
The Ferruginous Duck. 
Anas (rufa), Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 134 (1746). 
? Anas latirostra, Brunn. Orn. Bor. p. 21, n. 91 (1764). 
Anas nyroca, Guldenst Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. 1, p. 403 (1769); 


Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 541, n, 79, var. A (1785); id. hid. Orn. ii. 

p. 869, n. 91 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 135 (1790); Bechst. 
Lathams Uebers. iii. p. 465, n. 29 (1796); Vieill N. B. v. p. 131 
(1816); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 632 (1831); Schleg. Bev. Crit. p. cxx 
(1844); Naum. Vog. Beutschl xii. p. 41, t. 309 (1844); Fritsch, 
J.f. 0. 1853, Extrab. p. 33 (Croatia); Jitchel, J.f. 0. 1854, p. 363 
(Bavaria); Pdssler, ibid. p. 380 (Tauris); Vangerow, J. f. O. 1855, 
p. 345; Bolle, J. f O. 1857, p. 266 (Canaries); Fritsch, J. f. O. 
1858, p. 413; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 161 (eggs); Finsch, J. f. O. 
1859, p. 387 (Bulgaria); Baldam. J. f. O. 1870, pp. 280, 281 
(Mansfelder Lake); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 358 (1872); Finsch, Ibis, 
1877, p. 54. 
? Anas peregrina, S. Gmel. Reis. Russl. ii. p. 183, t. 16 (1774); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 359 (1872). 

? Anas skoorra, Mull. Zool. Ban. Prodr. p. 16, n. 130 (1776); Lath. 
Syn. iii. 2, p. 515, n. 60 (1785); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 134 
(1790). 

Anas 
glaueia major, Gerini, Stor. degli XJcc. v. t. 589 ((£), 590 (J) 
(1776). 
Ferruginous Duck, Perm. Brit. Zool n. 285, t. 99 (1776) ; Lath. Syn. 

iii. 2, p. 526, n. 71 (1785). 
Sarcelle d'Egvpte, D'Aubent. PL Bnl. 1000; Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. 
ix. p. 273 (1783). 
Eed Duck, Penn. Arot. Zool. ii. p. 576 (1785). 
? Lap mark Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 576, M (1785); Lath. 
Syn. iii. 2, p. 515, n. 60 (1785) (=latirostra, Brimn.=s\ooxm, 

Mull.). 
Tufted Duck, var. A, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 541, n. 79 (1785). 
Anas rutila, Lath, {nee Pall.) Syn. iii. 2, p. 526, n. 71 (1785); id. 

Syn. Suppl i. p. 297 (1787). 
African Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 555, n. 93 (1785). 
? Anas scandiaca, Gm. S. N. I 2, p. 520, n. 85 (1788); Lath. Ind. 

Orn. ii. p. 859, n. 68 (1790); Vieill. N. B. v. p. 155 (1816); Bum. 
Diet So. Nat vi. p. 376 (1817). 
Anas africana, Gm. S. N. I 2, p. 522, n. 88 (1788) (ev PL Bnl. 1000); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 875, n. 104 (1790); id. Tr. Linn. Soe. xi. 

p. 178 (1815) ,• Vieill. N. B. v. pp. 131,171 (1816); Bum. Diet 
So. Nat. vi. p. 394 (1817). 
Anas 
ferruginea, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 528, n. 99 (1788) (ex Pennant) ; 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 866, n. 84 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 126 
(1790); Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 130 (1800); Vieill. N. B. v. p. 116 
(1816); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 376 (1817). 

346 
A^ATlDiE. 

Anas nyraca (errore), Gm. S. N. i. % p. 542, n. 119 (1788) (ex Guldenstadi); 
Licht. Vers. Doubl. p. 85 (1823). 

? Anas gattair, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 542, n. 122 (1788) {ex Forsk. Descr. 
An. p. 3, n. 10, 1775); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 115 (1790) ; 
Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 134 (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 118 (1816). 

Anas gegyptiaca, i?onw. (wee Linn.) Fnc. Meth. i. p. 159 (1791) (ex 

Buffon). 
Anas ferina, var. 1, Bechst. Nat. Gesch. DeuUckl. ii. p. 658 (1791). 
Anas leucophthalmus, Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, i. p. 564, n. 204 

(1797); Bechst Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 450, n. 33 (1803); id. Naturg. 
Deutschl. iv. p. 1009 (1809); Temm. Man. cVOm. p. 571 (1815); 
id. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 876 (1820); Faber, Prodr. Lsl. Orn. p. 72 
(1822); Rcmz. Mem. di Zool. iii. 9, p. 133 (1826); Zotz. Isis, 1828, 

p. 1233; Temm. Man. iv. p. 546 (1840): Bolle, J. f. 0. 1855, 
p. 179 (Canaries); Mull. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 232 (Provence); Finsch, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 50. 
Anas leucopis, Naum. Naturg. d. Land- u. Wasserv. iii. p. 479, t. lix. 

f. 89(d) (1799). 
Anas glaucion, Pall, (nee Linn.) Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 268 (1811). 
Nyroca nyroca, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822) ; Licht. NomencL 
Av. p. 102 (1854); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10693 (lb71); 
Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 137 (note) (1887). 

Aythya 
nyroca, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564 ; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999 ; 
id. Vdg. Deutschl. p. 918 (1831); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 813, n. 909 
(1864); Peh. J. f. O. 1868, p. 37 (Sirinagiir); Metes, (Efvers. K 
Vet.-Ah. Fork. 1871, p. 782; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1343 
(Korosko, Tigr$) (1873); Hume $ Benders. Lahore to Turk. p. 297 
(1873); Hume, Nests $ Bggs, p. 645 (1873); Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, 

p. 420 (Kithawar); Scully, Str. Feath. iv. p. 202 (Yarkand) (1876); 
Radde, Omis Caucas. p. 461 (1884). 
Fuligula nyroca, 
Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 201, pi. 55 (1824): Saw, 
Orn. Tose. iii. p. 138 (1831); Hut Cat. Brit. B. p. 57 (1836); 
Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 222, n/S91 (1840); X. fy B. Wirlelth. 
Fur. pp. lxxxvii, 230 (1840); Vigne, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 7 (Little 
Thibet); Blyth, Ibis, 1842, p. 94 (India); HartL Verz. Ges. Mus. 

p. 120 (1844); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 307, n. 1789 
(1849); Jacket, J.f. 0.1855, p. 407 (Bavaria); Bolle, J.f.O.1857, 
p. 348 (Canaries); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510 (Cashmere); 
Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 163 (N. Africa) ; Poimjs, Ibis, 1860, p. 354 
(Ionian I.); Simps, ibid. pp. 391, 394 (W. Greece); Tristr. P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 454 (Palestine); Droste, J.f.O. 1864, p. 428 (Borkum); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 30 (1866); Degl. § Gerbe, Orn. 
Fur. ii. p. 540 (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); 
Saund. Ibis, 1869, p. 397 (Italy); Droste, Vogeho. Borkum, p. 295 
(1869); Flw. $ Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340; Bluth, B. of Burma, 
p. 166 (Arakan) (1875); PalmSn, J. f. O. 1876, p. 60; Blanf 
Fast. Pers. ii. p. 302 (1876); Finseh, Ibis, 1877, p. 62 (young in 
down); id. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 151 (W. Siberia); 
Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 493 (1879), viii. p. 115, n. 969 (1879); 
Hume § Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 263, pi. 35 (1880); Sclab. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 526; Brandt, J.f.O. 1880, p. 250; Scully, Ibis, 
1881, p. 593 (Gilgit); ? HartL P. Z. S. 1881, p. 956 (Socotra !); 
Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 538 (1882); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 77 
(Pamir Range); Oates, B. of Brit. Burm. ii. p. 287 (1883); Saund, 
YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 418 (1884-85), and Man. Brit. B. 
p. 433 ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 571, pi. 64. (egg) (1885); Menzh. 
Ibis, 1885, p. 358 (Upper Tarim); Scully, J A. S. B. M. p. 89 
44 . NYROCA. 
347 

Q,8?'); Tnstr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (1880); Lilford, Col. Fit,. 
£\XlY (189°) 5 ^eb B' J«P> E)»P'

n QOVV '-A —-P- 2G4 (11(>^> 

(1890); Rchnw. J.f 0.1890, pp. Ha, 84; 2/w/«?, #™fa and Eggs 
{Oates edX m. p. 292 (1890); Hartert, Fat. VogehammL p. 232 
(1891) j Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg., Oh. ii. p. 477, pL 263 (1892). 

Fuhgula, ferruginea, £&^ . tf^. Zoo/, xii. 2. p. 205 (1824): Hurting, 
Uandb. Brit. B. p. 64 (1872). 
Platypus leueophthalrnus, JW*wi, Lehrb. Nat. eur. Yog. ii. p. 834 
(1824); Teissier, Jf. 0. 1856, p. 67 (Anhalt). 
Aythyabucophthalmos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999 ; id. Tog. Deutschl. 

Nyroca leucophthalmos, Flem. Brit. An. p. 121 (1828); Eyt Mon. 
Anat. p. 160, pi. 13 (skeleton and trachea) (1838); Bolle, J.f (X 
1855, p. 315 (Spain); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 380 (1855); Eyt. Sip?. 
Anat, p. 118 (1869); Tacz. J.f.O. 1870, p. 56 (Algeria): Gould, 

B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 21 (pt. xxi, 1872). 
Fuligula 
leucophthalma, Gould, B. Fur. v. pi. 368 (1837); C. Dub. 
PI. Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 279 (1857); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. 

p. 70 (1873); Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 5: id. Vbg. zool 
Gcirt. p. 46 (1882). 
Nyroca leucophthalma, 
Bp. Comp. List, p. 58, n. 423 (1838); id. Cat. 
Met. Ucc. Fur. p. 73 (1842); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 4 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 75. ff. 128-130 (1845) ; 

G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll, B. M. p. 147 (1846); Mehnb. Av. Si/st 
Nat p. viii (1852); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 138 (1850); 
Locke, Cat M. et O. Alger, p. 144 (1858); Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 3154 
(E. Atlas); Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 190 (Cashmeie); JSclat. 
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 81 (N. Africa); G. R. 
Gr. Cat. Uodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed, p. 77 (1863); Peh. J.f.O. 
1864, pp. 73, 74; Sclat P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding); Shell. Ibis, 
1871, p. 316 (Egypt); id. B. of Egypt, p. 288 (1872); Fritseh, 
J.f.O. 1872, p. 371 (Bohemia); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 479; 
Koenig, J.f.O. 1888, p. 285 (Algeria) * 
Nyroca africana, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 144 (1844) ; 
Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital p. 263 (1886), 
Nyroca obsoleta, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 380 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Aethyia nyroca, Goeb. J.f 0.1870, p. 182; B., BL, R. $ S. J. f. O. 
1877, p. 338; Goeb. J.f 0.1879, p. 272. 
Fulix nyroca, Salvad. Faun. aVItal, Ucc. p. 265 (1872); Gigl. Icon. 
Avif Ital. sp. 361, tav. 361 (1881); Goldlin, J.f O. 1881, p. 190. 
Nyroca ferruginea, 
Sharpe 8f Dress. B.Ew.vi. p. 581, pi. 438 (1872); 
Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 421; B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 130 (1883); 
JSclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 441 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. 
Palest p. 117 (1884); Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 147 (Slavonia and 
Hungary); C. Swinh. fy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 138 (O. India) ; 
Deditius, J.f.O. 1885, p. 206; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 377 (Portugal); 
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73 (incubation); Sharpe, Sec. Yark. Miss., 
Aves, p. 132 (1891); id. Cat. Osteol Specim. Coll. Stirg. iii. p. 306 
(1891); Pleske, Mel. Biol xiii. p. 299, n. 173 (1892); Oust. Nouv. 
Arch, du Mus. (3) vi. p. 102 (Turkestan) (1894). 

* Quid Nyroca leucophthalma, G-osse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Albrecht, J. f. O. 
1869 P 267' March, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1864, p.72 (from Jamaica); Leot. Ois. 
Trirld p. 524 (Trinidad!) (1866); Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus. N. II. vi. p. 86 
(1894)? 
348 ANATID-2E. 

Marila nyroca, "F/em." (errore), Seeb. Hist Brit B. iii. p. 570, in 
syn. F, nyrocse (1885). 
Ilvonetta nyroca, Heine fy Mchnw. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p, 317 
"(1890). 

Hybrids. 

Fuligula nyroca xF. cristata, Selys, Bull Ac. R. Brux. xxiii. 2, p. 15 

(1856); ZeverL J.f. 0. 1890, p. 224, n. 10. 
Fuligula nyroca xF. raarila, Leuerh. I c. n. 11. 
Fuligula nyroca xAix sponsa, Laviso?i, Bull. Soc. imp. Zool. cPAcclim. 

x. p. 646 (1803); Leverk. J.f.O. 1890, p. 225, n. 12. 
Adult male. Head, neck, and upper breast rich, chestnut• a small 
white spot on the chin ; round the middle of the neck a brownish 
collar, more or less blackish; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts blackish brown, the scapulars indistinctly dusted with brown-
chestnut; lower part of the breast, belly, and under tail-coverts 
white; sides and fianks brown, tinged with chestnut; sides of the 
vent brown, freckled with white; wings blackish brown; a white 
speculum on the secondaries, bordered posteriorly by a black band; 
tertials with a dark green gloss; outer primaries dark brown on the 
outer web and at the tip, white on the inner web, the remainder 
white also on the outer web, but tipped with dark brown; under 
wing-coverts, except the marginal ones, which are brown, white 
like the axillaries; tail blackish brown: beak and legs dark leadcolour, 
darker on the webs; irides white. Total length about 
16 inches, wing 7*75, tai] 2*4, culmen 2*25, tarsus 1*12. 

Female. Similar to the male, but duller; the chestnut of the head 
browner, and that of the chest suffused with white and less clearly 
defined from the white of the underparts, which is more or less 
tinged with brown; the feathers of the mantle and scapulars, like 
those of the flanks, have huffish-brown pale edges (JSeebohm). 

Young in first plumage. Head and neck brown, with scarcely a 
chestnut tinge on the sides of the head: breast and underparts 
brown, paler, almost whitish, on the abdomen; under tail-coverts 
dull whitish {Mus. Turin), 

Young in down are dark brown on the upper parts, with pale 
spots on wings and scapulars; underparts buff, shading into brown 
on the flanks (Seebohm). 

Hab. "Western Palsearctic Eegion, as far east as the valley of the 
Obb; breeds in the basin of the Mediterranean, in Central and 
Eastern Euope, and in "Western Asia as far as Cashmere; in winter 
it extends in Africa as far south as the Canaries on the West and 
Abyssinia on the East, in Asia as far south as India and Arrakan. 

a. S ad. st.
b. <5 imm. st.
c. <$ ad. st.
d. S ad. st.
e. 2 ad. sk. 
England. 
No locality. 
Europe. 
Europe. 
Norfolk. 
Purchased. 
Old 'Coll. 
Old Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Purchased. 
f. g. d ad. sk. Fayoom, Egypt,
(G. E. 8.). 
March Shelley Coll. 

44 . NYEOCA. 
349 
h. <$ juv. sk. 
i. $ juv. sk. 
Jc, /, JW. tf 2 ad. 

et juv. sk. 
w, 2 ad. sk. 
<?. Juv. sk. 

p. Imm. sk. 
^. Imm. sk. 
r. 
cJ ad. sk. 
$. cS ad. sk. 

t. 2 imm. sk. 
M, v. c? § ad. sk. 
ID. 3 ad. sk. 

^,y. 6 ad. sk. 

s. (51 ad. sk. 
a'. Juv. sk. 
&'. Juv. sk. 

c', 6?'. 6 ad. sk. 

e'. (51 ad. sk. 

f'-k'. <$ ad. sk. 
& st. etjuv.sk. 

V. Juv. sk. 
?n'. Juv. sk. 
n. Juv. sk. 
</. J ad. sk. 
p', q'. S ad. sk. 
r'. S ad. sk. 
/. 
<$ ad. sk. 

t\ 
<$ ad. sk. 

«'. c$ juv. sk. 

V. c? ad. sk. 
wf. S ad. sk. 

:tJ. Pull, st. ? 

y'. Skeleton 

(imperfect). 

»'. Skeleton. 

a". Sternum. 

b". Sternum 

(with shoulder-

girdle). 

Adalia, Asia Minor, Dec. 

(C.G.Danford). 

Arabian Sea (220 miles from 
land). 
Lenkoran, Nov. 

Ala Kul, Turkestan, May. 
Yarkand, Aug-. (F. Stolicilca). 
Thibet. 
Cashmere. 
Kandahar, Feb. 


Kandahar, Feb. (Lt.-Col. 
Swinhoe).

Macki, May. 

Sukkur, Sind, Nov. (A. 0. H.). 
Hamal Mehur, Upper Sind, 
Jan. (A. 0. H.). 
Larkhana, Upper Sind, Jan. 

{A. 0. jr.). 
Eanepur, Sind, Feb. 
Hills N. of Mussoorie 


( Wilson). 
Eta wah. 
Oudh, Jan., Feb. 
Oudh. 


Nepal. 

Nepal (Hodgson). 
Sikkim (L. MandelH). 
Darjeeling. 
Grwalior. 


"Bengal (Falconer). 
Calcutta Bazaar, Feb. 

Calcutta Bazaar, Feb. (Biddulph). 


Calcutta. 
Dinapur, Oct. 
Bebar. 


Lob-nor, Feb. (Prjevalsky). 

Nepal. 

England. 
England. 


Seebohm Coll. 

J. 
E. Ilarting, Esq. 
p.]-
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. 0. Finsch [0.1. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Earl Gifford [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Lt.-Col. Swinhoe 

[p.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Lt-Col. Swinhoe 
pp.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 

Pinwill [P.]. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
India Museum [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.l 

C. Maries, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum [P.], 
Colonel Biddulph 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Plume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
PP.]John 
Ray, Esq. [P.l. 
G.Ingall,Esq. [P.]. 

Kyroca africanax Faliyula fidigula. 
c'\ Ad. st Zoological Society, 

350 
AITATIDJE. 

6. ETyroca innotata. (Plate IY.) 
Aythia nyroca, A. Milne-Edv). (nee Giddenst) Compt. Rend. xei. 
p. 1036, n. 97 (Madagascar) (1880); Humbl. Arch, des Mus. (3) 
viii. p. 1/56 (Madagascar) (1882); Mihie-Edzo. 8f Grand, Ois. 
Madag. p. 734, pi. 275 a. f. 4 (head) (1882). 
Nyroca innotata, Salvad. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. xx. p. ii (1894); 
id. Ibis, 1895; p. 136. 

Adult male. Very similar to the male of N. africana, from 
-which it differs in having the head and neck of a much darker and 
more glossy chestnut; also the chestnut colour of the breast is 
darker; there is no distinct blackish-brown collar round the neck, 
separating the chestnut upper portion from the lower one; no 
white spot on the chin; back and scapulars brown with no wavy 
lines, nor minutely sprinkled with white. Size nearly the same 
as that of N. africana : " iris white; bill bluish grey, with the base 
and the edges black; feet greenish brown " (Grcmdidier). Total 
length about 15*5 inches, wing 7*8, tail 2-5, culmen 1*75, tarsus 1*2. 

I have seen a second specimen in Rothschild's collection, absolutely 
identical with the type. 
Hab. Madagascar. 

a. 
<5? ad. Betsileo, Madagascar. Rev. J. Shaw [C.]. 
(Type of species?) 
7. Nyroca australis. 
Nyroca australis, Gould, MSS.; Eyton, Mm. Anat. p. 160 (1838); 
G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 144 (1844); id. Gen. B, iii. 
p. 621, n. 5 (1844): Gould, B. Austr. vii, pi. 16 (pt. xxui., 1847); 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 2326-27 (1850) (ex Gould) ; Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, 
n. 139 (1856); Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 377 (1865); Rams. 
Ibis, 1867, p. 414; Midi. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 (Melbourne); Eyt. 
Syn. Anat. p. 118 (1809); Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxviL 
p. 328 (New Caledonia) (1870); Hutt. Trans. <$• Pr. N. Z. Inst. ii. 
p. 78 (New Zealand) (1870) ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 395 (Auckland); 
Butter, ibid. p. 45; Hutt. Cat. B. New Zeal. p. 38 (1871); G. R. 
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 87, n. 10694 (1871); Finsch, J.f.O. 1872, 
p. 188 ; Buller, Hist. B. Neio Zeal. p. 257 (1873); Finsch, J.f.O. 
1874, p. 202; Sharps, Voy. Ereb. fy Terr.K Birds, p. 31 (1875) ; 
Marie, Ibis, 1877, p. 363 (New Caledonia); Diggl. B. Austr. 
ii. pi. 116 (1877); Rams. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 347 (Herbert River 
distdct); id. Pr. Linn. Soc. N S. W. i. pp. 195, 216, 219 (1877); 
Casteln.fyRams. 1. c. p. 386 (Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria) 
(1877) ; Rams. op. cit. ii. p. 200, n. 662 (1878), iii. p. 154 (bulla 
ossea) (1878); Layard, Ibis, 1882? pp. 538, 544 (N. Caledonia) ; 
Buller, Man. B. New Zeal. p. 72 (1882); id. Hist. B. Neio Zeal. 
2nd ed. ii. p. 275 (1888); Rams. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 674 (1888); 
North, Cat. Nests fy Eggs Austr. B. p. 345 (1889); Wiylesio. Aves 
Polyn. p. 71 (svn. emend.) (1891); Sharpe, Cat Osteal. Specim. 
Coll. Surg. iii. p. 306 (1891); Buller, Trans. 8f Pr. N Z. hist. 

xxv. 1892, p. 63(1893). 
Fuligula australis, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 30 (1806); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 626; Sah. Cat B. Strickl. Coll p. 538 (1882) ; 
Legge, Pr. R. Soc. Tasrn. 1886, p. 245 (Tasmania) (1887); Tristr. 
Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (Tasmania) (1889); Hartert, Kat. VoqelsammL 
p. 233 (1891). 
44 . NYEOCA. 351 
Anas australis, Gieb. Thes, Orn. i. p. 345 (1872) (syn. emend.). 
Ilyonetta australis, Hein. fy Rchnw. Norn, Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 347 
(1890). l 
Fulio-ula baeri, Rothsch. fy Sartert (nee Radde), ZooL Res. i. fp. 684 
(Waigiou and Arfak) (1894). 

Adult male. Head, neck, and breast dark brown-chestnut; back 
and scapulars dark brown, each feather with olive-brown edges; 
rump uniform dark brown; abdomen white, but the lower part of 
it brown; sides brown, each feather with paler edges; wings brown 
with an olive gloss ; speculum white, tipped with brown; primaries 
white, with the outer web and tip brown, the first three have the 
inner web more or less greyish brown near the shaft; under wing-
coverts white, except the marginal ones, which are brown; tertials 
brown, with an olive gloss; tail brown: " irides white ; bill black, 
with a dark slate-blue band at the tip [nail black]; front of tarsi 
very light grey, behind darker; toes very light grey, membranes 
black, bordered with light grey on the side of each toe " (Hutton). 
Length about 20 inches, wing 8*75, tail 2-5, culmen 1*9, 
tarsus 1*6. 

Female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller and duller, 
having scarcely any tinge of chestnut on the head and neck, which 
are brown. 

Young male. Has the chestnut-brown colour much lighter and 
the feathers of the back margined with pale brown ; it has also less 
gloss on the head, and the brownish white of the underparts mottled 
with brown {Bailer). 


Hah. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Aucklands, New 
Caledonia, and Papuan Islands, westwards as far as Waigiou. 


a. tS ad. sk. No locality. 
b. <J ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
e. Juv. st. Australia. Lady Carrin^ton [P.]. 
d. & ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.J. 
e. $ ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
/, #, h. 2 ad. et Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
]uv. sk. 


i, k. <$ ad. et hum. New South Wales. Australian Museum [P.]. 

I <$ "ad. sk. Lawrence Kiver (Irving). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. d ad. sk. S. Australia. Capt. Sir G. Grey [P.l 
n. Juv. sk. Tasmania. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.J. 
8. Nyroca brunnea. 
Anas capensis, Cm. {nee Gm.), Mus. Paris.; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 632, 
ii 39 (183D (descr. incompl.); Pucker. Rev. et Mag. ZooL 1850, 
p! 545; Hartl. J. / . 0. 1855, p. 419; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 346 

FuKl a capensis, Smith, Cat. South Afr. Mus. p. 86, n. 330 (1837) 
(d*scr. nulla); Schleg. Mus. P.-5., Anseres, p. 31 (1866); Sclat. 
P Z S 1880, u. 5*26; Rchmo. Orn. Centralb. 1882, p. 5; id. Vog. 
zoolGart p.?46 (1882); Tristr. Cat CoU. B. p 48 (1889],; 
Hartert, Kai. Vogelsamml. p. 232 (1891); Rchmo. Vog. Deutschr 
Qst-Afr. p. 26 (Kibaya, Massai) (1894). 

352 
AffATIDJE. 

? Fuligula lateralis, Smith, Cat South-Afr. Mus. p. 36, n. 331 (1837) 
(descr. nulla). 
Nyroca bnmnea, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 161, pi. 23 (1838) ; G. B. Gr. 
Gen. B. iii p. (321, n. 6 (1844); Strickl.fy Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1852, 

p. 160 (Damara); Both, J. f. 0. 1856, p. 165 (Zool. Gard.); 
Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 355 (1857); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 119 
(1869); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 266 5 Boc. Jorn. Ac. Sc. Zisboa, 1871, 
p. 278,1872, p. 70. 
Fuligula 
mariloides, Blyth (nee Yarrell), J. A. S. B. xii. p. 180 
(Cape of Good Hope) (1843); id. Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 386, 

n. 1786 (1849). 
Nvroca capensis, Pucker. Bev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 548; Marti. 
'jf. O. 1855, p. 419. 
Aythia capensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 141 (1856); G. R. 
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10962 (1871); Gum. in Anderss. B. 
Damara-L., p. 342 (1872); Boc. Jorn. Ac. So. Zisboa, 1873, p. 200; 
id. J. f. O. 1876, p. 294 (Mossamedes); id. Orn. Ang. p. 505 
(1881); Butl., Fetid. $ Beid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 428 (Xatal); Dubois, 
Bull. Mus. Boy. U. N. de Belg. iv. p. 150, n. 195 (Tanganyika) 
(1886) ; Kuscliel, J.f. 0.1895, p. 84 (egsr). 

Fuligula brunnea, Gum. Ibis, 1864, p. 355 (Natal); Sclat. List Vert. 
An. 8th ed. p. 440 (1883); Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. (2) i. 

p. 248 (Shoa) (1884). 
Fuligula nyroca, Chapm. (nee Gilldenst.) Trav. in SoutJi Afr., App. 
p. 423 (1868)._ 
Fuligula meridionalis, Hartert, Fat. Vogelsamml. p. 233, note 
(1891). 
Aythya capensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 478 (Zomba). 


Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dark chestnut 
with a purple gloss, upper part of the head and nape darker, almost 
black; lower neck black, changing into brown-black on the upper 
parts; mantle and scapulars finely speckled with pale brown ; 
breast brown, changing into glossy greyish brown on the lower 
parts; flanks with a reddish-brown tinge; wings glossy blackish 
brown, the smaller wing-coverts finely speckled with paler brown; 
a white speculum on the secondaries, bounded posteriorly by a 
broad black band; tertials with a dark green gloss; outer primaries 
blackish brown, greyish brown on the inner web, which has the 
inner half white; the inner primaries gradually become white also 
on the outer web; all have the tip brown-black; under wing-
coverts, except the central ones which are whitish, and axillaries 
brown ; tail brown: bill bluish grey (Antinori)^ or " lead-coloured, 
except the nail, which is black, as are also the legs, toes, and 
webs; irides cherry-coloured" (Andersson). Total length 19*5 
inches, wing 9*12, tail 3, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1*3. 

Female. General colour brown, paler on the underparfs; the 
feathers at the base of the bill, throat, sides of the upper parts of 
the neck, and a band behind the eyes whitish; scapulars, feathers 
of the back and of the flanks with paler edges; wings as in the 
male, but paler, and less white on the inner web of the outer 
primaries and at the base of the inner ones. 

Bab. Southern Africa from the Cape to Angola on the West, and 
to Shoa on the East. 

43 , NYROCA. 353 

a,b. <S ? ad. sk. Rio Coroca, W. Africa, Jan. 
(Anchieta). 
Shelley Coll. 
c. S ad. sk. 
d. 2 ad. sk. 
e,/. d1 2 a<**s^g. 
2 a(i- sk* 
h. $ ad. sk. 
*. 2 Juv- sk. 
&. 2 a(i-s^Damara-
land. 
Damara-land. 
S. Africa. 
Beit Pan, RhenosterCape Colony, MayAyres).
Port Natal {Ayres). 
Natal. 
Newcastle, Natal, Sept. 
R., 
(T. 
C. J. Andersson, Esq. 
[p.i. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
(Types of the species.) 
J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
(?.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Eyton Coll. 
Capt. S. G. Reid [P.]. 
£ tf ad. sk. 
m,n. tf 2 a(*. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
o. <5 ad. sk. 
P- [ 2 ] a(i- sk-
Near PotchefstroomAyres). 
Marico. 
(T. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
[p.]. 
F. A. Barrett, Esq. 
£. <£ ad. sk. 
r, 5, i. c? 2 a(^-e^ 
2?sk. 
Zambesi. 
Zoniba R., Nyassa-land, 
May, June (A* Whyte). 
[P-3Dr. 
Bradshaw [C.]. 
H. H. Johnston, Esq., 
C.B.[P.]. 

9. Nyroca nationi. 
Fuligula nationi, Mat. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 522 (Lima); Selat. 
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 477, pi. xxxii.; Garrod, I. c. p. 479 (trachea); 
Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 484 (1886); ? MacFarl. Ms, 1887, p. 203 
(Arica and Mollendo); Berl. § Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 399. 
Type. Very similar to the male of N. brunnea, but the brown 
colour of the underparts apparently a little more reddish. 
Another specimen, marked male, cannot be distinguished from 
some adult males of JV. brunnea I 

I believe both specimens mentioned below to be males, and 
although similar to those of the African JS\ brunnea^ I refrain 
for the present from uniting JV. nationi with the African species, 
and prefer waiting for the reception of additional South-American 
specimens.* 

* NYROCA ERYTIIROPHTIIALMA. 
Anas erythrophthalma, Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 929 (Villa de Belmonte, 
S. Brazil) (1832); ? Hartt. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (Brazil) (1844) t ; 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, n. 73 (1856); Burm. Si/st Uebers. 
Thiere Bras. iii. p. 438 (1856); Pete. Orn. Bras. p. 460 (1870); G. B. 
Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10653 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 350 
(1872); Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 319 (type); Sclat. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 399 (note); Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. E. ii. p. 269 (types) (1889). 
Only known from the types in the American Museum of Natural History in 
New York; thanks to Mr. Allen, these, after my departure from London, were 
sent for inspection to Mr. Salvin, who writes to me as follows:— 

uThe types of Anas erythrophthalma, Wied, are in old worn and faded 

t Dr. Hartlaub writes to me that the specimen attributed by him to this 
species in 1844 is no longer in the Bremen Museum. 

YOL. XXYII. 2 A 

354 
AFA.T1DJS. 

The only specimens known of N. nationi are those mentioned 
below, and I do not know whether those mentioned by MacFarlane 

really belong to this species.' 
ffab. Vicinity of Lima, Peru. 
a. Ad. sk. Lima, Peru (Prof. Nation). Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
b. (J ad. sk. Lima, Peru (Prof. Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Trachea with Lima, Peru (Prof. Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
bulla ossea. 

45. 
FULftHTLA. ™ 
Type. 
Fuligula, Stepk. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 187 (1824) (of. 
Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148) F. fuligula. 
Platypus, pt., Brehm, Lehrb.'d. Naturg. Bur. Vog. ii. 
pp. 805, 999 (1824) (nee Shaw, 1799). 
Fulix, Sundev. Kongl. Yet.-Ah. Handl. Stochh. 1835, 

p. 129 (1836) (=Platypus and Hydrobates); Baird}
B. N. Am. p. 790 (1858) F. f uligula. 
Marila, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, gen. 48 (1856) 
(nee Bchnh. 1852) F. marila. 
Nettarion, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 790 (1858) F. fuligula. 
Banr/e. Northern Hemisphere and Few Zealandian subregion. 

Keg to the Species* 

a. Speculum white, tipped with black. 
a'. Back and scapulars in adult males greyish 
white, irregularly waved or zigzagged with 
black; no distinct crest; abdomen white. 

a". 
Head, neck, and chest uniform black, the 
first with a dark green gloss marila, p. 355. 
b", Plead, neck, and chest uniform black, the 
first with a purplish gloss affinis, p. 360. 
b'. Back and scapulars in adult males black, 
nsnally sprinkled with whitish. 
c". A long pendent occipital crest in adult 
males; abdomen white fuligula, p. 363. 

plumage, the wings of the male are imperfect, the quills lost, and the speculum 

not visible on any of the remaining feathers. 

"The most nearly allied species are Nyroca brwmea, Eyt., and Nyrocanationi, and from these the male hardly differs in plumage, inclining rather to 
JV. bnmnea in colour than to N, nationi. The sides of the head and upper 
neck are rather lighter and redder, but this may be due to fading. The bill 
and legs are now of a pale yellowish-brown ; in both N. bnmnea and N. nationi 
they are quite dark. In size the bill agrees very nearly with N. brunnea, but is 
perhaps slightly higher at the base." 

According to Prince Neuwied: "iris vermilion-red; bill at the tip of a 
plumbeous colour, greenish olive on the basal portion; the legs appear to have 
been dull plumbeous." 

" The female agrees very closely with that of Nyroca brunnea. The distribution 
of white on the face and throat is similar in the two birds, buj; less in 
extent in N, erythrophthalma. The whole plumage, especially the under surface 
is more ferruginous, as is often the case in some specimens of Anatidse, As in 
the male, the bill and legs are now pale. The two birds are of the same size, 
the wing in each case measuring about 8 inches." 

45 . 
FTTLTGITLA. 355 
d". No pendent occipital crest; abdomen 
dusky, waved with black and white 
irregular lines in adult males.. nova zealandicz, 

b. 
Speculum bluish grey; head, neck, and chest [p. 368. 
in adult males black, glossed with purple, and 
besides round the neck a more or less distinct 
collar of chestnut collaris, p. 370. 
1. Fuligula marila. 
The Scaup. 
Fuligula gesneri, Ray, Syn. p. 142, A. 6 (1713). 
Glaueium minus striatum, Briss. Orn. yi. p. 416 (1760). 
Anas marila, Linn. S. N. i. p. 196, n. 8 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 2, 


p. 509, n. 8 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 853, n. 54 (1790); 
Bonn. Em. Meth. i. p. 152 (1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 115 
tab. xiv. ff. 3, 4 (tracheal (1798) ; Pall Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 248 
(1811); Temm. Man. dOm. p. 562 (1815); Leach, Cat. p. 39 
(1816); Vieill N. D. v. p. 127 (1816); Bum. Diet Sc. Nat vi. 
p. 374 (1817); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 865 (1820); Lioht. 
Verz. Doubt p. 85 (Iceland; Cyprus) (1823); Less. Tr. dOm. 
p. 632 (part.) (1831); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. iv. p. 545 (1840); 
Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. exx (1844) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl xii. p. 88, 
Taf. 311 (1844); Pilssl J. f. O. 1853, p. 242 (Lapland); Brehm} 
J.f O.1854, p. 84 (Egypt); Midd. Sibir.Reis. ii. 2, p. 238 (1853); 
MiilL J.f.O. 1855, p. 232 (Provence); Krtiper, Naumannia, 1857, 
p. 44 (Iceland); Kittl. DenUo. ii. pp. 313, 378, 401 (1858); Bias. 
in Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. 2, p. 312 (I860;; Przew. Putesch. 
Ussur. n. 210 (1870) ; Homeyer, J.f.O.1870, p. 433 (E. Siberia); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 356 (part.) (1872). 
? Anas subterranea, Scop. Ann. I. JBList. Nat p. 67, n. 83 (1709) *. 
Scaup Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool ii. p. 586, n. 275, pi. 100 (1776) ; 
Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 500, n. 49 (1785). 
Millouinan, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. 1002; Buff. J&ist Nat Ois. ix. 

p. 229 (1783). 
Anas frenata, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, t. 38 ($) (1786); Bonn. JEnc. 
Meth. i. p. 144, pi. 31. f. 2 (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 109 
(=marila 5 ) (1816). 

Nyroca marila, Flem. Phil, of ZooL ii. p. 260 (1822); id. Brit. An. 

p. 122 (1828). 
Aythya marila, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 564; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 198; 
id. Vog. Deutschl p. 912 (1831); Bp. Cat. Met Ucc. Eur. p. 73 
(1842); Fritsch, J. f O. 1872. p. 371 (Bohemia); Stejn. Bull 

According to Prince Neuwied: " bill plumbeous, like the legs; iris red, paler 
than in the male." 
The present pale colouring of the bill and legs of the type specimens, nearly 

eighty years old, evidently is due to fading. 
~Hab. Villa de Belmonte, S. Brazil. 
It seems extremely likely that the Brazilian N. erythrophthalma (Wied), the 

Peruvian N. nationi, and the African N. brtmnea are one and the same species, 
which will have to stand under the name of N. erythrophthalma, common to 
South Africa and South America; the case would be similar to that of Dendroeyena 
viduata and B. fulva, which are also found in both continents, the latter 
species extending even to India. 

* Of. Naumann (V. P. xii. p. 88, note), who decidedly states that ScopoU^ 
name applies to A. tadorna juv. 
^ 2A2 

356 • ANAT1D.E. 

U.S. Nat Mus. no. 29, p. 160 (Bering I.) (1885); id. Pr. U.S. 
Nat Mus. x. p. 137 (Bering I., and Copper I.) (1887). 
Anas marina (errore?), Dray. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. p. 135 (1823). 
Fuligrula marila, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 198 (1824); Savi, Orn. 

Tosc. iii. p. 129 (1831); Jen.Man. p. 243 (1835) ; Gould, B.Eur. 

v. pi. 371 (1837); Ei/t Mon. Anat. p. 156 (1838); Bp. Comp. 
List, p. 58, n. 425 (1838); Vig. Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 37 (1839) ; 
Keys. <$r Bias. Wirbelth. Bur. pp. Ixxxvii, 230 (1840); Selys-L. 
Faun. Belq. p. 145 (1842); Macgilliv. Man. Orn. ii. p. 188 (1842) ; 
Bartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844) ; G. M. Gr. List B. Br. Mus. 
iii. p. 143 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 3 (1845) ; Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 75. ff. 131-133 (1845); id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. 
B. M. p. 147 (Nepal) (1846); Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 453 (1849); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 306, n. 1787 (1849); Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854); Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, 
p. 274; Heugl. Syst Uebers. n. 702 (Egypt) (1856); Sioinh. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (China); Poioys, ibid. p. 354 (Livitazza); 
fJReinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 13 (Greenland); Sicinh. Ibis, 1861, 
p. 345 (N. China), 1862, p. 254 (Foochow), 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); 
id. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 324; G. R. Gr. List Br. B. p. 199 (1863); 
id. Cat. Hodqs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); Jerd. B. of Ind. 
iii. p. 814 '(1864); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 (Palestine) ; 
Nor dm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 379 (Finland and Lapland); Droste, 
ibid. p. 428 (Borkum); Schleg. Mus.P.-B., Anseres, p. 26 (Japan) 
(1866); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 208 (Ilakocladi); Dei/l. Orn. Eur. 
ii. p. 536 (186*7); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); Droste, 
Vogelw. Borkum, p. 206 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 24 
(pt. xvi., 3869): Droste, J. f. O. 1869, p. 347 (Faroe); Ehces f 
Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340 (^Macedonia); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. 
p. 86, n. 10680 (part.) (1871); Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 290 (1872) ; 
Coues, Key, p. 289 (1872); Tacz. J.f. 0. 1878) p. 110 (Darasun); 
Coves, B. N.-West, p. 573 (part.) (1874) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. 
p. 302 (Caspian) (1876); Seeb. $ H.-Broicn, Ibis, 1876, p. 445 
(Petchora) ; Palmen, J. f. O. 1876, p. 60 (Finland); Tacz. ibid. 
p. 202 (Ussuri); id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 47 (1877); id. Orn. 
Yost. Sibir. p. 70 (1877); Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. pp. 59, 60 
(1878); Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 565, pi. 436 (pts. 65, 66, 1878) ; 
Blakist. # Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 214 (Japan); Finsch, Verh.z.-b. 
Ges. Wten, 1879, p. 264 (W. Siberia); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. 
p. 115, n. 970 (1879); Hume $ Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 272, 
pi. 36 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 525 (part) ; Brandt, J.f O. 
1880, p. 250 (St. Petersburg); Bolau, J.f 0.1881, p. 64; Blakist. 
Sf Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 185 (1880), x. p. 98 (1882); 
Pchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 4; id. Voy. zool. Gdrt. p. 45 
(1882); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 129 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 440 (1883) : Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 117 (1884; ; 
BlaUst. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9 (1884); Saund. Tamil's Hist 
Brit. B. iv. p. 423 (1884-85), and Man. Brit. B. p. 437; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 246 (var.); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 579 (part.) 
pi. 64 (egg) [1885); Newt. Enc. Brit. 9th ed. xxi. p. 378 (1886) ; 
Satead. El. Ucc. Hal. p. 264 (1886); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 
(1889); Behnw. J.f.O. 1890, pp. 83, 84; Seeb. B. Jap. Emp. 
p. 256 (part.) (]8£0); Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xv. pi.— 
(1890); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 828, 497; Campb. Ibis, 1892, p. 245 
(Corea); Rilia, Orn. Jahrb. iii. p. 261 (Bohemia) (1892); Seeb. 
Ibis, 1892. p. 400 (Tsu-shima); Dubois, Faun. Vert Belq., Ois. 
ii. p. 468, pi 261 (1892); Collett, Mindre vedr. Norges 'Fuglef. 
1881-92, p. 275 (1894); H. J. 8f C E. Pearson, Ibis, 1859, p. 243 
(Iceland). 
45. FULIGULA. 
357 
Platypus marilus, Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Vog. ii. p. 830 (1824). 
Aythya islandica, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 1: id. Vog. Deutschl. 

p. 911 (1831). U 
Aythya leuconotos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 3: id Vog. Deutschl. 
p. 913(1831). > > > * » > J 
Fuligula gesneri, Eyt. Cat. Br. B. p. 58 (1836); Jard. Br. Birds, iv. 
p. 138, pi. 5 (1837); Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 254 
Fuligula marina, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1836). 
Fuligula marilla, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 156 (1838): id. Syn. Anat. 
p. 114(1869). * 
Platypus marila, Schilling, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 378. 
Fuligula i&landica, BreJmi, Vogelf. p. 381 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Fuligula leuconotos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 381 (1855): id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 298. * 
Marila frenata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 135 (1856); Loche, 
Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Alger, p. 144 (Lake Halloula) (1858). 
Fulix marila, Cass. Br. Acad. Bhilad. 1862, p. 322 (Loo-choo I.); 
Later. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. p. 297 (18G6) ; G. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. 

p. 86, n. 10686 (part.) (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (China 
and Formosa); id. Ibis, 1873, p. 367, 1875, p. 457 (Hakodadi); 
Heuc/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1339 (1873); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, 
p. 456 (Ilakodadi); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 507 (1877); 
Radde, Ornis Caucus, p. 462 (1884) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 
(Corea); Sharpe, Cat Osteal Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 305 (1891). 
Anas (Fuligula) marila, 
Radde. Reis. S. O.-Sibir, ii. p. 375 (Baikal) 
(1863). 
Platypus marila, Dijb. % Parr. J.f.O. 1868, p. 339 (Dauria). 

Hybrids, 
Fuligula marila X Nrroca leucophthalma, Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 

p. 440 (1883). 
Fuligula marilaxF. nyroca, Leverh. J.f 0.1890, p. 225. 
Fuligula marilaxClangula glaucion, Leverh. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 225. 
North America (F. nearctica). 

Fuligula marila, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 393 (part.) (1826) ; Bp. 
Syn. p. 392 (1828); Sw. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 453 (part.) 
(1831;; Nutt. Man. ii. p. 437 (part.) (1834); Bp. Comp. List, 

p. 58, n. 389 (part.) (1838); Aud. B. Am. vii. p. 355, pi. 498 
(1843); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 321 (1844); Be Kay, N. T. Zool. 
ii. p. 323 (1844); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 143 
(specim. h) (1844); Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40; ? Cass. U.S. 
Expl. Exp., Mamm. fy Orn. p. 343 (Oregon) (1858); Wied, 
J. f. O. 1859, p. 176 ; Heerm. P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. iv. p. 70 (1859); 
Wedd. fy Eurdis, Natural, in Berm. pp. 49, 86 (1859); ? Reinh 
Ibis, 1861, p. 13 (Greenland); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, 

n. 10686 (part.) (1871); Coues, Key, p. 289 (1872); id. Checklist, 
n. 500 (1873); id. Birds N-West, p. 573 (part.) (1874); Sclat. 
Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 399 (Mazatlan); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 525 (part.); Cones, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 114, n. 720 (1882); 
Brandt, J.f O. 1891, p. 268 (Sitka). 
Fulix marila, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 791 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. 

n. 588 (1859); Bryant, Pr. Post Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122 (Bahamas) 
(1859); Coop. # Suckl N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 258 (1860); Ross, 
Canad. Natural. April 1862; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 147 (Brit. N. 
Am.); Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texas); ?Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 
358 
ANATIDJS. 

(Vancouver); Ball ty Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (1869); 
Allen, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 183 (Kansas and Utah) (1872); 
Snow, B. Kam. p. 11 (1873); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 315 
(Mazatlan) (1874); Ridgw. Nomencl. N. Am. B. n. 614 (1881) ; 
B., B., # B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 18 (part.) (1884); Corns, 
Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 701, n. 720 (part.) (1884); Nehrl. 

J.f. 0.1885, p. 147; MatseMe $ Ziemer,ibid. p. 191 (Bering Sea). 
? Fuligula mariloides, Wied {nee Vig), J.f. 0. 1859, p. 176 (Missouri). 
Anas marila, Mart. J f. 0. 1859, p. 221 (Bermuda); Walker, Ibis, 
I860, p. 166 (Godhavn, Greenland); Gieb. Thes Orn. i. p. 356 
(1872). 

Aythva marila nearctica, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 161 
(1885); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 119, n. 148 (1886); 
Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 133 (1886); Nelson, Nat. Hist 
Coll. in Alaska, p. 71 (1887); Bidgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 103 
(1887); Richmond, Auk, 1888, p. 19 (Mi Vernon, Columbia); 
Merrill, ibid. p. 142 (Oregon) ; Schalow, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 268; 
Hatch, B. ofMinnes. p. 58 (1892); Mackay, Aul, 1894, p. 225. 

Fuligula marila nearctica, Uartert, Xat. Vogelsamml p. 232 (1891). 

Eastern Asia (F. mariloides). 
Fuligula marila, Vig. Zool. Voy. 'Blossom,7 p. 31 (1839). 
Fuligula mariloides) Vig. Zool. Voy. 'Blossom,' p. 31 (in text) (1839); 

G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 4 (part.) (1844); Cass. Pr. Ac. 
Philad. 1862, p. 322 (Loo-choo I.); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 312 
(Zool. Gard.); Swink Ibis, 1877, p. 147; David § Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 508 (1877) ; Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. iii. p. 61 (1878); 
Blakist. 8f Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Yezo); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 525 ; Rchnw. Orn. Cmtralbl. 1882, p. 5; id. Vog. zool. Gdrt. 
p. 45 (1882); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 440 (1883); Styan, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 497. 
Fulix 
mariloides, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 412 (Ningpo); id. Ibis, 
1875, p. 457 (Hakodadi); Blakist. § Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Japan, i. 

p. 99 (1882). 
Avthia affims mariloides, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 161 
"(1885); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 103 (1887). 
Fuligula marila, part., Seeb. B. Jap. JEmp. p. 256 (1890). 


Adult male. Head, neck, upper part of the breast and of the 
back black; sides of the head and upper neck glossed with green ; 
rest of the back and scapulars white, narrowly barred with black; 
rump, upper and under tail-coverts black ; lower breast, abdomen, 
and sides white ; the vent somewhat greyish; the sides with black 
barrings; upper wing-coverts blackish, finely vermiculated with 
white ; secondaries white, forming the speculum, which is bounded 
below by a blackish band, in some specimens more or less freckled 
with white; tertials blackish with a gTeen gloss, the larger ones 
more or less finely dusted with whitish; primaries greyish brown, 
from the fourth quill with a whitish area on the inner web, the tips 
black; the marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown, dusted with 
white, the remainder, as well as the axillaries, white; tail blackish: 
bill and legs light lead-grey, webs and nail of the bill blackish ; 
iris yellow. Total length about 18 inches, wing 9*25, tail 2-9, 
culmen 1*8, tarsus 1*4. 

Female. Fore pait of the head and chin white; rest of the head, 

45 . FUXIUULA. 359 
neck, and breast brown; upper parts dark brown, the back and 
scapulars slightly vermiculated with white ; nnderparts white below 
the breast; flanks brown, more or less vermiculated with white; 
vent and under tail-coverts dark brown, slightly vermiculated with 
white; wings duller and browner than in the male, the upper 
wing-coverts much less vermiculated with white : bill and legs 
darker than in the male. Size somewhat less. 

Young male has the white at the base of the bill like the adult 
female, but it is of a darker and richer colour. 

Male in first nuptial dress has less green metallic gloss on tho 
head and neck ; the black breast-feathers have white margins; the 
black under tail-coverts are more or less vermiculated; in the vermiculations 
of the lower mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts the 
dark brown predominates over the white. 

Males in moulting jplumage closely resemble adult females. 

Young in down closely resemble those of the Tufted Duck (SeeboJim): 
" crown, nape, and upper parts uniform dark olive-brown; 
throat, sides of the head, and fore part of the neck yellowish white ; 
a dull greyish band crosses the lower neck, rest of the underparts 
dull yellowish, the flanks greyish yellow; upper mandible blackish, 
tooth of the beak yellowish; under mandible yellow " (Dresser). 

According to Dr. Stejneger, the American form (nearctica) has 
the primaries, from the fourth quill, with a greyish—not white— 
area on the inner web. I must confess that I have not been able 
to appreciate the difference. Also the Eastern Asiatic birds are 
considered by the American ornithologists to belong to a distinct 
form, allied to F. affinis, but differing in having the "six inner 
primaries with a distinct white space on inner webs as in F. niarila." 

The Chinese and Japanese birds examined by me, and among 
them are those mentioned and described by Swinhoe as belonging 
to F. mariloides, Vig., are not constantly smaller than the Western 
birds (niarila); sometimes they are intermediate between true 

F. marila and F. affinis, not only in size, but also in the colour of 
the head, which shows some purple reflections. Are these specimens 
hybrids *? 
Hob. Palaearctic Eegion, from Iceland to Kamtschatka, breeding 
in the Arctic Eegion as far north as lat. 70° ; winters sparingly in 
the basin of the Mediterranean, but (to my knowledge) not reaching 
Abyssinia, as stated by Mr. Seebohm ; it winters also in the basins 
of the Black Sea and Caspian; rare in Northern India; winters on 
Lake Baikal, China. Formosa, and Japan. 

The Scaup inhabits also the Nearetic Eegion, breeding far northward 
; southwards in winter to Guatemala. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. § ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
No locality. 
Tiree, Scotland, Aug. 
Firth of Forth, Scotland, 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Colonel Irby [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
d> r? ad. st.
Jan. (JR. G. W. JR.) 
Yarmouth, Norfolk. Clark Kennedy, Esa. 
e. (S ad. sk. Walberswich, Norfolk, Feb.
[0.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
(W. Tyler). 

360 
AXAIIDJ:. 

f. 
$ imm. sk. 
g, h. (5 5 ad. sk. 

if k. $ 2 ad. sk. 

1 
2 ad. sk. 

m. 5 ad. sk. 
n. 
$ ad. sk. 
o. (S ad. sk. 
p. <5 ad. &k. 
q, r. $ $ ad. sk. 
S. 
2 ad' S^« 
2. d ad. sk. 
w. d" juv. sk. 
v-a'.(S 
5 ad.,imm., 
juv. sk. 

a<^ sk


5'; c*. # J

£\ «'. c? ? ad. sk. 
/'. ? ad. sk. 

y', /^', 2V. $ ad. sk. 
&', 2'. d ? ad. sk. 

m'-/. c? $ imm. 

et pull. sk. 
r'. $ ad. sk. 
s'. <$ ad. sk. * 
t'. J ad. sk. 

M'. C? ad. sk. 

#', w'. $ ad. sk. 

x\ (S juv. sk. 

y', a'. Skeletons. 

Beccles, Norfolk; Dec. (T. 

j&. Gunn). 
Cambridge Market, Nov. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Milford Haven, Pembroke


shire. 
Somersetshire. 
Hampshire. 
Kingsbury Reservoir. 


Langiorskaja, Ob, Sept. 
India. 
Gurgaon, Delhi, March (TV. 
jy. chili). 
Amoy, China, Jan {H. Swinhoe). 


Amoy, winter. 
Ningpo, China, Oct. (R. 
Sivinhoe). 

Hakodadi, Japan, April, 

May (Blakiston). 
Y< >koham a, Japan (H. Fryer). 
Yokohama, Japan, Dec. (R. 

Bergman). 

Nagasaki, Japan, Feb. 

N. America. 
St. Michael's, Alaska, June, 

Aug., Oct. (E. W. Nelson). 
Brit. Columbia. 
Vancouver's Island. 
Canada. 

Massachusetts, March (JH. 
TV. Henshaw). 

Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct. 
Dec. {F. B. Armstrong). 
Florida. 

England. 

Seebohm Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 
Earl of Cawdor [P.]. 


Montagu Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 


J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [P.]. 
Old Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
H. J. "Elwes, Esq. 
T.j. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. K. Lord. Esq. [P.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.j# 
Government o"f 
Canada [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

"W. B. Dismore, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Zool. Soc. 

2. Fuligula affinis. 
Anas 
marila, Forst. (nee Zinn.) Phil. Trans. bdi. n. 44 (1772) ; 
Wils. Am. Orn. Vm. p. 84, pi. 69. f. 3 (1814). 
Fuligula marila, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 392 (part.) (1826) ; Sw. 
# Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 453 (part.) (1831); Nutt. Man. ii. 

p. 437 (parr.) (1834; Aud. (nee Zinn.) Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 226 
(1835) ; Bp. Camp. Zist, p. 58, n. 389 (part.) (1838); Aud. Orn. 
Biogr. v. p. 614, pi. 229 (1839); id. Syn. p. 286 (1839); id, B. 
Am. vi. p. 316, pi. 397 (1843), ef. vii. p. 355 (1844); ? G. R. Qr. 
Zist B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 143 (spec, h) (1844); Jard. Ann. # Mag. 
N. H. xx. p. 377 (Tobago) (1847); Brewer, JPr. Bosf. Soc. X. H. 
vii. p. 308 (Cuba) (1860) ; Zeot. Ois. Trinid. p. 522 (Trinidad) 
(1806); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 579 (part.) (Ih85). 
Fuligula affinis, Fyt. Mon. AnaL p. 157 (1838) ; Gosse, B. Jam. 

p. 40S (1847); Thomps. Nat. Hist, of Irel, Birds, iii. p. 140 
(1851) ; Sdat. § Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 231 (Guatemala) : Albrecht, 
301 

45 . FULHrCLA. 
J. f. 0. 1862, p. 207 (Jamaica) ; Schley. Mub. P.-B., Anseres, p. 28 
(1866) (accidental in Holland!); BegJ. # Get be, Orn. Eur. ii. 
p. 538 (1867) ; Turnb. B. E. Pa. p. 36 (1860); Salv. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 219 (Castillo, Veragua); Coues, Key, p. 289 (1872); id. 
Check-list,*. 501 (1873); id. Buds N.- West, p. 573 (1874); Sclat. $ 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 309; Vian, Bull Sac. Zool Fr. lii. pp. 59, 
60 (1878); &dat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 525; Con/, B. Bahama I. 
p. 187 (1880) ; Coues, ChecJc-list, 2nd ed. p. 114, n. 721 (1882); 
Salv. Cat B. Strichl. Coll. p. 537 (1882); B. 0. U. Lht Brit. B. 
p. 130 (1883) ; Hartl J. f. O. 1883, p. 282 (Alaska); Sound. 
YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 427 (1884-85): Seebk Hist. Brit. 
B. iii. pp. 580, 610 (1885); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 31 (1885) ; 
Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 48 (1889); Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml 
p. 232 (Mexico) (1891); ? Albarda, J. f 0. 1892, p. 429 (S. 
Holland). 
PAnas marila, D'Orb. (nee Linn.) in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cub., 
Ois. p. 295 (1840). 
Fuligula minor, Bell, Pr. Ac. Philad. i. p. 141 (1842) : Qiraud, B. 
Long Isl. p. 323 (1844). 
Aythya mariloides, part., Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73 (1842). 
Anas marila americana, Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. exx (1844). 
Fuligula mariloides, G. R. Gr. {nee Vig.) Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 4 


(1844); Rchnb. (nee Vig.) Syn. Av, Natatores, t. 80. ff. 2756-57 
(1850) (ex Audubon); Cab. Sf Gundl J.f O. 1857, p. 230 (Cuba) ; 
Wied, J.f O. 1859, p. 176; Gundl. J.f O. 1862, p. 92 (Cuba), 
1871, p. 290: Bey, Synonym, eur. Brutv. u. Gaste, p. 131 (1872) ; 
Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 432 (Micbalasld). 

Fuligula 
melanocephala, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (Mexico) 
(1864). 
Marila affinis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 136 (syn. emend.) 
(1856). 
Fulix affinis, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 791 (1858); id. Cat N. Am. B. 

n. 589 (1859): ?A. # E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 366 (St. Croix); 
Wheat. Ohio Agric. Eep. 1860, n. 250; Gundl. J. f O. 1861, 
p. 346; Coues fy Prent. Smiths. Rep. 1861, p. 417; Boar dm. Pr. 
Bost Soc. iv. p. 129 (1862); Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 159 (1862); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 147 (Nelson River): March, Pr. Acad. 
Philad. 1864, p. 71 (Jamaica); Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. p. 88 
(1864) ; Mcllwr. ibid. v. p. 95 (1866); Herm. in Dress. Ibis, 
1866, p. 43 (Texas); Gundl. Eepert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 390 
(1866); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. p. 297 (1866); Newt. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 167 (egg) ; Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. p. 129 (1868) ; id. 
Pr. Ess. Inst v. p. 299 (1868); Laivr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 143 
(Costa Rica) (1868), p. 210 (Yucatan) (1869); Ball §• Bann. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i.p. 298 (Yukon, breeding) (1869); Salv. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 219 (Veragua); Mayn. Guide, p. 148 (1870); Coues, Pr. 
Ac. Philad. 187], p. 37; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool ii. p. 363 
(part.) (1871); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10687 (syn. 
emend.) (1877); Aiken, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. p. 210 (1872); Snow, 
B. Eans. p. 11 (1873); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 130 
(1873); Law, Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. ii. p. 375 (Mazatlan) (1874); 
Gundl J. f O. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico), 1875, p. 382 (Cuba), 
1878, p. 190; id. An. Sc. Esp. Hist. Nat vii. p. 405 (Porto Rico) 
(1878); Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 615 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. 
Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 701 (1884); B., B., % R. Water-B. N. Am. 
ii. p. 22 (1884); Nehrl J. f. O. 1885, p. 147 (Illinois); Sharpe, 
Cat Osteol. Specim. Coll Surg. iii. p. 305 (1891). 
Anas affinis, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 343 (1872). 

3(32 ANATIDJ:. 

Nyroca affinis, A. 8f F. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (3881). 

Aythva affinis, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 161 (1885); A. 
0."U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 119, n. 149 (1886); Nelson, Nat, 
Hist. Coll m Alaska, p. 71 (1887); Mdgtu. Man. N. Am. B. 

p. 103 (1887) ; Cory, Auk, 1888, p. Q6 ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 60 
(1892); Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. vi. p.* 83 (Trinidad) 
(1894); Mackay, Auk, 1894, p. 225. 
Fuligula marila, var. affinis, Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. 

p. 468 (1892). 
Hybrid. 
Euligula affinis X F. valisneria or F. ameiicana, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 437; A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 337. 
Adult male. Similar to that of F. marila, but much smaller, the 
black of head and neck glossed with purple instead of green; the 
back darker, the black markings on the white ground being coarser 
and broader; the upper wing-coverts much less vermiculated with 
white; the barring on the sides more distinct, and the longer 
feathers of the flanks pale brown, vermiculated with black; the 
under tail-coverts whitish, but the lateral ones with a rufous tinge, 
all vermiculated with blackish bars; primaries blackish, without 
whitish on the inner web, the latter being only a trifle paler than 
the rest of the quills: bill blue, nail black. Total length about 10 
inches, wing 8-2, tail 2*5, culmen 1*75, tarsus 1*15. 

Female. Similar to that of F. marila, but smaller, the white on 
the fore part of the head and chin more restricted ; the white and. 
brown barrings on the back and scapulars coarser: the pale brown 
on the breast paler and not so distinctly denned from the white of 
the underparts; barrings on the sides and flanks coarser. 

Hah. North America in general, breeding northward, south in 
winter to Guatemala and West Indies. 

a. S ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
K S pv . sk. 
c. S ad. sk. 
No locality. 
N. America. 
Earl of Derby [P.J. 
Eyton Coll. ^ (Type 
d. c? ad. sk. N. America? 
of the species.) 
Hume Coll. 
e.
/ . 
$ ad. sk. 
<£ ad. sk. 
N. America. 
N. America (B. W. Hen-
Lord Ampthil! [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 5 ad. sk. 
shaw). 
North Land Exp. Capt Sir G. Back 
h. <$ ad. sk. Canada. o PIGovernment of 
i, k,l. # 2 a<^skm. 
$ ad. sk. 
49th Parallel. 
Rocky River, Ohio. 
Canada [P.], 
N. Amer. ""Boundary 
Comm. [O.X 
Prof. J. P. Ejrtknd 
n. S ad. sk. Riverdale, Illinois, March 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o. £ imm. sk. 
(F. TV. Nelson). 
Weaverville, N. California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April. 
p-z. 6 $ ad, et 
juv. sk. 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Jan., 
Oct., Bee. (R B. ArmSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
strong). 

45 . FULIGULA. 
a', b', c. $ 2 ad. Tarpon Springs, Florida, 
et inam. sk. Nov., Dec. (W. E. B. 
Scott), 
d', e'. $ ad. sk. Zacatecas, Mexico, June (W. 

B. Bichardsoa). 
f',g'. 6 imm. et Duenas, Guatemala, Nov. 
f tf juv. sk. (0. &). 
A'. $ ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, March 

(O. A). 
i. $ ad. sk. Castillo, Veragua (Arce). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
rp.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3. Fuligula fuligula. 
The Tufted Duck. 
Anas cristata, Bay, Syn. p. 142 (1713). 
Glauciuni, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 406. pi. xxxvi. f. 1 (<3 juv.), 2(5 ) 
(1760). 
Glauciuin minus, Briss. Orn. vi.tp. 411, pi. xxxvii. f. 1 (1760). 
? Anas latirostra, Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 21, n. 91 (1764). 
Anas fuligula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 207, n. 4o (1766) (ex Gesner); Scop. 
Ann. I. Hist. Nat. n. 78 (1769); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 543, n. 45 
(1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 869, n. 90 (1790); Bonn. Enc. 
Meth. i. p. 150 (1791); Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 117 (trachea) 
(1798); Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 265 (1811); Temm. Man. 
d Orn. p. 568 (1815); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 128 (1816); Bum. Diet. 
Sc. Nat. Ti. p. 374 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 873 
(1820); Licht. Verz. JDouhl. p. 85 (Siberia) (1823); Banz. El. di 
Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 128 (1826) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 032 (1831) (syn. 
emend.); Menetr. Cat. Bais. Cam. p. 58 (Bakou) (1832); K. E. 
Abbott, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 134 (Trebizond); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. iv. 

p. 547 (1840); Schleg. Bev. Crit. p. cxix (1844); Naum. Vog. 
BeuUchl. xii. p. 64, Taf. 310 (1844) ; Temm. 8f Schleg. Eatm.Jap., 
Aves, p. 128 (1850); Midd. Sibir. Beis. ii. 2, p. 237 (1853); Passler, 
J. f. 0.1853, pp. 242, 244, 318 (Lapland), 1854, p. 380 (Dauria); 
Bhlle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 305 (Spain), 1856, p. 232 (Provence); 
Kittl Benhwurd. ii. p. 313 (1858); ? Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 166 
(Godhavn) ; Hevgl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 287; Homey. J.f. 0.1870, 
p. 433 (E. Siber.) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn.' i. p. 352 (1872) ; Bowl Orn. 
Misc. iii. p. 229, pi. ex. (1878); Steere, List B. fy M. Philippines, 
p. 27 (Basilan) (1890). 
Anatra col ciuflfo, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. tav. 591, 592 (1776). 
Anas clangula foem., Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. tav. 594 (1776). 
Tufted Duck, Pent. Brit Zool. ii. n. 274 (1776); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, 
p. 540, n. 79 (1785). 
Anas leucotis, Herm. Tab. Af. An. p. 161 (1783); id. Observ. Zool. 
p. 144 (1804). 
Morillon, B'Aubent. PL EnL 1001; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.ix. pp.227, 
231, pi. 15 (1783). 
PLapmark Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 576 (1785). 
Anas glaucion, Bonn, (nee Linn.) Enc. Meth. i. p. 149, pi. 33. f. 3 

(1791); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 375 (1817). 
Anas colymbis, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 266 (1811). 
Anas cristata,Leach(necGm.),Syst.Cat.M4B.Br.Mus.-p.3d (1816). 
Nyroca fuligula, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822); id. Brit. An. 

p. 122 (1828). 
Aythya fuligula, 
Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564 ; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998; 
id. Vog. Beutschl. p. 914 (1831); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 29, p. 160 (Kamtschatka, Bering I.) (1885); Bldgw. Man. N. 

364 ANATIDJ5. 

Am. B. p. 103 (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 137 (1887) 
(Commander I.). 
Fuligula cristata, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 190 (1824) (syn. 
emend.); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 131 (1831); Sykes, P. Z. S. 3832, 

p. 170, n. 225 (Dukkun) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 370 (1837); Eyt. 
Mon. Anat. p. 159 (svn. emend.), pi. 3.f.5 (sternum) (183b); Bp. 
Comp. List, p. 58 (1838); K. <$• B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxvii, 
230 (1840); Jercl Madr. Jonrn. xii. p. 222, n. 390 (1840); Ewer, 
P. Z.8. 1842, p. 93; Blyth, ibid. p. 94; StrickL ibid. p. 167 
(China); Bp. Cat, Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73 (1842); Hartl. Vers. Ges. 
Mus. p. 121 (1844); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 1 (syn. 
emend.) (1844); id. list B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 142 (1844); Riipp. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 138, n. 499 (Abyssinia) (1845) ; Rchnb. Syn. Ar., 
Xatatores, t. 76. ft. 119-123 (1845) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. 
B. M. p. 147 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 306, 
n. 1788 (1849) (syn. emend.); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p- ^iii (1852); 
Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 275 ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 314 
(Spain); Bp. Compt. Rend, xiiii. p. 651, n. 133 (1856) * ; Revgl. 
Si/st. Uebers. n. 703 (1856) ; Loche, Cat. M. et 0. Alger, p. 143 
(i858); Antin. J. f 0. 1858, p. 484 (Smyrna) ; Salv. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 363 (Bizerta); Swinh. J0w, 1860, p. 67 (Amov); Tristr. Ibis, 
1860, p. 81 (N. Africa) ; Poivys, ibid. p. 354 (Ion. Is.); Simps, ibid. 
p. 394 (AV. Greece); ? Reinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 14 (Greenland?); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345 (X. China), 1862, p. 254 (Foochow) ; 
1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324: G. JR. Gr. Cat. 
Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. 
p. 875 (India) (1864); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 (Palestine) ; 
Nordm. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 379 (Finland, Lapland) ; Droste, ibid. 
p. 428 (Borkum); Schleg. Mus. P.-B.. Anseres, p. 28 (1866); 
Degl. 8r Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 533 (1867); Swinh. Ibis, 1867, 
p 399 (Amoy); Przew. Voy. n. 209 (1867); Hartl. $ Finsch, 
P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 4, 9 (Pelew Isl.); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 
(Palestine); Brake, Ibis, 1869, p. 15 (Morocco); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 629 (breeding-); Ehoes <§• BucM. Ibis, 1870, p. 340 
(Macedonia); Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 437 (1870); Finsch, 
Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 329 (1870); Przew. Putesch. Ussur. n. 209 
(1870); Shell. Ibis, 1871, p. 316 (Egypt); Sound. Ibis. 1871, 
p. 397 (S. Spain); Gould, B. Gr. Brit v. pi. 27 (pt. xx., 1871); 
H. 8r F. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 90 (Pelew I.) ; Tayl. Ibis, 1872, p. 233 
(Crimea); Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 290 (1872) ; Homey. X f. 0.1872, 
p. 338 (N. Germany); Fritsch, J. f. 0.1872, p. 371 (Bohemia); 
Sahad. Faun. oVItal., Ucc. p. 266 (1872); Sundev. Meth.nat. Av. 
disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (carotids), 
p. 639 (muscles); Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 367: Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Tacz. J. f O. 1873, p.'llO, 1874, p. 337; 
Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft yiii. p. 40 (Pelew Is.) (1875); 
Palmin, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 59 (Finland); Seeb. % H.-Brotm, Ibis, 
1876, p. 445 (Petchora); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 302 (Persia) 
(1876); Tacz. Orn. Faun. Yost. Sibir. p. 70 (1877) ; id. Bull. Soc. 
Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 47; Blahist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 214 (Japan); 
Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 22; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, 
p. 264 (W. Siberia); Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 971 (1879); 
Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 573, pi. 437 (1879); A. Newt. Enc. Brit. 
9th ed. x. p. 757 (1879); Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 318; Sclat,. 
ibid. p. 524 -; Brandt, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 250 (St. Petersburg); 
* Bonaparte (I. c.) and Schlegel mention among the synonyms Anas notatat 
Daud., which I hare not been able to trace. 
45. FULiaULA.. 
:m 

Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. of hid. iii. p. 277, pi. 37 (1880) ; Ma/cist. 
§ Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 180 (1880), x. p. 99 (IH82); 
Bolau,J.f. 0. 1881, p. 64; iZc/zww. Ow. CentralbL 1HH2, p. 5: 
w*. F%. seal. (?//rf. p.45 (1882); Afcwfe. ZAw, 1883, p. 77 (Pamir 
Range); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 129 (1888); Sc/at List Vert. An. 
8th ed. p. 489 (1883); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool Fr. 188;}, p. 344 
Kamtschatka); Byb. fy Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. 1884, p. 147; 
Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Ge?i. (2) i. p. 247 (JSlioa) (1884); Sauml 
YarreWs Hist Brit. B. W. p. 430 (1884-85); Seed. Jlist Brit, 

B. iii. p. 583, pi. 64 (egg) (1883) ; KM. in Sundev. Soensha FoqL 
n. p. 1484, pi. Ixii. f. 3 (1886) ; Salvad. El Uec. Ital. p. 264 
(1886); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 377 (Portugal) ; Dorries, J. f. 0. 
1888, p. 95 (E. Siberia); Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. (2) vL 
p. 323 (Shoa) (1888); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 48 (1889); Everett, 
Ibis, 1890, p. 263 (Borneo); Bchnw. J. f. 0. 1890, pp. 83, 84 
Lilford, Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xiii. pi. — (1890) ; Seek B. Jap. 
Emp. p. 355 (1890) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73 (incubation) ; Styau, 
ibid. pp. 318, 497 (Lower Yangtse); Dub. Faun. Vert Beta.. 
Ois. ii. p. 465, pi. 260 (1892). 

Platypus fuligulus, Brehm, Lehrb. d. Naturg. ear. Vog. ii. p. 833 
(1824); Pdssler, Jf. 0. 1856, p. 67 ; Hintz, J. f. O. 1861, p. 457, 
1863, p. 430, 1864, p. 97 (Pomerania). 

Anas (Fuligula) fuligula, Less. Man. dOrn. ii. p. 416 (1828). 
Aythya cristata, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998; id. Vog.Deut.p. 916(1831). 
Morillon des Isles Mariannes, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 632 (1831) 

(Marianne Is., Q. ty G.)*; Packer. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, 

p. 636 (juv. sp. incogn.); Hartl. J.f.O. 1855, p. 420; Wiglesw. 
AvesPolyn.y. 60 (1891). 
Fulix fuligula, Sundeo. (ubi ?); Lovhi, (Efv. K. Vet-Ah. Fork. 1864, 

p. 315; B.,B.,$B.Wat-B.N. Am.ii.-p.l&(note) (I88±); GiglAvif. 
Ital p. 316, n. 307 (1886); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Oorea). 
Fuligula vulgaris, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 373 (1844). 
Fuligula fuligula, LicM. Nomencl Av. p. 102 (1854); Hartert, Eat. 

Vogelsamml. p. 232 (1891); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 518 ; Cottett, Mindre 
Medd. vedr. Norges Fuglef 1881-92, p. 274 (1894). 
Fuligula patagiata, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 381 (1855); id. Naumannia, 

1855, p. 298. 
Nyroca latirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 657, n. 146 (1856) (e.v 
Lesson, lies Mariannes). 
Anas (Fuligula) fuligula, Schrench, Vog. Amurl. p. 484 (1800) ; 
Radde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 375 (1863). 
Anas arctica, u Leach " (errore), Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 533 
(in si/n. F. cristatse) (1867) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. I p. 352 {in syn. 

A. fuligulae) (1872). 
Platypus fuligula, Dyb. $ Parr. J.f.O. 1868, p. 339 (Dauria). 
Fulix cristata, Swinh. P. Z. 3. 1871, p. 419 (China); G. B. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10684 (syn. emend.) (1871); David, N. 
Arch. Mus. Bull vii. Cat, n. 453 (1871) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1873, 

p. 367; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1336 (1873); David $ 
Oust Ois. Chine, p. 508 (1877); Prjev. in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. lit. 
p. 106 (1878) (Mongolia); Badde, Ornis Caucas. p. 461 (1884); 
Sharpe, Cat Osteal. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 305 (1891). 
(Edeniia (!) cristata, Dress, Ibis, 1876, p. 420. 
Fuligula linnei, Malm. Goteb. och Bohusl Faun. p. 350 (1877). 

* It appears both to Dr. Oustalet and myself that the specimen from the 
Marianne Islands, still preserved in the Paris Museum, is a young bird, in a 
very bad state, of the present species. 
'M6 
AXATJD-Ti!. 

Hybrids. 

? Canard morillon <$ (Fuligula cristata) X Sarcelle de la Caroline $ 
(Aix sponsa), Geoffr. St.-HiL Ami. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii. pp. 222, 
226 (180(3) j Sehjs-Z., Bull. Soc. Hoy. Belg. xxiii. % p. 21, n. 23 
(1856); ZeifcrA:. J"./. 0. 1890, p. 225. 

Fuligula cristata X Nyroca leucopkthalma, Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, 

p. 524; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. pp. 524, 525 (1883). & 
Fuligula cristata J X Fuligula ferina tf, Saund. P. Z. 1886, 
p. 550; Leverk. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 225. 
Fuligula cristata X Fuligula nyroca, Leverh. I. c. 
Fuligula cristata X Fuligula marila, Leverh. I. c. 
Fuligula cristata X Anas querquedula, Leverk. I. c. 
Adult male. Head, neck, upper parts, and breast black; occipital 
feathers considerably elongated, forming a crest or tuft; sides 
of the head with a purple gloss ; a white spot on the chin ; back and 
scapulars with obscure traces of pale vermiculations; lower breast, 
belly, sides, and flanks white; vent and under tail-coverts black; 
wings black; speculum on the secondaries white, with a black 
band at the tip; under wing-coverts, except the marginal ones 
which are dusky, and axillaries white ; primaries brown-grey, with 
the tips and the outer webs more or less blackish; tail black : 
bill pale blue, with the nail black ; irides brilliant golden yellow; 
legs and toes dark blue, the webs black. Total length about 17 
inches, wing 8, tail 2'5, culmen 1*75, tarsus 1*12. 

Female. Crest smaller than in the male ; upper parts and upper 
breast brown ; the underparts dull white or pale ashy brown, and 
less clearly defined from the brown upper breast; flanks brown; 
speculum as in the male; inner secondaries glossed with green. 

Young in first plumage. Closely resemble adult females, but are 
paler brown, especially on the chin and throat, and have no metallic 
green gloss on the innermost secondaries; there are many white 
feathers at the base of the bill. 

2fules in first nuptial dress have white margins to the black 
feathers of the breast, a shorter crest, no green or purple gloss on 
the head, and a small white spot on the chin. 


Males in moulting plumage are intermediate in colour between 
males in first plumage and males in first nuptial plumage (Seebohm). 
Young in down are dark brown, shading into nearly white on 


the belly (JSeebohm). 

Hah. Palsearctic Eegion from the Atlantic to the Pacific; in the 
Ethiopian Eegion it extends as far south as Shoa, and apparently 
breeds in the high lakes of Abyssinia; in winter in S. China, Japan, 
and India, but not in Ceylon or in Burmah; accidental in the 
Malay Archipelago (Philippines and Borneo), and in Polynesian 
Islands (Marianne Isl. and Pelew Islands). 


a. J ad. sk. No locality. Old Coll. 
b, c. Pull. sir. No locality. Gould Coll. 
df e. <$ ad. sk. Great Britain {Leadenhall Purchased. 
Market). 

f. 
$ mrm, sk. Orkneys. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
g. $ ad. sk. Tiree, Scotland, Jan. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
 a<*. et 

h-q. d 2pull. st. 

r. <S ad. sk. 
6 2 ad st

5, t.-


«. J ad. sk. 

v. J ad. sk. 
w. 6 ad. sk. 
a(i et 

#-«'. 6 2

juv. sk. 
£'. cf ad. sk. 
c'. <5 ad. sk. 

<2'. tf juv. sk. 

e'. 2 inim. sk. 

/'. $ imm. sk. et 
st. 
#W. d1 2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

acl" s^* 

ra'. 2 . 

w', 2 juv-s^


<?'. 2 j uv-skj/. 
2 JUV. St. 
q\ Pull. sk. 

2 a(i-s^


r\

s'. J ad. sk. 

t'. <$ ad. sk. 

u'. S- sk


a<3o>W. 6 2 ad-sk


y. $ ad. sk. 
y\ J ad. sk. 

z'. d ad. sk. 

a<* sk

a". 2-


b"K c". 2 a<*- et 

juv. sk. 

d". 6 ad.sk. 

«",/". 6 ad. sk. 

#". d ad. sk. 

AV^dad-et 

§ juv. sk. 

f, m". <J 2 imm


sk. 

sk. 
^', r", *". <J a<*et 
2 i^m. s^« 
£'>". dad.6t2 
juv. sk. 

45 . FULIGTTLA. 
Perthshire, Scotland, June. 

Hickling, Norfolk, Jan. (T. R 

Grunri). 
Merton, Norfolk, June. 

Liverpool, Jau. 


Cambridge Market, Nov. 
Wiltshire. 
Avington, Feb., Dec. (R. JB. S. 


$ G. E. Shelley). 
Avington, Dee. (G. E. S.). 
Devonshire, Jan. 

Tunis. 

Fayoom, Egypt, March (G. 

E. $.). 
Egypt. 

Angollalah, May {Harris), 

Mesopotamia [Jones). 

Aden. 

Lenkoran, Dec. 

Langiorskaja, Ob, Sept. 

Obdorsk, W. Siberia, Aug. 

Ladak (Strachey). 

Wooler Lake, Cashmere, Nov. 

(G. Henderson). 
Kashgar (Belleio), 
Afghanistan (Griffiths). 
Kokeran, March. 
Kokeran, March {Lt.-Col. 

Swinhoe). 

Kandahar, Feb. 

Kandahar, Feb. (Lt.-Col. 

Swinhoe). 

Jubbee R. near Hassan Abdal, 
March (22. W. Stoker). 
Indus R. near Attock, Jan. 

(22. W. Stoker). 
R. Jhelum, March. 
Muncha Lake, Sind, Jan. 
SIrza. 
Guro;aon, Jan., Feb., March 
(W. N. Chill). 
Delhi, Jan. 
Etawah. 

Oudh, Dec, Jan., Feb. 

Nepal. 

3G7 

C. S. II. Drummond 
Moray, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Lord Walsingham 
[PA 

H. J." Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 
Dr. R. Bowdler 

Sharpe [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 

E. Reynolds, Esq. 
Fraser Coll. 
Shelley Coil. 

J. Bowring, Esq. 
[p.]. 
India Museum [P.], 

Euphrates Exp. 

C. Chevalier, Esq, 
[p.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [C." 

[OJ. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [CT 

[C.J 
India Museum [ ' 
,[P.]. 

Hume Coll, 

India Museum [P.j. 

India Museum [P.J. 

Lt.-Col. Swinhoe 

[p.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Lt.-Col. Swinhoe 
[p.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Dr. Aitchison [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
fP.l. 
368 ANATID^E. 

v", w", x''. c$ ad. Native Sikkim, March, April, Hume Coll. 

et $ imm. sk. May (L. Mandelli). 
y''. <$ ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum [P.]. 
2", a\ (S 2 && Grwalior. C. Maries, Esq. [P.]. 

sk. 

b3. $ ad s^«

- Titana, Kkandeish, Feb. (J. Hume Coll. 
Davidson). 
c3. $ imm. sk. Raipur, Central Provinces. Hume Coll. 


a^- et

d*~l\ <$ 2 ^ake Logtak, Manipur, Feb., Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. March (A. 0. H.). 
m3. tf ad. sk. Kiukiang, China, March. F. W. Styan, Esq. 

pp.]. 

ns. 2 ad. sk. Kiukiang, March (R. Sivin- Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). 
o3, jt?n. c? imm. et Amoy, China, Feb. (R. Swin- Seebohm Coll. 
J juv. sk. hoe).


3 3. <$ 2 a(i s5f
q, r-- Shanghai, China, March (R. Seebohm Coll. 
Sioinhoe). 
s\ 2 ad.sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq. 
[P.]. 
tz} uz. $ 2 a(*-s^- Hakodadi, Japan, May, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
(Blahiston).

33 a(*.

v,w. S 2 Yokohama, Japan (II. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
#3, y3. cS ad. et Yezo, Japan, June. Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. 
z3, a\ bK <$ 2 Lagunade Bay,Manilla (Malt- Tweeddale Coll. 


imm. et juv. sk. land Herioi). 
c\ (S imm. sk. Labuan, Nov. A. Everett, Esq. [P.]. 
dK Skeleton. England. 
e4. Skeleton. S. Germany. v Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 
Z1. Skeleton (im- Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
perfect). [P.]. 

gK SMI. 

W. Sternum. England. J. Ray, Esq. [P.], 
i*t k4*. Sterna. England. Purchased. 
HYBEIDS. 
Fuligula fuligula X Nyroca ferina. 
/*. Juv. sk. Tring. Hon. Walter Roth


schild [P.]. 
Fuligula fuligula X Nyroca africana. 
m4, w4. Ad. etpull. Bred in confinement. Zool. Soc. 
st. 

4. Fuligula novae zealandiae. 
New Zealand Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 543, n. 80 (1785). 
Anas novae seelandiae, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 542, n. 117 (1788) (ex 
Latham); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 387 (1817). 

Anas novae zealandiae, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 870, n. 92 (1790) ; Bonn. 
Enc. Mtth. i. p. 133 (1790); Licht. in Forst. Deser. An. p. 95 
(note) (1844); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 358 (1872). 

Fuligula novae zealandiae, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 210 (1824); 

G. R. Gr. in Dieff. Trav. ii. App. p. 198 (1843); id. List B. Brit. 
45 . JFULIGULA. 369 
Mus. p. 142 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 5 (1844); id. Tmj. 
Ereb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 16, pi. 18 (184G) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 77, f. 890 (18—) (ex Ereb. § Terror); G. R. Gr. 
Ibi^ 1862, p. 242; Sector, New Zeal Ethib. p. 277 (Otago) (I860); 
Schleg. Hits. P.-B., Anseres, p. 20 (1866); Potts, Trans. N. Z. 
Inst. ii. 1869, p. 73 (1870) ; Jetton, Ibis, 1870, p. 395 (Auckland); 
Finsch, J. f. 0. 1870, p. 358; Button, Cat. B. Neiu Zeal. p. 38 
(1871); Tracers, Trans. N. Z. Inst. iv. 1871, p. 208 (1872) ; Finsch, 

J. f. 0. 1872, p. 188; Butter, Hist B. New Zeal p. 259, pi. 27. f. 2 
(1673); Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 203 ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. § Terr., 
Birds, p. 31 (1875); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 527; Finsch, Ibis, 
1832, pp. 392, 397 ; Puller, Man. B. New Zeal p. 72 (1882); id. 
Hist B. New Zeal 2nd ed. ii, p. 274, pi. xlv. (lower fig.) (1888); 
Smith, Tram. N. Z. Inst. xxi. 1888, p. 22i (Lake Brunner) 
(1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (1889); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, 
p. 545 (Chatham IsL). 
Anas atricilla, Forst. Icon, inecl t. 79; id. Descr. An. (ed. licht.) 
p. 95 (1844). 
Marila novos zelandiae, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 137 (1856). 
? Anas atra, Elhnan, Zoolog. 1861, p. 7471. 
Fulix novae seelandiie, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10688 
(1871). 

Adult male. Head and neck black, glossed with purple above, 
with green on the sides; chin white; upper parts and breast black, 
the former more or less glossed with green, upper back and scapulars 
minutely dusted with white; breast freckled with white on the 
lower portion ; abdomen brown, the edges of the feathers paler 
or dull whitish; sides of the vent and under tail-coverts black; 
sides and long feathers overlapping the thighs brown with a chestnut 
tinge; wings glossy black; secondaries with a narrow white 
speculum, broadly edged with black, each feather has the outer 
edge of the outer web narrowly edged with black; primaries grey, 
with, the tips and also the outer webs of the first three or four 
black: marginal under wing-coverts dark brown, the inner ones 
and axillaries white ; tail dark brown : " irides bright yellow; bill 
ash-blue, tipped with black; legs and toes grey, membranes black, 
bordered near each toe with grey " (Button). Total length about 
17 inches, wing 8, tail 2*7, culmen-1* 65, tarsus 1-25. 

Female. " A broad band surrounding the base of the upper mandible 
white; head, neck, breast, and sides of the body blackish 
brown, changing to castaneous on the lower part of the breast and 
flanks, on the abdomen lighter brown, mottled with fulvous white, 
darker brown in the ventral region; under tail-eoverts blackish 
brown, largely marked with white; shoulders dark brown, margined 
with castaneous ; back and upper surface of wings blackish brown, 
glossed with green; speculum as in the male; tail dark brown." 

(Buller.) 

There is no specimen in the British Museum which would answer 
to the above description, but one supposed to be a female is as 
follows :—Head, neck, upper parts, and wings brown; breast and 
sides dull chestnut-brown; abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish, 

VOL. XXVII. 2 B 

370 
ANATIDJE. 

the pale brown bases of the feathers more or less showing through 
the white tips; speculum as in the male, but of a duller white: 
tertials brown with a green gloss; tail brown. 

Also in the Rothschild Museum there is no female with a broad 
white band surrounding the base of the upper mandible, but one 
has a slight indication of it. 

Young in down. " Has the down thickset; the upper parts pale 
dove-brown, the underparts white ; a dusky collar round the neek ; an 
obscure white spot on each wing, and a smaller one on each side of 
the rump ; the hair-like filaments on the upper parts rather long, 
very fine in texture, and perfectly black; irides dark brown ; bill 
reddish brown, the under mandible yellow, with a brownish tip ; 
feet light brown." {Buller.) 

Sir W". Buller notices a smaller form, from Lake Ellesinere, 
having a more chestnut hue. 
Hab. New Zealand, with the Auckland and Chatham Islands. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. et J New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
juv. st. 
c, d. $ ad. sk.
e. tf ad. sk.
fi96 
? ad. sk. 
New Zealand. 
New Zealand. 
Bay of Islands. 
Sir E. Home [P.].__ 
Antarctic Exped. ~0.~. 
Antarctic Exped. "(J.^ 

5. Pulignla collaris. 
Anas 
collaris, Bonov. Brit. B. vi. pi. 147 (England) (1809) ; Gieh. 
Thes. Orn. I p. 348 (1872) (syn. emend.). 
Anas fuligula, Wils. (nee Li?in.) Am. Orn. viii. p. 66, pi. 67. £ 5 
(1814); Temm. Man. oVOm. 2nd ed. ii. p. 873 (part.) (1820). 
Anas (Fuligula) rufitorques, Bp. Journ. rhilad. Acad. iii. p. 351 
(1824): Gundl. J.f. 0. 1871, p. 283 (Cuba). 
Anas rufitorques, Ord,ed. Wils. viii. p. 61 (1825); Bp. Speech. Camp. 

p. 73 (1827); Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 536 (1&37); id. 
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 722 (1838); Sehleg. Rev. Crit. p. exix (1844) ; 
Mart. J.f. 0. 1859, p. 221 (Bermuda). 
Fuligula rufitorques. Bp. Ann. Lyc. Ar. Y. ii. p. 393 (1826); id. Syn. 

p. 393 (1828) ; Sw. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 454 (1831) ; 
Nidt, Man. ii. p. 439 (1834); Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 259, pi. 234 
(1835); Byt. Man. Anai. p. 158 (1838); Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 
(1838); Aid. Syn. p. 287 (1839); id. B Am. vi. p. 320, pi. 398 
(1843); Giraud, B. Bong Isl. p. 324 (1844) ; BeKay, N. Y. ZJOL 
p. 325 (1844); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Selys, Mem. Sac. 
Boy. Sci Liege, iv. p. 41 (1848-49); Rclinb. Syn. Av., Xatatores, 
t. 80. if. 2754-55 (1850) (ex Audubon); Lemb. Av. Cub. p. 117 
(1850); Bp. Rev. Crit. Orn. Bur. p. 107 (1850); Licht Nomencl 
Av. p. 102 (Mexico) (1854); Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 298; 
Cass. U.S. Expl Exped., Mam?n. # Orn. p. 343 (1858); Wedd. & 
Hurdis, Natvr. in Berm. p. 50 (1859); Wied, J. f. O. 1859, 
p. 176; Brewer, Br. Bost. Soe. N. H. vii. p. 308 (18C0): Sclat 
P. Z. S 1862, p. 20 (Oaxaea); Albrecht, J.f.O. 1862, p. 207 
(Jamaica). 
Fuligula collaris, Bp. Cat. Met. TJce. Eur. p. 73, n. 454 (184^) 


G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 142 (1844) j id. Gen. B. iii! 
45. FTJLIGTJLA. 371 
p. 621, n. 2 (1844): Bchnh. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 76. f. 886 
(1845) (ex Donovan ?); Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 298; 
Cab. $ Ghmdl. J.f 0. 1857, p. 230 (Cuba); JSalv. Sr Sclat. Ibis, 
1860, p. 277 (Guatemala) ; Gimdl J. f. 0. 1861, p. 346; Bias. 
List B. Eur. p. 21 (1862); G. B. Or. List Brit B. p. 199 
(1863); Schley. Mus. F.-B., Anseres, p. 26 (1866) ; Degl. # Gerbe, 
Orn. Bur. ii. p. 535 (1867); Turnb. B. E. Pa. p. 46 (1800); 
Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 289 (1872); id. Chech-list N. Am. B. 

n. 502 (1873); id. Birds N.-West, p. 574 (1874) ; Sclat. # Salv. 
F. Z. S. 1876, p. 400; Gum. Zoologist, 1877, p. 341; Sclat. 
F. Z. S. 1880, p. 525; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 188 (1880); Salv. 
Cat. B. StricU. Coll p. 537 (1882); Coites, Check-list N. Am. P, 
2nd ed. p. 114, n. 722 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 129 
(1883); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 31 (1885); Seed. Hist. Brit. P. 
ili. pp. 584, 610 (1885); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (1889). 
? Fuligula cristata, Denny (nee Leach), P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40. 
Marila collaris, Bp. Cornet. Bend, xliii. p. 651, n. 134 (1856). 
Fulix collaris, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 792 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. 

n. 590 (1859) ; id. Mex. Bound. Surv., Birds, p. 27 (1859); Bryant, 
Fr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122 (Bahamas) (1859); Boss, Canad. 
Natur., April 1862; Verrill, Fr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 148 (Brit. N. Am.); March, Fr. Fhilad. 
Acad. 1804, p. 72 (Jamaica^ ; Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texas); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1866) ; Gundl. Itepert. 
Fisico-Nat Cuba, i. p. 390 (1866); Brown, Ibis, 1808, p. 426 
(Vancouver); Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466; G. B. 
Or. Hand-list, iii. p. 86, n. 10685 (1871); Aiken, Fr. Bost. Soc. N 

H. xv. p. 210 (Colorado) (1872); Trippe, ibid. p. 241 (Iowa) (1872); 
Snow, B. Kans. p. 11 (1873); Sclat. # Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. 
p. 130 (1872); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 315 (Mazatlan) 
(1874); Gundl J. f 0.1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico), 1875, p. 383 
(Cuba), 1878, p. 190 (Porto Rico); id. An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 
vii. p. 406 (Porto Rico) (1878); Bidgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 616 
(1881); P., B., 8r B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 25 (1884); Coues, 
Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 701 (1884); Frenz. J. f. O. 1885, 
p. 147 (Illinois); Sharpe, Cat. Osteal Specim. Coll Surg. iii. 
p. 306 (1891). 
Fuligula affinis, Sclat. (nee Eyt) F. Z. S. 1859, p. 365 (Jalapa, Be 
Oca). 
Nyroca collaris, A. $ E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881). 
Aythya collaris, Bidgw. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 356 (1885) ; 

A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 119, n. 150 (1886); Turner, 
Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 133 (1886); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in 
Alaska, p. 72 (1887); Sennett, Auk, 1887, p. 24 (downy stage); 
Bidgic. Man. N. Am. B. pp. 103, 104 (1887); Cory, Auk, 1888, 
p. 67 (W. Ind.); id. P. W. Ind. p. 267 (1889); Hatch, B. of 
Minnes. p. 62 (1892). 
Hybrid. 

Fuligula collaris x F. americana, A. Newt. F. Z. S. 1860, pi. clxvii.; 
Leverk J.f. 0.1890, p. 224. 

Adult male. Head, neck, upper breast, and upper parts black the 
head and neck glossed with purple; a white spot on the chin; 
round the lower neck a chestnut collar ; lower breast and abdomen 

2B 2 

372 ANATIDJE. 

white, sharply defined from the black upper breast, and gradually 
changing into the black of the sides of the vent and under tail-
coverts, through a graduated barring of white and dusky ; sides 
delicately undulated with greyish dusky ; upper wing-coverts dusky 
grey, wing-speculum on the secondaries grey, darker subterminally, 
and very narrowly tipped with white ; tertials black with a green 
gloss; primaries dusky grey, the outer quills on the outer webs 
and the others at the tips blackish; under wing-coverts pale grey, 
more or less edged with white, axillaries white ; tail dusky black : 
" bill lead-colour, with a narrow basal and broad subterniinal baud 
of bluish white, the end black; iris bright yellow; legs and feet 
pale slaty " (B., B., § B.). Total length 17 inches, wing 7*S, tail 2, 
culmen 1*88, tarsus 1*2. 

Female. Crown and nape dull dark brown, becoming gradually 
Kght below, rest of head paler and greyer, the anterior half of the 
lores, the chin, and throat white; jugulum, sides, and flanks raw 
umber-brown ; breast and abdomen white ; anal region dull brown, 
longer under tail-coverts whitish; wings as in the male; remaining 
upper parts dull dark brown, the feathers of the back and the 
scapulars with pale olive-brown edges; bands on the bill narrower 
and less distinct than in the male ; iris yellow; feet slaty. 

Young in down. " Above greyish umber-brown, relieved by seven 
spots of light buff as follows:—a small and inconspicuous spot in 
the middle of the back, (!) between, and a little anterior to, the 
wings; a large patch on each side of the back, another on each 
side of the rump, at the base of the tail, and a bar across the 
posterior border of each wing; crown, occiput, and nape crossed 
longitudinally by a white stripe of deep greyish umber; a roundish 
isolated spot of light greyish brown, including the forehead, and 
lower parts generally, light dingy buff, the flanks crossed by a 
brown transverse stripe from the rump, to the tibia; side of the 
head without any longitudinal stripes." (Z?., J5., § R.) 

Hab. The whole of JTorth America, south to Guatemala and the 
West Indies; breeding chiefly in the high north. Its occasional 
occurrence in Europe is doubtful. 

a. S inim. sk. 
b. <$ ad. sk. 
c. c? ad. sk. 
d. 3 ad. sk. 
e,f,ff. d ad. et 
juv. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
i. Juv. sk. 
ft. $ ad. sk. 
Vancouver I. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
N. Land Expedition. 
W. side Rocky Mts. 
British Columbia. 
49th Parallel. 
49th Parallel. 
J. K Lord, Esq.FPA 
Earl of Derby [P'.]/ 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Sir G. Back FP.1 
J. K. Lord, E~sq/[P.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
N. America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I, m. 9 ad. et $ 
imm. st. 
Boekport, Ohio. Prof. Kirtland [P.]. 
n} o. d S acl. sk. Chicago, Illinois (NelsonJencks). 
fy Salvin-Godman Coll. 

46. TACHYEEES. 37 3 
P-6 ad. sk. Long Island Sound, New Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
q, r. <$ ad. sk.
York {J. H. Batty), 
Brownsville, Texas, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
&,t. cS ad. et Jimru.sk.
u. $ ad. sk.
v. $ ad. sk.
March (F. B. Armstrong). 
Corpus Ckristi, Texas, Oct., 
Nov. (F. B. A.). 
Duenas, Guatemala (0. 8.). 
Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(O.S.). 

46. 
TACHYEEES. 
Type. 
Micropterus (subgen.), less. Man. d'Orn. p. 416 (1828) 
(nee lacep. 1802) T. cinereus. 
Micropterus, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (nee lacep. 
1802). 
Tackyeres, Owen, Trans. Zool 8oc. ix. p. 254 (1875) .. T. cinereus. 

Range. Confined to Straits of Magellan and Falklands. 

1. Tachyeres cinereus. 
Oiseau grise, ou Oie de plein, Fernety, Voy. ii. c. 19, p. 21 (1769) 
(Falklands). 
Eace-horse Duck, Fernety, Journ. pp. 213, 214 (1771); Buff. Hist. 
Nat. Ois. ix. p. 414 (1783). 
Loggerhead, Clayton, Fhil Trans, lxvi. p. 104 (1776); Penrose, 

Falkl. Id. v. 35 j Forster, Voy. ii. p. 493 (1777). 
Loggerhead Goose, lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 439, n. 4 (1785). 
Anas cinerea, Gm. 8. N L 2, p. 506, n. 60 (1788) (ex Ferneiy; 

Falklands); Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 903 (note) (1891); Merrem 
in FJrseh u. Grub. Encycl. i. sect. vol. xxxv. pp. 29, 30 (1841) ; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 347 (1872). 

Anas brackyptera, lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 834, n. 5 (1790) ; Quoy fy 

Gaim. Voy. Uran., Zool. p. 139, pi. 39 (1824). 
Anser cinereus, Bonn. Fne. Meth. i. p. 112 (1790). 
Anser brackypterus, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 344 (1818); JDum. Diet. 

8c. Nat. xxxv. p. 470 (1825). 
Anas (Micropterus) brachyptera, less. Man. d1 Orn. ii. p. 416 (1828); 
id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630, n. 28 (1831); id. Compl de Buff. 2nd ed. 

p. 720(1838). 
Oidemia patachonica, King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 100 (1828); Strickl. 
Ann. $ Mag. N. E. vii. p. 39 (1841); Gibson, Fr. Fhys. Soe. 
FJdinb. iv. pp. 185, 186 (1878). 

Micropterus pataehonicus, King, F. Z. 8. 1830, p. 15 (W. part of 
Magellan Strait); less. Compl de Buffi., Ois. ix. p. 533 (1837) ; 
Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 143, pi. 2. f. 4 (trachea) (1838); Sclat. F. Z. 8. 
1861, p. 46 (Falklands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 161 (Falklands); 
Egt. Syn. Anat. p. 100 (1869) ; Cunningh. Notes on Nat. Hist. Str. 
of Magell. pp. 95, 475 (1871); Gigl Viagg. Magenta, pp. 934, 
942 (1876) j Oust Miss. 8c. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 229, pi. v. 
(1891). 

Micropterus braehypterus, King, I c.; less. Compl de Buff. Ois. ix. 

374 
ANATID.ZB. 

p. 533 (1837); id. op. cit 2nd etf. p. 720 (1838) ; Eyt Mon. Anat 
p. 144 (1838); Darw. Voy. Beagle, iii. Birds, p. 156 (1841); 
Licht Nomencl Av. p. 100 (1854); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 101 
(1869). 
Steamer-Duck, P. P. King, Voy. 'Adventure; i. p. 35 (1839); c/. 
A x¥w£. Diet of B. p. 518. 

Micropterus 
cinereus, G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 74 (1840); id. op. 
cit. 2nded. p. 95 (1841); id. list B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 140 (1844); 
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 623 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 77. 

f. 894 (1845) ; Hartl Erst. Nachtr. Verz. Voxels, p. 19, n. 222 
(1840) ; Bes Murs in Gay, Hist de Chile, Zool. L p. 457 (1847); 
Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. viii, tab. vii. (1852); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 651, n. 151 (1856); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (egg, Falklands); 
Sclat P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands); Abbott, Ibis, 
1861, p. 161 (Falklands) ; Mat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 367 (Zool. 
Gard.); Pels. Beise Novara, Voy. p. 139 (Chiloe) (1865) ; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 335, 340; Phil. $ Landb. Cat Av. CJiil p. 43 
(1868); Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 127; Sclat. 8f Salv. ibid. 
p. 189 (Sandy Point) ; Gigl. ibid. p. 498; Sclat 8? Salv. Ibis, 1870, 
p. 499 (Gallegos River, Str. of Magellan); Cmmingh. Notes on 
Nat. Mist of the Str. of Magell. etc. p. 94 (1871); id. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 262; id. Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. pp. 493-501, pis. 58-62 
(anatomy) (1871); Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 149 
(1872); Sclat $ Salv. Nommd. Av. Neotrop. p. 130 (1873); Gigl 
Viagg. Magenta, pp. 933, 934, 935, 937, 939,941, 946,003 (1870); 
Oust Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi, Ois. p. 212, pi. iv. (1891). 
Anas pteneros, Forst. Icon. ined. t. 68; id. JDescr. An. p. 338 (1844) 
(Magellan). 
Fuligula einerea, Schleg. Biermt p. 274, with fig. (1864) ; id. Mus 
P.-B., Anseres, p. 13 (1866). 
Caxnptolaimus ( ) cinereus, G. It. Gr. Hand-list, Iii. p. 88, 

no. 10704 (1871). 
Tachyeres brachypterus, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 254 (1875). 
Tachyeres cinereus, Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 402, 1878, 

p. 437 (Messier Channel, Tom Harbour, Port Churrucha, Falkland 
Islands); Sclat P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (egg), 1880, p. 529; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13; Sclat. 8f Salv. Zool Voy. ChalL, Birds, 
pp. 107, 150 (1881); Sclat P. Z. S. 1882, p. 792 (Zool. Gard.); 
Bchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 17; id. Vbg. zool GiiH. p. 48 
(1882); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 442 (1883); Stejn. 
Kingsl. Stand. Nat Hist iv. p. 149 (1885); MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, 
p. 202; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); Sharpe, Cat Osteal 
Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 309 (1891); B. James, New List Chil 
B. p. 10, n. 164 (1892); A. Newt Diet of B. p. 518 (pt. % 
1893). 
Micropterus macropterus, Gigl Viagg. Magenta, p. 934 (1876). 

Adult male. Head and neck pale grey; a reddish patch on throat; 
entire upper parts, breast, sides, and flanks dark grey, each feather, 
especially on the back, breast, and sides, with a darker subapical 
band: abdomen and under tail-coverts white; wing-coverts uniform 
grey; secondaries white,- primaries brown-grey; under 
wing-coverts white, but the marginal ones grey: tail brown-grey, 
the ventral feathers curled upwards: " bill orange-yellow, nail 
black; alar tubercles orange-yellow; tarsus and feet orange


46. TACHTERES. 
375 
yellow, webs mixed with black; irides brown " (Giglioli). Total 

length about 30 inches, wing 11, tail 5*5, oilmen 2-5, tarsus 2*4. 
Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller. 
Young in down. Head, neck, breast, upper parts, sides, and 

flanks dusky grey; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; two 
white spots on the sides of the head, one behind the eye on the 
temporal region, and another lower down behind the ear-coverts 

(Mus. Turin). 

I have not been able to satisfy myself that there are more than 
one species of Steamer Ducks. 
Bab. Falklands, Magellan Straits, and Chili as far north as 
Yaldivia *. 

a. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Straits of Magellan, Jan. ' Challenger' Exp. 
c J juv. sk. Messier Channel. * Challenger' Exp. 
d, e. ? J ad. et Tom Harbour, Messier Chan' 
Challenger' Exp. 
pull. sk. nel, Jan. 
/. $ pull. sk. Tom Bay, W. coast of PataDr. 
Coppinger [C.]. 
gonia. 
g- 2 ad. sk. PortChurucha, Str. of Magel1 
Challenger' Exp. 
lan, Jan. 

h. 
? ad. sk. Puerto Bueno, Str. of MagelDr. 
Coppinger [C.]. 
lan, Jan. 
i. 
Juv. sk. Elizabeth Island, Str. of MaDr. 
Coppinger [C.]. 
gellan, Jan. 
k. <S ad. sk. Walney Sound, Str. of MagelDr. 
Coppinger [C]. 
lan, Feb. 
I Ad. sk. E. Falkland Island. J. Macgillivray, Esq. 

m. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands [Eyton Coll], Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Tweeddale Coll. 
o. S juv. sk. Falkland Islands. ' Challenger' Exp. 
p, 
q. Ad. sk. et sk. S. Salvador Bay, Falkland I., The Admiralty [P.]. 
Aug, (Antarctic Exp.). 

r. 
J ad. sk. Uranie Bay, Falkland I., Nov. McOormick Bequest. 
(R McC). 
s. Skeleton. Falkland Islands. E. A. Holmstead, 
Esq. [P.]. 
t Skeleton. Str. of Magellan. Dr. Coppinger [C.l. 

u. 
Skeleton. W. of Cape Froward ( W. D. Voy. of H.M.S. 
Wodsworth), < Sylvia/ 
v. Skeleton. 
Zool. Soc. 
w. Skeleton. 
J?. Skull. Cockle Cove. Dr. Coppiuger [C."|. 
y. Sternum. Str. of Magellan. Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
* According to G-. E. Cox (Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 1863, Viage 
a la Patagonia septentrional), the Andean Lakes Nahuelhuapi, Toclos Los 
Santos, and others are covered withflyingMicrojoteri. 
376 
ANATIDJE. 

47. 
CLANG-TJLA. 
Type. 
Clangula, Leach * m boss's Voi/. Discov. App. p. xlviii 
(1819) (fti- <7<?»w?r) ; jfifewi. Philos. of Zool ii. p. 260 
(1822) ; Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 564 C. glauciou. 

Glaucion, Eaup, Natiirl Syst. p. 53 (1829) (nee Oken, 
1816) * 0. glaucion. 
Bucephala, Baird, B. of N Am. p. 796 (1859) (nee 

Bucephalus, Baer, 1827, neque Smith, 1829) C. albeola. 
Glaucionetta, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 409 (1885). C. glaucion. 
Ckaritonet.ta, Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 29, p. 163 

(1885) ' 
0. albeola. 

Range. Northern Hemisphere. 

Eey to tlie Species. 

a. Nostrils nearer to the tip than to the base of the 
bill. 
a\ Head and upper neck glossy greenish black, with 
a large roundish or oval spot of white on lower 
part of lores (male)• head of the female deep 
hair-brown; greater wing-coverts usually without 
distinct blackish tips glaucion, p. 376. 

b'. Head and upper neck glossy blue-black, with a 
large vertical triangular patch of white across 
lores (male); female similar to that of the preceding 
species, but somewhat larger and with 
the grey chest-band broader,* greater wing-
coverts, usually, not always, tipped with 
blackish zslandica, p. 383. 

b. Nostrils nearer to the base of the bill than to the 
tip; male: head and upper neck rich silky dark 
metallic green, bronze, and violet-purple, with a 
large patch of pure white extending from behind 
the eye to and across the occiput ,* female : head, 
neck, and upper parts generally dusky greyish 
brown; a spot on ear-coverts white ."... albeola, p. 385. 
1. Clangula glaucion. 
The Golden Eye. 
Clangula, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 416 (part.) (1760). 
Anas clangula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 201, n. 23 (1766); Seep. Ann. I. 
Hist. Nat. a. 71 (1769); Gerini, Stor. deqli Ucc. v. tav. 583 
(1776); Gm. S. N. I % p. 523, n, 23 (part.) (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 867, n. 87 (1790); Bonn. Eno. Meih. i. p. 138, pi. 38. 

f. 4 (1790) j Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 118, tab. xv. £ 1* 2 
(trachea) (1798); III. JProdr. p. 276 (1811); Pall. Zoogr. Eosso-
As. ii. p. 271 (1811); Temm. Man. p. 560 (1815); Leach, Cat. 
p. 37 (1816) • Vieill. N. D. v. p. 117 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. 
* Although Leach (I. c.) mentions Clangula glacialis only, the type of the 
genus is obviously Anas clangula, Linn. In fact Leach has Clangula, from 
G-esner's Clangula, French " Gfarrot," which is A. clangula, Linn. 
47. CMKauLA.. 377 
vi. p. 372 (1817); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 870 (1820); Licht. 
Verz. Loubl. p. 85 (1823) ; Minetr. Cat. Eats. Cane.-p. 58 (Bakoit) 
(1832); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. iv. p. 550 (1840); Naum. Voq. 
DeittscM. xii. p. 162, pi. 316 (1844); Schleg. Rev. Crii. p. 118 
(1844); Temm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 128 (1850) ; 
Middend. Sibir. Reis. ii. 2, p. 287 (1853) ; Brehm, J. f. 0. 1854, 
p. 84 (Egypt); Wiese, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 508 (Pomerauia); Buvn/, 
J. f. 0. 1857, p. 123 (Algeria); Eittl. Denkto. ii. pp. 248, 278 
(1858) j Altum, J. f 0. 1861, p. 74; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 324; 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 20 (1866) ; Droste, Voqeho. 
Borkum,V. 300 (1869); Homey. J.f. 0. 1870, p. 433; Meves, 
CEfv. K. Vet-Ahad. Fork 1871, p. 182 ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 349 
(part.) (1872). 
Anas glaucion, Linn. S. N. i. p. 201, n. 26 ( 5 ) (1766); Scop. Ann. 

I. Hist Nat. n. 72 (1769); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 525, n. 26 (1788); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 868, n. 88 (1790); Vieill N. D. v. p. 118 
(1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 375 (1817); Less. Bescr. Mamm. 
et Ois. p. 248 (1847). 
Anas peregrina, 8. G. Gmel. Reis. d. Russl. ii. p. 183, pi. 16 (1774). 
Anas marila, Pall, (nee Linn.) Reise ii. p. 25 (1773). 
Garrot, UAubent. PL Fnl. 802 (<J); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 222 

(1783). 
Golden-eye, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii, n. 276 (1785) ; Lath. Syn. iii. % 

p. 535, n. 76 (1785). 
Anas melanocephala, Herm. (nee Gm.) Obs. Zool. p. 145 (1804). 
Anas hyemalis, Pall, (nee Linn.) Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 270 (1811). 
Olansrula clangula, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822); Boie, Isis, 
1822, p. 564; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 102 (1854); Stejn. Bull. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 163 (Bering I.) (1885). 
Clangula chrysophthalmus, Stepli. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 182, pi. 56 
(1824); Jen. Man. p. 246 (1835); Byt. Cat. Brit. B. p. 59 (1836); 
Margin. Man. Orn. ii. p. 183 (1842). 

Platypus glaucion, Brehm, Lehrb. Fur. Vog. p. 837 (1824). 
Fuligula clangula, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 393 (1826); id. Syn. 

p. 393 (1828); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 631 (1831); Savi, Orn. Tose. 
iii. p. 133 (1831); Bp. Isis, 1832, p. 1189 (part.) ; Wallengr. Naumannia, 
1854, p. 276; Begl Orn. Fur. ii. p. 443 (1849); Brandt 
in Hofmann, Die Nordl. Ural, ii. p. 71 (Wischera) (1856); Wied, 
J. f 0.1859, p. 178 (part.); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 618 '(Hakodadi); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 20 (part.) (1866); Przew. 
Voy. n. 207 (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 457; Przeio. Putesch. 
Ussur. n. 207 (1870); Goeb. J.f. 0.1871, p. 149 ; PalmSn,J.f O. 
1876, p. 58 (Finland); Seeb. § H.-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 445 (Petchora); 
Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 152 (W. Siberia); 
Brandt, J.f.O. 1880, p. 249 (St. Petersburg); Seeb. Hist. Brit 
B. iii. p. 590, pi. 63 (egg) (1885); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B 
pt. xi. (1889); Seeb. B.Jap. Fmp. p. 253 (1890) ; Rchmo. J.f.O. 
1890, p. 83; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 232 (1891). 
Clansrula vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 120 (1828); Gould, P. Z. S. 
1834, p. 134 (Trebizond); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836," p. 102 (Smyrna) ; 
Gould, B. Fur. * pi. 379 (1837); Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 369 (1837); 
Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 166, pi. iii. f. 4 (sternum), pi. 12. f. 4 (ca3ca), 
pi. 15. f. 2 (trachea) (1838); Abbott, P.Z. 8. 1834, p. 134 (Trebizond) 
; Blahist Ibis, 1863, p. 148 ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 429 
(trachea). 

Glaucion clangula, Kaup, Natilrl Syst. p. 53 (1829) ; K. # B. Wir


378 
ANATID^J. 

beltk Eur. pp. Ixxxvi, 229 (1840); Nordm. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 378 
(Finland and Lapland); Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 397 (Spain); Tacz. 
J. f. 0. 1873, p. 110,1874, p. 337 (E. Siberia); Sioinh. Ibis, 1874, 
p. 424 (Ohefoo) ; Severtz. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 185; Tacz. Orn. Faun. 
Vast Sibir. p. 71 (1877) ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 47 (1877), 

viii. p. 344 (Kamtschatka) (1883); Radde, Ornis Caucas. p. 462 
(1884). 
Clausula peregrina, Brehm^ Ms, 1830, p. 999, n. 2; id. Vog. Dmtschl. 

p. 929 (1831). 
Olangula glaucion, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 3; id. Vog. Deutschl. 
p. 929 (1831); Bp. Comp. List, p. 56, n. 427 (1838); Marti. Verz. 
Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844); Q. R. Gr. list B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 144 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. Q22, n. 1 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 74. ff. 96-98 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 
p. 307 (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. viii (1852); Bolle,J.f 0. 
1855, p. 375 (Spain); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 146 (1856); 
Locke, Cat. M. et 0. AlgSr. p. 145 (1858); Homey. J. f. O. 1859, 
p. 373; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 354 (Ionian I.); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, 
p. 345 (China), 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 447 
(Great Britain); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 176 (Indus); Whiiely, Ibis, 
1867, p. 208 (Hakodadi); Degl. $ Gerb. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 542 (1807); 
Dyb. $ Parr. J. f O. 1868, p. 339 (Dauria); Mull. § JDroste, 
J. f. O. 1809, p. 347 (Faroe) ; Gould, B. of Great Brit. v. pi. 31 
(lb69); JBlw. § Buchl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340 (Turkey) j Fritsch, J.f.O. 
1872, p. 371 (Bohemia); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; 
Dress. B. of Fur. vi. p. 595, pi. 440 T1875); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 421 
(Turkestan); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 302 (1870); Hume, Sir. 
Feath. iv. p. 225 (Oudh) (1876); Bruggem. Zool Gart. 1876, 
p. 366; B., Bl, R., & S., J.f.O. 1877, p. 338; Blahht. $ Prijer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 215; Pleshe, J. f. O. 1878, p. 93 (E. Russia); Seek 
Ibis, 1879, p. 23 (Japan); Hume, Str. Feath. vii. pp. 441,464, 505 
(1879); Blahist. fy Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 186 (1880); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 527 (pait); Salv. Cat. B. StricU. 
Coll. p. 538 (1882); Blahist. # Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 99 
(1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 137 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. 
An. 8th ed. p. 441 (1883); Neiot. Eric. Brit. 9th ed. x. p. 758 
(1884); Saund. YarreWs Brit.B.iv. p. 435 (1884-85) ; and Man. 
Brit. B. pp. 439,735; Chapm. Ibis, 1885, p. 171 (Lapland); Menzb. 
Ibis, 1885, p. 358 (Upper Tarim); JDedit. J. f. O. 1885, p. 206; 
Dixon, Gairloch etc. p. 255 (1886); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 265 
(1886); Scully, J. A. S. B. lvi. p. 89 (1887); Tacz. P. Z.S. 1887, 
p. 611 (Corea), 1888, p. 469 (Corea); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 
(1889); Story, Research, ii. p. 120 (1889); Shaipe, Tr. Linn. Soc. 
(2) Zcol. v.p. 91 (1889); id. Sec. York. Miss., Aves, p. 130 (1891) ; 
id. Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 310 (1891); Sty an, Ibis, 
1891, pp. 328, 497 (Shanghai); Bub. Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. 
p. 482, pi. 264 (1892); Be la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 493; A. Newt. 
Diet, of B. p. 369 (pt. 2, 1893); Collett, Mindre Med. Norges 
Fuglef. 1881-92, p. 277 (1894). 
Olangula leucomelas, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 927 (1831). 
? Anas obesa, Aliq. fide Temm. Man. dJOrn. 2nd ed. iv. p. 550 ( 9) 
(1840). 
Fuligula vulgaris, Hewitson, Col. Illustr. Eggs of Brit. B. 3rd ed. 

p. 435 (1856). 
Anas 
(Glaucion) clangula, Schrench, Reis. Amurl. L p. 481 (1860); 
Radde, Reis. S< O.-Sibir. ii. p. 374 (1863). 

47. CLAKTGTJLA. 379 
Platypus clangulus, Hints, J. /. 0.1861, p. 464, 1863, p. 430, 1864, 
pp. 97,191,1866, p. 155. 

Bucephala clangula, G. P. Gr. Hand-list, w. p. 87, n. 10696 (1871); 
Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (China); Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. 
Tent. p. 149 (1872); Salvad. Faun. dFtal, Ucc. p. 267 (1872) ; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 367; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii, 2, p. 1345 
(38781; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 576 (part.) (1874); David $ Oust 
Ois. Chine, p. 505 (1877); Sioinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 147 (Hakodadi) ; 
Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital fasc. i. sp. & tav. 362 (1879); Bolau, J.f. 0. 
1881, p. 64 (Suifun); Fiori, Atti Soc. Nat. Mod. (3) iii. pp. 31-64, 
tav. 1 (1884)* ; Lorries, J.f. 0 1888, p. 95. 

Olangula hyemalis, Blanf. (nee Linn.) Fast. Fers. ii. p. 302 (1876) 
(ex Pallas). 
Bucephalus clangula, Prjev. in Howl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 106 (Mongolia) 
(1878). 

Olangula glaucium, Hume, St?: Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 971 his (1879) ; 
Hume # Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 285, pi. 38 (1880); Coues, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1880, p. 101. 

Fuligula (Glaucion) clangula, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 6; id. 
Voy. zool. Gcirt. p. 46 (1882). 
Glaucionetta clangula, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 409 (1885); 
FLidgxo. Man. N. Am. B. p. 105 (1887); Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat Mus. 

x. p. 137 (1887) (Commander L). 
Hybrids. 

Mergus anatarius, Fimb. Isis, 1831, p. 300, Taf. iii. ff. a, b (Braunschweig) 
; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Fur. p. 74 (1842); Schley. Pev. 
Crit. p. 109 (1844) (=Anas clangula X Mergus albellus); Degl. fy 
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 574, obs. (1867) ; Schmidt, Arch. d. Naturg. 
inMecklenb. 1875, pp. 145-146; R. Bias. MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, 

p. 119 (Kalraarsund): Kolthof, (Efv. K. Vet-Ak.Forh. 1884, no. 9, 
pp. 185-189, pis. xxxi., xxxii. (1885); M. Bias. Monat. Schuize, 
Vogeho. 1887, pp. 377-406, pis. v., vi, and cut (=M. albellus X 
Glaucion clangula). 

Clangula angustirostris, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 4 (descr. nulla); 
id. Handb. Tog. Feutschl. p. 930 (1831) (= 5 M. anatarius, Fimb.); 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 74. ff. 103, 104 (1845). 

Muthmasslicher Bastard von Anas clangula und Mergus albellus, 
Naum. Fog. Feutschl xii. ppj. 194-197, Titelkupfer (tf) (1844). 
Anas (Olangula) mergoides, Kjarb. Orn. Fanica, Fanmartis Fugle, 


Suppl. t. 30 (t. xlix) (1851 P) • id. Naumannia, 1853, p. 329. 
Clangula mergoides, Kjarb. Naumannia, 1853, pp. 116, 327; id. 

J. f. 0. 1853, Extraheft, p. 29; id. Orn. Fanica, Supplementtavlelv.
i 7(1858). 
ALnas mergoides, Kjllrbolling; Wolschhe, JB. Annab. Ver. 1883-85, 
pp. 112-127, pi. 1 (1886). 
Clangula glaucion X Fuligula ferina, Leverfa J. f. 0. 1890, p. 222, 

n. 1. 
Clangula glaucionX Fuligula marila, Leverfa J. f. 0. 1890, p. 222, 
n.2. 
* «* Studii anatomici e fisiologici sulla trachea della Bucephala clangula, 
cornparathainente con quella di altri Anatini" (I. c). 
380 
ASTiTIDJE. 

America (Clangula americana). 

Anas clangula, Forst. Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 365 (1772); Gm. 

8. N. i. 2, p. 523, n. 23 (part., America) (1788); Lath. Ltd. 
Orn. ii. p. 867, n. 87 (part.) (1790); Wife. Am. Orn. viii. p. 62, 
pi. 67. f. 5 (1814); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 117 (part, America) (1816) ; 
Doughty's Cab. N. H. i. p. 110, pi. 10 (1830). 
Clangula chrysoplithalrnos, part., Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 182 
(1824). 

Fuligula 
clangula, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 393 (part., 1826) ; id. 
8yn. p. 393 (1828) ; id. Isis, 1832, p. 1189 (part.): And. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 318, pi. 342 (1838); id. 8yn. p. 292 (1839); id. B. 
Aon. vi. p. 362 (part), pi. 406 (1843); Giraud, B. Long 1st. p. 334 
(1844) ; Wied, J.f. 0.1859, p. 178 ; Wedderb. § Hurdis, Natural 
in Bermuda, p. 49 (1859), cf. J. f 0. 1859, p. 221 (Bermuda): 
Schleg. Mm. P.-.S., Anseres, p. 20 (part.) (1866); Turnb. B. 

E. Pa. 1869, p. 86; Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 66 
(1872). 
Clangula vulgaris, Sw. fy Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 456 
(1831). 
Fuligula (Clangula) clangula, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 441 (1834). 
Clangula americana, Bp. Comp. List, p. 58, n. 392 (1&38); Byt. 

Mon. Anat. p. 167 (1838); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 622, n. 2 
(1844); Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 664 (Notes Coll. Delattre 

p. 94) (1854); id. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 147 (1856); 
Newb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 104 (1857) ; Cab. $ Gandl. J f. 0. 
1857, p. 230 (Cuba ?); Gundl. J. f O. 1862, pp. 93,191, 1871, 
p. 290; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 310 (1891). 
Bucephala americana, 
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 796 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. 
Am. B. n. 593 (1859); Coop. 8? Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 259 
(1860); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 10 (Brit. N. Am.); Ross, Ounad. 
Nat., Apr. 1862 ; Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862); Elliot. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. pp. 451-454 (1802) ; Blahist. Ibis, 1863^ 

p. 148 : 'Laivr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1866); Brown, Ibis, 
1868, p. 426 (Vancouver); Cones, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 200 (1868); 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 87, n. 10697 (1871); Sclat. § 8alv. 
Nomencl. AD. Neotrop. p. 130 (1873) ; Laior. Mem. Lost. 8oc. 
N. II. ii. p. 315 (Mazatlan) (1874). 
Bucephala clangula, Cones, Key, p. 290 (1872); id. Chech-list, 
n. 505 (1873); id. B. N-West, p. 576 (part.) (1874); Jeffries, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 189 (1880). 
Clangula glaucion, 8clat. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 401; Lazor. Pr. 

U.8. Nat. Mm. i. p. 241 (Barbuda) (1878); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 527 (part.). 
Clangula glaucium americana, 
Ridqio. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mas. iii. p. 204 
(1880); id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 620 (1881); Matschie & Ziemer, 

J.f. 0. 1885, p. 191. 
Clangula 
glaucium. Cones, Bull. Nvtt. Orn. Club, 1880, p. 101; id. 
Check-list, 2nd ed p. 115, n. 725 (1882); id. KeyN. Am. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 704, n. 725 (1884); Cory, Reds. List B. W. Ind. i. p. 31 (1886). 
Clangula glaucion americana, B., B., fyR. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 44 
(1884); 8annd. YarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 438 (1884-85). 
Fuligula glaucion americana, 8eeb. Hist. Brit.B. iii p. 591 (1885). 
Glaucionetta clangula americana, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. viii. 

p. 409 (1885) {A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 120, n. 151 
47. CLAUSULA. 
381 

(l§fc6); Turner, Contr. K H. Alaska, p. 134 (1886); Nelson, Nat. 
Mist. Coll. tn Alaska, p. 72 (1887); Ridgw. Man N. Am. B. 

p. 105 (lb87); Coii/, Auk, 1888,p. 67 (Cuba?, Barbuda); Schabw, 
J.f. 0.1891, p. 269; ^ateA3 P. o/ Mimies. p. 64 (1892): Matkay, 
Auk, 1&94, p. 226. 
Ciangula^mergiformis, Oz5o£, Pr. Po^. Soc. N. m v. pp. 57,1181^
0 (1854) f =Clangula americana x Mergus cucullatus). 
Fuli^ula americana (IjxMergus cucullatus, Leverk. J. f. 0. 1890, 

p. 224. 
AfhrJt male. Head and upper neck dark glossy green, the feathers 
on the crown and nape somewhat elongated; chin and throat black ; 
a roundish white patch on the cheeks near the base of the upper 
mandible ; lower neck, breast, and underparts white ; on the sides 
of the Tent the feathers have the bases slaty grey showing through ; 
feathers of the flanks edged above with black, the longer ones on both 
webs ; back, ramp, and upper tail-coverts black; inner scapulars 
Hack, the outer ones white, longer scapulars with a white band 
along the middle ; wings black, with a large white patch covering 
th e central wing-coverts and the outer secondaries; the inner 
secondaries black; under wing-coverts greyish black; tail blackish 

grey : bill bluish Mack ; irides golden yellow; feet orange-yellow, 
tlie webs dusky. Total length about 18 inches, wing 8*9, tail 4, 
culmen 1*4, tarsus 1*45. 

Ft male. Head and upper neck hair-brown; a dull white collar 
round the lower neck ; upper parts blackish ; mantle, scapulars, and 
upper wing-coverts with pale greyish edges; breast greyish, with 
the edges of the feathers whitish; lower parts white; sides and 
flanks dull grey, the feathers edged with white; median wing-
coverts brown tipped with whitish, the greater ones white tipped 
with brown ; outer secondaries white; the white on the wing is 
defined by the brown band at the tip of the greater coverts ; quills 
dusky brown; tail dull greyish: bill brownish black, in some 
specimens the tip, except the nail, is yellow; irides and legs and 
toes as in the male. Total length 17 inches, wing 7*7, culm en 1*35. 

Young in first plumage resemble adult females, but are duller in 
colour; the pale collar round the neck is much more obscure, the 
grey feathers on the breast have white margins. 

Mutes in first nuptial dress have less white on the scapulars, the 
white on the hind lower neck is mottled with brown, as is also the 
white spot at the base of the bill. 

Malm in moulting plumage resemble adult females, except that 
they retain the white wing of the adult male. 

Young in down are dark brown on the upper parts, and paler 
brown on the breast and flanks, shading into white on the throat 
and into pale grey on the belly. 

I have not been able to distinguish specifically the American from 
the Palaarctie Golden-eye. 

382 
ANATID2E. 

Hal. Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic and Subarctic 
regions, in Europe as far south as N. Germany, Pomerania, the 
Caucasus, Siberia; migrates south as far as Southern Europe, 
rare in Northern Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, N. India, China, 
and Japan; in North America breeds from Maine and Canada north


ward ; in winter south to Mexico and Cuba. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk 
a. § ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e-h $ 2 ad. et 
<$ juv. sk. 
i, 7c. d ? ad. sk. 

I. $ ad. sk. 
m, n. $ ad. et <$ 
imm. st. 

o. $ ad. sk. 
p, q. <$ 2 a(*.sk


r. d ad. sk. 
s. tf juv. sk. 
t. $ juv. sk. 
u. J juv. sk. 
v. ($ ad. sk. 
w. tf juv. sk. 
a\ d juv. sk. 

y. 
$ imm. sk. 
z. S ad. sk. 
a', V, d. <$ ? 
ad. sk. 
d', e'. <$ $ ad. 

/. $ ad. sk. 

ffr, h'. $ ad. et 
<3 imm. sk. 
i'} 7c'. $ ad. et 

c? imm. sk. 

/', m'. J ad. et 

$ imm. sk. 
ri. 2 ad. sk. 
o', p'. d ad. et 

5 juv. sk. 
q'. $'ad. sk. 
r'. $ ad. sk. 

s'. <$ ad. sk. 
t'. <3 imm. sk. 

Orkneys. 

Great Britain. 

No locality. 

Scotland. 
England. 
Norfolk, Jan. 

Gt. Yarmouth, Jan. (G. Smith). 
Wales. 

R. Dovey, Wales, Jan. 
Carmarthen. 
Cambridge Market, Nov. 
Paghain Harbour, March (J. 


E. Harting). 
Palestine. 
Lenkoran, Dec. 
Lake Sirikul, May (F. Sto


liczka). 
Bala Morghab, Jan. (Aitchison). 

Banks of Indus, Dec. 
Hassanpore, Dec. (i2. JV. 

Stoker). 

Oudh. 
Ghazi, Dec. (JR. K Stoker). 


Valley of the Yen-e-sai,
Siberia, lat. 66%°, June (H. 
Seebohm). 

Kuku-nor, Feb. (PrjevaUky).
Pekin, China, Nov., Dec. (JR.
Svrinhoe). 

Shanghai, China, Nov., Dec.

(JR. S.§ A.Michie). 

Nmgpo,China,Nov.;Dec. (.&.&).

Japan. 
Hakodadij Japan, Nov. (Blakis


ton). 
Yokohama, Japan (H. Pryer). 
Kowasaki, Japan, Jan. (HJ. 

Fryer). 

Nagasaki, Japan, Dec. 
Tsu-skima, Nov. (P. A. Hoist). 

H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
[p.]. 
J. 
G. Children, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Zool. Soc. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Baker Coll. 
Seebohni Coll. 
Earl of Cawdor [P.]. 


Editor of' Land and 

WaterJ [P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Ebq. 
Dr. Merrill [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

India Muteum [P.], 

Afghan Delimitation 

Oomm. [P.]. 
Col. Yerbury [T.J-
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

E. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
u'. 5 ad. sk. 

?/. (S ad. ak. 

«?f. (J ad sk. 
A*', d1 ad. sk. 

y'. (S ad. sk. 

sV'. <? 2 ad. sk. 

5". J1 ad. sk. 

c". Pall. sk. 

tf". ? ad. sk. 

e". 5 ad. sk. 

*". <J ad* sk. 
g". ? ad. sk. 
h'%$\ S juv.sk. 

k"J". Skeletons. 
?n"!. Skeleton. 
n". Skeleton. 
o". Skeleton. 
p"-$". Sterna. 
t"-w". Sterna. 

47 . CLANGHJIA. 
N. America. 
Nulato, Alaska, spring 
(E. W. 
Nelson). 

Big Island. 
Canada. 

Godbout, Canada, March (N.A. 

Comeau), 
Nova Scotia. 
Lyons Falls, New York, April 

A. J. Day an), 
Adirondacks, New York, June 
(61 EC. Merriam). 
Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Jan. 

(W. Bretoster). 
Massachusetts, Oct. (H. W. 
Illinois (E. W.NelsontyJenehs). 
Chicago, Illinois {Nelson fy 
Jencks). 

Penistons Pond, Bermuda,Feh., 

Dec. 
Europe. 
England. 
England. 
England. 
England. 

383 

Lord Ampthill [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

B. E. Boss, Esq. [P.]. 
Government of Canada 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Old Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Capt.S.G.Beid[P.]. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
Purchased. 


M. Lefebvre [C.]. 
2. Clangula islaudica. 
Clan<rula, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 416, pi, xxxvii. f. 2 (1760). 

Iceland Duck. Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 545, n. 83 (1785). 

Anas islandica, Gm. Syst. N. i. 2, p. 541, n. 116 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Grn< ii. p. 871, n. 95 (1790); Bonn. Ene. Meth. i. p. 133 (1790) ; 
Tieill N. D. v. p. 121 (1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. pp, 376, 
378 (1817); Naum. Vog. Beutschl. xii. p. 186, Taf. 317 (1842); 
TMenem. Beise, ii. p. 251, tab. iii. (3 827) ; Krilper, Naumannia. 
1857, i. p. 40; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 354 (1872). 

Anas 
clangula, Faber (nee Linn.), Brodr. Island. Orn. p. 71, sp. 5 
(1822). 
Fuligula islandica, Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 192 (1824); Schley. 
Mm. B.-B., Anseres, p. 121 (1866); Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. 

iii. p. 67 (1872); 8eeb. Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 593 (1885). 
Clangula scapularis, Brehm, Isis} 1830, p. 999, n. 1; id. Vog. Beutschl. 
p. 932 (1831). 
Clangula barrovii, 8w. fy Bich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 456, pi. 70 
(1831), cf. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 132; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 380 
(1837); Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. 2nd ed. p. 721 (1838); 8w. 
Jin. in Menag. p. 271 (1838); Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 (1838); 
Myt. Mm. Anat. p. 165 (1838); Holboell, Kroyerh Naturhist. 
Tidsshr. iv. p. 437 (1843); id. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Gronl. (Baulsen's 
ZTebsrs.) p. 65 (1846); Licht NomencL. Av. p. 102 (1854). 

Fnligula (Clangula) barrovii, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 444 (1834); 8elys-L. 
JFaun. Belg. p. 146 (1*42); Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 446 (1849) ; 
JPreyer9 JReise, p. 409 (1862); Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 164 (1863). 

384 
ANATID-3B. 

Platypus barrowi, Reinh. (sen,), K. Dansk. Selsk. Xaturmd. Afh. 
1838, p. 103; id. Faun. Groenl. p. 21, sp. 8, f. 3 (1S46). 

Fuligula clangula, var., Aud. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 105, pi. 403 (1839) ; 
id. Syn. p. 292 (part.) (1839); id. B. Am. vii. p. 362 (part.) 
(1843). 

Auas barrowii, Temm. Man. d'Om. 2nd ed. iv. p. 551 (1840) ; 
Schley. Rev. Crit. p. cx\iii (1844) ; Pdssl J.f. 0. 1853, p. 819. 
Glaucion islandicum, K. § B. Wirlelth. Eur. pp. lxxxvi, 229 (1840). 
Clangula islandica, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 74, n. 459 (lb42); 


G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mas. iii. p. 145 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. 
p. &22, n. 3 (1844) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 74. if. 99-102 
(1845) ; Reinh. J.f 0. 1854, p. 441 (Greenland); Bp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 148 (1856) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland, 
breeding) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 284 ; LeyL |* Gerb. Orn. 
Eur. ii. p. 544 (1867); Sound. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 200 
(Valencia!) (1877); Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 603, pi. 441 (1878) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 527; Ridgw. Xom. X. Am. B. n. 619 
(1881); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll p. 538 (1882); Coues, Cheek-
list, 2nd ed. p. 115, n. 726 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 131 
(1883) ; Earth J.f. 0. 1883, p. 282 (Alaska); Coues, Key X. Am. 
B. 2nd ed. p. 704, n. 726 (1884) ; B., B., § R. Water-B. X. Am. 
ii p. 41 (1884); Saund. in YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 436 
(1884-85) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); Dubois, Faun. Vert. 
Belq., Ois. ii. p. 486, pi. 265 (1892); A. Xewt Diet, of B. p. 309 
(pt.'2,1893). 
Bucephala islandica, Baird, B. X. Am. p. 796 (1858); id. Cat. X. 
Am. B. n. 594 (1859); Elliot, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. X. Y. <\\. 
pp. 449-454 (1862); Boardm. Pr. JBot>t. Soc. X. H. ix. p. 129 
(Maine) (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 148; Elliot, B. X. Am. ii. 
pi. xlvi. (pt. 11, I860); Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 300 (New 
England) ; ball § Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 98 (Sitka and the 
Yukon) (1869); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 87, n. 10698 (1871); 
Coues, Key, p. 290 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 506 (1873); id. Birds 
X.-West, p. 577 (1874). 

Glaucion 
islandicum, Xordm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 378 (Lapland) ; 
Brewer, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, iv. pp. 148-152 (1879); Jeffries, 

I. c. v. p. 189 (1880). 
Fuligula clangula, var. islandica, Pahnen, J.f. 0.1876, p. 58 (Finland). 
Fulio-ula (Glaucion) islandica, Rchmo. Orn. Ceniralbl. 1882, p. 5; id 
Toy. zool. Gitrt. p. 47 (1882). 
Glam-ionetta islandica, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Xat. Mas.-vm. p. 409 (1885) ,* 
Xelson, Xat. Hid. Coll. in Alaska, p. 72 (1887); Riclgic. Man 


X. Am. B. p. 105 (1887): Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Xat. Mas, xi. 
p. 230 and folk, ff. 19, 21, 26 (osteology) (1888); Hatch, B. of 
Minnes. p. 65 (1892). 
Adult male. Head and neck black, glossed with purple; at the 
base of the bill, between the bill and the eye, is a crescentic white 
patch; lower part of the neck all round and remainder of underparts 
white : back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings black; 
scapulars with a silky white mark on the inner part, or along the 
middle of the longer ones ; besides, the scapulars are bifid at the tip, 
part of the outer web being much longer than the rest and projecting 
beyond the tip of the feather; a long white patch on the 

47. CLANGTTLA. 385 
wing, formed by the median wing-coverts, the tips of the greater 
ones, and by the secondaries, obliquely divided by a black band 
formed by the base of the greater coverts; inner secondaries or 
tertials black with a purple gloss ; under wing-coverts and axil-
lanes black; feathers of the flanks broadly edged with black; sides 
of the rump black; sides of the vent and outer under tail-coverts 
tinged with dark grey; tail dark brown-grey, with a slight gloss : 
bill dark plumbeous; iris rich yellow; legs and toes yellow, webs 
dusky, Total length about 20 inches, wing 9-6, tail 4*5, oulmen 
1-45, tarsus 1-55. 

Female. Similar to that of C. glaucion, but larger, the grey of the 
chest broader and usually deeper, and the white collar narrower; 
greater wing-coverts always (?) distinctly tipped with blackish. 
Total length 18 inches, wing 8-25-8*75. 

^ Hah. Iceland, occasionally straying to Europe ; Northern America 
from Greenland to Alaska, south in winter to New York, 
Illinois, Utah, &c. 

«, b, c. 3 ad. Iceland. Purchased. 
St. 
d. S ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk. 
Iceland. 
N. America (H. W. Henshaw). 
Prof. A. Newton [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coil. 

/?#• <$ ad. et Godbout, Canada, March, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
pull. sk. (N. A. Comeau). 
h, i, h. <$ $ ad. W. side of Kocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq.. [P.]. 
et J imm. sk. 
I ? ad. sk. Alkali Lake, "W. side of Kocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
Mts. 
m, n. <$ ad. sk. Orcas Island, near Vancouver I., Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
April. 
o, p. c? ? ad. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. January (A. Forrer). 

3. Clangula albeola. 
Little Black and White Duck, Edw. Nat. ffist. B. ii. pi. 100 (1747) 
(Newfoundland). 
Buffel's Head Duck, Catesb. Carol, i. t. 95 (tf) (Carolina) (1754); 
Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 533, n. 75 (1785). 
Little Brown Duck, Catesb. Carol, i. t. 98 (?) (1754); Lath. Syn. 

iii. 2, p. 534 (1785). 
Anas hyberna, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 349 (1700) (ex Catesby). 
Querquedula ludoviciana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 461, pi. xli. f. 1 (1760). 
Querquedula carolinensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 464 (1760). 
Anas albeola, Linn. S. N. i. p. 199, n. 18 (1766) (ex Edivards) ; 
Forst. Phil Trans, Ixii. pp. 383, 416 (1772) ; Gm. 8. N. i. 2? 

p. 517, n. 18 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 866, n. 86 (1790) ; 
Bonn. Ene. Mtth. i. p. 157, pi. 41. f. 1 (1791); Wils. Am. Orn. 
viii. p. 51, pi. 62. ft. 2, 3 (1814); VieilL N. D. v. p. 119 (1816) ; 
Dum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 398 (1817); Donovan, Brit. B. x. 
pi. 226 (1819) ; Less. Tr. iOrn. p. 631 (1831) ; Schley. Rev. Crit. 
p. cxix (1844) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 344 (1872). 
Anas bucephala, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 200, n. 21 (6) (1766) (ex Catesby, 
t. 95); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 521, n. 21 (1788); Bonn. Enc. MUh. L 
VOL. 3XVTI. ^ C 
386 ANATID^l. 

p. 127, pi. 35. f. 2 (1790); Vieill N. D. v. p. 169 (1816); Bum. 
Diet. Se. Nat vi. p. 382 (1817). 
Anas rustica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 201, n. 24(2) (1766) {ex Catesby, 

t. 98); Gm. S. N i. 2, p. 524, n. 24 (1788); Vieill N D. v. 
p. 170 (1816); Bum. Diet 8c Nat. vi. p. 398 (1817). 
Sarcelle de la Louisiana, ditte la Keligieuse, D"Anient. PL Bnl 948 
(d1). 
Sarcelle Handle et noire, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. ix. p. 284 (1783). 
Petit canard a grosse tete, Buff. I. c. p. 249 (<$}. 
Sarcelle de la Caroline, Buf. L e. p. 286 ($). 
Clausula albeola, Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 184 (1824); Boie, Isis, 

1826, p. 980; Sw. fy Bich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 458 (1831) ; 
Jen. Man. p. 246 (1835) (England); Eiji. Mm. Anat p. 164 
(1838); Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 (1838); Vig. ZooL Beech. Voy. 

p. 32 (1839); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Bur. p. 74 (1842); Hartl Verz. 
Ges. Mm. p. 121 (1844); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 144 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 622, n. 5 (1844); Bcknb. Syn. Av.7 
Natatores, t. 74. ff. 105-106 (1845): Bp. Bev. Crit. p. 100 (1850); 
Baird, Stansbury>s Bep. p. 324 (1852) ; Lieht Nomenel. Av. p. 102 
(1854); Beinh. J. f. O. 1854, p. 442 (Greenland) ; Bp. Compt 
Bend, xxxviii. p. 664 (Not ColL Deiatire, p. 941 (lfe54); id. 
CompL Bend, xliii. p. 651, n. 149 (1856); Neicb. P. B. B. Bep. 

vi. p. 104 (1857J: Cab. $ Gundl J.f.O. 1837, p. 2JJ0 (Cuba) ; 
Heerm. P. B. B. Bep. x. pt. vi. p. 70 (1859); Murr. BJimk Nmo 
Phil. Journ. 1859, p. 230; Bretcer, Proc. Post. Soc. N. S. ui. 
p. 308 (Cuba) (1860); Beinh Ibis, 1861, p. 14 (Gieenland) ; 
Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 346 (Cuba), 1862, p. 93; DegL 
4r Gerbe, dm. Bur. ii. p. 545 (1867); Newt. P. Z. S. 3871, 
-p. 57 (egg); Hartinq, Man. Br. Birds, p. 161 (Great Britain) 
(1872); Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 46; Sclat. $ Salt*. B Z. 8. Ib76, 
p. 401; Dress. B. of Bur. vi. p. 589, pi. 439 (1877) ; Set. P. Z. S. 
1880; p. 527 ; Bidyw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 621 (1881); Bean, Pr. 
U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 167 (1882) (Unalasla); Coues, Cheek-lid, 
2nd ed. p. 115, n. 727 (1882); Salv. Cat B. Strickl OAl p. 538 
(1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 132 (188 J) ; Hartl. J.f.O. 
1883, p. 282 (Alaska); id. Key N Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 705 (1884); 
B., B., Sr B. Waier-B. N. Am. ii. p. 48 (18M); Sound, in Yarr. 
Brit. B. iv. p. 442 (1884-85); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 31 
(1886); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158; NehrL J.f.O. 1*85, p. 147 
(Illinois); Matsch. u. Ziemer, ibid. p. 191; Tristr. Cat Coll B. 
p. 47 (1889); Sharpe, Cat OsteoL Specim. ColL Sura. iii. p. 310 
(1891). 
Fuligula albeola, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.ii. p. 394 (1826); id. Syn. p. 394 
(1828); id. Isis, 1832, p. 1190; Nutt Man. ii. p. 445 (1834); 
Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 217, pi. 225 (1838); id. Syn. p. 293 (1839); 
id. B. Am. vi. p. 369, pi. 408 (1843); Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 335 
(1844); De Bay, N Y. ZooL ii. p. 329 (1844); Witd, J.f.O. 
1859, p. 179; Sehkg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 22 (1806) ; 8eeb. 
Hist Brit B. iii. p. 588 (1885); Brandt, X f, O. 1891, p. 269 
(Sitka) ; Hartert, Bat Vogelsamml p. 232 (1891). 

Anas (FuHguIa) albeola, Nutt Man. ii. p. 445 (1834). 
Platypus albeola, Beinh. K. DansJce Vid. Selsk. AfkdL vi! p. 104 
(1838) (Greenland). 
Clangula bucepbala, Lieht Nomencl p. 102 (1854 )*. 

* Lichtenstein makes C. hucephala, different from C. albeola! 
47 . CLA^GTJXA.. 387 
Bucephala albeola, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 797 (1858); id. Cat N 
5 (1859) 5 CooP-*

n^n ni>?97.r &"**• #• J£ JPMA- ^T. p. 259 

( A7 )^laklst' Ibis

> 1862, p. 10, 1863, p. 148 ; Dress. Ibis, 1866, 

p. 44 (lexas); Com, Pr. Ac. Bhilad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona); 
Law. Am. Lye. N Y. viii. p. 297 (I860); Gundl. Report Fis.Nat. 
Cuba, i. p. 390 (1866); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver 
\) I Lall Sf Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (Alaska, 
breeding) (1869); Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 
(Wyoming); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, ii. p. 87, n. 10699 (1871); 
Aiken, Pr-Xost. Soc. xv. p. 210 (Coloiado) (1872); Coues, 
Key, p 290 (1872); id. Check-list N. Am. B. n. 507 (1873) ; 
&n^r,'rr-am' P- l l 
Birds(1873) 5 Sclat.fySalv.West Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
Coues N

?nH° (1BJ3;>-~> P-g77 (1874); Gmidl. J.f.O. 

1875, p. 383 (Cuba); Salv. B. Z. S. 1883, p. 428 (Esquimalt). 

J*uligula (OHaucion) albeola, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 5. 

Chantonetta albeola, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 166 (1885) 

(Commander Islands); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 120, 

n. 153 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 134 (1886); 
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 72 (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N. 
Am. B. p. 106 (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 137 (1887) 
(Commander I.) ; Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 67 (Cuba); Hatch, B. of 
Minnes. p. 66 (1892). 
Adult male. Head and upper half of the neck metallic green, 
with a purple gloss on the crown, sides of the neck, and throat; a 
large patch of pure white on the sides of the head, extending from 
the eye back to the occiput; lower neck all round, breast, and 
underparts pure white; back and rump black; upper tail-coverts 
pearl-grey; scapulars white, the longer ones tipped with black; 
wings black, with a large white patch covering the central wing-
coverts and the secondaries; marginal wing-coverts black, edged 
with white; under wing-coverts blackish, more or less edged with 
white; axillaries black; tail dark grey: bill bluish black; irides 
dark brown; legs and toes pinkish, the webs and joints darker. 
Total length about 15 inches, wing 7, tail 3-5, culmen 1, tarsus 1-1. 

Female. Head and neck brown, with a slight purple gloss; a 
white longitudinal patch on the cheeks and ear-coverts; upper 
parts blackish brown, rump blacker; upper tail-coverts greyish; 
underparts white; sides, flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts dull 
greyish, also the breast slightly tinged with grey; apical half of 
the secondaries white, forming the speculum; the greater wing-
coverts have subapical white spots, and are edged with white at the 
tip; tail brownish grey : bill dusky, inclining to plumbeous at end 
and along commissure; iris dark brown; legs and toes dilute 
lilac-pink, the webs and joints darker. Total length about 12*5 
inches, wing 6, culmen 1, tarsus 1. 

Young males in the first autumn resemble females. 

Hal. North America, breeding northward from Labrador to 
Alaska; migrating south in winter to Mexico; occasionally straying 
to Cuba, Europe, and to Asia (Commander Islands). 

a. 6 ad. sk. N. America. Hardwicke Bequest. 
b. cf juv.st. N.America. Audubon Coll 
388

e. S ad. st.
d. 6 ad. sk.
e. S ad. sk.
f. $ ad. sk.
g. 6 ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.
*', & <? $ ad. st.

I $ ad. sk.

m, n. ? S juv.
sk. 


o. cfad.sk.
p. <$ ad. sk.
q, r. <$ ad. etjuv. sk.

a. £ ad. sk.
t, u. <$ $ ad.

st. 

v. 2 ad.sk.
w. <$ ad. sk.
x. <$ ad. sk.
y, $ ad. sk.
z. o* ad. sk.
a\ $ juv. sk.
b\ $ ad. sk.
o\ 2 juv. sk.
df-m'. S S ad.
et imm. sk.
n',or. <$ ad.sk.
p\ c? ad. st.

 ANATID.2E. 

 N. America. $ 
N. America. 
N. America. 
N.America. 
Vancouver's Island. 
Semiahmoo Bay, Vancouver L,
March. 
North Land Expedition. 
Port Reliance, Upper Yukon,

Oct. (R W. Nelson). 
British Columbia.

 Esquimalt, Brit. Columbia (Capt.

Markham). 
Potomac B., Esquimalt (J". J.
Albert), 

 Canada.

 Little Musquash Harbour, NewBrunswick, March (JEC. K

Dresser). 

 Nova Scotia.

 49th Parallel. 
Port Dufterin, April. 
North Dakota, May.

 Big Moose Lake, New York,
Oct. (C. JEC. Merriam). 
Massachusetts, Oct. (H*. W.
JSenshaw). 
Gibson, Indiana, April (W.
Brewster). 

 Tarpon Springs, Florida, Nov.

( W. B. D. Scott). 
Lake Birgue, Louisiana, March
{M. W. Jff.). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, March, 
Oct., Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 
Brownsville, Texas, March, Aug.
(JP. B. A.). 
Norfolk, England.

48. 
HAEELDA. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman CoU, 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Purchased. 

_ 
Type. 

 Clark Kennedy, Esq, 

 Lord Ampthill [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman CoU. 
H.J.Elwes,Esq.rP.l 

 J. K. Lord,Esq. [P.> 
Br. Lyall [P.J. 
Sir G. Back [P.J. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Government of Ca~ 
nada [P.]. 

 H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Old Coll. 

 N. America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
N. America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 
E. 
S. Cameron, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Harelda, Leach, MS. ?; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL xii. 

% p. 174 (1824) H. glacialis. 
Pagonetta, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 66 (1829) H. glacialis. 
Crymonessa, Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 185 (1842). H. glacialis. 
Melonetta, Sundev. Tent p. 149 (1872) (=Harelda). 
Clangula, A. 0. XT. Check-list K Amer. B> p. 120 (1886) 

(nee Leach, 1819) 
H. glacialis. 

Range, Confined to the Northern Hemisphere. 

48 . HAKELDA. 389 

1. Harelda gfacialis. 

"Duck from Hudson's Ba ^ Mw' B%rd*>iiL PL im

L°n^mled

 (<?) 
Long-tailed Duck from New-Foundland, Ediu. Glean, of Nat. Hist. 

 P l 28° (1?55) 5 Latk' Syn' iiL P' 528? n'72 

(1785) ^ ^
Anas longicauda islandica, BHss. Orn. vi. p. 379 (1760). 
Anas longicauda ex Insula Terrse-nov*©, Briss. op. cit. p. 382 
(1760). ' * r 
.Querquedula ferroensis; Briss. op. cit p. 466, pl. xl. f. 2 ( § or tf juv.) 

Anashyemalis,£mra.#..Ar i. p> 202, n. 29 (1760); Scop. Ami. I. Hist. 
Nat. n. 61, n. 74 (1769); Jfttfr. Faun. GrconL p. 71 (1780); 6m. 

S.N. l. 2, p. 529, n. 29 (1788); Bonn. JSnc. Mith. i. p. 134 (1790); 
Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 393 (1817); ? Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. 

p. 58 (Bakou) (1832). 
Anas glacialis, Linn. S. N. I. p. 203, n. 30 (1766); Font. Linn. Trans. 

lxii. p. 418 (1772); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 529, n. 30 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. li. p. 864, n. 82 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Mith. i. p. 129, 
pl. 37. f. 4 (1790); Fall Zooyr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 276 (1811); 
Mont. Orn. Diet Supply DEF. pl. —. f. iii. (trachea) (1813) ; 
Wils. Am. Orn. viii. pp. 93, 96, pl. 70. & 1 (J), 2 (£ ) (1814) ; 
Temm. Man. d' Orn. p. 558 (1815) ; Vieill N. B. v. p. 122 (1816); 
Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat vi. p. 386 (1817); Sabine, Tr. Lmn. Soc. xii. 
p. 555, pl. 30. &. 3, 4 (trachea) (1817); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. 
p. 860 (1820); Sabine, App. to Parry's 1st Voy. p. ccviii (1821) ; 
Licht Verz. Boubl p. 85 (1823); Rich. App. to Barry's '2nd Voy. 

p. 373 (1825); Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 73, n. 259 (1827) : Less. Tr. 
d'Orn. p. 631 (1831); Temm. Man. 6) Orn. iv. p. 553 (1840); 
Schleg. Rev. Crit p. cxvii (1844) ; Navm. Voy. Beutschl. xii. 

p. 210, pl. 319 (1844); MM. Sibir. Reis. ii. % p. 236 (1853). 
Sarcelle de l'isle Ferroe, B'Aubent PL Bnl. 999 (£) (17— ?). 
Canard de Miclon, B'Aubent. Pl. Bnl 1008 (<?) (17™-?). 
Oanard a longue queue de Terre-neuve, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. 

p. 202 (1783). 
Anas sawka, Lepech. Itiner. iii. icon, bona (Jide Pall. Zooyr. R.-A. ii. 

p. 276). 
Anas miclonia, Bodd. TabL PL Bnl. p. 58, pl. 1008 (1783). 
Anas brachyrhynchos, Besehe, Voy. Kurl. p. 50, pl. 6 (1792). 
Anas lencocephala, Bechst. Taschenb. ii. Taf. 29 (juv.) (1803). 
Anas longicauda, Leach (nee Briss.), Cat. M, $ B. Brit. Mus. p. 37 
(1816). 
Olangula glacialis, Leach, in Ross's Voy. Biscov., App. p. xlviii (1819); 
Flem. Philos. of ZooL ii. p. 260 (1822); Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 563, 

n. 1; Brehm, Voy. Beutschl p. 937 (1831); Holb. Faun. GronL 
(Paulsen's transl)^. 64 (1846). 
Platypus glacialis, Brehm, Lehrb. eur. Voy. ii. p. 840 (1824) ; Faber, 
Lsis, 1826, p. 323; Schilling, J. f. O. 1853, p. 378. 
Platypus faheri, Brehm, op. cit p. 1004 (1824); Faber, Lsis, 1826, 

p. 323, 
Harelda glacialis, Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 175, pl. 58 (1824); 
Sw. & Ric?i. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 460 (1831); Jen. Man. p. 247 
(1835); Byt Cat. Brit B. p. 59 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pl. 382 
(1837); But Mon.Anat. pp. 65,162, pL 14 (skeleton and trachea) 
(1838) Bp. Comp. List, p. 59 (1838); K. $ B. Wirbelth. Eur. 

390 AJN-ATID.^. 

pp. lxxxvii, 229 (1840); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 74 (1842); 
Hartl Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. 
Mus. iii. p. 145 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 622 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. 
Av., Natatores, t. 76. ff. 112-115 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 

A. 8. B. p. 307 (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. viii (1852) *7 
Idcht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, 
n. 145 (1856); Newb. P. R. R. Hep. vi. p. 104 (1857); Baird, B~ 
N. Am. p. 800 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 597 (1859); Murr. 
Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1859, p. 230 (Hudson's Bay) ; Coop, fy 
Stickl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 261 (1860); Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 
(Greenland); Ross, Canad. Natur. Apr. 1862 (Mackenzie); Verr. 
Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862) ; Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. p. 139 
(1862); G. R. Gr. List Brit. B. p. 203 (1863); Blakist. Ibis, 
1863, p. 149 (Brit. N. Am.); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324; 
Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1863, p. 108, 1864, p. 399; 
id. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 379 (Spitsbergen); A. Newt. Ibis, 1865, 
p. 515 (Spitsbergen); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 297 
(1866); Wkitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 208 (Hakodadi); Degl. §• Gerbe, 
Orn. Bur. ii. p. 549 (1867); Coues, Pr. JSss. Inst. v. p. 206 
(1868); Broim, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver); Droste, J.f.O. 
1868, p. 43 (Borkum), 1869, p. 347 (Faroe); Eyt. 8yn. Anat. 
p. 121 (1869); Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (1869) j 
Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 309 (Nova-Zeinlia); Gould, B. Great Brit. 
v. pi. 33 (1870); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (Takoo) ; G. R. Gr. 
Band-list, iii. p. 87, n. 10701 (1871); Heugl. J.f. 0.1871, pp. 89,92, 
105 (Spitsbergen); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 63 ; Finsch, Abh. Brem. Ver. 
iii. p. 67 (1872) ; Heugl J. f O. 1872, p. 122 (Novaja Semlja and 
Wigatsch); Fritsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 371; Coues, Key, p. 291 
(1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 508 (1873); Finsch, Die Zweite deutsche 
Nordpolarfahrt, ii. Vogel, p. 208 (1873); Ball, Avif. Aleut. Isl. 
Unal. eastw. p. 5 (1873); id. Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. west. p. 7 
(1874); Ridgxo. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 390 (Lake Michigan) 
(1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 579 (1874); id. in Elliott's Aff. 
Alaska, p. 191 (1875); Dress. B. Bur. vi. p. 617, pis. 443 ($ & 
juv.), 444 (d1 ad.) (1875); Seeb, Sf Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 445 (Petchora) ; Tacz. J.f. 0.1876, p. 202 (Ussuri) ; Komey. 
J.f.O. 1876, p. 317; Tacz. Orn. Vost. Sibir. p. 71 (1877); id. 
Btill. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 147 
(Hakodadi); Feild. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 30, 31 (N. Polar Basin) f 
id. Ibis, 1877, p. 411 (Floeberg Beach, lat. 82° 27' K , Grinnel 
Land) ; David q Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 506 (1877); Blakist fy Pryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Yezo); Adams, ibid. p. 433 (Michalaski); 
Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 23; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien, 1879r 
p. 152 (W. Siberia); Blakist fy Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. 
p. 186 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S.1880, p. 527; Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. 
B. n. 623 (1881); Elliott, Mon. Seal-Isl. p. 130 (1881) ; Blakist. 
Sr Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 100 (1882); Coues, Chech-listr 
2nd ed. p. 115, n. 728 (1882); Salv. Cat B. Strickl. Coll. p. 539 
(1882); B. O. IT. List Brit. B, p. 133 (1883); Stearns, Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 120 (Labrador) ; Nelson, Cruise 'Corwin] p. 99 
(1883); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 344 (Kamtschatka) 
(1883); id. J. f. O. 1883, p. 73 (Pirano); Hartl J. f. 0.1883, 
p. 282 (Alaska); Radde, Ornis Caueas. p. 464 (1884); Couesf 
Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 706, n. 728 (1884) ; Sauna. YarrelVs 
Brit. B. iv. p. 446 (1884-85) ; Murdoch, Rep. Exp. Point Barrowt 
p. 118 (1885); Nehrl. J.f. 0.1885, p. 147 (Illinois); Salvad. El. 
Ucc. Ital p. 266 (1886); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); 
48 . HAKELDA. 391 
Sharpe, Cat Osteol. Specim. Coll Surg. iii. p. 307 (1891); Ogilvic, 

p. 276 (1894), 
Anas (Fuligula) glacialis, Bp. Obs. Nomevicl. Wils. n. 275 (1825). 
Fuligula glacialis, Bp. Ann. Lyc. Nat Hist N. York. ii. p. 395 
(1826); id. Isis, 1832, p. 1190 ; Sam, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 140 (1831); 
Mont. Orn. Diet. 2nd ed. ii. p. 51G, f. c, p. 515 (trachea) (1831); 
Aud. Orn.Biogr. iv. p. 403, pi. 318 (1838) ; id. Si/n. p. 295 (1839) ; 
id. B. Am. vi. p. 379, pi. 410 (1843); Selys-L. l<'iwn. Behj, L 

p. 146 (1842); Be Kay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 328 (1844) ; Girand, IL 
Bong Isl. p. 337 (1844); Begl Orn. Bur, ii. p. 447 (1844); 
Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 275 ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Andres, 
p. 23 (1866); David, N. Arch, du Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 456 
(1871); Palmen, J.f 0.1876, p. 59 (Finland); Brandt, J.f O. 
1880, p. 249 (St. Petersburg) ; Seeb. Hist Brit B. iii. p. 598, 
pi. 6Q (1885) ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 351 (Iiakoff Isl.); id. B. Jap. 
Emp. p. 252 (N. Japan) (1890) ; Brandt, J.f.O. 1891, p. 269 
(Sitka). 
Fuligula (Clangula) glacialis, Bp. Syn. p. 395 (1828). 
Pagonetta glacialis, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 66 (1829). 
Clangula hiemalis, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n, 1; id. Vdg. DeutschL 


p. 933 (1821). 
Clangula faberi, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 2; id. Vda, Deidschl. 
p. 935 (Greenland) (1831). 
Clangula megauros, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 3"; id. Vdg. DeutschL 
p. 936 (1831). 
Clangula musica, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 4; id. Vdg. DeutschL 
p. 937 (1831). 
Clangula bracbyrbyncbos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 6; id. Vdg, 
DeutschL p. 938 (1831). 
Fuligula (Harelda) glacialis, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 453 (1834); Brandt, 
Mini. Ac. St. BUersb. (6) 8c. Nat vi. 1-2, p. 8 (1848); Bchnw. 
Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 17; id. Vdg. zool. Gart. p. 47 (1882). 


Haralda glacialis, Boss, App. to Narr. of a sec. Voy.,Nat. Mist p. xl 

(1835); Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 369 (1837). 
Crimonessa glacialis, MacgilL Man. Brit B. ii. p. 186 (1842). 
Harelda hiemalis, Brehm, Vogelf p. 386 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 


1855, p. 299. 
Harelda faberi, Brehm, Vogelf p. 386 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 1855, 


p. 299. 
Harelda bracbyrbyncbos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 386 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 299. 
Harelda megaceros, Brehm, Vogelf p. 387 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 299. 
Harelda musica, Brehm, 11. cc. (1855). ^rtrtm 
Anas (Harelda) glacialis, Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 374 (1863). 
Melonetta glacialis, Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 149 (1872); 

Meves, J.f O. 1875, pp. 433, 434. 
Glaucion byemalis, Severtz. J.f O. 1875, p. 185. 
Harelda byemalis, Stein. Pr. U.S. Nat.Mus. v. p. 38 (1882); B.,B., 

8c JR. Water-Birds N Am. ii. p. 57 (1884); Turner, Auk, 1885, 

•p. 158: Stem. Bull. U.S. Nat, Mus. no. 29, p. 169 (1885). 
Clangula byemalis, A. O. U. Check-list N Am. B. p. 120, n 154 
(1886) : Turner, Conir. Nat. Hist, of Alaska, p. 134 (lbbb); 
Nelson, Nat Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 72 (1887); Bidgto. Man. N 

392 AKATID.2E. 

Am. B. p. 106 (1887); Stefn. PA U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 137 (1887) 

(Bering I.); Batch, B. of Minnes. p. 67 (1892). 

Fuligula hyemalis, Bchnw. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 57 (1889); 

id. J. f. 0. 1890, pp. 83, 84; Mackay, Auk, 1892, pp. 330-337. 

Clangula (Harelda) hyemalis, Kartert, Kat. VogelsammL p. 233 

(1891). 

Adult male in winter and spring nuptial dress. Head and neck 

white; forehead and sides of the head pale sooty grey; on each 

side of the neck an oval patch, dark brown on the upper part, paler 

brown on the lower part; mantle, back, rump, and median upper 

tail-coverts, breast and wings dark brown, almost black; rest of 

the lower parts, scapulars, and sides of the npper tail-coverts white; 

sides and flanks with a slight grey tinge ; secondaries paler brown 

than the rest of the wing; under wing-coverts brown-black ; central 

tail-feathers very long and pointed, black, the next feathers blackish 

brown edged with white, the white increases towards the outer 

feathers, which are entirely white: nail and basal half of the bill 

blackish lead-colour, the intermediate part pale pinkish orange ; 

irides reddish brown; legs and feet lead-blue, with the webs and 

joints blackish. Total length about 22 inches, wing 9, tail 3*5, 

central rectrices from 7 to 8, culmen 1*15, tarsus 1*25. 

Female. Forehead, crown, and back of the neck dark brown; 

lores, region behind the eyes, throat, and a ring round the neck 

greyish white * rest of the upper parts dark brown, with pale olive-

brown margins to the feathers of the rump, to the scapulars, wing-

coverts, and outer web of secondaries; jugulum brown, changing 

into white on the lower parts; tail greyish brown, with the edges 

of the feathers whitish; the central feathers are not elongated. 

Total length about 16 inches. 

Young in first plumage resemble adult females, but the brown 
parts are paler and the white ones less white. 

Young males may be distinguished by the chestnut margins of 
the scapulars, innermost secondaries, and wing-coverts, and the 
white on the back of the neck is purer and more clearly defined. 

Males in first nuptial d?*ess differ from adults in having shorter 
central tail-feathers, the dark parts browner, and ash-grey markings 
on the feathers of the upper back and scapulars. 

Males in summer plumage have the sides of the head white, the 
rest of the head and neck, upper breast, upper back, and scapulars 
dark brown, the feathers of the upper back and the scapulars 
having broad, clearly defined chestnut margins; underparts below 
the breast white, as in nuptial plumage. 

Young in down are dark brown on the npper parts and nearly 
white on the underparts, but the white on the throat nearly meets 
on the nape, and the brown below it extends in a narrow band 
across the breast; cheeks dark brown ; there is a wnite spot on the 
lores, at the base of the upper mandible, and an obscure white mark 
round the eye. 

Bab. Arctic regions ; in winter rarely reaching the basin of the 
Mediterranean in Europe; it winters on the Caspian, and Lake 

48. HAEELDA. 393 
-Baikal, in Northern Japan, and occasionally in China; on the 
American continent it migrates in winter as far south as the 

Northern States and the Great Lakes. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
£, o, (S ad. sk. 
d. Juv. st. 
e. S ad. sk. 
/. $ juv. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
z. J juv. sk. 
Jc. J ad. sk. 

I. S ad. sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. 
n. Juv. st. 
o. J imm. sk. 
p. 5 imm. sk. 
q. c? ad. sk. 
r. (S ad. sk. 
s. 3 ad. sk. 
t, u. 5 imm. sk. 
v, tv, $ ad. et pull. sk. Sehtschutschja, July. 

No locality. 
Great Britain. 
Great Britain. 

Orkneys. 
Orkneys, winter (T. M. 
Dunn). 

Graemsay, Orkney. Sept. 

(T. S. Dunn), 
Shetland, winter. 

Scotland, Oct. 

Edinburgh Market. 
Wells, Norfolk, Jan. 
Yarmouth, Norfolk, Jan, 

(Gunn). 

Devonshire. 
Norway, June (H. S.). 
Norway, July. 
Bo do, Norway, May. 
Alexievka, Petchora, June


(BL &)• 
Petchora, June (JH. 8.).
Valley of the Yen-e-say, E.

Siberia, lat. 69°, July 
(JET. &). 

a\ $ ad. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk.
zf a\ S $ ad. sk.
b'. <S ad. sk.
c', 5 ad. sk.
d'9 e'. <$ ad. sk.
/'. $ ad. st.

Bagdad ? 

 Yezo, Japan. 
Hakodadi, Japan, Jan., 
Feb. (Blakiston). 
Hakodadi, Japan, March

(Henson). 

 Hakodadi, Japan, Jan. 
(JST. WhiUly). 

 N. America (IT. W. Henshaio). 
W. side of Rocky Mts. 
g', h\ $ ad.* et imm. N. America (Dr. Lyall). 

sk. 
i'\ 7c'. $ ad. et $ juv. sk. N.W. America. 
V, m'. S $ ad. sk. Point Barrow, June. 
n\ $ juv. sk. Kotzebue. 

o -#\ d1 $ ad. et juv. St. Michael's, Alaska, June,
sk. Aug., and Oct. (E. W. 
Nelson). 

Dr. Kobertson. 

P. Meyer, Esq. [P.]. 
Sir P. Grey Egerton 
[PA 
Old Coll. 
H.J.Elwes,Esq.[P.]. 

Hargitt Coll. 

Theodore Eisher.Esq. 
[P.]. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Colonel Feilden [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 
Kenneth Loftus, Esq. 

PP.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll, 

Tweeddale CoU. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Lord Ampthill [P.]. 
Capt. Collinson [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Capt.Kellett& Lieut. 

Wood. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

* $ ad. Patch of black on the side of the neck mixed with white and very 
little developed; cheeks anteriorly to the eyes almost entirely white. 
394 AtfATULE. 

y\ z\ $ ad. sk. 

a", S a& st. 
b". J ad. sk. 
e". $ ad. sk. 
<?". tf ad. sk. 
e",f". 6 2 ad. sk. 

g". Pull, sk. 
h", i". $ 2 ad. sk. 
k". 2 ad. sk. 
I", m". <S ad. sk. 
n". $ ad. sk. 

Stewart's Is., Alaska, June, 

Sept. (JB. W. Nelson). 
Northern Expedition. 
Vancouver Island. 
Vancouver Island. 
Repulse Bay. 
Lat. 82° 26' 22", Sept. 

(Feilderi). 
Bellotlsland, Aug. (Feilden). 
Discovery Bay, June. 
Safety Cove, Sept. 
Greenland. 
Disco. 

Nova Scotia. 

o"> 2>"> 9"- c? 2 ad. sk. 

r",/', t". S ad. et 
juv. sk. 
u". (S ad. sk. 
v". d ad. sk. 
w". <? ad. sk. 
#"-c3. tf 2 ad. et juv. 
sk. 
d3. $ ad. sk. 
e3. c? ad. sk. 
f\ <? ad. sk. 
g3. S ad. sk. 
h% i\ <$ 2 ad. sk. 
k\ 2 ad. sk. 

P. Skeleton. 
m\ Skull. 
w3. Sternum. 
Labrador. 

Bay of Fundy, March (J3T. 

JB. Dresser). 
Putnam River (G. M. 
Stoney). 

Branbord,Connecticut,Dec. 

(A. J. Bayan). 
NewHaven, Connecticut, 
Nov. (C. JET. Merrtam # 

A. J. Bay an). 
Lake Umbagog, Maine, Oct. 

(W. Breiuster). 
Lyon's Falls, New York 
(A. J. JDayan). 
Bridgewater,Massachusetts, 

Nov. (W. Brewster). 
Massachusetts, winter. 
Chicago, Illinois (H. W. 

Henshaw). 

Quantico, Virginia, Nov. 

(JET. W. J21). 

49. COSUONETTA.
Histrionicus (subgen.), Less. Man. d?Om. ii. p. 415 

(1828)
Cosroonessa, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 46 (1829) ......
Cosmonetta, Kaup, op. tit. p. 196 (1829) (=Cosmo~ 

nessa). 
Phlyaconetta (subgen.), Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. 
Pitersb. (6) Sc. Nat. vi. p. 9 (1849) (publ. 1847) ..
Histrionicus, G. B. Gr. List Gen. $ Subgen. B. p. 124, 
n.2063(1855)
Phylaconetta, Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 798 (1858) 
(=Phlyaconetta, Brandt). 

Mange. Arctic regions. 

Salvln-Godman Coll, 

The Admiralty [P.l 
Salvin-Gfodman ColL 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. J. RaejT.l 
Voy. H.M.S.f Alert.9 
Voy. H3LS. f Alert.' 

J. Hart, Esq. [0.]. 
Old CoH. 
Hume ColL 
J. Hart, Esq. [C.]. 
Old CoH. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll 

Salvin-Crodman OoH. 

Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
Salvin-G-odman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

Salvin-Godman CoH. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

 „,__ 
Type. 

 0. Mstrioniea. 
0. histrionics. 
C. Mstrioniea. 
C. Mstrioniea. 
49 . C0SMO1TETTA. 

395 

1. Cosmonetta Mstrionica. 
Harlequin Duck. 
Dusky and Spotted Duck, Ediv. Nat. Hist. B. ii. pi. 99 (tf) (1745) 
^ (Newfoundland). 
Little Brown and White Duck, Edw. op. cit. iii. pi. 157 ( 2 ) (1750). 
Anas torquata ex Insula Terrse-novce, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 362 (1760) 
(ea? Edwards); Gerini, JStor. degli Ucc. v. tav. 580 (1776). 
^uerquedula Freti Hudsonis, Briss. op. cit. vi. p. 469 (1760) (ex 
Edwards, $1,157). 
Anas histriortica, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 204, n. 35 (tf) (1766); Forst. 
Lmn. Trans, lxii. pp. 383, 419 (1772); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 534, 

n. 35 (1/88) ; XaM. Jntf. Orn. ii. p. 849, n. 45 (1790); Bonn. 
Enc. Meth. i. p. 146, pi. 36. f. 2 (£), pi. 39. f. 2 (?) (1790); 
Pa#. 2bo^. Bosso-As. ii. p. 273 (1811); Wils. Am. Orn. viii. 

p. 139, pi. 72. £ 4 (1814); Temm. Man. tfOrn. p. 573 (1815); 
Vieill. N. D. v. p. Ill (1816) ; Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 381 
(1817); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 878 (1820); Licht. Verz. 
Doubl. p. 85 (Iceland) (1823); Less. Tr.d'Orn. p. 631 (1831); 
Temm. Man. 2nd ed. iv. p. 549 (1840); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xii. 

p. 199, Taf. 318 (1844); 8chleg. Rev. Crib. p. cxix (1844); Temm. % 
8chleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, pp. 129,141 (1850) ; Middend. 8ibir. 
Beis. ii. 2, p. 237 (1853); Kruper, Naumannia, 1857, 2, p. 1 
(Iceland); Kittl Denhio. ii. p. 347 (1858) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.1863, 

p. 324; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 354 (1872); van Kempen, Bull 8oc. 
Zool. Fr. 1889, p. 105 (Dunkerque!). 
Anas minuta, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 204, n. 36 ($) (1760); Gm. 8. N. i. 
% p. 534, n. 36 (1788); Vieill. N. D. v. pp. 109, 170 (1816); 
Dum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. pp. 385, 398 (1817). 
Canard a collier de Terre-neuve, D'Aubent. PI Enl 798 (£), 799 
($ ) (17— ?) ; Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 250 (1783). 
Sarcelle brune et blanche, Buff. op. cit. p. 287 (1783). 
Arlequin Duck, Penn. Aret. Zool. ii. p. 560, n. 490 (1785); Lath. 
Syn. iii. 2, p. 484, n. 37 (1785). 
Clan^ula kistrionica, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822); Bote, 
Isfs, 1822, p. 564; 8teph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 180, pi. 57 (1824); 
Flem. Brit, Anim. p. 120 (1828) ; 8w. fy Mich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. 

p. 459 (1831); Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. An. p. 246 (1835); Fyt. Cat. 
Brit. B. p. 59 (1836); id. Hist. Barer Brit. B. p. 84 (1836); 
Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 380 (1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 (1838); 
Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 163 (sjn. emend.), pi. 15. n. 1 (skeleton) 
(1838); Macgill. Man. ii. p. 184 (1842) ; G. B. Or. List B. Brit. 
Mus. iii. p. 145 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 622, n. 4 (1844); 
Behnb. 8yn. Av., Natatores, t. 74. ff. 107-111, 885 (1845); Beinh. 

J.f.O. 1854, p. 442 (Greenland); Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 103 
(1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 664 (Notes Coll. Delattre, 

p. 94) (1854); Beinh. Jbis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland); Whitely, 
This, 1867, p. 208 (Hakodadi); Dyb. <$• Parr. J.f.O. 1868, p. 339 
(Dauria); Wright. Ibis. 1869, p. 254 (Malta!); Harting, P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 119 (N. Coast of Greenland); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, 

p. 154 (trachea); Swinh. Ibis, 1876, p. 335 (Kanitschatka), 1877, 

p. 147 (Japan); Garrod, P. Z. S.1878, p. 479 (treaehea) ; Blakist. 
§• Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215; 8eeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 22; Blakist. 8r 
Fryer, Tr. As. 8oc. Jap. viii. p. 186 (1880), x. p. 99 (1882); Hartl 

J.f. 0.1883, p. 283 (Alaska); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); 
Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 488, pi. 266 (1892). 

396 
AlSTATID.^. 

Platypus minutus, Brehm, LeTirh. eur. Fog. ii. p. 845 (1824). 
Platypus histrionicus, Brelwi, I.e. p. 848 (1824). 
Anas (Fuligula) histrionica, Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wils. n. 277 (1825). 
Fuligula histrionica, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. 7. Ii. p. 394 (1826); id. Syn. 


p. 394 (1828); id. Isis, 1832, p. 1190; And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 612 
(1835), v. p. 617 (1839); id. Syn. p. 294 (1839) ; Selys-L. Faun. 
Belg. p. 147 (1842); Aud. B. Amer, vL p. 374, pL 409 (1843); 
Be Kay, N. 7. Zool. ii. p. 331 (1844); Giraud, B. Long 14. p. 336 
(1844): Deql. Orn. Bur. ii. p. 451 (1849); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1865, 
p. 618'(Hakodadi); Sehleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. '22 (1866); 
Przew.Putesck Ussur. n. 208 (1867); Palmen, J.f.O. 1876, p. 58 
(? Finland); Seek Ibis, 1882, p. 384 (Archangel); id. Hist Brit 
B. iii. p. 594, pi. 6o (egg) (1885); id. B. Japan. JEmp. p. 253 
(1890); Bchmo. J. f. 6. 1890, p. 84; Brandt, J. f. O. 1891, 
p. 269. 
Anas (Histrionicus) histrionica, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 415 (1828). 
Cosnionessa histrionica, Kemp, Naillrl. Syst. p. 46 (1829). 
Oosmonetta histrionica, Kaup, Natiirl. St/si. p. 196 (18"2Q); Sundew, 
Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 149 (1872); Dress. B. of Bur. TL 
pp. 609, 613 (1877); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. mi; Sale. Cat B. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 538 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit B. p. 132 (1883); 
Sound, in YarreWs Hist. Brit B. iv. p. 452 (18*4-«5); Tuck, 
Zoolog. 1887, p. 70; Sound. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 319 (Fame Isl.|; 
Gigl. fy Salvad. ibid. p. 591 (0I#a Bay); Salvad. 4* Gig!. Mem. M. 
Ac, Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. pp. 119 (Corea), 131 (Japan) (1&88); Saund. 
Ibis, 1891, p. 184 (Switzerland). 

Fuligula (Clangula) histrionica, Nuti. Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, 

ii. p. 448 (1834). 
Harelda histrionica, K. $ B. Wirhelth. Bur. w. kxxvil, 230 (1840); 
Bp. Cat. Met. TJcc. Bur. p. 74 (1842); Ftmtk, Ahk. Brem. Ver. 

iii. p. 67 (Alaska) (1872); Toes. J.f 0.1873, p. 110,1874, p. 337, 
1875, p. 257 (Ussuri); id. Orn. Faun. Vest S&ir. p. 71 (1877); 
id. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. ii. p. 47 (1877); id. J.f.O. 1878, p. 413 
(Holstein) ; id. Bull Soc. Zool Fr. viii. p. 344 (Eamtscnatka) 
(1883). 
Fuligula (Phlyaconetta) histrionica, Brandt, Mim. Ac. St Piter A. 

(6) So. Nat. vL p. 9 (1849) (pubi. 1847). 
Anas histrionis, Middend. Sibir. Mem. ii. 2. pi. X3di. £ 3 {pains! 
(1853). 
Clangula torquata, Brekm, Vogelf p. 385 (1855): id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 299. 
Histrionicus 
histrionicus, G. B. Gi\ List Gen. $ Suhqm. B. p. 124 
(1855); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 879 n. 10700 (1871); Bou&ird, Cat An. 

p. 60 (1876); Turner, Auk,im5T p. 158; Stejh. Bmil WM Nat 
Mus. no. 29, p. 166 (1885); A. O. V. Chech4mt N Am. B. p. 121, 
n. 155 (1886) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 134 (1886); 
Nelson, Nat Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 74 (1887); Bidaw. Man. K 
Am. B. p. 107 (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mm. x. p. 137 (1887) 
(Commander I.); Martert, Kat. Vogehamnd. p. 233 (1801); 
Match, B. ofMinnes. p. 68 (1892). 
Histrionicus torquatus, Bp. Compt Mend, xliil. p. 651, n. 150 (1856); 
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 799 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am, B. n. 596 
(1859); A. Newt Ibis, 1859, pp. 162-166; (hap. % SmM, N &. 

Wash. Terr. p. 260 (1860); Wheat Ohio Aar. Mep. no. 256 
(1860); Moss, Canad. Natural, vii. p. 153 (April 1862); id. Nat 
Mist. Mev. (2) I. p. 288 (1862); Terr. Pr. Ms. Inst. Hi p. 168 

49 . COSMONETTA. 
397 

;rdm Pr Bost'

™ £?a -- &>*• N. H. ix. p. 130 (Bay of Fundy) 

(}bb2\>

Zlakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 149 (Br. N. Am.): Zazor. Ami. 
Bye. N.Y vm. p. 297 (1866); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (VancouverI.); 
Twrnb. B. B. Pa. p. 46 (1868); Ball $ Bam. Tr. 
Oac.Ac I8b9, p. 298 (Yukon, breeding); Gould. B. of Great 
Brit, v.pl. 32 (1869); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 291 (1872): id. 
Check-hst,n. 510 (1873); Ball, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal eastiv. p. 5 
(18/3); Midgw. Ami. Lye. N. T. x. p. 390 (Lake Michigan) 
(1874); Coues, B. N.-JFest, p. 578 (1874): id. in BllioWs 
AlasJc. Affairs, p. 191 (1875); Dress. B. of Bur. vi. pi. 442 
(1877); Coues, Bull. Geol. $ Geogr. Sttrv. iv. n. 3, p. 653 (Dakota & 
Montana) (1878); Blliott, Monogr. Seal-Isly. 130 (1881). 

Histrionicus torquatus, a. minuta, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651 
(1856). r 
Anas (Harelda) histrionica, Sehrenck, Beis. Amurl. i. p. 483 (1860): 
Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 374 (1863) (Baikal). 
Bucephala (Histrionicus) histrionica, G. B. Gr. Sand-list ill p. 87, 

n. 10700 (1871). 
> v > 
Histrionicus 
minutus, Dress. B. of Bur. vi. p. 613 (1877); Coues, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 101 (1880); Bidgw. Nom. N. Am. B. 

n. 622 (1881; ; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 115, n. 730 (1882); 
Steams, Pr. U.S. Nat.Mus. 1883, p. 120 (Labrador); Merriam, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 220 (1883) (Newfoundland); 
Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,' p. 98 (1883); B., B., fy B. Water-B. N. 
Am. ii. p. 5'2 (1884); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 707 
(1884); Nehrl. J.f.O. 1885, p. 147 (Illinois). 
Bucephala histrionica, Bolau, J.f.O. 1880, p. 132 (Askold), 1888, 

p. 46. 
Fuligula (Cosnionetta) histrionica, Bchmo. Orn. Centralll. 1882, 
p. 5; id. Vog. zool Gart. p. 47 (1882). 
Adult mole. General plumage of a bluish slate or plumbeous 
colour, almost black on the neck, rump, upper and under tail-
coverts ; from, the base of the culmen over the crown to the occiput 
a black band, margined anteriorly with white, posteriorly with 
chestnut on each side; at the base of the bill a broad patch of 
white; a spot on the ear-coverts and a band on the sides of the 
neck white; round the lower part of the neck a white collar, 
margined with black, incomplete anteriorly; on the sides of the 
breast a crescentic white band, margined with black anteriorly and 
posteriorly; a white band along the middle of the scapulars ; abdomen 
greyish brown; flanks chestnut; a white spot just at the base 
of the under tail-coverts, on each side; wings dark slaty grey; 
secondaries dark metallic blue, forming the speculum; the inner 
secondaries broadly white, margined with black on the outer web; 
a white subapical band at the tip of the greater wing-coverts, and 
a few hidden white round spots on the anterior median wing-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky grey; tail slaty 
black: bill deep lead-blue, the nail lighter; iris dark brown; legs 
brown, the webs blackish. Total length about 17*50 inches, wing 8, 
tail 4*5, culmen 1-2, tarsus 1*35. 

Female. Upper parts dark brown, with an olivaceous tinge; a 
wbitish patch in front and below the eyes; another on the ear


398 
ANATID^}. 

coverts; wings and tail blackish; underparts brown, but the edges 
of the feathers whitish, producing a mottled appearance; lower 
flanks brown-olive; under tail-coverts with a rusty tinge. Total 
length about 13*5 inches, wing 6*75, tail 3-5, culmen 1, tarsus 1*2. 

Young males are slightly darker than female on the upper parts. 

Males in first nuptial d?*ess are mottled with white on the chin 
and throat, the belly is suffused with brown, and there is scarcely 
any chestnut on the flanks, and the white on the scapulars is very 
restricted. 

Males in moulting dress resemble the females, but show a large 
whitish patch on the anterior part of the sides of the head, extended 
even under the eyes; there are traces of the chestnut bands on the 
sides of the crown posteriorly; some black feathers among the 
brown of the neck, a narrow white band on the sides of the nape; 
a few white feathers edged with black on the sides of the breast 
(Mus. Turin). 

Young in down have the upper parts dark brown; underparts 
white, but the brown extending slightly on the breast and flanks 
a pair of white spots on the sides of the rump, and a second pair 
on the wings; a whitish spot above and anteriorly to the eyes; 
throat white, abruptly defined from the brown upper half of the 
head. 

Hab. Iceland, accidentally in Europe; Northern North America 
south in winter to the Middle States and California ; North-eastern 
Asia, south in winter to Japan; west of Lake Baikal; is reported to 
breed in the Ural. 

«> h. <$ $ ad. si, Iceland. 
Purchased. 

<?. c? ad. sk. Iceland. 

H. J. Elwes, ESQ*. 
d, e. $ $ ad. sk. Amoorland (Dr. Midden-Seebohm OolL 
dorff). 
/. d1 ad. sk. Kurile Islands (0. Snow). Seebohm Coll. 


g. d1 ad. sk. Japan. 
Tweeddaie ColL 
h. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, June. Seebohm Coll 
i. 2 ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (H. Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 
k,L 
2 ad. et <j Yezo, Japan. Tweeddaie Coll. 
juv. sk. 


m. 2 ad.sk. S. Yezo, Japan, Nov. (Blakis-Seebohm Coll. 
ton). 
n, Juv. sk. Kegiktowik, Alaska, Oct. (J3L Salvin-Godman Coll. 


W. Nekon). 
°JP>2-<3 $ad.et St. Michael's, Alaska, June-
Salvin-Godman CoU* 

o* imm. sk. Oct. (K W. Nelson). 

r. $ ad. sk. W. coast of Alaska, June (X W. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Johns). 

s. tf ad. sk. Fort MacPherson, near AlexSalvin-
Godman Coil 

ander E., June. 
t, u> 6 2 ad- st. Columbia R. Sir E. Belcher rP.l 

v. <? ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J.K.Lord,Esq.[P.l 
w. o* ad. sk. Vancouver Island. 
Salvin-Godman Co£ 

x. (S ad. sk. St. Juan Island, March. Br. Lyall [R]. 
y,*. <$ 2 ad- sk. Fort Simpson. B.R. Boss, Esq. [P.]. 
50. 
(EDEMIA.. 399 
a', d juv. sk. Liskenasset, Greenland Harmtt Coll. 

(Mutter). 

£'""£ c £2* d ' sk ' Greenland. Hume Coll. 
f $ ad. sk. Labrador. Gould Coll. 

g S ad. sk Labrador. 
Seebohm Coll. 

h,%, <$ $ ad. sk. Bay of Fundy, Nov. {H. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dresser), 

h'. <$ ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Hudson Bay" Com


« T , 
Pany [?.]• 

2. Juv. sk. Chief Mountain Lake, Aug. Dr. E. Coues [0.1 
m'. % ad.sk. 49th Parallel. • N.America Boundary 
Comm. [P.l 
ri, o\ S ? ad. sk. Godbout, Canada, April, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(N. A. Comeau). 
p'. S ad. sk. Canada. Govt, of Canada [P.l. 
q'. ? 2 ad. sk. Maine, Feb. (M. Hardy). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r'f s\ tf ad. et <j Hancock Co., Maine, Jan., Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. (M. Hardy), 
t'. Skeleton. Greenland. M. Muller [0.1 
u', v\ Sterna. Europe. M. Lefebvre [C.]. 
w'. Trachea with larynx. 


50. 
(EDEMIA. 
Type. 
Oidemia, Fleming, Phil o/Zool ii. p. 260 (1822) .. CB. nigra. 
Melanitta, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 564 CE. nigra. 
Ania, Leach in Mus. Brit., fide Steph. Gen. Zool. 
xu. 2, p. 212 (1824). 
Maceranas (subgen.), Less. Man* d'Orn. ii. p. 414 
(1828) .• CE. fusca? 
Macrorhamphus (subgen.), Less. op. cit. p. 414 
(1828) (E. perspicillata. 
Pelionetta, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 107 (1829) .. . GE. perspicillata. 
(Edemia, Strickl. Ann. fy Mag. N. _H*. vii. p. 39 
(1841). 
Melanonetta, Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. 


p. 149 (1872) (nomen emend. —Melanitta). 
Range. Confined to Northern Hemisphere. 
Of. Mackay, G. H., " The Scoters {Oidemia americana, 0. deglandi, 
and 0. perspicillata) in New England " (Auk, viii. pp. 279-290, 
1891). Trumbull, G.," Our Scoters » (Auk, ix. pp. 153-160,1892). 
Mackay, G. H., " The Spring Migration of the Scoters in 1892 " 
(I c. pp. 292-294). 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Length of commissure much less than inner 
toe without claw; bill of adult male much 
swollen on top at base ; wing without white 
speculum ((EDEMIA). 
d. 
Kail of bill much flattened, scarcely hooked 
at tip. Adult male: Bill black, with a 
yellow or orange spot or band on culmen 
m front of the basal knob, or even extended 
along the middle of it. Adult female: 
400 
AJSTATID-ffi. 

Above sooty brown, beneath paler; bill 

•wholly dusky, the basal half of the culmen 
level, or scarcely if at all elevated at base .
b\ 
Nail of bill less flattened, somewhat arched, 
and hooked at tip. Adult male: Basal 
half of upper mandible, including whole 
knob, yellow or orange; rest, including 
entire edge, black. Adult female : Above 
dusky greyish brown, the feathers of dorsal 
region with paler tips ; bill uniform 
blackish

b. Length of commissure much more than length 
of inner toe without claw. 
c\ Feathering of head advancing farther forward 
on lores than on forehead,- wing with a 
white speculum (MELAKETTA). 
c". Loral feathers separated from nostril by 
a space nearly or quite equal to length of 
nostril. Adult male: Lower part of 
swollen basal portion of upper mandible 
on sides unfeathered; basal portion of 
culmen elevated, but not forming an 
abrupt knob; plumage black, also on the 
flanks. Adult female: Sooty greyish, or 
dusky greyish brown, darker above ; no 
white on headd". Loral feathering separated from nostrils 
by a space much narrower than length 
of nostril. Male with swollen lateral 
base of upper mandible entirely feathered. 
d"\ Lateral outlines of bill convex ; knob 
of the male with anterior outline 
sloping backwards; plumage black, 
but flanks olive-browne"f. Lateral outlines of bill nearly parallel; 
knob of male very high, with anterior 
outline concave and the upper one 
horizontal, the top forming a conspicuous 
projection; plumage black, 
no olive-brown colour on flanksd'. Feathering of head advancing much farther 
forward on forehead than on lores j sides 
of bill at base with swollen portion entirely 
naked ; wing without speculum (PE LIONETTA). 
Adult male : uniform deep 
black, but a patch on the top of the head 
and another on the hind neck pure white 
(one or the other of them occasionally 
absent); bill reddish in life, the swollen 
base, on each side, marked with a large 
black spot. Adult female: Resembles 
the females of CE. fusea, deglandi, and 
carlo, but easily distinguished by the 
different feathering on head, by the naked 
swellings at the base of the sides of the 

bill, and by the much darker black colour 
of the upper part of the head

 nigra, p. 401. 

americana, p. 404, 

fusca, p. 40G. 

deglandi, p. 409. 

carbo, p. 411. 

perspicUlataf p. 412. 

50 . CEDEMIA. 
401 
1. (Edemia nigra. 
Common Scoter. 
Whilk, Lister, Phil. Trans, xv. p. 1160, n. 4 (1685). 
Anas nigra, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 420, pi. xxxviii. f. 2 (1760). 
Anas nigra, linn. 8. N. i. p. 196, n. 7 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 508, 
n. 7 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 848, n. 43 (1700); Bonn. Erie. 
MSth. i. p. 139, pi. 35. f. 4 (1790); Temm. Man. p. 554 (1815); Leach, 
Cat. M. $ B. Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1816) ; Vieill N. D. v. p. 123 
(1816); Bum. Diet Sc. Nat. vi. p. 347 (1817); Temm. Man. 2nd 
ed. ii. p. 856 (1820); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 85 (1823) ; Bp. Speech. 
Comp. p. 72, n. 229 (1827); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 414 (1828); 
id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630, n. 2o (part.) (1831); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. 
iv. p. 543 (part.) (1840); Eickw. Faun. Caspio-Caitc. p. 43 (1841); 
Schley. Bev. Crit. p. cxvii (1844); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xii. 
p. 108, Taf. 312 (1844); Middend. Sibir. Beis. ii. p. 236 (Boganida) 
(1853); Martin, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 208; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 358 (1872). 
? Anas cinerea, 8. G. Gmel. Beisen, ii. p. 184, tab. 17 (1774) ; Beehst. 
Gem. Nat. Deutschl u. p. 660, no. 15 (1791). 
Black Diver or Scoter, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 584, n. 273 (1776); 
Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 480, n. 36 (1785). 
Macreuse, BAubent Pi. Enl. 978 ( $ ) (17— ?); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

ix. p. 234, pi. 16 (1783). 
Weissbackenente, Naum. Naturg. d. Land- it. Wasserv. iii. p. 374, 
t. 70. if. 91 ($), 92 (tf juv.) (1799) ; Beehst Taschenb. ii. p. 445 
(Anm.) (1803), iv. p. 590 (1812). 
Anas 
cinerascens, Beehst. Orn. Taschmb. ii. p. 437 (1803) ; id. 
Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 1025 (1809) ; Temm. Man. d?Orn. p. 555 
(1815); Vieill N. D. v. p. 116 (1816) ; id. Ene. MSth. i. p. 358, 

n. 107 (1825) (cf. Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xii. p. 108, 1844). 
Anas atra, Pall Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 247 (1811) (Caspian). 
Oidemia nigra, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822); Steph. Gen. 
Zool. xii. 2, p. 213 (1824); Flem. Brit. An. p. 119 (1828); Sw. 
Class. B.il p. 368 (1837); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 378 (1837); Bp. 
Comp. List, p. 58, n. 421 (1838); K. # B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ix'xxvi, 
228 (1840); Rartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844); G.B. Gr. List 

B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 140 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 625, n. 1 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 81. ff. 141-144 (1845); 
Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 307, n. 1792 (1849); Bolle, J.f O, 
1855, p. 315 (Spain); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 131 
(1856) ; Loehe, Cat Mamm. et Ois. Alger, p. 143 (1858); Powys, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 354 (Ionian Isl.); Gould, B. of Great Brit. v. pi. 28 
(pt. 11, 1862); Nordm. J.f.O. 1864, p. 378 (Finland and Lapland) 
; Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 560 (1867) ; G. B. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10710 (1871); Salvad. Faun. d1Jtal, TJcc. 
p. 269 (1872); Fritsch, J.f O. 1872, p. 372 (Bohemia); Bogdan, 
Saugeth. u. Vog. der m. u. unt. Wolga (Euss.), p. 151; Badde, 
Ornis Caucas. p. 459 (1884) (Caspian ?); Dub. Faun. Vert Belg., 
Ois. ii. p. 500, pi. 270 (1892); Collett, Nyt Mag.f Naturw. xxxv. 
p. 294 (1894). 
Melanitta nigra, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564, n. 395; Brehm, Isis, 1830, 
p. 998, n. 4; id. Vog. Deutschl p. 903 (1831); Eyt. Mon. Anat 
p. 145, pi. 12. f. 1 (oesophagus, proventriculus, stomach, and 
trachea), £ 2 (caeca) (1838); Eyt Syn. Anat p. 102 (1869). 
Platypus niger, Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Vog. p. 820 (1824) ; 
Schilling, J.f.O. 1853; p. 377 ; Bock, J.f. 0.1854, p. 309. 
VOL. XXVII. ^ D 

A1STATIDJE. 

Fuliffula nigra, part., Bp. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N F. 11. p. 390 

( S ; &", 8m.Voi.iii. P. 127 (1831); t^M^x^ 

(Coast of United States) (1834); Degl On^-v-V-^1^)' 
Brandt, Nordl. Ural, etc. ii. p 71 (Kara Sea) (1856); fohleg.Mu, 
P..J?., Anseree, p. 18 (1866); ?*l^J-f'°',lb'*\&$' 
(Finland); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 602, pi. 65 (egg) (1885); 
Brandt. J.f 0. 1880, p. 249 (St. Petersburg). 

Melanitta nigripes, Pr^ , Ja*, 1830, p. 998, n. 1; td. Vog. DeutscM. 

MelS^mlgmvos, Brehm, his, 1830, p. 998, n. 2; id. Vog. 
DeutscM. p. 902 (1831). 
Melanitta gibbera, £r«foH, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 3 ; td. Vog. Deidschl 

Z»cto. JVb^wrf.^. P- 103 (1854); J?r*to, *W - p. 383 (18o5); 

More Ibis, 1865, p. 445 (breeding in Scotland); Godm. Ibis, 1866, 

p. 102 (Azores?); *Droste, J.f. 0.1866, p. 390 (Boriram); Tnstr. 
ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine?); Smith, ibid. p.4?6 (Portugal); 
Godm. Nat.Eist Azores, p. 37 (1870); fGillett, Ibis, lb/ Op. 308 
(Novava Zernlya?); Elw. Sr Buckl ibid. p. 340 (Albania); Sound. 
Ibis, 1871, p. 397 (S. Spain); Heugl ZK», 1872, p. 64 (Nova 
JZemlia and Waigatsch) ; id. J.f.O. 1872, p 123; Sundev. Metji 
nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 149 (1872); Alst. <§• K.-Broion, Ibis,18/3, 
p 71 • Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 205 (1875) ; Seeb. $ FL.-Brown, 
Ibis 1876, p. 447 (Lower Petchora); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 303 
(1876); Dress. B. of Bur. vi. p. 663, pi. 449 (1877); Finsch, Ibis, 
1877 pp 58, 59, 61; Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 160 (Siberia); Fmsch, 
Veri z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 153 (W. Siberia); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 528; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 215 (Italy); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 134 (?); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 229 (Astrakhan); Salv. Cat. 
B. StricH. Coll p. 540 (part.) (1882); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 85 
(Caspian ?); Irby, ibid. p. 189 (Santander) ; B. O. U. List Bnt. 
B. v. 135 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 441 (1883); 
Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 70 (Guadalquivir); ? Tnstr. Faun. $ Flor. 
of Palest, p. 118 (1884) ; B., B., $ B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 88 
(note) (1884) ; Sound. TarreWsEist. Brit. B.iv. p. 472 (1884-85); 
Chapm. Ibis, 1885, p. 173 (Lapland); Salvad. EL Ucc. Ital p. 267 
(1886) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 378 (Portugal); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. 
B. p. Ill (1887); ? Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 215 (Cyprus); Trutr. 
Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); Lydehh. Ibis, 1891, p. 391 (? fossil); 
Bchnw. J. f. O. 1890, pp. 83, 84; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. 
p. 233, n. 3444 (Egypt!) (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol Specim. iii. 
p. 308 (1891); Lilford, Col Fig. Br. B. pt. xii. pi. — (1892): 
Fowler, Zoolog. 1892, p. 151 (nesting in Sussex); Saund. Ibis, 1893, 
p. 256; Pears. # Bidw. Ibis, 1894, p. 233 (N. Norway). 
Oideinia gibbera, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855); id, Naumannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Oidemia nigripes, Brehm, Vogelf p. 383 (1855); id. Nawmannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Oidemia megaurus, Brehnij Vogelf. p. 383 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 298. 
Somateria nigra, Selys-L. Patria Belg. L p. 277 (1873). 
Fuligula (Oedemia) nigra, Bchnw. Orn. CentraM. 1882, p* 17; id. 

Vog. zool Gart. p. 48 (1882). 
Oidema nigra, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. iii. p. 22 
(1888). 

30 . CEDEMIA. 
40» 
Adult female. Entire plumage velvety black, with a dark purple 

gloss on head and neck and a greenish one on the back; underpartK 

rather duller, with a brownish tinge; bill black, except a yellow 

patch on the culmen round the nostrils, the 
base swollen into a 

roundish bulb; iris 
dark brown; legs and feet brownish black, 

darkest on the webs. Total length about 20 inches, wing 9*5, tail 

5'2, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1*5. 

Female. Dark brown, paler below, the feathers with lighter 
edges ; sides of the head and of the upper part of the neck and throat 
dull grey, with a brownish tinge ; bill without the bulb at the base, 
only slightly swollen towards the base of the upper mandible, dull 
black in colour. 

Young. Resembles the female, but it is duller 
and rather more 

uniform in colour, and much more white on the abdomen. 

A young male resembles the female, but has many black feathers. 

Males in moulting-dress are unknown. 

Young in down are unspotted dark brown on the upper parts and 

across the breast; throat white ; belly greyish brown; bill blackish 

plumbeous ; legs olivaceous. 

Hah. Northern parts of the Palsearetic Region, east to the Taimyr 

Peninsula ; winters in the Baltic and on the coasts of Western 

Europe, occasionally straying as far south as 
the Azores and the 

Mediterranean. 

u. 
J ad. sk. Great Britain. Purchased. 
b. g ad.sk. London Market, Feb. 
Seebohm Coll. 
f. 
$ juv. sk. Aberdeenshire (W. C. II. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.J. 
Angus). 
d, e. tf $ ad. sk. Caithness, June. Colonel Irby and Capt. 
Reid [P.], 
/. 
£ ad. sk. Holkham Bay, Norfolk, Capt. Feilden [P.J. 
Feb. 

g. $ ad. sk. Yarmouth, Norfolk, Dec. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.J. 
h. <$ juv. sk. Hickling, Norfolk, March. 
Baron A. von Hugel 
i. 
S ad. sk. Wales. Rev. A. Morgan [P.]. 
h. 
S ad. sk. Somersetshire. Hon. W. C. Fitzmaurice 
[P.]. 
I, m. 
S ad. sk. et Somersetshire. Montagu Coll. 
2 juv. sk. 

n. <$ ad. sk. Kingsbury Reservoir. 
J.E.Harting,Esq.[P.]. 
o, p. S $ ad. sk. Cambridge Market, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 

q. 
tfjuv. sk. Devonshire, Jan. E.Reynolds, Esq. [P.]. 
Br. Giinther rP-J. 
r. 
$ juv. sk. Fowey, Cornwall, Aug. 
B. E. Coles, Esq. [P.l 
s. 
5 juv. sk. Southampton Water, Jan. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. JT 
t 
Juv. sk. Hythe, Nov. 

F. J. Favier, Esq. [P. 
u. $ imm. sk. Tangier. 
Shelley Coll. 

v. 
$ imm. sk. Tangier (Olcessi). 
L.FraserrC.1. 

w. 2 Juv-s-k* Tunis. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
x. <5 juv. sk. Archangel. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

y% <j> ad. sk. Petchora. 

2B2 

404 
AKATIDJB. 

s, a'. (S juv. et Petchora River, Colonel Feilden [PA 
pull. sk. 


b'9 c. g ad. et Schtschutschja, "W. Si-Br. 0. Flnscb. ~C.]. 
pull, sk. beria, July. 

2. (Edemia americana. 
Anas nigra, Wils. {nee Linn.) Amer. Orn. vlii. p. 135, pi. 72 (1S14); 
Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 72, n. 249 (1827); Temm. Man. dJOm. 
2nd ed. iv. p. 543 (part., Japan) (1840). 

Anas (Fuligula) nigra, Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wils. n. 287 (1825). 
Fuligula nigra, part., Bp. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Mist. X. Y. ii. p. 890 
(1826); id. Syn. p. 390 (1828). 

Petite Macreuse, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630; n. 2(5 |1831) (Newfoundland) 
; Pucker. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 055 (=(E. americana) 
; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 420. 

Oidenaia 
americana, Sw. fy Hick. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 450 (1831); 
Bp. Comp. List, p. 58, n. 388 (1838); G. JR. Or. List B. Brit 
Mus. iii. p. 140 (1844); id. Gen. B. ill p. 025. n. 2 (1844); 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 81. f. 140 (1845); Bp. Compt. Ittnd. 
xxxTiii. p. m4r{Not. Coll. Delattre, p. 944) (1*341: id. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 132 (1850); Xeich. P. It IL Hip. YL p. 104 
(1857); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 807 (1858); id. Cat. X. Am. B. 

n. 604 (1859); Murr. JEdinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1859, p. 231 ; Coop. 
& Suchl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 2G3 (1»60); Verr. Pr. £%*. Imt. 
iii. p. 159(1862); Blakist, Ms, 1863, p. 149 (Hud-ouV Iky); 
Zator. Ami. Lye. K Y. Yiii. p. 297 {1806): UegL A- fieri*, Orn. 
Eur. ii. p. 562 (observ.) (1867); Ball 4* Bawi. Tr. Chiv. Ac. 8c. I 
p. 300(1869); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10711(1871); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. Yiii. p. 344 (Kamtschatka) 11883); 
Nehrl J.f 0. 1885, p. 148 (Illinois); Stfjn. Bull U.S. Xut Jtfus. 
no. 29, p. 174 (Commander Isl.) (1885); Turner, Ctmtr. X. H. of 
Alaska, p. 137 (1886); A. O. U. Check-list X. Am. B. p. 12$, 
n. 163 (1886); Bidgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. Ill, n. 163 (1887); 
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 80, pi. T. f. 4 (head) (18s7); 
Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 138 (1887); Mackay, Auk,1891, 
p. 279; Trumbtdl, Auk, 1892, p. 153; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 69 
(1892). 
Fuligula (Oidemia) americana, Nidi. Man. ii. p. 422 (1834). 
Melanitta americana, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 144 (1838); id. Syn. Amt 

p. 101 (1869). 
Fuligula americana, Aud. Orn. Biogr. Y. p. 117, pL 408 (1839); id. 
Syn. p. 290 (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 343, pL 403 (1843): JDtKmj, 

N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 336 (1844); Giraud, B. Lang Isl p. 330 (1844); 
JRchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 80.ff. 2761-62 (lfc50) {ex Audubon); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres. p. 19 (1866); Seek B. Jap. Emp. 
p. 248 (1890). 
(Edemia 
americana, Puchm*. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 835; 
HartL J.f. 0.1855, p. 420; Kirkby, ef. Ibis, 1862, p. 308; SwinL 
Ibis, 1863, p. 435 (Yangtee); id. P. Z. S.18fi3, p. 324; Brown, Ibi$7 
1868, p. 426 (Vancouver I.); Coues, Pr. Ess. Imt. v. p. 201(1868); 
id. Pr. Bost. Soc. N H. xii. p. 125 (1868); Turnb. Birds E. Pa. 

p. 37 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419; Coues, Pr. Ac. PhSad. 
1871, p. 27; Finsch, Ahh. Brem. Ver. iii. p. 08 (1872); Coues, 
Key, p. 293, n. 512 (1872); id. Chech-list, n. 516 (1673); Swinh. 
50 . OEDEMIA. 
405 

Ibis 18/3, p. 367 (Aleutian Isl.); Dull, Avif. Aleut Isl Unat. 
eastw. p. 6 (1873); Cones, B. N.-West, p. 681 (1874); Dress. B. of 
fur. vi p 667 (1877); Blakist $• Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 
{ cPo%;, A?am$, im- p. 432 (Michalaski); JSeeb. Ibis, 1879, 

}?datl}

?i*oiu(' -^^ - # i^y^, 2>. -4s. #oc. Jap. viii. p. 187 

i^!iS?,p^& 1880> P-529; ^"^ #<"»• ^ -^ -»• 

^7 V • i * i} ; °0M^ Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 116, n. 737 (1882); 
-tftoforf. £ Fryer, 7>. .45. Soc. J^. x. p. 100 (1882) (Kurile Isl, 
breeding); Steams, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1883, p. 121 (Labrador); 
JVelsan Ormse < Cumin,1 p. 102 (1883); ^M*sz5. Amend. List B. 
Jap. p. 9 (1884) ; B.} B., $ R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 89 (1884); 
tones, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 713, n. 737 (1884); Saund. 

Brit' B' 474

^ZfJ3-18*' iv- P- (1S84-85); Turner, Auk, 1885, 

p. lob (JSearer Isl, Alaska); Matschie $ Ziemer, J. f. 0.1885, 
p. 192 ; Salvad. $ Gigl Mem. JR. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 131 
( Yamada, Japan) (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 47 (1889). 
OSideima nigra, part., Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (Japan); Sale.

Strus™-ColL P- 540

rrJT*' B' (specim. a, Pennsylvania) (1882). 

[Oidemia] minor, Less, fide G. M. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 89 (in sun. 

O. americanse) (1871). 
Anas wilsoni, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 365 (1872). 
CEdemia nigra, var. americana, Bidgw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 390 
(1874) (Lake Michigan); Bub. Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 500 
(1892). J9 * 
Fuligula (OEdemia) americana, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 17. 
Fuligula nigra americana, Seeb. Mist. Brit. B. iii. p. 602 (1885). 

Similar to (E. nigra, but nail of bill distinctly arched and decidedly 
hooked at the tip. 

Adult male. Similar to the male of (Er nigra, but basal half of 
upper mandible, including whole of knob, " light yellow or canary-
yellow, richly dyed at the sides with scarlet vermilion, deeply at 
and near the nostrils, and lightly towards the base; irides deep 
brown ; feet dark brown, shaded with black, webs black" (Trumbull). 
Total length 17-21*50 inches, wing 8-75-9-50, culmen 
1-65-1-80, tarsus 1-65-2-00. 

Female. Above dusky greyish brown • the feathers of the back 
with paler tips; lower parts paler greyish brown, the lighter tips 
broader but wanting on the posterior portions • lateral and underpays 
of head nearly uniform light greyish brown, in decided 
contrast with dark brown of pileum and nape (Bidgway) : " bill 
black or blackish, irregularly marked with yellow; feet warm olive-
brown, shaded with black on the inner side; webs black" (Trumbull). 


Young in autumn. Resembles the female, but light part of head 
considerably lighter; throat pale buff or dull whitish; lower surface 
of the body very pale, approaching whitish, and faintly spotted 
with the brown or greyish brown of the fore breast and posterior 
region; bill greyish black (Trumbull). 

Young in down. Apparently indistinguishable from the same 
stage of (E. nigra. 
Hab. North America and North-eastern Asia ; in America 
breeding in the north, in winter migrating south to New Jersey, the 

406 
AKATID.2B. 

Great Lakes, and California; in Asia breeding in the 3£uriles, in 
winter south to Japan. 

a-d. <S $ ad. et N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. 
imm. sk. etst. [-?•]• 

e. <S ad. sk. Repulse Bay. 
Dr. J. Rae [P.]. 
f. d ad. sk. Nova Scotia. 
Capt. Blakiston [P.]r 
g. h, e. 6 $ ad. Lyon's Falls, New York, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (A. J. Dayan). 
h, $ juv. sk. Branford, Connecticut, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(A. J. Dayan). 
L Juv. sk. Chicago, Illinois {H. W. Hen- Salvin-Godman Coll, 
m~v. cS $ ad., St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

juv., et pull. sk. Aug., Sept.,Oct.(E. W. Kelson). 
w,z. $ $ ad. sk. Aleutian Is. (Vosnesensky). Seebohm Coll. 
y, z. d ad. sk. Hokodadi, Japan, Feb., March Seebohm Coll. 

{Sanson 8f Blakiston). 
a', b'. $ 2 acL sk. Yokohama, Japan (II Fryer). Seebohm Coll. 

3. (Edemia fusca. 
Velvet Scoter. 
Anas nigra major, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 423 (1760). 
Anas fusca, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 196, n. 6 (1766); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 507, 


n. 6 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 848, n. 44 (1790); Bonn. Em, 
Meth. i. p. 140, pi. 86. f. 1 (tf), pi 31. f. 4 ($ ) (1790); Lath. Tr. 
Linn. Soc. iv. p. 119, t. xv. if. 3-7 (trachea) (1798); Temm. Man. 
dOrn. p. 552 (1815); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 124 (1816) ; Bum. Diet. 
8c. Nat. vi. p. 348 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Om. 2nd ed. ii. p. 854 
(1820); Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 72, n. 228 (1827); Less. Man. d'Om. 
ii. p. 414 (1828); Yarr. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. 2, p. 321, pi. xxi. if. 2, 3 
(trachea) (1830); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630(1831); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. iv. p. 543 (1840); Schley. Bev. Crit. p. cxvii (1844); Naum. 
Yog. Deutschl xii. p. 123, Taf. 313 (1844); Schrader, J. f O. 
1853, pp. 242,318 (Lapland); Brehn, J.f.O. 1854, p.<84 (Egypt) f 
Midler, J. f O. 1856, p. 232 (Provence) ; Holtz, J.f.O. 1868, 
p. 129(Gottland), pp. 146,160, 164 (Gottska-Sando); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. i. p. 352 (part.) (1872). 
Vehet 
Duck, Fenn, Brit. Zool p. 583, n. 272, pi. 96 (1776) ; id, 
Arct. Zool. ii. p. 555, n. 482 (1785): Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 482, 

n. 37 (1785). 
Grande Macreuse, DAubent. Fl. Enl. 956 (<?) (17—?). 
Canard brim, DAubent. Fl. Enl. 1007 (9 ) (17—?); Buff. Hist 
Nat. Ois. ix. p. 252 (1783). 
Double Macreuse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 242 (1783). 
Anas notata, Bodd. Tabl. Fl. Enl. p. 58, n. 1007 (1783). 
Anas fuligmosA, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 962, Taf. xxxvi. f. 1 

(1809;; cf. Naum. V. D. xii.p. 123 (note). 
Anas carbo, part., Fall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 244 (1811). 
Oidemia fusca, Fleon. FM. of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822); Steph. Gen. 

Zool. xii. 2, p. 216 (1824); Flem. Brit. An. p. 119 (1828); Thomas. 
F. Z. 8. 1835, p. 79 (Ireland); Jen. Man. p. 239 (1835); Eyt. Cat. 
Brit. B. p. 58 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 377 (1837); Bp. Comp. 
List, p. 57, n. 420 (1838); K. % B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxvi, 
228 (1840); HartL Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844); G. R. Gr, 

50 . CEDEMIA. 
407 

^st B Brit Mus. iii. p. 141 (part.) (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. 

p. 623, n. 3 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 81. 
ft !«/-139 (1845); *& Av. Syst Nat. p. viii, t. viii. (1852); 
Bolk Jf O. 1855, p. 315 (Spain); Sclat. P. Z. S. I860, p. 442 
(Zool. Gard.); Nordm. J. f O. 1864, p. 378 (Finland and Lapland) 
; Salvad. J. f. 0. 1865, p. 326 (Sardinia); De Fil. Viaggio 
m Pers. p. 342 (1865) (Lake Gotksha); Gould, B. Great Brit, 
v. pi. 29 (1867); Deffl $ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 562 (1867) ; 
tollett, Norg. Fugle, p. 67 (1868) : Muller, J.f.O. 1869, p. 347 
(Jaroe); Broste, Vogelw. Borkum's, p. 309 (1869); Collett, Orn. 
Bemirkn. 1871, p. 217; Mevei, CEfv. K. Vet-Ak. Fork. 1871, 
p- 783 (Archangel); Salvad. Faun, d'ltal., Ucc. p. 269 (1872) ; 
Fritsck, Jf 0. 1872, p. 372 (Bohemia); Fischer, Jf. 0. 1872, 
p. 390 (St. Petersburg); Eeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1347 
(1873); Be Fil Jf 0. 1876, p. 189 (Lake Gotksha); Reinh. Vid. 
Med. Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1879-80, p. 7 (S. Greenland) ; Badde, 
Ornis Caucus, p. 459 (1884); HaHert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 233 
(1891); Collett, Mindre Medd. vedr. Norges Fuglef 1881-92, 
p. 293 (1894). 
Melanitta fusca, Bate, Isis, 1822, p. 564, n. 396,1826, p. 980; Brehm, 
Ism, 1830, p. 998; id. Vog. Beutschl. p. 905 (1831); Byt. Mon. 
Anal. p. 147 (part.), pi. L f. 2 (trachea) (1838); id. Syn. Anat. 

p. 104 (1869); G. It. On. Hand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10714 (1871) ; 
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 154 (trachea), 1878, p. 479. 
Platypus fuscus, Brehm, Zehrb. Naturg. eur. Vog. ii. p. 822 (1824); 
Schilling, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 378; Sclultt, J.f.O. 1861, p. 239. 
Fuligula fubca, part., Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 390 (1826); id. 
Syn. p. 390 (part.) (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 126 (1831); 
Bp. Isis, 1832, p. 1188 (part., Italy); Begl Orn. Bur. ii. p. 472 
(1849); Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 16 (part.) (1866): Severtz. 
Turkest. Jemtn. p. 70 (1870); Palmen, J. f. O. 1876, p. 58 (Finland) 
; Brandt, J. f O. 1880, p. 249 (St. Petersburg); Seeb. 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 605 (part.), pi. 65 (egg) (1885); id. B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 250 (part.), %. p. 251 (head) (1890). 

Melanitta 
hornschuehii, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 1; id. Vog. 
BeutsM. p. 904 (1831). 
Melanitta megapus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 3; id. Vog. BeutschL 

p. 906 (1831). 
Melanitta platyrhynchos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 4; id. Vog, 
Beutschl p. 907 (1831). 
Melanetta fusca, Bp. Icon. Avif Ital, TJcc. Introd. p. 17 (1841) ; id~ 
Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 129 (1856); Loche, Cat. M. et 0. 
Alger, p. 143 (1858) ; B., B.} $ B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. pp. 93, 
97 (part.) (1884). 

(Edemia fusca, Bp. Cat Met Ucc. Fur. p. 73, n. 447 (1842); Bilpp. 
Syst Uebers. p. 138, n. 500 (1845) (Egypt); R>p. Counc. Z. S. 
1853, p. 16 (Zool. Gard.); Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854); 
Bolle, J. f O. 1855, p. 315 (Spain); Eeugl. Syst Ueb. p. 67 
(1856); Broste, J.f 0. 1866, p. 391 (Borkum); ? Tacz. J. f. O. 
1870, p. 312 (Dauria); Goebel, J. f. O. 1871, p. 25 (N. Russia); 
Semi Brn, 1872, p. 64; id. J.f.O. 1872, p. 123 (Novaja Semlja 
TL Wigatsch); Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 292 (1872): Alst $ H.-Brown, 
Ms, 1873, p. 71; Brooke, ibid. p. 345 (Sardinia); Banf. fy 
K.-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 428 (Transylvania); Dress. Ibis, 1876, 
p 420; Seeb. fy JB.-Brmm, Ibis, 1876, p. 448 (Lower Petchora); 
Blanf East Pen. ii. p. 302 (1876); Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 667, 

408 AMATIDJB. 

pi. 448 (1877); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, pp. 58, 59, 61; id. Verh. zA. 
Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 153 (W. Siberia); Seel. Ibis, 1880, p. 194 
(Yen-e-sai); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 529; Gigl. Ibisf 1881, p. 215 
(Italy); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl Coll p. 540 (1882); Seeb. Ibis, 
1882, p. 229 (Astrakan), 1883, p. 189 (Caspian ?); Irbg, ibid 

p. 189 (Santander) ; B. 0. IT. List Brit. B. p. 135 (1883); Sound. 
in Yarrelts Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 476 (1884-85): Solved. Bl. Uce. 
ItaL p. 267 (1886); Trisir. Cat Coll. B. p. 47 (1889) ; BcTmw. 
J.f. 0.1890, pp. 83, 84; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol Specim. R. C S. 
iii. p. 308 (1891); Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxii. pL — 
(1892). 
CEdemia hornschuchii, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855); id. Xaumanma, 
1855, p. 299. 
CEdemia megapus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855); id. Xaumannia, 
1855, p. 299. 
CEdemia platyrhynchos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 384 (1855); id. Nowmannia, 
1855, p, 299. 
Fuligula (CEdemia) fusca, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 17; id. 
Vog. zool. Giirt. p. 48 (1882). 
Melanonetta fusca, Heine % Behnw. Nomencl. Mm. Hem. Orn. p. 349 
(1890). 

Hybrid* 

(Edemia fuscaxClangula glaucion, Leverk. J. f 0. 1803, pp. 222, 

223. 
Adult male. General plumage uniform velvet-black; eyelids 

and a small patch under each eye white; secondaries and tips 

of the greater wing-coverts white, forming a conspicuous band 

across the wing: beak pale orange, based and edged with Hack, a 

diagonal line of the same black colour running from each nostril to 

the nail of the beak; irides chalk-white; legs and toes dull crimson-

red, membranes nearly black. Total length 22 inches, wing 11-20, 

tail 4*25, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1*15. 

Female. General colour of the plumage brown-grey? the breast 

and abdomen lighter, the edges of the feathers being whitish; 

feathers of the back and scapulars have pale edges; two whitish 

spots on each side of the head, one near the base of the upper man


dible, the other on the auricular region; secondary quills white, as 

in the male : bill brown ; irides brown ; legs and feet paler than in 

the male. 

Young in first plumage resemble adult females. 

Males in first nuptial dress have the black of the plumage lew 

glossy. 

Males in moulting dress resemble the females, but are somewhat 

darker and show some black feathers. 

Young in down differ from those of the Common Scoter in 
having a white spot on the wings, and in being whiter on the 
belly. 

Bab. Northern Palaearctic Region, as far east as Western Siberia, 
south in winter to the coasts of northern and temperate Europe, to 
the Black Sea and the Caspian; occasional in Greenland. 

50 . CEDEMIA. 
409 
a. tf ad. sk. 
Orkneys. H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 

b. <$ juv. st. Great Britain. Purchased. 
c.d,e. 
<$ ad. etjuv. St. Andrews, Fife&hire, Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. Jan. (JR. G. W. 22.). 

f,g. <$ ad. sk. 

Purchased. 

h. 
Juv. st. Abbeville, France. M. Baillon [CI. 
I 
Pull. sk. 

Volga. 
Gould Coll. 

l\ $ ad. sk. 

Schtschutschj a,W.Siberia, Dr. 0. Finsek [C.]. 
e July. 

/. J ad. sk. 

? N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. 

m. Skeleton. 
Zool. Soc. 

n, o, p. Sterna with 

M. Lefebvre's CoU. 
shoulder-girdles. 

q. 
Trachea with 
larynx. 
4. (Edemia deglandi. 
Anas fusca, Wils. (nee Linn.) Am. Orn. viii. p. 137, pi. 72 (1814); 
Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 72, n. 248 (1827); Less. Tr. dOrn. p. 630 
(part.) (1831); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 352 (part.) (1872). 

Anas (Fuligula) fusca, Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wilson, n. 266 (1825). 

Fuligula 
fusca, part., Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.ii. p. 390 (1826); id. 
Syn. p. 390 (1828); id. Isis, 1832, p. 1188 (part.); Aud. Orn. 
Biogr. iii. p. 454, pi. 247 (1835); id. Syn. p. 289 (1839); id. B. 
Am. vi. p. 332, pi. 401 (1843); BeKay, N. Y. Zool ii. p. 337 
(1844); Gir. B. Long Isl. p. 328 (1844); Wied, J. f. O. 1859, 

p. 178; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 17 (part.) (1866). 
Oidemia fusca, Sw. fy Rich, (nee Linn.) Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 449 
(1831) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 57, n. 385 (1838); G. R. Gr. List B. 
Brit, Mus. p. 141 (part.) (1844); Tumi. Birds E. Fa. p. 37 (1869); 
Corns, Keg N. Am. B. p.' 294, n. 517 (1872). 

Fuligula (Oidemia) fusca, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 419 (1834). 
Melanitta fusca, part., Fyt. Mon. Anat. p. 147 (1838). 
Fuligula bimaculata, Herbert, Field Sports, 2nd ed. ii. p. 366, with 


fig. (immature) (1848). 
Double Macreuse dAinSrique, Degl. Orn. Fur. ii. p. 474 (1849). 
Oidemia deglandi, Bp. Rev. Crit. p. 108 (1850); id. Compt. Rend, 

xxxviii. p. 664 (Not. CoU. Belattre, p. 94) (part.) (1854); Degl 
$ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 863 (1867); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am, 
B. p. 124, n. 165 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 112 (1887): 
Mackay, Auk, 1891, p. 279 ; Trumbull, Auk, 1892, ip^. 157-160; 
Mackag, ibid. p. 305; Match, B. of Minnes. p. 70 (1892). 
Oidemia velvetina, Cass. Fr. Acad. Philad. v. p. 126 (Dec. 1850) 

(Atl. coast of N.Am.). 
Melanetta deglandi, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 130 (1856). 
Melanetta velvetina, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 805 (1858); id. Cat. N. 

Am. B. n 601 (1859) ; Coop. % Suckl N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 262 
(1860); Wheat Ohio Agric. Rep. no. 258 (1860) (Lake Erie) ; 
Coues, Fr. Acad. Fhilad. 1861, p. 239: Ross, Canad. Natur. vii. 

p. 153 (McKenzie) (1862); id. Nat. Hist. Rev. (2) vii. p. 288 
(1862): Verr. Fr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862) ; Boardm. Fr. Bost. 
Soc. ix. p. 130 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 149 (part., Brit. N. 
America); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1866); Brown, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver Isl.); Coues, Fr. Fss. Inst. v. p. 200 
(1868); id. Fr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 125 (1868); Ridgw. Ann. 
410 
ANATID^E. 

Bye. N. Y. x. p. 300 (1874) (Lake Michigan) ; JRidgw. Norn. N. Am. 

B. n. 632 (1881); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1883, p. 121 
(Labrador); B., B., § JR. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 93 (1884) • 
Nehrl. J.f. 0.1885, p. 148 (Illinois). 
Oidemia (Pelionetta) birnaculata, Bawd, B. K Am. p. 808 (1858). 

Melanitta deglandii, part., G. JR. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10715 

(1871). 

GEdeniia fusca, var. (?), Coues, Key, p. 294 (1872); td. Cheek-list, 

no. 517 (1873) ; id. JB. N.-West, p. 581 (1874). 

GEdernia fusca, b. velvetina, Coues, JB. 2s.-West, p. o82 (1874). 

GEdemia velvetina, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 529. 

OEdemia fusca, Coues (nee JLAnnJ), Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 116, n. 73& 

(1882); id. Key N. Am. JB. p. 714, n. 738 (1884). 
Fuligula (OEdemia) velvetina, Mclimc. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 17. 
Fuligula fusca velvetina, S*>eb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 605 (1885); id. 

B. Jap. Bmp. p. 251 (tig. of the head) (1890). 
Adult male. Similar to (E. fusca, but the white mark under the 
eyes more extended and the flanks olive-brown: the base of the 
cnlmen much higher, and the feathering at the base of the bill much 
more extended, the loral feathering being separated from nostrils 
by a space much narrower than length of nostril; male with 
swollen lateral base of upper mandible entirely feathered, so that 
the feathers come down nearly to the edge of upper mandible; 
width of bill at widest part equal to or greater than distance from 
nostril to tip, the lateral outlines strongly convex; knob with 
anterior outline sloping backward• distance from frontal feathering 
to where outline of knob begins to incline downward not more than 
0*45 ; colour of bill, in life, orange-red. Length 19*75-23*00 inches, 
wing 10*65-11*40, culmen 1*40-1*70, tarsus 1*80-2*10. 

Female. Similar to that of CE. fusca, but easily to be recognized 
by the space separating the loral feathers being narrower than the 
nostrils. 

Hah. North-eastern North America; south in winter to Chesapeake 
Bay and the Great Lakes. 

a, b. $ imm. sk. 
N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. [P.], 
Massachusetts (H. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. $ juv. sk. 
Henshaio). 

d. $ 
ad. sk. JBranford, Connecticut, SaMn-Godman Coll. 
Aug. (A. J. Bay an). 
e-h. $ ad. et <$ New Haven, ConnectiSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. cut. Oct., Nov. (C. H. 
Merriam fy A. J. D.). 


i. Imm. sk. 
Chicago, Illinois, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{E. W.Nelson). 
k. $ imm. sk. 
Big Island, Gt. Slave B. R. Eoss, Esq. [P.], 
Lake. 

I. c? ad. sk. 
Fort Simpson. B. E. Eoss, Esq. [P.], 
m. $ ad. sk. 
Salt Spring Island. Dr.LyalirP.l 
n. S ad. sk. 
Vancouver Island. Old Coll. 
50. (EDEMIA. 
411 
5. (Edemia carbo. 
Anas 
carbo, part., Fall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 244 (1811) (Kamtsehatka) 
; ? Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 664 (Not. Coll. JDelattre, 

p. 94) (1854). 
Anas fusca, 
part., Temm. Man. oV Orn. 2nd ed. iv. p. 543 (1840) 
(Japan); Midd. Sibir. Bets, ii. p. 236 (1853) (South coast of 
Ochotsk sea); Kittl. Denkw. i. p. 260 (1858; (Sitka); Homey. 

J.f 0. 1870, p. 432 (E. Siberia). 
Oideniia deglandi, part., Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 664 (Not. Coll. 
Delatfre, p. 94) (1854) (specirn. from California ?) ; Stejn. (nee 
Bp.) Orn. Expl. in the Comm. Isl. and Kamtschatka, p. 174 (1885) 
(Kamtschatka, Bering I.) ; A. 0. XI. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 124 
(1886) (partim ? specim. from California Y); P Turner', Contr. N. 

H. of Alaska, p. 137 (1886) (Aleutian Islands, St. Michael's, 
Unalaska); r* Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 81 (1887) 
(Alaska, Lower Yukon, Sitka); Gigl. $ Salvad. B. Z. 8. 1887, 
p. 590 (Possiette Bay and Japan); Schal. J.f.O. 1891, p. 268 
(Sitka). 
? Oideniia carbo, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped., Mamm. § Orn. p. 344 (1858) 
(Oregon, California). 
Anas (Oidemia) fusca, Maddef Beis. 8. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 373 (1863) 
(Mongolia, E. Mandshuria, Poit May). 
Melanetta yehetina, Blakist. Ibis, lfe63, p. 149 (Yangtsze); Ball <§• 
Bonn, (nee Cass.) Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 300 (1869) ("Jukon, Sitka); 
Ball, Avif Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastiu. p. 6 (1873); liidgw. Br, U.S. 
Nat. Mus. vii. p. 68 (1884) (Alaska). 

QEdemia americana, Swinh. (nee Sw.) Ibis, 1863, p. 435 (Yang-tsze); 
id. B. Z. S. 1863, p. 324, 1871, p. 419. 

Fuligula fusca, part., Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 16 (1866) 
(specimens 14, 15 from Japan); Seeb. B. Jap. Emp. p. 250 (part.) 
(1890) ; Brandt, J.f O. 1891, p. 268 (Sitka). 

(Edemia 
fusca, Stvinh. (nee Linn.) B. Z. 8. 1863, p. 324 (Amoorland); 
Whitely (nee Linn.), Ibis, 1867, p. 208 (Hakodadi); Sivinh. 

B. Z. S. 1871, p. 419; Finsch, Abh. Ver. Brent, iii. p. 69 (1872) ; 
Simnh. Ibis, 1873, p. 367 (China); ? Dyb. J.f.O. 1873, p. 110 (E. 
Siberia); ? Heugl J.f.O. 1874, p. 402 (Shanghai); Swinh. Ibis, 
1874, p. 424 (Chefoo), 1875, p. 457 (Hakodadi); Tacz. Bull. Soc. 
Zool Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877) (E. Siberia); id. Orn. Faun. Vast. Sibir. 
p. 71 (1877) ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 504 (1877); Blakist. § 
Bryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 25 (Yezo, Sendai); rid. Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 
x. p. 100 (1882) (Japan, Kuriles); Blakist Chrysanth. 1883, p. 27; 
Blakist. Ame7id. List B. Jap. p. 9, n. 52 (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 176 (1885); Nelson, N. H. Coll. in Alaska, 
p. 23 (1887) (cf. Ibis, 1889, p. 249); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 
497 (Nankin). 
(Edemia yelvetina, part., Finsch, Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 68 (1872) 
(Alexandravsk); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 457 (Yang-tsze); Blakist. 
£ Bryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 101 (1882) (Yang-tsze); Styan, 
Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 498. 

Melanetta 
fusca, Nelson (nee Linn.), Cruise i Corlain,1 p. 102 (1883) 
(Bering Str., Kotzebue Sound); liidgw. Br, US. Nat. Mus. vii. 

p. 68 (1884) (Alaska); B., B., 8f B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. pp. 93, 
97 (part.) (1884); Matschie u. Ziemer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 192 (Unalaska, 
Norton Sound). 
Oidemia stejnegeri, Bidgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 112 (1887) (Kamt


412 AKITIDiE. 

schatka, Japan); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 138 (1887) 
(Commander Islands); Gigl § Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 592 (note); 
Salvad. $ Gigl. Mem. R. Ac. 8c. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 119 (Possiette 
Bay), p. lS^Japjm) (1888). 
Fulignla fusca stejnegeri, Seeb.'B. Jap. Emp. pp. 250 (figure of the 

head); 252 (1890). " 

Adult male. Similar to the male of (E. deglandi, but black of the 
plumage usually much more intense, and white mark under the eye 
more extended backwards on the temporal region ; knob on the 
culmen much more elevated, and with anterior outline decidedly 
concave, the top forming a more or less conspicuous projection; 
distance from frontal feathers along top of knob to anterior extremity 
not less than 0*55; sides of bill bright red in life. 

Female. Similar to the female of (E. deglancli, but the line of the 
frontal feathering almost transverse, not forming an angle protruding 
anteriorly ; in that respect resembles the female of CE. fusca, from 
which it differs in the feathering of the loral region descending 
lower than the nostril. 

Eab. North-eastern Asia, south in winter to Japan and China; 
? North-western America, south in winter to California. 

(There are no adult specimens from Alaska in the British 
Museum, so that I am unable to decide whether Alaskan birds 
really belong to CE. carlo.) 

a,b. $ 2 ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
Amoor-land (R. Maaek). 
China. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 
d. <j ad. st.
e-h. <$ $ &d. et^ juv. sk.
i Juv. sk. 
Shanghai, China. 
Shanghai, China, 
(R. 8ioinhoe). 
Foochow, Jan. 
March 
F. Webb, Esq. [P.], 
Seebohm Coll. 
h. 1mm. sk.
l,m. <$ J ad. sk.
nj °> 6 2 imm.
sk. 
Kurile Island (O. Snow). 
Hakodadi, Japan, Feb.
(Blakiston). 
Hakodadi, Japan, Dec, 
Jan. {H. Whitehj). 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
p. $ ad. sk.
q. (?) Juv. sk. 
Nagasaki, Japan. 
St. Michaels, Alaska, Oct.
*(M W. Nelson). 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

6. CEdemia perspicillata. 
The Great Black Duck from Hudson's Bay, JBdw. Birds, iii. p. & 

pi. 155 (1749). 
Anas nigra major Freti Hudsonis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 425 (1760). 
Anas perspicillata, Linn. 8. N i. p. 201, n. 25 (1766); Forst. Phil 

Trans, lxii. p. 417 (1772); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 524, n. 25 (1788); 
Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 847, n. 42 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. L p. 138, 
pi. 37. f. 1 (1790); Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 49, pi. 67 (1814); 

Vieill. N L. v. p. 124 (1816); Bum. Diet 8c. Nat vi. p. 349 
(1817); Temm. Man. dOrn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 853 (1890); Bp. Speech. 
Comp. p. 72, n. 250 (1827) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. £30 (1831) ; Temm. 
op. cit. iv. p. 542 (1840); Namn. Tog. Deutschl xii. p. 140, Taf. 
314 (1844); Schley. Rev. Crit. p. cxvii (1844); Blas.Naumannia^ 
1858, p. 316 (Heligoland) (1859); id. in Nawn. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. 

50. (EDEMIA. 
413 
p. 312 (egg) (1860); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 72 (Heligoland); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 359 (1872). 
Canard du Nord, apelle le Marckand, D'Aubent Pl. Bnl. 995 (17— ?). 
JVlacreuse a, large bee, Buff, Hist Nat. Ois. ix. p. 244 (1783). 
Anas latirosstris, Bodd. Tabl. PL Bnl. p. 58, n. 995 (1783). 
Black Duck, Penn. Arct Zool. ii. p. 556, n. 483 (1785) ; Lath. Syn. 

iii. 2, p. 479, n. 35 (1785). 
Melanitta perspicillata, Boie, Ms, 1822, p. 564; Byt. Mon. Anat. 
p. 146 (1838); Byt Sijn. Anat p. 103 (1869). 
Platypus penicillatus, Brehm, Lehrb. IS at eur. Vog. ii.p. 823 (1824). 
Oidemia perspicillata, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 219 (1824); Flem. 
Br. An. p. 119 (1828); Sw. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 449 
(1831) ; Jard. fy Selb. III. Orn. iii. pi. exxxv. (1835) ; Jen. Man. 

p. 240 (1835) ; Byt. Cat. Brit. B. p. 59 (1836); id. Hist of Bar. 
Brit B. p. 81 (1836); Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1837); Gould, B. 
Bur. v. pi. 376 (1837); Bp. Compt. List, p. 57 (1838); K. # 
B. Wirbelth. Bur. pp. Ixxxvi, 228 (1840) ; Macgill. Man. ii. 
p. 181 (1842); Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844); G. B. Gr. 
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 141 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 625, n. 4 
(1844); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847); Hartl. Arch./. Naturg. 
1852, i. p. 122 (1852); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 664 (1853) 
(California) ; Neivb. Pr. B. B. Bep. vi. p. 104 (1857); Niks. Shandin, 
Faun. (ed. 1858) p. 465 ; Cass. U.S. Bxplor. Bxped., Mamm. fy Orn. 
p. 344 (1858) ; Heerm. Pr. B. B. Bep. x. pt. iv. p. 70 (1859); Murr. 
Bdinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1859, p. 230; Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 
(Greenland); Nordm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 378; JDegl. § Gerbe, Orn. 
Bur. ii. p. 563 (1867); Gould, B. of Great Brit. v. pl. 30 (1867); 
Turnb. Birds B. Pa. p. 37 (1869); Mull. J. f. O. 1869, p. 347 
(Faroe ?); Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1871, p. 27 ; id. Key N. Am. 
B. p. 294, n. 518 (1872); Harting, Br. B. p. 162 (1872) (Great 
Britain) ; Feild. Zoolog. 1872, p. 3255 (Faeroe, accidental) ; 
Beinh. Vidensk. Medd. Kjobenh. 1881, p. 183 (Greenland); 
Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist of Alaska, p. 137 (1886) (Yukon and Aleutian 
Isl.); A. O. U. Checklist N. Am. B. p. 124, n. 166 (1886); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 113 (1887); Nelson, Nat. Hist Coll. 
in Alaska, p. 81, pl. v. f. 5 (head) (1887) (both shores of Bering 
Straits, Norton Sound, and Kotzebue Sound); Mackay, Auk, 1891, 
p. 279 (New England) ; Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml. p. 293 (1891) ; 
Trumb. Auk, 1892, pp. 157-160; Dubois, Faun. Vert Belq., Ois. 
ii. p. 506 (1893); Collett, Christ. Vid.-Selsk. Forh. 1895 {Bxtr. p. 9) 
(Norway). 

Anas (Fuligula) perspicillata, Bp. Obs. Wils. n. 265 (1828). 

Fuligula (Oidemia) perspicillata, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 389 

(1826) ; id. Syn. p. 389 (1828); Nutt Man. ii. p. 416 (1834). 

\nas (Macrorhainphus) perspicillata, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 414 

(1828). 

Pelionetta 
perspicillata, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 107 (1829); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 82. ff. 905-907 (1845); id. Av. Syst Nat. 
p yiii (1852); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 128 (1856): 
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 806 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 602 
(1859); Coop. Sr Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 262 (1860); Coues, 
Pr. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 239; Kirkbij, cf. Ibis, 1862, p. 308; 
Boss, Canad. Natur. vii. p. 153 (Mackenzie) (1862); id. Nat. Hist. 
Bev. (2) i. p. 288 (1862); Verr. Pr. Bss. List iii. p. 153 (1862) : 
Boardm. Pr. Bost Soc. N. H. ix. p. 130 (1862); Blakist. Ibis. 
1863, p. 149 (Brit. N. Am.); Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 270; Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N Y. viii. p. 297 (1866); Baird, Ibis, 1867, pp. 271,283,284, 

414 
ASAUXDM. 

285; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver); Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. 

v. p. 200 (1868); id. Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 125 (1868); Ball 
ty Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 300 (1869); Sundev. Meth. not. Av. 
disp. Tent. p. 149 (1872); Bidgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 633 (1881); 
Stearns, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 121; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. v. p. 167 (1883) (Alaska); B., B., fy B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. 
p. 98 (1884); Nehrl. J.f.O. 1885, p. 148 (Illinois); MatscMe u. 
Ziemer, ibid, p. 192; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 308 
(1891). 
Fuliffula 
perspicillata, Bp. Isis, 1832, p. 1188, n. 333; Ami. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 161, pi. 317 (1838); id. Syn. p. 289 (1839); Selys-

L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 143 (1842); And. B. Am. vi. p. 337, pi. 402 
(1843); Be Kay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 335 (1844) ; Giraud, B. Long 
Isl. p. 329 (1844); Begl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 474 (1840); Schley, 
Mus.B-B., Anseres, p. 16 (1866); PalmSn, J.f 0. 1876, p. 58 
(Finland); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 607, pL 65 (e?sr) (1885): 
Brandt, J. f O. 1891, p. 268 (Sitka); Swmh. Mis, 1892, p. 27 
(Heligoland). 
(Edemia perspicillata, Bp. Cat. Met. TJcc. Eur. p. 72, n. 446 (1842); 
LicU. Nomencl Av. p. 103 (1854) (Mexico); Beinh. J.f O. 1854, 

p. 142 (Greenland); id. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland): Albrechi, 
J.f. 0. 1862, p. 207 ; March, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 72; A. 
Newt. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 167 {eg%); Coues, Key, p. 294 (1872); id. 
Chech-list, n. 518 (1873); Selat. $* Salu. Nomencl. Ai\ Neotrop. 
p. 130 (1873); Coues, B. N~West,y. 582 (1874); Selat $ Solo. 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 402 (Jamaica); Bress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 6139, 
pi. 450 (1877); Selat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 529*; Lam/ton, Zoaloy. 
1881, p. 59 (Orkney, trachea); A. 8> E. Newt Handb. Jam. p. 113 
(1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 116, n. 739 (1882); Sato. Cat. 
B. Strickl. Coll p. 540 (1882); B. O. TJ. List Brit B. p. 136 
(1883); Hartl. J. f. O. 1883, p. 283 (Alaska); Coues, Key N. 
Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 714, n. 739 (1884) ; Thompson, Zoolog. 1884, 
p. 29 (Lancashire); Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Brit B. iv. p. 481 
(1884-85); Cory, 1MB. W. Ind.y.^I (1885); Cory, Auk, 1888, 
p. 67 (Jamaica?). 
Pelionetta trowhriddi, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 806 (1858) (San Diego, 
California); id. Cat N. Am. B. n. 603 (1859); id. Ibis, 1867, 

p. 271; Elliot, III. B. N. Am., Introd. p. [xi] (with tig. of the 
head) (1869); Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 300 (1869): 
G. B. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10718 (1871). 
(Edemia perspicillata, var. trowbridgei, Coues, Key, p. 295 (1872); 
id. Chech-list, n. 518 a (1873). 
(Edemia perspicillata, b. trowhridgei, Coues, B. N.~ West p. 582 
(1874). 
(Edemia perspicillata trowbridgii, Cones, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 117. 

n. 740 (1882); id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 715, n. 740 (?) 
(1884); Sound. YarrelVs Hist Brit B. iv. p. 487 (1884-85). 
Fuligula ((Edemia) perspicillata, Bchnw. Orn. CentraBL 1882, 

p. 17; id. Vbg. zool. Gdrt p. 48 (1882). 
Hybrid. 

(Edemia sp., Finsch, Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 69, n. 82 (1872) 
(Alexandrovsk); cf. B., B., ty B. Water-B. N, Am. ii. p. 100 
(1884) (?=P. perspicillata xMelanetta fiisca or velvetlna, poUut 

(E. carbo). 
Adult male. General colour of the plumage velvety Mack, a large 
white patch, almost quadrangular, on the crown, and a still larger 

50 . (EDEMIA. 
one of a triangular shape on the nape : " upper mandible above at 
base, including nostrils, dull crimson, this changed to flame-scarlet 
over the front of the mandible, nail cadmium-yellow, narrowly 
edged anteriorly with lighter yellow, and sometimes posteriorly with 
light lavender, sides with large squarish patch of black at base, this 
separated from the black feathering above it by orange and from the 
feathering behind by a narrower edging of crimson; beneath this 
black patch and in front of it as far as anterior edge of nostril, or 
thereabouts, continuously white, the remainder of the side (anteriorly 
to the white portion) pure orange; lower mandible-nail like its 
fellow above ; back of this for a short distance reddish flesh-colour, 
terminating irregularly in white, the white continued to the base, 
with more or less black on the naked skin between the rami; feet: 
outer sides of tarsus and toes, excepting inner toe, crimson; the 
inner side, with both sides of inner toe, orange-chrome, deepening 
in part to orange-vermilion; joints and other portions blotchily 
marked with black; webs solidly black5' (Trumbull). Total length 
about 21 inches, wing 9*5, tail 3*5, culmen 1*55, tarsus 1-5. 

Occasionally in some specimens, apparently fully adult, the white 
patch on th e crown is entirely absent. 


Female. Plumage dull brown, lightest about the cheeks; the 
feathers of the back sometimes show paler tips ; lower parts greyish 
brown, becoming nearly white on the abdomen, the feathers of the 
breast and sides tipped with the same ; vent and under tail-coverts 
uniform dusky: bill greenish black ; iris yellowish white; " feet 
yellowish orange, webs greyish dusky " (Audubon). 

Young. Similar to the adult female, but head with two quite 
distinct whitish patches, one against the lateral base of the bill, the 
other over the auriculars, behind and below the eye; plumage 
above more uniform than in the adult female. 

Young in first plumage closely resemble adult female, but have 

traces of the white on the nape. 
Young in doivn appears to be undescribed. 
Hob. -Northern North America, in winter south to Jamaica, the 

Carolinas, Ohio River, and Lower California; the Asiatic coast of 
Bering Straits; accidental in Northern Europe, east as far as 
Swedish Lapland. 

a <5 ad st. N. America. Old Coll. 
h c, d. S' ad. sk. N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. [P.]. 
st sk 
e Quiv sk. Kotzebue Sound. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
* * Wood [P.]. 

•F-l AQ ad. et St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J 
iu£sk. Auh8ep.(KW.Nelson). 
I Q juv. sk. Pt. Constantme, Alaska, Salvm-Godman Coll. 


™ ^ads k Bear^Lake. B. E. Boss, Esq. [P/]. 
T la d sk Fort Simpson. B. B. Boss, Esq. fr.! 

* i £ til Big Islanl B. B Boss, Esq. |?.]. 
» 5 ad sk. Bepulse Bay. Br. Bae. 
£$adJsk . Godbout, Canada (N. A. Salvm-Godman Coll. 
416 
ANATID.S5. 

r, a. <J $ ad. sk. Bay of Fundy (JSl J31 H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.]. 
2>mser). 
f, w. tf 2 ad. sk. Bay of Fundy, April {H. i?. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

t>. c? juv. sk. Massachusetts, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
to. Jad.sk. Boston, Massaehusetts,Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(H. W. Henshaw). 
cv. ^ juv. sk. Ipswich Bay,Massachusetts Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. J. Maynard). 
y. $ ad. sk. Branford, Connecticut, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. J. Bayan). 
$ juv. sk. Bermudas, Nov. S. G. Heid, E&q. T).~. 

a1 
. S ad. sk. Vancouver Island. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
. $ imm. sk. Vancouver Island. Old Coll. 
, (S juv. sk. Vancouver Island. J. E. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 

d . <3 ad. sk. St. Juan Island. Dr. Lyall [P.". 
, $ ad. sk. 
Nanaimo, May. Dr. Lvall [P-l(
S ad. sk. California. H. J. Elwe^ Esq. [F.\

f. 
, ti. $ ad. et $ San Diego, California, Bee. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

9\ 

juv. sk. (H. W. Henshaw). 

51. CAMPTOIi^MUS. rp 
Kamptorhynchus, Byt Mon. Anat. p. 57 (1838) (nee 

Cuv.) C. labradorius. 
Camptorhynchus, Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 (1838). 
Camptolaimus, G. It. Gr. List Gen. B. ed. 2, p. 95 

(1841) 
C. labradorius. 

Mange. Confined to North-eastern America. 

1. Cainptolaemns labradoring. 
Pied Duck, Lawson, Hist. Carolina, p. 148 ?; Fern. Aret. Zool. ii. 

p. 559, n. 488, t in title (1785); Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 497, n. 40 
(1785); id. Gen. Hist x. p. 818 (1824); Downs, Pr. # Tr. Worn 
Scot. Inst vi. pt. 4, p. 326 (1886). 
Anas labradoria, Gm. & N. i. 2, p. 537, n. 110 (1788); Bonn. Bnc' 
Meth. i. p. 132 (1790); Weill. A". D. v. p. 132 (1810); Gieb. Tkes. 
Orn. I p. 355 (1872;. 

Anas lahradora, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 859, n. 67 (1790); WU*. Am. 
Orn. viii. p. 91, pi. 69 (1814); Bum. Diet So. Nat. vi. p. 384 
(1817); Drop. Diet Class. Se. Nat iii. p. 136 (1823); WUs. Am. 
Orn. (2nd ed.) viii. p. 96 (1824); Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 73, n. 258 
(1827); Less. Tr. tfOrn. p. 632 (1831); Sw. <$• IKekards. Faun. 
Bor.-Am. p. xxxvii (1831); A. B. Y. American Natural ii. 

p. 325 (Long Island) (1868); Boardm. ibid. iii. p. 383 (1869). 
Ehynchaspis labradora, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. % p. 121 (1824). 
Anas (Fuligula) labradora, Bp. Obs. Nomencl Wiis. n. 276 (1826): 
Nutt Man. ii. p. 428 (1834). 
Fuligula labradora, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 391, n. 337 (1828) ; 
id. Syn. p. 391 (1828),- id. Isis, 1832, p. 1180; And. Orn. Biogr.

iv. p. 271, pi. 332 (1838); id. Syn. p, m (1839); id. B. Am. vi. 
p. 329, pi. 400 (1843); BeKay, N. Y. Zool ii. p. 326 (1844); 
51 . CAMPTOLiEMtTS. 
Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 327 (1844); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Ansorcs, 

p. 19 (1866). 
Somateria labradora, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 329; A. Newt Em. Brit. 
^ ed. 9, xviii. p. 735, f. 48 (1875). 
Kamptorlrynchus labradorus, Eijt. Mon. Anat. p. 151 (1838); G. It 
Gr, Zdst Gen. B. p. 75 (1840); Eijt. 8yn. Anat p. 108 (1869). 
Camptorkynchus labradorus, Bp. Comp. List, p. 58, n. 39] (1838). 
Fuligula grisea, Leib, Journ. Ac. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 170 (1840) 
(youn g) ( = labradora yo ung). 
Camptolairuus labradorus, G. B. Gr. List Gen. B. ed.2, p. 95 (1841); 
id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 141 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 623 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 77. If. 895-96 (MILS. 
Dresd.) (1845); id. A v. Syst Nat. p. viii (1852); G. 11 Gr. List 
Gen. $ Subgen. B. p. 124, gen. 2065 (1855); id. Hand-list, 

iii. p . 88, n. 10703 (1871) ; — ? Forest and Stream, May 4th, 1870 
(Delhi Mill, Michigan, 1872); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 121, 
n. 156 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 107 (1887); Butcher, 
Auk, 1891, pp. 201-216, pi. ii.; — ? Shooting and Fishing, 1891, 
no. 22, p. 425 {cf. Auk, 1893, p. 294) ; B. G. [A. C. Goidd], Shooting 
and Wishing, 1892, no. 18, p. 345 ; Meyer, Auk, 1892, p. 389 (Mus. 
Dresd., one female) ; Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 125; Butcher, Auk, 
1893, p. 270; Stone, Auk, 1893, p. 363; Butcher, Auk, 1894, 
pp. 4-12 ; Hartl. Abh. naturw. Ver. Brem. xiv. 1, p. 23 (1895). 
Camptolsemus labradorus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (one, Mus. 
Berlin) (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 651, n. 152 (1856); 
Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872); Salv. Cat. B. 
Strickl. Coll p. 539 (1882) (one specimen). 

Oamptolsemus labradorius, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 803 (1858) (two 
specim.); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 600 (1859); Coues, Pr. Acad. 
Philad. 1861, p. 239; Verr. Br. Bss. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862) ; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. 1866, p. 297 (1867); Coues, Br. Bss. 
Inst. v. Comm. p. 300 (1868); Turnbull, B. E. Pa. p. 37 (1869) 
(rare) ; Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 291 (1873); id. Check-list, n. 509 
(1873); Eerrock, Bull. Ess. Inst v. p. 38 (1873); Coues, B. N.


Wes£,-$. 579 (1874); Gregg, American Natural, xiii. p. 128 (1879) ; 
Cory, Beaut, and Curious B. pt. iv.pl. — (1881); Ridgw. Nom, 

N. AMI. B. n. 624 (1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. n. 729 (1882); 
id. JSley N. Am. B. p. 706 (1884); B., B., $ B. Water^B. N. Am. 
iL p . 63 (1884); Milne-Edxo. §• Oust. Notice sur quelques Especes 
d'Qis. p. 51, pl.iv. (1893). 
Anas labradorica, Sail, Canad. Natur. vii. p. 427 (1862) (Bay of 

Laprairie, Montreal District); cf. Butcher, Auk, 1894, p. 176. 
Labrador Duck, Boar dm. Amer. Natural, iii. no. 7, p. 383 (1869). 
Somateria labradoria, Bowl. Orn. Misc. ii. pp. 205-223, pi. 55 (tf, $ , 

and <3 juv.) (1877) ; A. Newt. Bid. of Birds, p. 222 (1893). 
Fuligula labradoria, Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 611 (note) (1885). 
Oamptolsemus labradoricus, Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 528; Tristr. Cat 

Coll. B. p. 47 (1889) (one specimen). m 

Camptolaimus labradorius, Stejn. Kingsl. Stand. Nat. Htst IV. p. 151 
(1885); Lucas, Report Nation. Mus. 1888-89, p. 636,pi. cix. (tf) 
(1891); Field, Columb.Mus.Sub.i.no. 1 (1894) {cf. Orn. MonaUb. 

1895, p. 100). 

Adult male. Head, neck, jugulum, scapulars, and wings, except 
primaries, white; longitudinal stripe on the crown and occiput, 
collar roun d lower part of neck, back, rump, Tipper tail-coverts, 
primaries, tail, and entire lower parts black, the tail and lower 

VOL. xxvn. 2 E 

418 
AtfATIDiE. 

surface, except laterally and anteriorly, more greyish; breast and 
sides dusted with whitish points; the black collar composed of soft 
velvety feathers; on the anterior part of the cheeks a patch of stiff 
feathers : scapulars and tertials edged with black: " bill with the 
basal space between the nostrils, running into a rounded point in 
the middle, pale greyish blue; the sides of the base and the edges 
of both mandibles for two thirds of their length dull pale orange, 
the rest of the bill black; iris reddish hazel; feet light greyish 
blue• web and claws dusky" (Audubon); " cere flesh-colour, 
remainder of the bill blackish horn-colour : tarsi and irides yellow " 
(Hall). Total length about 22 inches, wing 8*75, tail 3*3, culm en 
1-7, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult female. Uniform brownish grey, the wing-coverts with 
dark mesial lines; wing-speculum formed by the secondaries and 
by the greater wing-coverts white; tertials edged with blackish; 
primaries dusky. Total length about 18 inches, wing 8*4, tail 3, 
culmen 1*65, tarsus 1*4. 

, Young male. " Similar to adult female, but chin and throat white, 
and the white of the chest strongly indicated; greater wing-coverts 
white " (Bidgway). 

A specimen in the Eothschild collection, marked as young male, is 
similar to the adult female : general plumage greyish brown ; head 
and neck with indistinct undulated dusky cross-lines; chin and 
throat dull white, sharply defined* lower breast slightly tinged 
with black; speculum white ; longer scapulars and tertials silvery 
grey, the latter edged with dusky on the outer web; tail brown-
grey ; quills brown. 

It is supposed that the Labrador Duck is now nearly, if not quite, 
extinct * the specimens known in Museums are 41. 
Hob. Formerly northern Atlantic coast of Korth America, south 
in winter to Long Island, J^ew Jersey, and the Great Lakes. 

a. S &d. sk. N. America. Hudson Bay Co. [P.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Labrador. Purchased. 
52. 
HENICOlfETTA. 
Type. 
Macropus (subgen.), Nutt Man. ii. p. 451 (1834) (nee 

Spix, 1824) 
H. stelleri. 

Potysticta, Eyt- Cat. Brit B. p. 58 (1836) (nee Poli


sticte, Smith, 1835) 
(. H. stelleri. 

Stellaria (errore), Bp. Comp. List, 
p. 57 (1838) (nee 

Mbller, 1832) 
H. stelleri. 

Eniconetta, G. B. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 75 (1840) H. stelleri. 

Stelleria, Bp. Cat Met Uce. Bur. p. 74, gen. 232 

(1842) 
H. stelleri. 

Heniconetta, Agass. Ind. Univ. Nom. Zool p. 178 

(1846). 
* 

Range. Confined to the Arctic regions. 

419 

52 . HENICONETTA. 
1. Henicouetta stelleri. 
Anas stelleri, Pall. Spic. Zool. fasc. vi. p. 35, tab. v. (1769); Gm. S. N. 
i. 2, p. 518, n. 80 (1788) ; Pall. Zoogr. Posso-As. ii. p. 238 (syn. 
emend.), tab. lxviii. (1811) ; Schleg. Pev. Crit. p. cxvi (1844); 
Middend. Sibir. Pels. ii. 2, p. 234, f af. xxiii. £ 3-5 (eggs) (1853) ; 
L. Prelim, J.f.O. 1857, p. 358; Bias. Nawnannia, 1858, p. 316 
(Heligoland) (1859) ; id. Naumanrts Vog. Deutschl. xiii. p. 313 
(1860); id. His, 1862, p. 72 (Heligoland); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 324; Midd. Sibir. Peise, iv. p. 988 (1867); Homey. J.f. 0. 
1870, p. 432; Nordvi, J. f. 0.1871, p. 208 (Finniark, breeding); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 362 (1872). 
Western Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 564, n. 497, pi. 23 (1785); 
Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 532, n. 74 (1785); id. Suppl. i. p. 275 (1787). 
Anas dispar, Sparrm. Mus. Carlson, tabb. 7 & 8 (1786) ; Gm. S. N. 


i. 2, p. 535, n. 107 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 866, n. 83 
(1790); Bonn. Pnc. Meth. i. p. 145, pi. 30. f. 3 (1790); Vieill 
N. B. v. p. 157 (1816); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat vi. p. 377 (1817); 
Temm. Man. -d1 Orn. 2nd ed. iv. p. 547 (1840) ; Naum. Vog. 
Deutschl. xii. p. 240, Taf. 320 (1844); Pdssl. J.f 0. 1853, p. 320 
(Lapland); Gdtke, J.f. 0.1856, p. 377 (Heligoland). 
Anas occidua, Bonn. Pnc. Meth. i. p. 130 (1790); Shaw, Nat. Misc. 
pi. 32 (1790); Yarrett, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35 (Dorking). 
Clangula stelleri, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564; Macgill. Man. Orn. ii. 

p. 183 (1842). 
Fuligula dispar, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. % p. 206 (1824); Jard.tySelb. 
111. Orn. iii. pi. 136 (1835); Jen. Man. p. 243 (1835); Gould, 
B. Pur. v. pi. 372 (1837) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 253, pi. 430 
(1839); id. Syn. p. 293 (1839) ; id. B. Am. vi. p. 368, pi. 407 
(1843); Be Kay, N.Y. Zool. ii. p. 334 (1844) ; Schleg. Mus.P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 15 (1866). 
Fuligula stelleri, Pp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 394 (1826); id. Syn. 

p. 394 (1828); id. Jsis, 1832, p. 1190 ; Begl. Orn. Pur. ii. p. 469 
(1849) ; PdlmSn, J.f 0.1876, p. 59 (Finland); Brandt, J.f.O. 
1880, p. 249 (note); Pchnw. J.f 0.1890, p. 84; Brandt, J.f O. 
1891, p. 268 (Kamtscbatka). 
Fuligula (Macropus) stelleri, Nutt Man. ii. p. 451 (1834). 
Polysticta stelleri, Eyt. Cat. Brit. B. p. 58 (1836); id. Hist. Barer 
Brit. B. p. 79 (1836); id. Mon. Anat. p. 150 (1838); Paird, 


B. N. Am. p. 801 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. P. n. 598 (1859); 
Baird, J.f. 0.1866, p, 344; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 286; Ball # Bann. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 299 (1869); Ball, Avif Aleut. Isl TJnal. 
eastw. p. 6 (1873); id. Avif Aleut. Isl. west. TJnal. p. 7 (1874); 
Nelson, Cruise { Corwin] p. 99 (1883) ; Murdoch, Pxped. to Point 
Barroio, Alaska, p. 118 (1885); Matschie u. Zie?ner, J.f 0.1885, 
p. 191. 
Stellaria dispar, Pp. Comp. List, p. 57 (1838). 
Harelda stelleri, K. <§• B. Wirbelth. Pur. pp. lxxxvii, 230 (1840); 
Heugl. J.f O. 1872, p. 128 (Taimir). 

Eniconetta stelleri, G. P. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 75 (1840); id. op. cit. 
2nd ed. p. 95 (1841); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 624 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. 
Av., Natatores, t. 82. ff. 908-910 (1845); id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. viii 
(1852); G. P. Gr. List Br. B. p. 204 (1863); Gould, B. Great 
Brit. v. pi. 25 (1863); Pyt. Syn. Anat. p. 107 (1869); Begl. $ 
Gerbe, Orn. Pur. ii. p. 553 (1869) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 

p. 38 (1882); P., P., $ P. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 66 (1884); Turner, 
Auk, 
1885, p. 158; Stejn. Pull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 170 (Bering 
2E2 

420 
ANATIDJE. 

I.) (1885); A, 0. U. Chech-list N Am. B. p. 121, n. 157 (1886) f 
Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 135 (1888); Nelson, Nat. Hist. 
Coll in Alaska, p. 75 (1887); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 108 
(1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. x. p. 137 (1887) (Commander 
Isl.) ,• Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 233 (1891),* Alien, Auk, 1893, 

p. 123. 
Stelleria 
dispar, Bp. Cat Met TJcc. Eur. p. 74, n. 457 (1842); 
Macgill Hist Brit B. v. p. 164 (1852): Bp, Compt. Rend. xliH. 

p. 650, n. 127 (1856); Fritsch, Naturg. Yog. Eur. p. 48(5, Taf. 47. 
f. 10 (<S), 12 ($) (1870); G. E. Gr. Hand-list, Iii. p. 88, n. 10705 
(1871) j Stejn. If 0.1873, p. 307 (Norway); Goebel, ibid. p. 422; 
Beinh. Vid. Medd. Kjbbenh. 1881, p. 188 (Greenland); Walterr 
J.f.O. 1890, pp. 234, 236 (Norway). 
Soinateria stelleri, Jard. Brit B. iv. p. 73 (1843): Newt. P. Z. S.1861, 
p. 400, pi. xxxix. f. 4 (egg); Sharpe $ Dress, B. of Eur. vi. p. 649, 
pL 447 (1871); Beg, Synon, Eur. Briitv. u. Gaste, p. 133 (1872) ; 
Cones, Ibis, 1872, p. 53 ; Gum. ibid. p. 330 (Flaxman'b I>L); Corns, 
Key N Am. B. p. 291 (1872); id. Cheek-list, n. oil (1873); id, 
B. N.-West, p. 580 (1874); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 186 (Heligoland) 
; Tacz. Orn. Faun. Vost Sibir. p. 72 (1877); id. Bull. hoc. 
Zool. Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877); Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturvid. xxvi, 
p. 376 (1881); Elliot, Mon. Seal Isl. p. 130 (1881); Corns, Cheek-
list, 2nd ed. p. 116, n. 731 (1882); Toes. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. 
p. 344 (Kamtschatka) (1883); Sound, in YarrelVs Hist. Brit B. 
iv. p. 468 (1884-85); Seeb. Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 618, pi. 59 {egpr) 
(1885) j Dedit J.f O. 1885, p. 207 (S. Petersburg); Seeb. Urn, 
1888, p. 350 (Great Liakoff Isl.); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); 
Saund. Ill Man. Brit B. p. 451 (1889); Schal. J.f O.1890, p. 79; 
Seeb. B.Japan. Emp. p. 257 (1890); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 28 (Heligoland) 
; Collett, Mindre Medd. ved. Norges Fuglef 1881-92, p. 290 
(1894). 

Somateria dispar, 
Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 305 (1845), 3rd 
ed. iii. p. 306 (1856) ; Sclat (?) Ibis, 1863, p. 477 ; Homey. J f. 0, 
1872, p. 308 (Danzig, Konigsberg, and Pillau); Blakist Ibis, 1876, 

p. 335 (Kamtscbatka) ; Homey. J.f O. 1878, p. 120; Blakist $ 
Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Kamtscbatka and Kurile Isl.); iid. Tr. 
As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 187 (1880), x. p. 100 (1882); Blakist. Amend. 
List B. Jap. p. 29 (1884). 
Fuligula 
(Polisticta) stelleri, Brandt Mim. Acad. Si. Fitersk (6) 
Sc. Nat (1849) vi. p. 7 (1847). 
Heniconetta stelleri, Lieht. Notiiencl. Av. p. 103 (1854); Sundev. 
Meth. nab. Av. disp. Tmt p. 148 (1872); Meves, J.f.O. 1875y 

p. 433 ; Sclat P. Z. S. 1882, p. 527 ; Salv. Cat. £. Strickl. Coll 
p. 539 (1882); B. O. TJ. List Brit B. p. 133 (1883); Altumf 
J. f O. 1885, p. 375 (Mark); Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 519 (M. 
Prussia). 
Polysticta dispar, Collett, Videmk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1868, p. 180 
(Norway); id. J.f O. 1869, p. 394. 
Fuligula (Heniconetta) dispar, Behnw. Orn. CentralbL 1882, p. 5 : 
id. Vog. zool Gart p. 47 (1882). 
Somateria (Heniconetta) stelleri, Cones, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 709 (1884). 
Adult male. Head and upper neck satiny white; lores and short 
occipital tuft olive-green; space round the eyes, a spot on eacb side 
of the occipital tuft, a collar round tbe middle of tbe neck (broader 
behind) relvety black with a purple gloss; chin and throat brown


52. HENICONETTA. 
421 

Hack, separated from the collar by a narrow white band; another 
white band edges the black collar below; middle of the back, rump, 
.and upper tail-coverts black, with a purple gloss; lower parts deep 
tawny, becoming dusky or blackish on belly and fading into a more 
bufiy or ochreous tint on chest, sides, and flanks; a black round 
spot on each side of the breast; lower abdomen, Tent, and under 
tail-coverts black, the latter somewhat glossy; scapulars long and 
narrow, bent downwards, glossy blue-black on the outer web, satiny 
white on the inner one, which is very narrow ; all the wing-coverts 
and anterior scapulars white; speculum on the secondaries glossy 
blue-black, edged with a white band at the tip ; tertials rather 
broad and resemble the larger scapulars, having the outer web glossy 
blue-black and the inner one white; primaries blackish browu; 
under wing-coverts white; axillaries white; tail blackish brown: 
" bill of a lead-colour, horny white at the tip; feet and toes dark 
lead-colour, webs black-grey; irides dark brown " (Schrader). Total 

length about IS inches, wing 8-5, tail 4*5, culraen 1*6, tarsus 1*4. 

FemaU. Dark rufous brown, an indistinct collar round the neck 
formed by rufous-chestnut indistinct bars; interscapular region 
with irregular rufous-brown bars, almost hidden on the occiput and 
nape ; rump almost uniform dark brown, usually with indistinct 
rufous bars; some irregular indistinct bars on the breast; abdomen 
and under tail-coverts uniform brown; wings dark brown, speculum 
dark metallic blue, bounded (as in the male) anteriorly by a white 
band at the tip of the last row of upper wing-coverts, and posteriorly 
by a similar band at the tip of the secondaries; falcate tertials 
dusky, with the outer web metallic blue and a silvery-grey band 
along the middle ; marginal under wing-coverts brown, edged with 
white, the inner ones with the axillaries white; tail brown. 


Young. Similar to adult female, but much paler brown; sides of 
the head and throat dull whitish buff, with some dusky streaks; 
tertials much less falcate, and speculum dusky greyish brown, 
bounded anteriorly by a white band at the tip of the greater wing-
coverts and posteriorly at the tip of the secondaries. 


Hah. Arctic and Subarctic coasts of the Northern hemisphere, 
breeding on the Yaranger Fjord (Norway), in Russian Einmark, 
and from the Taimyr Peninsula eastward to Bering Strait and Alaska. 
It has been found in Cumberland Bay, in Disco Fjord (Greenland), 
along the coasts of Xamtschatka, and in the Kurile Islands; 
occasionally it straggles to the temperate portions of Europe. 


a, b. 5 ad. sk. No locality. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4, d, e. S ad. et Iceland. Dr. Thienemann [P.]. 
juv. st. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Norway {Christiania Mus.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g, 2 ad* sk- Vardo, N. Norway. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. 
d> ad. sk. Varanger Fjord, N. Norway, Seebohm Coll. 
May (Meves). 
£, k. $ ad. et juv. Russian America. Capt. Collinson[P.j. 
st. 

2. J imm. sk. Point Barrow, N. Alaska, Salvin-Godman Ooll. 
June. 
422 
AJSA.TLDM. 

m-p. <? 5 imm. St. Michael's, Alaska, Sept., Salvin-Godman ColL 
et juv. sk. Oct. (E. W. Nelson). 
q, r, s. d g ad. St. Paul, Kodiak I., June SalYin-G-odman ColL 
sk. (W.J.Fisher), 
t, u, v. d 2 ad. Unalashka Island, Dec. (L. Salvin-Godman ColL 
sk. M. Turner $ M. W. Harrington). 


53. AECTOHETTA. 
Lampronetta (subgen.), Brandt, Mem. Acad. St. Petersk 

(6) (Sc. Nat) vi. 1849, p. 5 (publ. 1847) [nee Lainpronessa, 
Wagl) - - A. fischeri, 
Arctonetta, 
G. R. Gr. PZ. S. 1865, p. 212 (=Lampronetta^ 
Brandt). 


Range. Confined to Forth-west America. 

1. Arctonetta fischeri. 
Fuligula (Lampronetta) fischeri, Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Pitersk (6) 
yi. (1849) pp. 6, 10,14, pi. I ff. 1-4 (1847) * 

Somateria fischeri, G. B. Gr. Gen. £., App. p. 28 (1849); Eyi. Syn. 
Anat. p. 105 (1809); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 292 (1872); id. 
Check-list, n. 512 (1873); id. B. N-West, p. 680 (1874); id. 
Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 116, n. 732 (1882); Sound. 2bis, 1883, p. 348. 

Lampronetta fischeri, G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 211, pi. cviii. (d, ?, 
& young d) J -S^- C&Hwp& J2#w£. xliii.p. 650, n» 126 (1856); 
JBaird, B. N. Am. p. 803 (1858) ; id. Cat N. Am. B. n. 599 
(1859); Elliot, Illustr. B. of North Am. pi. 47 (pt. v., 1867) j 
Ball § Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. I p. 299 (1869); Ball, Pr. Calif. 
Acad. v. p. 30 (1873) ; Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 433; Sdat. PZ. S. 
1880, p. 528 ; Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. (526 (1881) ; Nels. Cruise 
'Corwin,7 p. 100 (1881); Murdoch, Exped. to Point Barrow, Alaska, 

p. 119 (1885); Matschie u. Ziemer, J. f. 0.1885, p. 192. 
Arctonetta 
fischeri, " G. P. Go-.;1 Baird, B. N. Am. p. 803 (1858); 
Bldkist Ibis, 1863, p. 150; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10709 
(1871); Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent p. 149 (1872) ; B., B«f 
8? R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 69 (1884); A. O. U. Check-list 

N. Am. B. p. 122, n. 158 (1886); Turner, Conir. N. H of Alaska, 
p. 136 (1886); Nelson, Nat Hist ColL in Alaska, p. 76, pi. v. f. 1 
(head of the male) (1887); Ridgw. Man. North Am. B. p. 106 
(1887); Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123. 
Anas fischeri, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 351 (1872). 
Blue-eyed Duck, Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 433 (Mchalaski). 
Somateria (Lampronetta) fischeri, Rchnw. Orn. Centratbl. 1882y 


p. 18. 
Fuligula fischeri, Hartl. J.f. 0.1883, p. 258. 
Somateria (Arctonetta) fischeri, Coues, Km N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 710, n. 732 (1884). 
* "Fuligulam (Lampronettam)fischeri novam Avium Bossicorum speciem,, 
praemissis observationibus ad Fuligularum generis seetiomim efc subgeneram 
quserundam characteres et affinitates spectantibus descripsit J. 2?. Brandt n (I c 
pp. 1-15). 
54 . SOMATERIA.. 
423 
Adult male. On the orbital region a satiny white pad, borderod 
by a velvety black edge, broader anteriorly and posteriorly than 
above, wanting below; lores and forehead covered by stiffened 
feathers, white anteriorly, shading into olive-green, and this into 
light greenish buff; crown and occiput covered by a cowl or hood of 
pendent, stiffened, hair-like feathers of a light olive-green colour; 
a broad stripe of darker green beneath the eye; throat, neck, back, 
smaller upper wing-coverts, scapulars, and falcated tertials white; 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lower parts dark smoky 
grey; a patch on each side of rump white; greater wing-coverts and 
quills brown, edge of the wing and under wing-coverts pale brown; 
tail brown: "iris bright milky white; feet and legs dull olive-

brown, except the scales in front of tarsus, which are dingy 
yellowish; bill dull orange » (Nelson). Total length about 21*5 
inches, -wing 10, tail 3, culnien 1, tarsus 1*7. 


^ Adult female. Above barred with fulvous and black; lower parts 
similar, the abdomen, however, plain greyish brown ; head and 
neck light greyish buff, finely streaked with dusky, the throat, however, 
nearly immaculate; there is a slight indication of the pad 
round the eyes, and the feathers of the lores and forehead have 
quite a velvety texture; quills and greater coverts brown, the latter 
Hke th e secondaries tipped with whitish: " bill dull blue ; feet and 
tarsi dull yellowish brown " (Nelson). 

Young. Similar to the female : "billdark olive-brown ; legs and 
feet dull yellowish, shaded with olive-brown " (Nelson). 
Young in down. Brown, paler and more greyish brown below; 
there i s already indicated the peculiar ring round the eyes. 
Rab. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to Point Barrow. 

a. dad . st. 
Northern Sound, N.W. Voy. of H.M.S.' Enterprise/ 
America (Adams). (Specimenfigured by Gray, 
P. Z.S. 1855, pi. 108.) 
b. $ ad. sk. Northern Sound, N.W. Voy. of H.M.S. * Enterprise.7 
America (Adams). (Type of female's descrip., 
Gray, P.Z.S. 1855,p.212, 
pi. 108.) 

c-o.& 
$ad.,juv., St.Michaers,Alaska,June~ Salvin-Godman Coll. 
et pull. sk. Sept. (E. W. Nelson). 


p. 9 ad. sk. Andreffsky, Alaska, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(R W. Nelson). 
a Q I*UY. sk. Stewart's Island, Alaska, Salvin-Godman Coll. 


* 
Sept. (E. W. Nelson). 
54. SOMATERIA. Type> 
Somateria, Leach 
in Ross's Voy. Discov., Append. 

„.; 
S. momssima. 

p. xLvm (1819) ;•;*•**• • •.•;.;•* ,l\ 
Gauza, Meirem. in Ersch u. Grubefs Encycl. m. p. 4/1 
0-819) (e* Pkn. Hist nat. Libr. 10 Cap. 23) .. S. mollissxma. 
Platypus, Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. eur. n. Vog. p. 805 (1824) 
r=Somateria, part.). ... 
GaW, " Merrem" (errore), G. R. Or. Hand-list, in. 


p . 88 (1871). 
424 
ANATID^:. 

Type. 
Erionetta (subgen.), Cows, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 


p. 709 (1884) 
• S. spectahilis. 
Range. Confined to Arctic and Subarctic regions. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Anterior point of feathering on forehead reaching 
about halfway from the point of the naked 
., frontal angles to nostrils j feathering of lores 
extending forward to beneath the middle or 
posterior end of nostrils. Males with scapulars 
and tertials white : the upper half of the head 
chiefly black. 


a'. Naked frontal angles broad, and terminating in 
a broad round end. Male with the throat 
entirely white (but some specimens with a 
trace of a V-shaped dusky mark); black of 
head bordered beneath by pale green for nearly 
its entire length dresseri, p. 424. 

hf. Naked frontal angles narrow and more or less 
pointed. 


a". Throat of the adult male entirely white; 
black of head with no green border beneath, 
except on the occiput mollissima, p. 425. 

b". 
Throat of the adult with a large V-shaped 
mark of black ^ v-nigrum, p. 430. 

b. 
Anterior point of featheringvon forehead reaching 
as far as posterior end of nostrils. Adult males 
with lateral base of upper mandible enlarged 
into a very conspicuous broad naked lobe (subgen. 
Erionetta); upper part of the head light bluish 
grey; throat with a V-shaped black mark, as in 
the male of S. v-nigrum spectabilis, p. 432. 
1. Somateria dresseri. 
Anas 
rnollissima, Wils. {nee Linn.) Am. Orn. viii. p. 122, pi. 71 
(1814); Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 72, n. 247 (1827) ; Less. Tr. tfOrn. 

p. 631 (part.) (1831). 
Anas (Fuligula) mollissima, Bp. Obs. Wils. n. 244 (1825). 
• Fuligula mollissima, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 388 (1826); id. Syn. 
p. 388 (1828); Aud. Ork Biogr. iii. p. 344 (1835), v. p. 611, 
pi. 246 (1839)'; id. Syn. p. 291 (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 349, 
pi. 405 (1843); De Kay, N. Y. Zool ii. p. 332 (1844); Giraud,B. 
LonglsLy. 331 (1844). 
Fuligula (Somateria) mollissima, Nutt. Man. ii p. 407 (1834). 

Somateria mollissima, 
Bp. (nee Linn.) Comp. List, p. 57, n. 381 
(1838); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 809 (part.) (1858): id. Cat. B. N. 
Am. n. 666 (part.) (1859); ? Cass. Br. Ac. PMcid. 1861, p. 239 
(Labrador); Bryant, Br. Bost. Soc. N. IT. viii. p. 66 (Labrador) 
(1861); Boardm. Br. Bost. Soc. & K. ix. p. 139 (Maine) (1862); 
Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. p. 159 (1862); Blakist, Ibu, 1863, p. 150 
(Hudson's Bay) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. T. viii. p. 297 
(AH Coast N. Am.) (1866); JDegl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 557, 
obs. 2 (1867); Cones, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 300 (1868); Turnb. 
Birds E. Pa. p. 46 (New Jersey) (1869); G. B. Gr. Mand-lid, iii. 

54. SOMAXEEIA. 
425 

p. 88, n. 10706 (part) (1871); Corns, Key N. Am. B. p. 293, 
n. 513 (part.) (1872). 
Fuligula spectabilis X Fuligula moliissirna, Selys, Bull. Ac. Boy. 
Brux. xxiii. 2, p. 16 (Newfoundland) (1856). 
Somateria dresseri, Sharps, Am. fy Mag. N. K. (4) viii. pp. 51, 52, 

f. 2 (head) (N. America) (1877); Sharpe $ Dress. B. of Eur. 
vi. p. 642, f. 2 (Lead) (1871); B., B., $ B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. 
p. 7Q (1884); Saunders, YarreWs Hist. Brit B. iv. p. 459 (188485); 
A. 0. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 122, n. 160 (1886) ; 
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 110 (1887); Shufeldt, Br. U. S. Nat 
Mus. xi. pp. 222 and foil., if. 8, 11, 12, 13,14 (osteology) (1888); 
White, Auk, 1890, p. 204 (Ottawa, Canada); Mackay, Auk, 
1890, pp. 315-319,1892, p. 305; W. S. J., Forest and Stream, 
1893, p. 96 (Maine); Mackay, Auk, 1893, pp. 77, 248, 370, 1894, 

p. 223 (Massachusetts)• Whitfield, ibid. p. 323. 
Somateria mollissima, var. dresseri, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 580 
(1874). 
Somateria mollissima dresseri, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ill. pp. 205, 
222 (1880) ; id. Nom. N. Am. B. n. 627 a (1881); Coues, Cheek-
list, 2nd ed. p. 116, n. 734 (1882); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 
3883, p. 120 (Labrador) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 712, 

n. 734, f. 2, p. 708 (1884); Seek Hist Brit B. iii. p. 616 (1885); 
Nehrl. J.f. 0.1885, p. 148 (Lake Michigan). 
Adult male. Similar to that of S. mollissima, but with angles on 
sides of forehead broad arid rounded, instead of narrow and pointed; 
black of head bordered beneath by pale green for nearly its entire 
length: throat, in some specimens, with a trace of a V-shaped 
dusky mark: bill from posterior end of nostril 1*35-148 inches, 
angle from anterior extremity of loral feathering l%75-2, its width 
across not less than -45, depth of upper mandible at frontal apex 
1-1-28. 

Adult female. Similar to that of S. mollissima: bill from posterior 
end of nostril 1-32 inches, angle 1*87, width 0*22 ; depth of upper 
mandible 0*78. 

Hah. Atlantic coast of Forth America, from Maine to Newfoundland 
and southern Labrador * south, in winter, to the Delaware and 
the Great Lakes. 

a. S ad. sk. Bay of Fundy (H. B. Dresser). Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Boston Market, Jan. (EC. W. Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
e. $ juv. st. N. America. Old Coll. 
2. Somateria mollissima. 
The Eider Duck. 
Anas s. cutberti s. farnensis, Wittugh. Orn. n. 278, t. 76 (5) ;
Anser lanuginosus sive Eider, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 294, pis. xxix. (tf), 


xxx. ($) (1760). 
Eder fuglens, Briinn. Bder Fuglens beskrivelse, pp. 1-60 (1763). 
Anas mollissima, Linn. S. N. i. p. 198, n. 15 (1766); Phipps, 
Voyage, App. p. 186 (Spitsbergen) (1774); Sparrm. Mus. Carlson. 
fasc. i. t. 6 (jun.) (1786); Gm. 8. N. i. % p. 514, n. 15 (1788); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 845, n. 35 (1790); Temm. Man. cPOrn. 

ANATIDJE. 

p. 549 (part.) (1815); Vieill N. B. v. p. 112 (part.) (1816) ; Dum, 
Diet. So. Nat xiv. p. 271 (part.) (1819); Temm. Man. oVOrn* 
2nd ed. ii. p. 848 (1820); Scoresby, Ace. of the Arab. Reg. fyc. i. 
p. 527 (Spitsbergen) (1820); Faber, Prodr. isl Orn. p. 68 (1822); 
Licht. Vera. Doubl. p. 85 (1823); Ross in Parry's Narrat, App. 
p. 197 (Spitsbergen) (1828) ; Less. Man. tfOrn. ii. p. 415 (1828); 
id. Tr. WOrn. p. 613 (part.) (1831) : Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. 
iv. p. 541 (1840) ; Nairn. Vog. Deutschl xii. p. 252, Taf. 321, 
322 (1844); Schleq. Rev. Grit p. cxvi (1844); Gieb. Thes. Orn. 
i. p. 357 (part.) (1872). 
Oie a duvet, on Eider, BAubent. PI. JSnl. n. 209 (tf), 208 (?) 
(17—). Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 103, pi. 6 (1783). 
Eider or Cuthbert Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. n. 271, pi. 95 (1776); 
Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 470, n. 29 (1785). 
Anser septentrionalis, Gerini, Star, degli TJce. t. clxii. (1776). 
Anser mollissimus, Bonn. fine. Meth. i. p. 119, pi. 33. f. 2 (1790). 
Anas cuthberti, part., Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 235 (1811). 
Anser lanuginosus, Leach, Syst Cat Mamm. ty B. Brit. Mus. p. 37 

(1816). 
Somateria (Cutbert's Eider), Leach, in Ross's Voy. Disc, App, 

p. xlviii (1819). # 
Somateria 
mollissirna, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822) ; Boie, 
Isis, 1822, p. 564; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 224, pi. 60 (1824) ; 
Jen. Man. p. 227 (1835); Lafresn. Echo du Monde sav. no. 2,1836, 

p. 5 {cf. Less. Compl. de Buff. 2nd ed. p. 720, 1838); Gould, B. 
Eur. v. pi. 374 (1837); Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1837); Bp. Comp. 
List, p. 57, n. 416 (1838); Rep. Comic. Z. 8. 1839, p. 39; X # B. 
Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxvi, 228 (1840); Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 72 
(muscular fibres); Macgill. Man. ii. p. 177 (1842) ; Hartl. Verz. 
Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 141 
(part.) (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 624, n. 1 (syn. emend.) (1844); 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 83. ff. 152-158"(1845); Blyth, Cat. 

B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 307, n. 1791 (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. 
p. viii (1852) ,* Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854); Bp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 123 (1856); Rafn, Naumannia, 1857, ii. p. 128 
(Sylt); Evans fy Sturge, Ibis, 1859, p. 167 (Spitsbergen); Torell, 
Bidr. till Spitsber. Mollushf. etc. p. 57 (Spitsbergen) (1859) ; G. R. 
Gr. List Brit. B. p. 205 (1863); Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 
1863, p. 109 (Spitsbergen); id.* J. f. O. '1863, p. 380; Newt. 
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 495; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 444 (Great Britain): 
A. Newt. Ibis, 1865, p. 515 (Spitsbergen); Cunningh. Ibis, 1866, 
p. 16; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 286 (part.); Begl. §> Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 
ii. p. 555 (1867); ? Broste, J.f O. 1868, p. 44 (Borkum); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (Zool. Gard.: breeding); Fritsch, J.f.O. 
1869, p. 46 (Bohemia); Boie, ibid. p. 97 (Lofoten); 8. Milller, 
ibid. p. 347 (Faroe); Gould, B. of Great Brit v. pi. 26 (1870); 
Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 309 (Nowaja-Semlja); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, 
iii. p. 88; n. 10706 (part.) (1871); Sharpe, Ann. \ Mag. N. U. (4) 
viii. pp. 51, 52, f. 1 (head) (1871); Sharpe fy Bress. B. Eur. vi. 
p. 629, pi. 445 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun, d'ltal, Ucc. p. 268 (1872); 
Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent p. 149 (1872); Feild. Zoolog. 
1872, p. 3254 (Faeroe); Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 63 (Novaja Zemlia); 
id. J.f.O. 1872, p. 122 (Novaja Semlja); Fritsch, J.f. 0.1872, 
p. 372 (Bohemia); Finsch, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii. Vog. 
p. 209 (1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 403 (N. Frisian I.); Heugl 
Reis. Nordpolarmeer, iii. p. 137 (1874); Cord. Ibis, 1875, p. 186 
(Heligoland); Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 528; Brandt, J.f O.1880, 
54 . SOMATEKIA. 427 
p. 249 (note);—?J.f.O.1880,p.404 (Sylt); Gigl Ibis, 1881,p. 215 
(Italy); Tsehusizu Schmidh. J.f. 0. 1881, p. 212 (E. Hungary) ; 
Bchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 18; id. Vog. zool. Gart p. 49 
(1882) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 383 (Archangel); Neale, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 654 (Franz Josef Land); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll 
p. 539 (1882); B. 0. XT. List Brit B. p. 134 (1883); Sclat list 
Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 441 (1883); Ninni, Atti Soc. ItaL Sc. Nat. 
xxvi. p. 160 (Venetian) (1883); Fritsch, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 
1884, p. 31 (Pilsen); Saund. YarreUs Hist Brit. B. iv. p. 457 
(1884-85); Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 87 (St. Kilda); Mojsisovics, MX. 
orn. Ver. Wien, 1885, p. 6 (Styria); Seeb. Hist Brit B. iii. p. 616, 
pi. 59 (egg) (1885); Salvad. EL Ucc. ItaL p. 266 (1887); Harting, 
Zoolog. 1887, p. 256 (Iceland); JSchal. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 187 
(Jonalsl.;; Hartert, ibid, p, 268 (Dusseldorf); Hartwig, J.f. 0. 
1889, p. 146 (North Cape); Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); 
Magaud dAuhusson, Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1889, pp. 896-901 ; Schal. 
J.f. 0.1890, p. 9; Bchnw. ibid. p. 83; Walter, ibid. pp. 234,235, 
236, 237, 238, 239,243,245, 247,249,252 (E. Spitsbergen),-Evans, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 73 (incubation) ; Lydehh. ibid. p. 391 (fossil); 
Hartert, Eat. Voqelsamml. p. 233 (1891); Sharpe, Cat Osteol 
Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 307 (1891); Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 28 (Heligoland) 
; Hartert, ibid. p. 519; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxii. 
pi. — (1892); Blagg, Ibis, 1893, p. 354 (Shetland); Pears. $ 
Bidio. Ibis, 1894, p. 232 (N. Norway); Cottett, Mindre Medd. vedr. 
Norges Fuglef. 1881-92, p. 277 (1894). 
Platypus mollissimus, Brelim, Lehrb. eur. Voq. p. 809 (1824); id. 
Ornis, i. p. 38 (1824); id. Isis, 1826, p. 993; Schilling, J.f. 0. 
1853, p. 377. 


Somateria daniea, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 1; id. Yog. Deutschl 
p, 890 (1831) (Danish Islands); id. Naumannia, 1885, p. 299; 
id. Vogelf. p. 388 (1855). 


Somateria norwegica, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 2 (Norway); id. 
Vog. Deutschl. pp. 892, 1035, Taf. xliii. f. 1 (tfad. in autumn) 
(1831); id. Naumannia, 1855, j>. 299. 


Somateria platyuros, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 3; id. Vog. 
Deutschl. p. 892 (1831) (Helsingfors in winter); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 299 ; id. Vogelf. p. 389 (1855). 


Somateria faeroeensis, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 4; id. Vog. 
Deutschl. p. 893 (1831) (Faroe Isl.); id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 299. 
Somateria megauros, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 5; id. Vog. 

Deutschl. p. 894 (1831) (taseln des sehr hohen Norden). 
Somateria islandiea, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 6 (Iceland); id, 
Vog. Deutschl. p. 895 (1831) (Iceland); id. Naumannia, 1855, 

p. 299. 
Somateria st. cuthberti, Eyt. Cat. Brit B. p. 58 (1836); id. Mon. 
Anat. p. 149 (1838); id. Syn. Anat p. 106 (1869). 
Fuligula mollissima, Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 143 (1842); DegL 
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 463 (1849); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 14 
(part) (1866); PalmSn, J. f. O. 1876, p. 57 (Finland); Wallen


grm, J.f. 0.1893, p. 168 (Sweden)._ 
Somateria spectabilis, Beech, (nee Linn.) Voy. of Discovery etc. 

p. 100 (Spitsbergen) (1843). 
Fuligula (Somateria) mollissima, Brandt, Mem. Ac. St PStersb. (6) 
vi. (1849) p. 5 (1847). 
Somateria mollissima, var., Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet-Ah. Forh. 1864, 
p. 399; id. J.f. 0. 1865, p. 214 (Spitsbergen). 
Somateria thulensis, Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet-Ah. Forh. 1864, p. 380; 
428 
AtfATmB). 

id. J. f. 0. 1865, p. 396 (Spitsbergen); A. Newt. J. f. O.1867, 

p. 210; Heugl J. f. 0.1871, pp. 88,98,101,105 (W. Spitsbergen) ; 
id. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1871, pp. 59, 65; Keugl. Pets. n. d. 
Nordpolarmeer, i. p. 103, iii. p. 137 (1874). 
For America (Somateria borealis). 

Great Black and White Duck, Fdw. Nat. Hist, of B. i. p. 98, pi. 98 

(1750) (Greenland). 
Anas magna nigra & alba, Fdw. op. cit. p. 128, n.98 (1750). 
Anas mollissima, part., Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 2, p. 554, pi. 30. 

ff. 1, 2 (trachea) (1818) (Greenland). 

Platypus borealis, Brehm, Zehrb. eur. Vog. p. 813 (1824) (Coasts of 
Baffin's Bay and Davis's Strait); id. Orm's, L p. 38 (1824) ; id. 
Isis, 1826, p. 995 (Iceland). 

Platypus leisleri, Brehm, Ornis, i. p. 28 (1824) (Greenland); cf. 
Bull 8c. Nat. x. p. 151 (1827); Bess. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. 

p. 533 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 720 (1838). 
Somateria borealis, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 7 ; id. Vog. 
Deutsehl p. 896 (1831); id. Namnannia, 1855, p. 299; Alien, 
Auk, 1893, p. 123. 

Somateria leisleri, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 8; id. Vog. Deutsehl 

p. 896 (Greenland) (1831); id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 299; id* 
Vogelf. p. 388 (1855). 
Somateria 
planifrons, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 9 ; id. Vog* 
Deutsehl. p. 897 (Greenland) (1831) ; id. Naumannia, 1855, 

p. 299; id. Vogelf. p. 388 (1855). 
Somateria inollibsima, Holbott, Kroyer's Naturhist. Tidskr. iv. 
p. 445 (1843) (Greenland) ; id. Fauna Grb'nlands (Pavlsen traml) 
p. 73 (1846); id. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Grind, p. 69 (1854); Bairdf 
B. N. Am. p. 809 (part.) (1858); id. Cat N.Am. B.n. 600 (part.) 
(1859); Beinh. (neeLinn.) Bis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland); Blakht. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 150 (Hudson's Bay); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 286 
(part.); Brotm, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 360; Marting, P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 118 (Baffin's Bay); Coues, KegN Am. B.v. 293, n. 513 (part.) 
(1872); Fetid. P. Z. S.1877, p. 29 (Noiman-Lockyer I) ; id. IMsf 
1877, p. 411; Kumlien, Bull. U.8. Nat. Mm. no. 15, p. 89 (Cumberland 
Gulf) (1879); Bidgw. Pr. U.8. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 204 
(1880); id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 627 (1881); Cbues, ChecMmt, 
2nd ed. p. 16, n. 733 (1882); id. Keg N Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 710 
(1884); B., B., $ B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 73 (1884); A. O. U. 
Check-list N A. B. p. 122, n. 159 (part.) (1886). 
Somateria mollissima borealis, A. F. Brehm, Verz. Samml. eur. Vog. 
** p. 14 (1866); Bidgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 109 (1887); A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Am. B.} Supplement, p. 20, n. 159 (1889). 
Fuligula mollissima, part., Schleg. Mus. P.-B.. Anseres, p. 14, spec. 2, 
3,7(1866). 

Adult male. Upper part of the bead deep velvety black, with a 
line of white dividing the centre of the crown from the level of the 
eye to the nape; nape and hinder part of the auricular region 
covered with stiff feathers of a pale sea-green ; cheeks, neck, 
back, and scapulars white; lower part of the centre of the 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black; throat whtite, gradually 
shading into yellowish buff on the lower part of the fore-neck and 
upper breast; rest of the under surface of the body black, wi i a 

54 . SOMAIEKIA. 
429 

conspicuous white patch on either side of the rump; smaller and 
median wmg-coverts white, the greater coverts like the secondaries 
brown-black, primaries slightly paler; inner secondaries white, 
broadly edged with brown-black on the outer web; tertials white, 
slightly falcated; marginal under wing-coverts pale brown, edged 
with white, the central ones and axillaries white; tail greyish 
brown: bill dull olive-green, almost olive-yellow in old birds, nail 
brownish white; feet light olive-green, claws brownish black; iris 

brown. Total length about 22 inches, wing 12, tail 5, culmen 2*2, 
tarsus 1*8. 

Female. General plumage pale rufous-brown, head and neck with 
narrow black streaks along the centres of the feathers, but the 
upper part of the head blacker; upper and under parts banded with 
black and rufous-brown; the black bands on the back broader; 
greater wing-coverts and secondaries uniform dark brown, with 
narrow white tips, forming two white alar bars; under wing-
coverts brown, edged with rufous, the central ones and axillaries 
dull grey; primaries and tail-teathers dark brown ; abdomen 
almost uniform brown; bill and feet as in the male. 

Young in first jplumage closely resemble adult females, but the 
two white alar bars are very indistinct, and the margins of all the 
feathers are grey instead of brown-chestnut. Males may be distinguished 
from females by the nearly black sides of their heads. 

Males in first nuptial di*ess may be distinguished by the remains 
of greyish-brown feathers on both the white and black parts. 

Males in moulting-dress closely resemble males in first plumageT 
but generally have some white and black feathers of the nuptial 
dress remaining. 

Yovmjg in down have the upper parts dark brown, and the underpays, 
as well as a broad streak over each eye, pale brown. 

The American Eider Duck, so far as I can see, is scarcely 
different from the European; but, according to Mr.-Bidgway, 
it differs in having the " bill orange-yellowish in life; the breast 
paler buff, the tertials mote falcate." As to the dimensions of the 
bill, I cannot find that there is any constant difference. 

Eab. Arctic regions of the Western Palsearctic Begion,4 from 
Iceland eastwards as far as the shores of the Kara Sea; it migrates 
in winter to the Baltic, the shores of the North Sea, and the 
English Channel; occasionally straying to Southern Europe. The 
Nearctic form, doubtfully distinct, inhabits Eastern Arctic America 
including Greenland; south to Northern Labrador in summer, and 
to the northern boundaries of United States in winter. 

a~d.6 2 ad.sk. No locality. 4 J^SS L 
% ^fft et 6 Eeawick, Shetlands, Aug. Theodore Fisher, Es^ 
h, T^'Tk ^ Damsa Holm, Orkneys. Purchased. 
I ?S 
*" ° Ji Stromness, Orkneys, Oct. 
(J. J3. Dunn). 
Seebohm Coll. 

430 ANAimas. 

m Pull. sk. Stromness, Orkneys, June Gould Coll. 

(J. Bl. Dunn), 
sk St* Kilda> Jun eSeebohm Coll. 

n. 2 &<*.-(G' Divon). 
Theodore Walker, 

o. Imm. sk. St. Kilda. Esq. pp.1. 
p, q. S $ ad. sk. South Uist. 
Theodore Walker, 
Esq. [P.1. 
r, s. (S ? ad. sk. Island of Coll, May. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
£. <$ ad. sk. 

Farn Is., March. Seebohm Coll. 
Beadnell, March. Seebohm Coll. 

w. $ ad. sk. 
adBodo, Norway. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

V, W, 3L. 6 $


et pull. sk. 

Lat. 79° 30'Is1., Long. 4° E. Capt. D. Grav ~P.]. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
z. $ ad. sk. Spitsbergen. The Admiralty" [P-]. 
*. o «*. »«.
a', £'. <? $ ad. sk. Spitsbergen, July, Aug. 


McCormick Beque&t. 
a'. S pv. sk. Nameless Bay, Nova Zembla, 
June. 
d',ef,f. Skeletons. 

M. Lefebvre Coll. 
g-m'. Sterna. 

N. America. 
n\ o'. $ $ ad. sk. N. America. OH Coll. 
p'. Juv. sk. N. America. H. J. EI we*, E*L 


q\ $ ad. sk. N. America. B.K.ltos,EsqMrP/i. 
r'. S ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Br. J. Rae "P. . " " 
s'. 5 ad. sk. Cape Fraser, Aug. (if. W» 


Feilden). Toy. ILM.& "llettf 
if. Pull. sk. Dobbin Bay, Sept. (H. W. 
Feilden). Voy. H.3I.S. 'Alert.' 
u'. Pull. sk. Franklin Pierce Bay, Aug. (S. 

W. F.). Voy. H.M.S.'Alert/ 
v'. J ad. sk. Mouth of the river Ungava, 
June (Z. M. Turner). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w', 2 ad. sk. Fort Chimo, Ungava, June (L. 

M. T.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
x'. $ ad. sk. Godbout, Canada, (N. A. Comeau). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y'-b". $ $ ad. Greenland, 
et juv. sk. Hume (ML 
cv-f\ $ $ ad. sk. Whalefish L7 Diseo Bay, Greenland. 
Br. Robertson [P.], 

3. Somateria v-ragram. 
Anas mollissima, part., Pall. SpieiL ZooL v. p. 28 (Kaxntscbatkft) 
(1769). 
Anas cutberti, part., Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii p. 235 (Kamtsch&tla. 
America?)(1811). 

Somateria v-nigra, G. B. Gr. P. Z. & 1855. p. 212, pi. evil (<?, $ . 
and moulting tf) (Kotzebue Sound) ; Bawd, B. Wm Am. p. 810 
(1858); id. Cat. N. Am.B. n. 607 (1859); Murr. Bdmb, M PM« 
Journ. 1859, p. 229 (Great Slave Lake); Bomt Canadian Wat TO. 

p. 153 (Great Slave Lake) (1862); id. Mat. MiU.Mev. (2) £ p. 288 
54 . SOMATERIA. 
(1862); Elliot, lllustr. Am. B. pi. 48. (pts. xiv., xv., 1860); Ball 
j -Bann. Tr, Chic. Acad. i. p. 300 (1869); Corns, Key, p. 293 
(1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 514 (1873) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 581 
(1874); Ball, Avif. Aleut. Isl Unal westw. p. 7 (1874); llidqw. 
Norn. N. Am. B. n. 628 (1881); Coues, Chech-list, 2nd ed. p. 116, 

n. /35 (1882); Bean, Br. US. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 167; fSteams, 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 121 (Labrador); Nelson, Cruise 
'Corvjin; p. 101 (1883); Saund. YarreWs Hist Brit. B. iv. p. 459 
(1884-85); Seed. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 617 (1885); Turner, Auk, 
1885, p. 158; Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 29, p. 173, pi, vii. 
f. 3 (head, Copper Island) (1885) ; Murdoch, Fxped. to Point 
Bairozo, Alaska, p. 119 (1885); Matschieu. Ziemer, If. 0. 1885, 
p. 192; A. 0. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 123, n. 161 (1886); 
Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 136 (1886); Nelson, Nat. 
Hist Coll. in Alaska, p. 78, pi. v. f. 2 (head) (1887)$ Bidgiu. Man. 
N. Am. B. p. 110 (1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 137 
(1887) (Copper Isl. and Bering Isl.); Macfarl Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. xiv. p. 422 (Franklin Bay) (1891); ?8now9 Auk, 1892, 
p. 198 (Kansas !) ; Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123. 
Somateria v-nigrum, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 650, n. 124 (1856) ; 
Selys, Bull. Ac. Boy. Brux. xxiii. 2, p. 16 (1856) ; Blakist. Ibis, 
1863, p. 150; G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 88, n. 10707 (1871); 
Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 434 (Michalaski); Salv. §• Select. Ibis, 1881, 

p. 491; Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 18; Saund. Ibis, 1883, 
p. 347; Stejn. Naturen, 1884, p. 51; B., B.,$B. Water-B. N. 
Am, ii. p. 80 (1884); Coues, Key N Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 712, 
n. 735 (1884); Bdd. Ibis, 1886, p. 202 (note). 
Somateria mollissima, Tacz. (nee Linn.) Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p. 71 
(1877); id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877). 

Similar in plumage to 8, mollissima and S. dnsseri, but the 
adult male has a y-shaped mark of black on throat, like the male of 

8. sjpectabilis; besides, the male has the black of head bordered 
beneath by pale green for nearly its entire length, like S. dresseri: 
bill of adult male bright orange or orange-red in life, with paler 
tip. "Wing 11-75-12-75 inches, culmen 1-80-2-20, length of bill to 
point of basal angle 2-50-3-10, tarsus 2-00-2-30. 
The adult female is very similar to that of the allied species, but 
it is somewhat larger; wing 11-50-12-50. 

Young in down. Yery similar to the same stage of 8. mollissima, 
but apparently paler brown, and with the feathered portion of the 
culmen narrower and more pointed. 

Hob. North-western America, east to Great Slave Lake; northeastern 
Asia. 

a, b. 6 ad. sk. No locality. Old Coll 
c d, e. $ 2 ad. Russian America (Adams). Voy. ot H.M.b, Jin'
stWimm.sk. terprise; _ 
(Types of the species.) 
/ a Pull. st. Russian America (Adams). Voy. of H.M.S. <En


n ift

 terprise.' 
h £ ad. sk. Kotzebue Sound. Capt Kellett&Lieut. 

* 
Wood [P.J. 
(Co-type of the species.) 
432 
AN.VTIDJS. 

i~p.<$ 2 ad., juv., St. Michael's, Alaska, June- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

et pull. sk.
q. $ ad. sk. 
Aug. (E. W. Kelson). 
St. Michael's, Alaska, June (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r, s. Juv. sk. Stewart's I., Alaska, Sept. (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. P ad. sk.
W. Nelson). 
Cape Sabine, Alaska, Aug. The Admiralty [P.]. 
?i. $ ad. sk.
(.Hor*). 
Arctic coast, E. of Ft. AnderSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
son, July (JK, MacFarlane). 

4. Somateria spectabilis. 
Grey-headed Duck, Edio. Nat. Hist, of Birds, iii. pi. 154 (1750) 

(Hudson's Bay). 

Anas freti hud&onis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 366 (1760). 

Anas spectabilis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 195, n. 5 (1766); Perm., Cook's 

Voy. Pacif. iii. p. 356 (1784); Sparrm. Mus. Carlson, fasc. ii. 

t. 39 (tf), t. 40 ( ?) (1786); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 507, n. 5 (1788) ; 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 845, n. 36 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. 
p. 125, pi. 31. f. 3 (1790); Pall Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 236 
[tab. Ixvii.] (1811); Vieill. N. B. v. pp. 112, 102 (1816) : Bum. 
Diet. So. Nat vi. p. 352 (1817); Sabine, Linn. Trans, xii. p. 553 
(Greenland) (1818); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed.ii.p. 851 (1820); 
Yarrell, Linn. Trans, xv. 2, p. 391, pi. xv.c, d (trachea) (1827); 
Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 415 (1828) ; id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 631 (1831); 
Temm. I. c. iv. p. 541 (1840) ; Naum. Vdg. Deutschl. xii. p. 285, 
Taf. 322. f. 1 (young-), Taf. 323 (1844) ; Schleg. Bev. Crit. p. cxvi 
(1844); Middend. Sibir. Beis. ii. p. 233, Taf. xxii. f. 1 (pullus), 
f. 2 (egg) (1853) ; Milnter, J.f.O. 1853, p. 207 (Inseln Ruden) ; 
Schrader, J. f. O. 1853, p. 322 (Lapland) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 324 (China); Homey. J. f. O. 1870, p. 432; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 362 (1872). 
Canard a tete gri&e, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 253 (1783). 
Bering Goose," Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 548, n. 475 (1785); Lath. Syn, 
iii. 2, p. 465, n. 24 (1785). 
King Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool ii. p. 554, n. 481 (1785); Lath. Syn, 
iii. 2, p. 473, n. 30 (1785). 
Anas beringii, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 508, n. 63 (1788); Lath. Lnd. Orn. 
ii. p. 843, n. 29 (1790). 
Anser beringii, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 121 (1790); Vieill. N. B. v. 
p. 329 (1818); StepL Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 37 (1824). 
Anas moUissima, part., Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 549 (1815); Vieill. 
N. B. v. p. 112 (1816); Bum. Biet. So. Nat. xiv. p. 271 (part.) 
(1817). 
Somateria 
spectabilis, Leach, in Boss's Voy. Bisc, Append, p. xlviii 
(1819); Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822); Boie, Isis, 1822, 

p. 563, n. 399; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 229 (1824) ; Boie, 
Isis, 1826, p. 980; Sio. $ Bich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 447 (1831); 
Jen. Man. p. 238 (1835); Sto. Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1837) ; Gould, 
B. Eur. v. pi. 375 (1837); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 148 (1838); Bp. 
Comp. List, p. 57 (1838); K ty B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxvi, 228 
(1840); Macgill. Man. ii. p. 178 (1842) ; Hartl Verz. Ges. Mus. 
p. 120 (1844); G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. p. 141 (1844). ^ 
Gen. B. iii. p. 624, n. 2 (1844) ; Behnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 83. 
ff. 147-151 (1845); Holb. Fauna Gronl. {Paulsen transl), p. 75 
54 . SOMATEEIA. 
(1846): Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 307 n 1790 HMQ) 

p. 810 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 608 (1859) • JBvani & Sfvrn* 
^,1859, p 1741 (Spitsbergen?); Wheat^lgrT^X 
(Lake Erie!) (1860 ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland) Torel 
Biirag till Spitsberff. Mottuskf.etc. p. 57 (1859) Vm-Pr J^' 
r* , ^^"BJJ*J; , w. -^. u-r. x/zsc ijw. i*. p. 206 (1863) • 
Malmgren CEfv. X F«J^. Fork. 1863, p. 109 (Spitsbergen), 1864,' 

p. 401; zdJ.f 0.1808, p. 880; Newtlbis,m% p. 516 (Spitsbergen) 
; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 298 (1866)• Baird Ibis 
1867, p. 286; Degl. 8? Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 557 (ISmV Coues 
°-1869>p-394^

^68A,P-I81 i^orwo?;Kfo^- -^ * **»»• 

TV. C^c. ie«d i. p. 301 (1869); Turnb, B. F. Pa. p 46 (New 

Jersey in severe winters) (1869); Fyton, Syn. Anat p. 105 (1869) • 

Bote, or f\ 0'1869, p. 97 (Lofoten); S. Muller,ibid.\. 348 

(Faroe) ; Gould, B. of Great Brit. v. pi. 27 (1870); Gilletl Ibis 

1870, p. 309 (Novaja Semlja); Bating, P. Z. S 1871, p! 118 

f. 1 (head of the 2); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 88, n. 10708 
(1871) ; Heugl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1871, pp. 59,65 ; id. Jf 0 
1871, p. 105 (Spitsbergen); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 63 (Novaia Semlia) • 
id. J.f O. 1872, p. 122; Feild. Zoolog. 1872, p. 3255 (Faeroe I.) \ 
Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 149 (1872); Coues, Key N 
Am. B. p. 293 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 155 (1873); Finsch, 
Zzveite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii. p. 215 (1873); Ball, Avif. 
Aleut Isl Unal. Fastw. p. 6 (1873); Coues, Birds N.-West, p. 581 
(1874); Tacz. Bull Soc, Zool. Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877); id. Orn. Faun. 
Vost Sibir. p. 71 (1877) ; Feild. P. Z. S.1877, pp. 30, 32 (W. of 
Cape Union); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 412 (Floeberg Beach, lat. 82° 27' 
N.); Dress. B. of Fur. vii. p. 643, pi. 446 (1877); Seeb. Ibis, 
1879, p. 161 (Siberia); Peinh. Vid. Medd. 1879, p. 205; Sclat 

P. Z. S. 1880, p. 528; Brandt, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 249 (note); 
Henshaw, Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, v. p. 189 (Californian coast) 
(1880); Comeau, Canad. Sportsm. and Natural, i. no. 7, p. 51 
(nesting on a small island near Mingan) (1881); Pidgw. Norn. N, 
Am. B. n. 629 (1881) ; Pchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 18; id. 
Vbg. zool. Gart. p. 49 (1882); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 383 (Kanin 
Peninsula); Coues, Cat. B. Striehl. Coll. p, 540 (Iceland) (1882); 
Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1882, p. 167; Palmin, Intern. Fish. 
Fxhib. London, 1883, Sweden Spec. Cat. p. 199 (1883) ; Saund. Ibis, 
1883, p. 341; Nelson, Cruise ' Conoin; p. 101 (1883) ; Stearns, Pr. 

U.S. Nat Mus. 1883, p. 121 (Labrador) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. 
p. 134 (1883); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. viii. p. 344 (Kamtschatka) 
(1883); B., B., § P. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 83 
(1884); Saund. YarrelVs Hist Brit. B. iv. f>. 463 (1884-85) ; 
Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 88 (St. Kilda); Seeb. Hist. Brit B. 
Iii. p. 621, pi. 59 (egg) (1885) ; Matschie u. Ziemer, J. f O. 
1885, p. 192; Murdoch, Exped. to Point Barrow, Alaska, p. 120 
(1885); Stejneg. Orn. Expl. of the Comm. Isl and Kamtschatka, 

p. 318 (1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 123, n. 162 
(1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 137 (1886) ; 
Payne, Pr. Canad. Inst. (3) v. p. 122 (Prince of Wales's Sound, 
Hudson's Strait) (1887); Nelson, Nat Hist. Coll in Alaska, p. 79 
(1887); Murdoch, Zoologist, 1887, p. 108 (Point Barrow) ; Pidgw. 
yoL. XXVII, 2 E 

434 
AKATIDiB. 

Man. N Am. B. p. 110 (1887) ; Leverk. J. f. 0.1887, p. 85 (var.) ; 
Stejneg. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 138; Ninni, Bollett del 
Natural 1888, p. 137 (Venetian); Seeb. Ibis, 1888, p. 351 (Great 
Iiakoff Isl.); JSartw. J.f. 0. 1889, p. 153 ; Tristr. Cat. Coll JB. 

p. 47 (Labrador) (1889); Seeb. JB. Jap. Emp. p. 256 (Kurile Is.) 
(1890); Rchnw. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 83; Walter, ibid. pp. 285, 236, 
238, 239, 243, 245, 247 (E. Spitsbergen); Macfarl. Pr. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. 1891, p. 422 (Franklin Bay); Harterf, Kat. Vogelsa?n?nl 
p. 233 (1891); Southwell, Tr. Norw. Soc. v. pp. 58, 60 (Norfolk) 
(1891); Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 28 (Heligoland) ; Hatch, B. ofMinnes. 
p. 68 (1892); Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123 ; W. S. J, Forest and 
Stream, 1893, p. 96 (Maine); Mackaij, Auk, 1894, p. 224; Whitfield, 
ibid. p. 323; CoUett, Mindre Medd. vedr. Norges Fuglef. 
1881-92, p. 287 (1894). 
Platypus spectabilis, Brehn, Zehrb. Naturg. eur. Vdg. ii. p. 816 
(1824); Bock, J.f.O. 1853, p. 371. 
Fuligula spectabilis, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 389, n. 332 (1826) ; 
id. Syn. p. 389 (1828); id. Isis, 1832, p. 1188; Aud. Dm. Biogr. 

iii. p. 523, pi. 276 ; id. Syn. p. 291 (1839); Selys-L. Faun. Belg. 
i. p. 143 (1842); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 347, pi. 404 (1843); Be Kay, 
N. Y. Zool ii. p. 334 (1844); Giravd, JB. Bong Isl. p. 333 (1844); 
Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 466 (1849); Sehleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 
p. 13 (1866); Palmen, J.f.O. 1876, p. 57 (Finland); Brandt, 
J.f. 0.1891, p. 268 (Sitka and Aleutians). 
Fuligula (Somateria) spectabilis, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 414 (1834); 
Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Pitersb. (6) (Sc. Nat.) vi. 1849, p. 5(1847). 
Somateria pectoralis [errore ?), Licht. No?nencl, Av. p. 103 (1854) 
(Greenland). 
Somateria rnegarhynchus, Brehm, Vogelf p. 389 (1855); id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 299. 
Somateria altensteini, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 389 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 
1855, p. 299. 
"Anas superba, Zeach,, Syst. Cat. 1816*^ fide B., B., & R. Water-
Birds N. Am. p. 83 (1884). 
Somateria 
(Erionetta) spectabilis, Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
pp. 709, 712, n. 736 (1884). 

Adult male* Top of the bead and the occiput French-grey, which on 
the occiput is darker and is surrounded below with a blackish line ; 
a black line of feathers surrounds the base of the bill from the 
culmen to the gape; a black spot under the eyes ; cheeks white, 
tinged with sea-green above, this colour extends in a line of a 
crescentic shape, together with a white one, on the sides of the head ; 
throat, upper neck, and upper back white; on the throat there is a 
black V~shaped mark pointing towards the chin; breast creamy buff; 
lower back, middle of the rump, upper tail-coverts, and lower parts 
brown-black; on the sides of the rump a large white patch; upper 
wing-coverts white, but the point of the wing and the greater 
coverts, like the scapulars and quills, brown-black; scapulars very-

broad, with the outer web ending in a sickle form ; tertials pointed 
and bent downward; under wing-coverts dark grey, tipped with 
white; axillaries white; tail brown-black: bill, with base of the 

* The name Anas superba is not to be found in Leach's Catalogue. 
54 . SOHATEKIA. 435 
upper mandible spread out into a shield on each side, reddish 

orange-colour ; irides yellow; legs and feet orange-red, membrane 

darker. Total length about 24 inches, wing 11*5, tail 4*25, 

culmen 1*25, tarsus 1*75. 

Female, Eesembles that of 8. mollissima, but is ruddier and 
smaller, and besides may be distinguished by the central line of 
feathers on the culmen running down to the nostrils, while in the 
Common Eider it hardly reaches halfway. General plumage foxy 
rufous ; head and neck with narrow black streaks; feathers of the 
back and upper wing-coverts with black centres ; breast and flanks 
with crescentic black bands; lower breast and abdomen darker; 
greater wing-coverts and quills blackish brown, the greater wing-
coverts and secondaries with a narrow white band at the tip ; 
tertials somewhat bent downwards and edged with rufous-brown ; 
under wing-coverts greyish brown; axillaries white, dusted with 
grey; tail blackish brown : bill greenish brown ; iris dull yellow ; 
feet dull ochre. Total length 22-5 inches, wing 10*5, culmen 
1-25. 

Young in first plumage resembles the females, but has traces of 

the dark lines on the throat and margin of the bill (Seebohm). 

Males in first nuptial dress have very small shields at the base of 

the bill, and only a few of the wing-coverts are white. 

Males in moulting dress closely resemble males in first plumage, 
but may be distinguished by the broader shields at the base of the 
bill. 

Young in down has the bill narrower than in the Common Eider; 
the down of the central ridge runs down to the nostrils in the same 
characteristic manner as the feathers in the adult; the upper parts 
are only a trifle more rufous, but the cheeks, throat, and underparts 
are much lighter and yellower than in the Common Eider. 

Eab. Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere; in America, 

occasionally in winter to New Jersey, the Great Lakes, and Cali


fornia ; in Europe, rarely in the British Islands, Prance, and 

Scandinavia. 

a,b<3 ad. sk. No locality. 

c. <5 imm. sk. N. America. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
dr-h. d $ &&->

N. America. Capt. Collinson [P.]. 
<$ juv. et pull. 
sk. 


Kodiak Island, Alaska, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

i, k. <$ ad. et 
<$ juv. sk. 

(W.J. Fisher), 
I, m9 n. <3 ad., Whalefish Island (Dr. Robert- The Admiralty [P.]. 
$ juv., et 6 son), 
imm. sk. 

Franklin Bay, July (JR. Mac- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

o. $ ad. sk. 
Farlane). 
p, q. $ ad. sk. Eepulse Bay. Dr. J. Rae [P.] 
et $ ad. sk. 
r} s. 3 $ ad. sk. Lat 82° 30', June (JET. W. The Admiralty [P.]. 

Feilden). 

2*2 

436 

t. S inrm. sk. 
u. S ad. sk. 
v. c? juv. sk. 
tc. $ ad. sk. 
.?. Juv. sk. 
if. S ad. sk 

c. $ ad. sk. 
a', &', C <$2 
ad. st. 
<2'. c? inim. sk. 

e',/'. c? ad.sk 

#', A'. $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 
i'. S ad. sk. 
k'. d juv. sk. 
/'. Pull. st. 

ANATIDJ3. 

Lat. 70° N., Long. 68° 30' W. 

(Feilden). 

Godbout, Canada, Jan. (JV. .4. 

Chicago Market (imported 

from Calumet Marshes), Bee. 
Discovery Bay, July. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 

Nanortalik, Greenland, Feb. 

{JR. Muller). 

Nanortalik, Greenland, Feb., 
March {JR. Muller). 

S. Greenland, Dec, Jan. 
Orkneys. 
Nova Zembla, June. 
No locality. 


H. W. Feilden [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. Hart, Esq. [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Holboll Coll. 
Hargitt Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. 
E. Bowdler 
Sharpe [P.]. 

W. Parke, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Subfamily IX. ERISMATURIN^I. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Bill about the length of the head; no 
pendent lobe on the chin; tail-feathers 
less than 24. 
ar. Nail of the bill perpendicular. 
a". Tail shorter than tarsus 55. THALASSIORSIS, p. 436. 

V. Tail longer than tarsus 66. NOMO^YX, p. 438. 
b\ 
Nail of the bill bent inwards; tail of 
18 feathers 57. ERIS31ATUBA, p. 441. 

I. Bill shorter than the head, very high at 
base; a pendent lobe on the chin; 
tail-feathers 24 58. BIZIURA, p. 452. 
55. THALASSIOEHIS. 
Type. 
Thalassornis, Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 70 (1838) T. leuconota. 
Thalassiornis, G. R. Gr. Gen. JB. iii. p. 626, pi. 169. f. 1 

(1844). 

Mange. Confined to the Southern part of Africa. 

1. Thalassiornis leuconota. 
Clangula leuconotus, Smith, Cat. S. Afi\ Mus. p. 37, n. 328 (1837) 
(descr. nulla), until:— 

Thalassornis leuconotus, Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 168 (Cape of Good 
Hope) (1838); Gum. Ibis, 1861, p. 134,1862, p. 39 (Natal); Byt. 
Syn. Anat. p. 126 (1869). 

55 . THALASSIORNIS. 
437 

Thalassiornis leuconotus, G. JR. Gr. $ Mitch. Gen. B. Hi. p. 626, 
pi. 169. f. 1 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 79. ff. 232829 
(1850); id. Av. 8yst. Nat. p. viii, tab. viii. (1852); Pelz. 
JReise Novara, Vog. p. 139 (1865) (Cape of Good Hope); Finsch 

u. Sartl. Tog. O.-Afr. p. 810 (1870); Eartert, Eat. VogelsammL 
p. 234 (1891). 
Clangula leuconotus, Smith, III. 8. Afr., Zool, Aves, pi. 107 (1846), 
Anas brevipennis, Lioht. Mus. Berol, teste G. B. Gr. Gen, B., App. 
p. 28 (1849). 
Thalassiornis leuconota, Lioht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854); Cab., v. 
d. Deck. Beise O.-Afr. p. 51 (1869); Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. 
Tent. p. 150 (1872); JRchnw.' J. f. O. 1887, p. 46 (Njansa) ; 
Matschie, J.f.O. 1887, p. 157; Bchnw. J. f. O. 1889, p. 265 
(Quilimane); id. Mitth. Naturh. Mus. zu Kami. x. p. 5 (Quilimane) 
(1893); id. Tog. JDeutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 25 (1894). 
Thalassornis 
leuconota, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 658, n. 156 
(1856); Marti. J. f. O. 1860, p. 174; id. Orn. Beitr. Faun. 
Madag. p. 83 (1861); Pollen, N. T. D. i. p. 328 (1863); Verr. in 
Vinson's Vog. a Madag., App. B, p. 4 (1865) ; Layard, Birds of 

8. Afr. p. 356 (1867); Grand. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 6 
(Madagascar); G. B. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10717 (1871) • 
Boc. Jorn. Acad. 8c. Lisb. 1872, p. 70 (Rio Coroca); Ayres, Ibis-, 
1874, p. 105 (Transvaal); Boc. u. Gad. J. f. O. 1876, p. 294; 
Bchmv. J.f O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango); HartL Lie Vog. Madag. 
p. 366 (1877); Sclab. P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 529,534; Fisch. u. Bchmo. 
J.f.O. 1880, p. 139(Zanzibar); Boc. Orn. Angola,?. 505 (1881) ; 
Butl, Feild., $ Beid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 428 (Natal); Bbhm, J.f.O. 
1882, p. 184 (Zanzibar); Milne~Edw. fy Grandid. Ois. Madag. 
p. 735, pi. 275 A. f. 2 (1882); 8harpe, Bayard's B. of 8. Afr. 
p. 761 (1884); Bohm, J. f O. 1885, p. 38 (Ugalla, 0. Afr.); 
Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 115; 8ymonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 336 
(Orange Free State); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 324 
(Shoa) (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 46 (1889); Sibree, Ibis, 
1892, pp. 265, 271; Nicholls fy Eglington, 8portsm. in 8. Afr. 
p. 125 (note) (1893). 
Erismatura leuconota, Mont. P. Z. S.1865, p. 89 (Benguela). 
Biziura leuconota, Schleg. Mus. P.-B. Anseres, p. 8 (1866); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (1872). 
Clangula leuconota, Chapm. Trav. in 8. Afr. ii. App. p. 423 (1868). 
Anas leuconotus, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 355 (1872). 
Erismatura (Thalassiornis) leuconota, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, 

p. 4. 
Anas sp., Bohm, J.f. 0.1885, p. 51,1887, p. 157 ( = ? leuconota). 
Adult male. Upper part of the head, nape, and throat black, 
varied with yellow-ochreous; a buffy-white spot at the anterior 
part of the cheeks just near the base of the bill, extending to below 
the gape ; sides of the head ochreous yellow, with black roundish 
spots; sides and anterior part of the upper neck uniform bright 
ochreous yellow; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts with black and 
rufous-ochreous bands; rump white; tipper tail-coverts black, with 
buff bands; nnderparts ochreous yellow, the jugulum, sides of the 
breast, and flanks banded with black, the black bands broader on the 
flanks; centre of the breast uniform, unspotted; abdomen and 
under tail-coverts dusky, the edges of the feathers buff; primaries 
greyish brown, the secondaries spotted with rufous on the edges; 

438 
AFATIDiE. 

under wing-coverts brown-grey, the marginal ones tinged with 
buff; axillaries buff, with a brown stripe along the middle ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, with narrow ochreous edges: " bill blue 
and slate colour, lower mandible yellowish; irides dark brown; 
feet dark brown" (Ayres). Total length 16-17 inches, wing 7, 
tail 2-5, culmen 1*7, tarsus 1*3. 

Female. Similar to the male. 
Young. Similar to the adult, but less ochreous and more brown 
on the abdomen. 
Hah. Southern Africa, north to Loango on the western coast, 
and to Shoa on the eastern; Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Africa. 
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c, d. 
Ad. et S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
juv. st. (Types of the species.) 


e. Juv. sk. S. Africa. 
Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
f. Juv. sk. S. Africa. Eyton Coll. 
'g, h. (S ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Sept. Shelley Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Sept. Capt. Savile Beid [C.]. 
k. d 
ad. sk. Kroonstad, Orange Free J. H. Guraey,Esq.[P.]. 
State, March (F. T. 
Symonds). 
I 
Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 

m. Juv. sk. Benguela. " J. Monteiro [C.j. 
56. 
ETOMNTX. m Type. 
Nomonyx, Ridgw. Pr. TJ. 8. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 15 (1880). N. dominicus. 

Range. Tropical America, including the "West Indies. 

1. Nomonyx dominicus. 
Querquedula dominicensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 472, pi. xli. f. 2 (1760) 
(San Domingo et Mexico). 
Anas dominica, Linn. 8. K i. p. 201, n. 22 (1766) (ex Brisson); 
Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 521, n. 22 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 874, 

n. 102 (1790); Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 157, n. 80 (1791); Vieill 
N.B. v. p. 175 (1816); Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1817) ; 
Wied, Beschr. Iteise nach Bras. ii. p. 199 (1821) (Brazil); Less. 
Tr. oVOrn. p. 632 (1831) (Porto Eico); Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 938 
(1832) (Bahia); Burm. 8yst. Ueb. iii. p. 439 (1856) (Lakes of 
S.E. Brazil); 8undev. (Efv. K Vet.-Ahad. Fork 1869, p. 603 (Porto 
Rico). 
Sarcelle a queue e*pineuse, de Cayenne, D'Aubent. VI. Fnl. 967 (2): 
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 282 (1783). 
Sarcelle de la Guadeloupe, B'Aubent. PL Fnl. 968 (<$). 
Sarcelle rousse atongue queue, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 283 (1783). 
St. Domingo Teal, Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 554, n. 91 (1785). 
Spinous-tailed Duck, Lath. Syn. iv. 2, p. 565} n. 92 (1785). 
Anas spinosa, Gm. 8. N. L 2, p. 522, n. 87 (1788) (Cayenne et 

Guiana); Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 874, n. 103 (1790): Bonn. Fno. 
MSth. I p. 157, n. 81, pi. 41. f. 3 (1791); Vieill N. D. v. p. 175 
(1816); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1817) ; B'Orb. in La 

56* K0M03STTX. 
439 

Sagras Bist Nat Cuba, Ois. p. 297 (1840) (Cuba et Bolivia); 

Burm. Syst Uebers. iii. p. 440 (1856). 
£uligula donirnica, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 203 (1824). 
Gereoneetes spinosa, Wagl Isis, 18^32, p. 282 (Para). 
Jirismatoa dominica, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 172 (1838): Bartl. Verz. 

GesMus. p. 121 (1844); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 146 
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, n. 6 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Ivatetores, t. 78. ff. 900-901 (1848); Licht. Nomenel Av. p. 103 
(,M QIont^ideo, Chili); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 625, 

n. 162 (1856); Cab. $ Gundl J.f O. 1857, p. 231 (Cuba): Sclat. 
P.Z. & 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa); Cabot, Pr. Post. Soc. N B. vi. 
p. 3/5 (1858) (Lake Champlain); Baird, B. N. Am. pp. 811, 925 
(1858) (Lake Champlain) • id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 610 (1859); A. 
Sf E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 367 (St. Croix); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, 
p. 254 (Orizaba); Baird, B. N. Am. ed. 1860, pi. 92; Gundl 
J.f O. 1861, p. 346, 1862, p. 93; Ibis, 1862, p. 289 (Martinica) 
Gundl Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 391 (1866); LSot. Ois. 
Trinid. p. 525 (1866); Eyt. Syn. Anat.-p. 132 (1869); Pelz. Dm. 
Bras. 
pp. 320, 321 (trachea), 460, lix (1870); Reinh. Fugl Bras. 
Camp. p. 20 (Vid. Medd. 1870) (Lagoa dos Pitos); Kumlien, Pr. 
Bost Soc. N. B. xiv. p. 154 (Wisconsin) (1871); Brewer, Am. Nat 

v. p. 441 (1871); G. R. Gr. Band-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10723 (1871); 
Cows, Key N Am. B. p. 295 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 520 
(1873); Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 (Entrerios, Argent. Rep.); Sclat 
§ Salt). Nomenel Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873); Lawr. Mem. Boat 
Soc. N. B. ii. p. 316 (1874) (Mexico); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 583 
(note) (1874); Gundl J.f O. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico), 1875, 
p. 384 (Cuba); ? Bumf Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Argentine ?); Sclat. '$ 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 405, 411; Gundl Anal Soc. Esp. Bist 
Nat. TO. p. 408 (1878) (Porto Rico); id. J.f O. 1878, pp. 162, 
191 • Sckt. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll 
p. 541 (1882); Barrow, Auk, 1884, p. 274 (Lower Uruguay) ; 
Ernst, Rev. Cient Univ. Centr. Venez. i. p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887); 
Berl J.f 0.1887, p. 133 (Paraguay). 
Oxyura dominica, Eiit Mon. Anat pi. 24. f. 2 (head of the female) 
(1838). 
Erismatura spinosa, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 404 (1847); Albrecht, J.f O. 
1862, p. 207 (Jamaica). 

Erismatura ortygoides," Bill,11 Gosse, B. Jam. p. 406 (1847); Gosse, 
Mustr. B. Jam. pi. 113 (1849); Rchnb. Sijn. Av., Natatores, t. 91. 
£ 2653 (1850) (ex Gosse); Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 652, n. 163 
(1856). 

Dendrocygmis spinosa, Brewer, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. B. vii. p. 308 
(1860) (Cuba). 
Biziura dominica, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 9 (1866); Gieh. 
Thes. Orn. I p. 467 (1872). 

Nomonyx dominicus, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 15 (1880); 
id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 635 (1881); B., B., <§* R. Water-B. N. 
Am. ii. p. 109 (1884); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 31 (1885); 
A, O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 125, n. 168 (1886); Ridgw. 
Man. N. Am. B. p. 114, n. 125 (1887) ; Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 68; 
id. B. West Ind. p. 269 (1889); Sclat Argent Orn. ii. p. 138 
(1889); Cory, Auk, 1889, p. 336 (Massachusetts); Sclat. Ibis, 1890, 

p. 425 (Argentine) ; Scott, Auk, 1891, p. 364 (Jamaica); Bolland, 
Ibis, 1892, p. 209 (Argentine, eggs); Cory, Auk, 1892, p. 272 
(Cuba). 
Momonyx (errore) dominicus, Ibis, 1880, p. 491 (Index). 

440 A2JATTDJS. 

Nonionyx dominlca, Coues, Check-list i\T. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 117, 

n. 742 (1882) j id. Key N. Am. £. 2nd ed. p. 715, a. 742 (1884). 
J.#wZ* male. Head black; neck and breast bright rusty cinnamon, 
shading into reddish white on the lower parts; feathers of the back, 
scapulars, and feathers of the flanks broadly centred with black, 
the edges cinnamon; wings brown, with a white band or speculum 
formed by the tips of the anterior wing-coverts and by the basal 
portion of the anterior secondaries; some of the median wing-
coverts edged with rusty cinnamon: under wing-coverts brown, 
with narrow whitish edges; tail black: " bill blue; nal!5 tip of both 
mandibles, and naked skin on chin black; remainder of the lower 
mandible reddish white ; outer aspect of tarsus and two outer toes 
dark brown or black, the inner side of the tarsus. Inner toe, and 
membranes pale brown, spotted with black ; Iris dark brown; 
naked skin round the eyes bluish" (Gundlach). Total length 
about 15 inches, wing 5*7, tail 4, culmen 1*26, tarsus 1. 

Female. Upper parts brown; pileum uniform; a narrow superciliary 
stripe buff * a broader band, also buE colour, underneath the 
eyes from the bill to the occiput; two dark bands from the bill to 
occiput, one through the eyes, the other lower down, starting from 
the gape; throat buff; neck buff mottled with brown; feathers of 
the breast and flanks centred with brown, the edges but ; abdomen 
buff, the brown bases of the feathers more or less showing through ; 
feathers of the back more or less edged and spotted with buff; 
wings brown; wing-speculum white as in the male; tali blackish: 
" bill horn-brown, with the tip black "(Gundlach). Size somewhat 
smaller than the male. 

Young. Eesembles the female, but there are no distinct brown 

centres to the feathers of the breast and flanks, and the whole of 

the lower parts have the bases of the feathers much paler brown. 

Young in down. Upper parts brown, with four white patches, 
two on the sides of the back, behind the wings, and two on the 
sides of the rump; a whitish band on the posterior edge of the 
wings ; a whitish superciliary stripe, and a similar one below the 
eyes; a brown band through the eyes, and another across the 
lower part of the cheeks; lower parte whitish. 

Bab. Tropical America in general, Including the West Indies, 

south to Chili and the Argentine Eepubiic ; accidental in Eastern 

ISbrth America ("Wisconsin and Lake Champlain). 

a. $ ad. sk. Jamaica. R. Redman, Esq, [FA 
b. 6 juv. st. Barbados* P. Gosee, Esq.L0.j. "* 
c. 6 imm. sk. Guatemala. Salvln-Godman Coll. 
d. Juv. sk. Veragua (ArcS), Salvio-Godaiaik Coll 
e. Ad. sk. S. America. Old Col. 
f,9- d $ ad* st. Cayenne. Purchased. 
h. S ad. sk. Rio Negro. Purchased. 
i. J ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). SaMn-Gcdmaa Coll 
Jc. <$ ad. sk. Lake Titacaca, Bolivia. Eyton Col. 
/. (S ad. sk. Coast of Brazil Dr. W. Barker [EX 
m. Sternum, with Jamaica. P. Gosse, Esq. [litshoulder-girdle. 
57. EEISAUTTJRA. 
441 

57. EBISMATURA. 
TVDS 

Oxyura (subgen.), Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. (1826), 
j>. 390 (1828) (nee Oxyurus, Sw. 1827) E. mrnaicensis. 
Ensmatura, Bp. Sagg. Bistr. Met, Agg. e Corr. 

p. 143 (1832) .. E. kmaicensis. 
Cerconectes, WagL Isis, 1832, p. 282 E. leucocephala. 
Gymnura (subgen.), Nutt. Man. ii. p. 426 (1834) .. E. lamaicen&ia. 
Lndma, Gould, B. of Eur. v. pi. 383 (1837) E. leucocephala. 
Bythonessa. Gloger, Hand- u. ffilfsb. p. 412 (1842). E. leucocephala. 
Erimistura (errore?\ Deal. 8c Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. 
p. 565 (1867). 
Uange. Almost cosmopolitan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Breast, and usually also the "back and flanks, 
bright chestnut (Adult Males), 
d. 
Head partly white. 
a". Head white, crown black leucocephala, p. 442. 
b". Cheeks and chin white, upper part of the 
head to the occiput black jamaicensis, p. 445. 
br. Head and upper part of the neck wholly 

black. 
c". Axillaries white maccoa, p. 448. 
dh. Axillaries greyish brown, edged with 

white. 

a"'. Chin white. 
a4. Under tail-coverts rusty red ferruginea, p. 449. 
b\ Under tail-coverts white cequatorialis, p. 450. 

b"\ 
Chin like the head black. 

c4. Chestnut colour of the breast, flanks, 
and upper parts lighter and 
brighter vittata, p. 450. 

d\ 
Chestnut colour of the breast, flanks, 
and upper parts deeper australis, p. 451. 

b. Breast and upper parts not bright or deep 
chestnut, always more or less freckled or 
barred with brown (Females and Young). 
</. Upper mandible at base decidedly swollen on 
toe sides; usually upper parts distinctly 
tinged with chestnut-brown leucocephala, p. 442. 

d'. Upper mandible not swollen basally on the 

e". Cheeks not uniform with the upper part 
of the head, but crossed below the eyes 
by a whitish band from the bill to the 


occiput. 

<?'". Under tail-coverts whitish, not 
sharply defined from the remainder 
of the abdomen maccoa, p. 448. 

d"\ Under tail-coverts pure white, sharply 
defined from the remainder of the 
abdomen. 


e\ Bill across at broadest point 0*80-0*90 
jj^h ,,,, jamaicensis, p. 445. 

442 ANATIDiE. 

/*. Bill across at broadest point 0'75-0'80 
inch vittata, p. 450. 
/". Cheeks uniform with the upper part of 
the head; no white band across the 

/"'. Cheeks and upper parts of the head l J ' r 
brown, freckled and mottled with 
paler markings australis, p. 451. 

1. Erismatnra leucocephala. 
? White-head, Shaw, Trav. p. 254 (1738). 
Anas leucocephalus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 65, n. 79 (1769): 
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 72 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 858, 

n. 64 (1790) ; Bonn. JSnc. MM. i. p. 131 (1790); Bechst. Orn. 
Taschenb. ii. p. 444, Taf. 28 (tf) (1803); Beehst. Gem. Naturg. 
DeutschL iv. p. 982 (1809); Savigny, Baser, de VEgypt, Hist. Nat. 
i. pt. 4, p. 315, pi. 10. f. 2 (1809) $ Temm. Man. WOrn. p. 556 
(1815); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat vi. p. 397 (1817) ; Temm. op. cit. 
2nd ed. ii. p. 859 (1820); Bam. El. di Zool iii. pt. ix. p. 137, 
tav. 30. f. 3 ($) (1826) ; Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 72, n. 230 (1827); 
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630 (1831); Strickl. Ann. # Mag. N. H. viii. 
p. 545 (1842); Naum. Vog. DeutschL xii. p. 149, Taf. 315 (1844); 
Buvry, J.f. 0.1857, p. 131 (Algeria). 
Anas mersa, Ball. Reis. Buss. Beichs, ii. Anh. p. 713, n. 29, t. H 
(1773); FaUc, Beytr. z. Top. Kennt. Buss. Beichs. ii. p. 349, n. 75, 

t. 23 (1786); Gm. S. N. I 2, p. 520, n. 84 (marsa) (1788) ; 
Bonn. JEne. Mith. i. p. 127, pi. 36. f. 6 (J $) (1790); Pall. Zoogr. 
Bosso-As. ii. p. 283, t. lxxiii. (1811); Vieill. N. B. v. p. 137 
(1816) ; Bumont, Bict. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 376 (marsa) (1817); Schleg. 
Bev. Crit. p. cxviii (1844) ; Badek. J.f 0.1854, p. 370 (Volga); 
Bdssler, ibid. p. 380 (Tauris); Buvry, J. f. O. 1857, p. 123 
(Algeria). 
Anas hyberna, Gerini, Stor. Ucc. v. t. 577 (1776). 
Spanish Duck, Benn. Gen. Birds, p. 65. tab. xiii. (1781) ; Lath. Syn. 


iii. 2, p. 525, n. 69 (part.) (1785). 
Anas yindila (err.), Benn. Gen. Birds, p. 65, tab. xiii. (1781). 
White-headed Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 478, n. 33 (1785). 
Ural Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 514, n. 59 (1785). 
Anas viduata, part., Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 2, p. 525, n. 69 (1785). 
Anas ruthenica, Hollandre, Abrege* d'Hist. Nat. iv. Ozs. p. 243 
(1790). 
Anas leucophela (errore), Vieill. N. B. v. p. 105 (1816). 
Aythya mersa, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564. 
Oidemia leucocephala, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 218 (1824) ; Flem. 

Brit. An. p. 119(1828). 
Platypus leucocephalus, BreTvm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Vog. ii. p. 824 

Fuligula leucocephala, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 391 (note) (1826); 
id. Syn. p. 391 (1828); Savi,. Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 142 (1831); Bp. 
Isis, 1832, p. 1188. 

Aythya leucocephala, Boie; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993: id. Naturg. 
Vogel DeutschL p. 909 (1831). 
Erismatura leucocephala, Bp. Sagg. Bistr. Met., Agg. e Corr. p. 143 
(1832),-Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 170.(1838); fijp. Icon. Faun. ItaL, 

57 . >EEISMATUEA. 
443 

Ucc. Introd. p. 17 (1841); id. Cat Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73 (1842) ; 
 *Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 75. ff. 134-136 (1845); J?^ , Ca£. 


5. Mus. A. S. B. p. 308, n. 1796 (1849); id. Av. Syst. Nat p. viii, 
t. vii. (1852); Lickt Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854); Brehm, J.f 0. 
1855, p. 369 (N.E. Africa); L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 382 (1855); id. 
Naumannia, 1855, p. 298, n. 1; Bp. Corrupt Rend, xliii. p. 652, 
n. 157 (1856); Locke, Cat. M. et 0. Alger, p. 145 (1858); Schley. 
Dierent p. 274 (1864); Salvad. Cat TJco. Sard. p. 108 (1864); id. 
J.f 0.1865, p. 324 (Sardinia); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 269 (1869); 
Eyt. Syn. Anat p. 129 (1869); Elwes $ BucH. Ibis, 1870, p. 340 
(Turkey); G. R Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10718 (1871); Shell. 
B. of Egypt, p. 291, pi. xii. (1872); Salvad. Faun, d'ltal, Ucc. 
p. 270 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1349 (1873); 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 343; Irby, Orn. Sir. Gibralt p. 205 (1875) 
(Cadiz, Tangier); Danf fy Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 427 
(Transylvania); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 28 (Corsica); Dress. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 421 (Turkestan) ; id, B. Eur. vi. p. 677, pi. 451 
(1878); Brehm, J. f. 0. 1879, p. 334 (Siebenbiirgen); Schaloiv, 
ibid. p. 335; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 153 (Omsk, 
'S. Siberia); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530; Hume $ Marsh. Game 
^.o/I^.iii.p.289 (Kandahar), p. 436(Punjab) (1880); Gigl.Ibis, 
1881, p. 215 (Italy); Salo. Cat. B. Strichl. Coll p. 541 (1882); 
Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 429 (Lenkoran) ; Tristr. Faun. § Flor. of 
Palest, p. 118 (1884); Whiteh. Ibis, 1886, p. 46 (Corsica); Salvad. 
EL Ucc. Ital. p. 268 (1886); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 179 (Kelat); 
Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 47 (1889); Bchnw. J.f.O. 1890, p. 84; 
Dress. Ibis, 1891, p. 369 (Erzeroom); Floerike, J. f. 0. 1891, 

p. 170 (ScHesia); Hartert, Eat Vogelsamml. p. 234 (1891); 
Albarda, J.f. 0.1892, p. 430 (Holland); Ftower, Ibis, 1894, p. 359 
(e£&)-
Cerconectes mersa, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282. 
Undina leucocephala, Gould. B. Eur. v. pi. 383 (1837). 
Oxyura unifasciata, Eyt Man. Anat. pi. 24. f. 1 (bead of <$ juv.) 

(1838), 

Erismatura 
mersa, Bp. Comp. List, p. 59, n. 431 (1838); G. B. Gr. 
List Gen. B. p. 75 (1840); id. op. cit 2nd ed. p. 96 (1841); id. 
List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 146 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, n. 1 
(1844); Hupp. Syst. TIebers. p. 138. n. 501 (1845) (Egypt); 
Brehm, Vogelf. p. 382 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 298, n. 2 ; 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 358,364 (E. Atlas); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, pp. 82, 
163, 372 (N. Africa); Powys, ibid. p. 354 (Ionian Isl.); Tristr. 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 (Galilee); id. Ibis, 1868, p. 329 (Palestine); 
Shell. Ibis, 1871, p. 316 (Egypt); Saund. ibid. p. 397 (S. Spain) ; 
Severtz. Jf 0.1873, p. 344 (Turkestan), 1875, p. 185; Lilford, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 16; Nathus. J. f O. 1879, p. 260 (egg); Henke, 
ZooL Gart. 1880, pp. 142-147 (Kirgis Steppes) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, 
p. 229 (Astrakhan), 1883, p. 35 (Caucasus); Chapm* Ibis, 1884, 
p. 91 (Spain), 1888, p. 447. 
CJndina mersa, K. ty B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxvi, 229 (1840); 
Eadde, Ornis Caucas. p. 459 (1884) (Caspian). 
Bythonessa leucocephala, Gbger, Gem. Hand- u. Hilfsb. i. p. 472 
(1842). 
Euligula mersa, Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 476 (1849) ; Wright, Ibis, 
1864, p. 291 (Malta); Severtz. Turhest Jevotn. p. 70 (1870). 
Erismatura unifasciata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 652 (?) (1856); 
Eyt Syn. Anat. p. 129 (Persia) (1869). 
Biziura leucocephala, Schleg. Mus. P.-B.} Anseres, p. 11 (1866); Gieb. 

44 4 ANAIED-2B. 

TJies. Orn. ii. p. 467 (1872); Crommel. Arch. Neerl. x. p. 175 
(1875) (Netherlands). 
Erimistura (errore?) leucocephala, Degl <$r Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. 

p. 5C6 (1867). 
Adult male. Crown black; forehead, sides of the head, including 
the space above the eye, chin and nape pure white; below this 
white the neck all round is black; lower neck and breast chestnut-
red, with narrow blackish bars; back, scapulars, sides, and flanks 
reddish chestnut, more or less bufiish, and finely and irregularly 
vermiculated with blackish; upper tail-coverts deep chestnut; 
underparts, below the breast, reddish buffy white; wings brown-
grey, the wing-coverts and secondaries finely vermiculated with 
buffy white; under wing-coverts grey, the central ones whitish; 
axillaries white ; tail blackish : " bill blue; iris dark brown; feet 
ashy brown, with the webs black" (Salvadori). Total length 
about 18-5 inches, wing 6-5, tail 4-5, culmen 1-9, tarsus 1*3. 

A specimen in the Museum of Turin from Sardinia, affected by 
incipient albinism, is altogether much paler, has no black round the 
neck, except on the nape, and has the white much more extended, 
covering entirely the throat. 

Female. Differs from the male in lacking the clear white on the 
head and in being much more rufous, especially on the underparts ; 
crown, nape, and cheeks brown-chestnut, with blackish bars; a 
white streak below the eye, from the base of the bill nearly to the 
nape; chin, throat, and sides of the neck just near the head 
whitish, dotted or streaked with blackish on the sides of the neck ; 
upper tail-coverts scarcely deeper chestnut than the remainder of the 
upper parts: bill dull plumbeous; iris dark brown; legs plumbeous 
black. 

Young male. Very similar in plumage to the old female, only 
somewhat more ruddy on the back. 

Young in down. Brown-grey; upper part of the head and cheeks 
dark brown; a streak below the eye, from the base of the bill to 
the nape, throat, and sides of the upper part of the neck dull 
greyish white undulated with dusky; a whitish spot on each side 
of the rump just below the wings; edge of the wing and under 
wing-coverts whitish (Sardinia, Mus. Turin). 

Bab. From the basin of the Mediterranean to Turkestan; 
according to Finsch, also Southern Siberia; North-western India 
in winter; accidental in Germany and Holland* 

«-/• 6 $ ad. et No locality. Purchased. 
pull. st. 
g-l. S ? ad. sk. El Baheira, Tunis, March Salvin-Godmari Coll. 
(0. Salviri). 
m> (S ad. sk. El Baheira, Tunis, March H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
(0.0.). 
[?.]. 
n. <$ ad. sk.
o. 2 ad. sk. * 
Alexandria, Egypt, March{G. E. S.). 
Damietta, Egypt, Dec.
(Filipponi). 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley OoL 

57 . EEISMATTTEA. 
445 

p. 
2 a(*. sir. Bospkorus, winter (T. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
Robson). [P.]. 
q. fS ad. sk. Odessa. Dr. Dowler [P.]. 
r, s. <3 $ ad. sk. Lenkoran, Jan. Seebohm Coll. 
& $ juv. sk, Persia, Oct. Eyton Coll. 
(Type of Oxyura unifasciata, Eyton.) 

u. c? ad. sk. Kirghiz Steppes. Tweeddale Coll. 
v. $ juv. sk. Khelat-i-Ghikai, Kandahar, Hume Coll. 
Oct. (Sir O. St. John), 
w. S 
ad. sk, Peshawar, March. Brigadier-Gen. Kin-
loch [P.]. 
x. 2 ad.sk. Ludhiana, Oct. (F Field). Hume Coll. 
y. 
S 2uv.sk. Najafgarh Jhil, Delhi district, Hume Coll. 
Jan. ( W. N. Chill), 
z. S j^v. sk. Juhtikea, Delhi district, Feb. Hume Coll. 
(W.N. Chill). 
a'. S juv. sk. Delhi district, Oct, (W. N. Hume Coll. 
Chill). 
V, c'. 
Sterna with Algeria, 
shoulder-girdle. 

2. Erismatnra jamaicensis. 
? Teal, Bancroft, ffist. of Guiana^ p. 170 (1769). 
Jamaica Shoveler, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 513, n. 58 (1785) (descr. 
optima). 

Anas iamaicensis, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 519, n. 83 (1788) (ex Latham); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 857, n. 63 (1790); Bonn. Enc. MSth. i. p. 127 
(1790) ; Vieill. N. B. v. p. 164 (1716); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat vi. 

p. 385 (1817),* Ord, ed. Wils. viii. p. 138, pi. lxxi. f. 1 (#) 
(1824). 
Bhynckaspis jamaicensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 119 (1824). 
Anas rubida, 'Wils. Am. Orn. viii. pp. 128, 130, pi. 71. ft. 5, 6 (1814); 

Sabine, FranM. Journ. p. 700 (1823); Vieill. Em. Meth. i. p. 359 
(1823); Bp. Speceh. Comp. p. 72, n. 251 (1827). 
? Anas cyanorostris, Vieill. N. B. v. .p. 165 (1816) (Mexico, ex Hernandez's 
Yacatexotly=Blue-bill). 
? Anas recurvirostra, Vieill. op. tit. p. 167 (1816) (= Anas Jamaica, 

Lath.). 
Rhyncbaspis rubida, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 120 (1824). 
Anas (Fuligula) rubida, Bp. 05s. Nomencl. Wils. n. 268 (1825). 
Fuligula (Oxyura) rubida, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ii. p. 390 (1826); 

id. Syn. p. 390 (1828). 

Fuligula rubida, 
Sw. § Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 455 (1831) ; Bp. 
Isis. 1832, p. 1188; Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 326, pi. 343 (1838); id. 
Syn. p. 288 (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 324, pi. 399 (1843) ; 
Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 326 (1844) ; Be Kay, N. T. Zool. ii. 

p. 327 (1844); Lemb. Av. Cub. p. 118 (1850); Wied, J.f.O. 
1859, p. 178. 
Cerconectes rubida, Wagl. Lsis, 1832, p. 282. 
Fuligula (Gymnura) rubida, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 426 (1834). 
Erismatura rubida, Bp. Comp. List, p. 59, n. 397 (1838); Eyt. Mon. 

Anat. p. 171 (1838); Hartl. Verz. Ges.Mus. p. 121 (1844): G.R. 
Gr. ListB. Brit. Mm. p. 146 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, n. 2 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, i 75. ff. 887-88 (1845); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 308, n. 1797 (1849); LiehU 

446 
ANATID.2B. 

Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854) (Mexico): Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii, 

p. 652, n. 160 (1856); Cab. 8? GundL J.f.O.1857, p. 230 (Cuba) ; 
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 811 (1858); id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 609 
(1859); Bryant, Pr. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii., p. 122 (1859) 
(Bahamas); Sclat. § Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 5,232 (eggs, Guatemala); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 393 (Oaxaca) ; Heerm. P. R. R. Rep. x. 
pt. vi. p. 70 (1859) (California); ? Taylor, Ibis, I860, p. 315 (Honduras) 
; Gundl J.f. 0. 1861, p. 346 (Cuba); Anonymous, Ibis, 
1862. p. 289 (Martinica): Ross, Canad. Nat. vii. p. 153 (Slave 
Lake) (1862); id. Nat. Hist. Rev. (2) i. p. 288 (1862); Hayd. Rep. 
1862, p. 176; Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 159 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 
1863, p. 150 (Hudson's Bay); Gundl Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 
i. p. 390 (1866); Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vih. (1866) p. 298 
(Long Isl.) (1867); Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 201 (1868) ; Eyt. 
Syn. Anat. p. 130 (1869); Stev. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. p. 466 (1870); 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10721 (1871); Coues, Key, p. 295 
(1872); id. Check-list, n. 519 (1873); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 131 (1873); Law. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 315 
(1874) (Mexico) ; Deane, Amer. Nat. viii. p. 433 (1874) (Cape Cod, 
Mass.); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 583 (1874); GundL J.f.O. 1874, 
p. 314 (Porto Rico), 1875, p. 384 (Cuba) ; Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1876, pp. 403, 411; Gundl. Anal. 8oc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 407 
(1878) (Porto Rico); id. J.f 0.1878, pp. 162, 191; Coues, Am. 
Nat xii. p. 123, fig. of tail-feathers (1878); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 530; Cory, B. Bahama Isl. p. 189 (1880); A. $ E. Newt. 
Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881); Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 634 
(1881) ; Forbes, P. Z. S.1882, p. 456 (no bulla ossea) ; Coues, Checklist, 
2nd ed. p. 117, n. 741 (1882); id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 715, n. 741 (1884); B., B., $ R. Water-B. N Am. ii. p. 104 
(1884); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 31 (1885); Nehrl. J. f. O. 
1885, p. 148; Wells, List B. Grenada, p. 10 (1886) ; A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Am. B. p. 124, n. 167 (1886); Zeledon, An. Mm. 
Nac. Rep. Costa Rica, 1887, p. 132 (Cat. Av. Costa Rica, p. 132, 
n. 688,1887): Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 113, n. 167 (1887); Cory, 
Auk, 1888, p.' 68; id. B. W. Ind. p. 269 (1889); Feild. Ibis, 1889, 
p. 500 (Barbados) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); Scott, Auk, 
1891, p. 364 (Jamaica); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 234 (1891) ; 
Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 71 (1892); Beristain fy Laurencio, Mem. 
y Rev. Soc. dent. vii. p. 209, n. 62 (1893). 
Biziura 
xubida, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 11 (1866); Gieh. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 468 (1872). 
Erisnaatura ferruginea, Frantz. (nee G. R. Gr.) J.f.O. 1869, p. 378 
(Costa Rica). 
Erismatura dominica, Aiken (nee Linn.), Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. p. 210 
(1872) (Colorado ?). 

Adult male. Upper part of the head, down to under the eyes, and 

upper half of the nape deep black, cheeks and chin pure white; rest 
of the neck, back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, sides, and flanks rich 
chestnut-rufous, deeper on the upper breast; lower parts silvery-
white on the surface or edges of the feathers, while the concealed 
portions of the same are brownish grey, showing through more or 
less; under tail-coverts entirely white to the roots of the feathers ; 
wing-coverts, lower back, and rump dusky greyish brown, minutely 
mottled with paler; remiges dull brownish; under wing-coverts 
#and axillaries dull grey, the latter, edged with white; rectrices 

57 . EE1SMATUEA. 
447 

brownish Hack : " bill and edges of the eyelids greyish blue; iris 
hazel; feet dull greyish blue, webs inclining to dusky " (Audubon), 
Total length 16 inches, wing 6, tail 3*75, culmen 1*75, tarsus 
1-12. 

Female. Upper half of the head, down to below the eyes, and 
upper parts generally dusky greyish brown, minutely freckled and 
sometimes indistinctly barred with greyish buff, more reddish, 
almost chestnut, on the head ; cheeks like the top of the head; a 
whitish stripe, freckled with brown, from the base of the bill 
almost to the nape ; chin and throat whitish ; neck pale brownish 
grey, with narrow whitish bands ; lower parts whitish; sides and 
flanks with broadish brown bands and narrower ones of a whitish-
buff colour; wings dusky brown, finely mottled with paler; remiges 
uniform; tail brown; bill dusky. Total length about 16 inches, 
wiDg 5'6, tail 3*75, culmen 1*5, tarsus 1*1. 

Young male. Similar to the female, but cheeks whitish buff, with 

no dark streak across, and sometimes only anteriorly tinged with 

dusky brown; under tail-coverts distinctly white. 

Young in down. Above dark smoky brown, darker on head; a 

whitish spot on each side of the back; below eye, from bill to 

occiput, a stripe of 
brownish white, and beneath this a narrower 

one of dusky brown, confluent with the brown of the nape; beneath 

greyish white, shading into sooty brown on chest. 

Hob. Temperate North America, from Hudson's Bay to Guate


mala, Costa Rica, and West Indies; according 
to Ridgway, also 

New Granada 1 

a. 
<J ad. sk. N. America. Hudson's Bay Co 
[p.]. 
b. Pull. St. N. America. Purchased. 
N. America. Lord Odo Russell 
[P.]. 
d,e. 
S ? ad. et Arctic Exp. Sir G. Back [P.]. 
juv. sk. 

c. 2 ad. sk. 
f,g. c?$ad. sk. 49th Parallel. N. America Boundary 
Comm. [P.]. 

h. $ ad. sk. Washington, B.C., April. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. $ 
ad. sk. North Dakota, May. E. S. Cameron, Esq. 
[P.]. 
k. $ juv. sk. Boston, Massachusetts, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. J ad. sk. Grand Tower, Illinois, April. Howard Saunders, 
Esq. IP.]. 
m, n, o. 3 $ ad. Eiverdale, Illinois, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk.# (F. W. Nelson). 

p. 
$ juv. sk. Norfolk, Virginia, Jan. {W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Brewster). 
q. Pull. sk. Arkansas River, Aug. (C. K Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aiken). 
r~u. J ad. et S Corpus Christi, Texas, Dec, Salvin-Godman ColL 
juv. sk. Jan. (F. B. Armstrong). 
v-a'. 
S $ ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April, Nov. {F. B. Armstrong). 


A'NA.TTDM.

448 

b'. 2 juv. sk. San Francisco, California, Oct. H. J. Elwes. Esq. 
rp.]. 

c. J ad. sk. 
Mexico. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 

d'. $ ad. sk. 

Valley of Mexico (Le Strange). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Juv. sk. 

Aguas Calientes, Mexico, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. B. Richardson). 
f,g'-6 ? ad. sk, Duefias, Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(0. Salvin). 
h'. $ ad. sk. Mount Eagle, Jamaica, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W. Osburn). 
i', 7c\ $ ad. et ^ [South America.] Old Coll. 
juv. st. 
/'. Skeleton. No locality. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3. Erismatura maccoa. 
Oxyura maccoa, Smith, Cat. S. Afr. Mus. p. 37, n. 329 (1837) (descr. 
nulla); id. HI Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pis. 108,109 (1847). 

Erismatura maccoa, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 169 (1838) ($) (Indian 
Isles!); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 146 (1844) (South 
America!) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, n. 4 (1844); Licht. Nomencl. 
Av. p. 103 (1854) (S. Africa); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 356 (1867); 
Eyt. Syn. Av. p. 128 (juv.) (1869); Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 302 
(Transvaal); Gum. in Anderss. B. Bamara Land, p. 344 (1872) 
(Orange Eiver); Sharpe, Lai/arch B. S. Afr. p. 762 (1884) ; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 249 (1884) (Shoa); Gigl 
ibid. vi. p. 60 (1886) (Shoa); Salvad. ibid. p. 325 (1886) (Shoa) ,* 
Rchnw. Yog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 26 (Kibaya, Massai). 

Oxyura (Erismatura) maccoa, Eyt. Mon. Anat., list of plates, pi. 24. 
£ 1 (1838). 
Erismatura leucocephala africana, Rchnb. Syn. Av.} Natatores, t. 78. 

f. 899 (1845). 
Erismatura africana, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, text [p. 3] (1845). 
Erismatura maccao, G. R. Gr. Gen. B., Append, p. 28 (1849). 
Erismatura moccoa, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 652, n. 158 (1856) ; 
G. R. Gr. Hand4ist, iii. p. 90, n. 10719 (1871). 
Biziura maccao, Schley. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 10 (1866). 
Biziura maccoa, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 468 (1872). 
Erismatura mocoa, Selat. P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 530, 534; Tristr. Cat. 
Coll B. p. 47 (1889) (Transvaal). 

Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck black, descending 
lower down on the nape; lower neck, upper breast, sides, flanks, 
and upper part bright red-chestnut; this colour from the breast 
downwards shades gradually on the lower parts, which are 


* silvery grey, into the dusky bases of the feathers ; wings brown, 
finely mottled with pale rufous on the wing-coyerts and secondaries 
; in some specimens the median wing-coverts are edged with 
t chestnut; primaries uniform brown; under wing-coverts grey edged 
' with white; axillaries white, more or less stained with grey; 
tail blackish: " iris dark hazel; beak blue-black; feet dark [lead] 
blue" (Antinori). Total length about 18 inches, wing 7, tail 3*5, 
culmen 1*7, tarsus 1*38. 

57 . ERISMATURA. 44 9 
Some specimens, perhaps not very old, have the median wing-
coverts edged with chestnut and the under tail-coverts tinged with 
reddish (Mus. Turin). 

Female. Similar to those of E. nibida and E. vittata, but is 
easily distinguished by the much broader bill (1 inch in the 
broadest part), and in having the upper parts with broader freckled 
bands of a brighter buff colour; from the female of E. vittata it 
differs also in lacking the distinct white under tail-coverts. 

Male in moulting dress. Intermediate between the adult female 
and the adult male, having the head nearly black with many whitish 
feathers on the sides; throat whitish, with many black feathers; 
feathers of the back dusky, finely freckled with chestnut, the edges 
chestnut; a chestnut tinge on the edges of the feathers of the 
throat and of the flanks; rest of the underparts, wings, and tail as 
in the female ; only the wings show a slight chestnut tinge on the 
edges of the median wing-coverts (Mu$. Turin). 

Hah. South Africa, North to Orange Eiver on the West, to Shoa 
on the East. 

a, 5, c. <S 2 a(^-e^ South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
c? imm. sk. (Types of the species.) 

4. Erismatura ferruginea. 
Erismatura ferruginea, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 170 (Chili ?) (1333); 
G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 146 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. # 
Mitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, n. 3, pi. 169 (1844) ; Rchih. Syn. Av., 
Katatores, t. 78. f. 898 (1845) (ex Gr. § Mitch.); Sclat. fy Salo. 
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 177 (S. Peru), p. 570 (W. Peru); Eyt. Syn. 
Anat p. 129 (1869); Or. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10722 
(part.) (1871); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 554 (eggs, Peru); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530 (part.); ? Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 428• Tacz. 
Orn. Per. iii. p. 484 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N.Am. B. p. 113 
(part.) (1887). 
Similar to E. vittata, but with a much broader and larger bill. 

The adult male has the chestnut colour of the breast much 
deeper, a white spot on the chin, much darker brown underparts, 
and the under tail-coverts chestnut: "bill bluish lead, lower 
mandible yellow; feet brown, with the webs darker; hides brown " 
(TaczanowsJcy). Total length about 17 inches, wing 6, tail 3, 
culnien 1*7, broadest part of the bill 0*85, tarsus T39. 

The adult female is easily distinguished by having the cheeks 
brown, with no whitish band under the eyes ; there is only a whitish 
indistinct spot on the cheeks near the base of the bill. 

Hah. Bolivia and Peru. 

a,l.i% ad. sk. Chili ? O. Crawley, Esq.. [P.]. 
(Types of the species.) 
c, d, e. <$ 2 &&- et Lake Titicaca, Peru (Messrs. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3 juv. sk. Veitch). 
f. <5 ad. sk. Vicinity of Lima, Peru Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Nation). 
g. S ad. sk. Laguna de Tambo, Nov. H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
(H. WMtely). [P.]. 
VOL, XXVII. 2 G 

450 
AXATIDJL;. 

5. Erismatura sequatorialis. 
Yery similar to E. ferruginea, but somewhat smaller, and the 
male has the chestnut colour of the upper parts and breast brighter 
and the under tail-coverts white, instead of chestnut. 
Tho female, similar io that of E. femajmca, has no whitish band 
under the eyes. 
Hah. Ecuador. 

a. S ad. sk. Antisana, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. I 
b. $ ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador ( Villagomez). Salvin-Gorlman Coll. j 
(Types of the species.) 
6. Erismatura vittata. 
Erismatura 
femiginea, Bridges {nee Byton), P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 
(Lakeof Quintero, Chili); Hartl Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844) ; 
Des Murs in Gay, Hist. Nat Chile, i. p. 458 (Centr. Chili) (1848); 

G. R. Gr. Gen. £., App. p. 28 (1849); Hartl. Naumannia, 1853, 
p. 222, n. 172 ; Bibra, JDenkschr. Ah. Wie?i, v. p. 204 (1853) ; id. 
J.f O. 1855, p. 57; Bp. Compt Rend, xliii. p. 652, n. 161 
(1856); Cass. U.S. Astron. Rvped. ii. p. 204 (1856); Bias. Ibis, 
1861, p. 294 (Belgium!) ; Pelz. Reise Novara, Toq. p. 139 (1865) 
(Chili);' Saint P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 335,340 (Chili); Phil. # Landb. 
Cat. Av. Chil p. 43 (1808): G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10722 
(part.) (1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argentine); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro, Patagonia); Sclat. 8? tialv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 
(Buenos Avres); Sclat $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 404; Bumf. 
Ibis, 1871, p. 42 (Clmput), p. 192 (Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 401 
(Central Patagonia); Stlat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530 (part.); B., B., 
§ R. Water-B. K Am. ii. p. 104 (1884) ; Berl J. f. O. 1887, 
p. 133 (Paraguay?); Ridqw. Man. N.'Am. B. p. 113 (part) 
(1887); PMippi, Ornis, iv' p. 160 (1888) (Antofagasta) ; Burm. 
An. Mus. Nac. Bi/en. Air. iii. p. 248 '(Patag. sept.) (1888); 
Sclat Argent. Orn. ii. p. 138 (1889),-Prist Cat Coll B. p. 47 
(1889) ; G. Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 359 (Pileomayo) ; Fre?izel, J.f O. 
1891, p. 125 (Cordoba); Berk. James, New List Chil B. p. 10, 
n. 162 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 201 (Uruguay). 
Anas cyanorhyncha, Licht MS., teste Hartl Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 
(1844). 
Anas ferruginea, Burm. Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 440 (1856). 
Erismatura vittata, Phil. Wiegm. Arch. 1860, i. p. 26 (Chili, juv.); 

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335; Phil. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 531. 
Biziura ferruginea, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 10 (1866) ; Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (1872). 
Erismatura cyanorhyneha, Licht. teste Schlegel, I c. 

Adult male. Head and neck, except lower half of latter in front, 
uniform black ; lower part of the neck in front, breast, sides, flanks, 
and upper parts bright red-chestnut; the chestnut of the breast 
gradually blending into the greyish brown of the abdomen, where 
the feathers have brown base, and silvery-grey tips; under tail-
coverts distinctly white, but sometimes with a slight rufous tinge; 
wings brown, the median wing-coverts stained with chestnut near 
the tips; under wing-coverts grey, tipped with white; axillaries 
grey, edged with white ; tail brown-black : " bill blue-grey; legs 

57 . ERISMATURA. 
black ; iris dark red '' (BarmeisUr). Total length about 17*5 inches, 

wing 5*75, tail 3*5, culmen 1-65, broadest part of the bill 0*8, 

tarsus 1*2. 

Female. Above brown, irregularly and indistinctly barred with 

buff ; upper part of the head almost uniform brown ; cheeks dark 

brown with paler dottings; a huffish-white stripe under the eyes 

from the base of the bill to the occiput; throat whitish; under


pays silvery whitish at the tip of the feathers, but the bases of the 

feathers brown, showing through more or less; flanks brown, with 

broadish white-buff bands ; under tail-coverts conspicuously white 

wings dusky browrn, freckled with buff on the median wing-coverts 

under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish brown edged with white 

tail brown. 

Young. Similar to the female. 

Male in moulting dress. Similar to the female, but the upper part 

of the head barred with chestnut-brown; many chestnut feathers 

among the brown ones of the upper parts, and some also on the 

flanks (Mas. Turin). 

Hab. Southern America, from Chili to Uruguay, Argentine, and 
Patagonia. 

a. $ ad. sk. No locality. Eyton Coll. 
. b. (S ad. sk. ? Chili (Capt. Markham). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. $ juv. sk. Tarapaea, Chili. H. Berkeley James., 
Esq. [P.]. 
d, e. S $ ad. sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili (Let/bold), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f-l 6 ? ad. et Central Chili. H. Berkeley James, 

6 juv. sk. Esq. [P.]. 
m-r. <$ 2 ^d., $ Rio Pilmaiquen, Chili, Feb., H. Berkeley James, 
imm., etjuv.sk. March. Esq. [P.]. 

s. $ imm. sk. The Market, Monte Video, H. Durnford, Esq. 
April. [P.]. 
t, u. J ad. sk. S. America. Eyton Coll. 


7. Erismatura australis. 
Oxyura australis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 85 (Australia) ; id. Syn. B. 
Austr. pi. — (head <$ $) (1837). 

Erismatura 
australis, Byt. Mon. Anat. p. 172 (1838); G. B. Gr. 
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 146 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, n. 5 
(1844); Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 17 (pt. xvi., 1844); Rchrib. Syn. 
Av., Natatores, t. 78. ff. 902-903 (1845) (ex Gould); Bp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 652, n. 159 (1856); Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. 

p. 379 (1865) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat.y. 131 (1869); G. B. Gr. Handlist, 
iii. p. 90, n. 1&720 (1871) ; Bams. Br. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. 
pp. 196,220 (1876) (Melbourne), ii. p. 200, n. 663 (1878) (Victoria, 
S. and W. Australia); Sclat P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530; Bamsay, 
Tab. List, p. 22, n. 675 (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 
(1889); North, JDescr. Cat. Nests and Eggs B. Austr. p. 346 (1889); 
K. H. Bennett, Ibis, 1891, pp. 143-145; North, Bee. Austr. Mus. 
ii. p. 37 (1892) (Tasmania). 
Biziura australis, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 11 (1866); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (syn. emend.) (1872). 
Oxyura 
(Erismatura) australis, Eyt. Suppl. to OsteoL Av. pi. 15 (J 
skeleton) (1869). 

2 G 2 

452 ANATHLE. 

Adult male. Head, throat, and neck black; breast, back, and 
flanks rich chestnut; rump brownish black, freckled or barred with 
irregular pale reddish lines; upper tail-coverts tinged with chestnut 
; belly and under tail-coverts brown, with the tips of the 
feathers silvery rufous-white; wings and tail dark brown; upper 
wing-coverts and secondaries sprinkled with paler points; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries grey, edged with white: " irides very 
dark brown ; bill light blue; front and inner side of the tarsi and 
toes French-grey, outside of the tarsi and webs blackish grey" 
(Gould). Total length about 16 inches, wing 6-2, tail 2-6, culmcn 
1-6, tarsus 1*25. 

Female. Brown ; upper parts darker, marked with zigzag lines 
and freckles of a pale buff-rufous colour ; lighter and more greyish 
brown on the under surface, where the feathers have silvery 
yellowish tips : " bill dark olive-green, the under mandible lighter 
than the upper ; irides,legs, and feet as in the male " (Gould). Size 
about the same as that of the male. 
Hab. Southern and Western Australia and Tasmania. 

Biziura, Leach, MS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 221 

a,b. S 2 &&-stc, 
d. <$ $ ad. st.
e. <S imm. sk. 
w - Australia. 
New South Wales. 
Australia. 
Purchased. 
Australian Museum [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
58. BIZIUKA*. 
Type. 

(1824) B. lobata. 
Hvdrobates, Temm. PL Col. 406 (livr. 68, 1826) (nee 
~Boie, 1822) B. lobata. 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. Bizinra lobata. 
Anas lobata, Shatv, Nat. Misc. viii. pi. 255 (1796); Bum. Diet. Sc. 

Nat. vi. p. 387 (1817). 
Lobated Duck, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 849 (1801 J. 
Anas carunculata, Vieill. (nee Lllig.) N. D. v. p. 109 (1816); id 

Em. Meth. i. p. 356, pi. 236. f. 2 (1823). 
Biziura novse hollandise, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 222 (1824). 
Hydrobates lobatus, Temm. Tl. Col. 406 (livr. 68, 1826) ,• Less. 

Man. oVOm. ii. p. 414 (1828); id. Tr. oVOm. p. 630 (1831): 
Breton, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 19 (habits); Less. CompL de Buf., Ois 

ix. p. 529 (1837): id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838). 
Biziura lobata. Byt Mon. Anat. p. 168 (1838); G. R. Gr. List Gen 
B. p. 75 (1840); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 96 (1841); id. List B. Brit. 
Mus. iii. p. 145 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627 (1844); Gould, B. 
Austr. vii. pi. 18 (pt. xvi., 1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 
t. 81. if. 145-146 et 904 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 
* Eyton (Ann. & Mag. IS. H. vii. p. 177, 1841) has the following remarks 
about B. lobata:—" There is a strong resemblance to the totipalmate division of 
Water-birds; trachea like that of a Cormorant, and also furnished with the 
same muscles of voice. Tongue and digestive organs resemble those of Clangula,
Melanetta, and Nyroca. Skeleton resembles that of a Gannet, except the head! 
Posterior margin of sternum like that of a Sula" 
58. BiziriiA. 453 
p. 308, n. 1795 (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. vii, tab, vii. 
(1852) ; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 103 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 652, n. 155 (1856); Pelz. Eeise Novara, Vog. p. 139 
(1865) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 381 (1865); Schleg. Mus. 
P.-B., Anseres, p. 7 (1866); Mams. Ibis, 1867, p. 418, pi. viii. 
f. 1 (egg); Mull. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 (Melbourne); Eyt. 
Sgn. Anat. p. 127 (1369); id. Suppl. to Osteol. A v. pi. — 
(cS $) (1869); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10716 (1871); 
Gieb. Tkes. Orn. i. p. 467 (1872): Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. 
disp. Tent. p. 150 (1872); Biggl B.' Austr. ii. pi. 117 (1877); 
Bams. Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. pp. 196, 216, 219 (1877), ii. 
p. 200, n. 664 (1878); Sclat. P.Z.S. 1880, pp. 529, 535, 1882, 
p. 311 (Zool. Gard.); Forbes, P.Z.S. 1882, pp. 455-458 (anatomy) 
; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 540 (1882); Sound. Ibis, 
1883, p. 351; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 442 (1883); Legge, 
Pr. R. Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 245 (Tasmania) (1887) ; Mams. Tab. 
List, p. 22, n. 075 (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 46 (1889); 
North, Descr. Cat. Nests and Eggs B. Austr. p. 346 (1889); K. 
H. Bennett, Ibis, 1891, p. 145 ; Bkirtert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 233 
(1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 309 (1891). 
Bizeura lobata, Eyt. Ann. fy Mag. N. H. vii. p. 177 (1841). 
Erkmatura lobata, Schleg. I)e Dierent. p. 275 (1864). 
Erismatura (Biziura) lobata, Rchmo. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 4 ; id, 

Vog. zool Gilrt. p. 44 (1882;. 

Adult male. Upper part of the head and nape brownish black, 
sprinkled with fine points of a lighter colour, scarcely visible; 
remainder of the upper surface, chest, and flanks blackish brown, 
crossed by numerous narrow freckled bars of buffy white, in some 
specimens almost obsolete ; sides of the head and neck lighter, the 
pale and blackish bars broader; underparts buffy white at the tip 
of the feathers ; under tail-coverts dark brown, crossed with buffywhite 
bands at the tip of the feathers; quills and tail-feathers 
blackish brown; irides dark brown: " bill and large lobe beneath 
the chin greenish black; legs and feet dark leaden grey ; inside of 
the tarsi greenish grey" (Gould), Total length about 26 inches, 
wing 9*25, tail 6, culmen 1*7, tarsus 1*55. 

Female. Similar to the male in colour, but much smaller, and 
also the lobe beneath the chin much smaller. Total length about 
23 inches, wing 7*5, culmen 1*4. 

Mr. Gould says that the female is sometimes destitute of the 
lobe beneath the chin ; but I think that he was mistaken, as every 
specimen in the collection, even the young in down, is furnished 
with the lobe. 

Young in down. Upper parts, head, neck, upper part of the 
breast, sides and flanks uniform dark brown, scarcely lighter round 
the face, at the base of the bill; lower breast, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts whitish. 
Hob. Australia, except the northern part, and Tasmania. 

a. $ ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Australia. Imperial Institute [P.]. 

454 ANATIDiE. 
f-i. 6 2 ad. et S. Australia. C. D. E. Furtnum, Esq. 
puii. sk. n rp 
;], 
k 5 ad. sk. Lawrence River Salvm-Godman Coll. 
{Irving). 
I m. <S $ ad. sk. New South Wales. Australian Museum [P.]. 
n. ? ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 
o,p. 6 ? ad. sk. Tasmania. Victorian Museum [P.], 
q. 2 ad. sk. Tasmania. Gould Coll. 

Subfamily X. MERGANETTINiE. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Upper mandible with prominent lamellae on 
the edges; edges of the upper^ mandible 
bent inwards towards the tip ; tail-feathers 
moderately broad. 
a'. Edges of the upper mandible at the tip [p. 454. 
not soft; wings with a distinct speculum. 59. SALVADORINA, 
b'. Edges of the upper mandible at the tip [p. 455. 

soft; no wing-speculum 60. HYMENOLJEMUS, 

k 
Upper mandible with no prominent lamellae ; 
edges oi the upper mandible not bent 
inwards towards the tip; tail-feathers very [p. 457. 
stiff and with very narrow webs 01. MKKGANETTA, 

59. 
SALVADOEINA. 
rIype. 
SalYSi&onm, llotkbck. fy Hctrterf, ^ovit. ZooL i. p. b'83 
(1894) t S. waigiuensis. 
Ranye. Confined to TVaigiou. 

1. Salvadorina waigiuensis. 
Salvadorina 
waigiuensis, Rothsch. §• Hartert, Novit. ZooL i. p. 683 
(1894) ; Rothsch. op. cit. ii. p. 22, pi. iii. (1895). 

Adult (?) male (type). Head and neck blackish, brown, the feathers 
with narrow pale-brown edges ; chin white; rest of upper parts 
black, with a slight gloss, and barred with, white ; nnderparts buffy 
white, with round brown spots on the lower part of abdomen and 
under tail-coverts: sides of body broadly barred with brownish 
black; upper wing-coverts black, barred with white; speculum 
velvety black, but glossy green on the outer web of the last two 
secondaries; a white band anteriorly to the speculum at tbe tip of 
the last row of tbe upper wing-coverts; a broad white band at the 
tip of the secondaries, forming a second alar bar; primaries uniform 
brown; under wing-coverts black, edged with white, the central 
ones broadly white at the tip, the greater ones dark grey; axillaries 
white, spotted with brown along the shaft: bill in dry skin brownish 
yellow, with the upper part darker, the nail yellowish; feet (in 
skin) yellowish brown, webs brown. Total length about 17*50 

60. HYMFNOLJEMTTS. 455 
inches, wing 7*5, tail 4*8, outer tail-feathers 3*2, culmen 1*4, tarsus 

I'D. (Eothschild Coll.) 

It seems to me that this extremely singular bird, which Messrs. 
Eothschild and Hartert have done me the honour of naming after 
me, has its nearest ally in Bymenolcemus; and for the present I 
think they must both rind their place near Mergcmetta, although 
it is quite possible that they belong to a distinct subfamily. The 
species of the genera Bymenolcemus and Merganetta are all mountain-
stream Ducks, and I believe it will also be found that Salvadorina 
has the same habits. 

Bab. Waigiou. 

60. HYMEKOL-fflMITS. 
Type. 
Malacorhynchus, War/!, {nee Siv.) Is>'s, 1832, 


p. 12-35 H. malacorhynchus. 
Hymenolaimu^, G. R Gr. Ann. § Mag. X. B. 
xi. p. 370 (1843) II. malacorhynchus. 
Hvmenolsemus, Aycm. Xom. Zool, hid. Univ. 
p. 190 (1846). 
Range. Confined to the Xew Zealandian subregion. 
1. Hymenolsemus malacorhynchus. 
Blue-grey Duck with a soft bill, Cook, Voy. i. pp. 72,97 ; Forst. Voy. 
i. p. 157 (1777). 
Soft-billed Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 522, n. 67 (1785). 
Anas malacorhvnchos, Gm. S. X. i. 2, p. 526, n. 59 < 1788) j Lath. Lid. 
Om. ii. p. 802, n. 76 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 12 (1790); 

VieilL X. D. v. p. 119 (181(5); Dmn. Diet. Sc. Xat \i. p. 387 

(1817) ; Ellman, Zoolog. 1861, p. 7471. 

Rhynchaspis malacorhynchos, Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 123 (1824). 

Malacorhvnchus forsterorum, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1235; G. R. Gr. 

in Dieff. Trav. ii. App. p. 198 (1843). 
Malacorhynchu3 membrinaceus, jioxt.,Eyt. Mon.Anat. p. 136 (1838). 
Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus, G. R Gr. Ann. fy Mag. X. B. xi. 

p. 370 (1843); id. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 142 (1844); id. 8? 
Mitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 623, pi. 168 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Natatores, t. 77. f. 893 (1845) {ex Gray Sf Mitch.); id. Av. 
Syst Xat. p. viii (1852); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 241 (syn. 
emend.); Hector, Xew Zeal. Exh. p. 277 (C)tago) (1866); Baast, 
J.f.O. 1868, p. 244; Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland); 
Finsch, J.f O. 1870, p. 358; Potts, Tr. X. Z. Inst. ii. 1869, 
p. 73 (1870), iii. 1870, p. 103 (1871); Bait. Cat. B. X. Zeal p. 37 
(1871); Finsch, J.f. 0.1872, p. 187; fravers, Tr. X. Z. Inst. iv. 
1871, pp. 206, 208 (1872) ; Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, p. 202. 
Anas malacorhyncha, Forst. Icon. ined. t. 74; id. Descr. An. (ed. 
Licht.) p. 94 (1844); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 356 (1872) (*vn. emend.). 
Hymenolsemus malacorhvnchn^, Bp. Conwt Rend, xliii. p. 651, 

n. 153 (1856); Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 245 (Napier, E. coast); 
Sund. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872); Butter, Hist B. 
Xew Zeal. p. 262, pi. — (3873); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 463 (Zool. 
Gard.), 1880, p. 527; Butter, Man. B. Xeto Zeal. p. 71, pi. xxxi. 
(upper figure) (1882); Finsch, Ibis, 1882, p. 400 (Alpine region); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 441 (1883); id. P.Z.S. 1884, 
p. 389 (Zool. Gard.); Bidler, Bid. B. Xew Zeal 2nd ed. p. 276, 
456 
ANATID.E. 

pi. xlv. (upper figure) (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 48 (1889); 
Smith, Tr N. Z. Inst xxi. 1888, p. 221 (1889); Btdl. Tr. JV. Z. 
Inst. xxiv. 1891, p. 86 (fledgling and young) (1892), xxv. 1892, 

p. 82 (1893). 
Ilymenolahnus malacorhvnchos, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 88? 
n. 10702 (1871). 
Puligula 
(Hymenolaemus) malacorkyncha, JRchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 
1882, p. 5; id. Tog. aooL Gdrt. p. 47 (1882). 

Adult male. General plumage lead-blue; the crown of the head 

and nape with an olive wash, very faint on the rest of the upper 

parts, the anterior part of the head darker than the rest; breast 

thickly spotted with chestnut; no speculum on wing; secondaries 

with a narrow white band at the tip ; tertials edged with black on 

the outer web : " irides bright yellow ; bill white horn-colour, the 

tip and the lateral membrane black ; legs and feet dark brown " 

(Butter). Total length about 19 inches, wing 9*5, tail 4*3, culmen 

1-65, tarsus 1*95. 

Female. " Slightly smaller than the male, but similar in plumage, 

excepting that there is little or no olive tinge on the head and upper 

surface, less chestnut on the breast, while there are chestnut spots 

on the under tail-coverts." 

Young. '• General plumage lighter, and the underparts whitish ; 

the green gloss which pervades the plumage of the upper parts in 

the adult almost entirely absent; hind head and nape dull cinereous 

brown ; breast obscurely spotted with dusky and brown, sometimes 

barred with chestnut at the insertion of the wings * under tail-coverts 

dull rufous-brown " (Bidler). 

Fledgling. " The colours are those of the adult, but paler. The 

long, soft, white down is still present on the throat and lower side 

of the cheeks, whilst broken or irregular lines of the same proceed 

from the frontal base and from the sides of the upper mandible, and 

become scattered beyond the eyes. The dull olive-green down, with 

long disunited filaments, still adheres to the crown and other portions 

of the upper surface, being most pronounced immediately above the 

tail. The bill is slaty brown (in the dried specimen), the terminal 

points of both mandibles and the serrated edges being dull yellow " 

(Bidler). 

Young in down. *• Bill horn-colour, lightest on the lower mandible, 
unguis rosy at the point; membranous appendage slaty black, well 
overlapping the lower mandible, furnished with lamellae along its 
basal half, which work against the finely-serrated sides of the compressed 
basal half of the lower mandible: body covered with thick 
down, longest on the back ; upper surface dull green, brightest on 
the back; over and behind the eye irregular streaks of white; 
under surface white; wings and upper part of thighs brownish : 
tail green above, at each side a patch of chestnut; under surface of 
the tail chestnut; legs and feet yellowish flesh-colour " (Potts). 

Hab. Mountain-streams of New Zealand. 

a, b. Ad. sk. et st. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. [P.]. 
<?. Ad. sk. New Zealand. P. Earl, Esq. [P.]. 

61 . 
MEBGANETH. 
457 

d. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Sir G. Grey [F.]. 
e. 
<5 ad. sk. Dusky Bay, New Zealand, Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
Feb. (Dr.Lyall). 
/, g. <$ ad. et inim. Egiinton River, S. Island, Colonial Museum [P.]. 
sk. N. Zealand, Feb. 

h. Skeleton. Otagb, New Zealand. Otago Museum [P.]. 
61. KLEEGAISTETTA. 
Type. 
Mersxanetta, Gould, P. Z. S. 18 M, p. 95 M. armata. 
Raphipterus, Gay, Atlas de la Hist. fis. y polit. de Chile, 

pi. — (1844, fide Des Murs, Icon. Orn., genre Merganetta, 
p. 2, 1845) M. armata. 
Rhaphipterus, Des Murs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, ZooL i. 

p. 459 (184S). 
Range. Confined to the Andes. 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Lower parts not uniform cinnamon or reddish 
fuhous. (Males.) 
a'. Anterior part of the cheeks below the eyes and 
throat black, like the breast. 
a". White of the superciliary stripe separated 
by a vertical black band from the triangular 
white patch before the eyes frcenata, p. 458. 

//'. White of the superciliary stripe continuous 
with the white of the triangular patch 
before the eyes armata, p. 458. 

b'. Cheeks and throat white. 
c". Breast and flanks black; feathers of the 
back edged with rufous-brown turnerl, p. 460. 


d". Breast and flanks not black, but whitish, 
the feathers with dusky mesial spots or 
stripes. 


a'". Feathers of the back and scapulars edged 
with greyish white, lower parts tinged 
with pale reddish garleppi, p. 460. 

U". 
Feathers of the back and scapulars edged 
with olive-brown. 
a1. Ground-colour of breast and abdomen 
whitish with a slight rusty tinge leucogenys, p. 461. 
£4. Ground-colour of breast and abdomen 
white columbiana, p. 462. 

b. Lower parts uniform cinnamon or reddish fulvous. 
(Females), 
c'. Hind part of the cheeks and sides of the neck 
undulated with grey and black narrow bands. 
e'\ "Underparts of a deep cinnamon colour. 
c";. Under wing-coverts uniform lead-grey.. armata, p. 458. 
d'". Under wing-coverts lead-grey, undu


lated with whitish (Taczanowshi) leucogenys, p. 461. 
/' . Underparts of a cinnamon colour, lighter 
than in the female of M. armata turneri, p. 460. 

d\ 
Hind part of the cheeks and sides of the neck 
like the whole of the underparts, uniform fulvous 
columbiana, p. 462. 

4o8 
AN KT1BM, 

1. Merganetta fraenata, sp. n. (Plate V.) 
Adult male. Similar to the male of M. armata, but differs in 
having a black band over and before the eyes joining the black of 
the pileum, so that on the lores, anteriorly, there is a triangular 
white patch completely separated from the white superciliary stripe; 
the lower parts are of a paler reddish than in M. armata, and the 
feathers with broader mesial black stripes ; lower abdomen and 
under tail-coverts blacker. Total length about 18 inches, wing 7, 
tail 4*4, culmen 1-2, tarsus 1-6. 

Female. Unknown. 

Bab. Chili, but the exact locality unknown. 

a. <$ ad. bk. Central Chili. H. Berkeley James, Esq. [P.". 
(Type of the species.) 
2. Merganetta armata. 
Anas ?, Bridges, P. Z. S 1841, p. 95 (Andes of Chili). 
Merganetta armata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 95 (Andes of Chili) ; 
Fraser, P. Z, S. 1843, p. 119 ; G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mas. in. 

p. 148 (1844); Gray § Mitch, Gen. B. iii. p. 628, pi. 170 (tf ) 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 78. f. 897 (1845) (ex Gr. <§• 
Mitch.); Des Murs,Icon. Orn. pi. 48 ($ , Chili) (1847); G.R. Gr. 
Gen. P., App. p. 28 (part) (1849); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 
t. 79. ff. 3223-24 (1850); id. Av. Sy*t. Nat. p. ix, tab. vi. (1852); 
Hartl, Naumannia, 1853, p. 222; Bibra, Benkschr. AJcad. Wien, 
v. p. 132 (1853); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854); Bibra, 
J.f. 0. 1855, p. 57; Bp. Comjpt. Bend, xliii. p. 652, n. 1H4 (1850); 
Cass. U.S. Astron. Bxped. ii. p. 204 (1856): Selat. P. Z. S. 1807, 
p. 340 ; Mat. $ Salv. Fxot. Orn. p. 200 (1869); Eyt. Syn. Anat. 
p. 140 (part.) (1869); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10725 
(1871); Sclat. # Sah. Nomencl Av. Neoirop. p. 131 (1873); iid. 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 40G; Sclat. P. Z. S. 18#0, p. 530; Crawford, 
Across the Pampas and Andes, pp. 235, 236 (1884); Berk. James, 
New List CHI. B. p. 10, n. 163 (1892). 
Raphipterus 
chilensis, Gay, Atlas Hist. fis. y polit. de Chile, pi. — 
(1844). 
Merganetta chilensis, Pes Murs, Icon. Orn, pi. 5 ($ ) (1845) ; Eyt. 
Syn. Anat. p. 141 (syn. emend.) (1869). 
Rhaphipterus chilensis, Des Mars, in Gat/8 Hist, de Chile, Zool. i. 

p. 459 (1848); Phil. § Landb. Cat. Av.'Chile, p. 43 (1808). 
Biziura armata, Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 12 (sm emend.) 
(1866); Gieb, Tim. Orn. i. p. 467 (syn. emend.) (1872). 
Rhaphipterus 
armatus, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 150 
(1872); Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 3; id. Fog. zool. G'art. 

p. 42 (1882); Hein, # Bchnw. No?n. Mm. Hein. Orn. p. 350 
(1890). 
Adult male. Head and neck white; crown, a stripe along the 
middle of the hind neck, two bands staiting behind the eyes and 
running down on the sides of the hind neck, anterior part of the 
cheeks, throat and breast deep black; a superciliary stripe confluent 
on the occiput and a triangular patch on the lores white; feathers 
of the back and scapulars long and narrow, black along the, middle 

61 . ilEJRGANETTA. 
and broadly edged with white on both webs : lower back and rump 
of a lead-colour ; upper tail-coverts minutely banded with blackish 
and whitish; breast and abdomen rufous, with black streaks along 
the middle of the feathers; sides and flanks blackish, finely dotted 
more or less with rufous; under tail-coverts blackish, stained more 
or less with rufous and grey ; wing-coverts bluish lead-colour ; 
speculum on the secondaries glossy green; two white bands across 
the wings, one at the tip of the greater coverts, the other at the tip 
of the secondaries ; primaries brown ; tertials of a bluish leadcolour 
; under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish; tail-feathers 
greyish brown, with the shafts whitish above, pure white below: 
bill yellow; feet reddish ; " iride castanea " (Museo Ohileno). Total 
length about 17 inches, wing 7*25, tail o'2b, culmen 1-4, tarsus 1-6. 

Female. Upper part of the head and middle of the nape of a leadcolour 
; posterior half of the cheeks and sides of the neck with 
narrow black and grey bands; anterior part of the cheeks, throat, 
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts of a bright cinnamoncolour 
: feathers of the back and scapulars black along the middle, 
edged with grey on both webs ; lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, wings, and tail as in the male. In size somewhat less than 
the male. 

Young male. Upper parts almost the same as in the females, but 
the upper part of the head of a dull brown-grey; on the head many 
black leathers, showing the transition from youth to adult stage; 
lower parts white; sides barred with white and blackish brown; 
a few cinnamon feathers on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, 
showing that young males also pass through the female plumage. 

Young in doiun. Upper parts pale brown, underparts white ; 
sides of the head white, with a brown band from behind the eye to 
the occiput; a white patch on the interscapular region ; two white 
bands from the scapular region along the sides of the back and 
rump to the sides of the base of the tail; wings pale brown, 
broadly edged with white on the posterior edge; tail-feathers much 
developed, whitish, freckled with brown, and with a subapical brown 
band and a white one at the tip (Mus. Turin). 

Hah. Pavers of the Chilian Andes. 

a. <$ juv. sk. Chili. 
Old Coll. 
Chili. 
T. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 

b, c. S 9 ad. sk. 

(Types of the species.) 
d, e. <3 J ad. sk. Chili. f. Bridges, Esq. [0.]. 
f7 g. 2 imm. et Chili. Purchased. 

ct juv. st. 

ac^ e t Central Chili. H. Berkeley James7

h-o. <3 2

Esq. [P.]. 

J juv. sk. 

Colchagua, Chili, June ( Weiss- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

p. 
£ ad. sk. 
haupt). 

q. tf imm. sk. Chilian Andes {B. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r-u. £ 
$ ad. et Andes (of Chili ?) {Bridges). Eyton Coll. 
$ juv. sk. 

v. Skeleton. 
460 
ANA TIB J\ 

3. Merganetta turneri. 
Merganetta leucogenys, Sclat. fy Salv. (nee Tsch.) P. Z. S. 1869, 
p. 157 (S. Peru, Tinta, Rivers of the Cuzcan Andes). 
Merganetta turneri, 
Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 600 ; iid. Exot. 
Orn. p. 199,1.100 (1869); G.R. Gr. Hand-list, rii. p. 91, n. 1072(3 
(1871) ; Sclat. # Salv. Nom&tcl Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873): iid. 

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 679; iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 407 ; Sdat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 532; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 488 (1886). 
Biziura turneri, Gieb. TJies. Orn. i. p. 468 (1872). 
Rhaphipterus turneri, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 3. 


Adult male. Neck and sides of the head white ; pilenm black, the 

black continued in a black nuchal band ; a narrow band surrounding 

the bill, a spot before the eyes, and a band from the eyes along the 

sides of the neck black; a broad superciliary band extending on both 

sides of the back of the neck white; lower part of the neck, upper 

breast, and flanks black ; feathers of the back and scapulars black, 

edged on both sides with rufous-brown; rump lead-colour, sides of 

the rump and upper tail-coverts undulated with narrow black and 

white-grey lines; lower breast and abdomen dark reddibb grey, the 

feathers with broad mesial black streaks; vent and under tail-

coverts almost entirely black, only some feathers partly undulated 

with black and grey lines; wings exactly as in M. annata ; tail 

brown, with the shaft paler above, white underneath. Total length 

about 17 inches, wing 7*4 (not 6*4 as stated in the original de


scription), tail 5, culm en 1*2, tarsus 1*6. 

Female. Similar to the female of 21. annata, only the cinnamon


colour of the underparts paler. 

Eab. Andes of Southern Peru. 

a. $ ad. sk. Tinta, S. Peru (Turner). Salvin-Godman Coll. | 
b. ? ad. sk. Tinta, S. Peru, July (JET. Salvin-Godman Coll. ( 
Whitely). (Tjpes of the species.) 
4. Merganetta garleppi. 
? Merganetta leucogenvs, Poecl; Miith. orn. Ter. in Wien, 1884, 
p. 104 (Bolivia) (Extract, p. 25). 
Rhaphipterus leucogenys, part., Rchmo. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 3 
(Bolivia). 
Merganetta 
garleppi, Perl. Orn. Monatsber. ii. p. 110 (1894) 
(Bolivia and Tucuman). 

Adult male (type). Very similar to the male of M. annata on 
the upper parts, having the feathers of the back edged with white ; 
but differs in having the edges of the scapulars not pure white, but 
grey, sprinkled with black dots; no black band across the breast, 
which is whitish, changing into pale reddish white on the lower 
parts; sides of the head white, with a small black spot anteriorly 
to the eyes as in 31. columbiana ; under wing-coverts uniform lead-
grey • under tail-coverts blacker than in M. columbiana, to lohich 
perhaps it is most nearly related. The wing-speculum apparently 

61 . MERG1NETTA. 
461 

broader than in the allied species. Total length about 17 inches, 

win g 7, tail 4-75, culmen 1-06, tarsus 1-6 (Mus. Berlepsch). 
Female, Unknown. 
Hah. Bolivia and Tucuman. 

a. 
cS ad. sk. No locality. Gould Coll. 
(Compared with the type.) 
5. Merganetta leucogenys. 
Anas leucogenis (sk), Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 184-3, i. p. 390 (Andes of 
Peru); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 355 (1872). 
Eristnatura leucogenys, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, i. p. 31C, 

n. 348. 
Merganetta leucogenys, Tsch. Fauna Per., Aves, pp. 55, 311, t. xxxvi. 
(1846); Rchnb. Syn. AD., Natatores, t. 79. f. 2325 (1850) (e.r 
Tsohudi); Bp. Compt. B»nd. xliii. p. 652, n. 165 (part.) (1856) ; 
Sclat 8f Sate. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 601 (part.); iid. Kvot. Orn. p. 200 
(part.) (1869); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10727 (part.) 
(1871); Sclat $ Sate. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (part.) 
(1873); ? Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 554 (Maraynioc, Centr. Peru); 
? Sclat. fy Sate. ibid. pp. 678, 679 (Upper Andes); iid. P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 40S (part) ; ? Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 243 (Tumbez, N. 
Peru) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 531 (part.): Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. 

p. 486 (1886). 
Merganetta armata, part., G. B. Gr. Gen. B., App. p. 28 (1849). 
Biziura armata, part., Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 12 (1866): 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (part.) (1872). 
? Merganetta armata, fern., Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 140 (1869). 
Tihaphipterus leucogenys, part., Bchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 3 

(N. Peru). 
Adult male (type). Similar to M. columbiana, but the brown 
colour of the edges of the feathers of the mantle and scapulars a 
sliade darker: a ring of black feathers round the neck sharply 
defines the white of the upper part of the neck ; breast, abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts whitish with a slight rusty tinge. Size of 
JLf. columbiana. 

Female. I have not seen a bird of this sex which I could surely 
attribute to M. leucogenys; a female from Maraynioc (if really 
belonging to M. leucogenys) is described by Taczanowski as having 
the sides of the neck and the posterior part of the head grey finely 
vermiculated with black, and in this respect differs from the female 
of M. columbiana, and resembles M. armata and M. turneri, but 
i t differs from them in having the marginal under wing-coverts 

•undulated with whitish. 
Young in down from Tumbez, Northern Peru. " "White, upper 
part of the head, a postocular stripe, a band on the hind neck 
extended to the back, wings, and a broad band on each side of the 
back brown; tail-feathers long, stiff, and with the barbes rares " 
^TaczanowsM). 

This species is wanting in the British Museum, but, thanks to 
Prof. Paul Godet, Director of the Museum of Neuchatel, I have 

4(& 
AHATrDiE. 

been able to examine the type, which he has kindly sent to me in 
London for inspection and comparison. 
Specimens from different localities in Northern Peru require 
comparison. 
Hah. Andes of Peru, on the sources of the Aynamayo (Tschudi). 

6. Merganetta columbiana. 
Merganetta colombiana, Pes Murs, Rev. ZooL 1845, p. 179 (Mus. 
Paris) ; id Icon. Orn. pi. vi. (1845); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, 

t. 111. f. 1079 (1845) {ex Des Murs). 
Merganetta columbiana, Sdat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 104; Select, fy Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1809, p. 601 (part.;. 
Merganetta armata, part., G. P. Gr. Gen. B., App. n. 28 (1849). 
Merganetta leucogenys, part., Up. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 6o2, n. 165 
(1856); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 601 (part.); iid Eiot. Orn. 

p. 200, n. 8 (part.) (1869); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10727 
(part.) (1871) ; Sclat.fySalv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (part.) 
(1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 408 (part., Ecuador), 1879, p. 543 
(Frontino); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 531 (part.) ; Perl. Orn. 
Monatsber. ii. p. Il l (Merida, Venezuela) (1894). 
Biziura 
armata, part, Schley. Mus. P.~B., Anseres, p. 12 (1866); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (part.) (1872). 
Ehaphipterus leucogenys, part., Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 18827 p. 3 
(part., Columbia); Heine fy Rchnw. Xomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. 

p. 350 (Merida, New Granada) (1890). 
Adult male. Sides of the head and neck white ; pileum black, the 
black continuous with a black band along the hind part of the 
nape; a narrow black band surrounds the base of the bill; anteriorly 
to the eyes a black spot, posteriorly a black band, which 
extends along the sides of the hind neck ; a white superciliary band, 
continuous with a white band on the side3 of the mesial nuchal black 
band, so that on the hind neck there are three black bands—a mesial 
one broader, and two narrow on the sides, and between these black 
bands two white ones; feathers of the back and scapulars black, 
broadly edged with olive-brown on both webs; rump and upper 
tail-coverts undulated with narrow white-grey and black lines or 
bars; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, each feather 
with a mesial blackish mark, freckled with white; upper wing-
coverts lead-grey; speculum on the secondaries glossy green, 
bounded by two white bands, one at the tip of the greater wing-
coverts, the other at the tip of the secondaries; primaries brown, 

tertials of a lead-colour; under wing-coverts lead-colour, finely 
undulated with whitish ; tail dull grey, the shafts of the feathers 
white underneath : bill yellow, with the culmen black in dry skins ; 
tarsus reddish. Total length about 15 inches, wing 6*3, tail 5, 
culmen 1*1, tarsus 1-55. 

Female. Similar to the female of the allied species, but the 
lower parts of a much lighter fulvous colour, and easily distinguished 
by having the sides of the neck uniform with the lower 
parts, and not grey finely barred with dusky; upper part of the 
head, hind neck, and back grey; hind neck finely dotted with 

62 . 
MERGIXS. 463 
paler markings ; feathers of the back and scapulars black, edged 
with grey; rump and wings as in the male; a small spot above 
and before the eyes fulvous like the cheeks and the whole of the 
underparts. 

Young male. Upper part of the head and hind neck grey ; 
feathers of the back black, with olive-brown edges; lower parts 
white ; sides barred with white and dusky ; wings as in the adult 
male, but the speculum partly lead-colour with some paler dottiogs, 
only on the upper part with a green lustre. 

Hob. Andes of Columbia and Ecuador, and also Venezuela*. 

a. $ ad. sk. Sta. Martha. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Frontino, Antioquia (T. K Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salmon). 
c. <$ ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll. 
d. 6 ad. sk. Ecuador (Higgins). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e,f. <$ ad. sk, Rio Blanco, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 
g. <5juv.sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 

Subfamily XI. MERGING f. 

Key 
to the Genera. 

a. Culmen shorter than tarsus 62. MERGUS, p. 463. 
b. Culmen longer than tarsus. 
a'. Serrations of both mandibles short, blunt, 
and not distinctly inclined backwards at 
tips 63. LOPHODYTKS,P.468. 

b'. 
Serrations of both mandibles very conspicuously 
tooth-like, and strongly inclined 
backwards at tips 64. MERGANSER, p. 471. 

62. 
HEBGUS. • 
Type. 
Mergus, Linn. S. JV. i. p. 207 (1766); Leach, Syst. Cat. 

M. \ B. Brit Mus. p. 36 (1816); Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 
% p. 156 (1824) ; M. albellus. 
Mergellus, Kaup (cf. Naumannia, 1855, p. 299); Selby, 
Cat. Gen. $ Subgen. B. p. 47 (1840) M. albellus. 
Range. Palae^rctic Region. 

* I have seen in the Rothschild collection a female specimen, apparently 
belonging to this species, marked as from Venezuela. 
t The species of this subfamily have the sternum fenestrated posteriorly, 
like the species of the genus Clangula, to which they show a great resemblance 
also in coloration. 

464 AKATID^E. 

1. Hergns albellus. 
The Smew. 
Mergus tinus, Basselq. Itin. p. 269, n. 37 (1757); id. Reke (ed. Zimi.)9 


p. 322, n. 37 (1762). 
Merganser cristatus minor sive albellus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 243, pi. xxiv. 
ff-3 (<?),2(2) (1760). 
Merganser stellatus, Briss. op. cit. p. 252 (1760). 
Mergus glacialis, Briimi. Orn. Bar, p. 24, n. 99 (17134). 
Mergus albellus, Linn. 8. X. i. p. 209, n. 5 (17t*6); Gm. 8. N. 1. 2, 

p. 147, n. 5 (1788); Lath. Ind. Oni. ii p. 831, n. 6 fI790f: *>/. 
2>c«s. XOT . /Sbc. viii. p. 126, t xvl. ff. 3, 4 (trachea) (17Mb>; 
P#//. 2%r. Bosso-As. ii. p. 2fc9 (Siberia) (Ibll); Wih. Am. Out. 
•\iii. p. 126, pi. Ixxl. (America?) (1314); Temm. Man. p. 5^1 
(1815); id. op. tit. 2nd ed. II. p. 887 (1820); Bum. Dirt. 8e„ JNV. 
xx. p. 295 (1821); Brie, law, 1822, p. 564 ; Idcht. Ferr. LP nhl. 
p. 85 (1823); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 157 (^24); Bp. Ob*. 
NomencL Wite. n. 250 (1825); Bans. Elem. di ZooL Hi. pt. Is. p. 14H 
(1826); J5^. JS^CCA. OW/x p. 74, n.238 (Itom«*)„ n.2li3 (I'hilaiMphia) 
(1827); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 420 (1828); Brehm. Ism, I*##, 
p. 999, n. 1 j fd Tog. Beutsckl p. 941 (1831); Zim 7>. ffOrn, 
p. 635 (1831); £W, Orw. TVwtf. iii. p. UH (IN31); JWtf J/<WI. ii. 
p. 467 (1834); #rw?&. P & & 1K36, p. 102 (Smyrna); ChMdf Ii. 
Bur. pi. 387 (1837); -/£«</. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 350, pi. SI7 (IKS* ; 
J??/t Mon. Anai. p. 178, pi. 3. f. 0 (bternum) (IK'SHJ; Bp. <hmp. 
List, p. 59, n. 432 (Europe), n. 398 (America) flfcSh); Ami. *SJ/«. 
p. 299 (New Orleans) (1&39); Temm. Man. tVOrn. iv. p. "#511 
(Japan) (1840); X. £ B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxacxviii, L>32 (fH40| -
Bp. Cat. Met Uce. Bur. p. 74 (1842); Ami. B. Amen u . p. 40% 
pl. 414 (1843); ScMeg. Jtev. Crit. p. cxxii (Ib44); Kama, Vug. 
Deutschl. xii. p. 314, t. 324 (1844); Haril Virz. Ges. Mim. p. I'M 
(1844); Degl Orn. Bur. ii p. 483 (1849); Temm. £ &££?. Fam. 
Jap., Aves, p. 129 (1850); JfefiVW. $f&r. ifew. Ii. p. 23tf (1K>3); 
Wolley, 2to,1859, pp. 69-76 (Lapland); itehrenck, Vo//. d. Anwr-
Lande, p. 486 (I860); IrAy, IMs, 1861, p. 251 (Oudh ani Kumaun); 
i8z«»A. t&tf. p. 344 (N. China); Gould, B. of Gi. Brit. v. pi 37 
(pt. ii., 1862); Svrinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322; Sadde, Mei$. in & O.8ibir. 
Ii. p. 379 (1863); G. M. Gr. List Brit. B. p. 213 (MM); 
Wright IMs, 1864, p. 291 (Malta); Kordm. J.f.O. 1*T4, p. 3?J 
(Finland and Lapland); ScMeg. Mm. P.-B.t Anseres, p. 0 {Ib$Mlj D^//. 
# ^crfte, On*. JEar. ii. p. 573 (1867); Prsew. Vug. n. 214 
(1867); TF&ae, J.f. 0.1867, p. 83 (Greiswald, taeedinpr !|; 7>»Vr. 
Ibist 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); Dyb. $ Parr. J.f O. IbtM, p. 'SB 
(Dauria); Przeto. Putesch Ussur. n* 214 (1870); Wright, M$\ 
1870, p. 492 (Malta); Bomrnj. J. f. 0. Ib70, p. 434; &mwl Mmf 
1871, p. 397 (S. Spain); David, N. Arch, dm Mm.} Bull. %iL Ckt 

n. 433 (1871); Fritsvh, J.f 0. 1872, p. 372 (Bohemk); Brm,ke$ 
Ibis, 1873, p. 345 (Sardinia); Severtz. Tvrked* Jevotm* p. 70 (1873); 
Tacs. J.f 0.1874, p. 337; Dress. B. Bur. vi. p. 099, pis. 464, 455 
(1874); Irbtj, Orn. kr. Gibratt. p. 206 (1875); Gieb. Tkm. Orn. ii. 
p. 569 (1875); Dresx. Ibis, 1876, p. 421 (Turkestan); J8M . # 
M.-Brovm, Ibis, 1876, p. 448 (Lower Petchora); Paim. J, f (I 
1876, p. 61 (Finland); BUmf. Bast. Pers. ii. p. 303 (1876); Tim, 
Orn. Faun. "Post Sibir. p. ?2 (1877); id. Bull. &JC. ZooL Fn ii 
p. 49 (1877); Prjev. m Bowl Orn. Mue. iii. p. 108 (Mongolia) 
62 . MERGUS. 
465 

(1878); Finseh, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 154; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 531; Brandt, J.f. 0.1880, p. 250; Salv. Cat. B. Striehl. 
Coll p. 541 (1882); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 77 (Pamir Range); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 345 (Kamtschatka) (1883 ; 

B. O. U. List Bnt. B. p. 137 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 
p. 442 (1883); Tristr. Faun. § Flor. of Palest, p. 118 (1884); 
Sound. YarreUs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 499 (1884-85); Seeb. Hist. 
Brit. B. p. 636, pi. 67 (egg) (1885); Scully, J. A. S. B. lvi. p. 89 
(1887); Beid, Str. Feath. x. p. 85 (Lucknow) (1887); Barries, 
J. f. O. 1888, p. 95 (E. Siberia); Seeb. B. Jap. Emp. p. 259 
(1890); Rchiw. J. f. 0. 1890, p. 84; Hartert, Kat. Vogehamml 
p. 234 (1891); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xix. pi. — (1891); 
Skarpe, Cat. Ost. Specim. B. C. S. iii. p. 312 (1891); Bub. Faun. 
Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 509, pi. 273 (1893); Wallengr. J.f 0. 1893. 
p. 168 (Sweden). 
Mergus niinutus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 209, n. 6 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, 
p. 148, n. 6 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 832, n. 7 (1790); Beehst. 
Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 400 (1803); Vieill. N. D. xiv. p. 233 (1817); 
Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xx. p. 296 (=albellus $ ) (1821); Brehm, 
Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 2; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 942 (1831). 
Mergus albulns, Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 71, n. 91 (1769); v. 

Paula Schranh, Faun. Boica, i. p. 237 (1798). 
Mergus pannonicus, Scop. I. c. p. 72, n. 92 (1769). 
Merganser cinereus, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. t. 511 ($ juv.) (1776). 
Merganser minor, Gerini, op. cit. t. 513 ($), t. 514 (J ) (1776). 
Piette, D'A ubent. PI. Bid. 449 ($), 450 (J); Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

viii. p. 275, pi. 24 (1781). 
Harle <§toil6, Buf. op. cit. viii. p. 278 (1781). 
Merganser albellus, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 27, n. 449 (1783); Bonn. 
Enc. MSth. i. p. 104, pi. 27. f. 4 (Am&ique Septentrional!) (1790). 
Smew, Lath. Syn. iii. p. 428, n. 5 (1785). 
Minute Merganser, Lath. ibid. p. 429, n. 6 (1785). 
? Mergus fureifer, BeseJce, Schr. der berl. naturf Ges. vii. p. 458 

(1787); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 148, n. 7 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 

p. 832, n. 8 (1790); Vieill. N. D. xiv. p. 224 (1817); Bum. Diet. 
Sc. Nat. xx. p. 297 (1821); Banz. Elem. di Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 151 
(note) (1826). 
Merganser minutus, Bonn. Enc. MSth. i. p. 105 (1790). 
? Merganser fureifer, Bonn. I. c. p. 105 (1790); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 


2, p. 172 (1824). 
Mergus mustelinus, Beehst. Orn. Tasch. ii. p. 401 (1803) (young male). 
Mergus panocicus, Beehst. I. c. p, 402 (1803) (young female). 
Mergus maculatus, Beehst. 1. c. p. 402 (1803). 
Mergellus albellus, Selby, Cat. Gen. # Subgm. B. p. 47 (1840); G. R. 

Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 147 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 629 
(1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 73. if. 85-87 (1845); id. Av. 
Syst. Nat. p. ix, tab. vii. (1852) ; Licht. Norn. Av. p. 103 (1854); 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 652, n. 172 (1856); Loche, Cat. Mamm. 
etOis. Ala. p. 146 (1858); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 817 (1858); id. 
Oat. N. Am. B. n. 614 (1859); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 818 

(N. India) (1864); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10734 (1871); 
Swinh P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416 (China); Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. 
Tent. p. 150 (1872); Tacz. J. f O. 1873, p. Ill; Hume, Str. 
Feath. i p. 265 (N. India) (1873); Butler, Str. Feath. iv. p. 31 
(N. Guzerat) (1876); Hume, ibid.; Scully, ibid. p. 202 (Yarkand) 
(1876); David £ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 509 (1877) ; Blahist. $ 
^ H

VOL, xxvn.

400 ANATIDJ3. 

Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Japan); Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 23 (Japan)• 
Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 973 (1879) ; Hume $ 7fcf«r^. 
0«ma i?. o/ Jwd. iii. p. 293, pi. 39 (1880); £<>/««,«/./. O. 1880, 

p. 65; C. Swwi&#. i&w, 1882, p. 125 (S. Afghanistan); Bchmc. Orn. 
Centralbl 1882, p. 3; id. Tog. zoo!. Giirt. p. 42 (1882); £., £., § 
B. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 124 (1884) ; Haclde, Omis Ccmcas. 
p. 406 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Wat. Mus. no. 29, p. 178 (Bering I.) 
(1885); Sahad. El Ucc. Ital p. 269 (1886); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. 
p. 46 (N. America) (1889); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool v. 
p. 92 (1889); id. Sec. Tarh. Miss., Aves, p. 133 (1891). 
Mergellus minutus, Brehm, Nauimmnia, 1855, p. 299. 
Mergulus (lapm) albellus, Blakist. $ Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. 
p. 187 (1880), x. p. 101 (1882); Blakist. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9 
(1884). 
Adult male. General colour white; a black patch on the lores, 

surrounding also the eyes; lower part of the crest black, with a green 

gloss, forming a V-shaped mark on the sides of the occiput; back and 

rump black; upper tail-coverts grey, with lighter edges; scapulars 

white, with a black band along the outer edge; two crescentic 

black bands on the sides of the breast; sides and flanks narrowly 

waved with dark grey lines; marginal wing-coverts blackish, the 

central ones white, the greater ones, like the secondaries, black, 

banded at the tip with white; primaries blackish brown; tertials 

grey; marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown, the central ones 

and the axillaries white; tail dark grey: bill of a bluish lead-colour, 

the nail lighter; irides bluish white; legs and feet light bluish lead, 

webs darker. Total length about 17 inches, wing 7*6, tail 4, 

culmen 1*25, tarsus 1*15. 

Female. Upper part of the head and nape chestnut-brown, rest of 

the upper parts brown-grey, darker on the back and rump; a brown-

black patch covers the lores and the cheeks; throat and sides of the 

neck pure white; crop-region grey; underparts white, sides and 

flanks brown-grey • scapulars brown-grey, like the back; wings as 

in the male, only duller; tertials brown; tail brown-grey. 

Young. Similar to the adult female, but the space between the 

base of the bill and the eye, and also the cheeks, are chestnut 

instead of black; there are more dark feathers on the crop-region 

and flanks, and the white patch on the wing is suffused with brown 

especially in the young females. 

Males in first nuptial dress have brown streaks on the hind-neck 
and scapulars (Seebolim). 
Males in moulting-plumage resemble adult females, but show the 
two dark crescentic bands on the sides of the breast. 

Young in doivn. Upper parts, including the sides of the head 
below the eye, but only the back of the neck, dark brown; below 
the eye a very small white spot; white spots on the posterior edge 
of the wing, on the sides of the back, just near the joint of the wing, 
the sides of the rump, and on the flanks; throat and sides of the 
upper part of the neck conspicuously white; crop-region dusky; 
flanks brown; breast and abdomen white. 

Hah Northern Palaearctic Eegion, from the Baltic to Behrisg 

G2. MERGTJS. 467 

Island in summer; south in winter from the basin of the Mediterranean 
to Northern India, China, and Japan; occasionally in 

Northern America. 

a,b. (S 2 ad. sk. 
c, d,e. c$ 2 ad. et 
c? juv. st. 
/. $ ad. sk. 

g. 5 ad
-s^* 

7i. J ad. sk. 

i. 2 ad. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. 
Ij m. S ad. sk. et 
$ juv. sk. 

n. Juv. sk. 
o. cf juv- st. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
q. 2 ad. sk, 
r. Juv. sk. 
s,t. d2 juv. sk. 
u. cf juv. sk. 
», w. 2 ad. s^


a\ 2 ad- sk. 
5/. $ juv. sk. 

z. 2 ad
-ska 
, 5'. c? ad. et 
juv. sk. 
c'-p'. £ J ad., 
imm.etjuv.sk. 
^•V. 6 2 ad. et 
imm. sk. 
x\y'. 2juv.sk. 


2 ad et 

z'-b".$ 
juv. sk. 
c". ?' ad. sk. 


<T V'-d1 ? ad. 
et juv. sk. 

h",i"Jk". tf?ad. 
et tf juv. sk. 
l'% mn, n". S ad. 

et j uv. sk. 
o". (S ad. sk. 

p". g ad. sk. 
y",r". $ ad. et 
<$ juv. sk. 

Great Britain. 
Great Britain. 


Great Britain. 

Dovey R., Merionethshire, 
Feb. 
Yarmouth, Norfolk, Jan. 

(Gunn). 

Yarmouth, Norfolk, Jan. 


Beecles, Suffolk, Feb. 
Gloucestershire. 


Devonshire. 
Wales. 
Archangel (Hencke). 


Kurnieshycha; ? Petchora, 


Aug. 
Mesopotamia (Jones). 
Lenkoran, Dec. 
Bala Morghab, Dec. (Ait' 

chison). 

Kandahar, Jan., March. 

Kandahar, Jan. (Sicmhoe). 
Azgar, Banks of Indus. 
Eiver Jheelum, Nov. 

(A. 0. H.). 
Eastern Nana, Sind, Dec, 
Jan. (A. O. -ET.). 
Delhi, Jan. 

Gurgaon, Jan. to Mar. (W. N. 
Chill). 

Sultanpur, Dee. 
Murdan, Jan, (Nundram). 


Punjab. 


Mynpoorie, Jan., Feb. 


Bengal (Falconer). 

Chinkiang Canal, Yangtse R , 
winter. 
Nankin, China, March (R. 

Swinhoe). 
Ningpo, China, Jan. (R. &). 
Shanghai, China, Feb., March 

(R &). 

Purchased. 

J. Meyer, Esq. [P.]. 
Joseph Sabine, Esq. 
[p.]. 

J. Moray Brown, Esq. 
Seebokni Coll. 

Capt. H. W. Feilden 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 

K. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq. [PJ. 
Seebohm Coll. 


India Museum [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Afghan Delim. Com


mission [P.], 

Lt-Col. Swinhoe 

[p.], 
Seebohm Coll. 
Major Yerbury [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

H.C.V. Hunter, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum [P.]. 

Lieut. Davies [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

2H2 

ANATID-35. 

9". $ ad. sir. 
*", «". <J ? ad. 
St. 
v". 2 ad. sk. 
to". Skeleton. 
Shanghai, China, Feb. 
Yokohama, Japan, March 
{It Fryer). 
N. America. 
Russia. 
F. W. Styan,
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hudson's Bay[p.]. 
Purchased. 
Esq. 
Co. 
x'\ Sternum. 
y". Sternum (with 
shoulder-girdle). 
z", a3 . Sterna. 
England. 
Europe. 
John Ray, Esq. PP.! 
M. Lefe^vre [C.J. 
63. LOPHODYTES. 

Type. 
Lophodytes, JRchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. ix (1852) .. . L. cucullatus. 

Range. Confined to North America. 

1. Lophodytes cucullatus. 
Anas cristatus, Catesby, Carol i. p. 94, t. 94 (1754). 
Merganser virginianus cristatus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 258 (17G0). 
Round-crested Duck, Edto. Glean, pi. 360 (1762). 
Mergus cucullatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 207, n. 1 (1766); Gm. S. K. i. 2, 


p. 544, n. 1 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 830, n. 5 (1790); Wils. 
Am. Orn. viii. p. 79, pi. 69. f. 1 (1814); Vieill. N. D. xiv, p. 220 
(1817); Bum. Diet Sc. Nat. xx. p. 296 (1821); Sabine, Frankl. 
Jour. App. p. 702 (1823); Bp. Obs. Wils. n. 251 (1825); Banz. 
El. di Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 147 (1826) ; Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ii. p. 397, 
n. 349 (1826); id. Speech. Comp. p. 74, n. 263 (1827); id. Syn. 
p. 397 (1828); Less. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 420 (1828); id. Tr.d'Orn. 
p. 635 (1831); SID. £ Mich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 263 (1831); 
Selby, Trans. N. H. Soe. of Northumb. i. p. 292 (Yarmouth) 
(1831); id. Edinb. Jour. of Nat. $ Geogr. Sc. iii. p. 238 (1831), cf 
A. Neiuton, Tr. Norf $ Nono. Nat. Soe. ii. p. 408 (1878); Bp. 
Isis, 1832, p. 1191, n. 349; Selby, Illustr. of Brit. Orn. ii. p. 383 
(1834); Nutt. Man. ii. p. 465 (1834); Jen. Man. p. 249 (1835); 
Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 246, pi. 233 (1835); Eyt. Barer Brit. B. 
p. 75 (1836); id. Cat. Brit. B. p. 57 (1836) ; Gould, B. Evr. v. 
pi, 386 (1837); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 177 (1838); Blyth, Natur.iil 
p. 413 (1838 (Norfolk); Aud. Syn. p. 299 (1839); Temm. Man. 
tfOrn. iv. p. 557 (1840); K. $ B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxviii, 232 
(1840); Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 402, pi. 413 (1843); Schley. Bev. Crit. 
p. ©xxi (1844); Uartl. Vera. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844); G. B. Gr. 
List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 147 (3844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, n. 3 
(1844); Be Kay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 320 (1844); Giraud, B. Long Lsl 
p. 341 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 73. if. 88, 89 (1845) ; 
Begl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 483 (1849); Wiirttemb. Naumannia, 1852, 
Heft ii. p. 54 (Cuba); Lieht. Nomenel Av. p. 103 (1854); Newb. P. 
JR. R. Bep. vi. p. 104 (1857); Cab. $ Gundl. J.f O. 1857, p. 231 
(Cuba); Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 345 (1858); Murray, Edinb. N 
Phil. Jour. 1859, p. 231; Sclat P. Z. S. 1859, p. 237 (Vancouver): 
Brewer, Br. Bost. Soe. NIL vii. p. 308 (1860) (Cuba); Gundl J.f.O. 
1862, p. 93 (Cuba) ; G. B. Gr. List Brit B. p. 209 (1863); Begl fy 
tferbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 572 (1867); Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 296 
(1872); id. Check-list, n. 523 (1873); id. JB. N.-West, p. 584 
(1874); Sclat. £ Safo. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 409; Cones, Check-list N. 
63 . LOPIIODYTES. 
469 

Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 177, n. 745 (1882) ; B. 0. XI. List Brit B. 

p. 137 Q.&S3)! Sauna. YarreirsBritB.iv. p. 509 (1884-85); Seeb. 
Mist. Brit B. iii. p. 633, pi. 67 (egg) (1885); Cory, List B. West 
Lid. p. 31 (1885); Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 46 (1889) ; Hartert, 
Kat. Vogelsamml p. 234 (1891). 
Harle hupp<§ de Virginia, If Anient PL JEnL 935 (tf), 936 ($). 

Ilarle couronnS, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. viii. p. 280 (1783). 

Hooded Merganser, Penn. Arct ZooL ii. p. 538, n.467 (1785): Lath. 

Syn. iii. 2, p. 4267 n. 4, t. ci. (1785}. 
?Brown Merganser, Penn. Arct ZooL ii. Suppl. p. 74 (1787) (Iludaon's 
Bay). 

? Mergus fuscus, Lath. IncL Orn. ii. p. 832, n. 9 (1790) (ex Pennant); 
VieilL N. JD. xiv. p. 224 (1817) (= cucullatus ?); Bum. Diet Sc. 
Nat xx. p. 297 (1821). 

Merganser cucullatus, Bonn. Bnc. MeVi. i. p. 103, pi. 27. f. 2 (1790); 
Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 168 (1824); Bp. Comp. List, p. 59 
(1S38); id. Cat Met Uce. Bur. p. 74 (1842): MacgilL Man. Orn. 

ii. p. 196(1842). 
Merganser fuscus, Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 170 (1824). 
Lophodytes cucullatus, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat p. ix (1852); Bp. 
Compt Rend, xliii. p.652, n.171 (1856); Baird, B.N. ^tm.p.816 
(1858); id. Cat N. Am. B. n. 613 (1859); Sclat P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 369 (Jalapa); Coop. $ Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 265 (1860); 
Rayd. Rep. 1862, p. 176 ; Verr. Pr. Bss. List. iii. p. 159 (1862); 
Gould, B. Or. Brit. v. pi. 36 (pt. x., 1866) j Dress. Ibis, 1866, 
p. 144 (Texas); Gundl. Repert Fisico-Nat Cuba, i. p. 391 (1866); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 5 (1866) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
viii. (1866) p. 298 (1867); Corns, Pr. Bss. Inst v. p. 201 (1868); 
Ball fy Bam. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 202 (1869) (Alaska); Byt. Syn. 
Anat. p. 137 (1869) ; Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. p. 466 (1870) ; 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10733 (1871); Sundev. Meth. 
not. AD. disp. Tent. p. 150 (1872) ; Allen, Bidl. Mus> C. Z. iii. 
p. 183 (1872); Snow, B. Hans, p. 12 (1873); Gundl. J. f. O. 
1875, p. 385 (Cuba); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 531; Ridgw. Norn. 
N. Am. B. n. 638 (1881); B., B., Sf R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 121 
(1884); Nehrl. J. f. O. 1885, p. 148 (Illinois) ; Matschie $ Ziemer, 
J.f.O. 1885, p. "192; A. O. U. Chech-list N. Am. B. p. 114, 
n. 131 (1886); Nelson, Nat Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 67 (1887); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 89, n. 131 (1887); Cory, Auk, 1888, 
p. 69; id. B. W. Led. p. 270 (1889); Hatch, B. of Minnes, p. 36 
(1892). 
Mergus (Lophodytes) cucullatus, Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. 

p. 718, n. 745 (1884). 
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck Mack; top of the 
head ornamented with a compressed semicircular crest, the posterior 
half of which is white, edged with black; forehead dark fuliginous 
brown ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brown-black ; scapulars 
deep black; lower part of the neck in front, breast, and abdomen 
white; on the sides of the breast two crescontic black bands, 
descending from the upper part of the back ; sides reddish brown, 
narrowly waved with blackish brown; under tail-coverts freckled 
with white, reddish, and brown ; wing-coverts blackish round the 
edge of the wing, the central ones grey, the greater black with the 
tips white ; quills brown, the secondaries white on the outer web, 
forming a white speculum on the wing, which is crossed by two 

470 ANATIDuE. 

black bands, formed by the black base of the secondaries showing 
through and by the base of the greater coverts; tertials very 
broad and long, black, with a mesial longitudinal white band ; under 
wing-coverts brown, edged with white; axillaries white ; tail brown : 
"bill black; irides bright yellow; legs and feet yellowish brown" 
(B., B., $ E.). Total length about 17*5 inches, wing 7*75, tail 4, 
culmen 1*6, tarsus 1*4. 

Female. Smaller than the male; head, neck, upper breast, sides, 
flanks, and upper parts brown, lighter on the sides of the head, neck, 
and breast • the crest reddish brown, lighter at the tip ; throat 
whitish brown: the brown feathers of the breast, flanks, and upper 
parts have lighter edges; breast and abdomen pure white; longer 
under tail-coverts brown, freckled with paler ; upper wing-coverts 
greyish brown, the greater ones black, tipped with white, forming 
a white band across the wing; quills brown, secondaries edged 
with white on the outer web, forming an imperfect wing-speculum; 
tertials black, with a mesial white band along the middle ; under 
wing-coverts, axillaries, and tail as in the male: *' maxilla black, 
edged with orange; mandible orange; iris hazel; feet dusky" 

Young in first plumage. Similar to the adult female, but are 
somewhat browner and have the crest rudimentary or wanting, the 
sides and posterior part of the crissum more distinctly brown. 

Young in clown. "Above deep hair-brown, darkest on the back and 
rump • posterior border of the arm-wing, a small spot on each side 
of the back (nearly concealed by the closed wing), and a larger one 
on each side of the rump white ; lower half of the head (from about 
on a line with the eye) brownish buff, paler on the chin and throat; 
jugulum light dingy brownish; remaining lower parts dingy white, 
the sides brown, like the upper part" (B., B., Sf B.). 

Hal. North America in general, north to Alaska and (accidentally) 
Greenland, south to Mexico and Cuba; casual in the British Isles. 

a. S imm. st. N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. 
[P.]. 
b, e. $ 2 a&-st. N. America. Ilardwieke Bequest. 


d. d juv. st. N. America. Purchased. 
e9f. <$ $ ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
g-k. 6 S ad et 49th Parallel. N. America Boundjuv. 
sk. ary Oomm. [P.]. 
Lm. r? ad. et iuv. Washington, B.C. {C. Drex-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk m for). 
n, o. 2 juv. sk. Big Moose Lake, New York, Saivin-Godman Coll. 

July, Oct. {A, K. Fisher). 

ad. et 

p-x. s 2Tarpon Springs, Florida, Nov., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J juv. sk. Dec. ( W. E. B. Scott). 
y~d. S J ad. et Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 

V. § ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c\ Pull. sk. No locality. Gould Coll. 
d'. 2 ad. sk. [S. America.] Old Coll. 
e'. <$ ad. sk. Yorkshire, England. Purchased. 
64 . MERGANSER. 
64. 
MERGANSER. Ty) o 
Merganser, 
Brm. Orn. vi. p. 230 (1760); Schaeffer, >P°" 
Mm Orntth .p . 66 (1789); Leach, Sy&. Cat M. 


.r™« 2, p. 160(1824) ! M. castor. 
Mergus, Selbij (nee Linn.), Cat. Gen: §• Subgen. B. 
p.47(1840) *_/ . M. castor. 
Krister, Heme, No7n. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 3-50 (1800) . M. brasilianus. 

Range. Palsearctic Region, Northern India, Nearctic Region, S.E. 
Brazil, and the Aucklands. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. 
Lower parts not barred across, except on the flanks 
in some species. 
a\ Flanks not dark lead-grey, almost uniform, and 
under tail-coverts not dusky grey edged with 
white, 


a". Lower part of the neck, like the lower 
surface, white. 


azm Flanks entirely white: males with the 
head "black glossed with green; females 
with the head rufous-brown, and throat 
conspicuously white. 


a1. No conspicuous black band across the 
wing at the base of the greater wing-
coverts. 


a5. Larger; culmen 2*20-2*40 inches :^ 
feathers of the hind part of the bead" 
very full, but not very long and not 
forming a prominent crest; head of 
the females of a deep and bright 
chestnut castor, p. 472. 

b\ Smaller; culmen 1*90-2*10: feathers 
of the hind part of the head rather 
thin and long, and forming decidedly 
a prominent crest; head of the female 
of a dull and pale rufous, and with 
the anterior part of the crown tinged 
with greyish comatus, p. 475. 

b\ 
A conspicuous black band across the 
wing, at the base of the greater wing-
coverts americanus, p. 477. 

b2 

. Feathers of the sides and flanks with conspicuous 
crescentic bands ; head above 
brown-rufous, sides of the head and 
throat paler; occipital crest very long 
(male immature ?) ... squamatus, p. 478. 

&'. A distinct white collar round the neck defines 
the black of the upper part from the reddish 
"breast, which is streaked with dusky ; 
flanks waved with black and whitish zigzag 
lines; head and upper part of the neck 
black with a green gloss (males) ; throat of 
the female not white but rufeseent serrator, p. 479. 

472 ANATID2E. 

b'. Flanks dark lead-grey, almost uniform; under 
tail-coverts dusky grey, edged with white; 
head brown-rufous, apparently in both sexes. australis, p. 484. 


b. Lower parts barred with white and blackish brasilianus, p. 485. 
1. Merganser castor. 
The Goosander. 
Merganser, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 231, pi. xxii. (<$) (1760). 
Merganser cinereus, Briss. op. cit. p 255, pi. xxv. ( 5) (1760). 
Mergus rubricapilla. Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 22, n. 93 (1764). 
Mergus merganser, Linn. S. N. I. p. 208, n. 2 ( tf) (1766); Gm. S. N. 


i. % p. 544, n. 2 (1788); Lath. Inch Orn. ii. p. 828, n. 1 (1790) ; 
Pall Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 286 (1811) (Kurile I.); Temm. Man. 
a? Orn. p. 575 (1815); Vieill. N. D. xiv. p. 219 (1817); Temm. 
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 881 (1820); Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xx. p. 292 
(1821); Faber, Proclr. d. isl Orn. p. 64 (1822) ; Flem. Phil, of 
Zool. ii. p. 261 (1822); Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 564; Lieht. Verz. DoubL 
p. 85 (1823); Brehm, Lehrb. eur. Vbg. p. 852 (1823); Tarr. Tr. 
Linn. Soc. xv. p. 391, pi. xv. f. g (sternum), ff. a, e, h (trachea) 
(1827); Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 74, n. 236 (1827); Flem. Brit. An. 
p. 128 (1828); Less. Man. d Orn. ii. p. 420 (1828); Brehm, Isis, 
1830, p. 999, n. 1 (Iceland); id. Handb. Vbg. Deutschl. p. 943 
(1831); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 635 (1831); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 122 
(1831); Jen. Man. p. 249 (1835); Gould, B. of Eur. v. pi. 384 
(1837) ; Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 173 (1838); Temm. Man. iv. p. 556 
(1840) (Japan); StricU. Ann. $ Mag. N. H. viii. p. 545 (1842); 
Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 147 (1842); Schleg. Rev. Crib, p. exxi 
(1844); Nairn. Tog. Deutschl xii. p. 356, t. 326 (1844); Hartl. 
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844); G. R. Or. List. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
p. 147 fpart.) (1844); Rchfib. Syn. Av., Natatores, t.73. if. 94, 95, 
884 (1845); Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 252 (1847); Degl. Orn. 
Eur. ii. p. 478 (1849): Temm. $ Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 129 
(1850) (Japan); Hansmann, Naumannia, 1852, Heft ii. p. 124 (Duberow, 
breeding); Midd. Reis. Sibir. ii. 2, p. 238 (1853); Tobias, 
J.f 0.1853, p. 218 (Oberlausitz); Pdssl. ibid. pp. 242, 323 (Lapland) 
; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854); Vanger. J.f.O. 1855, 
p. 345 (Mark); Mull. J.f. 0.1856,p.232 (Provence); Kittl. Denkw. 
ii. p. 248 (1858); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 354 (Ionian I.) ; Schrenck, 
Vbg. Amur-L. p. 485 (1860); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344 (N. China); 
%d. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323; Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 378 (1863) ; 
Salvad. J.f.O. 1865, p. 326; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 2 
(part.) (1866); Degl §• Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 569 (1867); Holts, 
J.f. 0.1868, p. 127; S. Mull. J.f 0.1869, p. 349 (Faroe); Eyt. 
Syn. Anat. p. 133 (1869); Przew. Voy. n. 212 (1867-69); id. 
Putesch Ussur. n. 212 (1870); Elwes # Buchl Ibis, 1870, p. 340 
(Bosphorus); Homey. J.f.O. 1870, p. 434; David, N. Arch, du 
Mus., Bull vii. Cat. n. 435 (1871); Sound. Ibis, 1871, p. 397 
(Spain); Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 150 (1872); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. ii. p. 570 (part.) (1875); Irby, Orn. Str. of Gibralt. 
p. 206 (Marocco) ; Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 685, pi. 452 (1875) ; 
Palmtn, J.f 0.1876, p. 62 (Finland); Tacz. Faun. Vost. Sibir. 
p. 72 (1877); id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877); David & 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 510 (1877); Pleshe, J.f O. 1878, p. 94; 
Gigl Icon. Avif. Ml. fasc. iii. tav. 369 (1879) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 531; Buchan. Pr. Phys. Soc. Edinb. v. pp. 189-193 (Scotland) 
(1880); Brandt, J. f. O. 1880, p. 250; Bolau, J.f O. 1881, 
64 . MERGANSER. 473 
p. 65 (part.); Fchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 2; id. Vdg. zool 
Giirt p. 41 (1882); Salv. Cat B. Strickl. Coll. p. 541 (1882); B. 0. 
U. List Brit. B. p. 136 (1883); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 442 
(1883); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 344 (1883) (Kamtschatka); 
Dabrowsky, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, pp. 84, 85 (Bosnia); 
Fadde, Omis Caucas. p. 465 (1884); Saund. YarreWs Hist. Brit 
B. iv. p. 488 (1884-85); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 625, pi. 67 
(egg-) (1885) ; Sakad. EL Ucc. Ital p. 269 (1886); Domes, J. f. 0. 
1888, p. 95 (E. Siberia); Hartwig, J.f. 0. 1889, p. 151 (tforth. 
Cape); Tristr. Cat. Coll. £. p. 46 (part.) (1889); Seeb. B. Japan. 
Emp. p. 257 (1890); Fchnia. J. f. 0.1890, p. 85; Floericke, J.f 0. 
1891, p. 198 (Sclilesia, breeding); Hartert, Kai. Vogehamml 
p. 234 (1891); Sharpe, Cat Osieol Specim. JR. C. S. iii. p. 311 
(1891); Dubois, Faun. Vert Belg., Ois. ii. p. 513 (part.), pi. 274 
(1893); Wallengr. J.f. 0. 1893, p. 168 (Sweden). 
Mergus castor, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 209, n. 4 ($) (1766); Gm. 8. N. 

i. 2, p. 545 0 (1788) ; Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 829, n. 2 (1790); 
Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 2 ; id. Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 
p. 944 (1831); G. JR. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, n. 1 (syn. emend.) 
(1844); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 308, n. 1798 (part.) 
(1849); Gould, B. Great Brit. v. pi. 34 (pt. x., 1866); Swinh. 
F. Z. 8. 1871, p. 416 (China) ; G. JR. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, 
n. 10728 (syn. emend.) (1871); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (Hakodadi); 
Blakist fy Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Japan); iid. Tr. As. 
Soc. Jap. viii. p. 18? (1880), x. p. 101 (1882). 
Mergus gulo, Scop. Ann. i. Hist Nat p. 69, n. 88 (1769). 
? Mergus aethiops, Scop. Ann. I. Hist Nat p. 70, n. 90 (1769). 
Mergus asiaticus, S. G. Gmel. JReise d. Fussl. ii. p. 188, t. 20 (1774) j 


Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 548, n. 6/3 (1787). 
Mergo-Oca, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. tt. 508, 512 (tfad.), 510 ($ ) 
(1776). 
Goosander, Fenn. Brit Zool. n. 260, t. 92. f. 1 (1776); id. Arct Zool. 

ii. p. 537, n. 465 (1785); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 418, n. 1 (178*5). 
Dun Diver or Sperling-Fowl, Fmn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 557, t. 92. f. 2 
($) (#76); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 420, n. 2 (1785). 
Harle, D'Aubent. Ft Enl 951 (<$), 952 ($); Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. 

viii. p. 267, pi. 33 (1781). 
Mergus rubricapillus, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 545 y (1788). 
Merganser raucedula, Schaef. Mus. Orn. p. 66, n. 210, t. 43 (1789). 
Merganser castor, Schaeff. Mus. Orn. p. 67, n. 212 (1789); Bonn. 
Enc. Meth. i. p. 103, n. 4 (?) (1790); Bp. Comp. List, p. 59, 

n. 433 (1838); id. Cat. Met Ucc. Eur. p. 75 (1842); MacgilL 
Man. Orn. ii. p. 194 (1842); id. Hist Brit. B. v. p. 207 (1852); 
Bp. Compt Fend, xliii. p. 652, n. 166 (1856); Loehe, Cat M. et O. 
Alger, p. 146 (1858). 
Merganser aethiops, Schaef. Mm. Orn. p. 67, n. 213 (1789). 
Merganser rancedula (lege raucedula), Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 101, 

pi. 26. £ 4 (<?) (1790) (ex Gesner, Av. 133, 134). 
? Merganser leucomelanus, Schrank, Faun. Boic. i. p. 238 (1798). 
Merganser ran, Leach, Cat M. $ B. Brit Mus. p. 36 (1816) • Steph. 

Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 161, pi. 53 (tf) (1824). 
Merganser gulo, Leach, I. c. (1816). 
Mergus (Merganser) castor, part., K. ty B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxviii, 

231 (1840). 
Mergus orientalis, Gould, F. Z. 8. 1845, p. 1, part. (Amoy); Hein. $ 
Mchnw. Norn. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 350 (Japan) (1890). 
Merganser aldrovandi, Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat p. ix, tab. vii. (1852) 
(ex Fay). 

474 ANATID2E. 

Mergus major, C. F. Dubois, JPl. Col Ois. Belg. iii. pi. et p. 268 
(1860). 
Mergus pusillus, Eyt. Syn. Anat p. 138 (1869) (Amoy) (=orientalis, 
Gould). 
Merganser merganser, Stejn. Orn. Expl Kamtsch. p. 176 (1885); 
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 88 (1887). 

Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck black, glossed with 
bottle-green ; the occipital feathers elongated, but not forming a 
distinct crest, except when erected; lower part of neck and 
mantle white; back and scapulars glossy black; lower part of 
the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail ashy, the basal tail-
coverts paler, the longest with the shafts blackish, and the centre 
darker; underparts white, on the breast and abdomen, especially in 
freshly killed specimens, delicate pale salmon-colour ; lower flanks 
at the base of the tail and outer under tail-coverts finely vermieulated 
with grey; upper wing-coverts, median and inner secondaries 
white, the latter edged with black on the outer web; outer scapulars 
white; primaries, primary-coverts, and outer secondaries 
brown-black, but the secondaries white at the tip ; marginal under 
wing-coverts brown, edged with white, the remainder, with the 
axillaries, white : bill deep vermilion-red, the ridge of the upper 
mandible and the tooth blackish; iris deep reddish brown; legs 
vermilion-red. Total length about 28 inches, wing 11*25, tail 5-25, 
culmen 2*45, tarsus 1*95. 


Female. Head and upper neck deep rusty, duller on the crown 
and anterior part of head; throat conspicuously white; the rusty 
colour of the neck sharply defined below; feathers of the crown and 
nape much elongated, forming a crest when erected; lower neck 
grey, with the edges of the feathers whitish; upper parts generally, 
including the inner secondaries, scapulars, and wing-coverts, ashy 
grey, many of the feathers with dark shafts; primaries, primary-
coverts, and outer secondaries black, with a greyish tinge; median 
secondaries white, with only the concealed base of the feathers 
blackish grey; outer greater wing-coverts blackish, median white 
with a dark grey band at the tip, the inner ones grey like the back ; 
marginal under wing-coverts dark grey edged with white, the 

greater ones uniform grey, the remainder like the axillaries white; 
tail grey like the back; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
white, the marginal ones of the latter with a V-shaped grey mark, 
and the longest freckled with grey; flanks grey, with the edges of 
the feathers whitish ; soft parts as in the male, but not so brightly 
coloured. Total length about 23 inches, wing 10*5, tail 5, culmen 
1-9, tarsus 1*75. 

Young in first plumage closely resemble adult females, but have 
shorter crests, and brown instead of grey markings on the breast 
and flanks; males may be distinguished by paler feathers on 
the median wing-coverts and outer scapulars, and darker feathers 
on the inner scapulars (SeeboTim). 

Males in first nuptial dress have more grey on the shoulders than 
adults. 

04. aiEBGANSER. 47o 
Males in moulting plumage closely resemble adult females, but 
have traces of a black ring round the neck, are darker on the back 
and shoulders, and show the whitish wing of the immature bird 

(Seebohm). 
Young in down. Similar to that of M. serrator, but perhaps not 
so dark on the upper parts. 

Hob. Northern parts of the Palsearctic region, from Western 
Europe to Hamtschatka; in winter extends from Southern Europe 
and the basin of the Mediterranean to China and Japan. 

a. S ad.sk. 
b. 2 ad. sk. 
c. d. Pull. st. 
e. 3 ad. sk. 
/ . Juv. st. 
g. 6 ad. sk. 
k, I 6 ad. 
et 6 

juv. sk. 
&.' $ ad.sk. 
Z, m, n. 6 5 ad. sk. 

o. 2 ad. sk. 
q. o imm, et 
P: 
2 ad. sk. 

r. J ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
t 2 ad. sk. 

u. J ad. sk. 
vf w. $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
a\* J ad. sk. 


y. g ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. s^* 
a', b', c'. <J 2 ad. 
sk. 
d'. $ ad. sk. 

e'. 2 ad. sk. 
fKg'. 6 ad. et <J 
juv. sk. 
h'. 2 ad. sk. 

i', k\ 6 2 ad. sk. 

V. 2 ad. sk. 
m'. <$ ad. sk. 
n'. Skeleton. 
o'. Skeleton. 
p'f (j. Skulls. 
Greenland. 
Orkneys (J. E* Hading). 


Gt. Britain. 
Gt. Britain. 
England. 
Sutherland. 
Lynn Harbour. 


Yarmouth, Norfolk, Dec. 
Norfolk. 
Norfolk. 
Wells, Norfolk, Jan., Nov. 


Hendlesham Park, Suffolk. 


R. Dulas, Wales, Jan. 
Gloucestershire. 
Omsk, Aug. 
Yen-e-say, Siberia, lat. 62^°, 


June (B. $.). 
China. 
Kiu-kiang, China, Dec. 

Chinkiang Canal, Yangtse R., 
winter. 
Shanghai, China, March, Dec. 

(H. Swinhoe). 
Shanghai, China, Dec. 

Amoy, China (i2. JSivinhoe). 
Corea. 

Hakodadi, Japan, April {Blah


iston). 
Yokohama, Japan (H. Pryer). 
Nagasaki, Japan, Dec. 

2. Merganser comatus. 
Hume Coll. 

H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
Purchased. 
Montagu Coll. 
Purchased. 
Mrs. Flower [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 


J. Sabine, Esq. [P.]. 
Oapt.H. W.Feilden 
Rev. W. Kirby [P.]. 
Editor ofc Land and 

Water' IT.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. R. Reeves. 
F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Lieut. Davies [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
C.W.Campbell, Esq. 

[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Purchased. 

Mergus serrator, Kodgs. {nee Linn.) Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, nn. 626, 
627 (1844); Sharpe (lapsu), Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool v. p, 92 
(Bala-Morgab) (1889). 

476 ANATIDiE. 

Mergus orientalis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 1 (part.)"*; G. JR. Gr. 
Cat Hodgs. Coll B. M. p. 147 (Nepal) (184G) : id. Gen. B. App. 

p. 28 (1849); Bp. Compt. Rendus, xliii p. 652, n. 1G8 (185G); G. P. 
Gr. Cat Hodgs. Coll B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863). 
Mergus castor, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 308, n. 1798 (part., 
specim. A, B, D) (1849); Jerd. (nee linn.) B. of Ind. iii. p. 817 
(1864) (N. India); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10728 (part.) 
(1871); Hume $ Anders. Lahore to Tark. p. 297 (Indus) (1873); 
Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 423 (3873) (Sumbhulpoore, Centr. Pro v. of 
India); Parker, Str. Feath. ii. p. 336 (Barrakur) (1874) ; Ball, 
ibid. p. 439 (Chota Nagpur) (1874); Scully, Str. Feath. iv. p. 202 
(Kasbgar) (1876); Hume, ibid. p. 496 (Mekran Coast) (1876); 
Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 149 (Ajmere) (1878); Ball, ibid. p. 233 
(India) (1878); JBidd. Str. Feath. ix. p. 365 (Gilgit) (1880); 
id. Ibis, 1881, p. 101 (Gilgit). 

Mergus merganser, Dyb. ty Parrex (nee Linn.), J.f.O. 1868, p. 359 
(Dauria) (?); Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 110 ; Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. 

p. 70 (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 421 (Turkestan); Przeio. 
Mongolia, ii. pp. 160, 170, n. 276 (1876) ; id. in Rowl. Orn. 
Misc. iii. p. 107 (Mongolia) (1878); Hume, Str. Feath.Vili. p. 115, 
n. 972 (India) (1879); Scully, Str. Feath. viii. pp. 364, 3G8 (Nepal) 
(1879); Himefy Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 299, pi. 40 (1882); 
McLeod, Str. Feath. x. p. 168 (Tangrote Ferry) (1887); Hume, 
Str. Feath. xi. p. 347 (Assam) (1888); Cripps, ihid. p. 348 
(Dehing river); Sharpe, See. Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 133 (1891); 
Oust Ann. Sc. Nat, Zool. (7) xii. p. 318, n. 56 (1892); id. Now. 
Arch. Mus. (3) vi. p. 103 (1894). 
Similar to M. castor, but somewhat smaller, the feathers of the 
crest thinner, narrower, and longer; the bill usually shorter; the 
male has the black edges of the tertials broader, the lower back and 
rump paler grey and usually much freckled with white : " bill deep 
red, almost vermilion in some, a cinnabar or deep blood-red in 
others ; the nail and a stripe along the culmen, from the nail to? the 
forehead, black; lower mandible wholly orange; irides deep red; 
legs and feet bright vermilion" (Hume). Total length 25 to 27 
inches, wing 10-95-11-8, tail from vent 4*80-5*9, culmen 1*90-2*10, 
tarsus 1*68-1*80. 

The female differs from that of M. castor in having the head 
lighter rufous chestnut, with a distinct greyish wash on the upper 
part; size somewhat smaller than that of the male. 

Hah. Central Asia, with the Himalayas, where it breeds. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. $ juv. sk. 
" Tanktze, Afghanistan, Sept.
(F. Stoliczka). 
Bala Morghab, Afghanistan,
Jan. (Aitchison). 
India Museum [P.]. 
Afghan Delimitation 
Coram. [P.]. 
c. <J ad. sk. India. Old Coll.t 

* Under the name of M. orientalis, Gould described a female from Amoy, 
which I do not think different from M. castor; at the same time he said, " I believe 
a male of this bird is in the British Museum." The latter bird is still in 
the Museum, and no doubt it belongs to the Central Asiatic and Indian form. 
t This is the male bird mentioned by Gould in his description of M. orientalis, 

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 2 • the female from Amoy, belonging to M. castor, is to-be taken 
as the type of M. orientalis. 
64 . MBRGA3STSER. 
477 
ad*8&


d. 2 India. 
Purchased. 
e. $ ad. sk. Indus Kiver, Sept. (/. Bid- Tweeddale Coll. 
dulph). 
$ ad sk

f-h. 6-- Nepal (Rode/son). India Museum [P.]. 
I $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Jan. (L. Man- Hume Coll. (Type 
dellL) of the species.) 
m-y. 3 $ ad. et Native Sikhim, Nov.-Dec., Hume Coll. 
(S juv. sk. Anril (L. Mandelli). 

z. 
<$ ad. sk. Sikhim (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. (Type 
of the species.) 
a'-h'.m 3 $ ad. et Sikhim, Feb. (L. Mandelli). Hume CoU. 
3 juv.sk, 
%'. $ ad. sk. Sikhim, Dec. J. Biddulph, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Jc\ S ad.sk. Near Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
lf. $ ad. sk. Suddya, Assam, Feb. Hume Coll. 
ml. 6 ad. sk. Bengal (Eardtoicke). India Museum [P.]. 
ri. 6 ad. sk. Dinapur. Capt. S. Pinwill [P.]. 
o'-v'. <$ $ ad. sk. Mahanadi, Raipur Dist., Jan. Hume Coll. 
wf. 6 ad. sk. Kuku-noor (BrjevalsJcy). Seebohm Coll. 

x\ Sternum. 

3. Merganser americanus. 
Mer^us merganser, Wils. (neeLinn.) Am. Orn. viii. p. 68, pi. 68 (1814) ; 
Vieill. N. D. xiv. p. 219 (part.) (1817) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xx. 

p. 292 (part.) (1821); Bp. Obs. Wils. n. 248 (1825); id. Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y. ii. p. 397, n. 347 (1826); id. Speech. Comp. p. 74, n. 260 
(1827) ; id. Syn. p. 397 (1828); Doughty, Cab. N. H. i. p. 109, 
pi. 10 (1830); Sio. $Bich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 461 (1831) ; Ntitt. 
Man. ii. p. 400 (1834); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 173 (part.) (1838) 
(America, Peru!) ; And. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 261, pi. 331 (1838); 
id. Syn. p. 297 (1838); id. B. Am. vi. p. 387, pi. 411 (1843); 
G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 147 (e, f) (1844); Giraud, B. 
Long Isl. p. 339 (1844); Wied, J.f. 0. 1859, p. 241 (N. America); 
Schleg. Mus. B.-B., Anseres, p. 2 (part.) (1866); Allen, Bull Mus. 
C. Z. iii. p. 183 (1872) ; Coues, Key, p. 296 (1872) ; id. Chech-list, 
n. 521 (1873); id. B. N.-West, p. 583 (part.) (1874); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. ii. p. 570 (part.) (1875); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 117, 
n. 743 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 716, n. 743 (1884); 
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B: p. 46, specim. d (1889); Brandt, J. /. O. 
1891, p. 269 (Sitka). 
Merganser castor, Bp. (nee Linn.) Comp. List, p. 59, n. 399 (1838). 
Mergus americanus, Cass. Br. Acad. Bhilad, 1853, p. 187: id. U.S. 
JExpl. Exped., Orn. p. 345 (1858) (Oregon); Baird, Ml N. Am. 

p. 813 (1858); id. Cat. N Am. B. n. 611 (1859) ; Coop. 8r SuekL 
N H. Wash. Terr. p. 263 (1860); Hayd. Bep. 1862, p. 176; 
Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. 
1866, p. 298 (1867); Doll # Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 301 
(1869) (Alaska); Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. p. 466 (1870); 
Finsch, Abh. Brem. Ver. iii. p. 71 (1872); Dall, Br. Cal. Acad. v. 
(1873) p. 30 (Aleutians); Snow, B. Kans. p. 11 (1873). _ 
Merganser castor, a. americanus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 652 

(1856). 
Mergus castor, part., G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10728 (1871). 
Mergus merganser americanus, Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 205 

(1880); id. Norn. K Am. B. n. 636 (1881); Bean, Br. US. Nat. 

478 ANATIDJE. 

Mm. v. p. 167 (1882) (Kodiak); llaril J. f. O. 1883, p. 283 
(Chilcoot, Alaska); B., B., $ R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 112 
(1884) ; Sound. YarreWs Hist Brit B. iv. p. 491 (1884-1885) ; 
Seeb. Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 625 (1S85) ; Matsch. u. Ziemer, J.f.O. 
1885, p. 192 ; Seeb. B. Japan. Rmp. p. 258 (1890). 

Merganser americanus, Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. p. 177 (1885); 

A. 0. 77. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 113, n. 129 (1886); Turner, 
Contr. Nat Hist of Alaska, p. 130 (1886) (Unalaska) ; Kelson, 
Nat Hist Coll in Alaska, p. m (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N Am. B. 
p. 89 (1887); Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 34 (1892). 
Similar to 31. merganser, but the male is distinguished by having a 
black bar across the wing at the base of the greater coverts; as 
to the feathering at base of bill having quite distinct outline, as 
stated by Mr. Kidgway, I cannot find much difference. 

Hah. Whole of North America, breeding south to northern border 
of United States ; occasional in Bermudas. 

a,b.d2 ad. sk. Columbia River. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.J. 

€. 2 a<i sk

<?. -- British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.J. 

d. $ ad. sk. Canada. Hudson's Bay Co. 
e. Pad. sk, 49th Parallel, May. N. America Boundary 
Oomm. [P.]. 
f. 2 ad. sk. Vancouver Island, Nov. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
g. S ad. sk. Vancouver Island. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h, i, k. 2 ad* e t Lyon's Falls, New York, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<5 juv. sk, Nov. (A. J. Dayan). 

2 a(*. et

I, m. 4th Lake, Herkimer Co., New Salvin-Godman Coll. 
pull. sk. York, June ( C. H Merrkmi). 
n, o. Pull. sk. Adirondacks, New York, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. H. Merriam). 
2 a(^ sk


p. Corpus Ohristi, Texas, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll 
(F. B. Armstrong). 
4. Merganser squamatus. 
Mergus squamatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 184 (China); JEyt. Syn. 
Anat. p. 136 (1869); G. JR. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10730 
(1871); Swinh.RZS. 1871, p. 416 j David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine. 

p. 511 (1877). 
Male immature (type). Crown of the head, lengthened crest, and 
neck rus*ty brown; throat and upper part of the neck in front 
somewhat paler, but not white; upper surface grey, freckled with 
whitish on the rump and upper tail-coverts; some of the shorter 
scapulars have black edges; upper wing-coverts greyish, the greater 
ones and the secondaries black at the base, white on the apical 
half; the black bases of the greater coverts and of the secondaries 
show somewhat through, so that two black bands, nearly hidden, 
cross the wings ; primaries black ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts white; sides of the breast and flanks with two or three 
narrow irregular crescentie bands of blackish brown on each feather ; 
the distal crescentie band not on the very edge ; a similar style of 
marking pervades the sides of the rump; tail-feathers greyish 

479 

64 . MERGANSEK. 
brown, the central feathers freckled on the margin with greyish 
white. Total length about 23 inches, wing 9*7, tail 4*5, culmen 
2*06, tarsus 1*77. 

Hal. China (?). 

The type of this species is still unique; there is no collector's 
name on the label, so that the locality is uncertain. Apparently 
the bird is a young male • it has no white patch on the throat, and 
in that respect resembles the young of M. serrator, while it approaches 
M. castor in the grey colour of the upper parts and the 
white of the lower. The squamate form of the markings on the 
flanks distinguishes this bird from the allied ones, but I have some 
doubts that it may be either an individual variety or an hybrid ! 

a. $ imm. sk. China (?). Gould Coll. (Type of species.) 
5. Merganser serrator. 
The Red-breasted Merganser. 

Red-breasted Goosander, Echo. Nat Hist of B. i. p. 95, pi. 95 ( $) 

(1745) (Newfoundland). 

Merganser cristatus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 237, pi. xxiii. ((3s) (1760); 

Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 23, nn. 94, 95 (1764). 

Merganser leucomelanus, Briss. Orn. vl p. 250 (1760). 

Merganser niger, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 251 (1760) (ex Gesne?*). 

Mergus serratns, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 23, n. 96 (1764) • Gm. S. N. i. 

2, p. 546 jS (1788). 
Mergus serrator, Linn. S. N. i. p. 208, n. 3 (1766); Gm. S. N. I 2, 

p. 546, n. S (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 829, n. 4 (1790); id. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 121, t. xvi. ff. 1, 2 (trachea) (1798); Illig. 
Prodr.-p.27B (1811); Pall, Zoogr. Rossc-As. ii. p. 287 (1811); 
Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 81, pi. 69 (1814) ; Temm. Man. p. 579 
(1815); Vieill. N. D. xiv. pp, 221, 223 (var.) (1817); Temm. 
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 884 (1820); Bum. Diet Se. Nat xx. p. 294 
(1821); Flem. Phil of Zool. ii. p. 261 (1822); JBoie, Isis, 1822, 

p. 564; Licht. Verz. JOoubl. p. 85 (1823); Sabine, FranM. Joum., 
App. p. 702 (1823) ; Brehm, Lehrb. eiir. Vog. p. 855 (1824); Bp. 
Obs. Wils. n. 249 (1825); id. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 397, n. 348 
(1826); id. Speech. Comp. p. 74 (1827); id. Syn. p. 397, n. 348 
(1828); Flem. Brit. An. p. 129 (1828); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. 
p. 420 (1828); Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 1000, n. 1; id. Vog. Deutsehl. 
p. 945 (1831); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 635 (1831); Savi, Orn. Tosc. 
iii. p. 120 (1831); Sw. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 462 (1831); 
Nutt. Man. ii.p. 463 (1834); Jen. Man. p. 249 (1835); Gould, B. 
Fur. v. pi. 385 (1837); Fyt Mon. Anat p. 175, pis. 16 (anatomy), 
17 (skeleton and trachea) (1838); And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 92, 
pi. 401 (1838); id. Syn. p. 298 (1839) ; Temm. Man. iv. p. 556 
(1840) (Japan); K. # B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. lxxxviii, 231 (1840); 
Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 147 (1842); Macgill. Man. ii. p. 194 
(1842); Sehleg. Rev. Crit p. exxi (1844); Naum. Vog. Deutsehl 
xii. p. 333, Taf. 325 (1844); Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844); 
G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. p. 147 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, 
n. 2 (1844); DeKay, N. T. Zool ii. p. 319 (1844); Giraud, B. 
Long Lsl. p. 342 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Katatores, t 73. if. 9093 
(1845); Hoik Faun. Greenly. 78 (1846) (Greenland); JDegl. 
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 480 (1849); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 308, 
n. 1799 (1849); Temm. $ Sehleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 129 (1850) 
AlMIDJE. 

x -n % j. A „ \ w TVta t). ix (1852); Middend. Beis. 
M ' ^ " 3 fl85sT Ochofsk)^ ZV>»», J/ . 0- 1853,P- SIS; 
P I W ™ 94'7 243 322 (Lapland); Schill. ibid. p. 378; 

Pr /Vlff o 232 (Provence); 5p. Co»i/rf. 'Rend. xlm. p. 6o2, 

J? / ^ p, 130 (AMi^U /O.^ £ 5


iV. PM. Journ. iooy, p. ^i, rr ^.*, ~. ., - -- --, , 
(Indiana); Prosw, J". / . 0. 1859, p. 463; Holland, J. f. O. 1800, 

p. 305: Schrenck, Vog. Amur-Lande, p. 486 (1860) (Anioor-land) ; 
Coop. $ Suckl. N. E. Wash. Terr. p. 264 (1860); Poivys, Ibis, 
1860, p. 354 (Ionian Isl.); Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland); 
Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1861, p. 241 (Salvador); Hints:, J. f. O. 
1861, p. 308; Gould, B. of Gr. Brit. v. pi. 35 (pt. ii., 1862); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332 (Japan) ; Boss, Canad. Natural, April 
1862 (Mackenzie); Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862); Boardm. 
Pr. Post. Soc. N. H. ix. p. 140 (1862); Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. 
ii. p. 379 (1863); Blakist Ibis, 1863, p. 150 (Hudson's Bay); 
Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); id. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 323 
(China); G. B. Gr. List Brit B. p. 209 (1863); Hintz, J. f. O. 
1863, p. 430, 1864, p. 191; Nordm. ibid. p. 779 (Finland and 
Lapland); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 156 ; Holtz, J.f. 0.1865, p. 188 
(nesting); Hintz, ibid. p. 242; Salvad. ibid. p. 326 (Sardinia) ; 
Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 37 (Fort Macon); Droste, J.f.O. 
1866, p. 391 (Borkurn); Schleg. Mus.P.-B., Anseres, p. 3 (1866); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. 1866, p. 298 (Long Isl.) (1867) ; 
Deal $r Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 570 (1867); Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. 
N. H. xii. p. 125 (1868); id. Pr. Bss. Inst v. p. 201 (1868); 
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine); Holts, J. f. 0.1868, p. 127 
(Gottland): Dyb. 8f Parr. ibid. p. 339 (Dauria); Boie, J. f. 0. 
1869, p. 97 (Lofoten and Vesteeraalen); Goebel, ibid. p. 320 (Archangel) 
; Droste, ibid. p. 349 (Faroe), p. 394 (C. Finmark) ; Collett, 
Norg. Fugle, p. 68 (1868); Droste, Vogelw. d. Nordins. Borlztim, 
p. 315 (1869); Dall $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 201 (1869) 
(Alaska); Eyt. Syn. Anat p. 134 (1869); Przexo. Voy. (or Putesch 
Ussur.), n. 213 (1870); Thumb. B. E. Pa. p. 37 (1869); S. Mull. 
J. f. O. 1869, p. 349 (Faroe); Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai); 
Elw. % Buchl. ibid. p. 341 (Turkey); Homey. J. f. 0.1870, p. 434 
(E. Siberia); Sound. Ibis, 1871, p. 397 (S. Spam); Meves, (Efv. 
K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1871, p. 783 ; David, N. Arch, du Mus., Bull. 
vii. Cat. n. 434 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416 (China) ; 
Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 27; Borggr. J. f. 0.1871, pp. 217, 
219 (N. Germany); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10729 (1871); 
Heugl Ibis, 1872, p. 64 (Waigats I.)j id. J. f. O. 1872, p. 123 
(Waigats L); Homey, ibid. p. 339; Fritseh, ibid. p. 372 (Bohemia); 
Finsch, Abh. not. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 72 (1872) (Alexandrovsk); 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 296 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 522 (1873); 
Snow, B. Kans. p. 11 (1873); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1351 
(1873) (Egypt); Dyb. J. f. O. 1873, p. Ill, 1874, p. 337 ; Coues. 
B. N.-West, p. 584 (1874); Dall, Pr. Ac. Calif, v. p. 270 (1874); 
id. Extract Avif. Aleut. Isl West TJnal p. 7 (1874) ; Dress. B. Eur. 
vi. p. 693, pi. 453 (1874); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (Hakodadi) ; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 570 (1875); Palm. J. f. O. 1876, p. 60 
64. STEEGANSEH. 481 
(Finland) ; Tacz. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p. 72 (1877) ; id. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 49 (1877) (E. Siberia); David $ Oust. 
Ois. Chine,^. 511 (1877) ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 107 
(1878) (Mongolia) ; Blakist § Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 216 (Japan) ; 
Hume $ Marsh. Game B. ofJnd. iii. p. 305, pi. 20 (1882); Hume, 
Str. Feath. ix. pp. 268-272 (1880) (Kurrachee); Sclat P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 531 ; Brandt, J. f 0.1880, p. 250 j Blakist & Fryer, Tr. 
As. Soc. Jap. viiL p. 187 (1880); Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 637 
(1881); Rchnto. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 3; id. Vog. zool. Gart. 
p. 41 (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 541 (1882); Blakist 
§• Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 101 (1882) (Japan and Kuriles) ; 
Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 117, n. 744 (1882); B. O. U. List 
Brit. B. p. 136 (1883) ; Sclat List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 442 (1883) ; 
Booth, Rough Notes, iii. pis. 82-84 (tf, 2 , and pullus) (1883); 
Tacz. Ball. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 345 (1883) (Kamtschatka) ; 
Marti. J.f. 0.1833, p. 283 (Alaska); Nek. Cruise 'Corwin,' p. 103 
(1883); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. of Palest p. 118 (1884); Radde, 
Ornis Caueas. p. 465 (1884); B., B., $ R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. 

p. 116 (1884); Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 717, n. 744 
(1884); Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 494 (1884-85) ; Seeb. 
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 629, pi. 67 (egg) (1885); Nehrl. J.f. 0.1885, 
p. 148 (Illinois); Maisch. u. Ziemer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 192; Salvad. 
El. Ucc. Ital. p. 270 (1887) ; Shufeldt, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi. 
pp. 216-230, if*. 1-7, 9 (osteology) '(1888); Hartio. J. f. O. 1889, 
p. 151 (North Cape) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 46 (1889) ; Seeb. 
B. Jap.Emp. p. 258 (1800) ; Rchnw. J.f. 0.1890,p. 85; Brandt, 
J. f O. 1891, p. 269 (Sitka); Hartert, Kat. Vogelmmml p. 324 
(1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 311 (1891); 
LUford, Col Fig. Brit B. pt. xxi. pi. — (1892); Dubois, Faun. 
Vert. Belg., Oh. ii. p. 518, pi. 275 (1893); Wallengr. J. f. O. 
1893, p. 168 (Sweden); Sziehsko, Orn. Monatsb. iii. pp. 53-58 
(E. Prussia) (1895). 
Mergus albellus, Scop, (nee Linn.) Ann. i. Hist Nat. n. 89 (1769). 
Merganser longiroster cristatus, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. t. DIX. (^ ) 
(1776). 
Red-breasted Merganser, Penn. Brit Zool ii. n. 261, t. 93 (1776); 
id. Arct Zool. ii. p. 537, n. 466 (1785); Lath. Sijn. iii. 2, p. 423, 

n. 3 (1785). 
Harle hupp£, D'Aubent PI Enl 207 (<3); Buff. Hist Nat Ois. 
viii. p. 273 (1781). 
Ilarle a manteau noir, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. viii. p. 277 (1781). 
Mergus leucomelas, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 546,8 (1788); Brehm, Isis, 
1830, p. 1000, n. 2; id. Vog. JDeutschl. p. 947 (1831); id. Vogelf. 

p. 390 (1855). 
Mergus niger, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 546, y (1788). 
Merganser serrator, Schaffer, Mus. Orn. p. 66, n. 211, t. 44 (1789); 
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 102, pi. 27. f. 1 (? ) (1790); Bp. Comp. 
List, p. 59, n. 434 (Europe), n. 400 (N. America) (1838); id. Cat. 
Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 75 (1842) ; MacgilL Hist Brit. B. v. p. 216 
(1852); Selys, Patria Belg. i. p. 277 (1873) ; Turner, Auk, 1885, 
p 158 (Alaska) j Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 178 (1885) 
(Bering I.); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 131 (1886); A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Am. B. p. 114, n. 130 (1886) ; Nelson, Contr. Nat. 
Hist Coll. in Alaska, p. 66 (1887); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 89, 

n. 130 (1887); Hatch, B. of Minnes.y. 35 (1892); Mackay, Auk, 
1894, p. 226, 
Merganser niger, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I p. 104 (1790). 
VOL. XXYII. 2 x 

482 ANATIDJS. 

Merganser cristatus, Leach, Syst. Cat. M. SfB. JBr.Mus. p. 36 (1816). 
Merganser serrata, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 165 (1824). 
Mergus serrotus, Swwh. Ibis, 1860; p. 62 (Amoy), 1861, p. 344 

(N. China). 
Mergus castor, Butler (nee Linn.), Str. Feath. v. p. 323 (Sindh) 
(1877). 
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck black, with a green 
gioss on the posterior half, the feathers of the crown and occiput 
elongated; middle of neck all round white, except a narrow line of 
black descending from the occiput to the upper part of the back, 
which, with the scapulars, is also black; a narrow portion of the 
upper back reddish brown marked with black; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts finely vermiculated with grey and black, 
longer upper tail-coverts brown, nearly uniform ; upper part of the 
breast pale red disk brown, marked with blackish brown ; on the 
sides of the breast a conspicuous patch of feathers black, with the 
central part white; sides and flanks grey, undulated with black; 
lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale delicate reddish 
buff, which fades to white soon after death ; marginal wing-coverts 
brown, with pale edgings, the central ones white; greater wing-
coverts broadly white on the apical half, the basal half black; 

primaries, primary-coverts, and outer secondaries brown-black; inner 
secondaries white, with the base black; tertials white, edged with 
black on the outer web; on the white patch of the wing two oblique 
black bands formed by the bases of the greater coverts and of the 
secondaries ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, but the marginal 
ones of the latter more or less brown, edged with white; tail 
brown-grey, the outer feathers undulated with white and grey on 
the outer web: bill bright vermilion, with the unguis black, the 
ridge of the upper mandible dusky; iris bright red; feet bright 
vermilion. Total length about 22 inches, wing 10*1, tail 4, culmen 
2-25, tarsus 1-6. 

Female. Head and neck reddish brown, darkest on the crown; 
the occipital feathers elongated ; back, scapulars, and small wing-
coverts umber-brown, the edges of the feathers paler; a white 
patch or speculum on the wing, formed by the greater coverts and 
secondaries, which end broadly with white, but have the bases black, 
forming two black bands across the wing; rump and upper tail-
coverts greyish brown ; underparts white, the lower fore-neck 
mottled with reddish and pale brown; sides and flanks pale brown; 
primaries and primary-coverts brown-black, tertials greyish brown, 
edged with black on the outer edges; tail umber-brown; soft parts 
as in the male, but duller. Total length about 21 inches, wing 9-5, 
tail 3*1, culmen 2*15, tarsus 1*5. 

Young male. Closely resembles the adult female, but it is larger, 
and has a shorter crest. 
Males in first nuptial dress have the lower back brown, and the 
white round the neck streaked with brown. 

Males in moulting dress closely resemble males in first plumage, 
but have the dark markings on the breast and flanks slaty grey 
instead of brown (Seebolim). 

64 . MERGAN"SEK. 
483 
Young in down are dark brown on the upper parts, shading into 
reddish brown on the head, and into chestnut on the sides of the 
neck ; a white patch on each wing, one on each side of the upper 
back, and one on each side of the rump ; underparts pure white, and 
lores white, margined above and below with dark brown (SeeboJim). 

Hah. Northern portion of Northern Hemisphere, breeding northward, 
south in winter to the basin of the Mediterranean, the Black 
Sea, the Caspian, China and Japan in the Palaearctic Eegion, and to 

the United States in America. 

a, b. Pull. st. 

c. Pull. sk. 
d. d ad. sk. 
e. [d juv.Jsk. 
/, g. d ad. et juv. 

st 

h, i, k. Pull. st. 

l} m. d hum. st. 

a(^


n-u. d 2 e^ 

pull. st. 
v, w. <$ 5 ad. sk. 
<r, y, z. d juv. et 

pull. St. 
a', d juv. sk. 
b', c'. d ? ad. sk. 

d'. 2 ad. sk. 


e. 2 ad. sk. 
/. 2 ad. sk. 
g'. Imm. sk. 
h', i'. d 2 ad. sk. 

h\ Wings only. 

I'. $ ad. sk.* 

m'j n'. J ad. sk. 

°'t P\ i-<S ? ad. 

sk. 
?•'. d juv. sk. 
s'. d juv. sk. 

t'. d juv. sk. 

u\ v'. d 2 ad. sk. 

w', x'. d 2 a^* 

sk. 

y\ 
z'. d ad. sk. 

a'1, b". 2 ad. et 

d juv. sk. 

Orkneys. 
Orkneys (J. H. Dunn). 
Loch Stenhouse, Orkneys, 

April (IT. J. R). 
Stromness, Orkneys, April 

(H.J.K). 

Great Britain. 

Great Britain. 
North Uist. 

Colbost, Island of Skye, 

July. 
Scotland. 
England. 

Beecles, Suffolk, Dec. 
Poole Harbour, Dorset, 

Nov. 
Gloucestershire. 
Tangiers (Olcese). 

H. Kishon, Palestine. 
Jask, Persian Gulf. 
Yen-e-say, E. Siberia, lat. 

66J°, June (H S.). 
Kurrachee (Major Yerbury). 
Manorah, Sind, Oct. (Capt. 

Bishop). 

Fokien, China. 
Amoy, China, Feb., Dec. 

(R. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, China (JR. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, China, Dec. 
Hamilton Island, Corea. 

Hakodadi, Japan (Blahiston). 
Yokohama, Japan (-ET. 

Fryer). 

Nagasaki, Japan, March. 
Nagasaki, Japan, Feb. [R. 
Bergman). 

Purchased. 
Hargitt Coll. 

H. 
J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H. J. Elwes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Old Coll. 

Purchased. 

T. 
Walker, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Rev. H. A. Macpherson 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

Seebohm Coll. 
Baron A. von Hugel 


[p.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Canon Tristram [P.]. 

W. D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.l 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

H. Saunders, Esq. 
[?•]• 

A. G. Wilday, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
* Mentioned in * Stray Feathers' as M. castor. 
2i2 
484 ANATID.2E. 

c". <$ juv.sk. 

d". $ ad. sk. 
e". <$ ad. sk. 
/". d juv.sk. 


g". Pull. sk. 
h". <$ ad. sk. 
i", k". J imm. sk. 
I". $ ad. sk. 

m"-u". d ad., $ 
imm., $ juv. et 
pull. sk. 

w"~h3. c? ? ad. 
st., J $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

c* d" ad. sk. 
d\ <S ad. sk. 


z 

s^/
3, f: S ad. sk. 

e. 2 ]llv'
^3. S juv. sk. 

z'3-rc3. $ ad. et <S 
juv. sk. 

os. S ad. sk. 
i?3> <f> d S ad. 

sk. 
r3. Juv. sk. 
s3. Skeleton. 
t3' Sternum. 
w3. Sternum. 


t33, w. Sterna with 
shoulder-girdle. 

%z 

. Sternum with 

shoulder-girdle. 
y3, z3. Sterna. 
ax. Trachea with 

bulla ossea. 

Okinawashima, Feb. (P. A. 
mist). 

Vancouver Island. 
Vancouver Island. 
Straits of San Juan de Fuca, 


March. 
British Columbia. 
Fraser River, Brit. Columbia. 
Kotzebue Sound. 
Stewart's Island, Alaska, 

June (E. W. Nelson), 
St. Michael's, Alaska, June-
Aug. (E. W. N.). 

Fort Simpson. 

Canada. 

Repulse Bay. 

Musquash Cove, New Brunswick; 
April (IT. E. 
Dresser). 

Massachusetts. 

Nantucket, Massachusetts, 
Jan. (H. W. Senshato). 
Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, 
July (C. H. Mevriam). 


Corpus Christi, Texas, Jan., 
Oct., Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 


Greenland. 
Greenland. 

S. Greenland, Sept. 
England. 
England. 
England. 
Europe. 
6. Merganser australis. 
Seebohm Coll. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [PA 
J. Wood, Esq. [PA 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
Lord Russell [PA 
Old Coll. 
Capt. Kellett [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


B. R. Ross, Esq. 
Hudson Bay Co. 

Dr. J. Rae [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Yarrell Coll. 

Mergus australis, Homlr. fy Jacq. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1841, p. 320 
(Aucklands); iid. Voy. Pole Sud, Ois. pi. 31. f. 2 (1846) ; G. E. 
Or. Gen. B. App. p. 28 (1849); Eehnb. 8yn. Av., Natatores, t. 87. 

f. 2554 (1850) (ex IT.SrJ); Pucker. % Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool 
iii. p. 152 (Aucklands) (1853); ELartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 167; Bp. 
Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 652, n. 169 (1856); G. E. Gr. Ibis, 1862, 
p. 242 j Emsch, J.f. 0. 1870, p. 358; G. E. Gr. BCand-Kst, iii. 
p. 91, n. 10731 (1871); FinscK Jf 0.1872, p. 188; Rutt. Trans. 
Sr Pr. N. Z. Inst v. p. 238 (1873); Einsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 203; 
64 . MEBGANSEE. 
485 

Gieh. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 569 (1875); v. Hugel, Ibis, 1875, p. 392 ; 
Butter, Man. N Z. Birds, p. 73 (1882); id. Hist B. New Zeal 
2nd ed. ii. p. 279 (1888); Butter, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxv. 1892, 

p. 88 (young in down) (1893). 
Nesonetta 
aucklandica, pari, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 627 (1844) ; 
id. List B. Brit 31us. iii. p. 191 (part.) (1844). 

Type. Head and neck brown, with a rufous tinge on the throat 
and lower neck ; feathers of the occiput rather long and narrow; 
upper parts, breast, and flanks dark grey; feathers of the lower 
parts dark grey, those of the breast with whitish edges, which 
become broader on the abdomen and under tail-eoverts; a white 
speculum on the wings, formed by a subapical white band on the 
greater wing-eoverts and by the median part of the outer web of 
the inner secondaries ; inner under wing-coverts and inner secondaries 
underneath edged with white; axillaries white; quills and 
tail-feathers blackish grey: " bill reddish brown, changing to black 
on the culmen and at the tips of both mandibles; legs and feet 
reddish brown" (Butter). Total length about 19 inches, wing 7*25, 
tail 3"5, culmen 2*45, tarsus 1*4 (Paris Museum). 

YOUIKJ m down. "I t is covered with thick, long, and somewhat 
glossy down. The upper part and sides of the head, the hind neck, 
and the entire upper surface and sides of the body dark olive-brown; 
throat and fore neck, and spot under each eye, bright rufous, fading 
away towards the breast; under surface yellowish white; wings 
dark olive-brown, marked along the outer edge and longitudinally 
on the under surface with yellowish white. Bill very dark olive, 
shaded with brown on the ridge, the terminal shield on both 
mandibles reddish brown, with a polished surface; legs and feet 
dull olive-brown, paler on the toes, the interdigital webs darker, 
and the claws yellowish brown." (Butter.) 

A specimen in the Cambridge Museum and a second in the British 
Museum, considered by Buller to be male and female, have both a 
conspicuous crest and crescentic grey and white markings on the 
breast: these markings I take to be distinctive of the adult bird. 

Two specimens in the Tring Museum, marked male and female, 
have no crescentic markings on the breast, shorter crest, and th.9 
middle of the lower breast and abdomen conspicuously white, with 
very few dusky mottlings; these I take to be immature birds. 

llab. Aucklands. 

a. Ad. sk. Auckland I., Dec. Baron v. Htigel [P.]. 
7. Merganser brasilianus. 
Mergus octosetaceus, 
Vieill. N. D. xiv. p. 222 (1817) (Brazil) ; Bum. 
Diet 8c. Nat. xx. p. 296 (1821); Ran*. Mem. di Zool. iii. pt. ix. 

p. 151 (note) (1826); Sclat. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 409; Sclat. 
P.Z.8. 1880, p. 532; B., B., § R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 120 
(note) (1884); ScMf, J.f. 0.1888, pp. 6, 7. 
Mergus octosetaelus, Vieill. Enc. Mtth. i. p. 351, pi. 236. f. 3 (1823). 
Mergus fuscus, Licit (nee Lath.) Verz. Boubl. p. 85, n. 901 (<$) 

486 
ANATIDJE. 

nee 902 (8) (1828) (San Paulo, Brazil); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. 
App. p. 28 (1849). 
Mergus brasilianus, Vieill Gal des Ois. ii. p. 209, pi. 283 (1825) *; 
Less. Tr. £Orn. p. 635, n. 3 (1831); id. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. 

p. 537 (1837); id. op. rit. 2nd eel. p. 722 (1838); Byt. Mon. Anat. 
p. 176 (1838); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 652, n. 170 (1856); Eyt. 
8yn. Anat. p. 135 (1869). 
Mergus octosetalus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980. 
Mergus "brasiliensis, G. B. Gr. Gm. B. iii. p. 624, n. 4 (1844); id. 

op. cit. App. p. 28 (1849); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 103 (1854) ; 
Burm. St/st. Uebers. iii. p. 441 (1856); Sehleg. Mus. P.-B., 
Anseres, p. 6 (1866); Teh. Ovn. Bras. p. 322 (Rio Itarare), 
pp. 460, lix (1870); G. B. Gr. moid-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10732 
(1871); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873); 
Berl. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 281 (Santa Catharina) ; Gieb. Tkes. Orn. ii. 

p. 569 (1875). 
Mergus lophotes, Cuv. Mus. Paris; Pucker. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 
1850, p. 551 (= M. octosetselus = M. brasilianus); Hartl J.f.O. 
1855, p. 420. 
Mergus octosetosus (errore ?), Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 652, in syn. 

M. brasiliani (1856); Schlegel, I. c.; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, I. c.; 
Giebel, I. c. 
Prister 
"brasilianus, Heine # Rclimo. Kcm. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 350 
(1890). 

Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck glossy black, with 

a 
green lustre ; anterior lower part of the neck, sides of the 

breast, and flanks grey, minutely dotted and waved with whitish ; 

upper back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars glossy brown-

black ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts barred across with 

white and brown-black, the bars on the under tail-coverts narrower; 

wings brown-black, the middle wing-coverts lighter or greyish 

towards the tip ; speculum on the wing white, formed by the apical 

half of the greater wing-coverts and of the secondaries, crossed by 

two black bands, one anteriorly formed by the base of the greater 

wing-coverts and the other by the black base of the secondaries 

showing through; under wing-coverts blackish brown, edged with 

white; tail black: " bill and feet greenish black; irides brown " 

(Burmeister). Total length about 19 inches, wing 7*2, tail 4, 

culmen 1*82, tarsus 1*5. 

Female. Differs from the male in having the crown and the long 

occipital feathers of a chocolate-brown. 

Young. " Tipper surface dull blackish brown, mixed with some 
scattered pure brown-black feathers ; crown, sides of the head, and 
crest (formed of long, narrow, occipital feathers) blackish, with a 
slight green gloss; also on the upper part of the neck there are a 
few black glossy-green feathers; the shorter secondaries and their 
coverts on the outer web white, except on the base, which is black; 
therefore on the wing there are a broader and a narrower white 
speculum, separated from each other by a black line, formed by the 

* Vieillot himself gave up the name M. octosetaceus as misleading, the bird 
having many more than eight feathers on the occiput. 
04 . MERGANSER. 48? 
black base of the quills ; smaller upper wing-coverts (except the 
smallest) tinged with whitish grey on the outer web; throat and 
the whole of the fore neck to the breast blackish, the feathers with 
broadish whitish tips, so that the throat in particular appears very 
light; remainder of the under surface white, aU the feathers crossed 
with blackish bands, almost evanescent on the middle of the breast 
and abdomen; under wing-coverts blackish, edged with white; 
under tail-coverts blackish, finely dotted with white-grey; tail-
feathers partly black-brown; feet and tarsus brown; upper mandible 
blackish; lower mandible paler." (BerlepscJi.) 

Hah. South-eastern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Zool. Soc. 
b. 5 ad. sk. Ytarare, Brazil, Aug. (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
APPENDIX. 


Containing references to doubtful species of Anseres, which. foaYe 
not yet been identified. 

1. ANAS ALEXANBKINA. 
Anas coHaribus albis, Forsk. JDescr. An. p. vi, n. 8 (1775) (=Saii 

Sarai). 
Anas, Forsk. op. tit. p. 8, n. 8 (1775). 
Anas alexandrina, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 542, n. 121 (1788) {ex ForsMl, 

JDescr. An. p. 3, n. 8): Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 114 (1790); 
Vieill. N. D. v. p. 138 (1816): Bum. Diet. So. Nat. vL p. 304 
(1817); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii 2, jp. 112 (1824). 

Anas sati sarai, Bonn. Ene. Meth. i. p. 158 (1701). 

" Bostrum totnm nigrum; collum cinereum, semicirculis albis ; 
abdomen albidum, immaculatum; uropygium subfcus nigrum; pedes 
cinereo-flavi, membrana natatoria fuses." (Forslcah) 

Locus. Alexandria^. 
Perhaps the male of Gliaulelasmim streperus. 


2. AHAS AEABICA. 
Anas grisea, Forsk. Descr. An. p. vi, n. 7 (1775) (=Scar ehir). 
Anas, Forsk. op. tit. p. 8, n. 7 (1775). 
Anas arabica, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 542, n. 120 (1788) (ex Forsk. IL re.); 


Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 118 (1700); VzeUL W. D. v. p. ISO 
(1816); Bum. Diet. tie. Wat. vi. p. 894 (1817) : Stepk &m. ZooL 

xii. 2, p. Il l (1824). 
Anas scar chir, Bonn. Enc. With, i. p. 149 (1790). 
Hah. Arabia. 
Perhaps the female of Qhaulelamius streperus. 


3. AFAS BALBtFl. 
Anas mgro-viridi-rhombea, Forsk Bescr. An, p. vi, n. 12 (1775) 

(eJBalbul). 
Anas, Forsk. op. tit p. 4, n. 12 (1775). 
Anas balbul, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 548, n. 124 (1788) (ex Forsk. II <*.) • 

Bonn. Enc. MUh. i. p. 149 (1790): Bum. Bid. 8c. Nat. yi. p. 308 

(1817). r 
Anas crecca, var. $, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 874 (1790). 
Anas balboul, Vieill N. D, v. p. 168 (1816). 

Hob. Egypt. 
Possibly Qiierquedula circia. 


APPENDIX. 489 

4. AKAS BISINUAXA. 
Anas bisinuata, Harm. Obs. Zool p. 143 (1804). 

5. ANAS BOREALIS. 
Gulaund Duck, Perm. Arct. Zool ii. p. 572 (1785) (Iceland): Lath. 
SyTu Hi. 2, p. 405. n. 25 (1785). 

Anas borealis, Gm. 8. N. i. % p. 512, n. 69 (Iceland) (1788); lath. 
Ind. Orn, ii. p. 843, n. 30 (1790) ; Steak Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 106 
(1824). '* 

Anrer borealis, Bonn, Ene. Meth. i. p. 122 (1790); Vieill N. B. 

xxiii. p. 338 (1818). 
Probably the same as Bomaieria mollissima. 
6. A:XA8 CANTA. 
Anas cana, Zosrfr (nee Gin.), Erdelyi Muz. Egiletfivkb'nyvei, i. pt. % 

p. 73 (I860); id. Verkandl u. Mittk. d. siebenb. Ver. f. Natunv. 
10 Jahrg. p. 240 (1859); Banf. £ Eartie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 430 
(=A. marmorata ?). 
u Size of ^4. qmrqmdula, but more plumpy and the head broader 
head, neck, and tipper parts of a grey colour (like that of the Wild 
Dot cj; the breast, abdomen, and the under surface of the wings 
snow-white; speculum green; bill and feet black/7 

Jfak Coronmndel and Transylvania (!). 

Messrs. Danford and Harvie Brown (I <?.) think that the bird 
described by Lazar may have been Anas marmoraia, but the green 
speculum is against such identification. 

7 - AiSTAS CHIKGAHEHSIS. 

Anas chinganeisis, Sehperck,f Eosdya dailnayo vostolca ' (Zapiski of 
the Imp. Ems. Gewjr. Sbc. St Petered* vol. xiv. 1885) (ef. Ibis, 
1887, p. 254) (descr. nulla). 

8. AFAS DOMUSTICANA. 
Canard Dominiqnain du Cap de Bonne Espexance, Sonne?'. Toy. aux 

Ind. ii p. 221 (1782). 
Dominican Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 525, n. 70 (1785). 
Anas dominieana, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 536, n. 109 (1788); Lath. Ind. 

Orn. ii- p. 859, n. m (1790); Bonn. Enc. Mith. L p. 133 (1790); 
VieiiL W. B. Y. p. 112 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 379 
(1817); £&pA. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 109 (1824). 

u Size of the Wild Buck; beak black; the face and throat are 
white; from the beak, passing through the eye, is a black streak, 
ending in an angle behind; the hind part of the head, the neck, 
and the breast black; the back and lesser wing-coverts are of a 
deep ashy grey, barred with two bands of very pale grey; the belly 
and vent are pale grey; the legs are black. 

w Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope." (Stephens.) 

ANSEEES. 

490 

9. ANAS FUSCA. 
Anas fusca (Teal), Ellman {nee Linn.), ZooL 1861, p. 7471; G. R. Gr. 
Ik's, 1862, p. 241 (note). 

Eab. New Zealand. 

10 . ANAS FUSCESCENS. 
Brown Duck, Penn. Arct. ZooL ii. p. 565, n. 499 (Newfoundland) 
(1785); Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 486, n. 39 (1785). 

Anas fuscescens, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 534, n. 104 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Om.ii. p. 849, n. 46 (1790); Weill. N. B. v. p. 109 (1816); Bum. 
Diet Sc. Nat. vi. p. 385 (1817); Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 106 
(1824) ; Merr. in Ersch u. Grub. Encycl. sect. i. T, ol. XXXV. p. 37 
(1841); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 352 (1872). 

a Length 16 inches; beak large, stout at its base, bluish, with 
its tip black; the nostrils are placed near the end(!); the head 
and neck are very pale brown; the lower part of the last, and the 
breast the same ; the feathers edged with ferruginous; the wings 
ashy grey; the speculum blue, tipped with white; the tail and legs 
dusky. 


"Inhabits Newfoundland." (Stephens.) 

11. ANAS HINA. 
Anas chinensis, Osbeck, Voy. ii. p. 33. 
Hina Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 558, n. 98 (China) (1785). 
Anas hina, Gm. S. N i. 2, p. 523, n. 93 (1788) (ex Latham); Lath. 


Ind. Orn. ii. p. 876, n. 109 (1790) ; Bonn. JSnc. Meth. i. p. 158 
(1791); Vieill. N. B. v. p. 120 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat vi. 

p. 395 (1817). 
Querquedula hina, Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 152 (1824) (a doubtful 
species); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 11 (1845); Dp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 95 ? (1856). 

A Chinese Duck, which has been identified by Dumont with Ale 
galerimlata, and by Gray with Nettion creeea I 

12. ANAS JUNCEA. 
Anas juncea seu graminea, Frisch, Tog. t. (xvi.) 173 (<$) (17431763). 
Anas juncea, Bechst. Gem. Nat. DeutschL iii. p. 669 (1791); id. Orn. 
Taschenb. ii. p. 446 (1803); id. Vog. DeutschL ii. 1, p. 415, iv. 2, 

p. 1158 (1809). 
Perhaps an imaginary bird, or an accidental variet of Nettion 
crecca: the entire head and neck green; breast chestnut, body grey; 
wings as in A. hoscas. 

18. ANAS LUEIDA. 
Anas lurida, S. G. GmeL Reise Russl. i. p. 70 (1770), ii. p. 182, t. 16 
(1774); Gm. S. N. I % p. 531, n. 101 (1788); Bonn. Enc. Meth. 

i. p. 156 (1791); Bum. Diet Sc. Nat vi. p. 378 (1817). 
APPENDIX. 491 

Anas gmelini, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 876, n. Il l (1790) (=lurida, 

8. G. Gm.) ; id. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 356, n. 29 (1801): Vieill. N. D. 
v. p. 171 (1816). M » > ^ >> 
Fuligula gmelini, Stejrfi. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 209 (1824). 
Anas lucida, " G?n." (errore), Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 358, in syn. 

A. nyrocas (1872). 
"Anas nigra, capite spadiceo, pectore lineis rubris transversis; 

Crecca maior. 
" Bab. in Mari Caspio et reliqua Kussia australi." 
Perhaps the same as Nyroca ferina or JV. africana. 

14. ANAS MEDITERRANEA. 
Anas mediterranea (Mountain Teal), Ellman, Zoolog. 1861, p. 7471 
(New Zealand ?); G. R. Gi\ Ibis, 1862, p. 241 (note). 

15. ANAS MONTANA. 
Berggans, Eolbe, Vorg. 2. p. 139. 
Mountain Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 458, n. 20 (1785). 
Anas montana, Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 510, n. 65 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. 


ii. p. 841, p. 25 (1790). 
Anser montanus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 122, n. 32 (1790); Vieill. N. 
D. xxiii. p. 343 (1818); Dumont, Diet. 8c. Nat. xxxv. p. 467 
(1825). 
Anser montana, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 37 (1824). 
Chenalopex montanus, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 3 (1845). 

" Size larger than the Tame Goose. The wing-feathers and those 
of the head of a bright red, shining green. 
"Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, where it keeps mostly on the 
hills, and feeds on grass and herbs." {Latham ex Kolbe.) 

Doubtfully identified by Bonaparte (Compt. Eend. xliii. p. 649) 
with Ghenalopeos cegyjptiacus, but more likely = Gasarca eana ; and 
if so, the original description quite wrong. 

16. ANAS NILOTICA. 
Anas nilotica, Kasselq. Iter, p. 365, n. 36 (1757); id. Reise (ed. Linn.), 

p. 319, n. 36 (1762); Gm. 8. N. i. 2, p. 508, n. 62 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 846, n. 38 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Mtth. i. p. 133 
(1790); Vieill N. D. v. p. 130 (1716); Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. vi, 
p. 349 (1817). 
Nilotic Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 488, n. 42 (1785). 
Cairina nilotica, Steph. Gen. Zool xii. 2, p. 81 (1824). 
Perhaps the same as Chenalojoecc cegyptiacus. 

17. ANAS SIRS AIR. 
Anas viridi-rhombea, Forsk. JDescr. Anim. p. vi, n. 11 (1775) 
(=Sirsair). 
Anas, Forsh. op, eit. p. 3, n. 11 (1775), 

492 ANSEEES. 

Anas sirsair, Gm. S. N i. 2, p. 542, n. 123 (1788) {ex Forsh, 11. cc.) ; 
Zath.Ind. Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 116 (1790); Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. 

p. 149 (1790); Vieill N. B. v. p. 155 (1816); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. 
vi. p. 394 (1817); Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2? p. Ill (1824); ? Tsch. 
J.f. 0. 1856, p. 150 (Kurik). 
Hah Arabia. 
Most probably the female of Nettion crecca. 


18. ANAS sp. 
Canard a crete rouge, Cook, 2nd Voij. (New Zealand) j cf. Vieill 

N. B. v. p. Ill (1816). 
19. ANAS sp. 
Teal (with red on the wing), Travel's, Tr. New Zeal. Inst. i. p. 178 

(Chatham Islands) (1869); 2nd ed. p. 125 (1875). 
Querquedula sp., Finsch, J.f 0. 1870, p. 357. 
Anas sp.?, Sutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 247 (Chatham Islands); Finsch, J. 

f. 0.1874, p. 223. 
20. ANAS TOEEIDA. 
Branta torrida, Scop. Ann. i. Hist Nat. p. 68, n. 66 (1769). 
Anas torrida, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 75 (1788); Lath, Ind. Orn. 


ii. p. 845, n. 33 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 153 (1791); 
Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 454, n. 37 (1803); Bum. Bict. Sc. 
Nat. a. p. 380(1817). 
According to Bechstein, probably a hybrid between a Common 
Duck and Oairina moschata. 

21. ANAS XALCUANI. 
Anas xalcuani, Vieill. N. B. v. p. 165 (Mexico) (1816) (ex Hernandez). 


22. CEXOEPHAGA PATAGONICA. 
Chloephaga patagonica, Moseley, Notes of a Natural, on the Challenger, 
p. 551 (Elizabeth Island) (1879). 

The name used by Moseley had never been published before, and 
I do not know to which species it refers; perhaps to O. magellanim, 
or to Tachyeres cinereus. 

23 . DAETLA CAEIBJ3A. 
Dafila caribsea, Wilrttemh. Naumannia, 1852, Heft 2, p. 56 (Haiti); 
Hartl. ibid. 

" Wesentlich verschieden yon B. americana und uropliasianus; 
grosser wie beide " (Wicrttemberg). "Sehr wahrscheinlich neu " 
(Hartlaub). 

APPENDIX. 
493 

24. MERGUS OaERTJLEUS. 
White-faced Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 504, n. 5 0 A (1785). 
Blue Merganser, Benn. Arct. Zool. ii. Suppl. p. 74 (Hudson's Bay) 
(1787). 
Mergns ceeruleus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 833, n. 10 (1790); Bum. 
Diet So. Nnt. xx, p. 297 (1821): G. It. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, 

n. 7 (?) (1844). 
Merganser 
ceeruleus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 171 (1824); Bp. 
Cornet. Rend, xliii. p. 625 (?) (1856). 

2d. MERGUS CRISTATUS. 

Mergus cristatus, Pall, (nee JBriss.) Zoogr. Rosso-As, ii. p. 291 (1811) 
(Ins. Oceani Orientalis); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 629. n. 5 (?) 
(1844); Brandt, J.f. 0.1891, p. 269. 

Mergus serrator a. pallasii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 652 (1856). 

A. species incompletely described, possibly identical with Lophodytes 
cucullatus (cf. Brandt, I. c). 
26. MERGUS IMPERIALIS. 
Anitra imperiale, Cetti, Ucc. di Sard. p. 314 (1776) (Sardinia). 

Mergus iniperialis, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 547, n. 4 (1788) (ex Cetti); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 829, n. 3 (1790); Vieill N. JD. xiv. p. 222 
(1817) (=albellus ?); Banz. Mem. di Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 151 (note) 
(1826) ; G. JR. Or. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, n. 6 (?) (1844). 

Merganser imperialis, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 106 (1790); Steph. Gen. 
Zool. xii. 2, p. 170 (1824); Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 652 (?) 
(1856). 

The description of the bill given by Cetti, in my opinion, is that 
of a Goose, and most probably of Anser ferus. 

27. MERGTJS KTGRICOLLIS. 
Mergus nigricollis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 403 (1803). 

28. OEDEMIA sp. 
Oidemia, sp. ?, Boeck, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 167 (Extract, 

p. 25) (Cochabamba, Bolivia). 
" Einf ormig schwarz. Schnabel gelb, iris brann. Sehr selten " 
(BoecJc). 


29. QuEROJTEDULA Sp. 
Querquedula, sp., BoecJc, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 167 (Extract, 
p. 25) (Cochabamba, Bolivia). 

"East ahnliche Zeichnung wie Bafila spinicauda, aber ausgezeichnet 
durch zwei lebhaft rothe Elecken auf den Wangen, einen 
orange-gelben Schnabel, mit schwarzem First. Eiisse roth " (BoecJc). 

30. CANARD uraroMiN& 
Canard innomine*, femelle, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 247 (1847). 

Fossibly the same as Nettion fiavirostre. 

494 CEYPTUKI. 

Order XX. CRYPTURI. 


Tinamous have a superficial resemblance to Partridges. Their 

bill, usually elongated, is as long as, or shorter than, the head; the 

culmen is nearly straight or slightly curved, flattened and covered 

at the base with a membrane or cere, which also envelops the 

nasal grooves ; the nostrils are large, basal, or even open in the 

anterior half of the bill; the wings short, concave, rounded, and 

quinto-cubital; the tail short, constantly pendent, and generally 

hidden by the upper tail-coverts: tarsi moderate and shielded in 

front, or entirely covered with hexagonal scales; the toes are mostly 

four, but sometimes only three; when present, the hind toe is 

articulated higher than the anterior ones. Powder-down patches 

are present among the feathers, and these in some have aftershaffcs. 

Tinamous have a small head and slender neck, clothed with very 

short feathers ; the plumage is generally inconspicuous ; some tint 

of brown, ranging from rufous to slaty, and often more or less 

closely barred with a darker shade of black, or even with pale buff, 

is the prevailing coloration. 

The newly hatched chicks, nidifugous or prcecoces, are covered 
with down, and more or less closely resemble the young of some of 
the Ratitce. 

The male takes on himself the duty of incubation. 

The eggs are very remarkable, curiously unlike those of other 
birds, and the shell looks like highly burnished metal or glazed 
porcelain, presenting also various colours, which seem to be constant 
in the particular species, ranging from pale primrose to sage-green 
or light indigo, or from chocolate-brown to pinkish orange. 

Tinamous are peculiar to the Neotropical Region, a few species 
only rinding their way into Mexico, and none beyond. Some of 
them inhabit forests and others the more open country or the rocky 
mountains; but, irrespective of size (which in this group varies 
from that of a quail to that of a large common fowl), there is an 
unmistakable uniformity of appearance among them as a whole. 
(A Newton.) 

The affinities of the Tinamous have been much discussed. 

IUiger in 1811 remarked the likeness of the Tinamou's bill to 
that of Rhea. On the other hand, L'Herminier in 1827 saw 
features in the Tinamou's sternum that in his judgment linked the 
birds to the Ballidce. In 1830 Wagler (Nat. Syst. Amphib. &c. 

p. 127) placed the Tinamous in the same order as the Ostrich and 
its allies. In 1862 the close affinity of these groups was demonstrated 
by Prof. Parker's researches (Trans. Zool. Soc. v. pp. 205232,236-
328, pis. xxxix.-xli.; Phil. Trans. 1866, pp. 174-178, 
pi. xv.). Shortly after this Prof. Huxley (P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 425, 
426) was enabled to place the whole matter in a clear light, urging 
CEYPTURX. 495 

that the Tinamous formed a very distinct group of birds, which, 
though not to be removed from the Carinatce, presented much 
resemblance to the Eatitce. M. Alix also has, from an independent 
investigation of the osteology and myology of Notlmra 
major, come to virtually the same conclusion (Journ. de Zool. iii. 
pp. 169 and 252, pis. viii.-xi.). (A. Newton.) 

Dr. Stejneger (Kingsl. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. (Birds) p. 51, 1885) 
has emphasized the many Struthious characters of the Tinamous. 

Mr. Seebohm (Class. B. p. 43) says that " the Tinamous appear 
to form a link between the Gallince and the Apteryges. The sternum 
is quite unique, but it approaches nearest to that of the Gallium 
and is as far as possible from that of the Eatitce. In their pterylosis 
the Tinamous are Galline, and not in the least Struthionine. On 
the other hand, the pelvis and the palate have certain characteristics 
which are only to be found in the Struthioni formes." 

Mr. R. B. Sharpe in 1891 ('Review of Recent Attempts to Classify 
Birds') agrees with Seebohm's classification, and places the Tinamous 
after the Eatitce at the beginning of the Carinatce, just before the 
Galliformes. 

One year later, Br. Gadow (P. Z. S. 1892, p. 243) placed the 
Qrypturiformes, as he calls the Tinamous, immediately after the 
Anseriformes and before the Galliformes, giving the following 
diagnosis:— 

" Neotropical. Mdifugous. Phytophagous. 
" Schizognathous. Yomer fused with bones of palate. {Unique,) 
" Basipterygoid processes present. 
" Rhamphotheca compound. Hares impervious. Holorhinal. 
" Sternum with very slender and long mesosternum and simple 


posterior lateral processes. Procoracoid process rudimentary. 
" With incisura ischiadica. 
" Hypotarsus simple. 
" Plexors of type II. 
" Neck with lateral apteria. 
" Aftershaft rudimentary. 
" Oil-gland tufted. Quinto-cubital. 
" Ten primaries. 
" Plagioccelous, type V. Caeca large. Crop globular." 
In a more recent work (Bronn's ' Klassen und Ordnungen des 

Thier-Reichs,' vi. Vogel, p. 160) Dr. Gadow defines very shortly the 
Tinamiformes as Nidifugous Carinatse with incisura ischiadica and 
without pygostyle, and places them between the Falconiformes (!) 
and the Galliformes. 

Only one family. 

496 
TINAMID^. 

Family TINAMID.E. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
With a hind toe. (Tinamince.) 
a'. Tail-feathers ten, hidden by the upper tail-
coverts. 
a". Hind aspect of the tarsus rough. 
a'". Scales of the hind aspect of the tarsus 
with the upper margin prominent; toes 
short 1. TINAMUS, p. 496. 

b'". Scales of the hind aspect of the tarsus 
not prominent on the upper margin; [p. 509. 
toes, especially the middle one, long .. 2. NOTHOCEBCUS, 

b". Hind aspect of the tarsus smooth 3. CBYPTUHUS, 
b'. Tail-feathers rudimentary, mixed with the [p. 514. 
upper tail-coverts. 
c". Bill rather long, curved and tapering to a 
point. 

c'". Hind toe rather long; primaries uniform [p. 547. 
rufous 4. RHYNCHOTUS, 
d'". Hind toe short; primaries not uniform [p. 550. 

rufous 
5. NOTHOPBOCTA, 

d". Bill rather short, almost straight, not 
gradually tapering to a point, but more bent 
at the tip. 

e'". Upner tail-coverts not very long; sexes 
similar t : 6. NOTHUBA, p. 558. 
/'". Upper tail-coverts of the male extremely [p. 564. 
long and abundant 7. TAOXISCUS, 

L Hind toe wanting. (Tinamotidince.) [p. 566. 
c'. Acrotarsi squamated, or with transverse scales. 8. CALOPEZUS, 
d'. Acrotarsi reticulated, or with hexagonal [p. 567. 

scales 
,... . 9. TINAMOTIS, 

Subfamily L TINAMINJE. 

1. TBTAMUS. 
Tinamus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i i p. 633 (1790)
Cryptura, Vieill. Analyse, p. 52 (1816)
Pezus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 61 (1825)
Trachypelmus, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. in Br.
p.749 (1848)* 
, 
Guian. Hi. 
Type. 
T. major. 
T. major. 
T. major. 
T. major. 

Trachypelma, Gieb. Tkes. Orn. iii. p. 648 (1877). 
Range. Confined to the Neotropical Kegion, from Mexico to Peru 
and Paraguay. 

* Or 1845 according to Gr. E. <3r. Hand-list, iii. p. 3. 
1. TINAMUS. 
497 
Key 
to the Species * 

a. 
General colour very dark, olive and slaty-
black ; breast slaty grey; upper part of the 
bead black. Size very large tao, p. 497. 
L General colour of the upper parts olive, more 
or less brown ; breast not slaty grey. 
b'. Wings more than 8 inches. 
b'\ Upper part of head black, with no 
chestnut-brown colour. 
b'". Primaries, primary-coverts, and bastard-
wing greyish rohustus, p. 500. 
d ". Primaries, primary-coverts, and bastard-
wing blackish fuscipennis, p. 500. 
c". Upper part of head not entirely black. 

d'". Upper part of head olive-brown; two 
longitudinal rufous-buff bands on the 
sides of the nape solitarius, p. 501. 

d". Upper part of the head partly or 
entirely rufous-brown or chestnut. 
e\ Occipital crest of pendent feathers 
more or less distinct. 


e5. Sides of the head bright rufous 
or conspicuously rufescent; ear-
coverts rufous major, p. 502. 

f5. Sides of the head dusky or blackish; 
ear-coverts blackish. 


fB. Slate-grey colour of the upper 
part of the head confined to the 
forehead suberistatus, p. 504. 

<f. Slate-black colour of the upper 
part of'the head extended all 
over the anterior half latifrom, p. 506. 
f4. No distinct occipital crest. 

y5. Sides of the head distinctly rufous; 
upper part of the head 
uniform bright rufous or cinnamon, ruficeps, p. 506 

h5. Sides of the head not distinctly 
rufous; upper part of the head 
deep chestnut, blackish on the 
forehead in some specimens ... . castaneiceps p. 507. 

d. 
Wings 8 inches, conspicuously spotted with 
whitish buff; size rather small; upper 
part of the head blackish guttatus, p. 508. 
1. Tinamus tao. 
Tinamus tao, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 569, 749 (Para, Brazil) 
(1815); Steph. Gen. Zool xi. 2, p. 408 (1819); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. 

iii. p. 524, n. 1 (excl. syn.) (1844) ; Bp. Compt. Rendus. xlii. p. 881, 
* TINAMUS INTBRMEDIUS. 
Trachypelmus intermedins, "Cab.;' Heine u. Bchnw. Nommch Mtis. Hein. 
Orn. p. 303, n. 4 (Bogota) (1889) (descr. nulla). 
I am not aware of Oabanis having described a species of Tinamus with the 
above name. 
VOL. xxvii. 2 K 

498 
TI1TAMID-E. 

n. 314 (excl. syn.) (1856) j G. R. Gr. List Gallinm Brit, Mm. p. 96 
(Venezuela) (1867) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 290,453, Iv (Matogrosso, 
Borba, Miranha) (1871) ; G. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9857 
(1871); Sclat. 8f Salv. Norn. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 2 (Amaz., 
Guiana, Venezuela, Columbia) (1873); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. G38 
(excl. syn.) (1877); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 8 (1880); 
Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 206, n. 3093 (Brazil) (1891). 
Cryptura solitaria, 
part., Vieill. N. D. xxxiy. p. 106 (nee p. 105) 
(1819). 
Tinanius Tbra&iliensis, part., Temm. PL Col, genre Tinamou, sp. 6 
(1826); Less. Man. a" Orn. ii. p. 206 (1828). 
Crypturus canus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 746; G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. 
p.524, n. 2(1844). 
Crypturus tao, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 511 (part.) (1831); ? Thienem. 
Fortpflanz. p. 22, t. v. f. 1 (egg) (1845). 
Crypturus kleei, Tsch. Arch. f. Katurg. 1843, i. p. 387 (Bio Chanchamayo 
and Chunchotambo), 1844, i. p. 308, n. 282; id. Faun. 
Per., Aves, pp. 47, 284, t. xxxii. (1840) (type examined) *. 
Tinamus kleesi (errore), G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 10 (1844), 
Append, p. 25 (1849). 
Tinamus kleei, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinace^, t. 285. f. 1563 (1848) 
{ex Tschudi); G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 24 
(1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9865 (1871); Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1874, p 563 (Monterico); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 8 (critical) 
(1880); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 3 (N.E. Peru); id. Orn. Per. iii. 

p. 293, Tables, p. 106 (1886). 
Trachypelmus canus, Cab. in Schomb. Reise in Brit. Guian. iii. p. 749 
(1848) ; Licht. Nmn. Av. p. 87 (Para) (1854); Burm. Sgst. TJeb. 
Thier. Bras. iii. p. 326 (1856); Heine u.Rchnw. No?n. Mus. Hein. 
Om. p. 303 (Porto Cabello) (1890). 

Tinamus \veddellii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 313 (Bolivia), 

p. 954 (1856); id. Tabl. Paratt. ordre Gallin. (extract) p. 12, 
no. 314, p. 15 (1856) (descr. princeps); id. Compt. Rend, xliii. 
p. 572 ( = canus) (1856). 
Tinamus kleaei, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 315 (1856) ; Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
Tinamus canus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 316 (1856), xliii. 

p. 572 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 20 (Bogota, Lawrence 
Coll.); G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mm. p. 131, n. 23 (18G7); id. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9866 (1871); Gieb. Thes, Orn. iii. p. 635 
(1877). 
Tinamus plumbeus, Natter. Cat. MS., teste Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 290 

(1871). 
? Trachypelmus tao, Nathus. J.f. 0.1879, p. 258. 
Tinamus blasiusi (!), Bub. Mem. Soc. ZooL Fi\ 1894, p. 404 ( = T. 

kleei) (specimen examined) f. 

* Thanks to Prof. Paul Godet, Director of the Museum of Feuehatel, I have 
been able to examine the type of Q. Meei, and to identify it with T. tao. The 
dimensions (15 inches) given by Tschudi not agreeing with those of T. tao, are 
evidently wrong. 
t M. Dubois has identified with T. kleei a bird in the Brussels Museum 
which appears to be the type of T. blasii, Bp.; and no doubt he is right in 
his identification of the specimen, which he has kindly sent me for inspection ; 
but as it does not agreeat all with Bonaparte's description, I was inclined to 
suppose that the bird is not the real type. M. Dubois, however, assures me 

1. TINAMFS. 
499 
This large species is easily distinguished by the dark olive-slaty 

tinge of its plumage. 

Adult male. Upper part of the head and nape black; sides of the 

head black, speckled with white; from each side of the occiput 

start two whitish bands mixed with blackish, running on the sides 

of the nape; throat white, mottled with black ; lower part of the 

neck and breast slaty grey, more or less waved with darker lines; 

upper parts greyish olive, waved with black lines and bars, broader 

on the lower back 
and rump; upper wing-coverts like the upper 

back; flanks greyish, waved with irregular buff bands ; middle of 

the abdomen buff; under tail-coverts grey, rufescent along the 

middle and more or less waved with irregular grey lines : primaries, 

primary-coverts, and bastard-wing uniform slaty black ; under wing-

coverts slaty grey ; tail slaty black, the outer edges of the feathers 

freckled with olive: " iris brown-red" (Goering), udark brown; 

bill dark brown, with the lower mandible yellowish; feet blackish 

olive, with the nails yellow" (Taczanowski). Total length about 

21 inches, wing 11, tail 5, culmen 1-5, tarsus 3. 

Hah. Amazons, 
Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and 

Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela. 
Purchased. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Goering). 
c. 
Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota, New Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Granada. 
that there is no possible doubt about it. I add the synonymy and Bonaparte's 
original description:— 

TlNAMUS BLASII. 

Tinamus [blasii] *, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 573 (1856) (Chili, Mus. 
Bruxelles); G. B. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 22 (1867); id. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 4, no. 9867 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 

** Par la grosseur et la couleur il se rapproche du T, major, s'en distinguant 
par les plumes prolongees qui forment aussi une sorte de criniere, comrae dans 
suhcristatus, seul, jusqu'& present, a nous offrir ce caractere. Le sommet de la 
tete et la kuppe sont d\m bmn marron rougedtre beaucoup plus fonce que chez 
major; le front, la partie anterieure de la tele et les paupieres, sont noiratres. 
La nuance predoininante, sur les parties superieures, ne tend pas au vert 
olivatre, comme chez le major, mais au bran olive roussatre; presque toutes 
les parties inferieures sont vermicul£es d'une couleur plus foncee que dans le 
major. Sa longueur est de 45 centimetres; son bee est long de 5 centimetres, 
ses ailes en mesurent 28 et ses tarses 7 | II porte la petite criniere rasee (en 
brosse) de suhcristatus, mais elle est entierement noiratre, ondulee et pomtillee 
de gris jaunatre; les parties inferieures, plus claires, sont entierement vermiculees 
de blanchatre; les petits points sont tres-nonibreux et serrSs sur la gorge, 
qu'ils envahissent et couvrent completement, tracant aussi deux lignes le long 
de la partie posterieure du col." {Bonaparte.) 

Hob. Chili! (Mus. Bruxelles). 

* Bonaparte, speaking of this species, said that he was dedicating it to 
Dr. Blasius, but he did not actually give the name blasii. 
500 
TINAMIDJE. 

2. Tinamus robustus. 
Tinamus major ?, Moore (nee Gm.), P. Z. S. 1859, p. 63 (Omoa) ; 
Selat. ibid, (probably different from major) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 
1859, p. 220 (Belize and Omoa) ; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 204 (=robustusj. 


Tinamus robustus, Sclat P. Z. S. I860, p. 253 (Mexico : descr. nulla); 
JR. Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 59; Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 355 (Yzabal); 
Parker, P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 257, 259, 1863, p. 517 (sacral vertebrae); 
Salv. Ibis, 1865, p. 195; Parker, Tr. Zool. Soc. v. pp. 205 et seq. 
(1866) ; Q. P. Or. list of Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 97 (Mexico) 
(1867) ; Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 425 (cut of the under view of 
the skull) ; Selat. $ Salv. Exot. Orn. p. 87 (part), pi. xliv. (1868) 
(descr. princeps); Sumichrast, Mem. Post. Soc. N. H. i. p. 560 

(1877); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 11 (part.) (1880) ; Sumichrast, 
La Naturaleza, v. p. 229 (1881) (State of Vera Cruz); Pelz. 

u. Lor. Ann. naturh. Hofmus. iii. p. 51 (1888). 
Trachypelmus robustus, Heine u. Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. 
p. 303 (Playa Vicente) (1890). 
Adult Above olive-brown, irregularly barred with black; upper 
part of the head black, occiput with some rufous-brown markings, 
which on the nape become rufescent narrow bars; sides of the head 
varied with black and rufescent; throat white; lower parts pale 
olive-grey, darker on the breast and sides, and more or less waved 
with narrow dark lines; flanks with broader brown irregular bars ; 
lower abdomen in some specimens more or less rufescent; under 
tail-coverts buff, each feather more or less varied with olive on the 
edges of both webs ; upper wing-coverts like the back, secondaries 
usually browner; primaries and bastard-wing uniform greyish 
brown; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row lighter 
and pure grey; tail olive-brown; irides unrecorded; upper mandible 
blackish olive, lower mandible whitish; feet dark olive. Total length 
about 16 inches, wing 9*50, tail 3*50, culmen 1*25, tarsus 2*60. 

Bab. Mexico and Central America, south to Guatemala and 
British Honduras. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Ohoctum, Guatemala, Jan. (0. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin). 
(Type of species figured in c Exotic 
Ornithology/ pi. xliv.). 

c. $ ad. sk. Sources of R. de la Pasion, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(0. Salvin). 
d. Ad. sk. British Honduras (Blancaneaux). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3. Tinamus fuscipennis. 
Tinamus 
robustus, Lawr. (nee Sclat.) Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p 140 
(Costa Rica) (1868); Frantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 374 (Costa Rica) ; 
Salv. fy Sclat. Mm. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 4 (part.) (1873); Salv. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 329 (Veragua); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 12, 
specim. 5 (Costa Rica) (1880) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica, p. 29 
(1882); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 112, n. 596 (Costa Rica); 
id. An. Mus. Nac. Pep. Costa Pica, 1887, p. 128, n. 609 ; Richmond, 
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. xvi. p. 525 (Escondido, Nicaragua) (1893). 

1 . TINAMUS. 
501 
Similar to T. robustus, but browner on the tipper parts, more 
olive on the breast, more reddish on the abdomen, and principally 
differing in the much darker, nearly black primaries, primary-coverts, 
and bastard-wing. 

Hab. Central America: Nicaragua, Costa Eica, and Veragua. 

a. £ 
ad. Escondido River, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll.) Types 
sk. IsOY. (C. W. Richmond). I of the 
b. 2 ad. San Rafael, Nicaragua, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. | species, 
sk. ( W. B. Richardson). 
c. 2 ad. Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4. Tinamus solitarius. (Plate VII.) 
3Iocoicogoe, 
Azar. Apunt. i. p. 57, n. 332 (1805); id. Voy. (Sonn. 
ed.) iv. p. 154 (1809). 
Tinamus tao, part., Temm. Pig. et GalUn. iii. pp. 569, 572,749 (1815); 
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 511 (1831); Q. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, 

n. 1 (1844); Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 21, n. 332 (1847); G. 
R. Gr. Gen. B. Append, p. 25 (1849); Bp. Compt. Rend. xhi. 
p. 881, n. 314 (part.) (1856), xliii. p. 572 (1856); id. Tab!. ParaU. 
Gallin. p. 12, n. 313 (part.) (1856); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. % 
n. 9857 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638 (part.) (1877). 
Cryptura solitaria, Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 105 (1819) (ex Azara). 
Tinamus solitarius, Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 373, n. 11 (1820); Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 290, 453, lv (Rio Janeiro, Mattodentro, Ypanema, 
Ytarare) (1871); Sclat. fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 1 
(Paraguay and Brazil) (1873); Bed. J.f.O. 1874, p. 251 (Santa 
Catharina); Sorbi/, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361 (egg); Schleg. Mus 
P.-B., Tinami, p. 10 (1880); ? Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 545 
(1883) (Zool. Gard.); Berl. u. Jher. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 

p. 
182 (Taquara do Mundo novo); Berl. J.f.O. 1887, p. 126, 
n. 349 j Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 82 (quintocubital). 
Crypturus tao, Licht. (nee Temm.) Verz. Boubl. p. 67, n. 701 (San 
Paulo) (1823); Wagl Byst. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 1 (1827); id, 
Isis, 1829, p. 745. 

Pezus serratus, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 61, t. 76 (Rio Negro) (1825)*. 
Crypturus serratus, part., Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 2 
(1827); id. Isis, 1829, p. 746; Sio. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837). 

Tinamus 
brasiliensis, Wied (nee Lath.) Reise nach Bras. i. pp. 256, 
262 (1820), ii. pp. 124,135 (1821); Temm. PL Col, genre Tinamou, 
sp. 6 (part.) (1826); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 496, t. i. 

f. 2 (larynx) (1832); Less. Compl. de Buff. 2nd ed Ois. p. 238 
(part.) (1838); Mder, J. f. 0.1867, pp. 190,196,198. 
Tinamus major, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinacece, t. 284. f. 1558 (1848) 
(ex Spix); ? Bernhardt, Vid. Medd. naturh. Foren. Kjobenhavn, 
1870, p. 50 (Minas Geraes). 

Trachypelmus tao, Cab. {nee Temm) in Schomb. Reise Brit. Guian. 

iii. p. 749 (1848); Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854); Burm. Syst. 
Uebers. Th. Bras. iii. p. 324 (1856). 
Tinamus 
guttulatus, G. R. Gr. List Gallince B. M. p. 9 (Brazil) 
(1867) (immat.); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9860 (1871); Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. p. 292 (note), pp. 453, lv (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. 

p. 636 (1875). 
* 
Spix's plate agrees exactly with Rio Parana and Rio de Janeiro specimens. 
50 2 TINAMIDJE. 

Adult male. Similar to T. robustus but larger, with the barrings 
on the upper parts more regular and broader; upper part of head 
and nape olive-brown; on the sides of occiput and nape two distinct 
light buff longitudinal bands; sides of head varied with olive-
brown and brown-black: throat white, broadly surrounded below 
with rufescent; lower neck and breast greyish olive; flanks 
rufescent, barred with brown ; middle of the abdomen greyish' 
olive; under tail-coverts buff, varied with olive-brown on the 
edges ;-wings like the back, but browner, especially the secondaries, 
which have a rufescent tinge; primaries, primary-coverts, and 
bastard-wing uniform slaty black; under wing-coverts blackish, 
edged with olive-brown, the last row uniform slate-grey; tail olive-
brown, irregularly freckled with black and with some rufescentbrown 
markings : " iris reddish brown : feet light plumbeous; bill 
bluish black" (JD'Azara). Total length about 20 inches, wing 10-50, 
tail 4-50, culmen 1-42, tarsus 2*9. 

Female. Similar to the male. 
Immature birds have the upper parts more or less dotted with 
whitish small spots. 

Young in down. Upper part of the head anteriorly pale brown-
buff, posteriorly golden buff-chestnut; across the top of the head 
a chestnut band, connected with a chestnut band on both sides of 
the occiput; sides of the head pale brown-buff: a line through . 
the lores, another from the base of the lower mandible joined to a 
patch on the auricular region, nape and sides of the neck deep 
chestnut; two snow-white patches on the sides of the nape; interscapular 
region greyish buff, with obsolete cross dusky bars, the 
hairy tips of the feathers chestnut; scapulars chestnut; lower back 
and rump pale greyish buff-brown, with the hidden part of the 
feathers buff; throat white, but the tips of the feathers, especially 
on the lower parts, dusky; lower fore neck and breast chestnut, 
changing into dull whitish on the abdomen. 

The bird figured on Plate VII. is one of the types of T. gutiulatus, 
Gr. 
Hah. Paraguay and Southern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Eio Parana, Brazil (Rogers). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
c-ff. 6 Sad., imm., Rio de Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [PJ. 
et pull. sk. 
h, i c? J imm. st. Brazil (Leadbeat&r). Purchased. 
(Types of T. guttuhtus, Gr.) 

5. Tinamus major. 
PMacucagua, Marcgr. Hist Av. Bras. p. 21$; WHlughk Orn. 
p. 163, t. 26. 
? Yambou, Marcgr, op. cit. p. 192. 
PPerdix brasiliensis, Briss. Orn. L p. 227, n. 4 (1760). 
PPerdix major brasiliensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 227, n. 5 (1760). 
Tinamou de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL Enl. 476. 
1 . TIXAMTTS. 503 
Magoua, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 507, pi. 24 (1778). 
Great Tinarnou, Lath. Syn. ii. 2, p. 724, n. 1 (1783). 
Tetrao major, Gto. 6'. X i. 2, p. 767, n. 63 (1788). 
Tinamus brasiliensis. Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 633, n. 1 (1790); Temm. 


Big. et Gallin. iii.' pp. 562, 748 (1815); Steph. Gen. ZooL xL 2, 

TVOTWI. PL Col. L 2V/R Jl^/e. p. 87 (1830); Pete. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 201, 453, IT (Matogrosso, Guapore, Cachoeira da Bananeira, 
Borba, Rio Negro, Marabitanas, Barra do Rio Negro) (1871); 
id. Ibis, 1873, p. 37. 

4rTinamua braailiana, Bonn. Enc. Meili. L p. 224, n. 1, pi. 89. f. 3 

(1791). 
Crypturus major, Illig. Prodr. Mamm. et Ai\ p. 245 (1811). 
Cryptura magoua, Tieill. X. D. xxxiv. p. 104 (1819). 
Crypturus seiratus, Wagl. Syst. Ai\9 gen. Crypturus, sp. 2 (part.) 

.(1K>7). 

Tinainua major, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii, p. 524, n. 3 (1844); Bp. Compt. 
Mend. xlii. p. bSl, n. 312 (1856), xliii. p. 573 (note) (1856) ; Salv. 
Ik's, 1861, p. 3oG (egg); G. R. Gr. Lht Gallium Brit. Mus. p. 96 
(syn., but not specim. a) (lft07); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9858 
(LS71): Mat. fy tialc. Xomencl. Ar. Xeoirop. p. 152, n. 5 (1873) ; 
Sch&g. 21m. P.-B., Tinami, p. 13 (part.) (Ib80); Tristr. Cat. Coll. 

B. p. 2 (lbSU) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogekamml. p. 206, n. 3092 (1891). 
Crypturus bi\i>iliens>is, TMenem. Fortpflanz. p. 23, t. v. f. 2 (1845). 
Trarhypelmufc major, Cab. in tichomb. Pels, in Brit. Guian. iii. p. 749 
(184b); Lickt. Xv?n. Ai\ p. 87 (1854); ? Heine u. Rchito. Nom. 
Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 303 (Brazil) (1890). 

Trachypelnius brasiliensis, Burm. 8yst. TIeb. iii. p. 325 (1856); 
Xa'hus. Zeiisehr. tcissenseh. ZooL xxi. pp. 352, 354, t. xxvi. £f. 17, 
18 (t^g structure) (1871); id. J. f. O. 1879, p. 258; Mangelsdorfj 
JIB. deuisch. Ver. tichutze, 1890, pp. 155-164, pi. ii. 

Tinamus subcri&tatus, Pelz. (nee Cab.) Orn. Bras. p. 291, note 3 (San 
Joaquiin and Barra do ilio Negro) (1871). 
Tinamus cristatellu*, Xaft. Cat. MS., teste Pelzeln, I. e. 

This species is to be recognized by the bright rufous-cinnamon 
colour of the upper part of the head, tinged with greyish on the 
forehead of the male, combined with the very light, mostly white 
underparts. 

Adult male. Upper parts olive, with irregular black bar-like 
marks ; upper part of the head and occipital crest rufous cinnamon ; 
forehead, lores, and feathers behind the eyes greyish; ear-coverts 
che.stnut-brown; sides of the head and neck rufescent, the sides of 
the head and nape with narrow dusky bars, the sides of the neck 
with dusky stripes along the middle of the feathers ; throat white, 
fore neck and upper breast dull buff with undulated cross dusky 
lines ; remainder of the lower parts buffy white, nearly uniform 
along the middle of the breast and abdomen; sides, Hanks, and 
tibial feathers with irregular dusky bars; under tail-coverts 
rufescent, with irregular olive bars, and these with two narrow 
irregular black cross lines, one anteriorly and the other posteriorly ; 
upper wing-coverts like the back; primaries uniform greyish; 

504 
flNAMlDJC. 

bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and secondaries olive-rufous, with 
irregular black bar-like marks; under wing-coverts olive-buff, 
with irregular black lines, the greater ones uniform greyish ; tail 
olive-brown, with irregular black lines, and rufous-buff marks on 
the outer web : bill dusky above, paler (olive ?) below; feet in the 
dry skin pale olive. Total length about 17 inches, wing 9*4, tail 
3*75, culmen 1*25, tarsus 2-56. 

Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat larger, and whiter 

below ; upper part of the head uniform rufous cinnamon ; no greyish 

tinge on the forehead and sides of the head, which are uniform with 

the pileum, only a shade lighter ; ear-coverts also rufous cinnamon ; 

no conspicuous occipital crest; fore neck and breast nearly uniform 

greyish olive; upper parts le&s marked ^ ith black; secondarieb 

browner. Total length about 19 inches, wing 9*4, culmen 1*30, 

tarsus 2*50. 

Both the birds described belong to batterer's collection and are 

from Rio Negro: 
they have been attributed by von Pelzeln to tv\ o 

different birds, the male to T. suhcrlstatus^ and the female to 

T. brasiliensis; but they are so much alike that I cannot believe 
that they are specifically different, as it would be impossible that 
two such allied forms should be found in the same region ; the 
differences appear to me to be only sexual. 
I am not quite certain as to the proper name of this species, the 
description of the old authors being very unsatisfactory; for the 
present I have thought it best to retain the name major, although 
it was applied to the bird from Ca}enne, where I am not aware 
that the species has been found in recent times. llarcgrave's and 
Biisson's descriptions may apply to T. solitarius> to which I have no 
doubt Pezus serratus, Spix, also belongs. 

Bab. Central and Northern Brazil. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. S. Joaquim on the Rio Negro, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July (Natterer). 
b. $ ad. sk. Rio Negro, Dec. (Xatterer). Sal\ in-Godman Coll. 
6. Tinamus subcristatus. 
Tinamus brasiliensis, part., G. R. Gr. List B. Brit, Mus. iii. p. -52, 
specim. a, b, d (1844). 
Trachypelmus subcribtatus, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. ill. 

p. 749 (1848); Licht Norn. Av. p. 87 (1854); Burm. Si/st Ueb. 
Thier. Bras iii. p. 326 (1856); Heine u. Rchmv. Kom. Mus. 
Hein. Orn. p. 303 (Guiana) (1890). 
Tinamus ? subcri&tatus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881 (1856), xliii. 

p. 572 (1856); G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1867); 
id. Band-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9859 (1871); Sclat. cj* Sak. Nom. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 152, sp. 6 (Guiana) (1873); Salv. Cat. B. StiicU. Coll 
* Von Pelzeln (I. c.) has a remark concerning the differences between the 
.specimens collected by Natterer and Cibams's description of T. subcrhtati'b. 
1. TINAMUS. 
505 
p. 640, n. 3110 (1882); id. Ibis, 1886, p. 181 (British Guiana); 
W. L. Sclat. Ibis, 1887, p. 317. 
Tinamus major, part., G. JR. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 96, 

specim. a (1867); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 636 (part.) (1877); Schlep. 

Mus. P.-B:, Tinami, pp. 13-17, specim. 1, 5, 6 (1880). 

Tinamus major subcri&tatus, Schleg. Hies, P.-JB., Tinami, p. 15 

(1880). 

Adult male. Forehead and above the eyes greyish black, remainder 
of the upper part of the head, with the occipital pendent crest, 
chestnut; sides of the head anteriorly and the ear-coverts blackish, 
posteriorly and the sides of the neck varied with rufous and 
blackish, each feather having the centre blackish and the edges 
rufous, so that those parts have a distinct scaly appearance ; throat 
white; lower neck pale olive-brown; back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts olive-brown, the latter with some buff edges and obsolete 
bars; wings olive, but the secondaries rufous olive-brown ; primaries 
uniform greyish brown; primary-coverts and bastard-wing 
greyish brown, with a slight reddish-brown tinge; under wing-
coverts greyish brown, distinctly edged with olive, the last row 
pure grey; tail olive rufous-brown; lower parts pale olive-grey, 
finely waved along the middle with dusky lines ; flanks buff, broadly 

and irregularly barred: bill in dry skin brown above, pale below; 
feet olive. Total length about 17 inches, wing 9*25, tail 3*25, 
culmen 1*30, tarsus 2*60. 

Female. Differs from the male in having the upper parts or back 

and wings more or less with black transverse markings or 

barrings. 

Young, More reddish than the adult; upper parts dotted with 

paler rufous spots. 

A young in down from Takutu (apparently belonging to this 

species) has the forehead and temporal regions mixed with greyish 

and chestnut; a loral spot and an ear-patch chestnut ,* a large patch 

from the crown to 
the occiput brown-chestnut; mantle greyish 

brown, with the hairy tips of the feathers chestnut; lower back and 

rump yellowish, thickly dotted with brown ; scapulars, breast, and 

sides chestnut; throat and abdomen greyish; sides of the rump 

glossy chestnut; wings greyish brown. 

Hah, Guiana. 

a. 
Ad. st. S. America. Gen. T. Hardwicke 
[p.]. 
(T. mayor, Gr., specim. a.) 
£, c. Ad. sk. & sk. Cayenne. Purchased. 
d, e. S § ad. sk. Camacusa, Brit. Guiana, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. (H. Whitely). 

f. 2 
ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. (M. Whitely). 
a. $ 
iuv. sk. Merame* Mts., Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July (H. Whitely). 
A. Pull. sk. 
Takutu R., Brit. Guiana (HJ. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
500 
T1NAMIDJE. 

7. Tinamus latifrons. 
This species has a pendent occipital crest like T. subcristatus, from 
which it differs in having the slaty-black colour on the forehead 
more extended, covering entirely the anterior half of the crown, the 
rufous-chestnut colour of the occiput and crest darker and confined 
to the edges of the feathers, which are otherwise blackish; the 
secondaries of a darker brown freckled with black, with no reddish 
tinge; the upper parts olive-brown, with broader black barrings, 
and the lower of a greyish olive, more uniformly covered with 
irregular and broader dusky bars; under tail-coverts olive-brown, 
variegated with rufous-buff: upper mandible dusky, the lower 
pale; feet in dry skin dark olive. Total length about 17 inches, 
wing 9*8, tail 3*10, culmen 1*2, tarsus 2-5. 

The second specimen, mentioned below, apparently immature, has 
the upper parts dotted with rufous-buff, the black bar-like marks 
on the upper parts broader, and the wings tinged with, rufous 
brown. 

Hob. Western Ecuador. 

a, b. Ad. et imm. Balzar Mts., Ecuador {Tiling- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. worth). (Types of species.) 

8. Tinamus ruiiceps. 
Tinamus pemvianus, 
Mus. Brux. • Bp. Cmnpt. Rend, xliii. p. 573 
(note) (1856; ; G. B. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 31 
(1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9879 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. 

iii. p. 637 (1877); Dubois, Mtm. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1894, p. 404 
(=ruficeps, Sclat. 6/ Salv.)*. 
'Tinamus 
ruficeps, Sclat. fy Sab. JVom. Av. Neotrop. pp. 152, 162, 
sp. 30 (part., Ecuador) (1873); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877); 

Sclat # Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 548 (Eemedios); Tacz. Orn. Per. 

iii. p. 292 (Monterico), Tables, p. 136 (1886). 
Tinamus major, Tacz. (nee Gm.) P. Z. S. 1874, p. 563 (Monterico); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, pp. 13-17 (part., Iquitos) (1880). 
Tinamus major ruficeps, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 15 (1880). 

Similar to T. major, from which it differs principally in constantly 
wanting the occipital crest, and in having the lower parts not so 
whitish, the breast and the remainder of the lower parts being 
more olive-greyish; besides, the tibial feathers have constantly 
>dusky bars, which are usually wanting in T. major. 
Adult,(type). Upper parts olive with irregular black bars, second


aries more reddish brown ; upper part of the head bright chestnut, 

,a shade paler on the forehead ; ear-coverts chestnut; nape chest


* Recently M. Dubois has identified T. peruvianas, Bp., with T. ruficeps; 
I add Bonaparte's description, which is too incomplete and too vague to be 
taken into consideration : — 
" Minor, brunneo-rufus, dorso alisque rnaculis sparsis nigris; subtus palliclior, 
olivascens, rnaculis nullis. Long. tot. 420 millim., rofotri 48, ala> 235, tarsi 60." 

1. TINAMUS. 
507 
nut, with narrow black barrings; sides of the head and two obsolete 
bands on the sides of the nape pale rufcscent, with brown mottlings ; 
throat white ; lower part of the fore neck, breast and sides greyish 
olive ; lower breast and abdomen whitish, with grey zigzag or 
irregular ^ transverse lines; flanks whitish buff, with brown bars ; 
under tail-coverts rufous buff with irregular olive bars, which are 
surrounded, with a narrow black line; primaries uniform greyish 
brown; primary-coverts and bastard-wing feathers freckled with 
rufous brown on the outer web; under wing-eoverts greyish olive, 
with some small blackish markings, the inner ones paler, the last row 
uniform grey; tail brown freckled with black: bill in dry skin 
dusky above, pale below ; feet olive. Total length about 16 inches, 

wing 9, tail 3*75, culmen 1-25, tarsus 2-6. 

Female. Similar to the type. 

Hob. Ecuador, Upper Amazon, Peru (?), and Antioquia. 

a. Ad. sk,
6, c. Ad. sk.
d. $ ad. sk. 
Hio Napo, EcuadorVerreaux). 
Sarayacu, Ecuador [Buc 
Yqnitos, Upper Ama 
(fidekley).
zons, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of the species.) 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. <5 ad. sk.
Sept. (H. Whibely). 
Remedios, Antioquia,
(T. K. Salmon). 
March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

9. Tinamus castaneiceps. (Plate VI.) 
Tinamus major, Cass, (nee Gm.) Pr. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 195 (Truando). 


Tinamus robustus, Laivr. (nee Sclat.), Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 477 
(Panama) (1862); Sclat $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 371 (Panama); 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 159 (Santiago de Veragua) j Sclat. fy Salv. 
JExot. Orn. p. 87 (part.) (1808) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 
(Bugaha). 

Tinamus ruficeps, 
Sclat fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. pp. 155, 162, 
sp. 30 (part., Panama, Chiriqui) (1873); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. 

p. 637 (part.) (1877). 
Similar to T. ruficeps, but the upper part of the head of a deeper 
chestnut; the forehead, at least in the males, slightly tinged with 
blackish; the ear-coverts darker than the pileum, almost black, 
while in T. ruficeps they are of the same rufous tinge as the pileum; 
the flanks are of a much darker greyish-olive colour. 

Hob. Veragua and Panama. 

a,b. $ $ ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui (ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Types of species.) 

e. <S ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arc4). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. S 
ad. sk. Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(McLeannan). 
508 TINAMIDJ3. 

10. Tinamus guttatus. 
Crypturas guttatus, Natt. MS.; TMenem. Fortpflanz. p. 24 (egg) 
(1845). 
Tiuamus guttatus, Natt Cat MS.; Feb. rerh.ss.-b. Ges. Wien, I860, 

p. 1126"; Natt. ibid. p. 1128 (1863) ; G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. 
Mus. p. 101, n. 33 (1867); Feb. Orn. Bras. pp. 292, 453, lv 
(Borba, S. Carlos, Bio VaupS, Oaclioira de Panore, Para) (1871); 
G. R Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9864 (1871); Sclat. 4" Salv. 
F. 7J. S. 1873, p. 310 (Chamicuros; eggs); iid. Nomencl. A v. 
Neotrop. p. 152, sp. 7 (Amaz. super.); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 6S6 
(1877); Schleg. Mus. F.-B., Tinanii, p. 12 (1880) ; Tacz. Orn. Fir. 
iii. p. 295, Tables, p. 106 (1886) ; Felz. u. Lor. Ann. naturh. Hofmus. 
iii. p. 51 (types) (1888); Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. E. ii. p. 112 
(Bolivia) (1889). 
Easily distinguished by its small size, and by the wings more or 
less thickly dotted with whitish buff. 
Adult male (cotype from Para). Upper parts olive-brown, back 
redder; lower back, rump, and upper part of the wing near the back 
with irregular broadish black bands; wings thickly dotted with 
white; upper part of the head blackish brown, more greyish on the 
forehead; sides of the head brownish posteriorly, with the middle 
part of the neck, all round, brown, varied with rufous spots, and 
black marks on the edges of the feathers; throat white; lower 
part of the fore neck and sides olive, changing into reddish or 
huffish white on the breast; middle of the abdomen white ; flanks 
buff, with irregular dusky bars; under tail-coverts olive-brown, 
along the middle rufous-chestnut, on both webs varied with dusky 
marks; upper tail-coverts with narrow irregular whitish bars at 
the tip and obsolete blackish transverse lines; secondaries olive-
brown, darker than the upper wing-coverts, freckled with brown, and 
marked with white on the edge of the outer webs; primaries uniform 
greyish brown ; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row purer 
and paler grey; tail olive-brown, irregularly barred with black: " iris 

dark brown; upper mandible black, tip whitish; lower mandible dark 
brownish grey; feet bluish grey or greyish olive-green " (Nalterer). 
Total length about 15 inches, wing 8, tail 3, culmen 1*12, tarsus 2-25. 

Two specimens from Peru and Sarayacu have the upper parts 
with scarcely any black bars, and the whitish-buff spots on the 
wings larger and less numerous; the one from Sarayacu has the 
under tail-coverts uniform rufous-chestnut, with no black or olive 
markings whatever. 

Young in doivn (probably belonging to this species). Similar to 
the young in down of T. solitarius, but differs in being much smaller 
and also in colouring; the posterior half of the upper part of the 
head is much darker, of a brown-chestnut, the feathers of the interscapular 
region darker, and the lower back and rump are of a darker 
greyish brown; no snowy white patches on the sides of the nape ; 
the white of the throat pure and sharply defined from the chestnut 
colour of the breast. 

Hab. Amazonia, from Para to Eastern Ecuador, Peru, and 
Bolivia (?). 

2 . NOTHOCERCUS. 
a. 
<3 ad. sk. Para, Nov. (Xatterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Typical specimen.) 
b, c, d. Ad. et Sarayacu,Ecuador(C,Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
pull. sk. (Described by Taczanowski, Ora. Per. iii. p. 295.) 
e,f. <5 $ ad.sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 
Feb., Dec. 
ff. Ad. sk, Peru (JS. Whiiely). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Described by Taczanowski, 1. c.) 

2. NOTHOCERCUS. 
Type. 
Nothocercus, Bp. Compt. Rendus. xlii. p. 957 (1856) N. Julius. 

Range. Confined to Central America and northern South America, 
from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Ecuador. 

Keg to the Sjjedes. 

a. Throat pure white. 
a'. Upper part and sides of head rufous chestnut, 
posteriorly brown in the majority of specimens; 
back broadly barred with black.... Julius, p. 509. 


b'. Upper part of head entirely black; back 
narrowly vermiculated with black nigricapillus, p. 511. 

b. Throat not pure white. 
c'. Throat bright rufous. 
a". Greater or last row of the under wing-
coverts greyish, barred with dull rufous. bonapartei, p. 511. 
b". Greater or last row of the under wing-
coverts uniform greyish brown, with no 
"barrings; primaries not distinctly rufous 
on the inner webs, but greyish freckled 
with irregular rufous narrow bars frantziij p. 512. 

d'. 
Throat whitish, washed with rufous; primaries 
greyish, barred with rufous on the 
inner webs'; greater or last row of the under 
wing-coverts greyish, "barred with dull 
rufous intercedens, p. 513. 

1. NothocerctLS Julius. 
Tinamus Julius, Bp. Compt Rend, xxxvii. p. 663 (Columbia) (1853); 
id. Notes Coll. Belattre, p. 93 (note) (1854); Hartl. J.f. 0. 1854, 

p. 410 (New Granada); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 163, 1858, p. 76 
(Rio Negro, Ecuador) ; G. R. Gr. List Gattince Brit. Mus. p. 98 
(1867); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 292 (note) (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. 
iii. p. 636 (1877); Schley. Mus. P.-B., Tinanii, p. 18 (1880). 
Nothocercus Julius, 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, no. 331, pp. 954, 
957 (1856); id. Tabl Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 328 
(1856); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9883 (1871); Sclat. § 
Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152 (Columbia & ^Equatoria) (1873); 
? Pelz. Ibis, 1875, p. 331 (Spanish Guiana) *; Tacz. $ Berl. P. Z. S. 

* Herr von Pelzeln says that by Spanish Guiana is probably meant the 
territory between the Upper Rio Negro and Orinoco, or adjacent parts of 
New Granada. 
510 
TINAMIDJ3. 

1885, p. 112 "(Ecuador); Heine u. Rchnw. Nom. Mus. llein. Orn 

p. 304 (Bogota) (1890). 
Nothocereus bonrcieri, 
B$. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 330, p 954 
(== Julius) (1856). 

Adult. Ifyper part of the head anteriorly rufous chestnut, posteriorly 
brown, finely barred with rufous; sides of the head rufous 
brown; throat pure white : upper parts olive-brown, crossed with 
black bars; on the wings and rump some whitish-buff marks near 
the tip of the feathers; lower part of the fore neck and upper 
breast olive-brown, finely vermiculated with black; sides and flanks 
olive-brown, barred with black; middle of the breast bright rufous; 
middle of the abdomen also rufous, but paler; under tail-coverts 
olive-brown, with irregular crescentic black bars, marked with 
rufous near the edges; primaries greyish brown: outer web of 
secondaries olive-brown near the edge, varied with black and buff 

bar-like spots; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row lighter 
grey; tail on the apical portion olive, with irregular crescentic 
black bands: upper mandible dark, lower mandible pale ; feet olive-
brown (in dry skins). Total length about 14 inches, wing 8, 
culmen 1*20, ta.rsus 2*50. 

A Une specimen from New Granada in the Museum of Genoa has 
nearly the whole head, above and on the sides, bright chestnut. 
Young in down. General colour chestnut; forehead and sides of 
the head rufous ; occiput blackish; throat white (Monji, Ecuador). 

A young bird from Sarayacu, Ecuador, apparently belonging to 
this species: forehead and upper sides of the head buff; occiput 
brown; throat white; mantle, sides, and breast chestnut; middle 
of the back greyish brown ; flanks bright glossy chestnut; middle 
of the abdomen greyish; tail and upper tail-coverts chestnut. 

Female. Specimens from Ecuador, according to Taezanowski and 
Count Berlepsch (P. Z. S. 1885, p. 172), differ from the Bogota male 
in the following particulars :—" Upper parts darker, more olive and 
less rufescent, and with broader barrings ; the rufous colour of the 
crown darker and more distinctly undulated with black; the cheeks 
much less rufescent; the lower part of the fore neck and the sides 
of the body darker and more strongly barred with black; iris very 
dark greyish brown." 


Specimen h, mentioned below, is the only adult bird from Ecuador 
I have seen; no doubt this has the barrings on the upper parts 
broader than in the Columbian specimens; besides it has the olive 
bars paler and almost without any dusky frecklings. It is quite 
probable that with a large series of specimens we shall be able to 
separate specifically the Ecuadorian bird. 


Hab. New Granada and Ecuador. 

a. S ad. sk. New Granada ( Verreaux Coll). Salvin-Godman Coll 
b-e. Juv. etpulL New Granada. Purchased. 
sk, 
/' £d-sk; Bogota. Purchased. 

g. 
Pull. sk. Bogota, New Granada {Bou- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
card). 
2 . NOTHOCERCUS. 
511 
?i. Ad. sk. Ecuador (Verreaux). Salvin-Godman Coll, 

i. Pull. sk. Monji, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
h. Pull, st. No locality. 
Old Coll. 
2. Nothoeercus nigricapillus. (Plate VIII.) 
Tinamus nigrocapillus, G. R. Gr. List Gattince Bint. Mm. p. 98 
(Chili!) (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, no. 9863 (1871); Gieb. 
Tkes. Oni. iii. p. 037 (1877). 

Notkoeercus nigricapillus, 
Sclat. fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152 
(ex loco ign.) (1873). 

Type. Upper part of the head and occiput black ; throat white ; 
upper surface and lower neck brownish olive, vermiculated with 
black; wings, abdomen, and thighs brownish olive, vermiculated 
with black and varied with black and white blotches ; lower breast 
rufous brown, vermiculated with black. Total length about 12 
inches, wing 7*5, culmen 1*1, tarsus 2*4. 

This species has a white throat like N. julius ; the upper parts 
are not so broadly banded as in that species, resembling in this 
respect the new species from Antioquia described further on. 

Hah. Said to be Chili, which is extremely doubtful. 

a. 
Ad. st. Chili ? Purchased. 
(Type of species.) 
3. Uothocercus bonapartei. 
Tinamus bonapartei, G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 97 

(Aragua, Venezuela; (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9802 

(1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 

Nothocereus bonapartii, Sclat. 8r Salv, Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152 

(part., Venezuela and Colombia) (1873); ? Tacz.fyBerl. P. Z. S. 

1885, p. 112 (Machay, Ecuador). 

Tinamus nigricapillus, Schley, (nee G. R. Gr.) Mus. P.-B., Tinami, 

p. 17 (part., Bogota) (1880). 
Type. " Top and behind the head slaty black; mentum pale 

rufous * cheeks, sides and lower part of neck rufous, with trans


verse bands of black; upper surface rufous olivaceous, with ver


miculations and blotches of black, varied with spots of yellowish 

white, especially on the lower part of back, wings, and upper tail-

coverts ; breast rusty colour, with some black undulations • sides of 

abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts rufous olivaceous, varied 

with black and rufous-white blotches. Length 16*6 inches, wing 

6'7, tarsus 2-9." (Gray.) 

In Gray's description the colour of the quills, which is most 

characteristic in the species of this genus, is not mentioned • but 

Mr. Sharpe, who at my request has re-examined the type after my 

departure from London, writes to me as follows :—" The inner webs 

of the primaries are greyish, freckled with rufous bars; they are 

about the same colour above and below; the greater under wing


512 
TIKAMIDJS. 

coverts are dusky brown like the quill-lining, with a few rufescent 
"bars towards the ends, so that they resemble the lining of the 
quills; they may be called grey with rufous bars, but I should 
consider the colour greyish brown; certainly they are not rufous 
with grey bars." 

In the Bogota birds the primaries have the outer webs barred 
with rufous and brown, while the inner webs are rufous, with narrow 
undulated greyish-broiun bars ; the secondaries outwardly are almost 
regularly barred with broader brown bars and narrower rufous ones, 
between them there are obsolete narrow blackish bars ; the under 
wing-coverts are rufous with crescentic greyish-brown bars ; the 
greater ones or last row have pale rufous and grey bars. 

Some specimens are thickly dotted with reddish white on the 
upper parts and wings. 

In the Bogota specimens there is also a good deal of variation in 
the rufous colour of the underparts, in some specimens deep chestnut, 
in others clear rufous. 

The Bogota birds differ from the type in having the inner web of 
the primaries distinctly rufous, freckled with greyish bars, and the 
greater under wing-coverts dusky grey, regularly barred with 
rufous from the base and not only at the tip. Possibly when a 
larger series is available it will be found convenient to separate 
specifically the Bogota birds from those from Venezuela. Also the 
birds from Ecuador, which by Taczanowski and Berlepseh are said 
to be somewhat different, require comparison. 

Young (from the interior of New Granada). Similar to the adult 
(specim. d) in colouring, but the black feathers of the head sprinkled 
with white dots ; throat paler reddish white. 
Hah. Venezuela, and, if the same, also Bogota and Ecuador. 

a. Ad. st.
b, c. Ad. et jusk. 
Valley of Axagua, Venezuela.
v. Interior of New Granada 
(Trwbner). 
Dyson Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. New GranadaColl.) 
(Verreaux Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4. ITothocercus frantzii. 
Tinamus frantzii, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 140 (Cervantes, 
Costa Rica) (1868); Frantz. J. f 0. 1869, p. 374; G. P. Or, 
Rand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9868 (1871); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 312 
(= T. bonapartei). 

Nothocercus bonapartii, part., Sclat 8f 8alv. Nom. Av. Neotrop, 

p. 152 (Costa Rica) (1873); Boucard {nee G. P. Gr.% P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 41 (Rio Navarro, Costa Rica); Zeled. Cat Av. Costa 
Rica, p. 29 (1882); id. Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 1885, p. 112 (Costa 
Rica); id. An. Mus. Nac. Costa Pica, 1887, p. 128, n. 610. 
Tinamus 
nigricapillus, part., Schleg. {nee G. JR. Gr.) Mus. P.~B., 
Tinami, pp. 17,18, specim. 3 (Costa Rica) (1880). 

Similar to JV. bonapartei, but the colouring of the upper parts and 
wings less rufous chestnut and more olive-brown; quills less rufous 

2 . KOl'KOOEKCTJS. 
51 it 

and more greyish brown; under surface of the quills leas rulbun* 
being greyish, freckled with pale rufous bars, not rufous freckled 
with grey bars; under wing-coverts also more greyish, barred with 
rufous, the last row or greater under wiwj-coverts uniform ym/ with 
no barrings whatever: "upper mandible black, the lower \luaky 
yellowish; tarsi and toes fleshy dark brown" (Frantzlm, fide 
Lawrence). Total length 15 inches, wing 8*5~iH5% tail 2-50 
culmen 2-20-2*25, tarsus 2-70. 

Hab. Costa Rica. 

a. Ad.sk. Panama. 
8alvin-(lodman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Irazu, Costa Rica (IL Rogers). 
Salvin-Uodmau Coll. 
c. 
Ad. sk. Costa Rica (D. G. Elliot). iSalvm-Godman Coll. 
(Compared with type.) 
d. Ad.sk. Costa Rica. 
Purchased. 
5. Kothocercus intercedens. 
Nothocercus 
bonapartii, Sclat fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 548 (Concordia, 
Frontino in Antioquia). 
? Tinamus nigricapillus, part., Schley, (nee G. R. Gr.) Mm. P.-B., 
Tinami, p. 18, specim. 2 (Medellin) (1880). 

Adult male. Upper part and sides of the head with the occiput 
black; throat whitish, washed with rufescent; lower neck and 
upper parts rufous brown, waved with black lines; breast and 
abdomen rufescent ochreous brown, almost uniform along the 
central part, but the upper part of the breast distinctly waved with 
black lines ; sides and flanks olive-brown, waved with black lines; 
centre of the lower abdomen lighter, with narrow blackish bars and 
whitish- dots ; thighs olive-brown, barred with black ; under tail-
coverts olive-brown waved with black ; upper wing-coverts like the 
back, but the greater ones with some whitish dots ; quills, in the 
closed wings, olive-brown with irregular black bars and others 
rufescent; primaries with rufous and blackish irregular bars on 
the outer web, on the inner web "more rufescent grey, freckled or 
irregularly barred with blackish; under aspect of the quills barred 
with greyish brown and dull reddish; under wing-coverts barred 
with greyish brown and rufescent, tho greater or last row much 
lighter, with greyish and dull or pale rufescent bars; tail waved with 
olive-brown and blackish: "iris dark" (Salmon): upper mandible 
dusky, lower mandible pale; feet olive-brown in the dry skin. 
Total length about 16 inches, wing 8*75, tail 2-60, culmen 1-25, 
tarsus 1*70. ^ . , . A. _ 

Another specimen, also marked male, differs in having the lower 
back and upper tail-coverts conspicuously spotted with white; the 
wings with many more whitish or buff spots, the rufous bars on the 
quills broader; the abdomen and thighs are also conspicuously 
spotted with white; the barrings on the under surface of tho quills 
are broader. n n __ _ 4 . , «. 

This species is easily distinguished from N. bonapartei and JV. 
frantzii by the whitish throat, only washed with rufescent; besides 

VOL. XXVII. 
" L 

514 
TINAMID^. 

it has the neck darker than both the other species : on the upper 

parts it is more like N.frantzii, and in the greater or last row of 

lower under wing-coverts being barred it resembles N. bonwpartei— 

in fact is intermediate between the two. 

HaK Antioauia, U.S. of Colombia. 

>a. <$ ad. sk. Frontino, U.S. of Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(T. K. Salmon). (Type of species.) 
.b, c. d ad. sk. Concordia, U.S. of Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(T.K.Salmon). 


3. CRYPTUEUS. _ 
Type. 
Crypturus, Illig. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 244 (1811) .. C. cinereus. 
Range. Prom Northern Mexico to Peru and the Argentine 

Eepubhc. 
Key to the Species *. 


I. 
Upper parts not barred, neither distinctly 
vermiculated, but nearly uniform, both in 
males and females adult. 
a. General colour nearly uniform greyish 
brown; only the upper part of the head 
and nape rufous brown tinerms, p. 517. 
b. Head greyish brown or even blackish 
above, not uniform with the body, which 
is more or less rufous brown. 
a'. Breast more or less rufous chestnut. 
a". Throat grey. 
a'". Hind neck rufous chestnut like 
the back. 
a*. Breast, abdomen, and back nearly 
uniform bright rufous chestnut, castaneus, p. 521. 

b4 

. Breast and back rufous chestnut, 
abdomen greyish griseiventris, p. 521. 

* I am not acquainted with the following species:— 
CRYPTURUS RUBRIPES. 

Orypturus rubripes, Tacz. Orn. du Perou, iii. p. 303 (Lechugal) (1886). 

"C, supra obsolete rubente-brrameus, pileo obscuriore, superciliis Iatis 
genisque isabellinis; gula pectoreque medio pure albis, collo antico griseo, 
abdomine medio pallido isabellino, lateribus ventris fasciis hrmmeis; subcaudalibus 
basi rufescentibus, disco et fascia undulata nigris; alis griseobrunneis 
; tectricibus majoribus, mediis et minoribus proximis apice albido 
marginatis ,* rectricibus basi cinereis, apice dorso concoloribus. 

$. Sommet de la t&te d'uu fuligineux brunatre, a plumes du front et du 
vertex passant au noiratre a rextremite\ borde* des deux cot<§s d'une large bande 
soureiliere isabelle, sale et moins prononcee devant 1'oeil; joues de la couleur du 
sourcil jusqu'au bord posterieur de I'oeil; le reste des cotes de la tete grisbrunatre; 
cou posterieur, dos, scapulaires et croupion d'un brun rouge&tre pale 
tirant au violet, a plumes du milieu du dos et quelques-unes des scapulaires 
post<§rieures frang£es de noiratre d'une maniere peu prononcee; en dessous la 
.gorge est longuement et largement blanche; tout le devant du cou gris, tirant 

3 . CEYPTFEUS. 
b'". Hind neck greyish brown, not 
chestnut like the hack. 
c\ Back rufous brown: larger, tarsus 
1*9 inch obsoletusy p. 519. 
di. Back and wings olive-brown: 
smaller, tarsus 1*6 cerviniventris, p. 520. 

b". Throat whitish, sometimes washed 
with rufous or grey, but never decidedly 
rufous or grey; size smaller, 
wing 5*4 inches ; general colour very 
variable, bright rufous,rufous-br own, 
olive-brown, or even olive, but lower 
parts clearer along the middle, 
bright rufous or pale ochreous 
fulvous pileatu^ p. 522. 

b'. Breast greyish, with no rufous tinge; 

back and wings chestnut; head grey. 
c". Larger: culmen 090-0-95 tataupa, p. 525. 
d". Smaller: culmen 065-0*70 parvirostris, p. 526. 

II. 
Upper parts, especially the upper wing-
coverts, more or less distinctly vermiculated, 
or, if barred, with indistinct very pale 
bars. 
c. 
Black vermiculations nearly confined to 
the upper wing-coverts and outer web 
of secondaries; back nearly uniform; 
upper part of head and nape slaty black; 
throat dark ashy boucardi <$, p. 544. 
d. 
Dusky vermiculations confined to the 
upper wing-coverts and changing into 
black and rufescent or rufous-grey bars 
on the back. 
c'. Upper part of the head entirely black • 
the primaries very dark greyish brown, 
nearly black undulatus, p. 527. 

d\ 
Upper part of the head blackish brown 
anteriorly; primaries pale greyish 
brown scolopax <$, p. 528. 

un peu au violatre surtout sur les cot£s, les plumes de la region jugulaire vermieulees 
dans leur partie terminale de plus fonce* d'une maniere assez distincte; 
poitrine blanche sur le milieu et grise sur les cotes; abdomen isabelle, avec des 
raies brunes peu nombreuses sur les cotes du bas-ventre; sous-caudales rousses 
a la base, isabelle a l'extr^mit^, a disque noir et une raie transversale festonnee. 
Ailes brun grisatres, a tectrices grandes, mMianes et petites voisines borders a 
rextremite" de blanchatre, ces bordures precedees d'une raie ou tache brune; les 
remiges secondaires bordees a l'exterieur d'une se>ie de taches fauves irregulieres 
et terminees d'une pareille bordure sur la barbe exterae; sous-alaires 
blanchatres au milieu de l'aile et brunes le long du bord; les grandes tectrices et 
la page inferieure des remiges d'un cendr6 perle clair. Reetrices cendrees a la 
base, de la couleur du dos a l'extremite, varices aux bords de quelques taches 
fauves. Machoire brune, mandibule jaunatre pale; pattes rouges. Longueur de 
l'aile 162, queue 42, bee 37, tarsus 46, doigt median avec l'ongle 35 millimetres." 

(Taczanowsfri.) 
Hah, Lechugal, Peru. 
The type of this species, collected by Jelski, belongs to the Raimondi 

collection, in the Lima Museum. 
This species seems allied to C. strigulosus and C. erythropus. 

516 
UNAMlD-as. 

e. Dusky vermiculations all over the 
back 
er. Breast whitish or greyish, with no distinct 
rufous tinge; throat whitish or 
whitish grey. 

e". Neck distinctly rufescent, with 
brown bars, very conspicuous also 
in front

f". Neck not distinctly rufescent, neither 
distinctly barred. 
c'". Flanks rufescent, more or less 
distinctly barred with brown. 

e\ Flanks, if barred, with a few 
brown bars 5 rump and upper 
tail-coverts greyish olive like 
the back and similarly freckled 
with dusky lines

/*. Flanks with narrow dusky bars; 
rump and upper tail-coverts 
greyish rufous brown, with 
nearly regular narrow black 
bars

d"\ Flanks with no distinct rufous 
tinge. 

glK Sides of the head greyish, also 
the upper tail-coverts greyish 
or olive-grey, different from the 
olive-brown back

hl 

. Sides of the head dark brown; 
upper tail-coverts olive-brown, 
nearly uniform with the 
back

f\ Breast rufous. 

g'\ Throat rufous; breast bright rufous, 
e'". Hind neck brown-black; postocular 
superciliary stripe rufous. .

f". Hind neck rufous brown, freckled 
with dusky bars; no superciliary 
stripe

h". Throat pure white; breast pale 
rufous

IH. Upner parts not strongly barred, neither 
distinctly vermiculated, but upper tail-
coverts with black bars more or less distinct, 
and quite distinct whitish-buff 
bars. 
/ . Sides of the head with lores bright rufous 
cinnamon. 
g'. Middle of the breast and abdomen 
white; throat rufescent7^'. Breast and abdomen rufescent; throat 

•white
g. 
Sides of the head rufescent, not cinnamon 
on the lores ,* nape rufous vinous; lower 
fore neck and upper breast grey; lower 
breast rufescent 
scolopax $ , p. 528. 

adspersus, p. 529 

occidentalis $, p. 546. 

simplex, p. 531. 

balstoni, p. 531. 

atricapillus, p. 532. 

garleppi, p. 533. 
mexicanus <$, p. 545. 

strigulosus, p. 533. 
erythropus, p. 534. 

dissimilis, p. 541, 

3 . CRYPTURUS. 
517 
XV. Upper parts, especially the wings, strongly 
"barred. 
h. 
Lower parts partly rufescent. 
i\ Neck all round bright rufous chestnut. 
i". Upper part of the head black. 
g'". Feathers of the back and rump 
and upper wing-coverts with 
more than one rufous bar, and with 
the black tips rather narrow variegatiis, p. 535. 

A"\ Feathers of the back and rump 
and upper wing-coverts with only 
one rufous bar, and the black tips 
rather broad salvini, p. 537. 

k". Upper part of the head rusty red 
(Von Pelzeln) brevirostris, p. 538. 
k'. Neck all round not entirely rufous 
chestnut. 
I". Nape brown, with no rufous tinge; 
breast pale ochreous bartlettt, p. 538, 
m". Nape rufous, with a vinous tinge. 
i'". Lower fore neck and upper breast 
grey. 
z4. A broad superciliary stripe rufescent 
noetivagus, p. 539. 
&4. No distinct superciliary stripe.. dissimilis $, p. 541. 

Jc"'. Lower fore neck and breast rufescent 
; seldom a grey tinge on 
the former. 


I1. Tarsus longer, 2*05 inches; tail 
regularly barred across cinnamomeus, p. 541. 

m4. Tarsus shorter, 1*8-1 *9; tail 
barred only on the inner web 
of the feathers mexicanus $ , p. 545. 

n". Nape brown; lower neck and breast 
dark grey boucardi $, p. 544. 

o'r. Nape rufous brown; lower fore 
neck and breast greyish brown, 
washed with ochreous olive columbianus, p. 545. 

i. 
Lower parts whitish, with no rufescent 
tinge transfasciatus, p. 546. 
1. Crypturus cinereus. 
Tinamou cendrg, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 510 (Cayenne) (1778). 
Cinereous Tinamou, Lath. Syn. ii. 2, p. 726, n. 2 (1783). 
Tetrao cinereus, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 768, n. 64 (1788). 
Tinamus cinereus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 633, n. 2 (1790); Temm. 
Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 574, 750 (1815); Steph. Gen. Zool xi. 2, 

p. 412 (1819) ; Tem?n. PI Col, genre Tinamou, sp. 8 (1826); Less. 
Tr. d'Orn. p. 512 (1831); id. Compl. de Puff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 238 
(1838); Temm. PI. Col I Tail. Met/t. p. 87 (1839); G. P. Gr. Gen. 
B. m. p. 524, n. 6 (1844); id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 52 (1844); 
JRcknb. Syn. Ad., Gallinacese, t. 285. f. 1564 (1848); G. R. Gr. 
List GaUmce Brit. Mus. p. 98 (Cayenne) (1867); Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 292, 453, lv (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
Tinamus cinerea, Bonn. Enc. Mitli. i. p. 225, n. 2 (1791). 

518 
TINAMID.3E. 

Crypturus cinereus, Illig. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 245 (1811); 
WagJ. Syst. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 5 (1827) ; id. Isis, 1829, 

p. 746 (Surinam); Tsck Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 27^ 
(Peru); id. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 46, n. 4, p. 283 (1846) ,• Thienem. 
Fortpflanz. p. 23, t. v. f. 3 (egg) (1845) ; Licht. Norn. Av. p. 87 
(Brazil) (1854) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 317 (1856) ; Pp. Compt. 
Bend. xlii. p. 881, n. 319 (1856) ; id. Tabl. Parall Gattin. (Extract), 
p. 12, n. 317 (1856); 0. P. €h\ Hand-list,ii\. p.4,n. 9869 (1871) ; 
Sclat.fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 310 (Ohamicuros and Santa Cruz) ; 
iid. Nomencl Av. Neotrqp. p. 152 (Guiana et Amazonia) (1873); 
Sehhg. Mus. P.-P., Tinatai, p. 20 (1880); Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. 
p. 300, Tables, p. 107 (1886) ; Heine u. Echnw. Norn. Mus. Hein. 
Orn. p. 303 (Surinam) (1890). 
Cryptura cinerea, Vieill. Is. D. xxxiv. p. 102 (1819). 
? Tinamus cseruleus, " Lath.," Less. Man. ii. p. 206 (1828). 
? Crypturus megapodius, Pp. Compt. Pend. xlii. p. 954 (Cayenne ?) 

(1856); id. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 318, p. 16 
(1856) ; G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9876 (1871). 
Tinamus megapodius, G. P. Gr. List Gallium Br. Mus. p. 101, n. 28 
(1867); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
[Crypturus] assimilis, Mus. Vindob., fide Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, 

p. 20 (pale variety) (1880). 
Adult. Greyish brown, nearly uniform, only the upper part of the 

head, ear-coverts, and nape tinged with rufous brown ; throat grey


ish ; shafts of the feathers of the sides of the head and throat white; 

under tail-coverts with obsolete dusky and rufous bars: " bill brown 

horn-colour (in dry skin whitish underneath); feet yellowish brown; 

irides light hazel" (Whitely). Total length 12*5 inches, wing 7-7 % 

tail 2, culmen 1, tarsus 2-2-2. 

Female. Somewhat larger than the male. 

Young. " Upper parts dark smoky brown, lower parts paler, with 

the feathers slightly edged with fulvous; abdomen with a few 

narrow fulvous bars; throat pale grey; the outer web of the 

secondaries edged with triangular reddish spots ; under tail-coverts 

with some reddish spots " (TaczanoivsM). 

Some specimens have the under tail-coverts with broad crescentic 
subapical black bars. 

I have not seen Brazilian birds collected by batterer, which, 
according to YOB. Pelzeln, are lighter and more reddish; Schlegel 
adds that this paler race bears the name of assimilis in the "Vienna 
Museum. Probably Bonaparte bestowed the name Orypturus 
megapodius on the dark variety; Dr. Oustalet writes to me that 
the type specimen, mentioned by Bonaparte, is no longer in the 
Paris Museum. 

Hal. Northern S. America, from Guiana to Bio Madeira and 
Eastern Peru on the Upper Amazons. 

«. Ad. sk. Cayenne. 
M. Cuoy Coll. 

b. Ad. sk. S. America (Cayenne). Old Coll. 
c,d. 
<$ 2 *&• sk- Takutu Biver, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March, April (H. Whitely). 

e. $ ad. sk. Yquitos, Upper Amazons, Oct. Salvin-Godman ColL 
(H. Whitely). 
3 . CEYPTTJET7S. 
51& 
f, g. $ ad. sk. Santa Cruz, on the Huallaga Salvin-Godman OolL 
River, E. Peru, Sept. (E. 
JBartlett). 

2. Crypturus obsoletus. 
Inambu azulado, Azar. Apunt. iii. p. 52, n. 330 (1805). 

Tinamus 
obsoletus, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 588, 751 (Brazil 
and Paraguay) (1815); Steph. Gen. Zool xi. 2, p. 413 (1819)? 
Temm. PL Col 196 (1823); Steph. Gen. Zool xiv. p. 307 (1826); 
Temm. PL Col, genre Tinamou, sp. 12 (1826); Less. Man. ii. 

p. 207 (1828); id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513 (1831); id. Compl. de Buff. 
2nd ed. Ois. p. 238 (1838); Temm. PI Col. i. Tall Meth. p. 87 
(1839); G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 12 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. 
Av., Gallinaceee, t. 285.ff.1568-69 (1848); G. P. Gr. List Galling 
Brit. Mus. p. 99 (part., Brazil and Bolivia) (1867); Peinh. Vid. 
Med. naturh. Form. 1870, p. 48 (Lagoa dos Pitos, Sumidouro,. 
Lagoa Santa) j Pelz. Orn. Bras, pp. 292, 453, lv (Mattodentro, 
Ypanema, Itarar6) (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877). 
Cryptura caerulescens, Vieill N. D. xxxiv. p. 101 (1819) (ex Azar a). 
Tinamus caerulescens, Vieill Enc. Meth. i. p. 372 (1820). 
Crypturus obsoletus, Licht Verz. JDoubL p. 68, n. 703 (San Paulo) 

(1823); Wagl Syst Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 11 (1827); TscJi. 
Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 280 (Peru); Thienem. Fortpflanz. 
t. v. f. 7 (egg) (1845); Tseh. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 46, n. 5 
(1846); Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xlii* 

p. 881, n. 325 (1856); id. Tail. Parall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, 
n. 322 (1856); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 316 (Neu-Freiburg) (1856); 
Euler, J. f. 0.1867, p. 418 (egg); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, 
n. 9872 (1871); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 152 
(Brazil and Paraguay) (1873) ; ? Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 563 (Monterico); 
Cab. J. f. O. 1874, p. 230; Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361 
(egg); Sclat. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642 (Tilotilo, Bolivia); 
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 22 (Brazil and New Granada ?) 
(1880}; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 49 (Chirimoto, N.E. Peru); Salv. 
Cat. B. Strickl. Colly. 640,n. 3112 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 
8tb ed. p. 545 (Zool. Gard.) (1883) ; Berl. u. Jher. Zeitschr. ges~ 
Om. 1885, p. 184 (Taquara do Mundo Novo); Tacz, Orn. Per. iii. 
p. 296, Tables, p. 106 (1886); Berl J.f. 0.1887, p. 126, n. 350; 
Sclat. fy Suds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 207 (1889); Seine u. Pchnw. 
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 303 (Eio Grande and Montevideo) (1890); 
Kartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 206, n. 3096 (1891). 
Tinamus rufus, Mus. Paris fide Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513 (1831). 
Crypturus variegatus ?, Burm. (nee Gm.) J.f.O. 1853, p. 176 (egg). 
Crypturus obscurus, "Licht." (errore), Giel. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 

(1877) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 296 (1886) (in syn. C. obsoleti). 
? Crypturus cinereus, White (nee Gm.), P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Salta). 

Adult male. Head and upper neck dusky grey, tbroat paler ash-
grey ; lower hind neck brown; upper parts rufous brown, slightly 
yermiculated with dusky; lower parts rufous chestnut, abdomen 
paler; feathers of the lower flanks and abdomen with crescentic 
brown bars, producing a scale-like appearance; under tail-coverts 
deep brown, variegated and edged with ochreous rufescent; primaries 
and under wing-coverts greyish, the greater under wing-
coverts paler grey; tail rufous brown; " bill reddish brown; iri» 

TIltfAMIDiE. 

520 

orange; feet'pale brown, or of a dead-leaf colour " (Azara); " bill 

coral-red " ( Vieillot); " iris brown, ochreous, red, or red-brown,? 

(Jhering) ; " feet greenish flesh-brown colour like the tipper man


dible " (Burmelster). Total length about 10'5 inches, wing &5, 

culmen 0*95, tarsus 1*9. 

Female. Similar to the male, only paler on the abdomen. 

The larger specimens have the upper part of the head and nape 

much darker, nearly black. 

A young bird, apparently belonging to this species (Forest of 

Itaborari, on the Bio Macocou, Mm. Turin), is duller, has the throat 

paler greyish, the upper parts finely vermiculated and with a few 

blackish and whitish buff dots, and the lower fore neck and the 

breast distinctly barred with brown. 

Taczanowski mentions two Peruvian races, both differing from 

the Brazilian birds in having a darker grey throat and the bill 

much smaller, and he gives the following diagnoses of them:— 

First race (Central Peru). Upper parts darker and less rufescent, 

middle of the abdomen broadly fulvous and paler, distinctly different 

from the colour of the flanks, where the dark bars are less distinct; 

the smoky-grey colour of the sides of the head distinctly washed 

with reddish ; iris orange. 

Second race (Northern Peru). Upper parts paler and more rafes


eent, abdomen brighter; iris brown. 

Hal. Paraguay, Argentine, Brazil, and, if the same species, Co


lombia and also Peru. The Colombian birds mentioned by Schlegel 

probably belong to G. castanetts. 

u. Ad. sk. Brazil. Zool. Soc. 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.]. 
c, d. 3 $ ad. sk. Brazil (Verreaux Coll.). Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Brazil? (Boucard Coll). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f>9) h. S $ ad. sk. Bio de Janeiro. Alex. Fry, Esq. IT.]. 
L Ad. sk. Kio Parana, Brazil (Rogers). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

k. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. Buckley). 
Bale greyish variety (?). 

i. <J ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq;. [P.], 
3. Crypturus cerviniventris. 
Cryptums cerviuiventris, Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. $. 1873, p. 512 (Venezuela) 
; Ud. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 6 (1873); Spence. 
Zand of Bolivar, I fig. p. 267 (1878), 

Tinamus cerviniventris, Gieb. TJies. Orn. Hi. p. 635 (1877). 

Adult (type). Yery similar to C. olsoletus, but much paler and 
smaller: head, nape, and throat dull grey, the upper part of the 
head darker, dusky grey; hind lower neck and upper parts reddish 
olive, with traces of obsolete vermiculations; lower fore neck and 
lower parts pale rufous, paler still on the abdomen; flanks and 
abdomen with dull brown bars, the tips of the feathers pale 

3 . CEYPTtmuS. 521 
rufescent or buff; under tail-coverts rufous buff, strongly barred 
with black, the tips rufous buff; primaries greyish brown, secondaries 
olive-brown vermiciliated or dotted -with dusky; marginal 
under wing-coverts brown-grey, the last row grey dusted -with 
brown, central ones whitish grey; tail olive-brown, the lateral 
feathers edged with whitish buff, and with a black line inside the 
pale edge: bill dusky, lower mandible pale; feet horn-brown. 
Total length about 10 inches, wing 6*4, tail 1*8, culmen 0-9, 

tarsus 1*6. 
Hah. Venezuela. 
a. Ad. sk. Venezuela (Spence). iSalvin-Gtodman Coll. (Type of 
species.) 

4. Crypturus griseiventris. 
Similar to 0. obsoletus and C. castaneus, and intermediate between 
the two. Differs from C. obsoletus in having the hind lower neck 
rufous chestnut, like C. castaneus, and the upper parts of a much 
brighter rufous chestnut, nearly as in 0. castaneus; sides of the 
head posteriorly tinged with rufous; lower breast and abdomen 

•dull greyish with obsolete crescentic brown bars; under tail-coverts 
as in C. obsoletus; tail rufous chestnut like the back; feet olive; 
toes much shorter than in either 0. obsoletus or G. castaneus. Total 
length about 12 inches, wing 6*5, tail 2, culmen 0-9, tarsus 1*62, 
middle toe without claw 0*92. 
Bab. Santarem on the Amazons, Brazil. 

«&, b. 1mm. ox* Santarem, Amazons Salvin-Godman Coll. 
moulting, sk. (H. Wickham). (Types of species.) 

5. Crypturus castaneus. (Plate IX.) 
Tinamus castaneus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 18-57, p. 277 (Bogota); Gieb. Tkes. 
Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 
Tinamus obsoletus, part., G. It. Gr. List Gattince Brit. Mus. p. 99 
(1867). 
Crypturus castaneus, G. It, G?\ Sand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9881 (1871); 
Sclat. fy Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 3 (1873). 

Adult (type). Similar to C. obsoletus, but of a much brighter 
chestnut both above and below, and also on the lower part of the 
hind neck; scarcely any trace of vermiculations on the back; upper 
part of the head and nape smoky black; forehead and sides of the 
head dark grey ; throat paler grey; feathers of the abdomen and 
flanks brown, with ochreous-buff apical bars; under tail-coverts 

.ochreous buff, centred with brown, some variegated with brown on the 
outer webs; quills dark greyish brown, tertials tinged with chestnut; 
upper wing-coverts chestnut like the back, but the hidden base 
brown; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row pale grey 
like the under surface of the quills; tail brown: upper mandible 
black, the lower whitish; feet in dry skin reddish brown. Total 

TINAMIDiE. 

length about 10 inches (the dry skin only 8*5), wing 6, tail about % 
culmen 0*9, tarsus 1*9. 
Only known from the type specimen. 
Hal. Bogota (New Granada). 

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
(Type of species.) 

6. Crypturus pileatus. 

Sod ou Petit Tinamou de Cayenne, BAubent. PL Enl. 829. 
Soui, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv."p. 512 (1778). 
Tetrao pileatus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 51, n. 829 (1783). 
Little Tinamou, Lath. Syn. ii. 2, p. 727, n. 4 (1783). 
Tetrao sovi, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 768, n. 66 (1788). 
Tinamus soui, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 634, n. 4 (1790); Bonn. Ene. 
Meth. i. p. 225, pi. 90. £ 2 (1791); Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. 
pp. 597,752 (1815); Steph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p. 418 (1819); Temm. 
PI. Col.,genre Tinamou, sp. 15 (1826); Less. Man. ii. p. 207 (1828); 
id. Tr. cPOrn. p. 512 (1831); id. Compl. de Buff. 2nd ed., Oi&. 

p. 240 (1838) ; Temm. PL Col. L, Tabl. Meth. p. 87 (1839). 
Cryptura soui, Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 107 (1819). 
Crypturus sovi, Licht. Verz. Boubl p. 68, n. 705 (Bahia) (1823);. 
Wagl. Syst. Av.}gen. Crypturus, sp. 10 (1827); Thienem. Fortpflanz*. 

p. 25, tab. v. f. 9 (1845); Cab. in Scho?nb. Peis. Brit. Guian. iii.. 

p. 748 (1848); Licht. Norn. Av. p. 87 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. 

xlii. p. 881, n. 328 (1856); id. Tabl Parall. Gallin. {Extract)? 

p. 12, n. 327, p. 19 (1856) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 316 (1856). 
Tinamus sovi, Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 522 (JRio Belmonte) (1832); HartL 
Syst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 105 (1844); G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, 

n. 11 (1844) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 385 (1866) ; Gieb. Thee. Orn.. 

iii. p. 637 (1877). 
Tinamus pileatus, G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 53 (1844) ;: 
id. Gen. B., Append, p. 25 (1849); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viL 

p. 334 (Panama) (1862); G. P. Gr. List GallinmBr. Mus. p. 99, 

n. 13 (1867) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 294, 458, lvi (1871). 
Tinamus parvirostris, G. P. Gr. (nee Wagl) List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
. p. 53 (1844); id. List Gallinm Brit. Mus. p. 99 (1867); Sclat. & 
Salv. P.Z. S. 1867, p. 754 (Chyavetas). 
Tinamus meserythrus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 392; Salv. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 356 (egg, Central America); Sclat. k Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, 

p. 371 (Panama); G. P. Gr. List Gallince Br. Mus. p. 99, n. 15 
(1867); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 294 (note) (1871); Gieb. Tim. Orn. 

iii. p. 636 (1877); Peh. u. Lor. Ann. naturh. Hofmus. iii. p. 51 
(1888). 
? Tinamus sp., Scka. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 289 (Babahoyo, Ecuador). 
Crypturus meserythrus, Sclat, fy Salv. Exot. Orn. p. 93, pi. xlvii. 
(1868); Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 (Veragua); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, 

iii. p. 4, n. 9875 (1871); Heine u. Pchma. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn^ 

p. 304 (Mexico) (1890). 
Crypturus modestus, Cab. J.f. 0.1869, p. 212 (Costa Rica); Frantz* 
ibid. p. 374; G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9877 (1871). 
Crypturus pileatus, G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9873 (1871) -r 
Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 (Para); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, 

p. 310 (Chyavetas); iid. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 4 (Mexico, 
Am. Centr., et Amer. merid. ad Brasilia) (1873); Cab. J.f.O. 
1874, p. 230; Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361; Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 

3 . CEYPTUETJS. 523' 
1879, p. 548 (Cauca, Antioquia); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinarni, 

p. 24 (1880) ; Zelecton, Cat. Av. Costa Rica, p. 29 (1882); 
Nutting, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 409 (1882) (Costa Rica); Sclat. 
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 545 (Zool. Gard.) (1883); Tacz. $ BerL 
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 113 (Yaguachi, Ecuador) *; Zeled. Pr. U.S. Nat 
Mus. 1885, p. 112 (Costa Rica); Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 181 (Brit. 
Guiana); Zeled. An. Mus. Nac. Pep. Costa Pica, 1887, p. 128; Allen, 
Bull. Amer. Mm. N. JS. ii. p. 112 (Bolivia) (1889); Tristr. Cat. 
Coll B. p. 2 (Bemerara) (1889); Heine u. Rchnw. Norn. Mus. 
Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Guiana) (1890); Kartert, Kat. VogelsammL 

p. 206, n. 3097 (1891) ; Pichm. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 525 
(Nicaragua) (1893); Chamn. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. E. vi. p. 85 
(Trinidad) (1894). 
Tinarmis modestus, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877). 

Crypturus pileatus meserythrus, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 25 

(1880). 

Crypturus sp. ?, Tacz. $ Berl. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 577 (Chimbo). 

Crypturus sp., Tacz. Sp Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 120 (Babalioyo and 

Esmeraldas, Fraser). 

Crypturus sp. nov., Tacz. $* Berl. I. c. p. 121. 

Crypturus parvirostris, Tacz. (nee Waal) Orn. PSr. iii. p. 298 

(1886). 

Size small; not barred: general colour more or less rufous, 
rufous brown, olive-brown, or even olive; lower parts clearer; the 
mesial parts from bright rufous cinnamon to pale ochreous fulvous -T 
sides from chestnut to olive; throat white, sometimes washed with 
rufous or with grey, but never decidedly rufous or grey; upper part 
and sides of head and nape blackish or brown, or even greyish;, 
sometimes a bright rufous stripe along the malar region; neck 
bright chestnut or rufous brown, or even dusky; feathers of the 
flanks with lighter tips, which produce the appearance of the flanks 
being obsoletely barred; under tail-coverts fulvous buff, nearly 
uniform, sometimes centred with black or more or less freckled with 
brown; upper wing-coverts like the back, quills blackish; under 
wing-coverts brownish along the edge of the wing, the last row 
jjale grey, the central ones whitish grey: " upper mandible horn-
brown, the lower horn-grey, darker towards the tip; feet olive-grey; 


irides grey" (Stolzmann); irides very light brown'5 (McLeannan). 
Total length about 9 inches, wing 5-4, tail 1*75, culmen 0*75, 
tarsus 1*5. 

A young bird in first plumage from Bartica Grove has the feathers 
of the upper parts with subapical black spots and pale tips; the 
upper wing-coverts have pale buff tips, forming two pale alar bars 
at the tip of the median and greater ones; the lower parts are 
rufous, with black bar-like marks especially on the flanks. 

Immature birds from Roraima have the upper parts olive-brown, 
the top and sides of head greyish brown; tho upper wing-coverts 
and upper tail-coverts barred at the tip with pale ochreous; lower 
parts ochreous; throat white. 

* Thanks to Mr. Stolzmann, I have examined the specimen from Yaguachi; 
it is a male and not a female, as stated (I. c.)} exactly like other specimens from 
Bibala, Chiriqui. 
.524 TINAMIDiB. 

The variations in this species are so great that it is impossible to 
give a description which can apply to each specimen, even adult. 
The brighter coloured birds are those from Bartica Grove, British. 

•Guiana (d, e), the paler are from Balzar Mountains (t, u) ; specimens 
from Antioquia (a?) and Nicaragua (e\ f) also often have the neck 
very dark brown in front. Notwithstanding the large series in the 
British Museum, we must wait for larger series from each locality to 
•decide whether several races can be recognized. O. meserythrus, 
Sclat., from Mexico, is very little brighter than some specimens from 
Brazil, and much duller than the Guiana birds; to the Central 
American dark-necked form, if distinct, the name C. moclestus, Cab. 
may be applied. 
Hah. Guiana, south to Brazil and Bolivia, west to Peru, Ecuador, 
Colombia, and Central America, north to Mexico, 

,a. Ad. sk. 

b, c. S imm. sk. 

d, e, f. $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 

g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
h, I Ad. sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. 
n, o. Ad. sk. 
P, q. Ad. et S imm. 
sk. 

r. $ ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
t, u. Ad. sk. 
v. Ad. sk. 
w. § ad. sk. 
x. $ ad. sk. 
y. <? ad. sk. 
z. $ ad. sk. 
a'. <$ ad. sk. 
V, C. <$ $ ad. ? sk. 

Bibala, Chiriqui (Arei). 

d'. $ ad, sk. 
e'. $ ad. sk. 
./. $ ad. sk. 
$', h'. Ad. sk. 

S. America (Guiana). 
Roraima, Brit. Guiana, Nov. 

(H. Wlxitely). 
Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana, 

Oct.,Dec, Jan. {H. WUtely). 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 

(Tinamusparvirostris, G. R. 
Brazil? 
Brazil. 
Para, Brazil, Dec. (MUot). 
Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer). 
Bio de Janeiro. 

Matto Grosso, Brazil, Nov. 

(Natterer). 

Chyavetas, E. Peru, Aug. 

(JE. Bartlett). 
Balzar Mts., Ecuador (Illingworth). 


Vicinity of Bogota, New 
Granada (G. Crowther). 
Pueblo Viejo, Sierra Nevada, 
Sept. (F. A. A. Simons). 
Cauca, Antioquia (T. K. 


Salmon). 
Lion Hill, Panama (McLeannan). 


Chepo, Isthmus of Panama 

(Arce). 
Chitra, Veragua (ArcS). 

Santa F6, Veragua (Arcf). 
Escondido River, Nicaragua, 
Dec. (a W.Richmond). 

Santo Domingo, Chontales, 
Nicaragua (W. B. Richardson). 
Guatemala (0. Salvin). 

(T. meserythrus, G. R. Gr. List Gall. p. 99.) 
Old Collection (Lead' 

beater). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

M. Claussen [P.]. ) 
Old Collection. f 
Gr. List Gall. p. 91.) 
Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Alex. Fry, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

0. Salvin, Esq. [P.l 
3 . CKYPTI7KUS. 
52& 
i' -n\ 5 ad* et ad. Cboctum, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (0. Salvin,). 

o'. $ ad. sk. Plaja Vicente, April 1859. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of Tinamus meseiythrus, Sclat.) 
p\ $ ad.sk. Mexico {Verreaux). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

7. Crypturus tataupa. 
Tataupa, Azar. Apunt. iii. p. 48, n. 329 (1805). 

Tinamus tataupa, 
Temm. Piq. et Gallin. iii. pp. 590, 752 (1815); 
StepL Gen. Zool xi. 2, p. 415 (1819); Vieill. fine. MUh. i. p. 371 
(1820); Steph. Gen. Zool xiv. 1, p. 307 (1826); Temm. PI Col. 415, 
genre Tinamou, sp. 13 (1826); Less, Man. ii. p. 207 (1828); id. Ti. 
WOrn. p. 513 (1831); Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 515 (1832) j Less. Compl. 
de Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 239 (1838); Temm. PL Col, i. Tail. Meth. 

p. 87 (1839); G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 13 (1844) j id. List B. 
Brit. Mus. iii. p. 53 (1844); Hartl Lid. Azar., Append, p. 21, n. 329 
(1847) ; Rclmb. Syn. Av., Gallinacese, tab. 285.fif. 1565-66 (1848) 
(ex Temm. fy Swains.) ; G. P. Gr. Gen. B., Append, p. 25 (1849); 
id. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 98 (Bolivia) (1867); Fuler, J.f 0. 
1867, pp. 185, 189, 196, 198; Peinh. Vid. Med. naturk Foren. 
1870, p. 49 (Minas Geraes); Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 294, 454, lvi 
(Bio Janeiro, Sapitiba, Mattodentro, Ypanema, Engheno do Cap. 
Gama) (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638 (syn. emend.) (1877). 
Cryptura tataupa, Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 108 (1819). 
Tinamus tataupa, var., Swains. Zool III i. pi. 19 (1820-21). 
Crypturus tataupa, Licht. Verz. JDonbl p. 68, n. 707 (San Paulo) 


(1823) j Waql Syst. Av., gen. Crvpturus, sp. 12 (1827); id. Isis, 
1829, p. 747; Tsch. Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 276 
(Peru) ,* id. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 46 (1846) ; Burm. J. f O. 1853, 

p. 176 (egg); id. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 314 (Neu-Ereiburg and Lagoa 
Santa) (1856) ; Bp. Compt. Send. xlii. p. 881, n. 322 (1856); id. 
Tail Parall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 323 (1856); Eider, 
J. f O. 1867, p. 417 (egg); G. P. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9870 
(1871) ; Sclat. fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 5 (S. Brazil 
and Paraguay) (1873); Cab. J.f O. 1874, p. 230 j Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 307 (bursa Fabrieii); Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. 364 (Salta); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 21 (1880); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 359 (N.E. Brazil) ; Safo. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll p. 640, n. 3113 
(1882); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Oran, Salta); Sclat. List 
Vert An. 8th ed. p. 545 (Zool. Gard.) (1883); Berl. u. Jher. 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 184 (Taquara do Mundo novo, Rio 
Grande do Sul); Tacz. Orn. PSr. iii. p. 297, Tables, p. 106 (1886) $ 
Berl J. f. O. 1887, pp. 37, 126 (Paraguay); Sclat. fy Huds. 
Argent. Orn. ii. p. 208 (1889); Heine u. Pchnw. Nom. Mus. JECein. 
On».p. 303 (Brazil) (1890); Frenz. J.f 0.1891, p. 123 5 Hartert, 
Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 206, n. 3099 (1891); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 
N. .H". v. pp. 151 (young in down), 158 (egg, Matto Grosso) (1893); 
Sahad. Boll Mus. Zool e diAnat. Comp. Tor. x. n. 208, p. 24 (Eio 
Apa) (1895). 
Pezus niambu, Spice, Av. Bras. ii. p. 63, t. lviii. a. (1825). 
Tinamus plumbeus, Mus. Paris; Less. Tr. oVOm. p. 513 (1831). 
Crypturus lepidotus, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837). 
Notbura tataupa, Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854). 


Adult male. Head, neck, and upper breast grey; upper part of 
tbe head darker, nearly black, in some specimens tinged with an 

TINAMIDiE. 

£26 

olive wash; throat whitish grey; upper parts -uniform chestnut-
brown; abdomen whitish; sides greyish; lower flanks black, each 
feather edged with whitish buff, and some have a whitish crescentic 
or V-shaped mark; under tail-coverts buff, with irregular horseshoe 
black bars ; quills greyish brown; under wing-coverts grey • 
tail rufous brown: " iris chocolate; beak blood-red ; legs and feet 
pale purple " (Durnford); or " beak vermilion-red ; feet dirty pink-
red; irides red-brown" (Forbes). Total length about 9 inches, 
wing 4*9-5-5, tail 1*5, culmen 0-90-O95, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but somewhat larger. 

Of the four specimens collected by Mr. Fry (7i-Z), one pair have 
smaller dimensions and are marked male and female, like the larger 
pair! 

Young birds have the wings with transverse white and black 
marks (Schlegel). 

Young in down. " "Whole front of head, including lores and sides 
of the face in front of the eyes, brownish buff; the extreme tips of 
the downy fibres blackish; a narrow superciliary stripe widening 
into a broad band behind the eyes, and a narrow stripe dividing the 
crown and extending down the back of the neck, yellowish brown 
like the forehead ; sides of the crown and nape varied dark rusty 
brown and blackish; ear-coverts and a narrow maxillary stripe 
blackish; general colour above rnfescent dusky, the fibres of the 
downy feathers subapically ringed with pale buff; below, chin and 
throat greyish white, passing on the lower throat into a pale buffy 
tint; rest of the lower surface mixed buff and dusky; the downy 
feathers dusky and tipped with yellowish, passing into a rufescent 
buff posteriorly " (Allen). 

Hal. Northern (Forbes) and Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and 
Bolivia; according to Tschudi also Peru *; in the Leyden Museum 
there is a specimen marked Cayenne ! 

a. Ad. sk. Paraguay. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Salta, June. H. Durnford, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq. f 0.1 
d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Old Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Brazil. E. Wilson, "Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
</.$(?) ad. sk. Chapada,MattoGrosso, Brazil, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept, (J5T. H. Smith), 
h-l. <$ J ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Alex. Fry, Esq. [P.]. 

8. Crypturus parvirostris. 
Crypturus parvirostris, Wagl. Syst. Av.} gen. Crypturus, sp. 13 (1827); 
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 518 (1831); id. CompL de Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. 

p. 239 (1834) ; G. X. Or. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 14 (1844); Bp. 
Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 327 (1856); id. Tail Barall. Gallin. 
(Extract), p. 12, n. 325 (1856); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 315 
* Two specimens from Eastern Peru (Chanehamayo, KaZinowsM), marked 
male and female, have been sent to me for inspection by Mr. Stolzmann; they 
are nearly alike even in size (I), and agree in every respect with a specimen from 
Chapada, Matto G-rosso, mentioned in the list. 
3 . CRXPTFETJS. 
527 
(=tataupse$ juv.!) (1856); Reinh. Vid. Med. naturh. Foren. 
1870, p. 49 (Mirtas Geraes and Baliia) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 294, 454, lvi (Ypanema, Goiaz, Caicara, Pausecco, Engenho 
do Cap. Gama) (1871); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 6874 
(1871); Sclat. $ Sato. Norn. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 7 (1873); 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 22 (1880); Toes. Orn. PSr. iii. 

p. 298, Tables, p. 106 (descr. sed non locus) (1886); Allen, Bull 
Amer. Mus. N. S. 1893, pp. 151, 158 (Matto Grosso; egg). 
? Crypturus pallescens, Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 87 (Brazil) (1854); 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 573 (San Paulo ;=parvirostris) (1856); 
cf. Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 22 (1880). 

Crypturus 
exiguus, Olbers, Mus. Berol.; Licht. Norn. Av. p. 87 
(Brazil) (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 329 (1856), 

xliii. p. 573 (=parvirostris, juv.) (1856); id. Tabl. Par all. Gallin. 
(Extract), p. 12, n. 326 (1856) ; cf. Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, 
p. 22 (1880). 
? Crypturus 
eervinus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 323, p. 954 
(Chiquitos) (1856); id. Tabl. Parall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, 

n. 324 ( = pallescens, Licht.), p. 16, n. 10 (1856). 
Tinamus cervinus, G. R. Gr. List Gallince B. M. p. 101, n. 32 (1867); 
id. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9880 (1871). 
Crypturus tataupa, part., Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638 (1877). 

Similar to C. tataupa, but much smaller and paler, especially on 
the wings; the upper parts of a paler rufous chestnut; breast pale 
greyish olive, not distinctly grey: bill and feet red, the latter in 
dry skins pale yellowish, while in C. tataupa they are dark greenish. 
Total length about 8 inches, wing 4*3, oilmen 0*65-0'70, tarsus 
1-20-1*15. 

A female from Pausecco (batterer), apparently adult, has the 
sides of the head and the nape pale greyish, while the crown is 
olive-brown; nearly similar is a very pale bird from Matto Grosso 
marked male. 

Hob. Eastern Brazil, from Bahia to San Paulo and Matto Grosso. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Baliia, Brazil (Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. 2 &&• s&- Pausecco, Brazil, June (batterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. e,f. $ 2 &&* Chapada, Matto Grosso, Aug.,Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
£k. Nov. (H. S. Smith). 
9. Crypturus undulatus. 
Inambu listado, DAzar. Apunt. iii. p. 52, n. 331 (1805) ; id. Voy. 
(Sonn. ed.) iv. p. 153, n. 331 (1809). 

Tinamus undulatus, 
Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 582,751 (1815) 
(Paraguay, ex Azara); Steph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p. 402 (note) (1819); 
Temm. Pi. Col.} genre Tinamou, sp. 10 (1826); Less. Man. ii. 

p. 206 (1828); id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 512, n. 8 (1831); id. Compl. de 
Buff. 2nd ed. ii. p. 239 (1838); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 9 
(1844); Sartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 21, n. 331 (1847); G.R. Gr. 
Gen. R., Append, p. 25 (1849); id. List Gallince Brit Mus. p. 98 
(syn. nee specim.) (1867); ? Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 396 (Zool. 
Gard.); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638 (syn. emend.) (1877) ; ? Sclat. 
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 546 (1883) (Zool. Gard.). 
Cryptura sylvicola, Vieill N. D. xxxiv. p. 207 (1819) (ex Azara). 

528 TINAMID2E. 

Tinamus sylvicola, Vieill Ene. Meth. i. p. 372 (1820). 
Crypturus undulatus, Wagl. Byst. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 8 (1827y 
(ex Asara) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 746 (part.) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xlii. 

p. 881, n. 324 (1856); id. Tabl. Parall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, 
n. 321; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9871 (syn. emend.) 
(1871); Berl. /./. 0. 1887, p. 126, n. 352; G. Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 
p. 151 (Lower Pilcomayo); Select, t. c. pp. 151, 152. 
Adult. Upper part of the head black, slightly mottled with rufous 
brown on the occiput; throat whitish; neck with black and rufous 
bars; back similar, but the bars broader and better defined, the light 
bars becoming greyish on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ; upper wing-coverts greyish olive, veriniculated with black5 
the greater ones broadly barred with black and rufous grey; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries greyish black; under 
wing-coverts brown-black, the last row grey, the central ones 
greyish; lower fore neck and sides of breast greyish, with dusky 
vermiculations; middle of the breast whitish; flanks buff, with 
black bars : under tail-coverts rufescent, with irregular black bars 
and buff tips; tail barred with black and rufescent: bill horny 
black above, paler beneath; feet in dry skin brown. Total length 
about 12 inches, wing 7, tail 2'6, culmen 1*1, tarsus 2*1. 
The only specimen I have seen of this species is the one collected 
on the Lower Pilcomayo by Graham Kerr; D'Azara says he has 
seen eight specimens in 24° S. lat., about the same latitude as 
the Lower Pilcomayo. It apppears to me that the specimen 
examined is different from the Bolivian and Brazilian birds 

(0. scolojpacG=radiatus). The principal differences are the much 
darker colouring, the much broader barrings of the upper parts, the 
upper part of the head almost entirely black, and the bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and primaries of a much darker greyish brown, 
nearly black. 
Hub. Paraguay and Argentine Eepublic along the Lower 
Pilcomayo. 

a. Ad. sk. Lower Pilcomayo. Graham Kerr, Esq. [P.]. 
10. Crypturus scolopax. (Plate XII.) 
Nothocercus scolopax, JSp* Tabl. Barall. Ordr. Gallin. (Extract), 
p. 12, n. 335, p. 18, n. 13 (Santa Cruz, BOrbigny) (1856) (type 
examined) ; G. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9894 (1871). 
Tinamus radiatus, G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 100 
(Bolivia) (1867); Gieh TJies. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877). 
Tinamus undulatus, JPeh. (nee Temm.) Orn. Bras. pp. 292, 293,453, 
lv (part. Cujaba, Villa Maria, Barra do Jauru, Caicara, Engenho 
do Cap. Gama, Matto Grosso) (1871). 

Nothocercus radiatus, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9885 (1871). 
Crypturus radiatus, Sclat. fy Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, 

n. 15 (1853) 5 id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642 (Bolivia) (=N. scolopax, 
Bp. ?). 
* This name does not appear in the « Comptes Rendus. (xlii.) whence the 
'Tableaux Parapeliques' have been extracted, but only in the Extracts, where 
many additions and alterations were made by the Author, 
3. CBYPTUBUS. 
529* 
Crypturus undulatus, Sclat. $• Salv. (nee Temm.) Norn. Av. Neotrop.. 

p. 152, n. 16 (Amazonia and Brasilia) (1873); Schleg. Mus. P.-B.r 
Tinami, p. 29 (syn. emend.) (1880); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. 
JET. v. pp. 151,158 (egg* Matto Grosso) (1893). 
Adult. Upper parts greyish olive, with a slight chestnut tinge on 
the mantle, everywhere waved with black lines or narrow irregular 
bars; forehead slate-colour; occiput, nape, and lower neck, also in 
front, rufous, undulated with narrow dusky bars; sides of the head 
greyish anteriorly, rufeseent posteriorly; throat white ; lower parts 
pale buff, uniform along the middle ; breast and sides dull pale olive,, 
waved with fine dusky lines, more or less obsolete; flanks buff, 
more or less broadly barred with brown-black; under tail-covertsrufeseent, 
irregularly barred with black and tipped with whitish 
buff; bastard-wing and primaries uniform grey, the secondaries-
waved with olive-grey and black on the outer web; under wing-
coverts dusky grey, the last row very pale grey, the central ones 
grey, waved and tipped with white; tail pale rufous, waved with 
dusky lines : " iris dark brown " (Garlepp); bill dusky above, pale 
underneath; feet in dry skin dusky. Total length about 12 inches,, 
wing 7*4, tail 2*5, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1*9. 
The male seems to differ in the coarser barrings above and in 

the somewhat smaller dimensions. 
Hob. Bolivia and Brazil, from Matto Grosso to Cujaba. 
The Pigure is taken from one of the types of Tinamus radiatus. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [0.]. 
(Types of Tinamus radiatus, G. K. Gr.) 

c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Bolivia (Bridges). 
Bolivia (Bridges, By ton Coll.). 
Eyton Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. J ad. sk.
f,g,h. c?$ad.
sk. 
Villa Maria, Matto Grosso, Sept.
(Natterer). 
Chapada, Matto Grosso, April, 
May, Sept. (K. H. Smith). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

11. Crypturas adspersus. 
Tinamus 
adspersus, Temm. Big. et Gallin. iii. pp. 585, 751 (Para;. 
Mus. Berol.) (1815); Stepk Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p. 411 (1819); Vieill 
JEnc. Meth. i. p. 371 (1820) ; Temm. Bl. Col., genre Tinamou, sp. 11 
(1826); less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 512, n. 3 (1831); id. Compl de Buff. 
2nd ed. ii. p. 239 (1838); Temm. BL Col. i. Tabl. Meth. p. *87 
(1839) (=vermiculatiis) ; G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 4 (1844);. 
? Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinacege, t. 284. f. 1560 (1848) (ex Spix); 

G. B. Gr. List Gallinte Br. Mus. p. 101, n. 29 (1867); Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 
Cryptura adspersa, Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 103 (1823). 
Crypturus adspersus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 68, n. 704 (San Paulo) 

(1823); Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 3 (1823); Thienem. 
Fortpflanz. p. 24 (1845); Licht. Norn. Av. p. 87 (1854); Burm. 
Th. Bras. iii. p. 319 (1856); Bp. Comp. Bend. xlii. p. 881, n. 320' 
(1856): id. Tabl Barall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 319, p. 16, 

n. 11 * (1856); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9878 (1871);. 
* A specimen sent by M. Pontanier from Santa Marta differs in being more; 
rufous, especially on the tail, and with finer vermiculations (Bonaparte). 
YOI*. XXVII. 
2 K 

530 
TTKTAMIDiB. 

86hkg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 28 (1880); Bartl. P. Z. S. 1882, 

p. 375 (critical); Cab. ibid. 
Tinamus vermiculatus, 
Temm. PI Col. 369 (Brazil) (1825); Less. 
Man. ii. p. 206 (1828),* id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 512, n. 4 (1831) ; Marti 
Svst. Verz. Ges. Mm. p. 105 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, 

n. 5 (1844); Bchnh. Syn. Av., Gallinacea3, t. 284. f. 1559 (1848) (ex 
Temmimh); G. B. Gr. List Gallium Br. Mm. p. 101, n. 30 (1867). 
? Pezus japura, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. §% t. 78 (1825) *. 
Orypturus vermiculatus, Wagl. Syst. Av.,gen. Orypturus, sp. 4 (1827) ; 

Thienem. Fortpflanz. t. v. f. 6 (egg) (1845); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. 

p. 318 (1856); Bp. Compt. Rend. x3ii. p. 881, n. 321 (1856); id. 
Tabl. Parall. GaUin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 320, p. 16, n. 11 (1856) 
(=adspersus); Beinh. Vid. Medd. naturh. Foren. Kjbbenh. 1870, 
p. 48; Bartl. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 375 (critical); Cab. ibid. (=adspersus). 
Tinamus verrniculosus, " Temm." apud Thienem. Fortpflanz. p. 24 
(1845). 
Tinamus undulatus, part. (?), Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 292, 293, 453, lv 
(Rio Parana, Rio Araguay, Matte- Grosso, Borba, Madeiraufer, Rio 
Branco, Manaqueri) (1871). 

Very similar to C. scolopax, from which it differs in having the 
neck and posterior part of the head not distinctly rufescent with 
dusky bars, but greyish, and the upper parts with finer vermiculations; 
the lower parts are usually more whitish ; the flanks more 
or less brightly rufous. 

Adult male. Forehead slaty grey, changing into brown on the 
occiput* sides of the head greyish; throat white, in some specimens 
tinged with grey; neck greyish olive-brown with, obsolete vermieulations; 
mantle and back chestnut-brown, changing into olive-
grey on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings; all the upper 
parts finely vermiculated with narrow dusky lines; breast and 
sides greyish olive, more or less vermiculated with narrow dusky 
lines; middle of the breast and abdomen uniform whitish or 
whitish buff; flanks more or less brightly rufous and with, crescentic 
narrow brown bars, sometimes obsolete or wanting; under 
tail-coverts rufescent, with the centres and crescentic narrow bars 
black, the tips pale buff; primaries slaty grey; secondaries more 
or less olive-grey, vermiculated with dusky lines on the outer web ; 
under wing-coverts grey, the marginal ones darker, the last row 
paler, the central whitish freckled with grey• tail olive-rufous, 
vermiculated with dusky lines. Total length, about 13 inches, 
wing 7*2, tail 2-% culmen 145, tarsus 1*9-2. 

A specimen from San Paulo, belonging to the San Paulo Museum, 
has been sent to Graf von Berlepsch by von Jhering for identification 
: this has the flanks of a very bright uniform rufous, with no 
bars whatever; the under tail-coverts are also bright rufous, but 
with irregularly crescentic narrow black bars, and the tail-feathers 
of a dark rufous brown, freckled with irregular dusky lines. 

Eab. Brazil (and, if the same, also Santa Marta!). 

a. <S ad. sk. Rio Araguay, Nov. (batterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
* Pezus japura,figured with yellow legs, seems very different from Temminck's 
plate of T. mrmkulatusl 

3 . CKYPTUIUJS. 
531 
12. CryptTiras simplex. 
Similar to 0. adspersus and nearly of the same size, but differs in 

having the flanks not rufous, but whitish or whitish buff, regularly 

barred with crescentic brown-black bars; the abdomen appears 

whiter, at least in two males, while in the female it is whitish buff. 

The back is tinged with chestnut more distinctly than in C. ad


spersus. The female is smaller than the two males. " Bill black; 

irides hazel; legs 
bluish slate; claws brown" (Whitely). Total 

length 12-13 inches, wing 6-9-7-1, tail 2*4, culmen l'0-l'l, tarsus 

1-9-2-05. 

There is also a great likeness between this species and C. halstoni, 

from which it differs in having the sides of the head greyish, and 

the upper tail-coverts also greyish, or olive-grey, different from the 

olive-brown back. 

Hah. British Guiana, along the Rio Rupurumi. 

<a~c 
d $ ad. sk. Rio Rupurumi, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March, April, July {H. (Types of species.) 
Whitely). 

13. Crypturus balstoni. (Plate XIII.) 
Orypturiis adspersus, Tsch. (nee Temm.) Arch, f. Naturg. 1844, i. 
p. 307, n. 278 (Peru); id. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 46, n. 3 (1846); 
Sclat. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 311 (Santa Cruz, on the Huallaga 
River, E. Peru). 
Crypturus balstoni, Bartl P. Z. S. 1882, p. 374 (Elvira, E. Peru); 
Rchmo. u. Schal. J.f. 0.1883, p. 408: Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 2991 
Tables, p. 107 (1886). 

Similar to O. adspersus, but differs in having the whole of the 
upper parts from the mantle to the upper tail-coverts brown-chestnut 
; the cheeks much darker, being of a dark brown colour; the 
lower parts more grey, and, except the middle of the abdomen, 
vermiculated all over with dusky lines; the flanks are not broadly 
barred, but brown with narrow vermiculations, and with the tips 
of the feathers more or less whitish. 

Adult male (type). Upper parts brown-chestnut, changing into 
brown-olive on the wings, and finely vermiculated with narrow 
dusky lines; upper part of the head blackish, changing into deep 
brown on the nape; sides of the head and neck brown-chestnut; 
throat white; lower fore neck and breast grey, finely undulated 
with dusky lines ; abdomen whitish, with hidden brown bars; sides 
greyish brown, vermiculated with dusky lines; lower flanks brown, 
with dusky narrow bars and white bars at the tips of the feathers: 
under tail-coverts basally black, with rufescent and black V-shaped 
marks and with the edges whitish buff; primaries greyish; under 
wing-coverts brownish grey, the inner ones whitish, and the last 
row light grey like the under surface of the quills: " iris light 
brown " (Hauxwell); bill brown in the dry skin, blackish above, 
pale below : feet brown. Total length 12 inches, wing 6*8, culmen 
1*5, tarsus 2. 

2n2 

T1NAMID-2E. 

532 

I have to remark on Plate XIII. that the artist has drawn the 
head too thick and the bill much too arched. The feet in dry skins 
are brown. 

Hab. E. Peru. 
a A ad. sk. Elvira, E. Peru, Jan. (J". Haux- Maidstone Museum 
well). [P.]. (Type of 
species.) 
b, c. S ad. sk. Elvira, Jan. (J. Hauxwell). Salvin-Godman Coll.. 

d. <$ ad. sk. Samiria, Nov. (J. Hauxwell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e, f. S ad. et Santa Cruz, on the Huallaga River, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ imm. sk. E. Peru, July, Aug. (Bartlett), 

14. Cryptimis atricapillus. 
Crypturus atrocapillus, TsoJi. Areh.f. Naturg. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 281 
(Peru); id. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 47, 284, n. 6 (1844) ; Licht. Norn. 
Av. p. 87 (Brazil! and Peru) (1854); Berl. J.f. 0. 1892, p. 455 
(critical). 

Tinamus atro-capilius, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. Hi. p, 524, n- 15 (1844) ; 
id. List Gattinm Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 27 (1867); Gieb. Ties. Orn. 

iii. p. 635 (1877); Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p, 294, Tables, p. 106 
(1886). 
Nothoeercus atricapillus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 336 (1856); 
id. Tall. Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 333 (1856) ; G. B. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9891 (1871). 

Crypturus 
erythropus, part., Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 34 
(1880). 

Adult (type) *. Upper part of the head black; sides of the forehead 
brown; superciliary band, posteriorly to the eyes, throat, and 
middle of the breast bright rufous : sides of the head brown; lores 
tinged with rufous ; nape blackish ; lower part of the neck greyish 
olive, waved with dusky lines; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
olive-brown, undulated with blackish-brown irregular bars ; wings 
similar, but more olive; abdomen pale rufous; sides and flanks 
greyish olive-brown, waved with dusky lines; lower flanks with 
broadish brown-black bars and narrower blackish-buff ones; under 
tail-coverts rufous buff, the mesial part towards the base black, the 
lighter portion sprinkled or barred with black; the greater upper 
wing-coverts with small buff spots on the outer web; primaries 
uniform greyish brown ,* secondaries variegated with olive-brown 
on the outer web, and with some rufescent spots arranged in a barlike 
manner; under wing-coverts grey, the median ones whitish: 
" bill black, lower mandible yellow; feet yellow; iris hrown9f 
(Tschudi). Total length about 12 inches, wing 6*75, culmen 1*1, 
tarsus 2'25. 

Hob* Peru. 

* Thanks to Prof. Paul G-odet, I have been able to examine and describe the 
type of this species, which is not in the Collection of the British Museum. 
3 . CRYPTTTRTTS. 
533 
15. Crypturus garleppi. 
Crypturus garleppi, 
Berlepsch, Ber. Allg. Deutschl. Orn. Ges. Dec. 
1892, p. 13 (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia); id. J. f. 0.1892, 
p. 454. 
Male {adult ?) (type). Yery similar to tlie type of 0. atrieajfyillus, 
but the upper parts paler brown, with finer black vermiculations ; 
the feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts with broader black 
barrings, and besides with pale or fulvous subapical bars ; also the 
wings have broader black marks and more distinct and more regular 
pale or fulvous barrings, especially on the greater wing-coverts and 
.secondaries ; the black on the upper part of the head less extended, 
being confined to the forehead and crown, and not so deep, being slaty 

•greyish on the forehead and over the eyes; the rufous of the throat 
much paler; the occiput and nape not uniform brown-black, but 
rufous brown freckled with black; the lower fore neck and sides of 
-the breast not so dark slaty olive, but browner; middle of the 
breast bright rufous ; middle of the abdomen pale rufous; feathers 
of the lower flanks with broadish brown-black subapical bars and 
reddish-buff apical ones; under tail-coverts buff, the mesial part 
black, the lighter portion freckled with brown; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and primaries uniform greyish brown; tail olive-brown, 
freckled with black: " iris brown" (Garl&pp); in dry skin, bill 
brown, with the base of the lower mandible pale; feet pale horncolour. 
Total length about 11 inches, wing 6*75, culmen 1-1, 
tarsus 2*1. 
Thanks to Count von Berlepsch, I have seen the type and unique 
specimen of this species; perhaps a large series of specimens from 
^Bolivia and Peru may prove that 0. garleppi is not different from 
£J. atricapillus. 

Hah. Bolivia, near Santa Cruz. 

16. Crypturus strigulosus. 
Tinamus strigulosus, 
Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 594, 752 (Para) 
(1815); JSteph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p. 414 (1819); Vieill. Enc. Mith. 

i. p. 374, n. 13 (1820); Temm. PI. Col, genre Tinamou, sp. 14 (1826); 
Less. Tr. oVOrn. p. 512 (1831); id. Compl. de Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. 
p. 240 (1838); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 10 (1844); id. List 
Gallina Brit.Mus. p. 10, specim. a (1867); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 293, 
453, lv (Matto Grosso, Borba, Para) (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. 
p. 638 (1877). 
•Cryptura strigulosa, Vieill. JV". D. xxxiv. p. 106 (1819). 
Crypturus strigulosus, Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 9 (1827); 

Thienem. Fortpflanz. p. 25 (1845); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 322 

(1856); JBp, Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 887, n. 326 (1856), xliii. p. 573 

(1856); Sclat. $ Salv. Norn. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 8 (1873) ; 

Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 27 (N. Granada!) (1880). 

Tinamus strigulatus, Less. Man. ii. p. 207 (1828). 

Nothura strigulosa, Lieht Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854). 

Kothocercus strigulosus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 334 (1856) ; 

id. Tall. Parall Gallin. {Extract), p. 12, n. 334 (1856); G. R. Gr. 
Band-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9886 (1871). 

534 TISTAMIDiE. 

Adult male. Upper parts olive rufous-brown; upper wing-coverts 
and upper tail-coverts more olive, the latter with pale huff bars, 
and between these with obsolete black bar-like marks, and freckled 
with irregular dusky lines; forehead blackish brown; lores, sides 
of the head, and throat rufous cinnamon, paler on the chin * ; hind 
part of the neck rufous brown; lower fore part of the neck and 
breast grey, obsoletely vermiculated with olive-brown ; sides olive-
brown ; middle of the abdomen white; lower flanks olive-brown, the 
feathers with apical whitish and subapical black bars ; under tail-
coverts bright rufous, freckled with irregular black bars and tipped 
with whitish buff; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries 
uniform brown; greater upper wing-coverts with black subapical 
marks and some pale buff spots or marks; secondaries variegated 
with olive-brown on the edge of the outer web; marginal under 
wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row grey, the central ones 
whitish; tail-feathers olive rufous-brown, with a subapical rufescent 
narrow bar: bill dusky above, paler beneath; feet in dry skin whitish. 
Total length about 12 inches, wing 6'2o, tail2, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1-85. 

The female differs from the male in having the upper parts distinctly 
barred with black and fulvous buff [like the females of 

0. erytliropjLs], 
Hab. Brazil, from Para toMatto Grosso; the locality J$ew Granada 
{Bchlegel) is open to doubt. 

a. $ ? ad. sk. Para. E. Graham, Esq. [P.]. 
b. <£ ad. sk. Matto Grosso, Brazil, Nov. Salvin-Godman ColL 
(Natterer). 

17. Crypturus erythropus. (Plate X.) 
Tinamus erythropus, Natt. Cat. MS.-, JPeh. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
1863, p. 1127 (1863); Natt ibid. p. 1129 (1863); G. B. Gr. List 
Gallinm Br. Mus. p. 101, n. 34 (1867) ; JPelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 293, 
453,lv (Rio Negro, 33arra do Bio Negro, Forte do Bio Braneo) (1871) * 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877); Pelz. u. Lor. Ann. naturh. 
Hofmus. iii. p. 52 (types) (1888). 

Tinamus strigulosus, part., G. JR. Gr. List Gattince Brit. Mtis. p. 100, 
specim. b (1867). 
Tinamus longirostris, G. It. Gr. List GallincB Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 20 

(1867); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
Nothocercus longirostris, G. JR. Gr. Jffand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9887 (1871). 
Nothocercus erythropus, G. JR. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n.9893 (1871). 
Crypturus erythropus, Selat. fy Sah. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 9 

(1873); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 34 (syn. emend.) (1880); 
Berl. J.f. 0.1892, p. 455 (critical). 

Adult male. Upper part of the head brown, changing into rufous 
brown on the occiput and nape; back rufous brown, more or less 
olivaceous; mantle slightly and indistinctly vermiculated; upper 
tail-coverts olive-brown, barred with black and ochreous yellowish; 

* The throat is wiiite in some specimens, at least according to Schlegel's 
description. 

3 . CEYPTUEXTS. 
53& 
upper wing-coverts like the back, only more olivaceous, with, a few 
irregular narrow black bars, and with, oehreous dots and narrow 
bars near the edge; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries-
greyish brown; secondaries freckled with oehreous on the outer 
edge; marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row 
pale grey, the central ones greyish white; lores, sides of the head 
and of the neck rusty rufous ; throat in some specimens white, in 
others, perhaps not fully adult, rufescent; lower fore neck and 
upper breast dull ashy; abdomen paler along the middle, whitish 
on the lower part; sides rufous brown, more or less olive; flanks 
barred with brown, each feather with apical pale buff bars; under 
tail-coverts rufous, with black irregular bars and uniform tips; tail 
rufous brown, with black marks near the edges and oehreous bars near 
the tip : " iris yellow-brown or pale brown; upper mandible brown-
black, lower greyish flesh-colour with the tip dusky; feet red" 
(Natterer). Total length about 13 inches, wing 6*5, tail l*8y 

culmen 0-9-1, tarsus 1*8-1*9. 

Of the two males collected by batterer, mentioned below, the one 
from Forte do Rio Branco is more olive above, has the throat pure 
white, the lower fore neck and upper breast more greyish; the other,, 
from Barra do Rio Negro, is more rufous brown above, has the throat 
rufous mixed with a few white feathers, the lower fore neck more-
brown, and the upper breast rufous with no distinct greyish tinge. 

Female. " Upper wing-coverts, lower back, and upper tail-coverts 
with oehreous bars " (Pelzeln); iris dark brown; feet dark rosy "' 
(batterer). 

Hah. Central Brazil, in the Amazons region. 

a. 
Ad. st. Brazil. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Tinamus strigulosus, G. R. Gr. List Gallin* 
p. 100, specim. b.) 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil ? Zool. Soc. Coll. 
(Type of T. longirostris, G. R. Gr.) 
c. cf ad. sk. Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil, Salvin-Godman Coll.^ 
Nov. (Natterer). I 
d. $ ad. sk. Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil, Salvin-Godman Coll. C 
Dec. (Natterer). ) 
(Typical specim. of C. erythropus, Pelz.) 

18. Cryptuxns variegatus. 
Tinamou varie* de Cayenne, jyAubent. PI. JEJnl. 828. 
Tinamou varie*, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 511 (1778). 
Variegated Tinamou, Lath. Syn. ii. 2, p. 726, n. 3, t. 65 (1783). 
Tetrao variegatus, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 768, n. 65 (1788). 
Tinamus variegatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 634, n. 3 (1790) ; Temm.. 


Tig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 576, 750 (1815); JSteph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2, 

p. 409, pi. 26 (1819); Wied, Eeise nach Bras. i. p. 262 (1820), ii. 
p. 121 (1821); Temm. PL Col, genre Tinamou, sp. 9 (1826); Less. 
Man. ii. p. 206 (1828); id. Tr.d'Orn. p. 512 (1831): Wied,Beitr. 
iv. p. 510 (1832); Less. Compl. de Buff. 2nd ed. Ofc.'p. 238 (1838) -r 
Temm. PI Col. i. Tall Meth. p. 87 (1839) ; HartL Syst Verz. 
Ges.Jfws.p. 105 (1844); G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 8 (1844); 
£36 
TINAMID-2E. 

id. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 52 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallin. 

t. 286.ff. 1570-71 (1848); Sclat P. %• S. 1861, p. 234 (Zool. Gard.); 
Holland. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 31 (powder-down) ; G. R. Gr. List 
Gallin® Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 26 (1867); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 293 
(Borba, Barra do Kio Negro, Marabitanas, Para), pp. 453, lv (1871) ; 
id. Ibis, 1873, p. 120; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638 (1877): Tristr. 
Cat Coll. B. p. 2 (1889). 
Tinamus variegata, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 225, n. 3, pi. 90. f. 1 (1791). 
Cryptura variegata, Vieill. N. JD. xxxiv. p. 109 (1819). 
Cryptura sylvieola, Vieill Gal des Ois. ii. p. 49, pi. 216 (1825) (nee 


N.B. xxxiv. p. 207,1819). 
Orypturus variegatus, 
Wagl. Syst Av., gen. Orypturus, sp. 7 (1827) • 
Tkienem. Fortpflam. p. 25, t. v. f. 8 (egg) (1845); Schomb. Reis. 
Brit Guian. iii. p. 748 (1848); Burm. J.f.O. 1853, p. 176 (egg); 
Licht Norn. Av. p. 87 (1854) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 321 (1856); 
Sclat Sr Salv. Norn. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 13 (1873); Schley. 
Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 32 (1880); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. 

p. 640, n. 3111 (1882); Sclat List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 546 (1883) 
(Zool. Gard.); Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 181 (Brit. Guiana); Hartert, 
Kat Voyelsamml. p. 206, n. 3098 (1891). 
? Orypturus 
undulatus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 746 (part., Brazil); 
Burm. (nee Temm.) Th. Bras. ii. p. 322 (1856). 
Tinamus ?, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 53 (young) 
(1844) (=birnaculatus). 
? Tinamus undulatus, Rchnb. (nee Temm.) Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, 

t. 285. f. 1567 (1848) (ex Vieillot ?) * j G. R. Gr. (nee Temm.) List 
Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1867). 
Nothocercus variegatus, Bp. Compt Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 335 (1856) ; 
id. Tail. Barall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 332 (1856); G. R. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9889 (1871) ; Heine u. Rchnw. JVb?n. Mus. 
Hem. Orn. p. 304 (Guiana) (1890). 

Tinamus bimaculatus, 
G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 101 
(1867) (juv.). 
Orypturus undulatus, part., G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9871 
(1871) (juv.). 
Tinamus undulatus, part, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638 (1877) (juv. *). 

Adult male. Upper part and sides of the head brown-black; throat 

•white; neck all round and breast cinnamon-rufous, deeper on the 
blind neck; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and upper wing-coverts 
regularly banded across with olive-rufescent and black bars; abdomen 
fulvous, nearly wjrite on the lower part; sides greyish brown, 
with brown and rufescent bars; lower flanks brown, the feathers 
with whitish-buff bars at the tip; under tail-coverts basally black, 
the tip broadly buff; primaries, primary-coverts, and bastard-wing 
uniform brown-black ; secondaries brown-black, with rufescent 
marks on the outer web* tertials with rufescent bars; under wingooverts 
greyish brown, the inner ones whitish, the last row light 
grey; tail brown-black, with three rufous bars : " iris dark brown: 
bill dark brownish-black horn-colour; tarsus pale yellowish grey ; 
toes with a greenish tinge " (Wied). Total length about 11 inches^ 
wing 6*4, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1*52. 
* Feet red! 
3 . CEYJ?TTTETTS. 
537 
Female. Similar to the male, but the lower parts less whitish and 

more rufescent; under tail-coverts with no white tips; the bars on 

the upper parts somewhat 
narrower (Wied). It appears to me 

that the female is to be distinguished by the upper parts being 

blacker, with more regular and narrower rufous bars ; besides each 

feather has two rufous bars. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having white dots on the fore


head, behind the eyes, on the cheeks and upper parts ; the feathers 

of the fore neck have blackish subapical bars and white tips; also 

the feathers of the lower parts have white tips, most conspicuous 

on the lower flanks. 

Young in first moult has no barrings on the upper parts, which 

are olive-brown, more or less marked with black and dotted with 

white. 

Hab. Guiana and Lower Amazonia. 

a, b. $ <$ ad. et Takutu, Brit. Guiana, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
pull. sk. May, June (S. Whitely). 
c, d, e. 2 ad. et <$ $ Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Sept., Oct., Bee. (JET. W.). 

f. $ ad. sk. Camacusa, Brit. Guiana, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{H. W.). 
g. S juv« sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiana (alt. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3500 ft.), Jan. (S. W.). 
h. Juv. sk. Merume* Mts., Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July (E. W.). 
I Ad. sk. Cayenne. H. C. Rothery [P.]. 


k. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
Old Coll. 
I Ad. sk. Brazil. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. 
-m, n. Ad. sk. Brazil. • Purchased. 

o. Ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.l. 
jo. <$ ad. sk. Para, Nov. (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. BaMa, Brazil. Sudbury Museum, 
r. 
Juv. st, S. America. Purchased. 
(Type of Tinamus Mmaculaius, G. R, Gr.) 
19. Crypturus salvini. 
Similar to C. variegatus, but the dark bars on the sides and 

flanks less sharply defined 
and nearly obsolete on the sides, the 

rufous and black bars of the upper parts less defined, the feathers of 

the bach and rump and upper wing-coverts with only one rufous bar, 

and the black tips much broader. 

One specimen, possibly & female, has the rufous bars on the upper 

parts better defined than in the other two adult birds, probably males. 

Young in first moult. Similar to that of C. variegatus^ and like 
it has the upper parts olive-brown, dotted with white and with no 
bars. 

Hah. Sarayacu, Ecuador. 

«a-d. Ad. et juv. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. Buckley). (Types of species.) 
538 
TINAMID^. 

20. Crypturus brevirostris. 
Tinamus brevirostris, Natt. Cat. MS. ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
1863, p. 1128 (Brazil) j Natt. ibid. p. 1130 (Barra do Bio Negro) 
(1863); G. B. Gr. List Gattina Brit. Mus. p. 101,11.35 (1867); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 294, 453, lv (Barra do Rio Negro) (1871) ; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877) j Pelz. u. Lor. Ann, naturh. 
Hofmus. iii. p. 5 (types) (1888). 

Nothocercus brevirostris, 
G. B. Gr. Hand-list, m. p. 5, n. 9890 
(1871). 
Crypturus variegatus, part., Schleg.Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 32 (1880). 

" Tinamus pileo, capitis lateribtis, et nuchae stria longitudinal! 
nigro rufoque variegatis (plumis nigrescentibus late rufo Hmbatis), 
colli lateribus et reliqua nucha ferrugineo-rufis, plumis dorsi et 
uropygii, tectricibus caudse superioribus et tectricibus alarum 
superioribus nigris, singula fasciis transversalibus 2-3 olivascenteochraceis 
1^—3"' latis (tectricibus alarum majoribus in uno individuo 
bine inde macula vel fascia alba irregulari), remigibus einereobrunneis, 
secundariis margine externo interdum et versus apicem 
interni maculis par vis ochraceis irregularibus, tectricibus alarum 
inferioribus extimis cinereo-brunneis, reliquis albidis, gula alba, 
collo inferiore, pectore et abdomine ferrugineo-rufis, abdomine medio 
albescente, lateribus corporis canescente-ochraceis fasciis transversalibus 
nigris irregularibus, plumis crissi et tectricibus caudse 
inferioribus ochraceis, fasciis transversis 1-2 nigris, rectricibus 
cinereo-brunneis. Longit. tot. 10", rostri a rictu 13"', a fronte 
9'", a naribus 4'", alas 5-l-5f ", tarsi 18-19'", digit! medii cum 

unguel"." {Pelzeln). 

Similar to G. variegatus, but much smaller, the bill much shorter, 
and the upper part of the head rusty red. The light bars on the 
upper parts are much broader and less numerous, standing further 
apart, and besides they are not of an ochreous colour as in G. variegatus, 
but pale brown. 

The young bird has the whole of the back pale brown with few 
indistinct black bars. The sides of the breast and of the abdomen 
less spotted or barred; the brown bars are 1|'" broad. Bill from 
the gape 14"', from forehead 9'", wings 5" 4'", tarsus 19'" 

(Natterer), 

I am not acquainted with this species; Schlegel thinks it is the 
young of O. variegatus; but the young of that bird is very peculiar 
in having white dots on the upper parts, not mentioned in Pelzeln 
and JSTatterer's descriptions. 

Bab. Barra do Bio Negro, C. Brazil. 

* 21. Crypturus bartletti. (Plate XL) 
Crypturus bartletti, Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. S.1873, p. 311 (E. Peru) ; 
iid. Norn. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 14 (1873); Bartl. P. Z. & 1882, 

p. 375 (Santa Cruz 011 the Huallaga River, E. Peru); Tacz. Orn. 
Pfr. iii. p. 301, Tables, p. 107 (1886). 
Tinamus bartletti, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 


3 . CKYPTUKTJS. 
539 
Adult Upper part of the head black, sides of the head and nape 
brown; mantle olive-brown ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
regularly barred with olive-brown and black, on the wings the 
lighter bars are paler and more ochreous; throat white; lower 
fore neck and breast ochreous olive, lower breast rufescent, changing 
into fulvons buff on the abdomen; sides of the breast more olive 
and barred with black; lower flanks barred with black, and with 
buff bars at the tip of the feathers; under tail-coverts rufous 
cinnamon ; primaries, primary-coverts, and bastard-wing uniform 
blackish, secondaries with some rufous marks on the outer webs; 
marginal under wing-coverts dark brown, the greater ones light 
grey, the central ones paler grey, nearly whitish; tail olive-brown: 
bill plumbeous, under mandible pale; feet dusky. Total length 
about 9 inches, wing 6 (5-5 in the original description!), tail l'5y 
culmen 0*9, tarsus 1*62. 

Young birds are less barred on the upper parts and have white 
tips to the median and greater upper wing-coverts. 

Hob. Eastern Peru, on the Upper Amazons. 

a. Ad. sk. Santa Cruz, E. Peru (E. Bartlett). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
b. $ ad. sk. Santa Cruz, Sept. E. Bartlett [0.1. 
c. § ad. sk. Chamicuros, Jan. E. Bartlett [O.J. 
d. $ juv. sk. Yquitos, March (H. Whitely). Salvin-Godman ColL 
22. Crypturus noctivagus. 
Tinamus noctivagus, Wied, Beise nach Bras. i. pp. 160,173 (1820), 
ii. pp. Ill , 127, 145, 158 (1821); Temm. PL Col., genre Tinamou, 
sp. 7 (1826); Less. Man. ii. p. 205 (1828); id. fr. d'Orn. p. 512 
(1831); Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 504, tab. i. f. 1 (trachea and larynx) 
(1832); Less. Compl. de Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 238 (1838); G. B. Gr. 
Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 7 (1844); JSartl Erst. Nachtr. Verz. Ges. Mus, 
p. 17, n. 190 (1846); Rchnb. Syn.Av., Gallinacese, t. 284.ff. 156162 
(1848) {ex Spiv); id. J.f. 0. 1853, Extrah. p. 41; G. B. Gr. 
List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 25 (1867) ; Eider, J f. 0.1867r 
pp. 189, 190, 198; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 293 (note), p. 453 (1871); 
Gieb. The*. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877). 
Pezus zabelS, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 62, t. 77 (Oatingha) (1825). 

Orypturus noctivagus, 
Wagl. Syst. Av.,gen. Crypturus, sp.6 (1827); 
Tsch. Arch. f Naturg. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 277 (Peru) ; Thienem, 
Fortpflanz. p. 27, t. v. f. 4 (egg) (1845); Tsch. Faun. Per., 
Aves, pp. 46, 283 (1846); Licht. Mm. Av. p. 87 (1854); 
Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 320 (1856); Euler, J. f. O. 1867, p. 418 
(egg); Beinh. Fid. Medd. naturh. Foren. Kjobenh. 1870, p. 47 
(Lagoa dos Pitos, near Lagoa Santa) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Nom. 
Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 12 (Brazil) (1873); Cab. J.f O. 1874, 

p. 230; Schley. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 33 (Montevideo, Mus. 
Berol; Bahia, Mus. Vienna) (1880); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 360" 
(Garanhuns, N.E. Brazil); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 545 
(Zool. Gard.) (1883); Berl. u. Jher. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 183 
(Taquara do Mundo novo); Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 181 (part., critical); 
Tacz. (hm. Per. iii. p. 302, Tables, p. 107 (1886) ; Sclat. Ibis, 
1890, p. 82 (quintocubital); Eartert, Eat. Vogelsamml. p. 206, 
n. 3095 (1891). 
540 T1NAMID-3B. 

Nothocercus noctivagus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 334 (1856); 
id. Tall Parall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 331 (1856); G. R. Gr. 
Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9892 (1871); Heine u. Bchnw. Norn. Mus. 
Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Rio Grande) (1890). 

Adult male. Anterior half of the crown slaty black, changing into 

vinous brown on the posterior half and nape; a broad rnfescent 

superciliary stripe extending down to the sides of the occiput; 

postocular region vinous brown; cheeks and throat rufescent; 

mantle dusky brown, the hidden part of the feathers slaty grey; 

back brown, freckled with narrow dusky bars; rump and upper 

tail-coverts rufous-chestnut, barred with black, the bars narrower 

than the intervening rufous-chestnut ones; lower fore neck and 

crop-region distinctly grey; breast rufous, sides greyish, abdomen 

buff; flanks rufescent, barred with greyish brown; under tail-

coverts rufescent, freckled with irregular blackish lines; upper 

wiug-coverts olive-brown, freckled with brown marks and irregular 

rufescent bars and marks ; primaries greyish brown ; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and secondaries slaty grey, the latter tinged with 

olive-brown and banded with bar-like rufescent bars on the outer 

web; marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row 

light grey, the central ones white ; tail-feathers slate-grey at the 

base, on the apical half rufous freckled with irregular black lines : 

" iris brown-yellow; bill dark grey-brown horn-colour, blackish 

on the culmen, base of the lower mandible whitish; legs pale dusky 

ochreous yellow " (Wied). Total length about 13 inches, wing 7*4, 

tail 2*4, culmen 1*1, tarsus 2-2. 

Female. Differs from the male in having the wings regularly and 
distinctly barred with yellowish buff; the rump and upper tail-coverts 
are more distinctly barred, the black bars being better defined and 
broader than the intervening chestnut bars, besides on the upper 
tail-coverts the light bands are paler, yellowish buff or rufescent; 
sides and flanks more distinctly barred with brown-black, the bars 
not being confined to the flanks, but extending to the sides of the 
breast. Total length about 13 inches, wing 8, tail 2-6, culmen 1*2, 
tarsus 2'2. 

Young male. " The whole of the upper parts with pale rusty-
yellow dots, and between these with obsolete brown-black undulated 
marks ; on the upper tail-coverts the yellowish extends on the edges 
of the feathers; lower parts pale brownish grey, washed with 
yellowish brown, marked all over with darker grey-brown zigzag 
obsolete cross-lines" (Wied). 

Two specimens in the Turin Museum, which have been apparently 
kept in confinement, have the superciliary stripes and cheeks very 
pale, nearly whitish, the grey colour of the lower fore neck and 
breast more or less tinged with rufous, and the bars on the upper 
parts cover nearly the whole of the back. They are probably 

females. 

Hah. Eastern Brazil, north to Garanhuns, south to Bio Belmonte. 
The localities Peru (Tschudi) and Montevideo (SchlegeT) are open to 
doubt. 

3 . CEYPTUETJS. 
541 
a, b. Ad. sk. Bania, Brazil (Wnelierer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. £ 
ad. sk. Lagos dos Patos, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sul, Brazil (H. Rogers). 
23. Crypturus dissimilis. 
? Crypturus noctivagus, 
Cab. (nee Wied) in Schomb. Reis. Brit. 
Guian. iiip. 748 (Guiana) (1848); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 181 (part., 
critical). 

Adult male. Similar to the male of C. noctivagus, but smaller, 
and wanting the distinct pale superciliary stripe; upper parts more 
olive, especially the upper wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ; the feathers of the rump olive-brown, with narrow blackish 
edges ; the upper tail-coverts olive, with incomplete black bars, and 
narrow pale buff bars near the tip; the breast of a paler rufous 
than in C. noctivagus. Total length about 12*5 inches, wing 7y 
tail 1*9, culmen 1, tarsus 1*9. 

Female. Differs from the female of C. noctivagus in wanting the 
pale superciliary stripe, in the paler rufous colour of the breast, 
in the rump and upper tail-coverts blacker, the black bars being 
broader, while the light bars are paler, being not rufous-chestnut, 
but buff, so that they are much more distinct. 

The male of this species is very similar also to the male of C. eryihro'pus, 
while the female is very much like that of C. cinnamomeus, 
especially in the barrings of the wings, rump, and upper tail-
coverts. 

Hob. British Guiana. 

«-#• 6 $ ad- sk. Quonga, British Guiana, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. (H. Wkitely). (Types of species.) 

h. 
Ad. sk. Corentyne R., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. (JE\F. im Thurm). 
24. Crywarus cinnamomeus. 
Tinamus (Nothura) cinnamomea, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 210 (La 
Union, Centre Ame"rique) (type examined). 
Tinamus cinnamomeus, G. R. Or. Gen. B., App. p. 25 (1849); Scl. 
8r Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 226 (La Union, San Salvador); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
Tinamus dellattrii, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 663 (Nicaragua) 
(1854); cf. Ibis, 1868, p. 337. 
Nothocercus delattrii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 332 (=cinnamomeus, 
less.?) (1856); id. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. (Extract), 

p. 12, n. 329 (1856); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9888 (1871). 
Nothocercus sallsei, Bp. Compt Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 333, p. 954, 
n. 9 (Vera Cruz, Mexico) (1856); id, Tabl. Parall. Gallin. {Extract), 
p. 12, n. 330, p. 16, n. 12 (1856); Sclat P. Z. S. 1856r 
p. 310 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 293 (note, type!) 
(1871); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9882 (1871); Lawr. Bidl. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 45 (1875) (Sta. Efigenia); Heine u. 
Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Mexico) (1890). 
Tinamus sallsei, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 369 (Jalapa), 392 (Playa* 

542 
TINAMID.2B. 

Vicente); G. B. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 312 (Honduras); Salv. Ibis, 
1861, p. 356 (Chisec, errore), 1800, p. 296 (Pacific coast-region of 
Guatemala): G. P. Gr. List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 100 (Cordova, 
Mexico; Honduras) (1867) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877); 
Sumichrast La Nat v. p. 229 (1881) (Vera Cruz & Teliuantepec) ; 
Nehrk. J.f. 0.1881, p. 69 {egg, Yucatan); Pclmw. J.f.O. 1882, 

p. 11 (Zool. Gart.). 
_ , , 
Crypturus 
sallaai, Selat # Salv. JExot. Orn. p. 89, pi. xlv. (1868), 
cf. Ibis, 1868, p. 337; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.ix. p. 141 (San Jose) 
(1809) ; Frantz. J.f. 0.1869, p. 374 (Esparza, Costa Eica); Select 
$ Salv. No?n. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 11 (Mexico, Arner. Centr., 
Colombia et Venezuela) (1873); Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 328 (Yucatan 
and Guatemala); Sumichrast, Bull U.S. Nat Mus. 1876, p. 45 ; 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 31 (Bogota ! Landsberge: Surinam!) 
(1880); Zeled. Cat. At. Costa Rica, p. 29 (1882); Nutting, Pr. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 409 (1882) (La Palma, Costa Eica); Boucard, 
P.Z.S. 1883, pp. 434, 462 (Yucatan); Zeled. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
1885, p. 112 (Costa Eica); Ferarri, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. ix. p. 180 
(1886) (Jalapa); Zeled. Ann. Mus. Nac. Pep. Costa Pica, 1887, 
p. 128. 
Crypturus 
strigulosus, Sclat. fy Salv. (nee Temm.) P. Z. S. 1869, 
pp. 252, 254 (Cerro Azul of Guigue, Venezuela). 

Adult male. Upper part of the head anteriorly brown-black, 
posteriorly brown-chestnut with obsolete blackish bars ; sides of 
the head, including lores, and sides of the neck rufescent; throat 
white• lower neck greyish olive-brown, with obsolete dusky linear 
bars; back olive-brown, with black undulated bars, very narrow in 
the interscapular region, and gradually becoming broader on the 
lower back and rump, very broad on the upper tail-coverts, which 
are crossed also with pale yellowish-buff bars; breast bright rufous, 
abdomen paler; sides of the breast slightly waved with dusky 


lines; flanks barred with broader black bands and narrower pale 
reddish bands; tips of the feathers broadly yellowish buff; under 
tail-coverts basally black, buff at the tip, the intermediate portion 
buff with irregular oblique black lines; smaller upper wing-coverts 
like the back, the median and greater ones blackish brown, distinctly 
barred with yellowish buff; primaries, primary-coverts, and 
bastard-wing uniform greyish brown, nearly black; secondaries 
marked with yellowish or olive on the outer web, tertials barred 
with olive; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the inner ones light 
grey, tipped with pale rufescent, the last row uniform pale grey, 

like the under surface of quills; tail-feathers brown, tinged with 
olive-brown on the outer web, and regularly crossed with several 
narrow rufescent bars : " upper mandible brown, lower mandible 
and feet yellow " (Sclater) * " iris brown" (Nutting). Total length 
about 12 inches, wing 6*75, tail 2, culmen 1*0-1*1, tarsus 1*9. 

Female. Differs from the male in the greater development of the 
transverse markings, which in this sex cover the top of the head, 
the front of the breast, and the whole of the sides of the body 
below-

Young. Upper part of the head and nape with black and rufous-
brown bars; upper parts greyish olive, but more greyish on the 

3 . CRYPTURUS. 
543 
mantle, crossed with black irregular bars; tipper wing-coverts with 
broad black and narrow pale yellowish bars: throat white; 
lower fore neck and breast olive, changing into ochreous on the 
breast, paler on the abdomen, the feathers with black marks near 
-the tip, those of the flanks with broad black bars; under tail-coverts 
pale fulvous, varied with black. 

Hab. Southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia?, and Venezuela. 


a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(? Type of Tinamus sallcei, Scl.) 
b. Ad. sk. Cordova, Mexico. Purchased. 
f. S ad. sk. Cote ferine, Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d, e. c? ad. sk. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Boucard). (Specim. d fig. in Exot. Orn. pi. xlv.) 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Atoyac, Vera Cruz, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(£>. W. Smith). 

g. 
§ juv. sk. Plan del Rio, Canton de Jalapa, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. (F. Ferrari-Perez). 
h. 
Juv. sk. CoatepeCj Jalapa, Nov, (Trie-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
jillo). 
i. 
Ad. sk. Northern Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
k-n. 
J ad. et ad. Izamal, Yucatan (G. F. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 

o. Ad. sk. Peto, Yucatan, April (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
G.). 
p. 
Ad. sk. Buctzotz, Yucatan April (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
F. G.). 
q. $ ad. sk. Barranco-Hondo, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oct. (O. Salvin). 
r. 
3 ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, above San Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Diego, Guatemala, Nov. 
(O. 8.). 
s. 
g ad. sk. Medio Monte, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. (0. &). 
t, u, v. Ad. sk. El Zapote, Costa Grande, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guatemala (0. &). 
(Specim. u ftg. in Exot. Orn. pi. xlv.) 
ic. $ ad. sk. La Libertad, San Salvador, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Febr. {W.B.Richardson). 
x, 
y. <3 ad. et Volcan de San Miguel, San Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. Salvador (3000 feet) (W. 

B. It.). 
z. Ad. sk. Honduras. Dyson Coll. 
a'. 6 ad. sk. Leon, Nicaragua ( W. B. R.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b'-e'. 6 $ ad. et Chinandega, Nicaragua, March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. Jwie(W.B. It.). 
El Volcan, Chinandega, NicaSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
ragua, April (W. B. It.). ^ 
h', i\ Ad. sk. Bebedero, Nicoya, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(ArcS). 
k\ Ad. sk. Venezuela (Spence). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J'. <$ ad. sk. Cerro Azul Guigue, VeneSalvin-
Godman Coll. 

zuela, Nov. (A, Goering). 

544 
TINAMIDJG. 

25. Crypturus boucardi. 
Tinamus boucardi, Salle, MS.; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 391 (Oaxaca) 
Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 356 (Oentr. Am.), 1865, p. 195 j G. R. Gr. 
List Gallince Brit Mus. p. 100 (Guatemala) (1867); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 293 (note) (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877); 
Sumichrast, La Nat v. p. 229 (1881) (Uvero) ; Pelz. u. Lor. Ann. 
naturh. Hofmus. iii. p. 51 (1888). 
Tinamus sallaei (err.), Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 356. 
Crypturus boucardi, Sclat. $ Salv. Exot. Orn. p. 91, pi. xlvi. (1868) ; 
Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 115; Sclat Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 838 
(San Pedro, Honduras) ; iid. Norn. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 10 
(1873); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 41; Sckleg. Mus. P.-B., 
Tinami, p. 26 (1880) j Zeled. Cat Av. Costa Pica, p. 29 (1882) ; 
id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 112 (Costa Rica); id. An. Mus. 
Nac.Rep. Costa Pica, 1887, p. 128. 
Nothocercus boucardi, G. P. Gr. Rand-list, iii. p. 4, no. 9884 (1871) 
Heine u. Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hem. Orn. p. 304 (Guatemala) (1890). 
Crypturus, sp., Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xvi. p. o26 (Es~ 
condido, Nicaragua) (1893). 

Adidt male. Head, neck, mantle, and upper breast slaty greyish 
black, upper part of the bead blacker; throat dark grey; back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts chestnut olive-brown, with obsolete 
blackish at the tips of the feathers ; upper wing-coverts more olive-
brown, freckled with irregular black lines and with a few ochreous 
dots on the edges of the feathers; lower breast slaty grey, with an 
ochreous wash, more conspicuous on the sides of the abdomen; 
middle of the abdomen slate-brown, the feathers broadly edged with 
ochreous buff; flanks with black and ochreous bars, the tips of the 
feathers ochreous; under tail-coverts rufescent, thickly barred with 
black; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills slaty black, the 
outer web of the tertials like the upper wing-coverts, the secondaries 
tinged with reddish olive-brown near the edge of the outer 
web; tail rufous brown, barred with black; upper mandible horn-

black, the lower pale in dry skin; feet pale yellowish brown. 
Total length about 11 inches, wing 6*75, culmen 1*05, tarsus 2-05. 


Female. Similar to the male, but paler, and besides it differs in 
having the lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, secondaries, and 
upper wing-coverts strongly banded across with light yellowish 
brown. 

While the very old male from Chimalapa, Mexico, described above 
has the throat decidedly dark grey, all the other specimens from 
British Honduras,8 Guatemala, and Costa Eica have the throat 
whitish or even pure white. 

Hal. Southern Mexico, and Central America, south to Costa 
Rica. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Teotalcingo, S. Mexico, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f (Boucard). (Type of species.) 
b. S 
ad. sk. Chimalapa (4000 feet), Te- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
huantepec, Mexico, March 
( W. B. Richardson). 
c. d. Ad. sk. British Honduras (Blanca- Salvin-Godman Coll, 
neaux). 
3 . CKYPTTJKT/S. 545 
e,f. Ad. st.
ff-Jc. S a^-e t a&« 
Choetum, Vera Paz, Guatemala 
(0. Salvin). 
Ohoctum, Guatemala, Jan. 
Osbert Salvin, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk.
hAA.sk. 
(0. &). 
Oosta Rica (Carmiol). Salvin-Godman OolL 

26. Cryptitriis columbianus. 
Cryptarus boucardi, SclaL §• Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 548 (Neche, 
Antioquia). 

Male (adult ?). Anterior half of tho crown black, changing into 
chestnut on the posterior half, nape, and sides of the neck; mantle 
chestnut-brown, changing into olive-brown on lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts, which are barred with black, the upper tail-
coverts more olivaceous and with rufescent bars or marks; upper 
wing-coverts olive-brown, with narrow black bars, the greater ones 
with pale fulvous marks ; malar region rufous ; throat white; 
lower fore neck, breast, and abdomen greyish brown, washed with 
rusty; middle of the abdomen pale brown, the feathers broadly 
tipped with buff; feathers of the flanks with subapical blackish 
and apical buff bars; under tail-coverts rufescent, barred with 
black; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown-black; 
secondaries with brown and buff marks on the outer web ; under 
wing-coverts brown, the last row grey, the central ones greyish, 
with white edges; tail olive-brown, freckled with dusky bars : bill 
dusky above, pale below; feet in the dry skin pale yellowish. 
Total length about 11*5 inches, wing 6-6, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1-9. 

This species is allied to Q. boucardi, but, judging from the only 
specimen known, differs in having the hind part of the head, the 
nape, and sides of the head chestnut, the neck and breast are without 
the dark slaty-grey tinge, the wings are barred with black, and the 
style of barring on the wings is different, the light yellowish-brown 
bars so conspicuous in the female of G. boucardi being absent. 

Eab. Neche, Antioquia. 

a. 
$ (ad. ?)sk. Neehe, Antioquia (T*K. Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mon). (Type of species.) 
27. Crypturus mexicanus. 
Upper parts olive-brown vermiculated with blackish, the vermiculations 
becoming stronger and more bar-like on the lower back 
and rump ; anterior half of the crown blackish ; lores and sides of 
the forehead greyish; occiput and sides of the head posteriorly 
rufescent, the latter paler; throat pure white, lower fore neck and 
sides of the body olive-greyish; breast clear rufous buff; feathers of 
the abdomen broadly white at the tip, before this a dusky bar separates 
the white tip from the brownish base; feathers of the flanks 
with brownish subapical bars and whitish bars at the tip; under 
tail-coverts rufous, barred with black and tipped with whitish buff; 
upper wing-coverts like the back, only paler and more olive; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries uniform slate-greyishy 

VOL. xxvn. 
2 s 

TESAMIDiB. 

M6 

the secondaries tinged with olive on the edge of the outer web; 
marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row pale 
grey, the central ones whitish; tail-feathers olive-brown, freckled 
with brown lines: bill horn-brown above, pale below: feet pale 
horn-colour in dry skin. Total length about 12 inches, wing 7, 
tail 2% culmen 1-1-1, tarsus 1*8-1-9. 

Female. Similar to that of 0. cinnamomeus, but not so brightly 
rufous vinous on the occiput and nape, and not barred with black 
on the lower fore neck and sides of the breast; besides it differs in 
having the tail-feathers barred only on the inner web. 

Young male. Less black on the forehead and less rufeseent on the 
occiput; the breast more greyish olive; upper parts more olive and 
more strongly barred with black; the upper wing-coverts with 
broad pale buff edges, especially the greater ones. 

Hah. North-eastern Mexico. 

a-d. S $ ad. sk. Tampico, E. Mexico, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll."") 
June (W. B. Richardson). 
-e.Ad.sk. Tamaulipas, Mexico (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JR.). 
/, g. S ad. et Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Salvin-Godman Coll. 

•juv. sk. Victoria, Tamaulipas (W. 
B. £.). 
ht i. Ad. sk. Hacienda de los Atlixcos, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, March (F. JD. God* 
man), 


k 
<$ ad. sk. Monte Verde, Mexico, June. Salvin-Godman Coll.^ 
(Types of species.)" 

28. Crypturus occidentals, sp. n. 
? Nothocercus sallaei, Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 307 (1874) 
(Mazatlan) (nee Bonap.). 

Similar to O. nietcicanus, but the brown-olive upper parts more 
finely and thickly vermiculated with black; the occiput and sides 
of the head posteriorly olive-brown, but not rufeseent; the lower 
fore neck and entire breast greyish, with no rufous tinge; only the 
abdomen pale rufeseent; the feathers of the latter not distinctly 
tipped with white; if constant, the upper wing-coverts with some 
buff dots, and the secondaries more olive, freckled with black on 
the outer web and with traces of buff irregular barrings : bill and 
feet as in 0. mexicanus. Total length about 11 inches, wing 7, 
culmen 1, tarsus 1*8. 

Female. Unknown, but probably similar to that of C. mexicanus. 

Hah. Territory of Tepic, Forth-western Mexico. 

.a. <$ ad. sk. San Bias, Tepic, W. Mexico, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

( W. B. Richardson). (Type of species.) 
29. Crypturus transfasciatus. 
Crypturus transfasciatus, ScZat fy Sato. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 141, pi. ariii. 
(Santa Rosa, Ecuador); Berl § Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, pp. 282, 312 
(Guayaquil); Tacz. $ Berl. P, Z. S. 1885, p. 121. 

4 . RHOTCHOTTTS. 
547 
"Supra ochraceus, dorso toto et alis extus nigro-transfasciatis, 
cervice postiea murino-brunnea; pileo nigro, ochraceo-brunneo 
transfasciato; superciliis, gula, et abdomine medio albis; cervice 
ima et pectore griseis ; hypochondriis et tectricibus caudle inferioribus 
cervinis, nigro transfaseiatis; rostro corneo, mandibuise basi 
flavieante, pedibus navis: long, tota 12, alae 6-2, caudaB 2*1, tarsi 
2-9 * (an potius 1-9 ?), rostri a rictu 1-5 " (Solum et Mater). 

Hah. "Western Ecuador. 

The type of this Crypturus was obtained at Santa Eosa, Ecuador, 
by Prof. Steere. I add the description of a bird which I think 
belongs to the same species:— 

Upper parts black, barred with ochreous ; upper part of the head 
irregularly barred with rufous chestnut and black; forehead whitish 
with black marks ; superciliary band, lores, throat, and lower parts 
whitish; posterior part of the cheeks and ear-coverts chestnut; 
lower neck and breast tinged with dull greyish ; mantle dull chestnut 
barred with black; light bars of rump and upper tail-coverts 
rufescent; sides and flanks pale buff, with crescentic black bars; 
under tail-coverts buff, with black bars towards the base; bastard-
wing and primaries uniform greyish brown ; secondaries with buff 
bar-like marks on the outer web; under wing-coverts dark grey, 
the last row light grey, the central ones whitish; tail regularly 
barred with black and rufous buff: bill in dry skin horn-brown, 
lower mandible pale; feet yellowish. Total length about 10 inches, 
wing 6, tail 2, culmen 1*05, tarsus 1*85. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, W. Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{Illingwortli). 
4. EHY3STCH0TUS. 
Type. 

Rhynchotus, Spiv, Aves Bras. ii. p. 60 (1825) R. rufescens. 

jNTotkurus, Siv. Class. B. ii. p. 845 (1837) R. rufescens. 

Rhvnehotis, Rcknh. Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, t. 287. f¥. 1579


80 (1848) (=Rhynchotus). 

Range. South America east of the Andes, from Brazil and Bolivia 
to the Argentine Republic. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Neck and breast uniform rufous, more or less 
bright rufescens, p. 548. 
b. Neck rufous with longitudinal black streaks; 
middle of the breast with deep rufous crescentic 
marks maculicoUts, p. 550. 
* The authors in their remarks concerning this species say that in size it 
approaches C. sccllcsi, so that it is quite evident that the tarsus cannot have the 
length of 2*9 inches, which is seldom to be found even in the larger members 
of ttie genus Tinamus. 
2x2 

TIKAMIDiE. 

1. Ehynchotus rufescens. 
Inamhi guazu, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 34, n. 326 (1805). 

Tinamus 
rufescens, Temm. Fig. et Gallin. in. pp. 552,747 (1815);. 
id. PI. Col. 412 (1826); id. ibid., genre TIB am on, sp. 1 (1826); 
Less. Man. cPOm. ii. p. 203 (1828); id. Diet. Sc. Nat. lix. p. 207 
(1829) : id. Compl. de Buff., Ois. 2nd ed. p. 237 (1838); Temm. 
PI Col i. Tall. MSth. p. 87 (1839); Bolle, J. f. 0. 1856, p. 167 
(Zool. Garcl.); Gulliver, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488; Gieh. Thes. Om.iil 

p. 637 (syn. emend.) (1877). 
Cryptum guazu, Vieill. N. IX xxxiv. p. 103 (1819) (ex Azara). 
Tinamus guazu, Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 370 (1S20). 
Crypturus rufescens, Liclit. Terz. Douhl. p. 67, n. 702 (San Paulo) 
(1823); JDarw. Zool < Beagle] iii. Birds, p. 120 (1841); Tkienem. 
Fortpflanz. p. 24, t. v. f. 5 (1846). 
Kliynchotus fasciatus, Spix,Aves Bras. ii. p. 60, t. 76 a (San Paulo et 
Minas Geraes) (1825) ; Less. Tr. cPOrn. p. 515 (syn. emend.) (1831), 

Bhynchotus 
rufescens, Wagl Syst. Av., gen. Bhynckotus, sp. 1 
(1827); id. Isis, 1829, p. 747; G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 1 
(1844); id. List B. Brit. Mus.iii. p. o2 (1844) ; Bartl. 2nd. Azar. 
Apmit. p. 21, n. 326 (1847); LicM. Norn. Av. p. 87 (1854) ; 
Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 327 (1856); Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, 

n. 317 (1856); id. Tabl. Par all. Gallin. {Extract), p. 12, n. 336 
(1856); Burm. J. f. O. 1858, p. 161, 1860, p. 259; id. La Plata-
Beise, ii. p. 498 (Parana, Ko&ario, Tucunian) (1861); G. R. Gr. 
List Gallinm Brit. Mus. p. 102 (Maldonado) (1867); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 628 (breeding); 2teinh. Vid.Medd. naturli. Foren. Kjobenh. 
1870, p. 51 (Minas Geraes); Pet. Orn. Bras. p;294 (M attodentro, 
Campo von Tatutuba, Gampo bei S. Jose, Ypanema, YtararS), 
pp. 454, Ivi (1871) ; Nathus. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool xxi. pp. 348, 354, 
t. xxvi. if. 12, 13 (egg structure) (1871); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. 
p.5, n. 9895 (1871); Sund. MetLnat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 119 (1872); 
Sped. Ibis, 1872, p. 77 ; Muds. 8f Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 546 (Buenos 
Ayres); id. Ibis, 1873, p. 131 (note); Garrod, P. Z. & 1873, 
p. 476 (carotids), p. 642 (muscles); Sclat. § Salv. Norn. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 153, n. 1 (1873); Cab. J. f. O. 1874, p. 95 (breeding, 
Zool. Gard.) ; Alix, Journ. Zool v. pp. 411,112 (myology) (1876); 
Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 203; Forbes, P.Z.S. 1877, p. 307 (bursa 
Fabncii); Nathus. J.f. 0.1879, p. 258 (egg); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, 
p. 167; Sohleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 35 (1880) ; Forbes, Ibis, 
1881, p. 360 (N.B. Brazil); Salv. Cat. B. StricJcl. Coll p. 641, 
n. 3114 (1882); Balgleish, Pr. 2t. Phys. Soc. Edinb. vi p. 232 
(Centr. Uruguay) (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 546 
(1883) (Zool. Gard.); Barrows, Aulz, 1884, p. 313 (Entrerios, 
Lower Uruguay); Bateman, The Field, 23rd Eeb. 1884, and 12th 
Sept. 1885 (introduced inxo Essex); Bedd. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 844 
(visceral anatomy); Berl J.f. 0.1887, p. 127, n. 353; A. Neiot. 
Enc. Brit. 9th ed. xxiii. p. 403, with cut (1888) ; Marting, Essex 
Nat. 1888, pp. 102-109, cut; cf. t. c. p. 206 (introduced into 
Essex); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (Lomas de Zamora); 
Burm. Anal Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 245 (Bahia Blanca) 
(1888); Sclat. fyHuds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 209 (1889); Tristr. Cat 
Coll B. p. 2 (1889) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 82 (quintocubital); 
Heine u. Bchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Brazil) (1890); 
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 83 (incubation); Frenzel, J. / . O. 1891, 

p. 123; Berl ibid. p. 363; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol Specim. B. C. S. iii. 
p. 414 (1891); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 206, n, 3094 (1891),, 
549 

4 . EUTNCHOTTTS. 
G. Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Lower Pilconiayo); Holland, t. c. p. 214 
(Argentine); Allen, Bull Amer. Mus. 1ST. H. v. pp. 151,158 (Matto 
Grosso, egg) (1893); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212; Blaauw, Bull Brit 
Orn. Club, no. xxviii. p. xlii (breeding at 'sGraveland) (1895). 
Nothurus rufescens, 8to. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837). 
Rhvnchotis rufescens, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, t. 287. if. 1579


80 (1848): Bartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 687 (breeding), 1868, p. 114, 

pi. xii. f. 1 (chick), f. 2 (egg); JEd. Ibis, 1873, p. 131 (note); 

Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 357, 361 (egg); Bumf, Ibis, 1876, p. 166 

(Argentine) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (Loinas de Zamora); 

Select, ibid. • id. Ibis, 1894, p. 453. 

Rhynchotes 
rufescens, Mairet, Bull Soc. Acclim. 1871, p. 594 
(breeding* in confinement). 

Adult. Head, neck, and breast rufous, upper part of the head 
black, the feathers more or less edged with rufous ; a dusky narrow 
stripe from the corner of the mouth to the ear-coverts; throat pale 
rufous, nearly white; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and upper 
wing-coverts pale greyish brown, with broadish black bars and 
others narrower, whitish ; lower flanks and abdomen greyish, with 
brown and whitish bars, the latter somewhat narrower; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform bright cinnamon-rufous ; 
tertials greyish, barred with brown and buff; under wing-coverts 
uniform rufous ; tail grey, with black and whitish bars, the latter 
much narrower. Total length 14-17 inches, wing 8-9, tail 2*52*
75, oilmen 1*6-1*7, tarsus 2*3-2*5. 

Female. Similar, but larger. 

Young in down. Head and neck rufescent, with longitudinal 
black stripes; sides of the head and throat white; upper parts 
striped with white and black; lower parts white. 
It seems that there are three or four sufficiently distinct races:— 

1st. A Southern one from the Argentine Republic: very little 
rufous on the neck and not at all on the breast; the black bars 
much broader and quite distinct on the flanks. The birds from 
Uruguay are similar but more rufous on tne neck. 

2nd. A Southern Brazilian race, has the neck decidedly rufous, 
and this colour covers also the upper part of the breast; the black 
bars, especially in the Matto Grosso birds, are much narrower. 

3rd. A Bahia race, similar to the second, but with no black bars 
whatever on the flanks; also on the under tail-coverts and tail-
feathers there is scarcely a trace of them, while the whitish, bars 
are present. 

Hob. Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia (?), and 
Brazil, as far north as Bahia. 

a, h, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Roth-
et sk.
d. Ad. sk. Interior of Bolivia (? !) 
say [P.]. 
Eyton Coll. 
-£,/• d 2 ad. sk.
(Bridges). 
Near Paysandu, Uruguay, Alan Peel, Esq. [P.]. 
a. Ad. st.
Aug. 
Maldonado. Sir "W. Burnett & 
• Oapt. Fitzroy [P.], 

550 TINAMIDiE. 
h. Ad. sk.
i, $ ad. sk.
l\ Juv. sk.
/, m, n. Pull. so, p. Skeletons.
t. 
Montevideo (Johnston). 
Buenos Ayres, Aug. (F. 
ington), 
Bred in captivity. 
Bred in captivity {BartlWithett). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Zool. Soc. 
Zool. Soc. 
Zool. Soc. 
South Brazilian race. 

q. J ad.sk. YtararS, Brazil.Feb. (Natter•er). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
r 
s. d 2 ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
' Aug. (ff. H. Smith). 

Bahian race. 

t. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Wueherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2. Rhynchotus macxilicollis. (Plate XIV.) 
? Nocthura, sp., Bridges, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 9. 

Rhynchotus maculicolHs, G. B. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mas. p. 102 
(Bolivia) (1867) ; id. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9896 (1871); Sclat. 8f 
Safo. Norn. Av. Weotrop. p. 153, n. 2 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, 

p. 642 (Bolivia); Schleg. Mm. P.~B., Tinami, p. 38 (Bolivia, 
JD'Orbigny) (1880). 
Tinamus maculicollis, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 

(Type). Size of the larger specimens of B. rufescens, but differs 
in having longitudinal brown streaks on the neck, very prominent 
crescentic marks of a deep rufous on the middle of the breast, black 
and buff crescentic marks on the sides of the same, and the 
abdomen and thighs of a very pale buff-white, not greyish as in 

B. rufescens, and without any marks. Total length about 16 inches, 
wing 8*25, culm en 1*65, tarsus 2*1. 
Two specimens, both males, collected by Garlepp at Tanampaya 
(Bolivia), have been sent to me for inspection by Graf von Berlepsch; 
they have not the very prominent cresceDtic marks of a 
deep rufous on the middle of the breast, which is rufescent with 
brown rufous irregular bars, edged with dusky; the abdomen and 
thighs are not of a very pale buff-white, but greyish buff. 

Bab. Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Eso^. [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
5. N0TH0PB0CTA. 
Type. 
Nocthura, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 115. 
Nothoprocta, Sclat. fy Salv, Norn. Av. Neotrop. pp. 153, 

156(1873) 
N. perdicaria. 

Range. Prom Ecuador to Chili and Argentine Eepublic. 

5 . tfOTHOPKOCTA. 
551 

Key to the Species. 

a* Feathers of tlie back distinctly striped with white 
on the sides. 


d. Outer primaries barred also on the inner web. taczanowskii,^.551 ~ 
b'. Outer primaries not barred on the inner web, 
which is uniform, 
a". Breast grey. 
a'". Under wing-coverts regularly barred 

with whitish buif and greyish brown; 

breast thickly spotted with white .. cinerascens, p. 552. 

b"\ Under wing-coverts not regularly barred. 

#4. Outer web of the secondaries distinctly 

rufous, barred with brown. 

a5. Upper parts dull greyish, the mesial 

part of the feathers of the back 

much blacker 
perdicaria, p. 553. 

b5. Upper parts of a finer grey, the mesial 

part of the feathers of the back 

less black 
coquimbica, p. 554* 

bK Outer web of the secondaries not 

rufous, but brown, barred with ru


fescent or whitish buff pentlandi, p. 555, 

b". Breast and abdomen rufescent curvirostris, p. 556. 

b. Feathers of the back not distinctly striped with 
white on the sides; breast grey, abdomen rufescent 
; radii of the upper tail-coverts rather 
long and disconnected. 
c'. Larger, wing 7*7 inches; upper wing-
coverts with broader barrings ornata, p. 557. 
d'. Smaller, wing 7 inches; upper wing-coverts 
with narrower barrings branickii, p. 558. 

3. Kothoprocta taczanowskii. 
Nothoprocta taczanowskii, Sclat fy Salv., Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 564 
(Maraynioe, C. Peru) ; Sclat. § Salv. t. c. pp. 679, 680, pi. lxxxiv. 
(Peru) ; Tacz. Orn. FSr. iii. p. 304, Tables, p. 107 (1886). 

Nothoprocta 
godmani, Tacz. Orn. PSr. iii. p. 305 (immat. bird, 
Chachupata) (1886). 

Adult male. Head dark greyish, changing into lead-grey on the 
lower fore neck and breast; feathers of the crown black, edged with 
white and tipped with brown; feathers of the back broadly black 
on the middle, with a whitish longitudinal stripe on each side* 
irregularly barred with brownish grey across the middle and at the 
tip ; upper tail-coverts irregularly barred with white and variegated" 
with black; cheeks variegated with black; throat dirty whitey 
feathers of the lower fore neck with two white spots, which on the 
feathers of the breast become confluent and are surrounded with, 
black; lower breast, sides, and flanks whitish brown, with greyish 
bars, edged with a narrow black line; middle of the breast and of 
the abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish; upper wing-coverts 
brown, with irregular black marks and irregular buff bars; pri


o52 xiNAinnM. 

maries black, with white marks on the outer web and buff bars on 
the inner one ; secondaries barred with buff, and edged with whitish 
buff on the outer web; under wing-coverts brown, with buff marks, 
which on the greater ones become more bar-like : bill brown, with 
the lower mandible yellowish at the base; feet yellow; iris dark 
brown. Total length about 13 inches, wing 74 , culmen 1*62, 
tarsus ]/8. (Mus. Branlcli.) 

Immature male. Much browner above, the bars and tips of the 
feathers of the back being brown with no grey ; no lead-grey colour 
on the lower fore neck and breast, where the feathers are brown 
and have a black spot and white stripes on the sides; sides and 
flanks pale brown, each feather with a black spot; throat, middle 
of the breast, and abdomen whitish j upper wing-coverts like the 
feathers of the back, only paler• marks and bars on the quills more 
fulvous. Size smaller than the adult: wing 6*8, culmen 1*5. 

Sab. Central and Southern Peru. 

a. (S imm. sk. Chachupata, 11.000 feet, S. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Peru, Sept. (II. Whitely). (Type of Nothoprocta 
godmani, Tacz.) 

sr 

2. Nothoprocta cinerascens. 
]\Tothura cinerascens, Bvrm. J. f. 0.1860, p. 259 (Tucuman); id. La 
Plata-Iteise, ii. p. 498 (Cordova, Tucuman) (1861) • Bchleg. Mus. 
P.-B., Tinami, p. 40 (note) (syn. emend.) (1880); Salv. Ibis, 1880, 

p. 364 (Tucuman); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 43 (Cordova). 
Tinamus cinerascens, (rieb. Tkes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 
Nothoprocta cinerascens, Cab, J. f. O. 1878, p. 198 (Argentine): 
Sclat. Sf Buds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 210 (1889); Frenz. J.f.O. 1891, 

p. 124 • Salvad. Boll Mus. Zool ed Anat. Comp. Tor, x. no. 208, 
p.24(Salta) (1895). 
Adult male. Upper parts greyish, irregularly barred with black, 
each feather of the back with two whitish stripes between the grey 
lateral edges and the mesial darker portion; upper tail-coverts 
irregularly barred with black, greyish brown, and whitish; a rather 
broad greyish superciliary stripe; cheeks white, thickly spotted 
with black, throat white; neck variegated with blackish and white 
spots; breast grey, freckled with irregular dusky lines, and ornamented 
with roundish white spots, more or less surrounded with 
dusky; abdomen white; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts 
whitish, with broadish irregular brown bars; quills blackish, with 
whitish marks on the outer web, secondaries regularly barred with 
pale buff on the outer web • under wing-coverts regularly barred 
with whitish buff, the last or greater row uniform grey: " bill 
slate, under mandible and legs light slate; iris orange-red" {Bum


ford), or "amber" (White). Total length 12*6 inches, wing 7*4, 
culmen 1*1, tarsus 1*6. 
Female, Similar to the male, but browner on the upper parts, 

besides the markings are coarser and the white spots on the breast 

more bar-like; size somewhat larger. 

5 . NOTHOPHOCTA. 
553 

Sp imen'c from TucTiman, perhaps immature, is smaller, and 
somewhat browner above. 
Hah. Western Argentine Republic. 

a. 6 ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argent. Rep. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
(E. W. White). 
b. $ ad. sk. Vicinity of Mendoza (Let/bold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Immat. (?) sk. Tucuman, June. H. Durnford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
3. Nothoprocta perdicaria. 
Tetrao perdix, Molina {nee Linn.), Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili (2nd ed.), 
p. 218 (1776). 
Crypturus perdicarius, Kittl. Mem. des Sav. Strang, i. (1831) p. 192, 
t. 12; Nathus. J.f. 0. 1879, p. 258 (effg). 
Nocthura perdicaria, Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843. p. 115 : Bridges, ibid.: 
id. P. Z. S.1846, p. 9 (Chili). 
Nothura 
perdicaria, G. JR. Gh\ List B. Brit. Mies. iii. p. 53 (part., 
specim. b, c) (1844); Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 53 (egg); Des 
Murs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 392 (1848); JEartl. Naumannia, 
1853, p. 221; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped. ii. Birds, p. 192 (1856); 
Sara. J.f 0. 1857, p. 39; Germ. Br. Bost. Soc. N. EC. vii. I860, 

p. 312; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinanri, p. 40 (1880). 
Tinamus perdicarius, Hartl. Syst Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 105 (1844). 
Rhynchotus perdix, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 2 (1844); Bp. 
t'ompt Bend. xlii. p. 881, n. 318 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, 

p. 97 (part., Chili); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vog. p. 113 (1865). 
Rhynchotis perdix, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, t. 287. if. 1581-82 
(1848). 
? Nothura 
punctulata, JDes Murs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 391 
(1848); Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 955 (1856) ; id. Tall. Parall 
Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 339, p. 26 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, 

p. 331; cf. Sclat. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642; Waugh $ Lataste, 
Act. Soc. Sc. Chili, iv. p. Ixxxviii, n. 28 (Penaflor) (1894). 
Rhynchotus 
perdicarius. Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854); Bp. TabL 
Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 337, p. 20 (1856); G. R. Gr. 
List Gallinte Brit. Mus. p. 103, n. 4 (1867) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, 
pp. 331, 339 (Chili); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 294 (note) (1871) ; G. R. 
Gr. Hand-Ust, iii. p. 5, n. 9898 (1871); Nathus. Zeitschr. wiss. 
Zool. xxi. pp. 349-354, t.xxvi. ff.14,15,16 (egg structure) (1871) ; 
Sclat List Vert An. 8th. ed. p. 547 (1883) (Zool. Gard.); Heine 

u. Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Valparaiso) (1890). 
Rhynchotes perdicarius, Bp. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. p. 19 (generic 
type) (1856). 
? Rhynchotus punctulatus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339; Philippi, 

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 532 (var. of P . perdicarius). 
Nothurus perdicarius, Band. Meth. nat.Av. disp. Tent p. 119 (1872). 
INothoprocta perdicaria, Sclat fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, 
n. 1 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 680; Salv. Cat B. Strickl. Coll 
p. 641, n. 3117 (1882); Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 82 (quintocubital) ; 
Hartert, Kat Vogeisamml. p. 206, n. 3100 (1891); Berk. James, 
New List CHI. B. p. 14, n. 253 (1892). 
Tinamus perdix, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
? Nothoprocta punctulata, Sclat P. Z. S. 1879, p. 461 (Chili). 

JL&ult General upper plumage greyish brown; feathers of the 

554 
TIKAMIM. 

pileum blackish in the middle; each feather of the back broadly-
edged with grey on both sides, and with two whitish stripes 
between the grey lateral edge and the dark mesial portion, 
the latter mostly black with irregular greyish-brown bars ; throat 
and middle of the abdomen whitish with a bnnish tinge; lower 
fore neck, breast, and sides grey, on the sides of the breast some 
feathers are like those of the upper parts; upper wing-coverts like 
the back, only the dark mesial portion narrower; primaries grey, 
regularly spotted with whitish on the outer web ; secondaries brown, 
with rufous bars on the outer web, the inner web uniform brown ; 
under wing-coverts pale brown tinged with rufous, the last row 
pure grey : bill in dry skin dusky, the base of the lower mandible 
pale; feet pale horn-colour. Total length about 12 inches, wing 
6-5, culmen 1, tarsus 1*5. 

Young in cloivn. Upper parts variegated with pale brown and 

black, and conspicuously striped with white, some feathers having 

the narrow apical portion entirely white, while others have dull 

greyish bases, the subapical portion black, and the tips rufescent; 

sides of the head huffish white, with some black marks near the 

ear-coverts; throat pure white; remainder of the lower parts 

whitish, with some dusky marks showing through the tips. (Santiago? 

Mus. Turin.) 

Hah. Northern and Central Chili. 

a. ad. sk. Chili. Lieut. Mawe, R.N. [P.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Chili. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Pull. st. Chili. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Central Chili. H. Berkeley James, Esq. [P.l 
e,f.<$2 ad. sk. Maquehua,Ohili,Aug. H. Berkeley James, Esq. [P. . 
g. Pull. sk. Rio BuenOj Chili, Eeb. H. Berkeley James, Esq. [P.*. 
h. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett & Capt. Eitzroy 
t. Skeleton. Chili. Purchased. 
4. Nothoprocta coquimbica. (Plate XY.) 
Nothura 
perdicaria, part., G. R. Gr. List B. Brit Mus. iil. p. 53, 
specim. a (Coquimbo) (1844). 
Rhynchotus cinerascens, G. B. Gr. [nee Burm.) List GaRince Br. Mus. 

p. 103 (Coquimbo) (1867); id. Hand-list, ill. p. 5, no. 9899 (1871). 
Nothura cinerascens, Sclat. (nee Burin.) P. Z. S. 1867, p. 331 
(Coquimbo). 
Rhynchotus cinerascens, Sclat. t. c. p. 339 (Coquimbo). 
? Nothura perdicaria, Sclat. fy Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 502 (eggs). 
Nothoprocta perdicaria, Sharjpe (nee Kittl), P. Z. S. f880, p. 18 

(Coquimbo) j MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 202 (Coquimbo). 

Similar to JSF. perdicaria, but of a clearer grey on the upper parts, 
the mesial brown part of the feathers of the upper parts much more 
grey; wings much more grey; lower fore neck and breast of a 
purer grey, nearly bluish. "Legs yellow" (Coppinger). 

Hal. Coquimbo, S. Chili. 

5 . KOTEOPROCTA. 
55 5 
ad st

a. 2 
-- Coquimbo, Ohili. Sir W. Burnett & Oapt. "| 
Fitzroy [P.]. j 
b. <$ ad. sk. Coquimbo. June (Dr. Voy. of H.M.S. < Alert' )> 
Coppinger). | 
c. <$ ad. sk. Coquimbo, June (Dr. Salvin-G-odnian Coll. J 
Coppinger). (Types of species,) 
5. Nothoprocta pentlandi. (Plate XVI. *) 
PNothura pnnctulata, Bp. (nee Des Murs) Tail. ParalL Galhn. 
(Extract), p. 12, n. 389, p. 20 (part., Bolivia) (1856) ; ? Schlep. 
Mus. P.-B., Tinanii, p. 41 (Chili) (1880). 

? Nothura curvirostris, Bp. in Mus. Lugd.; id. Tabl Parall. Gattin. 
(Extract), p. 12 (1856) (nomen nudum). 
? Rhynchotus punctulatus, G. R. Gr. (nee Des Murs) List Gallince 
Brit. Mus. p. 103 (Bolivian Andes) (1867); id. Rand-list, iii. p. 5 

n. 9900 (1871). 
Rhynchotus pentlandii, G. B. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mas. p. 103 
(Bolivia) (1867) ; id. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9901 (1871). 
Nothoprocta pentlandi, Sclat fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, 

n. 3 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 680; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 461; Sclat. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642 (Andes of Bolivia, 
Sicasica, and Chiguitos) ; Sclat $* Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 210 
(lb89) ; Frenz. J.f 0.1891, p. 124 (Argentine); BerL J.f 0.1892, 
p. 456 (critical). 
Tinamus pentlandi, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877). 
Nothoprocta doeringi, Cab. J. f O. 1878, p. 138 (Cordova); Sclat 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 461; Sclat $ Salv. ibid. p. 642 j White, P. Z. S. 
1883, p. 432 (Cosquin, Cordova); BerL J.f O. 1892, p. 456. 
Nothura doeringi, F. Schuttz in litt, tide Cab. J.f.O.1878, p. 198. 
Nothoprocta moebiusi, BerL Ber. Ally* Deutschl. Orn. Ges. 1892, 

p. 13 (juv., Bolivia); id. J.f O. 1892, p. 455. 
Similar to AT. perdicaria and N. coquimbica, but much smaller, 
Porehead, sides of the head, fore neck, and breast bluish grey, the 
latter dotted with white; middle of the crown and occiput black, 
the feathers edged with brown and with a white stripe on the 
outer edge* upper plumage greyish brown, each feather of the back 
black, barred with brown along the middle, greyish on the sidesy 
and with two whitish longitudinal stripes between the grey lateral 
edge and the dark mesial portion ; throat, middle of the breast, 
and abdomen dusky whitish buff; sides and flanks greyish, dotted 
or barred with white and freckled with black vermiculations; under 
tail-coverts dull greyish, with traces of dusky bars; quills blackish; 
primaries spotted with whitish buff on the outer web; secondaries 
barred with buff; upper wing-coverts greyish brown, variegated 
with black marks and white spots; under wing-coverts greyish 
brown : bill in dry skins brown, with the base of lower mandible 
paler; feet pale colour, probably yellow in the living bird. Total 
length 9*5 inches, wing 6, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1-5. 

* The Plate represents a bird probably not adult; the adult bird has the 
forehead, sides of the head, fore neck, and upper breast bluish lead-colour, the 
latter dotted with white. 
556 
TINAMXDJEJ. 

Young (type of K moebiusi, BerL). No bluish-grey tinge on the 
head, neck, and breast; upper part of the head black, the feathers 
tipped with brown, and striped with whitish on the outer edge ; 
sides of the head and throat whitish, the feathers tipped with 
black; upper parts much browner than in the adult, the feathers 
having broader brown tips and centres; lower parts pale brownish, 
the feathers of the breast, sides, and flanks with black marks and 
irregular bars, and with whitish stripes on the sides; the secondaries 
besides being barred are also edged with rufescent on the outer 
web; under wing-coverts blackish, edged with rufescent. Total 
length 9*5 inches, wing 5'2o, culmen 0*9, tarsus 1-3, 

I have very little doubt that the type of JSr. moeUusi is the young 
of the present species, especially as it has the same resemblance to 
the adult as the young of ]¥. tciczanoivslcii. 

Hob. Bolivia and North-western Argentine. 

a. Ad. sk. Andes of Bolivia. J. P. Pentland [P.l 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Bolivian Andes. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.l. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Sierra de Cordova (Dr. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Doring). 

6. Nothoprocta curvirostris. 
Eliynchotis perdix, 
? Sclat. (nee Mol.) P. Z. S. 1860, p. 97 (Calacali 
and Puellaro, Ecuador). 
Nothoprocta curvirostris, Select. Sf Salv. (nee Bp.) Nom. Av. Neotrop. 
pp. 153,163 (Ecuador) (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 680; Sorby, 

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 213 (Cutervo, 
N. Peru), 1882, p. 49 (Chirimoto, N.E. Peru) : Bed. $ Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 312 (Cechce, 10,000 feet, W. Ecuador); Tacz. $ 
Berl P. Z. S.1885, p. 123; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 306, Tables, 
p. 107 (1886); Salv. Novit. Zool.ii. p/#22(near Oajamarca) (1895). 
Tinamus curvirostris, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
Nothura curvirostris, Sclileg.Mm. P.-B., Tinami, p. 41 (note) (1880). 
? Nothoprocta curvirostra peruviana, Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 307 (1886). 
Adult. Feathers of the upper parts along the middle black, with 
two white stripes on the sides, and variegated and barred with 
greyish brown; feathers of the upper part of the head black in the 
centre, edged with rufous brown, a few with a white stripe on the 
outer edge; lores, sides of the head, and throat whitish; feathers of 
cheeks partly rufous brown, and with a black stripe along the shaft, 
also the feathers of the throat, especially those round it, are similarly 
coloured; breast and abdomen rufescent; on the breast the 
feathers have two whitish spots near the tip and a subapieal 
irregular dusky line; lower down the feathers are edged with 
whitish; the upper tail-coverts greyish olive-brown, with black and 
whitish bar-like marks, besides being dusted with black; upper 
wing-coverts pale brown, with bar-like whitish-buff marks, anteriorly 
and posteriorly edged with black ; quills brown, outer 
primaries barred with whitish buff on the outer web; on the innermost 
primaries the bars are rufescent, and are more or less present 

5 . BTOTHOPROCTA. 
also on the inner web; secondaries regularly barred with black and 
rufous on the outer web; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and greater 
wing-coverts barred with black and rufous on the outer web; 
marginal under wing-coverts brown, edged with rufous, the central 
ones rufous, the last row greyish brown: bill horn-brown, base of 
lower mandible yellow: feet apparently orange; iris dark brown. 
Total length about 10*5 inches, wing 6-5, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1*5. 

Some specimens have the mesial black part of the feathers of the-
back more extended than others. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but the feathers of the breast with 
broad black crescentic marks ; the upper wing-coverts less freckled, 
rufous, with black bars and whitish marks. 

Taczanowski has already remarked that Peruvian birds differ 
somewhat from Ecuadorian. In the specimens in the Museumy 
d and e, the black bars of the secondaries are comparatively 
narrower, and the innermost secondaries (tertiaries) are without 
that subterminal black bar which is so conspicuous in our specimens 
from Ecuador. 

Hob, Ecuador and Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Calaeali, Ecuador (Fraser). Salvin-Godman Coll. I 
b. $ juv. sk. Puellaro, Ecuador (Fraser). Salvin-Godman Coll. f 
(Types of species.) 
c. Ad.sk. Matagan, Ecuador (E. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. 2 a<3-sk- Cajamarca, Peru, alt. 10,000 ft., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (O. T. Baron). 
e. S ad. sk. Cajabamba, Peru, alt. 10,000 ft., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. (0. T. Baron), 
7. Nothoprocta ornata. (Plate XVII.) 
Rhynchotus ornatus, G. JR. Gr. List Gallium Br. Mus. p. 102" 
(Bolivia) (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9868 (1871). 
Nothoprocta ornata, Selat. fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, n. 2 
(1873) ,* iid. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 680,1879, p. 642 (Bolivia). 
Tinamus ornatus, Gieb. Thes. Urn. iii. p. 637 (1877). 
Larger than JV". jperdicaria. Upper parts brownish grey, vermiculated 
and irregularly banded with black and fulvous white; the 
feathers of the back have no broad pale outer edges; top of head 
blackish, spotted with fulvous whitish, the feathers irregularly 
barred with black and fulvous; sides of head and throat whitish, 
with black specks, very few on the throat; breast grey, with 
numerous transverse bands of fulvous white; lower part of breast 
and sides buff; the abdomen buffy white; primaries brown, banded 
with buffy white on the outer web; secondaries brown, banded 
with buff, the outer web narrowly edged with buff; tail-feathers 
with buff and blackish transverse bands ; the radii of the feathers 
disconnected. Total length 13*5 inches, wing 7*7, culmen 1, 
tarsus 1*5. 
Hah, Bolivia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq.. [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 

558 
TI^AMID^!. 

8. ISothoprGcta branickii. 
Nothoprocta branickii, Tacz. P. Z. S.1874, p. 563 (Junin, C. Peru); 
8clat. # Salv. T. Z. 8. 1874; p. 680 j Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 308, 
Tables, p. 107 (1886). 

Adult Smaller than & ornata and about the size of iVL perdicaria. 
Upper parts brownish grey, vermiculated with black, the 
feathers of the back with large subapical black spots; top of head 
black, spotted with fulvous whitish, the feathers with irregular 
rufous bars; sides of head and throat whitish, changing into 
rufesccnt on the lower neck, the feathers speckled or tipped with 
black, the black specks less numerous on the throat; breast silvery-
grey, on the sides greyish brown, vermiculated with black; lower 
part of breast, abdomen, and flanks rnfous buff, undulated with 
grey bars, especially on the lower breast; under tail-coverts buff, 
undulated with dusky lines; quills brown-black; primaries with 
whitish rufeseent bars or marks on the outer web; secondaries with 
black and rufous bars; under wing-coverts rufeseent, with irregular 
dusky bars, the last row uniform greyish brown: " bill brown, the 
base of the lower mandible pale; feet yellowish; iris brown " 
(JelsJci). Total length about 11 inches, wing 7, culmen 0*95, 

tarsus 1*4. 
I have described a specimen belonging to the Branicki Museum, 
probably the type, kindly sent to me for inspection by Br. Stolzmann. 
Hal. Junin, Peru. 

6. 
NOTHUKA. 
Type. 
Tmanrus, Spw (nee Lath.), Av. Bras. ii. p. 63 (1825).. K boraquira 
rTothura, Wagl. 8yst. Av. [p. 297] (1827) N. boraquira! 
Nothurus, part, 8w. Class. JB. ii. p. 345 (1837). 
Nothera, G. R. Gr. List, Gen. Birds, p. 63 (1840) 

(=Nothura). 
Range. Eastern South America from S. Brazil and Bolivia to 
Patagonia. 

Key to the Species. 

u. 
Pale rufous or fulvous below; wing more than 
4*5 inches. 
a'. Vermiculations and spottings of upper parts 
much coarser. 
a". Lower parts rufeseent, dark spots of the 
breast not deep black, but rather brown 
and not regularly round maculosa, p. 559. 

b". Lower parts not distinctly rufeseent, but 
pale fulvous or yellowish. 
a'". Spots on the breast deep black and 
almost regularly round nigroguttata, p. 560. 
b"r. Spots on the breast not deep black, 
neither regularly round. 

«4. Mesial part of the feathers of the 
back chestnut and black boliviano,, p. 561. 
6. NOTHUEA. 
559 
G". Lower parts very pale whitish huff; upper 
hreast pale reddish vinous, the feathers 
with whitish edges and usually with 
one "brown spot in the middle marmorata, p. 561. 

b'. Vermiculations and spottings of upper parts 
much finer; feathers of the hreast with 
whitish edges. 


d". Breast paler, less extensively spotted, 
the feathers not distinctly barred boraquira, p. 561. 

e". Breast darker, more broadly spotted, and 
with the feathers, especially the lower 
ones, distinctly barred in the hidden 
portion , danoini, p. 562. 

i>. Deep rufous; back chestnut, vermiculated with 
black; wing 4*5 inches media, p. 563. 

1. Kothura maculosa. 
Inambui, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 40, n. 327 (Paraguay) (1805). 

Tinamus maculosus, Temm. Pig. et Gallm. iii. pp. 557, 748 (1815) 
? Wied, Beis. nach Bras. i. p. 116 (1820) (= medius, Spix?); 
Temm, PI. Col., genre Tinamou, sp. 2 (1826) (= major, Spix); 
? Wied, Beitr, iv. p. 519 (1832) (= medius, Spiv?); Less. Compl. 
de Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 237 (1838); Nathus. J.f. 0. 1879, p. 358 
(egg), 1882, p. 283. 

Cryptnra fasciata, Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 109 (1819) (ex Azara). 
Tinamus fasciatus, Vieill. JEJnc. Meth. i. p. 370 (1820). 
Crypturus maculosus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 68, n. 706 (San Paulo) 


(1823); Thienem. Fortpfianz. p. 26, t. v. f. 11 (egg) (1845). 
Tinamus major, Spix (nee auct.), Av. Bras. ii. p. 64, t. 80 (Minas 
Geraes) (1825). 

Nothura 
major, Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Nothura, sp. 2 (1827); id. 
Isis, 1829,* p. 747; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513, n. 2 (1831); Darwin, 
Zool. Voy. < Beagle,1 iii. p. 119 (1841); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, 

n. 2 (1844), Append, p. 25 (1849); Rchrib. Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, 
t. 286. f. 1575 (1848) (ex Spix); ? Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, 
n. 338 (1856): id. Tall Parall Gallin. (Bxtraet\, p. 12, n. 340 
(1856); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (Ypanema, Oimeterio, Poderaciras, 
Ytarar6, Jaguaraiba), pp. 454, lvi (1871) ; Alix, Journ. de Zool 
iii. pp. 167, 252, pis. viii.-xi. (skeleton and muscles) (1874). 
Nothura medius, part., Wagl. Syst.Av., gen. Nothura, sp. 2 (1827); 
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513, n. 3 (1831). 
Tinamus maculatus, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 204 (1828); Natter. 
fide Thienem. Fortpfianz. p. 26 (Anm.) (1845). 
Nothurus maculosus, Sw. Class. B. ii. n. 345 (1837). 
Nothura maculosa, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 3 (syn. emend.) 

(1844); id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 53 (syn. emend.) (1844); 
Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 21, n. 327 (syn. emend.) (1847); 
Licht. Mm. Av. p. 87 (Minas) (1854); Burm. Si/st. Ueb. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 336 (part.) (1856); id. J.f O. 1866, p. 259 (La Plata); 
id. La Plata-Beise, ii. p. 499 (part.) (1861); G. M. Gr. List 

Galling Br. Mus. p. 104 (1867); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143 
(Buenos Ayres); Sternberg, J.f. 0.1869, p. 274 (Buenos Ayres); 
Holtz,J.f 0.1870, p. 19 (eggs); Beinh. Vid. Medd. naturh. Foren. 
Kjobenh. 1870, p. 51 (Minas Geraes); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, Hi. p. 5, 

n. 9902 (1871); ? Leybold, Fxc. Pamp. Arjent. p. — (1873); 
Sclat. 8f Salv. Mm. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, n. 1 (Brazil, Paraguay, 
and Argentine) (1873); Hudson, P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 167, 170; 
560 TINAMID^. 

Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 343 (plantar tendons); ?Leijbold (v. 
Mart, transl), J. f. 0.1875, p. 443 ; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165, 
1877, p. 203 (Buenos Ayres); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 168 (Buenos 
Ayres): Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 42 (part., specim. 1, 2, 3, 6) 
(1880) ; Dalgleish, Pr. P. Phys. Soc. JBdinb. vi. p. 249 (1882); 
White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Missiones); Rchmo. J. f. O. 1882? 

p. 11 (Zool. Gart) ; Sclat. list Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 547 (1883) 
(Zool. Gard.) ; Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 317 (part.,• Entrerios, 
Lower Uruguay); Helm, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 347 (muscles) ; Gibson, 
Ibis, 1888, p. 282 (Paysandu, Uruguay); Bert. J. / . O. 1887, 
p. 37 (Pilcomayo, liio Grande do Sul), p. 127; Lucas, Pr. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 157-158 (osteology) ; Withington, Ibis, 
1888, p. 473 (Loinas de Zamora); Sclat. fylluds. Argent. Orn. ii. 
p. 211 (1889); Bedd. Ibis, 1890, pp. 62, 63 (with cut of ceeca); Sclat. 
t. c. p. 82 (quintocubital), p. 425; Heine u. Pchnw. Norn, Mus. 
Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Chili and Montevideo) (1890); Holland, Ibis, 
1892, p. 214 (Argentine); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 214 (Uruguay) ; 
Sclat. Ibis, 1894, p. 453. 
Tinamus maculosa, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (syn. emend.) (1877). 

Adult. Above pale yellowish brown, barred with black and 

brown and streaked with fulvous white; these streaks run on both 

sides of the feathers of the back between the central dark portion 

and the greyish lateral edges; head and neck pale fulvous, with 

the feathers striped with black along the middle; upper part of the 

head mostly brown ; throat immaculate white; lower parts fulvous, 

breast spotted with brown, sides with brown bars; flanks with 

brown bars, more or less crescentic; primaries brown, with regular 

pale fulvous marks on the outer web, and with regular brighter 

fulvous bars on the inner web; secondaries regularly barred with 

pale brown and fulvous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts uniform 

fulvous, only the marginal ones of the latter with dusky spots; 

" bill and feet yellowish brown" (JSelater). Total length from 

10 to 11 inches, wing 5-5, culmen 0*7, tarsus 1-4. 

Female. Similar, but larger. 

Young in down. " Head and neck still in down, dark brown lined 

with pale buff; a line starting at base of beak and forking into 

two ; neck with the buff lines broader than the dark brown ones; 

body mottled buff and dark brown, with some little narrow white 

marks" (Aplin). 

Hob. Argentine, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Southern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. 
b. § ad. sk. Ypanema, S. Brazil, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(batterer). 
c. d. <5 2 ad. sk. Uruguay, July, Aug. Alan Peel, Esq. [P.]„ 
e. Ad. sk. Maldonado, Jan. (C. Darwin). Zool. Soc. ColL 
/ . Ad. sk. Monte Video [Johnston). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. J ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, Feb. ( With- Sclater Coll. 
2. Notlrara nigroguttata. 
Similar to N. maculosa, but blacker above, the black marks of 
the back being more conspicuous; lower parts paler, yellowish rather 

6. NOTHUBA. 
561 
than rufescent; the spots on the lower fore neck and upper breast 
of a darker black, more roundish, and better defined ; also the black 
bars on the sides better defined: "iris and feet yellow" (Shmiradzki). 
Total length 8-5-10 inches, wing 5*5-6-25, culmen 0-7-0-8, 
tarsus 1-3-1-52. 

Female, Larger than the male. 
Bab. Central Pampas, Argentine Republic. 
The types (male and female) of this apparently new species have 


been collected by Dr. Joseph Siemiradzki and belong to the Rranicki 
Museum of "Warsaw; they have been sent to me for inspection by 
Dr. Stolzmann. 

3. Nothura boliviana. 
Nothura 
media, G. R. Gr. (nee Spiv), List Gallium B. M. p. 104 
(Bolivia) (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9904 (part., Bolivia) 
(1871). 

Similar to M. maculosa, but paler below and much smaller. Total 

length 8-8-5 inches, wing 5-5*5, culmen 0-62-0-67, tarsus 1-02-1-1. 
Bab. Bolivia. 
Specimen d from Cinti, mentioned below, differs from the others 

in being paler, especially on the neck and lower parts. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
(Types of species.) 
d. Ad. sk. Ointi, Bolivia. Salvin-Godman Coll, 

4. Nothura marmorata. (Plate XVIII.) 
Nothura marmorata, G. R. Gr. List GalUnce B. M. p. 104 (Bolivia) 
(1867); id. Band-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9903 (1871); Sclat. Sf Sato. 
Mm. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, n. 2 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642; 
Schlep. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 44 (Bolivia) (1880); Bias. J.f.O. 
1885, p. 405. 
Tinamus marmoratus, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877). 
? Nothura maculosa, v. Boeck {nee Temm.), MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 
1884, p. 165 (Oochabamba, Bolivia) (? = marmorata); Bias. ibid.; 
id. J.f O. 1885, p. 405. 

Similar to N. maculosa, especially on the back ; the lower parts 
much whiter, the brown spots almost confined to the neck • upper 
breast pale reddish vinous, the feathers with whitish edges and 
usually with one brown spot in the middle; flanks with narrow 
brown undulated bands ; axillaries fulvous, with brown-grey bands. 
Total length 9-10 inches, wing 5-Q-6, culmen 0-72-0-75, tarsus 
1-4-1-46. 

Bab. Bolivia. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq. [O.]. 
(Types of species.) 

5. Nothura boraquira. 
Tinamus boraquira, Sptx, Aves Bras. ii. p. 63, t. 79 (1825); Temm.. 
PL Col, genre Tinamou, sp. 4 & footnote (1826); Less. Man. u. 

p. 205 (1828) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 
VOL. XXVII. -° 
TINAJtflDJU. 

Nothura boraquira, Wagl. Sijst. Av., gen. Nothura, sp. 1 (1827); 
Less. Tr. cCOrn. p. 513, n. 1 (1831); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, 

n. 1 (1844); Mchib. Syn. Av., Gallinacese, t. 286. f. 1574 (1848) 
(ex Spiv)', Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 337 (1856); id. 
Tail. JParall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 338 (1856) ; Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 329 (1850); G. M. Gr. List Gcdlince B. M. p. 105, 
n 6 (1867); Beinh. Vid. Medd. naiurk. Form. Kjobenk. 1870, 
p. 51; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (note), pp. 454, lvi (1871) ; G. M. 
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n. 9908 (1871); Sclat. $ Sab. Norn. Av. 
Neotrop. p. 153, n. 3 (Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentine) (1873) ; 
tid. Ibis, 1878, p. 405 (note); ScJdeg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 44 
(1880); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 74; Berl J. f O. 1887, p. 127 
(ex Sclater $ Salviri). 
Crypturus 
boraquira, Thienem. Fortpflanz. p. 26, t. v. f. 10 (e#g) 
(1845). 
Nothura maculosa, Burm. (nee Temm.) J. f. O. 1858, p. 161 
(Mendoza). 

Similar to N. maculosa, but differs in being smaller, in having the 
fulvous colour of the lower parts paler, the upper parts greyer and 
with finer vermiculations, the black parts of the feathei'S of the back 
less prominent; also the brown spots on the breast are paler, and 
the feathers of the breast have whiter edges : bill dusky above, 
pale below; feet yellowish. Total length about 10 inches, wing 5*5, 
culm en 0-8, tarsus 1-25. 

Female. Scarcely larger. 
Young. Similar to the adult, but the spots on the breast darker. 
Hah. Brazil and Western Argentina near Mendoza. 

a. 
5 ad. sk. Mendoza, Argent. Rep., Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
( Weisshaupt). 
b, c, d. <$ $ ad. Vicinity of Mendoza (Ley- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
et juv. sk. bold). 

6. Nothura darwini (Plate XIX.) 
Nothura minor, Dane, (nee Spiv) Zool. Voy. i Beagle] iii. p. 119 
(Bahia Blanca) (1841); Gould, Voy. of 'Beagle? Birds, p. 119 
(1841). 

Nothura darwini, G. B. Gr. List Gallinm B. M. p. 104 (Bahia 
Blanca) (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, no. 9905 (1871); Sclat. 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (note, Rio Negro); Burm. Anal. Mus. Nac. 
Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (1888) ; Sclat. & Huds. Arqent. Orn. ii. 
p. 213, pi. 20 (1889). 
Perdiz chieho, Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (Rio Negro, Patagonia). 
Tinamus darwini, Gieb. Tkes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (excl. syn.) (1877). 
? Nothura maculosa, Sclat. $ Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (Rio 
Negro); Salvin, Ibis, 1873, p. 131, note; Dumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 
(Chuput, Patagonia); ScJdeg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 44, specim. 4,5 
(Patagonia) (1883); Barroios, Auk, 1884, p. 318 (Bahia Blanca) ; 
Burm. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (N. Patagonia) 
(1888) ; Frenzel, J.f.O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordoba). 

? Nothura perdicaria, Dumf. (nee Kittl.) Ibis, 1878, p. 405 ; Burm. 
Anal. Mm. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (1888). 

Similar to N. boraquira, but of a browner tinge above, and the 

6. tfOTHTTKA. 
563 
breast more greyish, the greyish mesial portion of the feathers 
being broader and the brown bars better defined. 
Hah. Patagonia, and apparently also the Argentine Eepublie, 
near Cordova. 
Specimens from Cordova require comparison. 


fl.Ad.sk. Bahia Blanca (C. Darwin). Zool. Soc. (Type of 
species.) 
b, c. $ $ ad. Rio Negro, Patagonia, April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

sk. July (IF. H. Hudson), 
d, e. $ ad. sk. Rio Negro, April, Oct. W. H. Hudson, Esq. [C.]. 
/. $ ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argent. Rep., Salvin-Godman Coll. 

June (K A. White). 

7. Nothura media. 
Tinaums medius, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 65, t. 81 (fig. mala J ?; 
Tejuco) (1825) ; Temm. PI Col, genre Tinamou, sp. 3 and footnote 
(1826); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 205 (1828); id. Oomph de 
Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 237 (1838). 

Tinanius minor, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. Qo, t. 82 (fig. malatf?; Tejuco, 
Minas Geraes) (1825) ; Temm. PI. Col., genre Tinamou, sp. 5 
(part.) (1826). 

Tinanius brevipes, Natter. Mus. Vindob., fide Temm. PI. Col., genre 
Tinamou, footnote (1826); cf. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (1871). 
Nothura medius, part, Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Nothura, sp. 3 (1827); 

Less. Tr. d>Om. p. 513, n. 3 (part.) (1831). 

Nothura minor, Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Nothura, sp. 4 (1827); id. Isis, 
1829, p. 747 (not=N. nana, $) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513, n. 4 
(1831); G. E. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 4 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Gallinaceas, t 286. f. 1577 (1848) (ex Spix); Bp. Compt. Eend. 

xlii. p. 881, n. 340 (1856); id. Tail. Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, 
n. 342 (1856); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 331, n. 3 (1856); G. E. Gr. 
List Gallince B. M. p. 105, n. 7 (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, 
n. 9907 (1871) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-R, Tinami, p. 45 (1880). 
Nothura 
media, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 747; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295 
(Fazenda do Rio Verde, Ytarare, Irisanga), pp. 454, lvi (1871); 

G. E. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9904 (Brazil) (1871); Sclat. $ 
Salv. Norn. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, n. 4 (Brazil) (1873) ; Schleg. Mus. 
P.-B., Tinami, p. 45 (1880); Grant, Ibis, 1889, p. 449*:; Allen, 
Bull Amer. Mus. N. H. p. 152 (Matto Grosso) (1893). 
Nothurus minor, part., Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837). 
Tinamus plumbeus (?), Mus. Paris, fide Less. Compl de Buff. 2nded., 
Ois. p. 237 (note) (1838). 

Nothura maculosa, part., 
G. E. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 3 (1844) ; 
Hartl Erst. Nachtr. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 17, n. 191 (1846); Rchnb. 
(nee Te?n?7i.) Syn. Av., Gallinaeese, t. 286. f. 1576 (1848) (ex 
Spix) ; Bp. (nee Temm.) Compt. Eend. xlii. p. 881, n. 339 (1856); 
id. Tabl. Parall Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 341 (1856); Burm. 
Th. Bras. iii. p. 330 (part.) (1856); Eeinh. Vid. Medd. naturh. 
Foren. Kjobenh. 1870, p. 52 (Curvelo). 

* Mr. Ogilvie Grant says that Turnix variegatus, Vieill. (N. D. xxxv. p. 47 ; 
Enc. Meth. i. p. 330, pi. 232. f. 4), is probably a Tinamou (Nothura media), but I 
cannot find that either the description or the plate agrees with the latter bird. 
2o2 

564 
TINAMIDJT:. 

? Crypturus minor, Thienem. Fortpfianz. p. 26, t. v. f. 12 (egg) (1845) 
NotWa assimilis, G. R. Gr. List Gallines B. M. p. 105 (1867) ; id. 

Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n. 9906 (1871). 
Tinamus assimilis, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 
PNothura nana, Eartert (nee Temm.), Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 206, 

n. 3101 (1891) (=minor, Spix). 
Adult Differs from all the other species in its smaller size 
and decidedly rufous colour. Sides of the forehead and head, 
neck, breast, and abdomen rufous, brighter on the abdomen and 
thighs; crown and back chestnut, vermiculated with black, the 
feathers of the back greyish on the edges, and with two buff lateral 
stripes, more or less distinct; sides of the head and neck with 
brown stripes or marks; throat whitish ; brea&t with brown marks, 
broader on the sides, where the feathers are mesially chestnut; 
flanks barred with brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail greyish buff, 
undulated with brown; upper wing-coverts rufous with brown bars; 
primaries marked with brown and rufous on the outer web, brown 
barred with rufous on the inner one; secondaries barred with 
rufous-cinnamon and brown; under wing-coveris rufescent, the 
last row greyish, more or less barred with rufons. Total length 
about 7*5 inches, wing 4-5, culmen 0*75, tarsus 1*2. 

Female. Similar, only somewhat larger. Total length about 
8 inches, tarsus 1*25. 
Although Spix's plates 81 and 82 scarcely agree with the types 
of N. ammilis, Gr., still they seem referable to the present bird. 
Hal. S. Brazil. 

a. Ad st. S. America. Zool. Soe. (Type of 
JV". assimilis.) 
b. Ad. sk. No locality (By ton Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. J ad. sk. Ytarare, Brazil, Febr. (Nat- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
terer). 

d. tf ad. sk. Cbapada, Matto Grosso, Mav Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. H. Smith), 
7. 
TAOEHSCUS. 
Type. 
Taomscus, Glog. Hand- u. Hilfsb. d. Naturg. p. 404 (1842). T. nanus. 

Pavuncula, Bp. Co?npt. Bend. xlii. p. 881, gen. no. 100 (1856). T! nanus! 
Range, Paraguay and S. Brazil. 

1. Taoniscus nanus. 
Inambii-carape, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 45, n. 328 (1805) (Paraguay). 

Tinamus nanus, Temm, Pig. et Gallm. iii. pp. 600, 7$8 (1815) 
(Paraguay, ex Azara); Vieill Enc. Meth. i. p. 371 (1823) : 
Temm. PL Col 316 (San Paulo) (1824) - id. Pi Col, genre 
Tmamou, sp. 5 (1826); Less. Man. ii. p. 205 (1828) ; id. Compl 
de Bvff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 237 (1838) ; Temm. PI. Col L, Tabl 
Meth. p. 87 (1838); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877). 

Cryptura nana, Vieill N. D. xxxiv. p. 102 (1819) {ex Azara). 

I, TAONISCUS. 565 

Tinamus minor, part., Temm. PL Col., genre Tinamou, sp. 5 
( = nanus $) (1826). 
Nothura nana, WagL Bxjst. Av., gen. Nothura, sp. 5 (1827); id. Isis, 
1829, p. 747; less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513, n. 5 (1831) ; G. It. Gr. Gen. 

B. iii. p. 525, n. 5 (1844); Hartl Lid. Azara Apimt. p. 21, n. 328 
(1847); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinaceas, t. 286. 1*. 1588 (1848) (ex 
Temminck); Licht. Norn. Av. p. 87 (1854) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. 
p. 331 (1856); id. J.f 0. 1858, p. 161: G. JR. Gr. List Gallina 
B.M.y. 105,-n. 8 (1867); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (Fazenda do S. 
CoronelCorneiro, Jaguaraiba, Ytarare,Irisanga), pp. 454, lvi (1871); 
Schlep. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 46 (note) (1880); ? Schaf. J.f 0. 
1888, p. 6. 
Nothurus minor (part.), Sio. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837). 

Taoniscus pavoninus, Glog. Hand- u. Hilfsb. d. Nat. p. 404 (1842). 

Pavuncula nana, Bp. Corrupt. Bend. xlii. p. 881, n. 341 (1856); id. 

Tall. Parall. Gallin. {Extract), p. 12, n. 343 (1856). 

Tinamus carape, Natt. Cat. MS., teste Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (1871). 

Nothura (Taoniscus) nana, G. R. Gr. Hand4ist, iii. p. 6, n. 9909 

(1871). 
Taoniscus nanus, Sclat. fy Salv. Nom. Av. Neot?*op. p. 153 (1873); 
Berl J.f 0. 1887, p. 127, n. 356. 

Adult male. Upper part of the head greyish brown, with the centres 
of the feathers blackish ; throat whitish ; upper parts blackish, with 
narrow whitish bars, the edges of the feathers greyish ; neck and 
breast dull whitish, with a few dusky stripes or spots; lower breast 
and abdomen whitish, the flanks with regular brown-blackish bars ; 
upper tail-coverts very long, marked like the back; upper wing-
coverts greyish, with dusky and whitish margins; primaries uniform 
brown: bill dusky above, pale below; feet yellow-orange. Total 
length about 6 inches, wing 3*2, culmen 0*6, tarsus 0*62. (Mus. 
Paris.) 

Female. Upper parts rufous brown, the feathers broadly blackish in 
the middle and vermi ciliated with brown ; upper tail-eoverts like 
the feathers of the back, but much shorter than in the male; sides 
of the head whitish buff with dusky Hues ; throat, middle of the 
lower breast, and abdomen whitish ; on the sides of the neck and 
on lower fore neck the feathers edged with brown; sides of the 
-breast and flanks barred with brown, the bars broader on the flanks; 
upper wing-coverts barred with brown and whitish buff; primaries 
uniform brown; under wing-coverts whitish with brown lines, the 
last row uniform grey : bill brown above, pale at the base of the 
lower mandible; feet in dry skin yellow. Total length about 6 
inches, wing 3, culmen 0*5, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Paraguay and Brazil (Minas Geraes). 

a. <j> ad. sk. Ytarare, Brazil, March (Natterer). Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
566 TINAMIDJS. 

Subfamily II. TINAMOTIDIKffi. 

8. CALOPEZUS. 
Type. 

Eudromia, Is. Geofr., Mag. de Zool 1832, 01. ii. text to 
pi. 1 (1832) (nee Eudromias, Boie) C, elegans. 
Calodromas, Sclat. <$r Salv. Norn. Av. Neotrop. pp. 153, 
156 (1873) (nee Oalodromus, Guerin, 1832) C. elegans. 
Calopezus, Ridgw. Pr. Biol Soc. Wash. ii. p. 97 (1884) 
( = Calodromas). 

Range. Argentine Republic and Lower Uruguay. 

1. Calopezus elegans. 
Perdix niartineta, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 31 (1805); Bedd. Ibis, 1890, 
p. 61. 
Eudromia elegans, If Orb. § Is. Geofr. Mag. de Zool 1832, 01. ii. 
text to pi. 1 (Patagonia) (1832); Lafr. Rev. Zool. viii. p. 87; I>? Orb. 
Toy. ii. p. 68 (note 1), p. 302t n. 11 (1835-38); Less, CompL de 
Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 241, pi. —. f. 1 (1838) : Eraser, P. Z. S.1843, 

p. 116; Bridges, ibid. (Mendoza) ; Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 21 
(Anm.) (1847); B.p. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 342 (1856); id. 
Tabl Par all. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 344 (1856); Burm. J.f.O. 
1858, p. 161, 1860, p. 259; id. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 498 (San 
Luis, Mendoza) (1860); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n. 9910 
(1871) ; Muds. § Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 545, 549 (Rio Negro) ; 
Leyb.Exc.Pamp.Arjent.^. — (1873); id. (v.Mart, traml) J.f O. 
1875, p. 443; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 48 (Chili!) (1880); 
Burm. Anal Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (Patagonia) (1888)7 
p. 318 (1890). 
Tinamotis elegans, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 2 (1844) ; Bridges, 
P. Z. S. 1847, p. 28 (Mendoza) ; Rchnb. 8yn. Av., Gallinacese, 
t.287. f. 1583 (1848) {ex D'Orb. et Is. Geofr.); G. R. Gr. List 
Gallium B. M. p. 106 (Chili!, Bridges) (1867); Gieb. Thes. Orn. 
iii. p. 6S5 (1877). 
Tinamus (Eudromia) elegans, Schleg. Handl. Dierk. i. p. 399 (1857). 
Tinamus elegans, Schleg. Dierent. p. 233 (1864). 
Calodromas elegans, Sclat. § Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153 
(Argentine) (1873); Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361 (egg); Durnf. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chuput), 1878, p. 406 (Centr. Patag.); Sclat. 

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 (eggs, Falklands!); id. Zool Voy. Chall, 
Birds, p. 152 (eggs) (1881); Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 318 (Bahia 
Blanca, Lower Uruguay); Sclat. $* Suds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 214 
(1889) ; Bedd. Ibis, 1890, pp. 61-66, ff. 2, 3 (ca*ca); Sclat. Ibis, 
1890, p. 82 (quintocubital), p. 265; Frenzel, J.f 0. 1891, p. 124 
(Cordoba); Sclat. Bull Br. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxix; td. Ibis, 
1893, p. 256; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 (not on the Uruguay); Sclat. 
Ibis, 1894, p. 453. 
Calopezus elegans, Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 97 (1884). 

Adult male. Above densely banded and spotted with Mack and 

9. TTNAMOTIS. 
f>07 

pale fulvous; the fulvous spots roundish and very conspicuous; 
Head greyish, each feather with a mesial black streak; a long recurved 
vertical crest of black feathers, partly edged with cinereous; 
two whitish bands start from above the eyes and run along the 
sides of the nape; another whitish band starts from the base of the 
upper mandible and crosses the cheeks under the eyes; throat 
whitish; neck greyish, each feather with a mesial blackish stripe; 
the feathers of the lower neck with a mesial black stripe, two pale 
lateral stripes, and numerous black cross bars; remainder of the 
lower parts huffish white, with numerous black bars, more or less 
crescentic, the abdomen almost uniform; primaries greyish black, 
on the outer web regularly spotted, on the inner web regularly 
barred with huffish white; secondaries barred on both webs; under 
wing-coverts variegated with greyish brown and whitish, the last 
row pale grey with whitish bars, irregularly crescentic; tail barred 
across with blackish and buffish white : " bill blackish; feet bluish 


grey (Sclater); " iris dark }> (Hudson). Total length about 14-5 
inches, wing 8-5, tail 3-25, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1*9. 

Female. Similar to the male. 

Young in down. Upper parts greyish brown, thickly dotted with 
black at the tip of many downy feathers, while other feathers are 
striped with white; a conspicuous brownish crest; two white bands— 
one from above the eyes, down the sides of the neck, the other from 
the base of the upper mandible under the eyes; throat and abdomen 
white; lower fore neck and upper breast greyish, with some 
dusky spots and white stripes. 

Hab. Southern part of S. America, from S. Uruguay to Argentina 
and Patagonia. Both Gray and Schlegel erroneously mention 
specimens from Chili! and Sclater mentions eggs collected in the 
Falklands! 

a, b, c. Ad. etjuv. st. [Chili] Probably Mendoza *. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
&sk. 

d. Ad. sk. Mendoza, Argent. Republic, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March (Burmeister). 
e. J ad. sk. Mendoza,Feb. (Weisshaiqjt). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f-h. 
Pull. sk. "Vicinity cf Mendoza (Ley-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
hold). 

i. $ ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W.H.Hudson). 
h Pull. sk. Gould Coll. 


99.
.. TINAMOTIS 
TINAMOTISTINAMOTIS.
.. Type. 
Tinamotis, Vigors,r, P
PP. Z.
Z.Z. S. 
S.S. 1836 
18361836,
,, p 
pp. 7 
779
99 T. pentlandi.
. 

Mange. S. America
aa fro 
frofrom
mm th 
ththe
ee Ande 
AndeAndes
ss o 
oof
ff Peru 
PeruPeru,
,, and probably also of 
Ecuador, to 1STili, , d o Patagoni 

ic 
i 

. Chili, Bolivia
BoliviaBolivia, an 
anand als 
alsalso Patagonia. 

* Cf. V. Z. S. 1817, p. 28. 
o6S 
TISiMIDJK. 

Key to the Species *. 
a.
b. 
Quills brown, barred with rufescent on the outer 
we b 
Quills nearly uniform bright rufescent 
pentlandi, 
ingoxtf, p. 569. 
p. 568. 
1. Tinamotis pentlandi. 

Eudromia andecolaf, E'Orb. Voy. ii. p. 08 (note 2), p. 302, n. 12 
(Bolivia) (1835-38). 

Tinamotis pentlandi, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 79 (Andes); id. Lond. § 
Edinb. Philos. Mag. x. p. 289 (1837); id. Isis, 1838, p. 195; Less. 
Compl de Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 241 (1838) : G. R. Gr. List Gen. 

B. p. 63 (1840) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 82 (1841); G. R. Gr. $ 
Mitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, pi. 137 (1844); Tsch. Arch./. Katurg. 
1844, i. p. 308, n. 283 (Peru); id. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 47, 280 
(1846): Bridges, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 28 (Tapaquilcha) ; Rchnb. Syn. 
Av., Galliuacea?, t. 287. f. 1588 {ex Gr. $ Mitch.) (1848); Bp. 
Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 343 (1856); id. Tail. Parall. Gallin. 
{Extract), p. 12, n. 345 (1856); G. R. Gr. List Gallincs B. M. 
p. 105 (1867); SclaL $ Salu. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 989 (Arequipa), 
1868, p. 570; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, no. 9911 (1871); 
SclaL # Sah. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153 (Bolivia and Peru) (1873) ; 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 564 (Junin); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 
(1877); Select. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642; v. Boeck, MT. orn. 
Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 165 (Cochabamba, Bolivia) ; Tacz. Orn. Pir. 
iii. p. 310 (1886) ; Sclai. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Huasco, X. Chili), 
1891, pp. 132, 137 (Sacaya and Canchosa); James, Netv List 
Chil. B. p. 14, n. 254 (1892). 
Eudromia sp., Bridges, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 9 (Tapaquilcha). 
Tinamus pentlandii, Schleg. Handl. iJierk. i. p. 399 (1857); id. 
Dierent. p. 233 (1864). 
Eudromia pentlandii, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 47 (1880). 

Adult. Feathers of the head with huff and black stripes; a brown 
stripe from the nares through the eyes to the sides of the neck, 
another from the gape through the cheeks; throat and two hands 
along the sides of the nape whitish: a mesial band along the nape, 
mantle, and back bluish grey, the latter irregularly spotted with 
rufous; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive, with irregular 
yellowish spots; middle part of the fore neck buff with bluish-
grey stripes; lower fore neck and breast bluish grey, barred with 

* The following species has been wrongly included among the Crypturi 
n the genus Tinamotis:— 
TUBNIX OCELLATA. 

Ortogis ocellata, Meyen, Kov. Act. Ac. Leop. xvi, Suppl. i. p. 101, t. xvii. 
(Peru!) (1833); id. Reise, iii p. 225, t. xxvii.; Esch. Arckf. Naturq, 1844, 

i. p. 307, n. 276. 
Tinamotis ocellata {Meyen), G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 3 (1844); 
% 
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, t. 287. f. 1585 (ex Meyen); G. R. Gr. List 
Gallince B. M. p. 106 (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, no. 9912 (1871); 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877). 

t Possibly this name has the priority. 

J). TINAMOnS. 
oM) 

rufescent; middle of the lower breast barred with whitish and greyish 
brown; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts uniform rufous-
cinnamon ; upper wing-coverts bluish, grey, with irregular bar-like 
rufescent marks; primaries uniform brown on the inner web, with 
pale rufescent marks on the outer web ; secondaries greyish brown, 
the inner ones regularly barred with rufescent on both webs, the 
outer ones only on the outer web, while the inner web is irregularly 
freckled with rufescent; under wing-coverts buff, irregularly barred 
with brown, the last row uniform greyish; tail-feathers olive, barred 
with yellowish: bill brown; iris chocolate; legs whitish green; 
feet black. Total length about 18 inches, wing 10, tail 4*5, culmen 
1*1, tarsus 1*9. 

Female. Similar to the male. 

Hah. Bolivia, 1ST. Chili, Peru, and, according to Taczanowski, 

also Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. [Chili] more probably Tapa- T. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
chilqua, Bolivia. 
b. Ad. sk. Chili, or more probably Zool. Soc. (Type of 
Bolivia (JPentland). species.) 
c. 
5 ad. sk. Huasco, Pro v. of Tarapaca, H. Berkeley James, Esq. 
Chili, Feb. [P.]. 
d. e. £ $ ad. sk. Sacaya, Chili, April. II. Berkeley James,Esq. 
DM


/. (S ad. sk. Canchosa, Chili, Jan. H. Berkeley Jaines,Esq. 

g. 
Ad. sk. Arequipa, S.W. Peru, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(JET. Whitely). 
2. Tmamotis ingoufi. 
Tinamotis ingoufi, 
Oust. Ann. 8c. Nat., Zool ix. p. 18 (1890); id. 
Miss. 8c. Cap Horn, Ois. pp. 105, 106, pi. 1 (Patagonia) (1891). 

Female (type). Very different from T. pentlandl, and easily distinguishable 
by the quills being rufous-cinnamon, as in Rhynchotus 
rufescens; primaries uniform, secondaries with black markings; upper 
parts and breast grey, but each feather brown in the middle and 
with irregular ^-shaped marks; head with white and dusky stripes ; 
throat white, spotted with dusky• upper part of the head dusky, 
bounded on the sides by two whitish bands, which join on the 
occiput; four white bands along the neck, two on each side; a 
band on the hind neck and one between the white ones on the 
sides of the neck dusky; lower breast white, with irregular crescentlike 
dusky bands; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts rufescent: 
bill dusky olive ; feet plumbeous: iris yellow. Total length about 
15*5 inches, wing 8, tail 2*75, culmen 1, tarsus 1*25. (Mus. Pans.) 

Hal. E. Patagonia, near Santa Cruz. 

570 
RATIT-3E. 

Subclass EATITiB. 

Struthiones, Lath. Ind. Orn, ii. p. 662, Ordo vi. (1790). 
Ratit®, Merreni, Abhandl. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1812-13, Physik. 
Kl. p. 259. 
Cursores, part., IlUg. Prodr. p. 246 (1811). 
Proceri (familia), Illig. I e. p. 246 (1811). 
Megistanes (familia), Vieill. Analyse, p. 53 (1816). 
Brevipennes (familia), Cuv. Pegn. An. i. p. 459 (1817). 
Proceres, Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent p. 151 (1872). 
Struthioniformes, Seebohm, Class. B. p. 44 (1890). 

All the preceding Orders of Birds being comprised in the 
Subclass Carinatce, the Batitce—which form the second Subclass 
of living Birds—are characterized thus (see Gadow, Proe. Zool. Soc. 

1892, p. 237):— 
" Mdifugous. Omnivorous. Terrestrial. 
" Rhamphotheca compound. Nares impervious. Holorhinal. 
" Vertebrae heterocoelous. 

" Basipterygoid processes functional. Proximal articulating head 
of quadrate single. 

" Sternum without keel and without spina interna. Spina 
externa small or absent. Coracoid fused with scapula ; both bones 
forming a very obtuse angle. 

" With incisura ischiadica.. .. 
" Wings reduced; flightless. Terminal caudal vertebrae not 
coalesced into a pygostyle. 

"Hypotarsus simple.... 

" Adult without pterylae. Oil-gland absent. 

" C8Bca functional." 

To these characters it must be added that the Batitce, like the 
Tinamous, have the upper mandible covered at the base with a 
membrane or cere, which also envelops the nasal grooves; besides, 
they are quintocubital and have the barbs of the feathers disconnected. 
Penis fully developed. 

The Batitce have a wide distribution from Africa and Arabia, 
over many of the Islands of Malayasia and Polynesia, to Australia 
and South America. 

Synopsis of the Orders. 

a. 
Hallux absent; bill moderate, 
about the length of the head. 
a!. Feathers without aftershaft. 
a". Only two toes 1. STKUTHIOffES, p. 571. 
b". Three toes 2. KHEJE, p. 577. 

STRTTTHIONIDJL 
571 

V, Eeathers with a large aftersnaft 
3. CASUAEII, p. 585. 


b. 
Hallux present, and three toes 
anteriorly; bill very long, much 
longer than the head; the 
nostrils near the tip 4. APTEBYGES, p. 603. 
Order I. STRUTHIONES. 

Only two toes, the third and fourth, are present; terminal 
phalanges shortened, with stunted nails. 
Maxillo-palatines articulating with the vomer, which touches 
neither palatines nor pterygoids. 
Procoracoid large. No clavicles. Pubes united in a symphysis. 

Tibia without bony bridge. 
Aftershaft absent. Quills and tail-feathers large. 
Cseca and rectum enormous. 

Ethiopian. 

The members of this Order are the largest birds actually living. 
Their bill is broad and depressed, with the culmen flattened and 
the tip strong, rounded and overlapping that of the mandible; the 
nostrils placed in a broad membranous groove near the middle of 
the bill, and the opening oval; the wings are short, imperfect, and 
furnished with long soft plumes; the tail is moderate, and composed 
of curved pendent feathers ; the tarsi are very long, robust, and in 
front near the toes covered with transverse scutes; the two toes 
are short and robust, the outer shorter and much padded; the 
claws short, broad and flattened. 

Only one family. 

Family STRUTHIONIM. 

1. STRTJTHIO. Typ e 
Strtithio, Linn, S. N. i. p. 265, gen. 96 (1766) S. camelus. 

Tiange. Confined to Africa and Arabia. 
\Cf. NOLTE, " Strausse und Straussenzueht in Sudafrika " 


(J. f. 0. 1895, pp. 44-79).] 
Key to the Species. 

«. Feathers of the body "black. (Males.) 
a'. Naked parts reddish; a ring of white 
feathers on the lcwer part of the neck.. cmneliib, p. 572, 

572 SritUTJBLIONIDJE. 

//. Naked part** lead-grey or blue-grey ; no 
distinct white ring of feathers on the 
lower part of the hind neck. 


a". Naked skin of head, neck, and legs 
bluish grey; on the crown a horny 
shield of a dirty yellowish, surrounded 
with downy hairs ?7iolybdophanes, p. 574. 

b". Naked skin of head, neck, and legs 
lead-grey or even white-grey; no 
horny shield on the crown australis, p. 575. 

b Feathers of the body greyish. {Females.) 

1. Stnithio camelus. 
Struthio camelus, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, p. 155, n. 1 (1758: Syria, 

Arabia, Africa). 
Struthio, Brits. Orn. v. p. 3, pi. L f. 1 (1700). 
Struthio camelus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 265, n. 1 (1766); Scop. Ann. i. 

Hist. Nat. n. 160 (1769); Gerini, Orn. ii. p. 29, tt. 137, 138,139 
(1776); Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 726, n. 1 (1788); Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. 

p. 663,'n. 1 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 1 (part), pi. 4. f. 1 
(1790); Cuv. Minag. du Mus. H. N. i. p. 2 (1801); Vieill N. D. iii. 
p. 85 (part.) (1816); Cuv.Begn. An. i. p. 461 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. 
Zool. xi. 2, p. 423 (part.), pi. 27 (1819); Vieill. Gal. des Ois. ii. 
p. 70 (part.), pi. 223 (1825); Less. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 209 (part.) 
(1828); Cuv. Begn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 495 (3829); Less. Tr. d'Orn. 
p. 4 (part.), pi. i. f. 1 (1831); Benn. Gard. Men. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 47, 
with fig. (1831); Siu. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837); Hupp. Neue 
Wirbelth. p. 114 (1835-40); Temm. PL Col L, Tall. Meth. p. 88 
(1838); Gulliver, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 71 (muscular fibres of heart), 
pp. 141, 195 (blood-corpuscles); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 527, 
pi. 188. f. 4 (head, bill, and foot) (1844); id. List B. Brit. Mus. 

iii. p. 54 (part.) (1844); B'dpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 109, n. 389 (Egypt, 
Nubia, Abyssinian coast, Sennaar, and Kordofan) (1845); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Gallinacege, t. 389. ff. 2198-2205 (1848) ; id. Av. Syst. 
Nat. p. xxx (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 88 (1854); Hartl. 
J. f. O. 1854, p. 212 (Senegambia, Guinea); Gosse, Bull. Soc. 
Acclim. 1856, pp. 290-295 (part.); Aueapitaine, t. e. pp. 379-385 
(domestication) : Bp. Conipt. Bend, xliii. p. 841, n. 1 (1856); 
Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 206 (Senegambia, Guinea) (1857) ; Hardy, 
Compt. Rend. xlvi. p. 1272 (egg) (1858); Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 343 
(part.; about 24° N. lat., Plains of Habab); Homey. J.f. 0.1859, 
p. 364 (Zool. Gard.); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 72 (N. Africa); Des 
Murs, Tr. d'Oologie, p. 361 (1860); Suquet, Bev. Zool 1861, 
pp. 467-482: id. Bull Soo. Acclim. 1861, p. 142 (incubation) ; 
Hartl. J.f O. 1861, p. 267 (Bissao); Aucapitaine, Bev. et Mag. 
de Zool 1862, p. 414; Sclat. Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 354, pi. 69 A. 
(male) (1862); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 233 (incubation); Parker, t. c. 
p. 511 (sacral vertebra); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 449 (Belka, 
S. Palestine); Schleg. Be Dierent, Vogels, p. 235, f. p. 236 
(1864); Wolf, Zool Sketches, 2nd ser. pi. — (young) (1865); 
Houghton, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. (3) xv. pp. 262-272, pis. vi., vii. 
(muscles of the legs) (1865); Macalister, Pr. B. Irish Acad. ix. 
pp. 1-24 (1865); Haughton, t. c. pp. 50-61 (muscular mechanism 
of legs) (1865); Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 420, f. 1 (under view of 
the skull); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 331 (Belka) ; Desmeure, Bull. Soc. 
1. STRUTHIO. 573 
Acclim. (2) vii. p. 205 (breeding in Zool. Gard. at Florence) (1870) ; 
Riviere, t. c. p. 506 (in confinement) (1870); Finsch u. Marti. Vo'g. 
Ost-Afr. pp. 597-607 (part.) (1870) ; G. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 1, 

n. 9841 (part.) (1871); Garrod, P.Z.S. 1872, pp. 356-363 (anatomy), 
1873, p. 470 (both carotids), p. 644 (ambiens); Flwes, 
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 648 (Palestine; ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, 
p. 6 (part.) (1873); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 925 (1873); 
Harting ty Mosenth. Ostriches 8f Ostr. Farm. pp. 2-54 (part.) 
(1877) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 307, pi. 315. f. 6 (bursa Fabricii) ; 
Mimrt, Tr. Zool Soc. x. p. 385 (1877); Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, 
p. 315 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 779, IF. 1, 2 (trachea) ; Nathus. 
J.f.O. 1882, p. 136; Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 551 (1883); 
Bolau,J.f.O. 1884, p. 262 ; Tristr. Faun. § Flor. of Palest, p. 139 
(1884); Sutton, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 587 (sella turcica); Sundev. Ibis, 
1886, p. 425 (nail on the middle finger) ; Hartert, J.f.O. 1886, 
p. 613 (Niger) ; Schal. J.f.O. 1888, p. 118; Heine u. Reichnw. 
Nom. Mus.Eein. Orn. p. 305 (1890); Evans, Ibis, 1891, pp. 84,85 
(incubation); Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1892, p. 579 (Upper Niger) ; Gadow, Bronrfs Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, 
p;103 (1893); Nolte, J.f. 0.1895, pp. 46,54; Kuschel, ibid. p. 81; 
Nassorrow, Zool. Anz. xviii. no, 480, pp. 277-280 (pterjlosis of 
the embryo) (July 1895). 
Autruche, D'Aubent. PI. Enl 457 (£); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. 

p. 398, pi. 29 (1770). 
Black Ostrich, Broion, Illustr. pp. 37, 38 (part.), pi. 16 (tf) (1776); 
lath. Si/n. iii. 1, p. 6, n. 1, pi. 71 (1785). 
Strauss, Kartm. J.f.O. 1863, p. 318,1864, p. 154 (Kordofan); id. 
Reise in N.O.-Afr. p. 506. 

Adult male. Head, neck, and legs naked, the skin of a bright 
flesh-colour; on the crown a naked area pale brown; the head 
with stiff hoary whitish feathers; eyelashes dusky; down of the 
neck soft and silver-grey; the feathers at the base of the hind neck 
white ; feathers of the body with the barbs disconnected, deep black, 
those of the back with a certain reddish lustre; quills and tail-
feathers white: bill horn-yellow with the tip brown, the lower 
mandible reddish; iris brown; tarsus covered with flesh-coloured 
shields, surrounded with pale horn-yellow. Total length about 
6 feet, height about 8 feet, bill from gape 5 inches, tarsus 
16 inches. 

Female. Smaller than the male, and the feathers of the body of a 
dirty grey, more or less yellowish ; head, neck, and legs grey, with 
a yellowish tinge ; downy feathers on the neck yellow-grey ; quills 
dirty white; tail-feathers brown, edged with white or grey, some 
entirely white. Shields on the tarsi horn-colour, darker on the 
toes (Nolte). 

Young. " Downy feathers of head and neck dirty fulvous whitish; 
on forehead and crown more reddish ; a band from the nape to the 
interscapular region brown; on the crown and sides of the neck 
some dusky stripes; feathers of the body brown, with the tips 
broadly fulvous " (Heuglin). 

Nestling. Covered with stiff and hairy down; crown bright 
rusty reddish, with black marks; neck dirty whitish fulvous; 
cheeks, ear-region, and chin purer white; on the hind neck three 

STBUTHI0NIDJ3. 

574 

distinct longitudinal blackish-brown bands; sides of the neck with 
brown stripes ; breast fulvous white; abdomen dirty white; on the 
back, from the whitish fulvous ground spring some straw-yellow 
and black bristles, which have the apical half flattened, laaceolated, 
and of horny texture " (Heuglin). 

Egg-shell smooth. 
Hah. Northern Africa, south to the Niger on the west, to 
Abyssinia on the east; Arabia *, north to Southern Palestine. 

a, b. Pull. sk. Bogos-land. Hr. Esler [C.]. 
c, d. c? 2 skeletons. Gambia. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
e. 6 skeleton. Basin of the Upper Niger. Zool. Soc. [_Pureh.]. 
/ . Skull. 
g. Bones. Earl ^ Derby [P.]. 

2. Struthio molybdophanes. 
Struthio camelus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beny. xxiv. p. 305 (1855); 
Eeugl. Ibis, 1859, pp. 343, 344 (part., Somali); Kathus. Zeitschr. 
f wiss. Zool. 1868, p. 233, t. 13. £ 3-6, t. 14. £ 7, 8, 9, 11, 

1.15. f. 13 (structure of the egg-shell); Fischer u. Rchmv. J.f 0. 
1878, p. 247 (S. Galla-land) ; Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 178 
(Ugogo, Central Africa), 1885, p. 53 (Central Africa). 
Struthio molybdophanes, 
Rchnw. SonntagsbL Norddeutsch. Allgem. 
Zeit. n. 37^ 16th Sept. 1883; id. Mitth. om. Ver. Wien, 1883, 

p. 203, with pi.; Rchnw. u. Schal J. f 0. 1883, p. 399; Rochebrune, 
Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. viii. p. 435 (1884); Salmd. Ibis, 1884, 
p. 116 (in confinement); Ed. ibid.; Finsch, t. c. pp. 352, 353; 
Gum. t. c. pp. 465, 466 (= australis ?); Rchnw. J. f. O. 1884, 
pp. 238, 248 ; Dattwitz, t c. pp. 245, 246 (egg); Koike, Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. 1884,pp. 219-222, t. xii. f. anter. (egg); id. LiebeZeitschr. 
1884, p. 38; Bodinus, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 12; DaUwitz, t. c. p. 102 ; 
Fischer, t. c. p. 114 (E. Africa); Nathus. t. c. pp. 165-176, t. ii. 
f. 2 (structure of egg-shell); Rchnw. t. c. p. 404; Rchmv. u. 
Schal. t. c. p. 452; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 320 (in confinement); 
Rchnw. J. f 0.1887, p. 45 (Kitende Steppe, E. Africa); Schal 
J.f.O. 1888, p. 118; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 465 (in confinement), 
1892, p. 580, 1893, p. 613, 1894, pp. 456, 654 (Zool. Gard.) ; 
Gadow, Bronris Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, p. 103 (1893); Schal J.f.O. 
1894, p. 7; Salmd. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xliv. p. 548 (1894) ; 
JSfolte, J.f. 0.1895, pp. 47, 55; Kusehel, t. c, p. 81 (egg;). 
? Struthio australis, Fischer (nee Gum.), Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, 

p. 395 (E. Africa). 
Blauhalsige [Strauss], Rchnw. J. f O. 1888, p. 302 (E. Africa, 
between Pangani and the sea). 
? Struthio sp., Emm, Jf. 0.1891, p. 58 ("Ugogo). 

Adult male. Differs from the male of S. camelus in having the 
naked skin of the head, neck, and legs of a bluish grey, the head and 
neck somewhat darker than the legs; besides on the vertex there is 
a horny plate of dirty yellowish, thickly surrounded with hairs, 
similar to a tonsure ; there are no white feathers just at the beginning 
of the back: bill pale red, horn-yellow at the tip; the shields 

* Burton, Pilgrim. El Medinah and Mecca, ii. p. 10."). 
/ 


1 . STKUTHI0. 575 
in front of the tarsus are of a dull vermilion-red, changing into 
yellow on the lower part, and into black on the toes; the shields are 
surrounded with pale yellow horn-colour. Size somewhat larger 
than that of 8. camelus. 

Female. Similar to that of 8. camelus, but the grey feathers 
somewhat darker. 

Egg-shell with large, deep pits, generally of a dark-purple colour. 

Bab. Somali-land and Central Africa. 

a. S ad. sk. Somali-land. Paris Museum [P.]. 
b. Skeleton. Somali-land. Paris Museum [P.j. 
c. Skull. Somali-land. Rowland Ward, Esq. [P.]. 
3. StrtLthio anstralis. 
Black Ostrich, part, Brown. Illustr. pp.37, 38 (Cape of Good Hope) 

(1776). 

O&trich, Licht. Reise in siidlichen Africa, ii. p. 42 (1812). 

Struthio camelus, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 54 (part., Cape 

of Good Hope) (1844); Thienem. Fortpfianz. Gesch. der ges. Vo'g. 

p. 5, taf. 3 (egg) (1845); id. Rhea, i. pp. 16, 17, fig. 3 (structure of 
the egg-shell) (1846); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 74 (part.); Bayard, 
Birds S. Afr. p. 281, n. 539 (1867); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 1, 
n. 9841 (part.) (1871); Schleg. Mus. F.-B., Struthiones, p. 6 (part., 
Cape of Good Hope) (1873); Nathus. Zeitschr.f. wiss. ZooL 1878, 
p. 225, t. 14. ff. 10, 11, 12, t. 15. ff. 11, 14 (structure of eggshell) 
; Shell Ibis, 1882, p. 368 (S.E. Africa); Holub u. Pelz. 
Beitr. Orn. S.-Afr. pp. 195-226 (1882). 
The Ostrich, Anderss. Lake Ngami, p. 253, pi. 7 (1854). 
Southern Ostrich, Bartl P. Z. S. 1860, p. 205; Sclat. Tr. Zool. Soc. 


iv. p. 354 (1862). 
Struthio camelus, var. meridionalis, Sclat. List Vert An. 1862, 
p. 71, specim. c, d (South Africa). 
Struthio australis, Gum. Ibis, 1868, p. 253 (S. Africa); Anderss. B. 
l)amara-Zand, p. 251 (1872); Gum. ibid. pp. 254-257 (1872) ; 
Buckl. Ibis, 1874, p. 391 (Matabili country) ,* Harting $ Mosenth. 
Ostriches § Ostr. Farm. p. 16 (1877); Gum, Ibis, 1884, p. 466 ; 
Henke, Zeiischr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 220, t. 12 (egg, poster, fig.); 
Sharpe, Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 791 (1884); Bodinns, J. f O. 
1885, p. 13; Cab. ibid. p. 97; Nathus. ibid. p. 166, t. 2. f. 1, 

t. 3. ff. 4-8 (structure of egg-shell); Rchmo. J. f. 0.1886, p. 117 ; 
Schal. J. f. O.1888, p. 118 ; ? Rchmo. ibid. p. 302 (west of Tanganyika 
?); Ost, Zeitschr. f. Ool. 1892, p. 34; Gadow, Bronrfs 
Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, p. 103 (1893); Schal. J. f. 0.1894, p. 9; 
A. Newt. Diet, of B. p. 6m (pt. iii., 1894); Nolte, J. f. O. 1895, 
pp. 48, 55 ; Kuschel, ibid. p. 81 {&gg)» 
Adult male. Head, neck, and legs lead-grey, sometimes in birds 
kept in confinement white-grey. Beak horn-colour surrounded with 
red, reddish at the base of the upper mandible, during the breeding-
season entirely reddish; skin near the gape red, this colour extending 
sometimes on the cheeks; iris brown. Vertex naked, but with no 
horny shield as in 8. molyhdojohanes. J^o distinct white band at the 
commencement of the feathering of the back, where, however, are 


576 STRtfTHIONID-E. 

scattered some whitish feathers; feathers of the back deep black 
as in & molybdoplianes; quills and tail-feathers pure white, but 
sometimes mixed black and white; upper wing-coverts black. The 
shields on the tarsus are horn-colour, but during the breeding-
season they become bright red. Size of S. molyldophanes. 

Female. Similar to that of S. molybdophanes, but has no horny 
shield on the vertex; " colour of the feathers of the body from pale 
grey to dark brown" (Nolte). 

Eggshell with numerous small, generally dark-coloured pores. 

Hah. Southern Africa *. 
a, b. S 2 a d. st. Hales Owen Farm, Cape Purchased, 
Colony. 
c-f. Pull. st. Cape of Good Hope. Capt Alexander [C.]. 
#. Skeleton. S. Africa (Sir George Grey). Zool. Soc. (Type of 
species.) 
h. Skeleton. S. Africa. 
i. Skeleton. Cradock, Cape Colony. Capt. W . Hume 
Middlemass[P.]. 

* We do not know to which bird the following name refers. Dr. Sclater says 
that he is not sure "that this name is intended for either the Northern or 
Southern bird." 
STIIUTBIO EPOASTICUS. 

Struthio epoasticus, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 841, n.la (1856); Selat. 
Ibis, I860, p. 75 (note) ; id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 210 (note); id. Tr. Zool. 
Soc. iy. p. 355. 

Prince Bonaparte, speaking of this supposed species, says:—" Une notable 
difference anatomique dans les os du pied (s'il n'etait pas possible qu'elle fut le 
resultat d'une monstruosite), la petitesse de la taille (dont je ne m'exagere pas 
l'importance dans les oiseaux du desert), la denudation plus etendue du tibia 
(pour ne pas parler de la difference dans la texture des plumes si changeantes 
par l'age et par d'autres circonstances), et la non-incubation des oeufs (variable 
avec les conditions atmospheriques ?), autorisent-elles l'^tabli&sement de cette 
seconde Autruche ? " 

The following references belong to a mythical bird established on an unpublished 
and probably fanciful figure of Le Vaillant:— 

STEXJTHIO BIDACTYLUS. 

Petit Gralle bidactyle, Temm., ubi ?; G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. 2nd ed. p. 84 
(note) (1841). 
Autruchon (Temm.), G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. 2nd ed. p. 84 (note) (1841); 
Earth Ibis, 1859, p. 344; Sclat Trans. Zool Soc. iy. p. 355 (1862). 
Charadrius bidactylus, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 544, n. 46 (1847) (type 

of Autruchon, Temm.). 
Struthio bidactylus, Temm. fide Eeugl. Orn. KO.-Jfr. ii. 1, p. 935 (1873). 
Didactyle Ostrich, Eeugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 344 (south of Fazogloa, near Djebel 

Dul). 
Autruchon bidactylus, G. R. Gr. Eand-list, iii. p. 1, no. 9841 a (1871). 

Br. Sclater (I. c.) says:—" In the interior of Africa there is said, by some of 
the older writers, to exist a diminutive Ostrich (E Autruchon). I have lately 

EHB.T3. 577 

Order II. RHE^E. 

Three front toes present; hallux absent; middle phalanges 
shortened. 

Maxillo-palatines large, fenestrated, not touching the vomer. 
Palatines short, articulating with the vomer. 

Procoracoid process large. IN'o clavicles. 

Tibia without bony bridge. 

Aftershaft absent. Quills very large. No tail-feathers. 

Caeca large. 

Syrinx tracheo-bronchial, with one pair of syringeal muscles. 

RTeotropicaL 

Rheas are smaller birds than Ostriches. Their external characters 
are as follows :— 

Bill moderate, depressed, and broad, with the culmen flattened 
and curved at the tip, which overlaps that of the under mandible ; 
the nostrils large, oval, and placed in the middle of the bill in a 
large membranous groove ; the membrane extends over the base of 
the culmen. Keck long, feathered. Wings short, imperfect, and 
furnished with long soft feathers. Tail not apparent. Tarsi very 
long, strong, and covered in front with broad transverse scutes. 
Toes short, the lateral ones shorter than the middle one, and unequal, 
the inner the shortest; the claws moderate, strong, and 
compressed. 

Only one family. 

Family RHEID.E. 

1. RHEA. 
Type. 
Rhea, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 665, gen. lxiii. (1790); 
Bonn. JEnc. Meth. i. Introd. p. xcii (1790) R. americana. 
Toujou, Lacepede, M6m. Lnst. iii. p. 519, gen. 128 
(1801) (=Rhea, Lath.). 

received some information on this subject from Mr. J. Petherick, H.B.M. Consul 
for the Soudan, who tells me that his hunters have actually had this bird 
alive; and I have requested him to endeavour to procure further evidence on 
the point." 

Heuglin, from an independent source, nearly repeats the same thing:—" I 
was told by a rather trustworthy man, a hunter, that south of Fazogloa, near 
IDjebel Dul, there existed a little didactyle Ostrich, not higher than Otis arabs, 
but in figure and colour much like 8. camelus" (!). 

VOL. XXVII. 2 P 

578 
RHEIDJ5. 

Tujus, Rafinesque, Analyse, p. 70 (1815). Type. 
Pterocnemia, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, subgen. 2400 
(1871) E. darwini. 
Pterocnemys, Mat $ Sak. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. 


p. 154 (1873) (=Pterocnemia, Gr.). 
Range. Confined to South America. 

\Cf. GADOW, H., " On the Anatomical Differences in the three Species 
of Rhea" (P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-321).] 


Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Metatarsus with transverse scutes through its 
length ; feathers greyish, more or less blackish 
on the head and neck, and with no white 
tips. 
a'. Generally lighter; skull broader americana, p. 578. 
br. Generally darker, especially on the head; 
skull narrower '. macrorhyncha, p. 581. 

b. Metatarsus with transverse scutes on distal half 
only, feathered in front on the upper parts; 
general plurnage brown, most of the feathers 
with white tips darwini, p. 582. 
Note.—Rhea nana, much smaller than the other species, is 
known at present only from the egg (P. Z. S. 1894, p. 654), and has 
been described by Lydekker, Knowledge, xvii. 1894, p. 265 ; or in 
4 Eevista del Museo de la Plata,5 vi. 1894, p. 103 (with fig. of egg). 
—Patagonia. 

1. Ehea americana. 
Nhandu-gnacu brasiliensibus, Marcgr. Hist Nat. Bras. p. 190 

(1648); Piso, Hist Nat Bras. p. 84, with fig. (1648). 
Struthio camelus americanus, Ray, Syn. Av. p. 36 (1713). 
Ehea, Moehr. AT. Gen. p. 55 (1752) ; Briss. Orn. v. p. 8 (syn. emend.) 

(Guiana! and Brazil) (1760). 

Struthio americanus, Linn. S. N. (ed. 10) i. p. 155, n. 3 (America 
Australi) (1758) {ex Marcgrave and Piso); Hammer, Ann. du 
Mm. xii. pp. 427-433 (1808). 

Struthio 
rhea, Linn. S. N. (ed. 12) i. p. 266, n. 3 (syn. emend.) 
(1766)* ; ? Molina, Saggio Stor. nat. Chili, p. 232 (part.) (1782) ; 
Gm. S. N. I 2, p. 727, n. 3 (part.) (1788); Hammer, Ann. du 
Mus. xii. pi. 39 (1808); Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 461 (1817) ; id. op. 
cit. 2nd ed. i. p. 496 (1829); Haughton, Pr. R. Irish Acad. ix. 
pp. 497-504 (myology) (1868). 

* I am almost sure that Struthio americanus, Linn., and 8. rhea, Linn., 
founded on Marcgrave and Piso's descriptions, refer to the more northern species, 
Rhea Tnacrorhync/ia, Sclat.; but the change would now be rather too revolutionary, 
and the creation of a new name for the Southern species perhaps 
not very welcome! The existence of the Southern form in South Brazil may 
show that the more conservative ornithologists are right I 
1. RHEA. 579 
Tonyou, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. i. p. 452 (1770). 

Rhea aniericana, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 665, n. 1 (part.) (1790); 
Vieill N. D. xxii. p. 199, pi G 37 (1818) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xi. 
2, p. 436, pi. 28 (1819); ? Wied, Heine nach Bras. ii. pp. 187,192 
(part. ?)(1821); Ranz. El diZool. iii. 1, p. 93 (1821) ; ? Lioht Fere. 
Doubl. p. 69, n. 710 (San Paulo) (1823); Vieill. Enc. MSth. iii. 

p. 1030 (1823); id. Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 74, pi. 224 (1825); Drap. 
Diet. Class, d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 449 (Brazil, Chili, Peru, Magellan) 
(1828) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 6, pi. i. f. 2 (1831); ? Wied, Beitr. 
Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 559 (part., Rio Grande do Sul) (1832); Martin, 
P. Z. S. 1834, p. 9 ; D'Orb. Voy. ii.p. 303, n. 2 (note) (1835-38); 
Sio. Class. B. ii. p. 346 (1837); Darwin, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 35 
(La Plata, South to the Rio Negro) ; Temm. PI. Col. I, Tabl. Meth. 
p. 88 (1838); Banc. Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 120 (1841); Gulliv. 
P. Z. S.1842,p. 141 (blood-corpuscles); G. R. Gr. Gen.B. iii. p. 527, 
n. 1 (1844) ; id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 54 (1844); Thienem. Fortpflanz. 
ges. Vog. Erst Heft, p. 4, t. ii. f. 1 (egg) (1845); id. 
Rhea, i. Heft, 1846, p. 16, f. 2 (structure of egg-shell); J. E. 
Gray, Knoiosl. Menag. pi. 12 (1846); Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 54 
(egg); Hartl. Lnd. Azar. Apunt. p. 22, n. 339 (1847); Rchnb. 
Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, t. 388. ff. 2194-95 (1848); id. Av. 8yst. Nat. 
p. xxx (1852); Hartl. J. f O. 1854, p. 257 (in confinement); 
Album, ibid. p. xxvii; Des Murs in Casteln. Exp. Am. du 8ud, 
Ois. p. 94 (Eio Mandego, near Miranda) (1855); Bolle, J.f.O. 
1856, p. 169 (Zool. Gard.); Burm. 8yst. TJebers. Thier. Bras. iii. 
p. 352 (Sahara, St. Lucia, Lagoa Santa) (1856); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 841, n. 1 (1856); Wyman, Pr. Bost. 8oc. N. H. vi. p. 127 
(1857); Burm. J. f O. 1858, p. 154; Homeyer, J. f O. 1859, 
p. 365 (in confinement); Ed. Bis, 1859, p. 115 (Zool. Gard.); 
8clat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 205 (incubation), 1860, pp. 207, 208, f. 2 
(head), p. 210; id. Ann. $ Mag. N. H. (3) vi. pp. 142, 143, f. 2 
(head) (1860); Ed. Ibis, 1860, p. 310 (Zool. Gard.); Burm. J.f O. 
1860, p. 260 (Mendoza); id. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 500 (1861); 
Sclat. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. 8c. for 1861-62, Misc. Comm. p. 158 
(1862); id. Trans. Z. 8. iv. I860, p. 355, f. 1 (head), pi. lxviii. 
(1862); Crisp, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 137 (gall-bladder); 8clat. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 234; Boding, Arch. f Naturg. 1863, i. pp. 213-241 
(part.); id. Be Rhea Americana, Diss. Zool. pp. 32 (1863); Ed. 
Ibis, 1864, p. 123; Schleg. De Dierent. p. 236 (1864); Crisp, Rep. 
Brit. Assoc. Adv. 8c. for 1864, 1865, Misc. Comm. pp. 92, 93; 
Parker, Phil Trans. 1866, pp. 113-183; Schmidt, Zool. Gart. 
1866, pp. 8-14; J. L. Eitzinger, t. c. pp. 131-133; Huxley, P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 421, f. 2 (skull); Cunninyh. Ibis, 1868, p. 126 (Patagonia); 
Anon. Aus der Natur, xliv. oder n. F. xxxii. pp. 300-303, 315318,329-
333 (1868) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.1869, p. 628; Nathus. Zeitschr. 
f.wiss.Zool 1869, p. 322, t. 26. f. 1; Sternberg, J.f O. 1869, 

p. 275; S\enoner\ Zool. Gart. xi. pp. 34-35 (1870); Holtz, 
J.f. 0. 1870, p. 24 (egg); ? Reinh. Vid. Medd. naturh. Foren. 
Kjobenh. 1870, p. 46 (Lagoa Santa); ? Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295 
(Ytarare, Guy aba, Caicara, Matto Grosso), pp. 354, lvi (part.) 
(1871); Cunninyh. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 105, 110, pis. vi. & vi. a 
(osteology); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 1, n. 9842 (1871); 
Sperling, Ibis, 1872, p. 78; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 535 ; Sundev. 
Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 152 (1872); Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 37 ; 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 6 (1873); Garrod, P. Z. S. 
1873, p. 644; Sclat. & Salo. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154, n. 1 
580 KHEIDJE. 

* (1873); Leybold, Excurs. Pampas Arjent. p. 85 (1873), cf. i\ Mart. 
J.f. 0. 1875, p. 444; Taiber, La Plata Mo?iatschr. 1874, p. 22; 
Anon. Aus der Natur, lxiv. oder n. F. Hi. pp. 258, 259 (1874); 
Giql. Viaggio Magenta, pp. 70, 75, 82, 962 (1875); Gulliv. P Z. 8. 
1875, pp. 478, 488 (blood-corpuscles); Mivart, Trans. Z. 8. x. 
1874, pp. 1-52 (1877); Sarting, Ostrich. $ Ostrich Farm. pp. 55-84, 
fiff. p 56, pi. to face p. 58 (1877); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 423 
(1877); Forbes, P Z. 8. 1877, pp. 306, 307 (bursa Fabricii) ; 
Qadow, J. f 0. 1877, pp. 186, 187, 188 (anatomical details); 
Davis, Oologist, iv. 1, March 1878, pp. 5,6 ; Beerbohm, Wander, in 
Patag. p. 52 (1879); id. Chicago Field, xi. no. 6, March 22, 1879, 
p 92 • id. Ibis, 1879, p. 386 ;'Gibson,Ibis, 1880, p. 1G7 (Buenos 
Ayres); Bumf. ibid. p. 414; Schmidt, P. Z. S.1880, p. 315; Oudot, 
Lerm. des Autr. p. 220 (1880); Remonchamps, Bull. Ac. Belg. (2) 
i. p. 115 (1880); id. Arch. Biol. i. p. 583, pi. xxxv. (glande 
gastrique) (1880); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 361; id. P. Z. S. 1881, 
pp. 784, 785, figs. 7, 8 (trachea); Reinh. Vid. Medd. Nat. For. i 
Zjbbenh. 1881, pp. 141-153; id. Ibis, 1882, pp. 322, 332 (fossil, 
Brazil); Raveret-Wettel, Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1882, p. 64; Sclat. 
List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 552, f. 59 (head) (18S3); Evans, Ann. 
N. S. (5) xi. p. 458 (the right carotid present in the young) 
(1883); Mellier, Bull 8oc. Acclim. 1884, pp. Ill, 112, 916 (in 
captivity); Berenger, ibid. p. 916; v. Boeck, Mitth. om. Ter. in 
Wien, 1884, p. 166 (E. Bolivia and on the Cordilleras of Tacora 
near Tacna), cf. Ibis, 1886, p. 366; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 283 
(Paysandu, Uruguay); Gadow, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322, ff. 1, 4 
(skull); Claraz, P. Z. S.1885, pp. 324-327 ; Beddard, t. c. p. 839; 
A. Newt. Enc. Brit. 9th ed. xx. p. 505 (1886); Berl. J. f. O. 
1887, p. 127 ; Zander, 8B. Ges. Konigsb. 1888, pp. 31, 32 ; Burm. 
An. Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 245 (1888); Sclat. <$• Suds. 
Argent. Orn. ii. p. 216, with fig. of head (1889) ; Seine u. Rchmo. 
Norn. Mus. Sein. Orn. p. 305 (1890); Evans, Ibis, 1891, pp. 53, 85 
(incubation); Oust. Miss. 8c. Cap Sorn, Ois. p. 323 (1891); 
Frenzel, J.f.O. 1891, p. 124; Ost, Zeitschr. Oologie, 1892, p. 34; 
G. Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Gran Ohaco); Solland, i. c. p. 214 
(Estancia Espartilla, Argentine; pure white varieties); Sclat. 
P.Z.8. 1892, p. 472; Allen. Bull. Am. Mus. N. S. v. p. 152 
(Matto Groaso) (1893); Gado%o, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, Vogel, 
p. 103 (1893); Schal. J.f.O. 1894, p. 12 (oology); Aplin, Ibis, 
1894, p. 214 (Uruguay); A. Newton, Diet, of B. pp. 787, 788, fig. 
in p. 786 (pt. 3,1894). 
American Bhea, Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 292, pi. 137 (1801). 
Churl, Nandu, Avestruz, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 89, n. 339 (1805); 
id. Voy. (ed. Sonn) iv. p. 170, Atlas, pL 25 (1809). 
Bhea rhea, Illig. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 247 (1811) ; Flem. Phil. 
of Zool.ii.^257 (1822). 
Autruche d'Amerique, D'Amboumay, Prec. anal, des Trav.de VAcad. 

toy. de Rouen, vi. (1771-1780) pp. 142-144 (1819). 

Bhea nandu, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 208 (1828). 

Bhea, Seron, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 79 (breeding in confinement); id. 

Ann. Sr Mag. N S. ix. pp. 344, 345 (1842); Derby, P. Z. S. 1842, 

p. 147 (hatching in confinement). 
Nandou, L. A. Gosse, Bull. Soc. Acclim. iii. pp. 295-297 (1856); 
Favasseur, op. cit. v. pp. 388-394 (1858); Martin, op. tit. vii. 
pp. 182-186 (1860), 

1. KHEA. 
581 
Hybrid. 
Rhea americana 5 X R. macrorhyncha St Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, 

p. 234 
Albino* 

Rhea americana, Albino variety, Darioln, in Zool. of the 'Beagle] hi. 

p. 121 (note) (1841). 
Rhea albescens, Arribalzaga fy Holmberg, M Naturalista Argentine*, 
i. (1878) pp. 1-4 (sep. copy) (Carhu£, on Buenos Aires frontier; 
many examples). 
Also Molina and some recent authors mention white varieties of 

R. americana. 
Adult male. General plumage grey ; head blackish above; neck 
whitish, with the shafts of the feathers and a band along the nape 
black ; the band spreads into a broad patch between the shoulders ; 
base of the neck beneath black, whence arise two black lateral 
crescents, one on each side of the upper breast; rump, lower parts, 
and the feathers of the legs whitish; secondaries brown on the 
apical half, some of the inner ones partly or even entirely white : 
bill and feet yellowish horn-brown; iris brown. Total length about 
52 inches, bill from gape 4*5, tarsus 11-12. 

The female is paler than the male. 
Hab. Bolivia and Matto Grosso, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentine 
Republic; apparently also Southern E. Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Sir Robert Harvey [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. S. America. John Tyler, Esq. [P.]. 
e, d. Pull. st. S. America. Purchased. 
e,f Pull. st. S. America. Zool. Soc. 
g. Ad. sk. Argentine Republic. H. Durnford, Esq. [0.]. 
h. Skeleton. Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. von Ihering [P.], 
i. Imperfect skeleton. 
Purchased. 
k. Imperfect skeleton. 
Zool. Soc. 
/. 
Imperfect skeleton Zool. Soc. 
of young bird. 

m. Skull. 
2. Rhea macrorhyncha. 
? Nhandu-guacu brasiliensibus, Marcgr. Hist. Nat Bras. p. 190 

(1648); JPiso, Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 84, with rig. (1648). 

? Struthio camelus americanus, Bay, Syn. Av. p. 36 (1713). 

? Rhea, Moehr. Av. Gen. p. 55 (1752); Briss. Orn. v. p. 8 (syn. 

emend.) (Guiana! and Brazil) (1760). 
? Struthio americanus, Linn. S. N. (ed. 10) i. p. 155, n. 3 (America 
Australi) (1758) {ex Marcgrave and Piso). 
? Struthio rhea, Linn. 8. N (ed. 12) i. p. 266, n. 3 (syn. emend.) 
(1766). 
? Tuyew or Emu, Stedman, Narr. of an Exped. to Surinam (London, 
1806). 

582 
RHEID^. 

Rhea americana, Wied, Reise nach Bras. n. pp. 187, 192 (part. P) 
(1821); Licht. Vers. Doubl. p. 69, n. 710 (San Paulo) (1823); 
Wied, JBeitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 559 (part., Canrpo Geral, Rio 
San Francisco, Prov. Pernambuco) (1832); ? Licht Norn. An. 

p. 88 (Brazil) (1854); Burm. Syst. Uebers. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 352 
(part.) (Campos, interior of Brazil) (1856); Reinh. Vid. Medd. 
naturh. Foren. Kjobenh. 1870, p. 46 (Rio San Francisco). 
Rhea inacrorhyncha, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 207, 208, f. 1 (head), 

p. 210 (ex patria ignota) ; id. Ann. $ Mag. N. H. (3) vi. pp. 142, 
143, f. 1 (head) (1860); id. Ibis, 1860, p. 310; id. Hep. Brit. Assoc. 
Adv. 8c. for 1861, Misc. Comm. p. 158 (1862) ; id. Trans. Z. 8. 
iv. p. 356, f. 2, pi. lxix. (1862); Cimningh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 105; 
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, n. 9843 (1871) ; Sclat. # Salv. 
Norn. Av. Neotrqp. p. 154, n. 2 (ex loco ignoto) (1873); Sorting, 
Ostriches § Ostr. Farm. pp. 92, 93, with fig. of the head (1877); 
8clat. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 160 (N.E. Brazil); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. 
p. 424 (1877); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, pp. 316, 325, 356, 360 (X.E 
Brazil) 5 id. P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 784, 786 (trachea); Parker, P. Z. S. 
1883, pp. 141,142 (respiratory organs); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th 
ed. p. 553, f. 60 (head) (Maranham and Pernambuco) (1883) ; 
Finsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 353; Gadoio, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322, 
ff. 2, 5 (skull), f. 9 (trachea); ? Claraz,^ t. c. pp. 324, 325 
(eggs); 8clat. ibid. p. 327 (=either P. americana or Ft. darwini) ; 
Gadoio, Bronn's Thl r-Reichs, \l 4, Aves, p. 104 (1893); Schal. 
J.f.O. 1894, p. 13; A. Neioton, Diet, of B. pp. 787, 788 (pt. 3, 
1894). 
Ema, Burton, Highlands of Brazil, ii. p. 26 (Mina&), p. 296 (Rio 
San Francisco) (1869)." 

Very similar to B. americana, but is distinguishable by its 
generally browner colouring, by the darker crown, which is nearly 
black, and by its longer and narrower bill. 

Immature birds have the plumage of a tawny brown (Fo'rhes). 
Hah. N.E. Brazil, principally the provinces of Pernambuco and 
Bahia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. & skeL, tf. Brazil. Zoological Society. 
(T}7pe of species.) 
c. Ad. sk. 

3. Rhea darwini. -f 
Emu near to the Strait of Magellan, Dobrizhoffer, Account of the 
Abipones (Engl, transl.) i. p. 314 (1784). 
Troisieme espece d'Autruche, D'Orb. Bull. Sc. Nat. vol. xix. p. 221 

• 
(1829); id. Ann. 8c. Nat. xxl Berne Bibliogr. p. 16 (1830). 
Ilhui of the Patagonians, I)7 Orb. II. cc. 
Cosquella of the Pampas, IfOrb. U. cc. 
Rhea, n. sp., Darwin, Letters, p. 16 (1834) (cf G. R. Gr. Gen. B. 
iii. p. 527). 
Rhea pennata, D'Orb. Voij. Amir. Mer., Itin. ii. p. 67 (note), 
p. 194 (note), pp. 212, 303, n. 3 (note) (1835-38) (deser. incompleta); 
id. Wiegm. Arch. 1839, i. p. 56; Wiegm. ibid. (note,= 
Eh. darwinii); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 54 (1844); 
1. RHEA. 583 
Thienem. Fortpflanz. ges. Voqel, Erat Heft, p. 4, t. ii. f. 2 (egg) 
(1845) ; Chenu $ Des Murs, Erie. dHist Nat, Ois. vi. p. 803 *. 
Rhea darwinii, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 35; Darwin, ibid. p. 36 
(Rio Negro, N. Patagonia) ; Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) i. 

p. 504 (1837) ( = R. pennata, DOrb.) j Ed. Mag. of Zool. $ Bot. 
ii. pp. 92, 93 (1838); Gould, Ms, xxxii. p. 144 (1839); id. Voy.
1 Beagle] Birds, p. 123, pi. 47 (1841); G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 527, 
n. 2, pi. 138 (1844); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinaeeas, t. 388. ff. 219697 
(1848); Martt. J. f. O. 1854, B. pp. lxii, lxiii; Burm. Syst 
Uebers. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 352 (Anm.) (1856); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 841, n. 3 (1856) ; Ed. Ibis, 1859, p. 115 (Zool. Gard.); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 207, 208, 209, f. 3 (head), p. 210; id. 
Ann. fy Mag. N. H. (3) vi. pp. 142, 144, f. 3 (head) (1860); id. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 310; id. Bep. Brit Assoc. Adv. Sc. for 1861, 1862, 
Misc. Comm. p. 158 (1862) ; id. Trans. Z. S. iv. 1860, p. 357, f. 3 
(head), pi. lxx. (1862); ? Leadb. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 1 (egg); Ed. Ibis, 
1864, p. 123 ; Schleg.DeDierent. %. p. 237 (1864); Phil SfLandb. 
Cat Av. Chil. (Mendoza) (An. Univ. Chile, xxxi. p. 270,1868) ; 
Sternb. J.f.O. 1869, p. 274; Holtz, J. f. O. 1870, p. 20 (egg); 
Canningh. Nat Hist Str. ofMagell. p. 13*4 (1870); id. P. Z. S. 187], 
pp. 105, 110, pis. vi., vi. a (osteology); Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, 
pp. 534,535 ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 7 (1873); Leybold, 
Evcurs. Pampas Arjent p. 85 (1873), cf. Mart J.f 0.1875, p. 444; 
Gigl. Viaggio Magenta, pp. 955, 962 (1875) ; Harting, Ostriches 
8f Ostr. Farm. pp. 85-92 (1877) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 424 
(1877); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 46 (Ohuput "Valley, Patagonia), 
1878, p. 406 (0. Patagonia) : Beerbohm, Wander, in Patag. p. 50 
(1879); id. Ibis, 1879, p. 385; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 176; Sclat. 
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 554, f. 61 (head) (1883); Parher, P. Z. S. 
1883, pp. 141, 142 (respiratory organs); Gadow, P. Z. S. 1885, 
>p. 308-322, ff. 3, 6 (skull), f. 8 (digest, organs), f. 10 (trachea), 

I: 11 (foot); Claraz, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 324-327; A. Newt Enc. 
Brit 9th ed. xx. p. 506 (1886); Ball, Notes of a Natural in S. 
Amer.v. 261 (1887); Philippi, Oraw,iv.p.l59 (Atacama) (1888); 
Sclat. $ Huds. Argent Orn. ii. p. 219, lig. of head (1889); Heine u. 
Bchnw. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 305 (1890); Sclat P. Z. S. 
1890, p. 412 (Tarapaca), 1891, pp. 132,137 (Oanchosa, Tarapaca); 
Oust Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois. pp. 247, 334 (1891); Sharpe, Cat 
Ost Specim. P. C. S. iii. p. 419 (1891); Berk. James, New List Chil. 
B. p. 14, n. 255 (Tarapaca) (1892); Sclat P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472 
(in captivity); Ost, Zeitschr. f Oohgie, 1892, p. 34; Blaauw, 
P. Z. S. 1893, p. 532; Schal J.f.O. 1894, p. 11 (oology) ; A. 
Newton, Diet, of B. pp. 787, 788 (pt. 3, 1894). 
* According to Des Murs, named by D'Orbigny in 1830 in his correspondence 
with Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. It seems probable that D'Orbigny's name 
has really the priority over that of Gould, as appears from the following 
notice published in ' The Magazine of Natural History,' &c, New Series, conducted 
by Edward Oharlesworth, vol. i. p. 504, September 1837:—"We 
observe by a letter which lately appeared in one of the French scientific 
journals, that M. D'Orbigny claims the right of having first described the Rhea 
brought home by Mr. Darwin from South America, and which Mr. Gould 
named a few months since B. Darwinii. It appeals that D'Orbigny gave it the 
specific appellation of B. pennata." I have not been able to find the French 
journal containing D'Orbigny's letter. 
584 JRHE1DJ3. 

? Ehea americana, Tseh. (nee Linn) Wiegm. Arch. 1844, i. p. 309 
(Peru); id. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 48, 593 (1846) j Tacz. Orn. Per. 

iii. p. 500 (1886). 
Avestmz petizo, L. A. Gosse, Bull. Soe. Acclim. iii. p. 297 (1856). 
Ehea americana, subsp. darwinii, Pocking, Arch.f. Naturg. 1863, i. 
p. 213. 
Struthio darwinii, Sternberg, J. f. 0. 1869, p. 274. 
Pterocnemia darwinii, G. li. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, n. 9844 (1871). 
Ostrich [from Patagonia], Chaworth-Masters, At Home with the 
Patagonians, p. 70 (1872). 
Pterocnemis darwinii, Sclat fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotrop. p. 154 
(1873). 
Avestruz petise, Dario. Natural. Voy. round the World, pp. 92-94 
(1882). 

Adult General plumage buff-brown, most of the feathers of the 
back and of the quills with white tips; beneath, throat and neck 
buff-brown, rest of the under surface whitish; front of tarsus 
feathered on the upper part, then covered with small reticulate scutes, 
and on the lower part with transverse scutes : bill horn-brown; feet 
yellowish; iris brown. Total length about 36 inches, bill from 
gape 3"6, tarsus 11. 

The plumage of the young is dusky grey, without white and 
black feathers (Hudson). 

The young are hatched with the legs feathered to the toes. 

Hah. Patagonia, Argentine Eepublic, and Chili, as far north as 
the Province of Tarapaca. 

a-d. S ad. sk. et [Chili.] T. Bridges, Esq. [C.l. 
juv. etpull. st. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ , g. Juv. et pull. Zool. Soc. 
st. 
h-l. d ad. et juv. Canchosa, Chili, Feb., April. H. Berkeley James, 
sk. Esq. [P.]: 

m. Imperfect skeleton. 
CASTJAKXI. 585 

Order III. CASUARII. 

Hallux absent. Three front toes, with, claws; middle phalanges 

shortened. 

Haxillo-palatines large, fused with vomer and praernaxilla. 

Vomer long, articulating with palatines and pterygoids. 

Procoracoid process small. Clavicles rudimentary. Tibia without 
bony bridge. 
Aftershaft very large, as long as the principal shaft. 
Cseca small, functional. 

Australasian. 

Key to the Families. 

a. ISTo casque on the head; bill broad .. 1. Dromaeidse, p. 585. 
6. A casque on the head; bill narrow .. 2. Casuariidge, p. 590. 
Family I. DROMiEID^E. 

The Dromceidce, containing only one genus, Dromceus, have the 
bill moderate and broad, with the culmen at the base elevated and 
sloping to the tip, which overlaps that of the under mandible; the 
nostrils placed in a large membranous groove, with the opening 
anteriorly and oblong oval. Wings rudimentary. Tail not apparent. 
Tarsi very long, strong, and mostly covered in front with 
reticulated scutes, except near the toes, where there are a few 
transverse ones, and posteriorly with a series of rough scales. 
Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal, the inner one the shortest; 
the claws moderate, strong and obtuse. 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. DBOMJEUS. 
Type. 
Dromiceius (errore), VieilL Analyse, p. 54 (181G).. D. novae liollandise. 
Dromaius, VieilL op. cit. p. $0 (1816): id. JV. D. 

x. p. 211 (1817). l 
Droinaeus, ~kanz. El. di Zool. iii. 1, p. 88 (1851). 
Tachea, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 257 (1822) D. novoo liollandiro. 
Dromiceus, Sw. Class. JB. ii. p. 346 (1837). 
Dromeicus, A. Xewton, Diet, of B. p. 213 (note) 
(pt. 1, 1893). 
llantje. Confined to Australia, 


DEOMiEID^E. 

586 

Key to the Species. 

a. Feathers of the body uniform greyish, with 
the tips black. 
a'. Larger: total length about 78 inches; 
feathers of the neck greyish, with the 
tips black nova hollandice, p. 586. 

b\ 
Smaller: total length about 55 inches; 
feathers of the neck entirely black ... . ater, p. 588. 


b. 
Feathers of the body barred alternately with 
silky white and darkish, grey throughout 
their length, terminating in a black tip, 
margined posteriorly with rufous irroratus, p. 589. 
1. Dromseus novae hollandice. 
New Holland Cassowary, Phillip, JBot Bay, p. 271, c. fig. (1789); 
White, Journ. Voy. N. 8. Wales, p. 129, c. rig. (1790); Lath. 8ijn. 
Suppl ii. p. 290 (1801). 

Casuarius novae hollandise, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. Q65, n. 2 (1790); 
Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 5 (1790); 8haw, Nat. Misc. iii. pi. 99 
(1792); Illig. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 247 (1811); Fremery, 
Procjr. Specim. zool. sistens obs. press, osteol. de Casuario J^ova 
Hollandice, pp. 1-86 (1819); Cuv. Begn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 497 
(1829); Thienem. Fortpfi. yes. Voy. i. Heft, p. 3, t. i. f. 2 (egg) 
(1845). 

Struthio novas hollandise, Meyer, Syst.Summar. Uebers. d. neust. 

zool. JSntd. in Neuholl. u. Afrika, p. 59 (1793) [fide Banzani). 
.Emu of New South Wales, Collin's Voy. ii. pi. iv. p. 307 (1802). 
Dromiceius novae hollandise, Vieill Analyse, p. 54 (1816); Steph. 

Gen. Zool xi. 2, p. 439 (1819) ; Less. Man. ii. p. 210 (1828). 
Dromaius ater, part, Vieill. N. I), x. p. 212 (1817): Less. Tr. dJOrn. 

p. 9 (part.), pi. 2. f. 2 (1831) ; Parker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 517 (sacral 
vertebrae). 
Dromaeus 
novae hollandise, Banz. El. di Zool. m. 1, p. 99 (1821) ; 
Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 841, n. 4 (1856); Bartl. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 205, 1860, p. 205; 8clat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 211, 248, 
372; Geoffr. 8t.-Hil. Acclim. et Domed. An. Utiles, €d. iv. 

p. 403 (1861); Sclat Trans. Z. 8. iv. p. 360, pi. lxxv. (1862) ; 
id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 234 (incubation); Holland, J. f. O. 1864, 
p. 199; Haughton, Pr. B. Irish Acad. ix. pp. 487-497 (muscular 
system) (1865) ; Hartm. Zool Gart. 1866, pp. 69-72 
(breeding); Parker, Phil Trans. 1866, pp. 113-183; Murie, 
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 405-475 (tracheal pouch); Huxley, t. c. p. 422, 
f. 3 (under view of the skull) ; 8clat P. Z. S. 1869, p. 628 (breeding) 
; 8undev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent p. 152 (1872); CougHrey, 
Pr. Liverp. 8oc. 1872-73, pp. 293-299 ; id. Ann. $ Mag. JV. H. 
(4) xii. p. 217 (1873) (tracheal pouch) ; id. Pr. Liverp. Soc. 187273, 
pp. 327-333 (1873) (heart); Pelz. Ms, 1873, p. 120; Garrod, 
P. Z. S.1873, p. 470 (both carotids), p. 644 (muscles); Gieb. Thes. 
Orn. ii. p. 59 (part.) (1875): Bodinus, J. f. O. 1876, p. 341 
(breeding); Harting fy Mosenih. Ostriches 8f Ostr. Farm. pp. 131144, 
fig. p. 132 (1877); Forbes, P. Z. S.1877, p. 314, f. 5 (vent); 
Fd. Ibis, 1877, p. 237 (note); Gibson, Pr. Phys. Soc. Fdinb. 187678, 
p. 200 (reared in Scotland); Nathus. J.f.O. 1879, p. 246; 
Malm, (Efv. Ah. Fork 1880, pp. 33-43, pi. vi. (tracheal pouch); 
1 . DEOM^US. 587 
Schnidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315 (duration of life); Oudot, Ferm. 
oVAutr. p. 241 (1880) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 784 (trachea); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 550 (part.) (1883) ; Hasioell, Pr. 
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. pp. 577-600, pis. viii.-xx., cuts (development) 
(1887); Gadow, Zool. Jahrb. v. pp. 636-638, tt. xliii., 

xliv. (tracheal pouch) (1890); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 84 (incubation); 
Hariert, Kat. Vogelsamml p. 249, n. 3610 (1891) (Vandiemensland!); 
Ost, Zeitsehr. f Oologie, 1892, p. 34; Gadow, 
Bronn's Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, Aves, p. 104 (1893); A. Netot. Diet, 
of B. p. 213, with fig. p. 214 (pt. 1, 1893) (formerly in the 
islands of Bass Strait and Tasmania) ; Schal J.f. 0.1894, p. 15 
(syn. emend.). 
Tachea novae hollandise, Flem. Phil, of Zool ii. p. 257 (1822). 
Tan Diemen's Land Cassowary, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 384, pi. 138 
(1823). 

Emeu, Wedemeyer, Fror. Not. ix. no. 177, pp. 7, 8 (1824) (muskulosen 
Beutel); Cunningh. Fror. Not. xviii. no. 387, p. 202 (1827); 
Graells, Bull Soc. Imp. Acelim. 186] (iearing, Retiro). 

Dromaius novse hollandise, Knox, Fdinb. Fhil Joarn. x. pp. 132-137, 
137-140 (anat. struct.) (1824); id. Fror. Not. Bd. vi. no. 127, 
pp. 263, 264 (trachea) (1824); id. Meckel's Arch, f Anat. 1832, 
pp. 263-271, 271-273; G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 63 (1840); id. 
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 82 (1841); Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 141 
(blood-corpuscles); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 528 (part.) (1844); 
id. List B. Brit Mus. iii. p. 54 (Van Diemen's Land) (1844) ; 
Leichardt, Journal Overland Fay. in Austr. p. 360 (1847); 
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 1 (pt. 33, 1848); Rchnb. Syn. Av., 
Gallinacese, t. 390. ff. 2206-13 (1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr. 
Austr. ii. Append, p. 47 (1849); Rchnb. Syn. Av., Novitice,t. 387. 
ff. 2694-99 (1851) (ex Gould) ; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 88 (1854) ; 
Zueholdt, J.f. 0.1859, p. 40 ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 200 
(1865); Uarim. Zool Gart. 1866, p. 69; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii, 

p. 2, n. 9845 (1871); Duchamp, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) xvii. art. 11, 
pp. 1-12, pi. 22 (anatomy) (1873) ; Schleg. Mus. P.~B., Struthiones, 
p. 7 (1873); Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488 (blood-corpuscles) ; 
Rams. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 119 (N.E. Queensland); id. Pr. Linn. Soc. 
N S. W. ii. p. 196, n. 557 (1878); Masters, t. c. p. 275 (Port 
Darwin!) (1878); Rams. Tab. List, p. 19, n. 569 (1888); North, 
Deser. Cat. Nests $ Eggs, p. 292 (1889). 
Dromiceius emu, Staph. Gen. Zool xiv. 1, pi. 39 (1826). 
Neuhollandischer Casuar, Wagner in Heusinger's Zeitsehr. f. organ. 
Phys. I pp. 595-596 (1827) (wing); id. in Feruss. Bull Sc. Nat. 

xv. pp. 152,153 (1828). 
New Holland Ostrich, Macartney, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc. 6th 
Meet. 1836, Transact. Sect. p. 37 (1837) (organ of voice). 
Dromiceus australis, Sto. Class. B. ii. p. 346 (1837); Owen, P. Z. S. 
1846, p. 124 (index). 
Emu, Mitchell, Three Exped. into the Inter, of E. Austr. ii. p. 280 
(1838); Bennett, Gather, of a Natural in Austr. p. 216 (1860); 
Tegetmeier, Field, 12th Sept., 1868. 

Dromaius emeu, Homey. J.f. 0.1859, p. 365 (eggs). 
Drom6e de la Nouvefle Hollande, Graells, Bull Soc. Imp. Acelim. 
1861, pp. 91-94; Touchard, op. cit. 1867, pp. 2-7 (breeding). 
Emeu de la Nouvelle Hollande, Le Prestre, Bull Soc. Imp. Acelim. 
1870, pp. 104-127 (breeding and rearing). 
Casoar d^Australie, Barrachin, Bull Soc. Imp. Acelim. 1880, pp. 238, 

239. 
588 DROJOSIDiE. 

Adult male. Feathers of the head and hind neck black, short, 
hairy, and recurved; naked skin of the sides of the head and throat 
blue; feathers of the body greyish, with the tips black; feathers 
of the legs grey, with small black spots at the tip; irides brown : 
bill and feet blackish. Total length about 78-74 inches, tarsus 13-38, 
culmen 2-44. 

Female. Similar, but somewhat smaller. 
Young. Darker than the adult. 
Nestling. " Greyish white, with two stripes of black down the back, 

and two others on each side, each subdivided by a narrow middle 
line of white—these stripes being continued along the neck without 
subdivision, and broken into irregular spots on the head; two other 
broken stripes pass down the fore part of the neck and breast, and 
terminate in a broad band across the thighs " (Gould). 

Bab. Eastern Australia, from Cape York, and perhaps also from 
Port Essington, to Yictoria ; formerly also Tasmania. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Rev. G. W. Keightley 
[P.]. 
b. Pull. sk.
c. d. Pull. st. 
Port Leschenault. W. E. Bates, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Pull. st. Bred in confinement. Zool. Soc. 
/ . Pull. st.
g. Pull. st.
h-i. Ad. sk.
k. Skeleton.
I. Skeleton. 
Bred in confinement. 
Bred in confinement. 
Tasmania. 
G. E. Loder, Esq. [P.]. 
Surrey Zool. Gard. 
Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 

2. Bromaeus ater. 
Casoar de la Nouvelle Hollande (Casnarius novee hollandise), Peron 
(nee Lath.), Belat. du Voy. de dScouv. aux Terr. Austr. i. p. 467 
(1807); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. iii. p. 135 (1824). 

Dromaius ater, Vieill N. D. x. p. 212 (part.) (1817); id. Gal. des 
Ois. ii. p. 79, pi. 226 (1825) ; G. B. Gr. Band-list, iii. p. % n. 9846 
(1871) j A. Milne-Bdw. fy Oust. Notice sur quelques Especes d'Ois. 
Ueintes, pp. 62-67, pi. v. (1893). 

?Dromaeus parvulus, uGould" fide Broderzp, Penny Cyclop, xxiii. 

p. 145 (1842). 
Dromaeus ater, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 841, n. 5 (1856 *) j Blyth, 
Ibis, 1862, p. 93. 

Adult (type). Similar to B. novae hollandice, but much smaller, 
and with feathers of the neck entirely black ; feathers of the body 
brown-fulvous, with the apical half very dark brown; feathers of 
the legs brown-fulvous mixed with blackish brown: bill and feet 
blackish; naked skin of the sides of the neck and throat apparently 
blue. Total length about 55 inches, tarsus 11-40, culmen 2*36 
(Mus. Paris). Also the skeleton shows important specific characters. 

^ * Prince Bonaparte mentions (I. c.) zoological and anatomical characters 
distinguishing JD. ater from J), noves hotlandite; cf. also I. c. p. 1026. 

1. DR03OHTS. 589 
Hah. Decres or Kangaroo Island, but now extinct, and only-
known from the single stuffed specimen and the skeleton in the 
Paris Museum. 

3. DromaetLS irroratus. 
Dromseus irroratus, Bartl P. Z. S. 1859, p. 295 (S. Australia) ; id. 
Ami. $ Mag. N. H. (3) v. pp. 333-334 (1800); id. P. Z. S. 1860, 

p. 205 (eg?) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 211 (Albany, W. Australia), 
pp. 248, 249, 371; id, Ami. $ Mag. N. II. (3) vi. pp. 212-215 
(1860); Ed. Ibis, 1860, p. 310; Sclat. Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 360, 
pi. 76 (1862); Ed. Ibis, 1863, p. 285; Benn. Zoolog. 1863, p. 8313, 
1864, pp. 8323, 9200-9206; id. Bull. Soc. Imp. Acclim. 1868, 
pp. 682-683; Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 59 (1875); Mosenth. <$• 
JHarting, Ostriches § Ostrich Farm. p. 145 (1877); Gadoxo, Promt's 
Thier-Reiehs. vi. 4, p. 104 (1893) ; A. Netut. Diet, of B. p. 214 
(pt. 1,1893) ; Schal J.f.O. 1894, p. 16. 
Drornaius irroratus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 204 (1865); G. P. 
Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 2, n. 9847 ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, 

p. 7 (1873); Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 196, n. 558 
(1878) ; id. Tab. list, p. 19, n. 570 (1888); North, Descr. Cat. 
Nests ty Eggs B. Austr. p. 294 (1889). 
Dromosus novse hollandise, part., Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 555, 
specim. d} e, ri, o' (1883). 

Similar to D. nonce liollandice, but is easily distinguished bj its 
spotted plumage. The feathers are barred alternately with silky-
white and darkish grey throughout their length, terminating in a 
black tip margined posteriorly with rufous; those of B. novce liollandice 
are uniform greyish from the base to the extremity, which 
is black. On comparing the two living birds together we find 

D. irroratus generally of a much more slender habit; the tarsi are 
longer and thinner, and the toes longer and much more slender; the 
tarsal scutes are smaller; the irides are of a pale hazel instead 
of a reddish brown as in D. novce Tiollandice. (Sclater.) Naked skin 
round the ears and of the throat blue. 
Immature birds are decidedly darker than those of D. novce 
Tiollandice. 
Hab. Western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. (in- Australia. Mrs. MacCallum [P.]. 
complete). (Type of species.) 
b. Juv. sk. Bichmond, Interior of Australia. 
590 
CASUARIIDJE. 

Family II. CASUARIIM. 

Bill long, compressed, with the culmen curved to the tip, which 
overlaps that of the under mandible; the nostrils placed in the 
middle of the bill, and in a broad membranous groove, with the 
opening anteriorly and suboval. The head and base of culmen 
ornamented with'an elevated helmet; the head and neck denuded 
of feathers, the naked skin brightly coloured; the neck wattled. 
The wings rudimentary, with five strong rounded shafts without 
webs. Tail not apparent. Tarsi long, robust, and covered with 
large hexagonal scutes, except near the toes, where the scutes are 
transverse. Toes long, the lateral ones shorter than the middle one, 
the outer the longest, and the inner armed with a very long powerful 
claw, nearly straight and acuminate; the other claws moderate, 
curved, and obtuse. 

1. CASUAEIUS. 
Type. 
Casuarius, Briss. Orn. v. p. 10 (1760); Lath. Ind. Orn. 

ii. p. 664 (1790) C. galeatus. 
Rhea, Lacip. {nee Lath.) Mem. de VInst. iii. p. 519 
(1800-1) (=Casuariua). 
Hippalectryo, Gloger, Sand- u. Hilfsb. pp. xxxxiii, 452 
(1842) C. galeatus. 

Range. Papuan Subregion, with Northern Australia. 

[Cf. 
SALVADORI,T., Monografia del genere Casuarius, Briss. (Mem. R. Ac. 
Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. pp. 173-217, tt. i., ii. 1882).] 

Key to the Species. 

a. Casque compressed on the sides. 
a'. Three wattles on the throat—one median, 
small, lower down; two on the sides, 
longer and higher up tricarunculatm, p. 591. 

b'. Only two wattles on the throat. 
a". Wattles quite far apart on the sides of 
the throat Mcarimculatus, p. 591. 
b". "Wattles not far apart, hut approached 
one to the other. 

a'". Smaller: the casque not very high, 
thicker above; nail of the inner toe 
shorter galeatus, p. 592. 

b"'. Larger: the casque very high, 
thinner above; nail of the inner , . ,. -A. 
toe longer; wattles very large ... . auf™hs,j. 594. 

'salmdo™h

c". Wattles joined together at the base, or, p. 595. 
rather, one long wattle on the throat 
, more or less deeply divided at the 
tip beccarn, p. 396. 

1 . CASUARIUS. 
591 
b. Casque with the hind surface flat, rather 
broad and inclined forward. 
c'. A single pear-shaped wattle on the middle 
of the fore neck, which with the lower 
part of the neck is yellow. 


d". Wattle larger; head and upper part of [p. 597. 
the neck blue uniappendiculatus, 

e". Wattle smaller; head and upper part 
of the neck blue, but on the occiput a 
broad yellow patch occipitalis, p. 598. 

d'. 
No wattles whatever on the fore neck. 
f\ Head and neck varied with different 
colours. 
c'". Throat blue ; lower part of the 
hind neck orange-red papuanus, p. 599. 
d"'. Throat red ; nape blue picticollis, p. 600. 
g". Head and neck nearly uniform blue .. bennetti, p. 601. 


1. Casuarius tricarunculatus. 
Casuarius 
tricarunculatus, Becc. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 717 
(Warbusi) (1875); Selab. Ibis, 1876, p. 245; id. P. Z. S. 1878, 

p. 214; Meger, J.f. 0. 1878, p. 204; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
xii. p. 419 \nec p. 420) (1878); Sclat. Ibis, 1879, p. 96; Salvad. 
Ibis, 1879, p. 105 (part.); id. Mem. R. Ac. So. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 184 
(1881); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 413, n. 1 (1882); id. Orn. 
Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 473 (1882). 
The type of this species was a live young bird, bought by 
Dr. Beceari at Monni, near Warbusi, on the west coast of Geelvink 
Bay. The bird is apparently lost, and described as being similar to 

C. galeatus, but provided with three caruncles—two larger higher 
up, and one smaller, median, lower down on the middle of the neck. 
Bah. West coast of Geelvink Bay, near Warbusi. 

2. Casuarius bicarunculatus. 
Casuarius bicarunculatus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 211, 248, 249, f. b 
(juv. ex patria ignota); id. Ibis, 1860, p. 310; id. Ann. fy Mag. 

N. H. (3) vi. p. 114 (note), p. 145 (1860); id. Ibis, 1861, p, 312 ; 
id. Trans. Z. 8. iv. p. 358, f. b, p. 364 (note), pi. Ixxiii. (1862) ; 
Crisp, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 137 (gall-bladder); Schleg. Jaarb. zool. 
Genootsch. Nat. Art. Mag. 1862, p. 198; id. Dierent, Vogels, p. 239 
(1864); Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 180 (1865); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, 
p. 168; F. Schleg. Zool. Gart. 1866, p. 178; Schleg. N. T. D. iii. 
pp. 250, 347 (1866) ; id. in Rosenb. Reis naar Zuidoostereil. p. 52 
(note) (1867) j Sclat. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 149; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, 
iii. p. 2, sp. 9849 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i.p. 595 (1872); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 150,495, pi. xxvi.; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 470 
(both carotids), p. 644 (muscles); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 519; 
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 10 (1873); Rosenb. J. f. O. 
1873, p. 320; id. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 117 (1875); Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 87 ; id. Guide to the Gard. of the Z. 8. L. p. 57 
(1877) ; Harting, Ostriches § Ostr. Farm. p. 110 (1877); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 316 (ad. in Brem. Mus.) (1878); 
Meyer, J. f. O. 1878, p. 203; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 96 ; Rosenb. Mai. 
Archip. p.* 373 (1878-79) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. Z. S. L. 7th ed. 
592 CAST7AKTIDJ3. 

p. 472 (1879); Gould, B. Neiv Guin. v. pi. 73 (pt. xii., 1881); 
Salvad. Mem. B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 185, t. i. f. 1 (head) 
(1881) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xVm. p. 414, n. 2 (1882); id. 
Orn. Pap. e Mol iii. p. 475 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 
p. 549 (1883); Schal. J.f. 0. 1894, p. 19. 
? Casuarius galeatus, Wall, {nee Vieill.) Ann. # Mag. N. PL. xx. 
p. 477 (1857). 
? Oasuarius emeu, G. B. Gr. {nee Lath) P. Z. S. 1858, p. 187 
(sternum), p. 196 (part.); id. Cat. B. Neio Gain. pp. 50; 61 (part.) 
(1859); Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 180 (part.) (1865). 

? Oasuarius kaupi, G. B. Gr. {nee Rosenberg, neque Sclater), P. Z. S. 
1861, p. 438 ; Bosenb. N. T. N. I. xxv. p. 252 (nee p. 251) (1863) ; 
id. J.f 0. 1804, p. 135 (nee p. 134). 

Oasuarius aruensis, Schleg. N. T. D. Iii. p. 347 (1866). 
Oasuarius galeatus, Bosenb. {nee Vieill.) Beis naar Zuidoostereil. 

p. 52 (1867). 
? Oasuarius sp., Meyer, Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. i. p. 296 (egg from Aru 
Isl.) (1884); Salvad. Mem. B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xlii. p. 213 (1891). 
Adult. Feathers of the body blackish; casque compressed on the 
sides, not very high, with the base narrow; head greenish blue; 
neck blue ; lower part of the nape vermilion; caruncles far apart 
on the sides of the neck, long, and purple-red. 
Young. Eeathers of the body brownish; naked skin of the head 
and neck bluish grey; caruncles brick-red. 
Bah. Wammer and Kobroor, N". Aru Islands. 


a. Irani, st. Zoological Society. 
b. Imm. st. Zoological Society. (Type 
of species.) 
e. Skeleton. 
d. Imperfect skeleton 
of spec. a. 
e. Bones of spec. b. 
f Sternum. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
3. Oasuarius galeatus. 
Oasuarius, Olear. Mus. 23, t. 13. f. 2; Alb. Av. 2. p. 56, t. 60: 

Frisch, Av. 1.105; Briss. Orn. v. p. 10, pi. 1. f. 2 (1760). 
Cela, Moehr. A v. Gen. 56. 
Emeu, Dodart, Mim. 377; Bay, Av. 36; Chts. Exot. 97, t. 98; 

Bont. Jav. 71 ^ Wilhighby, Orn. 105, t. 25; JonsL Av. 172,1 56; 
Aldrov. Orn. iii. p. 541, t. 541. 
Struthio casuarius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 265, n. 2 (1766): Gm. S. N. i 

p. 126, n. 2 (1788). 
Oasoar, Perr.fyDuvern. Mem. Ac. Sc. depuis 1666-1699, iii. 2, p. 155, 
pis. 50, 57; Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 464 (1770). 

Oasoar des Indes orientales, JD'AuhenL PL EnL 313. 

Galeated Cassowary, Lath. Syn. iii. 1, p. 10, n. 1, pi. 72 (1785). 

Casuarius emeu, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 664, n. 1 (1790); Bum. Diet. 

Sc. Nat. vii. p. 199 (Ceram) (1817); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 209 
(part., excl. Nova Guinea) (1828); id. Voy. Coq., Zool. i. pt. 2, 

p. 711 (part.) (1828); id. Tr. $Orn. p. 7, pi. 2. t 1 (1831) (part., 
Ceram, Bouru); Temm. PL Col. I Tabl. MUh. p. 88 (1838); G. R. 
Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 528 (part.) (1844); id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. 
1. CASUAEItTS. 
593 
p. 54 (1844); TMenem. Fortpflanz. ges. Vogelj p. 2, t. i. f. 1 (1845); 
Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 37 (blood-corpuscles); Bp. Compt. Rend. 
xliii. p. 841, n. 6 (1856); G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 862 ; Finsch, 
Neu-Guin. p. 180 (part.) (1865); G. R, Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, 
n. 9848 (1871); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 9 (1873); 
Gulliv. P.Z. S. 1875, p. 488, 
Casuarius 
galeatus, Bonn. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 4, pi. 4. f. 2 (1790) ; 
Vieill. N. D. v. p. 345, pi. B 11. f. 1 (1816); Merrem, Abh. Bert. 
Ah. 1819, p. 179; Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. 2, p. 432, pi. 29 (1819) ; 
Ranz. Elem. di Zool. iii. pt. 1, p. 97 (1821); Vieill. Gal. des Ois. 

ii. p. 77, pi. 225 (1825) ; Merrem in Ersch u. Gruber's Fncycl. 
xv. p. 348 (1826); A&um, J. f. 0. 1854, p. xxvi; Gould, P. Z. S. 
1857, p. 269; Benn. t. c. p. 720; Homey. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 365; 
8clat. Ibis, 1859, p. 115 ; id. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 210, 250 ; Blyth, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 307; Selat. t. c. p. 310; id. Ann. $ Mag. N. II. (8) 
vi. p. 145 (I860); DesMurs, Tr. oVOologie, p. 362 (1860); Rosenb. 
J.f. 0. 1861, p. 45 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 7b; Crisp, P. Z. S. 1862, 
p. 137; 8clat. Trans. Z. 8. iv. p. 358, f. a, and p. 360 (note), pi. 71 
(1862) ; 8ehleg. Jaarb. zool. Genotsch. Nat. Art. Mag. 1862, p. 196 ; 
8clat. P. Z. S.1863, p. 234; 8chleg. Dierent., Vogels, p. 238 (1864); 
8clat. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 168; F. 8chleg. Zool. Gart. 1866, p. 177; 
Sclat. P. Z. S.1867, p. 179 ; Midler, t. c. p. 252 ; Kreff't, t. c. p. 483 j 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 376, 1869, p. 628 ; Wall. Malay Archip. 
ii. p. 156 (1869); Flower, P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 32, 33, 34, 35 ; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 150, 495; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i, p. 595 (1872) ; 
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 644; Rosenb. J. f. O. 1873, p. 390; 
Nathus. J.f.O. 1874, p. 10; Sclat. P.Z. 8. 1875, pp. 86, 87; 
Harting, Ostriches Sf Ostr. Farm. p. 103, with pi. (1877); Sclat, 
P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 80, 214; Meyer, J. f. O. 1878, p. 202 ; Nathus. 
J.f.O. 1879, p. 346; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 96; Pelz. t. c. p. 376; 
Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 323 (1879); Sclat. Lid Vert. An. 
p. 472 (1879); id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315 $ id. Voy. Challeng., 
Birds, p. 64 (1881); Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. 8c. Tor. (2) xxxiv. 
p. 188, tav. i. f. 2 (1881); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, 
n. 3 (1882); Pelz. Ibis, 1882, p. 608; Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. 
p. 479 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 548 (1883); 
Thebault, Bull. 80c. Philom. (8) iii. pp. 198-210 (1891); Evans, 
Ibis, 1891, p. 84; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. R. C. 8. iii. p. 439 
(1891); Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xlii. p. 213 (1891); 
Schal. Zeitschr.f Oologie, 1892, p. 11; Ost, ibid. pp. 15, 34 ; Schal. 
J.f 0.1894, p. 18. 
Casuarius casuarius, Illig. Prodr. Mam. et Av. p. 247 (1811), 
Hippalectryo indicus, Gloger, Hand- u. HiUfb. p. 452 (1842). 
Casuarius orientalis, 8. Mull. Verh. Land-en Volkenk. p. 109 (part., 
Oeram only) (1839-44); Hartl J.f.O. 1854, p. 257. 
Javanese (!) Cassowary, Gulliv. P. Z 8. 1846, p. 26. 
Hippalectryo casuarius, Sundev, Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 152 

(1872); Heine u. Rchnw. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 305 

(Ceram) (1890). 
Casuarius javanensis (!), Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 478, 488. 
Casuarius beccarii, Pelz. {nee Sclat.) Ibis, 18/9, pp. 376, 377; id. 

Ibis, 1881, p. 401 (egg). 

Adult. Of medium size. Feathers of the body black; casque 
' compressed 011 the sides, rather high, with the upper edge rather 
thick, the posterior edge almost perpendicular, much shorter than 

VOL. XXVII. 
^ Q 

CASTTAKHD-3B. 

the anterior one ; head pale greenish blue; neck purple-blue, red on 
the hind part; naked surface on each side of the neck purple-red, 
edged with blue anteriorly; caruncles close together, flesh-colour. 
Total length about 60 inches, bill from gape 4-91, tarsus 10*22, 
nail of inner toe 3-14. 

Young. Feathers of the body brown ; head and neck covered 
with short feathers ; casque very low ; caruncles very short; skin 
of head and neck blue, of hind neck ochreous yellow. 

Bab. Ceram. 
a. Ad. sk. Purchased. 
b. Imm. st. Purchased. 
c. Juv. st. Zool. Soc. 
d. Juv. st. Lidth de Jeude Coll. 
e. Skeleton. Purchased. 
/ . Imperfect skeleton.
g. Sternum of spec. c. 
Purchased. 
Zool. Soc. 
4. Casuarius australis. 

Casuarius australis, Wall, Illusfr. Sijdn. Herald, 1854, 3rd June; 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 209, 270; G. E. Gr. P. Z. S. 1858, 

p. 196 • id. Cat B. New Guin. p. 61 (1859): Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, 
p. 210; id. Ibis, I860, p. 310; id. Tr. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 360 (1862) ; 
Schleg. Jaarb. zool. Genotsch. Nat. Art. Mag. 18(>2, p.200; Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 206 (1865); F. Schleg. Zool. Gart. 1866, 
p. 180 ; Sclat P. Z. S. 1866, pp. 168, 557, & 1867, p. 242 ; Benn. 
P Z. S. 1867, p. 473 ; Sclat P. Z. S. 1868, p. 376; id. Ibis, 1868, 
9851 
(l871)]X'Flotcer, P.Z. S. 1871, p. 32 and foil, (skeleton); Sclat. 

P.Z.S. 1871, p. 547 (a specimen in confinement); G-ieb. Thes. 
Orn. i. p. 594 (1871) ; Schleg. Mm. P.-JB., Struthiones, p. 9 
(1873); Earns. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 325 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 2, 
82, 85, 86, 87; id. Nature, xii. p. 516 (1875; ; Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. 362 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 469 (a second specimen in confinement), 
& p. 527; Rains. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 119 & foil.; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 414; Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 186 (1876), ii. 
p. 196, n. 559, & p. 376, pi. xi. (head) (1877) ; Krefft, P. Z. S. 1877, 
P« „ . „ ... 
Vert An. 7th ed. p. 472 (1879); Ibis, 1881, p. 500; Salvad. Mem. 

E. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 192, tav. i. f. 3 (head) (1881); id. 
Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 473 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. 
p. 548 (1883); Earns. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19, n. 571 (Cape York, 
Ilockingham Bay) (1888); Lumholtz, Among CannibaU, pp. 98, 
99 (1889) ; North, Nests and Eggs B. Amtr. p. 294, ph xv. (egg) 
(1890) ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteal. Specim. E. C. S. iii. p. 439 (1891); 
Schal Zeitschr.f. Oologie, 1892, p. 11; id. J.f.O. 1894, p. 24. 
Casuarius johnsouii, F. Maell. Australasian, Dec. 15th, 1860; id. 

P. Z. S.1867, p. 242; Benn. $ Carron, ibid. pp. 473, 474; Krefft, 
ibid. p. 483; Biggies, Orn. of Austr. pts. xii., xiil; Ibis, 1868, 
p. 348; Krefft, Ibis, 1869, p. 348; Newt. Ibis, 1870, p, 120. 
Casuaris regalis (e?%rore), Eosenb. J.f 0.1873, p. 390. 
1. CAsuAJtros. 595 
Similar to C. galeatus, but larger. Eeathers of the body black; 
casque brown-black, compressed on the sides, very high, with the 
upper margin thin, the posterior margin sometimes scarcely shorter 
than the anterior one; naked skin of head pale greenish blue ; fore 
neck deep blue, lower hind neck red; caruncles close together, very 
large, red. 

Young, leathers of the body brown; on the forehead only a 
frontal horny shield; naked skin on the sides of the neck blue;"" 
caruncles small (Ramsay). 
Hob. N.E. Australia, from Cape York to Rockingham Bay. 

a. $ ? ad. sk. Rockingham Bay, N.E. 
Australia. 
P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.], 
b. J ? ad. sk. Queensland. Marquis of Norman by 
c~e. Juv. et pull Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
5. Casuarms salvadorii. 

Casuarius altijugus, Sclat. Nature, xvii. p. 375 (Wandammen) 

(1878) *; Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. xii. pp. 420,421,422 (1878); 

Edd. Ibis, 1878, jp. 481; Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 105. 
Casuarius salvadorii, Oust. Assoc. Sc. de France, Bull. no. 539, p. 350 
(23rd Febr., 1878); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 213, 214, fig. p. 213 ; 
Meyer, J. f. 0. 1878, pp. 202, 203; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 

xii. pp. 420, 421, 422 (1878) ; Edd. Ibis, 1878, p. 481, 1879, p. 96; 
Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 105 ; Pelz. Ibis, 1879, p. 377; Salvad. Mem. 
P. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 204 (note) tav. i. f. 5 (1881) j id. Orn. 
Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 488 (note) (1882). 
Casuarius tricarunculatus, part., Salvad. A?in. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. 

p. 420 (1878); Edd. Ibis, 1878, p. 481. 
A species not very well known. The type in the Paris Museum 
is not fully adult; the plumage is partly brown; the casque is low, 
and shows no characteristic form; the caruncles are quite separated 
from the origin, and are somewhat distant one from the other, 
perhaps by the distension of the skin. Dr. Oustalet, however, in 
the original description, says :—u La caroncle de la gorge est fortement 
bifide, comme dans le C. beccarii" which is not quite exact. 

The type of Casuarius altijugus appears to be fully adult; has 
the casque very high, with both the anterior and posterior edges 
very thick; the wattles are two, on each side of the median line, 
closely approximating at their base, but divided down nearly to 
their origin, and about 3 inches in length. Whole length about 
5 feet, tarsus 12*5 inches, middle toe 8-5, bill from gape 7*5. 

Nothing is known about the colours of the naked skin of the 
head and neck. 

This species comes nearest to C. galeatus and C. australis. 

* This name was withdrawn by the author in favour of the one used by 
Dr. Oustalet. 
2a 2 

596 CASTTAPJIDJE. 

Hah. "Western coast of Geelvink Bay, near the southern extremity. 


a. Ad. sk. Wandammen, Geelvink Bay, L. Laglaize [C.]. (Type 
May 1876. of Casuarius altijugus, Sclat.) 
6. Casuarius "beccarii. 
? Casuarius, sp., 8. Mull. Verh. Land- en Volkerik. p. 22 (Utanata, 
Princess Marianne Strait) (1839-44). 
? Casuarius orientalis, S. Mull op. cit p. 109 (part., ex Nova Guinea) 
(1839-44). 

Casuarius beccarii, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 87, ff. 1, 2 in p. 86 (Vokan, 
Am 1.), p. 527, pi. lviii. (S. New Guinea), and p. 533; id. 
Nature, xii. p. 516 (1875); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 717 
(note) (1875); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 414 (live specim.); Hurting, 
Ostrichesfy Ostr. Farm. p. 107 (1877): Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 
307, 316 (cloaca and bursa Fabricii); SJiarpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 325 ; 
Sclat Sf Salv. Ibis,1877,-p. 372 (note) : Oust Assoc. Sc. de France, 
Bull. no. 539, p. 350 (1878); Meyer, J.f.O. 1878, pp. 202. 300; 
Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. pp. 421,422 (1878); Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 214; Sclat. $ Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 481,1879, p. 96; I)1 Alb. 
$ Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. pp. 136-145, ff. pp. 137, 139, 
140, 141, 142, 143 (1879); Ed. Ibis, 1879, p. 482; Sclat. List 
Vert. An. p. 472 (1879); I)'Alb. Nuova Guin. pp. 494, 588 
(1880); SJiarpe, Ibis, 1881, p. 500; Salvad. Mem. P. Ac. Sc. Tor. 

(2) xxxiv. p. 197, tav. i. £ 5 (1881); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. 
p. 414, n. 4 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 484 (1882); Sclat. 
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 549 (1883); Schal. J.f. 0.1894, p. 21. 
Casuarius bicarunculatus, Becc. [nee Sclat) Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. 

p. 717 (1875). ^ 
Casuarius australis, B'Alb. {nee Wall) Sydn. Mail, 1877, p. 143; 
id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. x. p. 19 (1877) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 372. 
Casuarius sclaterii, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 422 (19th 
July, 1878); Ibis, 1878, p. 481 ; Meyer, J. f. O. 1878, p. 300 ; 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 116 (type in the Brit. Mus.). 

? Casuarius galeatus, Sclat. Zool. Toy. * Challenger? Birds, p. 64 
(1881). 
r Casuarius, sp., Meyer, Zeitschr. d. c/es. Orn. i p. 296 (egg from Aru 
Isl.) (1884); Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xlii. p. 213 (1891). 

Adult Feathers of the body black; casque compressed, thick on 
the anterior and posterior edges, thinner on the middle, very high, 
and with the upper edge rather thin; the posterior edge usually 
inclined backwards, sometimes almost perpendicular, shorter than 
the anterior edge: head grey-blue, a band from the base of the 
lower mandible yellow, changing into red posteriorly; throat and 
sides of the neck blue; nape red on the upper part, changing into 
orange lower down, naked area on the lower part of the sides of the 
neck flesh-colour; on the anterior part of the neck a very long 
caruncle, more or less divided into two at the tip, and of a fleshcolour. 
Total length about 63 inches, bill from gape 5*50, tarsus 11, 
nail of the inner toe 3*07. 

1. CASUAEIUS. 
597 
Young. Feathers reddish brown; casque scarcely prominent; 
caruncle small, with the two lobes divided nearly to the base. 

(Mus. Genoa.) 
ffab. Vokan, A m Islands, and S. New Guinea along the Ely 
River. 

a, b. Imm. st. Am Islands * ' 6 Challenger' Exped. 
c. Imm. st. S.E. New Guinea. (Died Zool. Soc. 
2nd Febr., 1879.) 
d. Ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New A. Goldie [C.]. 
Guinea. 
e. Imm. sk. Fly River. Purchased. 
f. § imm. sk. Coast of S.E. New Guinea Zool. Soc. (Type of 
opposite Cormvallis Ial. Casuarius sclateri, 
g. Skeleton of 
(Died 9th Dec, 1876.) Salvad.) 
specimen/. 

7. Casuarius uniappeudicnlatus. 
Casuarius, n. sp., Blyth, Ibis, 1800, v. 193 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, 
p. 210; id. Ann. % Mag. Nat. Hist (3) vl p. 145 (I860). 
Casuarius 
uniappendiculatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B, xxix. p. 112 (juv.) 
(1860); id. Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) vi. p. 113 (1860); Sclat. 
ibid, (note); Blyth, Ibis, 1860, p. 307; Sclat. t. c. p. 310; Bennett, 

t. c. p. 403, pi. 14 (juv.); Sclat. ibid, et p. 420,1861, p. 312; Blyth, 
J. A. S. B. xxx. p. 185 (1861)<; Ibis, 1862, p. 78; Sclat. Trans. 
Zool. Soc. iv. p. 359, pi. 74 (juv.) (1862); Schleg. Jaarb. zool. 
Genotseh. Nat Art. Mag. 1862, p. 198, pi.; id. Bierent, Vogels, 
p. 239, f. p. 240, et tabula; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 2'2o; Finsch, Neu-
Guin. p. 180 (1865); Sclat P. Z. S. 1866, pp. 34,168; F. Schleg. 
Zool. Gart. 1866, p. 179 ; Schleg. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. pp. 250, 
347 (1866); id. in Bosenb. Beis naar Zuidoostireil, p. 52 (note) 
(1867) ; Gould, Suppl. B. Austr. pis. 74, 75 (1869); Newt Ibis, 
1870. pp. 119, 120; Schleg. Ned. Tijdschr. JDierk. iv. p. 53 (1871); 
G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, n. 9852 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. 
p. 595 (1872); Sclat P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 147, 149, 150; Schleg. 
Mm. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 10 (1873) ; Bosenb. Journ. f. Orn. 
1873, p. 390; Meyer, Sitzb. k.Ak. JVissensch. zu Wien, lxix. p. 218 
(1874) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1874, p. 417 ; id. P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 247, 495; 
id. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 85, pi. xx. ff. 1,2 (juv.). pp. 87, 533 ; Bosenb. 
BeisL naar Geelvinkb. pp. 17, 69, 117 "(1875); Becc. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Gen. vii. p. 717 (1875); Salvad. ibid. p. 719 (1875) j Sclat. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 244; id. P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 244, 414 (specim. alive); 
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307,313,314,316 (bursa Fabricii); Sclat. 

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 419 (specim. alive in Amsterdam) ; Harting, 
Ostriches «$• Ostr. Farm. p. 112 (1877); Oust. P. Z. S. 1878, 
pp. 389, 390; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 346 (Sorong), 
p. 424 (1878); Ibis, 1878, p. 482; Meyer, Journ. f. Orn. 1878, 
p. 203 ; Bosenb.Malay. Archip. p. 396 (cum fig. capitis), pp.481, 
563 (1878-79); Ibis, 1879, p. 96; Oudot, Ferm. d. Autr. p. 237 
(1880); Salvad. Mem. B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 205, tav. ii. 
* Sclater mentions these birds as having been procured alive at Ternate. 
598 
CASUARIIILE. 

f. 6 (1881); id. Ann. Mies. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, n. 5 (1882) ; 
id. 0/v?. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 490 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th 
ed. p. 549 (1883J: Bedd. P. Z. S. 1886, pp. 145, 146 (air-sacs); 
Meyer, Ahh. Mus.'Dresd. no. 3, taf. 2 (egg) (1893)• Schal. J.f. 0. 
1894, p. 23 (egg). 
Casuaiius kaupi, Potent). Natuurk. Tijdschr. Kederl. Inch xxm. p. 43, 
tab. (1801); id. Journ. f. Orn. 1861, p. 44, taf. i.; Sclat. Ibis, 
1861, p. 312; id. Tt am. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 360 (note) (1862); 
Schleq. Jaarb. zool Genotsch. Nat. Art. Mag. 1862, p. 199 
Rotenb. Natum-k. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 251, n. 246 (1863), 
id. Journ. f. Orn. 1864, p. 136, n. 246; Finsch, Neit-Guinea, p. 181 
(I860) ; Sclat. P. Z, S. 1866, p. 168; F. Schleg. ZooLOart 1866, 

p. 180: Rosenb. Reis naar Zuidoostereil, p. o2 (1867); Newton, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 120; Scldeg. Mm. P.-B., Stmthiones, p. 12 (1873); 
Rosenb. Journ. f Orn. 1873, p. 370; id. Malay. Archip. p. 563 
(1878). 
Casuarius, sp., 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen, x. p. 167, sp. 180 
(Sorong, juv.) (1877). 

Adult. Feathers of the body black; casque dark olive, of the 
shape of a triangular pyramid, -with the posterior surface nearly 
oval; head, throat, and hind neck blue; lower part of the neck, 
with the single, pear-shaped caruncle, yellow; naked skin on the 
lower part of the sides of the neck flesh-colour, surrounded with 
yellow. Total length about 60 inches, bill from gape 5'22, tarsus 11, 
nail of inner toe 3*30. 

Young. Pale fulvous, with longitudinal brown bands on the 
upper parts and on the thighs. 
Hah. Salwatti and the opposite coast of N.W. New Guinea. 

a. Cast of the head of the Salwatti. Darmstadt 3Ius. 
type of Casuarius kaupi, 
Rosenb. 
b. Imm. st.
e. Imm. st. 
Salwatti. 
Western New Guinea. 
L. Laglaize f~C.]. 
Zool. Soc. 
d. Skeleton (imperfect) of 
specimen c. 

8. Casuarius occipitalis. 
? Casuarius papuanus, part., Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkh. p 117 

t'Jobi) (1875); id. Malay. Archip. p. 563 (part.) (1875). 
Casoar di Jobi, Beccari, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 718 (1875). 
Ca&uarius occipitalis, Salvad. t. c. (note) (1875) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1876, 

p. 245 (note); Salvad. Aim. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 423 (1878) • 
Ibis, 1878, p. 482; Meyer, J.f. 0.1878, pp. 203, 300 (note); Ibis, 
18/9, p. 96; Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 209, tav.ii. 
f. 7 (head) (1881); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, n 6 
(1882); id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 494 (1882); Meyer, Abh. Mus. 
Dresd. no. 3, p. 29, taf 2. f. 4 (egg) (1893); Schal. J. f O. 1894, 
p. 22. } 
Casuarius westermanni, Rey (nee Sclat), Zeitschr. f Ool 1892, 
p. 19. 
Casuarius laglaizii, Oust Bull. Soc. Phihm. (8) v. pp. 1-3 (juv., Jobi, 
1 . CA.SUAIUUS. 599 
Very similar to C. umappendicidatuSi but differs in having a 
triangular yellow patch on the occiput, the posterior surface of the 
casque narrower, the single caruncle smaller. The casque is pale 
olive; bill and feet dark olive. Total length 65 inches, bill from 
gape 5*37, tarsus 11, nail of inner toe 2*75. (Type, Mus. Genoa,) 

A very old bird in the Paris Museum differs from the type in 
having the casque much higher, with the posterior part basally 
narrow, and broadened into a flat surface towards the tip; the 
anterior edge is decidedly more convex. 

I have examined, in the Paris Museum, the type of C. laglaizii, 
which, in my opinion, is a small specimen of the present species. 

Rah. J obi. 

a. Juv. bt. Ansus, Jobi. L. Laglaize 
LC 

b. Pull. Slv. Ansus. Febr. L. Laglaize "O 
c. Pull. St. Jobi. L. Laglaize V 
9. Casuarins papuauus. 
? Casuarins emeu, part., Less. Toy. Coq. i. pt. 2, p. 717 (New Guinea) 
(1828) ; id. Mam dJOrn. ii. p. 209 (part.) (1828); id. Tr. d'Orn. 

p. 7 (part.) (1831) ; Sclat. Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 168, sp. 152 
(1858); G. P. Gr. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 196 (part.); id. Cat. JB. New 
Guin. pp. 50, 61 (part.) (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438; Finsch, 
Nm-Guin. p. 180 (part.) (1865). 
? Casuarius orientalis, 8. Mull. Verh. Land-en Volkenh. p. 109 (part.) 
(1839-44). 
Casuarius beimettii, Schleg. {nee Gould) Ned. Tijdsehr. Bierk. iv. 

n. 53 (New Guinea) (1871). 
Casuarius papuanus, Posenb. in litt.; Schleg. t. c. p. 54 (1871) (type 
examined); id. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 11 (Andai) (1873); 
Posenb. J. f. 0. 1873, pp. 390, 391; Meyer, Sitzb. k. Ak. Wiss. 

Wien, lxix. pp. 216, 217 (1874); Select. Ibis, 1874, p. 417; id. 

P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 85, 87; Posenb. Peist. naar Geelvinkb. pp. 84, 
117,144, pi. xvii. (1875); Bece. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 717 
(1875); 8alrad. ibid. p. 796 (Andai) (1875); Sclat. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 258; Harting, Ostriches $ Ostr. Farm. p. 118 (1877); Oust. 
P. Z. S.1878, p. 389; Meyer, J.f.O. 1878, pp. 200, 201, 203, 299; 
Ibis, 1878, p. 482, 1879, p. 96; Posenb. Malay. Archip. pp. 563, 
595 (1879); Salvad. Mem. P. Ac. 8c. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 210, tav. ii. 
f. 8 (head) (1881); id. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, n. 7 
(1882); id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 495 (1882); Schal. J. f. O. 
1894, p. 20 (egg). 
Casuarius kaupi, Sclat (nee Posenb.) P. Z. S. 1871, p. 627 (Mansinam), 
1872, pp. 147,149, 150, pi. ix. (Mansinam), 1873, p. 474; 
Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, lxix. pp. 216, 217 (1874); Sclat. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 417 (note); Oust. P. Z. S.1878, p. 389. 

Casuarius papuensis, " Posenb.;1 Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 149,150. 

Casuarius westermanni, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 248 (type examined); 
id. Ibis, 1874, p. 417 (note) ; id. P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 85, 87, 380, 
pi. xix.; id. Nature, xi. p. 516 (1875); id. Ibis, 1876, pp. 245, 
258; Harting, OstrichesfyOstr. Farm. p. 119 (1877); Sharpe, Ibis, 
1877, p. 325; Gould, B. of Neto Gain. v. pi. 15 (pt. v., 1877) ; 
Meyer, J.f O. 1878, pp. 200, 201, 203, 299; Oust. P. Z. S. 1878, 

600 CASUABIIDJ3. 

p. 389; Ibis, 1878, p. 482,1879, p. 96; Selat. List Vert. An. 7th ed. 
p. 473 (1879); id. op. cit 8th ed. p. 549 (1883). 
Casuarius, sp., Meyer, Sitsb. k Ah. Wiss. Wien, Ixix. p. 216 (1874). 
Casuarius edwardbii, Oust P. Z. S. 1878, p. 389, pi. xxi. (Dorei); 
Salvad. Ann. Mies. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 425 (1878) ; Echmc. J. f. O. 
1878, p. 203; Meyer, J, f. 0.1878, pp. 299,300; Select. $ Salv. Ibis, 
1878, p. 482, 1879, p. 90. 

Adult. Feathers of the body black; the casque is blackish, and 

has the shape of a triangular pyramid, with the posterior surface 

flat and inclined forwards; no caruncles whatever; head, throat, 

and fore neck blue; occiput and auricular region greenish grey; 

hind neck orange, changing into flesh-colour on the naked area of 

the lower part of the sides of the neck ; feet greenish grey; iris 

blackish. Total length about 55 inches, tarsus 10*22, bill from, 

gape 4-70, nail of inner toe 3*07. 

Youny. Brown, with the shafts of the feathers blackish. 

Hab. North-western New Guinea, from Dorei to Emberbaki. 

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Zool. Soc. (Received 20th Sept., 1871.) 
(Type of C. loestermanni, Selat.) 
10. Casuarius picticollis. 
Casuarius picticollis, Selat. Pep. Brit Assoc. 1874, p. 138; id. P. Z. S. 
1875, pp. 83, 85, pi. xviii. (Milne Bay, S.E. New Guinea), p. 349 
(young, Milne Bay) ; id. Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1875, p. 112; id. J.f.O. 
1876, p. 258; id. >. Z. S. 1876, p. 414 (specim. in confinement); 
id. list Vert. An. 6th ed. p. 423 (1877); Gould, B. New Guin. v. 
pi. 14 (pt v., 1877); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307, 315, 316 
(cloaca); Harting, Ostrichesfy Ostr. Farm. p. 121 (1877); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 352 ; Meyer, J.f O. 1878, p. 203 ; Selat Ibis, 1879, 

p. 96; Sharpe, ibid. p. 116 (type) ,* Selat List Vert An. 7th ed. 
p. 473 (1879); Salvad. Mem. i£. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 213, 
tav. ii.f. 9 (head) (1881); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 415, 
n. 8 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. e Mol iii. p. 499 (1882); Selat. List 
Vert An. 8th ed. p. 549 (1883); ? Meyer, Abh. Mus. Dresd. 
no. 3, p. 29, taf. 2. if. 1, 2 (egg) (1893); ? Schal J.f.O. 1894, 
p. 25 (egg). 
Casuarius kaupi, Sharpe (nee Posenb.), Ibis, 1881, p. 500 (S.E. New 
Guinea). 
? Casuarius (beccari ?), Earns. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. viii. p. 27 
(egg) (1883), 
? Casuarius, sp., Salvad. Agg. Orn. Pap. e Mol. p. 213 (1891). 
This species is allied to C. papuanus, from which it differs in 
having the throat red, instead of blue, and the hind part of the 
lower neck light blue, instead o*f orange. 

The type of this species is not fully adult. A fully adult male 
with the naked parts very brightly coloured, collected by Signor 
Loria at Moroka, is in the Museum of Genoa. Erom a coloured 
sketch of the naked parts made by the collector on the spot, I take 
the following description :— 

1 . CASTJAKIUS. 
601 
Casque and base of bill black ; tip of the bill horny black ; throat 
blood-red, but the chin and the mesial part of the ihroat fleshcolour, 
with longitudinal blue stripes on the chin ; ears surrounded 
with a blue band above and posteriorly, this band extends forwards 
under the eyes; below this band there is an irregularly rhomboidal 
patch of a pale purple ; hind part of the head and nape blue, deeper 
on the occiput, lighter on the mesial part of the nape and on the 
lower part of the hind neck; a red naked patch on the sides of the 
neck lower down, surrounded with a blue band ; between this red 
patch and the red throat, on the sides of the neck, there is a triangular 
purple patch, surrounded with a blue band. Iris hazelcolour; 
feet horny grey; plumage black. Total length about 
55 inches, bill from gape 4*70, tarsus 9*60, claw of inner toe 4*90. 
Hal. South-eastern New Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. Discovery Bay, S.E. Zool. Soc. (Rec. 27th May, 
New Guinea: 
1874 ; died 10th Opt. 1876.) 
(Type of species.) 

b. Ad. sk. S.E. New Guinea. 
c. Pull. bk. Milne Bay, S.E. NewGuinea. 
H.M.S. ' Basilisk/ 
1875, p. 349.) 
(P. Z. S. 

d. Skeleton (imperfect) of specimen a. 
11. Casuarius benuetti. 
The Mooruk. 

Casuarius bennetti, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 269, pi. cxxix.; id. Ann. 
# Mag. N. H. (3) i. p. 299 (1858); J.E. Gray, P. Z. S.1858, p. 271, 
pi. cxliv. (egg) ; id. Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. (3) ii. p. 469 (1858); JBenn. 

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 32; Sclat. Ibis, 1859, pp. 212, 335; Gould, B. 
Austr. Suppl. pis. 72, 73 (pt. iii., 1859) ; Bavtl. P. Z. S. I860, 
p. 205, pi. clxii. (egg); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 210; id. Ann. # 
Mag. A\ H. (3) vi. p. 145 (1860) ; id. Ibis, 1860, p. 310; Bennett, 
Gather, of a Natural, in Australas. p. 243, pi. iv. (1860) ; Sclat. 
Ibis, 1801, pp. 197, 512 ; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 359, pi. lxii. 
(1862); Bennett, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 1; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 324 
(pullus) ; Schleg. Jaarb. zool. Genotsch. Nat. Art. Mag. 1862, 
p. 198 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 234, 518, pi. xlii.; Jouan, Mem. 
Ac. Sc. Nat. Cherb. ix. p. 323 (1863); Sclat P. Z. S. 1864, p. 271; 
Gould, Handb. B. Audr. ii. p. 561 (1865); Sclat. Ibis, 1865, 
p. 338; id. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 
168; F. Schleg. Zool. Gart. 1866, 
p. 178; Jouan, Rev. Zool. 1867, pp. 75, 76 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, 
p. 179, 1869, pp. 126, 628, 1871, p. 627 ; G. R. Gr. Hand4ist, iii. 
p. 2, n. 9850 (1871); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 149, 150; Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 595 (1872) ; Schleg Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 4 
(1873); Benn. $ Sclat. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 519; Garrod, P. Z. S. 
1873,-pp. 470, 644; Rosenb. J.f O. 1873, p. 391; Rams. P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 325; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 85, 87; Sorhj, P. Z. S. 
1875, p. 362 ; Sclat. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1875, p. 112; id. J.f. 0.1876, 
p. 258 ;. Benn. $ Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 2; Rams. ibid. p. 122 ; 
Sclat. ibid. p. 414 (live specim.); id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 97, 113 
(note) ; Earting, Ostriches § Ostr. Farm. p. 123 (1877); Oust. 
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 390; Meyer, J.f.O. 1878, p. 203; Ibis, 
aauxmiBja. 

1879, p. 96 ; ScM. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 5 (note); id. List Vert An. 
7th ed. p. 473 (1879); Lm/nrd, litis, 1880, p. 303; Powell, P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 493 ; Scdvad. Mem. JR. Ac. So. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 214, 
tav. ii. f. 10 (head) (1881); id. Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 415, 

n. 9 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 501 (1882); Sclat List 
Vert, An. 8th ed. p. 550 (1883); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 84 ; Sharpe, 
Cat. Osteol. Spec. P. C. S. iii. p. 438 (1891); Osf, Zeitsclir.f. Ool 
1892, pp. 15, 94 : Schal. ibid, p 11; id. J. f. 0. 1894, p. 20. 
Cassowary from the Solomon Islands (errore), Hutton, Ibis, 1869, 

p. 352. 
Adult. Peathers of the body black : casque black, shaped like a 
triangular pyramid, with posterior surface flat and inclined, forwards 
; naked skin of head and neck blue, changing into vinous on 
the lower part of the sides of the neck. Total length about 52*75 
inches, bill from gape 4*32, tarsus 8*43, nail of inner toe 2*873*
54. 

Young. Beddish brown, varied with black; naked skin of the 
neck purple-blue. 

Young in down. Rufous, with longitudinal black stripes. 

Ilab. New Britain. 
a. Ad. sk. New Britain. Purchased. 
b. Juv. st. New Britain. 
c. d, e. Pull. st. Zool. Soc. 
/ . Skeleton. New Britain. Zool. Soc. 

g. Skeleton (imperfect) of specimen b. 
APTEKYGIDJ3. 

Order IV. APTERYGES. 

Hallux present; four toes with long* nails. 

Eill long, somewhat arched, the nostrils near the tip. 

Maxillo-palatines as in CasuaHi, but vomer fused with palatines 
and pterygoids. 
Procoracoid process rudimentary. "No clavicles. Tibia with long 
bony bridge over extensor tendons. 

Wings extremely aborted. 

ISTo distinct quills or tail-feathers. 

Aftershaft absent. 

Cseea large. 

New Zealand. 

The Apteryges, or Kiwis, are the smallest of the Eatitse, their 
size exceeding sometimes that of a large fowl. The bill is long and 
slender, with the base covered by a hard cere, broad and rather 
depressed; the culmen rounded, very little curved to near the tip, 
which projects over that of the lower mandible, and is rather 
obtuse, the sides gradually compressed, and grooved towards the 
end ; the gonys very long and slightly curved ; the nostrils placed 
on each side at the tip, very small and sublinear; the base of the 
bill furnished with lengthened hairs. Wings rudimentary and 
covered with feathers. Tail not apparent. Tarsi the length of the 
middle toe, very robust and covered with variously sized scutes, 
those in front of the lower part the largest and transverse. Toes 
three before, with the lateral ones equal, and all covered above 
with broad scutes; the hind toe very short; claws long, strong, and 
rather acute. 

Only one family. 

Family APTERYGIDiE. 

1. APTEEYX. 
Type. ^ 
Aptervx, Shaiv, Nat. Misc. xxiv. pi. 1057 (1813) ... . A. australis. 
Apternyx, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 346 (1837) ( = Apteryx). 

Range. Confined to New Zealand. 

Key to the Species. 

a. General plumage brown, the feathers of the upper 
parts fulvous along the central apical part, and 
striped with dark brown or blackish on the 
lateral edges. 
604 
ArTEEYGIDJS. 

a'. Size smaller, under 30 inches ; bill white horncolour. 


a". Total length about 23 inches; plumage 
paler, more greyish, feathers soft to the 
touch australis, p. 601. 

b". Total length about 21 inches; plumage 
darker, more fulvous brown, the feathers 
of the upper parts black at the tip, and 
especially those of the hind neck and back, 
harsh to the touch , mantelli, p. 607. 

b'. Size larger, total length of male 30*5, of 
female 33 inches; upper mandible brown 
horn-colour laicryi, p. 606. 


b. 
General plumage greyish brown, barred across 
with light bands. 
c'. Smaller, total length not more than 25 inches; 
paler and with narrower bars; tarsi pale 
brown ; claws whitish horn-colour. 


c". Smaller, total length about 19 inches; 
dark barring lighter oweni, p. 609. 
d". Larger, total length about 23 inches; 
dark barrings heavier {Rothschild) occidentalism p. 610. 

d'. 
Larger, total length 25-27 inches; darker 
and with broader light bars; tarsi dark 
brown; claws dark horn-colour haasti, p. 611. 


1. Apteryx australis. 
Apteryx 
australis, Shaic, Nat. Misc. xxiv. pis. 1057, 1058 (1813) ; 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. i. p. cxiv (lfc>20); 8teph. Gen. ZooL 

xiii. 1, p. 71 (1826); Banz. Blem. ai ZooL iii. 0, p. 295 (1826) ; 
Less. Man, d'Orn. ii. p. 211 (1828); id. Votj. Coq.% Zool. i. p. 418 
(1828) (Bay of Islands); Cuv. Beqn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 498 (note) 
(1829); less. Tr. dOrn. p. 12 (1831); Tarr. P. Z. S. 1833, 
pp. 24,80; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. i. pp. 71-76, pi. x. (type) (1833); 
MacLeay, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 61; Tarr. Isis, 1836, pp. 386-389; 
Short, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 24 (liung specimens) ; Less. Compl deBvff. 
, 
2nd ed. Ois. p. 71, pi. — (1838) ; Given, P. Z. S. 1838, pp. 4851, 
71, 72, 105-110 (anatomy); Ounningh. P. Z. S. 1839, pp. 63, 
05 (habits); id. Ann. $ Mag. N. H. iv. pp. 312-314 (1840); 
id.Fror. Notiz. xiv. pp. 177-179 (1840); Given, Trans. Zool. 8oc. 

ii. pp. 257-301, pis. 47-55 (1841) (anatomy); Gould, P. Z. S. 
1841, p. 70; Owen, P. Z. S. 1842, pp. 22-41 (myology); G. B. 
Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 55 (1844) ; Gray "$• Mitch. Gen. 
B. iii. p. 530, pi. cxxxix. (1846); Owen, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 49 
(femur); id. Trans. ZooL 8oc. iii. 1842, pp. 278-301, pis. xxxi.xxxiv. 
(myology), pi. xxxv. (female organs) (1849); Strange, P. Z. S. 
1847, p. 51 ; Gould, t c. pp. 93, 94; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Grallatores, 
t. 143. ff. 1015-16 (1845), Gallinacege, t. 386. ff. 219192 
[ex Yarrell), I 2193 {ex Gr. $ Mitch.) (1848); MantelL 
P. Z. S.1850, p. 211; Bartl. t c. p. 275, pi. xxx. ff. 1, 2 (head and 
wing), pi. xxxi. f. 1 (foot); Rchnb. Av. Syst Nat. p. xxx (1852) ; 
Bareste, Compt. Rend. xlii. pp. 861-863 (brain) (1856) ; id. 
Institut, xxiv. p. 167 (1856); id. Ann. 8c. Nat. (3) ZooL x. pp 4850 
(1856) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 841, n. 21 (1856); 8clat. # 
Hochst. Bep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1861, p. 116; iid. Nat. Hist. 
Bev. 1861, p. 504; G. B. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 233 ; Barker, P. Z. S. 
1 . APTERXX. 605 
1863, p. 511 (sacral vertebrae) ; Hector, Neio Zeal Fxh. p. 276 
(Otago) (1866); Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 424 (under view of the 
skull); Haast, J.f 0. 1868, p. 243; Potts, Trans. N. Z. Inst ii. 
1869, p. m (eg*r) (1870); Owen, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 334; id. Trans. 

Z. 8. vii. 1870, pp. 381-385, pis. 45, 46 (anatomical details) 
(1871); Finsch, J.f. 0. 1870, p. 337; G. 22. Gr. Hand-list, in. 
p. 3, n. 9853 (1871); Hutton, Cat. B. New Zeal p. 23 (1871); 
Potts, Ibis, 1872, p. 36 (var.); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 861; Gieb. 
Thes. Orn. i. p. 391 (1872); Finsch, J.f.O. 1872, p. 263; id. 
Trans. N Z. Inst. v. 1872, p. 211 (1873) ; Schlep. Mus. P.-B., 
Struthiones, p. 7 (1873); Bull. Hist. B. New Zeal p. 365 (1873); 
Haast,Ibis, 1874, pp. 174, 215 ; Finsch^ J.f.O. 1874, p.220 (part.); 
Bowl Orn. Misc. i. pp. 18, 19, pi. iv. (juv.) (1875) ; v. Hilgel, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 394; Harting, Ostriches fy Osfr. Farm. p. 178 
(1877); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 781, 782 (trachea) ; Bull. Man. 
N. Zeal B. p. 45, pi. xxii. (1882); Sclat List Vert. An. 8fch ed. 
p. 547, n. 1431 (1883); Bedd. P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 188, 189 (heart); 
B. Lankester, t. c. pp. 239, 240 (heart); Owen, t. c. pp. 328, 329 
(heart), pp. 477-482; Beischek, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst xvii. 1884, 
pp. 191,192 (breeding-habits) (1885); Parker, Ibis, 1888, p. 127, 
f. 4 (manus), p. 217; Bull. Hist B. New Zeal 2nd ed. ii. p. 322 
(syn. emend.) (1888): Smith, Tr. N Zeal Imt xxi. 1888, p. 223 
(1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll B. p. 1 (1889); Heine $ Bchnw. Norn. 
Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 305 (1890); Bums, Ibis, 1891, p. 83 (incubation); 
Lydekk. Cat Foss. B. p. 216 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol 
Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 416 (1891) ; Bull. Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxv. 
1892, p. 85 (1893); A. Newt Diet of B. pp. 495, 496, 497 
(part 2, 1893); Bothsch. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp. Ix-lxii 
(1893); id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 574-576. 
Emu, Cruise's Journ. of a Besid. in New Zeal p. 318 (1822). 
Apterous Penguin, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 394 (1824). 
Dromiceius novaa-zelandise, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 210 (1828). 
Emou KiwiMvi, Less. ibid. 
Apternyx australis, 8w. Class. B. ii. p. 346 (1837). 
Apteryx fusca, Potts, Trans. N Zeal. Inst v. p. 196 (1873) *; id. 


Zoologist, (s. s.) 1874, pp.4014, 4015; Finsch, J.f. 0.1874, p.224; 

A. Newt Diet of B. p. 496 (note) (part 2, 1893). 
Kiwi, A. Newt. Diet of B. p. 493 (part 2,1893). 
Adult male. Head, neck, and fore part of breast greyish brown ; 
feathers of the tipper parts only slightly tinged near the tips with 
rufous, and streaked with blackish brown on the edges; lower part 
of breast, abdomen, and inner side of thighs pale greyish brawn; 
long straggling hairs which beset the fore part of the head black: 
irides black; bill clear white horn-colour; tarsi and toes dark 
brown ; claws the same. Total length about 23 inches ; bill along 
the ridge 3*75, along edge of lower mandible 4*1; tarsus 2-25. 

Female. Similar to the male but larger. Total length 27 inches ; 
bill along the ridge 5-5, along the edge of lower mandible 5'8; 
tarsus 3. 

Young. " Has the head and hind neck dark grey, and the rest of 
the plumage greyish brown, lighter on the underparts, each feather 

* Considered by Sir W. Buller to be a synonym of A. australis; founded, I 
suppose, on a melanism of the same. 
APTERYGIDJ:. 

606 

with, a narrow streak of fulvous along the shaft; on the feathers of 
the upper parts this streak is darker towards the tip, aud the 
terminal filaments are black, whereas on the underparts of the 
body both the tips and filaments are light brown or fulvous ; the 
bill, which measures two inches in length, is light horn-colour; 
the legs and feet are light brown, the metatarsi being covered 
anteriorly with thin scales, scarcely definable to the eye. In this 
young condition the quill-tubes are very minute, and the plumage 
of the body is extremely soft to the touch.'' (Buller.) 

I may add that in one young specimen examined by me the 
forehead and throat are of a paler grey than the rest of the head. 

(Mus. Hothxhilcl) 

According to Buller, as a rule, the South-Island birds are 
larger than those from the North Island (A. mantelli), but occasionally 
examples of the latter are fully equal in size to the largest 
specimens of A. australis. In this species, generally speaking, the 
long facial hairs or feelers are far less abundant than in the North-
Island Apteryx. Besides it appears that the feathers of A. australis 
are soft and yielding when stroked towards the head. 

Hob. South Island. 

a b. <S ad. sk. & Dusky Bay, New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
S sk. 

e. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Col. Bolton [P.]. 
d. Juv. st. New Zealand. Purchased. 
e f a. 9. ad. et New Zealand. Colonial Museum 
JUV. [P.]. 
A.'Ad.sk. New Zealand. Albert Hunt, Esq. 
[P.]. 


i. Skeleton. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
k. 
Sternum & pelvis. Zool. Soc. 
(Tr. Z. S. ii. pi. 5o. ff.2, 3; sternum.) 
2. Apteryx lawryi. 
Apteryx maxima, Buller (nee Bp.), T). N. Z. List, xxiii. 1890, 
pp. 602, 60S (1891), xxiv. 1891, pp.91,92 (Stewart Island) (1892); 
ef. Ibis, 1894, pp. 127, 128. 

Apteryx lawryi, 
Bothxchild, Bull B. 0. Club, no. x. pp. lxi, lxii 
(Stewart Island) (1893); id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 573, 575, 576. 

"The plumage is very similar to that of Apteryx australis. The 
male presents more chestnut in the colouring, and the lanceolate 
markings on the upper surface are more distinct than in the other 
sex. This richer appearance is due to the feathers having chestnut 
tips, pointed with black. The bill and feet are likewise darker and 
more uniform in colour, with lighter claws. 

"Male. Extreme length, following curvature of the back 20-5 
inches ; bill along the ridge 5 5, along the edge of lower mandible 
5-5; from anterior margin of cere to extreme point of upper mandible 
4-5; wing 2'0; tarsus 3-5; middle toe and claw 3*5 ; hallux 1*0. 

1. APTEKYX. 
607 
The rudimentary wirjgs are furnished at the extremity with a long, 
slightly curved, greyish-black claw; that on the right wing is 0*75 
inch, that on the left is | shorter and less curved. 

" Female. Extreme length, following curvature of the hack 33 
inches; bill along the ridge 7*75, along the edge of lower mandible 
7#75 ; wing 2*0 ; tarsus 3*5 ; middle toe and claw 3*75; hallux 1. 
The claw or spur on the rudimentary wing 0*50 in length, more curved 
than that of the male bird, sharply pointed, and of a dark grey 
colour. The bill is greyish brown, shading into black on the 
culmen, especially in its apical portion, the tip being whitish horncolour. 
Tarsi and toes dark bluish grey, claws paler." (Buller.) 

Hah. Stewart Island. 

I have seen two specimens of this bird, male and female, sent to 
me for examination by the Hon. "W. Rothschild; they are very 
large, and the female has the bill about an inch longer than any 

A. australis I have seen: besides, the bill in both specimens is 
darker, horn-brown, especially on the upper part; the claws of 
the male are brown, but those of the female (of course in dry 
skin) are pale horn-colour, as in A. australis. As the differences, 
although very slight, appear to be constant, we may keep A. laivryi 
distinct. 
3. Apteryx mantelli. 
Kiwi, DHrville, Voy. Astrol ii. p. 137 (1830) (Bay of Tolaga, or 
Hona-hona, E. coast of N. Island), ii. pp. 480, 481 (1832). 
Apteryx australis, Quoy et Gaim. (nee Shaw), Voy. Astrol, Zool. 

i. pp. 158, 659 (1830) (Bay of Tolaga); Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 2 
(pt. ii., 1841); Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, pis. 24, 25 
(1845); Jacq. $ Puoh. Voy. Pole Sud, Ois. iii. p. 127 (1853;; 
Marti J.f.O. 1854, p. 166; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 568 
(part.) (1865); Bull Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, iii. 1870, p. 52, pi. xii b. 
(head) (1871); Sclat. P. Z. S. p. 479; Finsch, J. f O. 1874, 
p. 220 (part.); Fimch, Ibis, 1882, p. 399 (King's Country, N. 
Island). 
Apteryx 
mantelli, Bartl P. Z. S. 1850, p. 275, pi. xxx. ff. 3, 4 
(head), pi. xxxi. i. 2 (foot) (North Island); JSrewm. Fror. Taqsber. 
no. 664 (Zool iii.) pp.210, 212 (habits) (1852); Wolley, Zoologist, 

p. 3409 (habits) (1852); Kezvton, ibid. p. 3605 (1852); Bp. Compt. 
Bend, xliii. p. 841, n. 22 (1856); Fd. Ibis, 1859, p. 115; Sclat. 
P. Z. S. 1859, p. mO (egg), 1860, p. 194 (egg); Sclat. $ Hochst. 
Pep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. 8c. 1861, p. 177; iid. Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861, 
p. 505; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 233; Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 242; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 234 (N. Island), 1864, p. 374 (Auckland! 
living specimen) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 569 (1865) ; 
Finsch, J.f.O. 1867, pp. 329-331; Bowl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 894; 
JEd. Ibis, 1868, pp. 251, 504 (incubation); Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. ii. 
1869, p. 67 (egg) (1870); Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland); 
Finsch, J.f.O. 1870, pp. 337-339 ( = australis?); Buller, Tr. 
N. Z. Inst. ii. 1870, p. 52 (= australis) (1871) ; Hector, t. c. 
p. 73 (1871); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9854 (1871) ; 
Hutton, Cat. B. JST. Zeal. p. 23 (1871); Hector, Tr. N. Z. hist. 
AFTERYGIDJ3. 

60S 

iv. 1871, p. 363 (1872); Sclat P. Z. S. 1871, p. 496 (=australis ?), 
only), p. 644 (muscles); &?/%. ifefws. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 7 
(1873); Bull B. N. Zeal. pp. 357-364, pi. 33 (1873); Butt. Ibis, 
1874, p. 43 (N. Island); Bull. t. c. p. 122; Bowl. P. Z. S. 1874, 

p. 498; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 341, with. fig. (plantar tendons), 
pp. 343, 348; Sharpe, App. Voy. Breb. $ Terr. p. 36 (1875); 
Hector, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 2 (feather mat); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, 
p. 308 (bursa Fabricii); Hurting, Ostrichesfy Ostr. Farm. p. 178 
(1877); Nathus. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 255 (ego-) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1881, pp. 780, 781, figs. 3, 4 (trachea); Bull. Man. N. Zeal. B. 
p 44, pi. xxi. (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 547, 
n. 1432 (1883); Tristr. Cat Coll B. p. 1 (1889); Lydekk. Cat. 
Foss. B. p. 217 (1891); Hartert, Cat. Vogelsamml. Senck. Mm. 
Apteryx i 
1874, pp. 172, 220, 221. 
Apteryx bulleri, Sharpe, Proc. Wellingt. PHI Soc. 1888, p. 6; id. Tr. 

N. Z. Inst. xxi. 1888, p. 224 (1889) (North Inland); Buller, B. 
New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 308, pi. xlvii. (1888); id. Tr. N. Z. Imt. 
xxv. 1892, p. 85 (1893J; H. Wright, Ibis, 1893, p. 283 ; Bothsch. 
Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. p. lx (=mantelli) (1893). 
Hybrid. 

Apterj^x mantellixA. occidentalis, Bothsch. Bull Br. Orn. Club, 
no. xvii. p, xxxvi (1894); id. Ibis, 1894, p. 429. 

Adult male. Similar to the male of A. australis, but smaller and 
the feathers of the upper parts more rufous brown and decidedly 
darker; besides, those feathers, owing to a peculiarity in the structure 
of the shaft, have stiffened points, and are harsh and prickly to 
the touch: irides black; bill clear white horn-colour, tarsi and toes 
pale brown to dark brown. Total length about 22 inches ; bill 
along the ridge 3*75 to 4*25, along the edge of lower mandible 4*25 
to 4*85 ; tarsus 2-5 to 2*75. 

Female. Usually of a paler rufous brown. Larger thauthe male: 
total length from 25 to 27 inches; bill along the ridge 5'2 to 6, 
along the edge of lower mandible 5*75 to 6-6; tarsus 2*75 to 
3-5. 

Young. " Plumage soffc and fluffy, and of a uniform dull blackish 
brown, with the rigid tips of the shafts and the produced hair-like 
filaments black; paler or greyer on the head and throat: bill 
shining ivory-white; tarsi and toes delicate grey " (Buller). 

Hob. Forth Island. 

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
b, c. <$ 2 ad. sk. North Island, New Zealand. 
d. $ ad, sk. North Island. Hon. W. Rothschild 
1. APTEKYX. 609 
e. $ ad. sk. North Island. Hon. W. Rothschild 
[P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. North Lsland. H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [0.]. 
<7- Head. Taupo Lake. Dr. Hector [P.]. 
h. Skeleton. 

4. Apteryx oweni. 
Apteryx oweni, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 94 (New Zealand); id. Ann. 
# Mag. N. H. xx. pp. 282, 283 (1847) ; id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 3 
(pt. xxxiv., 1848 j : id. Trans. Z. S. iii. pp. 379,380, pi. 57 (1849); 
Mantell, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 211; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gnllinace©, 
Novitice, t. 387. ff. 2692-93 (1851) (&r Gould); Bp. Compt. Rend. 

xliii. p. 841, n. 23 (1856); Blyth, Ibis, 18(51, p. 215; Sclat % Socket. 
Mep. Bnt. Assoc. Ado. Sc. 1861, p. 176 ; iid. Nat. Hist. Bev. 1861, 
p. 505 ; Q. B. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 233; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. iv. p. 362 
(1862) ; Leadb. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 1 (juv.) ; Schleg. Bierent. p. 241 
(1864); Hector, N. Z. Exh. 1866, p. 276 (Ot'igo) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 
1867, pp. 329, 346; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 319 (in confinement) ; 
Haast, J.f. 0.1868, p. 243 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 468 (in confinement) 
; Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. ii. (1869) p. 67 (egg) (1870); Hutt. 
Cat. B. New Zeal. p. 23 (1871); G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, 
n. 9855 (1871) ; Potts, Ibis, 1872, p. 35; Gieb. Tim. Orn. i. p. 391 
(1872); Finsch, J.f 0.1872, p. 268; Schleg.Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, 
p. 8 (1873) ; Bull. B. New Zeal. p. 368, pi. 34 (1873); Garrod, 
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 470 (left carotid only), p. 641 (muscles); Potts, 
Tr. N. Z. Inst. v. 1872, p. 188 (Lb73); Haast, Ibis, 1874, p. 215 ; 
Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, pp. 174, 220 ; Boivl. Orn. Misc. i. p. 20, pi. ii. 
(male ad.), pi. v. (young-) (1875) ; v. Hugel, Ibis, 1875, p. 394 ; Bull. 
Tr. N. Z. Inst. viii. 1875, p. 193 (1*70); Harting, Ostriches tf 
Ostr. Farm. p. 178, pi. — (1877); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 781, 
782 (trachea); Bull Man. N. Zeal. B. p 46, n. 50, pi. xxi. a (1882); 
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 548, n. 1433 (1883); Meyer, Abhild. 
Yogel-Skel. p. 42, pi. liv. (Ib84) ; Beischek, Tr. N. Z. hist. xvii. 
1884, p. 192 (breeding-habits) (1885); Bedd. P. Z. S. 18bo, p. 189 
(heart); Parker, Ibis, 1888, p. 127 (nianns) ; Bull. B. New Zeal. 
2nd ed. p. 327 (part.), pl.lxviii. (1888); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 161 
(Zool. Gard.); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 1 (1889;; Hem. u. Bchnw. 
Norn. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 305 (lb90); Lydekk. Cat. Foss. B. 
p. 218 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteal. Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 416 
(1891); Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml. Se?ick. Mvs. p, 248 (1891); 
Buller, Tr. N. Z. Inst, xxi v. 1891, p. 90 (Preservation Inlet) 
(1892), xxv. 1892, p. SQ (1893) : A. Newton, Diet, of B. p. 495 
(pt. 2, 1893); Rothschild, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp. lx, lxi, 
Ixii (1893); id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 573, 574, 575, 576. 
Apteryx mantelli, juv., Schleg. Strauss. Vdg. 1854 {cf. Bp. Compt. 
Rend, xliii. p. 841). 
Apteryx owenni, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 479, 1872, p. 861 (Zool. 
Gard.). 
? Apteryx mollis, Potts, Trans. $ Pr. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 196 
(Martins Bay, Webt Coast, type in Dunedin Museum) (lb73) *; 

* Sir Walter Buller, in the second edition of his ' History of the Birds of 
IS. Zealand,' includes A. mollis among the synonyms of A. oweni. 
VOL. XXVII. 2 u 

610 AFXEUSGID2SH. 

id. Zoolr (s. s.) 1874, p. 4014; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 224; 

A. Newt Did. of B. p. 496 (note) (pt. 2,1893). 
Apteryx fiifecus, Roiol {nee Potts) Orn. Misc. ii. p. 8 (1875) (=oweni, 
melanLstic). 

Adult male. Greyish, banded with whitish, the bands less prominent 
or nearly obsolete on the head, throat, and neck; irides black: 
bill dark horn-colour; legs and feet pale brown, the claws [whitish] 
horn-colour (Buller). Total length about 12-5 inches; bill along 
the ridge 2-85, along the edge of lower mandible 3*4 ; tarsus 1*75. 

Female. As a rule, somewhat paler than the male. Total length 
20 inches; bill along the ridge 3*5, along the edge of lower mandible 
4 ; tarsus 2'5. 

Toting. "Plumage very soft, dull greyish brown, obscurely 
mottled; vertex, sides of the head, and throat greyish wThite; the 
light tips of the feathers very conspicuous, having the appearance of 
small pencilled lines on a darker ground, the produced hair-like 
filaments being entirely black : bill whitish horn-colour " {Buller), 

The light marks on the upper parts are V-shaped and are placed 
on the apical portion of the feathers. (Rothschild Museum.) 

" Very young state. A chick of this species, in the Eowley Collection 
at Brighton, is of a uniform yellowish-brown colour, with 
the tips of the feathers lighter " (Buller). 

Bab. East coast of South Island. 

a. Ad. st New Zealand. Dr. Mantell [0.]. 
b, c. Ad. et juv. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
d-h. $ 2 ad. et New Zealand. Colonial Museum of 
jiiv. sk. Wellington [P.]. 
*, 'k.# (S ad. et New Zealand. Colonial Museum of 
ad. (?) sk. Wellington [P.]. 


/. Skeleton. 

m. Skeleton. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5. Apteryx occidentalis. 
Apteryx owenii, Finsch (nee Gould), J. f. 0. 1870, p. 339 (W. coast 
of South Island); Buller, Hist. B. Neto Zeal. (2nd ed») p. 327 
(part.) (1888). 

Apteryx occidentalis, Rothsch. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp. lix, Ixi 
(1893); id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 573, 576. 
Apteryx oweni occidentalis, Rothsch. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. 

p. lxii (1893); id. Ibis, 1893, p. 576. 
Hybrid. 

Apteryx mantellixA. occidentalis, Rothsch. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 
no. xvii. p. xxxvi (1894); id. Ibis, 1894, p. 429. 

Similar to A. oweni, from which it differs " in its much larger 
size (being quite as big as A. australis), in its comparatively very 

* These specimens are somewhat darker, and have the light bands less 
defined, than ordinary specimens of A. oweni. 
1. APTBKXX. 
611 
small bill, and in the heavy black bars on the feathers " (Roth


schild). 
Hob. " "West coast of the South and North Islands " (Rothschild). 
I have not examined the type of this species, which is still alive; 

but three specimens from the Buller district, west coast of the 
South Island, identified by Mr. Eothschild with A. occidental®, and 
sent to me for examination, show the same characters which are 
given in the description. 

6. Apteryx haasti. 
? " Fireman," Gould, B. Atistr. vi., in letterpress to Apteryx australis 
(pt. ii., 1841); Strange, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 51 (Middle Island). 
? Apteryx maxima, Verr. MS. *, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 841, 

n. 20, p. 1026 (descr. nulla) (1856) ; Sclat. 8f Hochst Nat Hist 
Rev. 1861, p. 506; iid. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. So. 1861, p. 177 
(Middle Island); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 233 (excl. syn.); Finsch, 
J. f. O. 1867, p. 330, 1870, p. 340; Hutt Cat. B. New Zeal. 
p. 23 (1871); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9856 (1871) ; 
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 391 (excl. syn.) (1872); Hector, P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 498; Rowl. Orn. Misc. I p. 23 (1875) ; A. Newt Diet 
ofB. p. 496, note (pt. 2,1893). 
? Apteryx major, Ellman, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7468; id. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 416. 
Apteryx australis, Haast (nee Shaw), Topogr. fy Geol. Bxpl. p. 139 
(1861) (W. District of Nelson Prov.); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 104 
(Nelson Prov.). 

Apteryx haasti, 
Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst iv. 1871, p. 204 (1872); id. 
Ibis, 1872, p. 35 (Okarito country, W. Coast of Middle Isl.); 
Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 271; Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst v. 1872, 

p. 195 (1873); Finsch, t c. p. 212 (1873); Bull. Hist. B. New 
Zeal p. 371 (1873); Finsch, J.f.O. 1874, pp. 174,220; Potts, 
Zoologist, 1874, pp. 4014, 4158; Roial P. Z. & 1874, pp. 497, 
498; id. Orn. Misc. i. pp. 3-17, pi. i. (ad. female) (1875); Sclat 
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 1 (Zool. Gard.); Harting, Ostriches 8f Ostr. Farm. 
p. 178 (1877) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 781, 782 (trachea); Bull 
Man. B. New Zeal p. 46, n. 57, pi. xxii. (1882); Sclat. List Vert 
An. 8th ed. p. 548, n. 1434 (1883); Smith, Tr. N. Z. Inst xxi. 
1888, p. 224 (1889); Lydehk. Cat Foss. B. p. 217 (1891) ; Bull 
Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxv. pp. 63, 87 (albino) (1893); Kingsley, t. c. 
p. 138 (young) (1893); A. Newt Diet of B. p. 496 (pt. 2, 1893); 
Rchnw. J. f. O. 1893, p. 116; Rothsch. Ann. §• Mag. N. H. (6) 
xi. pp. 43, 44 (1893) ; Forbes, t c. pp. 159-161 (1893); Rothsch. 
t c. pp. 299, 300 (1893); id. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp. lx, 
lxii (Central South Island and "West of North Island) (1893); 
id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 573, 574, 575; id. Bull. B. Orn. Club, no. xvii. 
p. xxxvi (1894); id. Ibis, 1894, p. 429. 
? Apteryx 
maximus, Rothsch. Bull Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp. xli, 
xlii (1893) (South Island!); id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 574, 575, 576. 

* It appears to me that the name A. maxima was invented for the " Fireman" 
bat, according to Bonaparte, it is based on a description given by natives, 
and on the inspection of an egg which J. Verreaux assured Prince Bonaparte 
was preserved in the Museum of Philadelphia (!). 
612 APTERYtHDJE. 

Similar to A. oweni and A, occidentalism but much larger, of a 
darker brown colour and with tho light bands broader : " irides 
black; bill white horn-colour; legs and feet dark brown, changing 
to brownish black on the posterior aspect of the metatarsi and on the 
soles; claws dark horn-colour. Total length about 25 inches; 
bill along tho ridge 4*75, along the edge of lower mandible 5*4; 
tarsus 2*75." (Buller.) 

The female, as in the other species, is larger than the male. 
Total length 27 inches, culmen 5*4. 
OMcJc. Similar to that of A. oweni, but the brown portion of the 
feathers a shade darker. (Mus. Rothschild,) 
Hah. Central South Island and West of North Island. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. <$ ad. sk. 
New Zealand. 
South Island. 
Baron F. von Muller [P.]. 
Purchased. 
c. J ad. sk. South Island. Purchased. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


aberti (Anas), 187, 204. 
acuta (Anas), 231, 270. 
acuta (Boschas), 272. 
acuta (Dafila), 103, 270, 
272,274. 
acuta a. americana (Dafila), 
273. 
acuta a. cucullata (Dafila), 

241. 
acuta (Querquedula), 

271. 
acuta (Trachelonetta), 

271. 
acutus (Phasianurus), 

271. 
Adelonetta, 290. 
adspersa (Qryptura), 529. 
adspersus (Crypturus), 
516, 528, 531. 
adspersus (Tmaraus), 

529. 
adunca (Anas), 191. 
segyptiaca (Alopochen), 

168. 
segyptiaca (Anas), 167, 
182, 346. 
aegyptiaca(Bernicla), 168. 
segvptiaca (Chenalopex), 
167, ISO. 
segyptiaca (Tadorna), 53, 
168,169, 180. 
asgyptiacus (Anser), 167. 
segyptiacus (Chenalopex), 
166, 167, 168. 
seneo-rufa (Auas), 53. 
ajquatorialis (Erismatura), 
441, 442, 450. 
sastiva (Anas), 73. 
aestiva (Querquedula), 

293. 
astbiops (Merganser), 

473. 
sethiops (Mergus), 473. 
Aethyia, 334. 
Mx, 46, 72. 
affinis (Anas), 361. 
affinis (Aythya), 362. 
affinis (Dendrocygna), 68. 

affinis (Fuligula), 354, 
360, 362, 371. 
affinis (Fulix), 361. 
affinis (Marila), 361. 
affinis (Nyroca), 362. 
affinis mariloides (Aythia), 
358. 
African Teal, 345. 
africana (Anas), 345. 
africana (Oasarca), 168. 
africana (Dendrocygna), 

151. 
africana (Erismatura), 

448. 
africana (Nyroca), 335, 
345, 347, 349, 368. 
africana(Sarcidiornis),56. 
africana (Sarkidiornis), 

56. 

africanus (Anser), 167. 
africanus (Chenalopex), 

168. 
africanus (Sarcidiornis), 

57. 
africanus (Sarkidiornis), 

56. 
Aia, 72. 
Aithya, 334. 
Aitbyia, 334. 
Aix, 72. 
alandica (Anas), 271. 
albatus (Anser), 85. 
albatus (Chen), 85. 
albellus (Merganser), 465. 
albellus (Mergellus), 465. 
aLbellus (Mergulus), 466. 
albellus (Mergus), 464, 

481. 
albeola (Anas), 385. 
albeola (Bucephala), 387. 
albeola (Charitonetta), 

387. 
albeola (Clangiila), 376, 
385, 386. 
albeola (Fuligula), 386. 
albeola (G-laucion), 387. 
albeola (Platypus), 386. 
albescens (Rhea), 581. 

albicans (Anas), 92. 
albifrons (Anas), 92, 95, 

97. 
albifrons (Anser), 89, 92, 
93, 95,101. 
albifrons (Branta), 92. 
albifrons gambeli (Anser), 

96. 
albifrons minutus( Anser), 

98. 
albifrons pallipes (Anser), 

94. 
albifrons roseipes( Anser), 

94. 
albifrons, var. erythropus 
(Anser), 98. 
albifrons, Tar. gambeli 
(Anser), 96. 
albigulare (Nettion), 239, 

257. 
albipennis (Anas), 332. 
albipennis (Anserella), 

72. 
albipennis (Fuligula), 

332. 
albipennis (Nettapus), 72. 
albipennis (Nettopus), 
64, 72. 
albogularis (Mareca), 257. 
albulus (Mergus\ 465. 
aldrovandi (Merganser), 

473. 
alexandrina (Anas), 488. 
Alopochen, 166. 
altensteini (Somateria), 

434. 
altijugus (Casuarius), 

595. 
altumx (Oygnus), 31. 
American Rhea, 580. 
American Scaup, 337. 
American Teal, 250. 
American Wigeon, 233. 
americana (Aethyia), 341. 
americana (Anas), 32, 

193. 233, 250. 
americana (Aythyia), 

341. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

americana (Bosehas), 

235. 
americana (Bueepbala), 

380. 
americana (Clangula), 
380,381. 
americana (Fuligula), 
340,341,362,371,381, 

404. 
americana (Mareca), 227, 
233,234. 
americana (Marica), 235. 
americana (Melanitta), 

404. 
americana (Nyroca), 334, 

340. 
americana (GEdemia), 
400,404,411. 
americana (Oidemia), 

404. 
americana(Querquedula), 
251, 299. 
americana (Rhea), 578, 
581, 582, 584. 
americana fusca (Querquedula), 
299. _ 
americana yariegata 
(Querquedula), 299. 
americanus (Chaulelasmus), 
224, 235. 
americanus (Cygnus), 
31, 32. 
americanus (Merganser), 
471, 477. 
americanus (Mergus), 

477. 
americanus (Olor), 32. 
americanus (Pboenicopterus), 
9,11. 
americanus (Struthio), 
578, 581. 
Anas, 142,187, 306. 
Anas magna nigra & alba, 

428. 
Anas nigra major Preti 
Hudsonis, 412. 
Anas rostro incurvo, 189. 
Anassus, 187. 
anatarius (Mergus), 379. 
Anatidse, 23. 
Anatinae, 24,142. 
anatoides (Cygnus), 43. 
Anatra canapiglia, 222. 
Anatra col ciuflb, 303. 
Anatra dx coda lunga, 

271. • 
Anatra marigiana, 227. 
Anatra mestolone, 307. 
Anatra querquedula, 294. 
Anatra querquedula 
minore, 244. 

Anatra salvatica reale,192. 
andamanensis (Anas),257. 
andamanensis fNettion), 

257. 
andamanensis (Querquedula), 
257. 
andecola (Eudromia), 568. 
andersoni (Phoenicopterus), 
15. 
andinus (Lipocentrus), 

21. 
andinus (Phoenicoparra), 

21. 
andinus (Pbcenicoparrus), 
21. 
andinus (Phcenicopterus), 
21, 22. 
andium (Nettion), 240, 

263. 
andium (Querquedula), 

263. 
angustirostris (Anas), 

321. 
angustirostris (Cbaulelasinus), 
322. 
angustirostris (Cbauliodes), 
322. 
angustirostris (Clangula), 

379. 
angustirostris (Marmaronetta), 
321. 
angustirostris (Marmonetta), 
322. 
angustirostris (Querquedula), 
263, 321. 
Anbima, 2, 3. 
Ania, 399. 
Anitra imperiale, 493. 
Anser, 81, 88. 
anser (Anas), 89, 99. 
anser (Anser), 90. 
anser ferus (Anas), 89. 
Anseranas, 44. 
Anseranatinse, 23, 44. 
Anserella, 64. 
An seres, 1, 23. 
Anseria, 88. 
Anserinse, 24, 81. 
Antarctic Goose, 130. 
antarctica (Anas); 130. 
antarctica (Bernicla), 131, 

135. 
antarctica (Branta), 131. 
antarctica (Chenelopex), 

131. 
antarctica (Chloepbaga), 

131. 
antarctica (Querquedula), 

264. 
antarctica (Tajnidiestes), 

131. 

antarcticus (Anser), 130. 
antarcticus (Brentbus), 

131. 
anticola (Anser), 129. 
anticola (Bernicla), 129. 
antiquorum (Pbcenicopterus), 
13, 19. 
antiquus (Pbcenicopterus), 
14. 
Apternyx, 603. 
Apterous Penguin, 605. 
Apteryges, 571,603. 
Apterygidfls, 603. 
Apteryx, 603. 
arabica (Anas), 488. 
arborea (Anas), 162. 
arborea (Dendrocycna), 
145, 162,163. 
arborea (Dendrocygna), 

162. 
arborea (Dendrocygnus), 

163. 
arborea (Dendronessa), 

162. 
arcbiboscbas (Anas), 192. 
arctica (Anas), 365. 
Arctonetta, 327,422. 
arcuata (Anas), 153, 156. 
ax*cuata (Dendrocycna), 
145,153,154,156,157, 

165. 
arcuata (Dendrocygna), 
150, 153, 164,165. 
arcuata (Dendronessa), 
153, 154. 
arcuata australis (Dendrocygna), 
154. 
arcuata vagans (Dendrocygna), 
154. 
arcuata, var. africana 
(Dendrocygna), 150. 
arcuata, var. gouldi 
(Dendrocygna), 154. 
arcuata, var. major (Dendrocygna), 
151. 
arcuata, var. minor (Dendrocygna), 
157. 
arcuata, var. vagans 
(Dendrocygna), 154. 
Aristonetta, 334. 
Arlequin Duck, 395. 
armata (Biziura), 458, 
461, 462. 
armata (Merganetta), 
457, 458, 461, 462. 
armatus (Ebaphipterus), 

458. 
aruensis (Casuarius), 592. 
arvensis (Anser), 100. 
arvensisleuconyx (Anser), 

100. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Arzagola, 294. 
Asareornis, 46, 59. 
asiaticus (Mergus), 473. 
asitori (Anas), 77. 
assimilis (Anas), 258,260, 

265. 
assimilis (Crypturus), 

518. ^ h 
assimilis (Nothura), 564. 
assimilis (Tinanius), 564. 
ater (Dromseus), 586, 
588. 
ater (Dromaius), 586, 

588. 
atra (Anas), 369, 401. 
atrata (Anas), 41. 
atrata (Chenopis), 41. 
atrata (Ohenopsis), 41. 
atratus (Ohenopsis), 41. 
atratus (Cygnus), 37, 41, 
42. 
atrioapilla (Anas), 325. 
atricapilla (Heteronetta), 
325. 
atricapillus (Crypturus), 
516,532 
atricapillus (Nothocercus), 
532. 
atrioilla (Anas), 369. 
atrocapillus (Tinamus), 

532. 
aucklandica(E rismatu ra), 
289. 
aueklandica (ISTesonetta), 
287, 289, 485. 
auduboni (Anas), 193. 
aurantia (Anas), 177. 
auratus (JSFettapus), 66. 
aurita (Anas), 65. 
aurita (Anserella), 66. 
auritus (Nettapus), 65. 
auritus (Nettopus), 64, 

65, 66. 
australis (Anas), 351. 
australis (Apternyx), 605. 
australis (Apteryx), 604, 

607, 611. 
australis (Biziura), 451. 
australis (Oasuarius), 

590, 594, 596. 
australis (Oereopsis), 80. 
australis (Dromiceius), 

587. 
australis (Erismatura), 
441, 442, 451. 
australis (Fuligula), 350. 
australis (Ilionetta), 

351. 
australis (Merganser), 
472, 484. 
australis (Mergus), 482. 

australis (JSTyroca), 335, 

350. 
australis (Oxyura), 451. 
australis (Struthio), 574, 
575. 
Autruche, 573. ' 
Autruche d'Ame>ique, 
580. 
Autruchon, 576. 
autumnalis (Anas), 159, 
161. 
autumnalis (Dendrocycna), 
145, 159,160. 
autumnalis (Dendrocygna), 
159, 161, 163. 
autumnalis (Dendronessa), 
159. 
autumnalis discolor (Dendrocygna), 
162. 
Avestinz petizo, 584. 
Avestruz, 580. 
Avestruz petise, 584. 
awsuree (Dendrocygna), 

156. 
awsuree (Mareca), 156. 
Aythia, 334. 
azaraa (Anas), 261. 
badia (Anas), 153. 
badia (Dendrocygna), 

154. 
baeri (Aaas), 344. 
baeri (Fuligula), 344,351. 
baeri (Fulii), 344. 
baeri (Nyroca), 335, 344. 
bahamensis (Anas), 282, 
284. 
bahamensis (Dafila), 282, 
284. 
bahamensis (Mareca), 282. 
bahamensis (Paecilonitta), 
282. 
bahamensis (Phoenieopterus), 
9, 10. 
bahamensis (Poecilonetta), 
281, 282, 283, 

284. 
baikal (Anas), 240. 
Baikal Teal, 240. 
balboul (Anas), 488. 
balbul (Anas), 294, 488. 
balstoni (Crypturus), 516, 
531. 
barnstoni (Bernicla), 113. 
Barred - headed Goose, 
105. 
barrovi (Olangula), 383. 
barrovii (Fuligula), 383. 
barrowii (Anas), 384. 
barrowi (Platypus), 384. 
bartletti (Orypturus), 

517, 538. 
bartletti (Tinamus), 538. 
baueri (Fuligula), 344. 
Bean Goose, 99. 
Beau Canard huppe de la 

Caroline, 73. 
beccarii (Casuarius), 590, 

593, 596, 600. 
belloni (Tadorna), 172. 
belonii (Tadorna), 171, 

172. 
bennetti (Casuarius), 591, 
599,601. 
Berggans, 491. 
Bering Goose, 432. 
beringi (Anas), 432. 
beringii (Anser), 432. 
Bernache, 117. 
Bernicla, 111, 117. 
bernicla (Anas), 114,117, 

119,123. 
bernicla (Anser), 118, 
120,123. 
bernicla (Branta), 111, 

119,120. 
bernicla (Brenta), 121. 
bernicla (Brenthus), 121. 
bernieri (Anas), 258. 
bernieri (Dafila), 258. 
bernieri (Nettion), 239, 

258. 
bernieri (Querquedula), 
258. 
berwickii (Cygnus), 30. 
bewicki (Cygnus), 25, 29, 
32. 
bewickii (Olor), 30. 
bicarunculatus (Casuarius), 
590, 591, 596. 
bicolor (Anas), 53, 149. 
bicolor (Fuligula), 150. 
bicolor (Nettapus), 72. 
bidactylus (Autruchon), 

576. 
bidactylus (Charadrius), 
576. 
bidactylus (Struthio),576. 
bimaeulata (Anas), 246. 
bimaculata (Eunetta), 
246. 
bimaculata (Fuligula), 
409. 
bimaculata (Pelionetta), 
410. 
bimaculata (Querquedula), 
230, 241, 246. 
bimaculata (Oidemia), 

410. 
Bimaculated Duck, 246. 
Bimaculated Teal, 246. 
616 

bimaculatus (Tinamus), 

536. 
bisinuata (Anas), 4S9. 
bispinosa (Palamedea), 3. 
Biziura, 436, 452. 
Black and white Goose, 
44. 
Black-backed Goose, 55. 
Black-billed Whistling 
Duck, 162. 
Black Diver, 401. 
Black Duck, 203, 413. 
Black-headed Duck, 

171. 
Black-necked Swan, 39. 
Black Ostrich, 573, 575. 
Black Swan, 41, 42. 
blasii (Tinamus), 499. 
blasiusi (Tinamus), 498. 
Blauhalsige Strauss, 574. 
Blue-eyed Duck, 422. 
Blue-grey Duck, 455. 
Blue Merganser, 493. 
Blue-winged Goose, 82. 
blythi (Phoenicopterus), 
19. 
boliviana (Nothura), 558, 
561. 
bonapartei (Nothocercus), 
509, 511, 512, 513. 
bonapartei (Tinamus), 

511. 
boraquira (Crypturus), 
562. 
boraquira (Nothura), 559, 
561. 
boraquira (Tinamus), 
561. 
borealis (Anas), 489. 
borealis (Anser), 489. 
borealis (Platypus), 428. 
borealis (Somateria), 428. 
boscas (Anas), 187, 189, 
192, 211, 288, 330. 
Boschas, 187. 
boschas (Anas), 53, 74, 

169,173,183,196,197, 

199,230,246,274,338. 

boschas, a. freycineti 
(Anas), 189, 197. 
boschas, var. melleri 

(Anas), 199. 
boschas, var. obscura 
(Anas), 201. 
boschas, var. pallescens 
(Anas), 192. 
« boucardi (Crypturus), 
515, 517, 544, 545. 
boucardi (Nothocercus), 

544. 
boucardi (Tinamus), 544. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

bourcieri (Nothocercus), 

510. 
brachyptera (Anas), 373. 
brachypterus (Anser), 
373. 
brachypterus (Micropterus), 
373. 
bra chypterus(Tachyeres), 

374. 
brachyrhynchos (Anas), 
389. 
brachyrhynchos (Clangula), 
391. 
brachyrhynchos (Harelda), 
391. 
brachyrhynchos (Khynchaspis), 
310. 
brachyrhynchus (Anser), 
89, 96, 103. 
brachyrhynchus (Clypeata), 
310. 
braniekii (Nothoprocta), 
551, 558. 
Branta,81, 111,327. 
brasiliana (Tinamus), 


503. 
brasilianus (Merganser), 
472,485. 
brasilianus (Mergus), 


486. 
brasilianus (Prister), 486. 
brasiliense (Nettion), 240, 
266. 
brasiliensis (Anas), 266. 
brasiliensis (Crypturus), 

503. 
brasiliensis (Mareca), 267. 
brasiliensis (Mergus), 486. 
brasiliensis (Perdix), 502. 
brasiliensis (Querquedula), 
257. 

brasiliensis (Tinamus), 
498, 501, 503, 504. 
brasiliensis (Trachypel


mus), 503. 
Brent Goose, 120. 
Brenta, 119. 
brenta (Anas), 120. 
brenta (Anser), 120,123. 
brenta (Bernicla), 120. 
brenta (Branta), 122. 
brenta glaucogaster (An


ser), 122. 
brenta nigricans (Ber


nicla), 124. 
Brenthus, 111. 
Brevipennes, 570. 
brevipennis (Anas), 437. 
brevipes (Tinamus), 563. 
brevirostris (Anser), 98, 

104. 
brevirostris (Crypturus), 
517, 538. 
brevirostris (Marilochen), 

98. 
brevirostris (Nothocercus), 
538. 
brevirostris (Plectropterus), 
47. 
brevirostris (Tinamus), 

538. 
breweri (Anas), 192. 
Brown Duck, 490. 
Brown Merganser, 4C9. 
bruchii (Anser), 94. 
brunnea (Fuligula), 352. 
brunnea (Nyroea), 335, 
351. 
buccinator (Cvgnus), 25, 
33. 
buccinator (Olor), 34. 
Bucephala, 376. 
bucephala (Anas), 385. 
bucephala (Clangula), 
386. 
Buffel's Head Duck, 385. 
bulleri (Apteryx), 608. 
Bustard Goose, 132. 
Bythonessa, 441. 
caerulata (Qucrquedula), 

303. 
caeruleata (Anas), 303. 
caeruleata (Pterocyanea), 
303. 
caerulescens (Anas), 82. 
cffirulescens (Anser), 82. 
caeralescens (Chen), 82, 
83. 
easrulescens (Cryptura), 
519. 
casrulescens (Tinamus), 
519. 
cseruleus (Merganser), 
493. 
easruleus (Mergus), 493. 
C3&rtileus (Tinamus), 518. 
C03sioscapula (Dafila), 
317. 
cscsioseapulata (Dafila), 
317. 
Cairina, 45, 51. 
cairina (Anas), 51. 
calcitrans (Cneirdomis), 
81. 
Callichen, 327. 
Calodromas, 566. 
Calopezus, 496, 566. 
camelus (Struthio), 571, 
572, 574, 575. 
camelus americanus 
(Struthio), 578, 581. 

camelus, var. meridion


alis (Strutkio), 575. 
Camptolaemus, 327, 416. 
Caiuptolaimus, 416. 
Camptorhynehus, 416. 
cana (Anas), 182, 489. 
cana (Bernicla), 182. 
cana (Casarca), 173,180, 

182,183. 
cana (Chenalopex), 182. 
cana (Nettalopex), 182. 
cana (Tadorna), 182,183. 
cana (Vulpanser), 182. 
Canada G-oose, 112. 
canadense (Leucoblepha


ron), 113. 
canadensis (Anser), 112. 
canadensis (Bernicla), 37, 

112, 116. 
canadensis (Branta), 109, 
111,112,114,115. 
canadensis (Brenthus), 

113. 
canadensis (Cygnopsis), 
canadensis (Cygnus), 112. 
canadensis fuscus maculatus 
(Anser), 95. 
canadensis hutchinsii 
(Bernicla), 115. 
canadensis hutchinsii 
(Branta), 115. 
canadensis leucopareia 
(Bernicla), 117. 
canadensis occidentalis 
(Bernicla), 116. 
canadensis occidentalis 
(Branta), 116. 
canadensis minima 
(Branta), 117. 
canadensis sylvestris 

(Anser), 112. 
canagica (Anas), 109. 
canagica (Bernicla), 109. 
canagica (Chen), 110. 
canagica (Chloephaga), 

109. 
canagica (Philacte), 109. 
canagicus (Anser), 109. 
Canard a bee rouge et 
plombe, 282. 
Canard a bosse, 56. 
Canard a collier de Terre


neuve, 395. 
Canard a crate rouge, 492. 
Canard a face blanche, 

145. 
Canard a longue queue, 
„ Canard a longue queue de 
Terre-neuve, 389. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Canard a petit bee, 236. 
Canard a tete grise, 432. 
Canard a tete jaspee, 

303. 
Canard a tete noire, 325. 
Canard aux ailes bleues, 
303. 
Canard brim, 406. 
Canard de Steller, 328. 
Canard de Miclon, 389. 
Canard Dominiquain du 
Cap de Bonne Esp<§ranee, 
489. 
Canard du Maragnon, 

145. 
Canard innomine, 493. 
Canard innomine femelle, 
261. 
Canard Jensen de la 
Louisiane, 233. 
Canard Kogolka, 228. 
Canard Morillon, 366. 
Canard musque, 52. 
Canard sauvage, 192. 
Canard siffleur, 227. 
Canard siffleur de 

Cayenne, 161. 
Canard siffleur de la 
Jamaique, 162. 
Canard siffleur hupp6, 

328. 
Candida (Coscoroba), 42. 
candidus (Anser), 43. 
canorus (Cygnus), 26. 
can us (Anser), 182. 
canus (Crypturus), 498. 
canus (Tinamus), 498. 
canus (Trachypelmus), 
498. 
Canvas-back Duck, 342. 
Cape Wigeon, 259. 
capense (Nettion), 239, 
259. 
capensis (Anas), 213,258, 
259, 318, 351. 
capensis (Aythia), 352. 
capensis (Chauliodus), 

260. 
capensis (Fuligula), 351. 
capensis (Mareca), 259. 
capensis (Nyroca), 352. 
capensis (Querquedula), 
260. 
capensis (Phoenicopterus), 
19. 
capensis (Rhynchaspis), 
318.B 
capensis (Spatula), 306, 
318. 
carape" (Tinamus), 565. 
carbo (Anas), 406, 411. 
carbo (GEdemia), 400, 

411. 
carbo (Oidemia), 411. 
caribaea (Dafila), 492. 
Carina, 51. 
carolinense (Nettion), 
239, 250. 
oarolinensis (Anas), 250. 
carolinensis (Boschas), 

251. 
carolinensis (Nettion), 
251. 
carolinensis (Querquedula), 
250, 385. 
carunculata (Anas), 59, 

452. 
carunculata (Sarcidiornis), 
54, 59. 
caryophyllacea (Anas), 
61, 156. 
caryophyllacea (Fuligula), 
62. 
caryophyllacea (Rhodonessa), 
61. 
caryophyllacea(Tadorna), 

caryophyllaceum (Calli


chen), 62. 
Oasarca, 142, 177. 
casarca (Anas), 177. 
casarca (Tadorna), 179, 

180. 
casarka (Anser), 92, 178. 
Casoar, 592. 
Casoar d'Australie, 587. 
Casoar de la Nouvelle 
Hollande, 588. 
Casoar des Indes Orien


tales, 592. 
Casoar di Jobi, 598. 
Cassowary from the Solo


mon Islands, 602. 
castanea (Anas), 156,253, 

255,267. 
castanea (Casarka), 184. 
castanea (Mareca), 252, 

255. 
castanea (Virago), 253, 
255. 
castaneicepB (Tinamus), 
497,507. 
castaneum (Nettion), 239, 

252. 
castaneus (Crypturus), 
514,521. % 
castaneus (Tinamus), 521. 
castor (Merganser), 471, 

472,477. 
castor (Mergus), 473,476, 
477,482. 
Casuarii, 571, 585. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Casuariidae, 585, 590. 
Casuarius, 590, 592. 
casuarius (Oasuarius), 

593. 
casuarius (Hippalectryo), 

593. 
casuarius (Struthio), 592. 
caudata (Anas), 271. 
caudata (Dafila), 273. 
caudacuta (Anas), 271, 

279. 
caudacuta (Dafila), 271, 

280. 
caudacuta(Querquedula), 

273. 
Oela, 592. 
Cerconectes, 441. 
Cereopsinse, 24, 79. 
Cereopsis, 79. 
cerviniventris (Crypturus), 
515, 520. 
cerviniventris (Tinamus), 

520. 
cervinus (Orypturus),527. 
cervinus (Tinamus), 527. 
Chaja, 6. 
chalcoptera (Anas), 215. 
Charitonetta, 376. 
Ohaulelasmus, 143, 221. 
Chauliodes, 221. 
Chauliodous, 221. 
Ohauliodus, 221. 
Chauna, 2, 4. 
Cbavaria, 4. 
chavaria (Ohauna), 4, 6. 
chavaria (Opistholopbus), 

5. 
chavaria (Palamedea), 4, 

6. 
chavaria (Parra), 4% 
Chen, 81, 82. 
Chenalopex, 142,166. 
cheneros (Anas), 184. 
Oheniscus, 64. 
Cheniskus, 64. 
Chenomorphas, 1. 
Ohenonetta, 128, 140. 
Chenonettinffi, 24, 128. 
Chenopis, 24, 41. 
Ohenopsis, 41. 
chesnea (Fuligula), 230. 
Chestnut-breasted Goose, 

138. 
chilensis (Merganetta), 

458. 

* chilensis (Otis), 129. 
chilensis (Phcenicopterus), 
9, 16. 
chilensis (Rhaphipterus), 

458. 
Ohili Flamingo, 17. 


chiloensis (Anas), 236. 
cbiloensis (Bernicla), 

138. 
chiloensis (Ohaulelasmus), 
237. 
chiloensis (Mareca), 236. 
chinensis (Anas), 490. 
Chinese Duck, 77. 
Chinese Goose, 108. 
Chinese Teal, 76. 
chinganensis (Anas), 489. 
chionis (Anas), 43. 
chionis (Coscoroba), 43. 
chionis (Cygnus), 43. 
chionis (Pseudolor), 43. 
Chionochen, 82. 
Chipeau, 222. 
Chlainydochen, 140. 
Chloephaga, 128. 
Chloethrophus, 128. 
Chloophaga, 128. 
chlorotis (Anas), 287, 

288. 
chlorotis (Elasmonetta), 

287. 
Choristopus, 44. 
chrysophthalmus (Olangula), 
377,380. 
Churi, 580. 
Cigne, 35. 
Cigne chanteur, 28. 
Cigne noir, 41. 
Cigno selvatico, 26. 
cineraceus (Anser), 90, 

97. 
cinerascens (Anas), 401. 
cinerascens (JSTothoprocta), 
551, 552. 
cinerascens (Nothura), 
552, 554. 
cinerascens (Rhynchotus), 

554. 
cinerascens (Tinamus), 

552. 
cinerea (Anas), 90, 222, 
328, 373, 401. 
cinerea (Cereopsis), 80. 
cinerea (Cryptura), 518. 
cinerea (Fuligula), 374. 
cinerea (Tinamus), 517. 
Cinereous Tinamou, 517. 
cinereus (Anser), 28, 37, 
38, 53. 89, 91, 104, 

373. 
cinereus (Oamptolaimus), 

374. 
cinereus (Cereopsis), 80. 
cinereus (Ohaulelasmus), 

224. 
cmereus(Crypturus), 514, 
517, 519. 

cinereus (Merganser), 
465,472. 
cinereus (Micropterus), 

374. 
cinereus (Tachyeres), 
373, 374. 
cinereus (Tetrao), 517. 
cinereus (Tinamus), 517. 
cinereus rubrirostris 
(Anser), 92. 
cinereus stibalbifrons 
(Anser), 92. 
cinnamomea (Nothura), 

541. 
cinnamomea (Tinamus), 

541. 
cinnamomeus (Crypturus), 
517, 541. 
cinnamomeus (Tinamus), 

541. 
circia (Anas), 294. 
cireia (Boschas), 295. 
circia (Cyanopterus), 295. 
circia (Pterocyanea), 

295. 
circia (Querquedula), 
291, 293, 296. 
cirrhata (Anas), 192. 
Cisne de cabeza negra, 

39. 
Clangula, 327, 376, 383, 

388. 
clangula (Anas), 363, 
376, 380, 383. 
clangula (Bucephala), 
379,380. 
clangula (Bucephalus), 

379. 
clangula (Clangula), 377. 
clangula (Fuligula), 377, 

380. 
clangula (Glaueion, 377. 
clangula (Glaucionetta), 

379. 
clangula (Platypus), 319. 
clangula americana(Glaucionetta), 
380. 
Olypeata, 306. 
clypeata (Anas), 53, 74, 
193, 306, 318. 
clypeata (Querquedula), 

300. 
clypeata (Rbynchasmus), 

310. 
clypeata (Ehynchaspis), 
274,309. 
clypeata (Spatula), 306, 
307, 318. 
clypeata (Spatulea), 310 
clypeata mexicana(Anas), 
306,307. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

clypeata mexicana (Rhynchaspis), 
310. 
Cnemiomis, 81. 
cogolca (Anas), 227. 
Collared Duck, 178. 
collaris (Anas), 150, 370. 
collaris (Aythya), 371. 
collaris (Bernicla), 121. 
collaris (Fuligula), 355, 
370, 371. 
collaris (Fulix), 371. 
collaris (Marila), 371. 
collaris (Nyroca), 371. 
Columbiana (Merganetta), 
457, 461, 462. 
columbianus (Anas), 32. 
columbianus (Crypturus), 
517, 545. 
columbianus (Cygnus), 
25, 32, 33. 
columbianus (Olor), 33. 
colymbis (Anas), 363. 
comatus (Merganser), 
471,475. 
Common Scoter, 401. 
Common Teal, 244. 
conboschas (Anas), 192. 
coquimbica (Nothoprocta), 
551, 554. 
cornuta (Anas), 171. 
cornuta (Anhima), 3. 
cornuta (Palamedea), 3, 

5. 
cornuta (Tadoraa), 171, 

173. 
Coromandel Teal, 68. 
coromandeliana (Anas), 

68. 
coromandeliana (Anser), 
68.* 
coromandeliana (Anserella), 
69. 
coromandeliana (Bernicla), 
68. 
coromandeliana (Ckenalopex), 
68. 
coromandeliana (Microcygna), 
68. 
coromandelianus (Anser), 

69. 
coromandelianus (Cheniscus), 
68. 
coromandelianus (Nettapus), 
66, 68, 72. 
coromandelianus (Wettopus), 
64, 68. 
coromandelianus albipennis 
(Nettapus), 72. 
coromandelica (Anas), 68. 
coromandelica (Anserella), 
69,148. 

coromandelicus (Ckeniscus), 
69. 
coromandelicus (Nettapus), 
69, 72. 
coromandus (Nettopus), 

69. 
cosarca (Anas), 178. 
Coscoroba, 24, 42. 
coscoroba (Anas), 42. 
coscoroba (Anser), 42. 
coscoroba (Coscoroba), 

43. 
coscoroba (Cygnus), 43. 
coscoroba (Olor), 43. 
coscoroba (Pseudocycnus), 
43. 
coscoroba (Pseudolor), 

43. 
Cosmonessa, 12, 394. 
Cosmonetta, 327, 394. 
Cosquella, 582. 
coueai (Anas), 226. 
couesi (Cliaulelasmus), 
221, 226. 
Cravant, 120. 
crecca (Anas), 193, 231, 
243, 246, 250, 294. 
crecca (Boschas), 245, 

251. 
crecca (Dafila), 245. 
crecca (Nettion), 239, 
243,245. 
crecca (Querquedula), 
230,244. 
crecca americana (Boschas), 
251. 
crecca rubens (Querquedula), 
245. 
ereceoides (Anas), 261. 
creccoides (Querquedula), 
245, 261, 262. 
Crested Duck, 216. 
Crimson-billed Duck, 

285. 
cristata (Anas), 188, 216, 

363. 
cristata (Aytbya), 365. 
cristata (Chauna), 4, 6. 
cristata (Dafila), 216. 
cristata (Fuligula), 74, 
338,348, 364,366,371. 
cristata (Fulix), 344, 365. 
cristata (GEdemia), 365. 
cristata (Palamedea), 6. 
cristata (Tadorna), 216. 
cristatellus (Tinamus), 

503. 
cristatus (Anas), 468. 
cristatus (Merganser), 
479, 482. 
cristatus (Mergus), 493. 

cristatus minor (Merganser), 
464. 
Orymonessa, 388. 
Cryptura, 496. 
Crypturi, 494. 
Crypturus, 496, 514. 
Ctenorkynchus, 221. 
cucullata (Anas), 241. 
cucullata (Dafila), 241. 
cucullatus (Lophodytes), 

468. 
cucullatus (Merganser), 

469. 
cucullatus (Mergus), 381, 

468. 
cuprea (Anas), 63. 
Oursores, 570. 
Curved-billed Duck, 192. 
curvi rostra (Anas), 191. 
curvirostra peruviana 
(Nothoprocta), 556. 
curvirostris (Nothoprocta), 
551, 556. 
curvirostris (JNothura), 
555, 556. 
curvirostris (Tinamus), 

556. 
Cuthbert Duck, 426. 
cutbberti (Anas), 426, 

430. 
Cuthbert's Eider, 426. 
Cyanaucken, 139. 
Cyanochen, 128, 139. 
cyanoptera (Anas), 63, 

303. 
cyanoptera (Bernicla), 

139. 
cyanoptera (Branta), 139* 
cyanoptera (Pterocyanea), 
63, 304. 
cyanoptera (Querquedula), 
63, 291, 303. 
Cyanopterus, 290. 
cyanopterus (Anser), 139. 
cyanopterus (Brenthus), 

139. 
cyanopterus (Cyanochen), 

139. 
cyanorhyncha(Anas),450. 
cyanorhyncha (Erismatura),*
450. 
cyanorhyncha (Querquedula), 
265. 
cyanorostris (Anas), 445. 
cycnoides (Cygnopsis), 

108. 
Cycnopsis, 107. 
Cycnus, 25. 
Cygne, 35. 
Cygne cendr<§, 79. 
Cygne sauvage, 26. 

cygnas (Anas), 35. 
Cygninse, 23, 24. 
cygnoides (Anas), 107. 
cygnoides (Anser), 107. 
cygnoides (Oygnopsis), 

107. 
cygnoides australis 
(Anas), 107. 
cygnoides australis (Oygnopsis), 
108. 
cygnoides ferus (Anser), 

108. 
cygnoides hybrida (Oygnopsis), 
108. 
cygnoides orientalis 
(Anas). 107. 
Oygnopsis, 81, 107. 
C>gnus, 24, 25, 31, 35, 

37. 
cygnus (Anas), 26, 32, 
35. 
cygnus (Anser), 26, 35. 
cygnus (Cygnus), 28. 
cygnus (ferus) (Anas), 
26. 
cygnus (mansuetus) 
(Anas), 35. 
cypria (Anas), 322. 


damiatica (Anas), 171. 
damiatica (Tadorna), 


173. 
Dainietta Duck, 171. 
Dafila, 144, 270. 
danica (Soraateria), 427. 
•Daphila, 270. 
darwini (Nothura), 559, 
# 562. 
darwini (Rhea), 578,582. 
darwini (Tinaraus), 562. 
darwinii (Pterocnemia), 
584. 
darwinii (Pterocnemis), 
584. 
darwinii (Struthio), 584. 
davidi (Ooscoroba), 25. 
davidi (Oygnus), 25, 31. 
davidi (Koscoroba), 25. 
deglandi (CEdemia), 100, 
409. 
deglandi (Oidemia), 409, 
411. 
deglandi (Melanetta), 
409. 
delattrii (Nothocercus), 
541. 
delattrii (Tinamus), 541. 
Dendrocycna, 142, 144. 
Dendrocygna, 144. 
Dendrocygnus, 146, 147. 
Dendronessa, 72,144. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

derbiana (Obauna), 5. 
derbyana (Iscbyomis), 5. 
derbyana (Isehyrornis), 

5. 
derbyana (Palainedea), 5. 
diazi (Anas), 188, 204. 
Didacfcyle Ostrich, 576. 
dircsea (Anas), 37. 
discolor (Dendrocycna), 
145,161. 
discolor (Dendrocygna), 

161. 
discors (Anas), 299. 
cliscors (Boschas), 300. 
discors (Oyanopterus), 
300. 
discors (Pterocyanea), 
300. 
discors (Querquedula), 
291, 299. 
discors occidentalis (Boschas), 
303. 
dispar (Anas), 419. 
dispar (Anser), 135. 
dispar (Bernicla), 133, 

135. 
dispar (Brenthus), 135. 
dispar (Chloephaga), 
135. 
dispar (Fuligula), 419. 
dispar (Heniconetta), 
420. 
dispar (Polysticta), 420. 
dispar (Somateria), 420. 
dispar (Stellaria), 419. 
dispar (Stelleria), 420. 
dissimilis (Orypturus), 
516, 517, 541. 
doeringi (Nothoprocta), 

555. 
doeringi (Nothura), 555. 
domestica (Anas), 74, 77, 
189. 
domestica (Boschas), 192. 
domesticus (Anser), 28, 
37, 89. 
dominica (Anas), 438. 
dominica (Biziura), 439. 
dominica (Erismatura), 

439,446. 
dominica (Fuligula), 

439. 
dominica (Nomonyx), 
440. 
dominica (Oxyura), 439. 
Dominican Duck, 489. 
dominicana (Anas), 489. 
dominieensis (Querquedula), 
438. 
dominicus (Momonyx), 
439, 

dominicus (Nomonyx), 

438. 
Double Macreuse, 406. 
Double Macreuse d'Ainerique, 
409. 
drepanopteros (Anas), 


218. 
drepanopteros (Querquedula), 
219. 
drepanopteros torquata 
(Anas), 218. 
dresseri (Somateria), 424. 
Dromseus, 585. 
Dromaius, 5S5. 
Dromee de la ^Souvelle 

Hollande, 587. 
Dromeieus, 585. 
Dromeiclffi, 585. 
Dromiceius, 585. 
Dromiceus, 585. 
Dun Diyer, 473. 
Dusky and Spotted Duck, 

395. 
Dusky Duck, 200. 
eatoni (Dafila), 270. 278. 
eatoni (Querquedula), 

264, 278. 
Eder fuglens, 425. 
edwardsii (Casuarius), 

600. 
Egyptian Goose, 167. 
Eider, 425. 
Eider Duck, 425. 
Elasmonetta, 143, 287. 
elegans (Calodromas), 
566. 
elegans (Oalopezus), 566. 
elegans (Eudromia), 566. 
elegans (Tinamotis), 566. 
elegans (Tinamus), 566. 
Ema, 581. 
Emeu, 587, 592. 
emeu (Casuarius), 592, 
599. 
Emeu de la Nouvelle 
Hollande, 587. 
emeu (Dromaius), 587. 
Emou Kiwikivi, 605. 
Emu, 581, 587, 605. 
Emu of New South Wales, 

586. 
emu (Dromiceius), 587. 
Eniconetta, 418. 
epoasticus (Struthio), 
526. 
Erimisfura, 441. 
Erionetta, 424. 
Erismatura, 435, 441. 
Erismaturinse, 24, 436. 
erithacus (Phcenicopterus), 
15. 
erythacus (Phoenicopterus), 
11, 14, 19. 
erythrocephala (Anas), 
62, 335. 
erythrocephala (Aythya), 
337,340,343. 
erythrocephala (Fuligula), 
337. 
erythrocephala (Nyroca), 

341. 
erythrophthalma (Anas), 

353. 
erythrophthalma (Nyroca), 
335, 553. 
erythropus (Anas), 93, 
97, 117. 
erythropus (Anser), 89, 
91,93,96,97,98,117. 
erythropus (Bernicla), 

118. 
erythropus (Orypturus), 
516, 532, 534. 
erythropus (Marilochen), 

98. 
erythropus (Notkocercus), 
534. 
erythropus (Tinamus), 

534. 
erythrorhyncha (Anas), 
209, 285. 
erythrorhyncha (Dafila), 
199, 285. 
erythrorhyncha(Mareca), 

285. 

erythrorhyncha(Nettion), 

286. 
erythrorhyncha (Poecilonetta), 
282, 285. 
erythrorhyncha (Querquedula), 
267, 285. 
erythrorhyncha (Ta~ 
dorna), 285. 
Eudromia, 566. 
Eulabea, 104, 
Eulabeia, 104. 
Eulabia, 104. 
Eunetta, 143,218. ^ 
europseus (Phoenicopterus), 
14. 
eytoni (Dendrocycna), 
145, 165. 
eytoni (Dendrocygna), 

165. 
eytoni (Leptotarsis), 165. 
eytoni (Radjah), 176. 
Exanthemops, 82. 
exiguus (Orypturus), 527. 

fabalis (Anas), 99. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

fabalis (Anser), 89, 99. 
faberi (Clangula), 391. 
faberi (Harelda), 391. 
faberi (Platypus), 389. 
faeroeensis (Somateria), 

427. 
Faithful Jacana, 4. 
falcaria (Aix), 218. 
falcaria (Anas), 218. 
falcaria (Querquedula), 

218. 
falcata (Anas), 218. 
falcata (Eunetta), 218, 

219. 
falcata (Mareca), 219. 
falcata (Querquedula), 
180,218. 
Falcated Duct, 218. 
falcatum (Nettion), 219. 
familiaris (Tadorna), 

172. 
farnensis (Anas), 425. 
fasciata (Anas), 319. 
fasciata (Cryptura), 559. 
fasciatus (Malacorhynchus), 
320. 
fasciatus (Rhynchotus), 

548. 
fasciatus (Tinamus), 559. 
Fenicottero, 12. 
fera (Anas), 189, 306. 
fera (Boschas), 192. 
ferina (Anas), 335, 340, 

346. 
ferina (Aethyia), 337. 
ferina (Aythya), 336,344. 
ferina (Fuligula), 74,336, 
338, 340, 366, 379. 
ferina (Fulix), 337. 
ferina (Marila), 337. 
ferina (JSTyroca), 334,335, 
340,368. 
ferina americana (Fuligula), 
341. 
ferina americana (Fulix), 

341. 
ferinoides (Fuligula), 


337. 
ferinus (Platypus), 337. 
ferroensis (Querquedula), 

389. 
ferruginea (Anas), 177, 
345,450. 
ferruginea (Biziura), 450. 
ferruginea (Erismatura), 
441, 442, 446, 449, 

450. 
ferruginea (Fuligula), 


347. 
ferruginea (Nyroca), 344, 

347. 

ferruginous (Anser), 182. 
Ferruginous Duck, 345. 
ferus (Anser), 88, 89, 90, 
91, 100, 101, 104. 
ferus (Oygnopsis), 108. 
ferus (Oygnus), 26, 27, 
33,32,37. 
ferus canadensis (Anser), 

112. 
fidelis (Ohauna), 5, 7. 
fidelis (Opistholophus), 
5,6. 
fimbriata (Anas), 282. 
finmarchicus (Anser), 97. 
Fireman, 611. 
fischeri (Anas), 422. 
fischeri (Arctonetta), 422. 
fischeri (Fuligula), 422. 
fischeri (Lampronetta), 

422. 
fischeri (Somateria), 422. 
Fischione col ciuffo, 328. 
Fistione, 294. 
fistulans (Mareca), 230. 
fistularis (Anas), 227. 
fistulans (Mareca), 228. 
fistularis (Marica), 230. 
fistularis americana 
(Anas), 159. 
fistularis cristata (Anas), 

328. 
fistularis jamaicensis 
(Anas), 162. 
Flamant, 18. 
Flamant d'Amerique, 

16. 
Flamenco, 17. 
Flamingo, 11, 15,19. 
Flamingo with redbreast, 

22. 
Flammant, 10, 12. 19. 
flavirostre (Nettion), 239, 

261. 
flavirostris (Anas), 196, 
212,214,261,263. 
flavirostris (Dafila), 261. 
flavirostris (Querquedula), 
261. 263. 
Florida Duck, 203. 
formosa (Aix), 241. 
formosa (Anas), 240, 

246. 
formosa (Boschas), 241. 
formosa (Eunetta), 241. 
formosa (Nettion), 241. 
formosa (Querquedula), 

240. 
formosum (Nettion), 238, 

240. 
forsterorum (Malacorhynchus), 
455. 

622 

frsenata (Merganetta), 
457, 458. 
Crantzii (Nothoeercus), 

509, 512. 
frenata (Anas), 355. 
frenata (Marila), 357. 
fretensis (Anas), 291. 
fretensia (Cyanopterus), 

291. 
fretensis (Pterocyanea), 
292. 
freti hudsonis (Anas), 
432. 
freti hudsonis (Querquedula), 
395. 
frontalis (Anser), 96. 
fuliginosa (Anas), 406. 
Fuligula, 326, 334. 
fuligula (Anas), 363, 370. 
fuligula (Aythya), 363. 
fuligula (Fuligula), 340, 

349, 354, 363, 365, 

368. 
fuligula (Fulix), 365. 
fuligula (Nyroca), 363. 
fuligula (Platypus), 365. 
Fuligulinaj, 24, 326. 
fuligulus (Platypus), 365. 
Fulix, 354. 
fulva (Anas), 149. 
fulva (Dafila), 150. 
fulva (Dendrocycna), 
145, 149. 
fulva (Dendrocygna), 


150, 151. 
fulva (Dendronessa), 150. 
fulva (Fuligula), 150. 
fulva (Nyroca), 150. 
fulvigula (Anas), 187, 

202, 203. 
fulvigula maculosa 
(Anas), 203. 
furcifer (Merganser), 


465. 
furcifer (Mergus), 465. 
fusca (Anas), 406, 409, 
411,490. 
fusca (Apteryx), 605. 
fusca (Fuligula), 407, 

409, 411. 
fusca (Melanetta), 407, 

411. 
fusca (Meianitta), 407, 
409. 
fusca (Melanonetta), 408. 
fusca (CEdemia), 400,406, 
408, 410, 411. 
fusca (Oidemia), 406,409, 

411. 
fusca 
stejnegeri (Fuligula),. 
412. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

fusca velvetina (Fuligula), 

410. 
fusca velvetina (CEdemia), 
410. 
fuscescens (Anas), 490. 
fuscipennis (Tinamus), 

497, 500. 
fusco-boschas (Anas), 

193. 
fuscus (Apteryx), 610. 
fuscus (Merganser), 469. 
fuscus (Mergus), 469, 
485. 
fuscus (Platypus), 407. 
Gadwall, 222. 
galapagensis (Pcecilo


netta), 282, 284. 
Galeated Cassowary, 592. 
galeatus (Casuarius), 590, 

592, 596, 
galericulata (Aia), 77. 
galericulata (Aix), 73, 76, 

77. 
galericulata (Anas), 74, 
76, 77. 
galericulata (Cosmonessa), 
77. 
galericulata (Dendronessa), 
77. 
galericulata (Lampronessa), 
77. 
gambeli (Anser), 89, 95, 

96. 
garnbensis (Anas), 48. 
gambensis (Anser), 47, 
48. 
gambensis (Chenalopex), 
49. 
gambensis (Cygnus), 47. 
gambensis (PJectrophanes), 
49. 
gambensis (Plectropterus), 
47,48,49, 50. 
gambiensis (Pleetro


pterus), 48. 
Ganso bianco, 43. 
ganta (Anas), 131. 
Ganza, 423. 
Garganey, 293, 294. 
gariepensis (Anser,) 50. 
garleppi (Crypturus), 

516, 533. 
garleppi (Merganetta), 

457,460. 
Garrot, 377. 
gattair (Anas), 346. 
Gauza, 423. 
Gennseochen, 170. 
Georgia Duck, 264. 
georgica (Anas), 264. 

georgica (Paecilonetfca), 

260. 
georgica (Tadorna), 264. 
georgicum (Nettion), 240, 
264. 
German0 forestiero, 178. 
gesneri (Fuligula), 355, 
357. 
gibbera (Meianitta), 402. 
gibbera (Oidemia), 402. 
gibbera (Tadorna), 172. 
gibberifrons (Anas), 254, 
255. 
gibberifrons (Mareca), 
254, 257. 
gibberifrons (Nettion), 
239, 254. 

gibberifrons (Querqueclula), 
254,257, 258. 
gibberifrons, var. bernieri 

(Anas), 258. 
gibbifrons (Anas), 255. 
gibbosus (Cygnus), 36. 
gibbus (Cygnus), 35. 
girra (Anas), 68. 
girra (Anser), 68. 
girra (Dendrocygna), 


68. 
girra (Microcygna), 69. 
glacialis (Anas), 389. 
glacialis (Clangula), 389. 
glacialis (Crymonessa), 

391. 
glacialis (Fuligula), 391. 
glacialis (Harelda), 389. 
glacialis (Melonetta), 391. 
glacialis (Mergus), 464. 
glacialis (Pagonetta), 391. 
glacialis (Platypus), 389. 
glaucia minor (Anas), 
345. 
Glaucion, 376. 
glaucion (Anas), 346, 363, 
377. 
glaucion (Clangula), 338, 
357,376,377,379,380, 

408. 
glaucion americana (Fuligula), 
380. 
glaucion (Platypus), 377, 
Glaucionetta, 376. 
Glaucium, 363. 
glaucium (Clangula), 379, 

380. 
glaucium americana 
(Clangula), 380. 
glaucogasfeer (Berniela), 

121. 
glaucoptera (Anas), 296. 
glaucopteros (Pterocyanea), 
296. 

glaucoptorim (Querquo


dula), 205. 

gloeitans (Aix), 241. 

glocitana (Anan), 240, 

24(5. 

glocitans (Munofcta), 241. 

gloeitans (Maroca), 241, 

240. 
glocitans (Quorquodula), 
241, 24(1 
glyphorhynehus (Phu»nicoptorua), 
11. 
gmelini (Anas), 491. 
gmelmi (Fuligula), 41)1. 
goclmani (Nothoprocta), 

f>51. 
Golden-eye, 370, 377. 
Goosander, 472, 473. 
gouldi (Dendroeygna), 

154. 
gracilis (Anas), 255. 
gratninea (Anas), 400. 
Grand Canard, 52. 
Grande Macreuse, 400. 
grandinis (Anser), 84. 
grandis (Anas), 107. 
grandis (Anser), 102, 107, 
108. 
grandis (Bernicla), 107. 
Great Black and White 
Buck, 428. 
Great Black Duck from 

Hudson's Bay, 412. 
Great Goose, 107. 
Great Tinamou, 503. 
Grey-headed Duck, 182, 

432. 
Grey-headed Goose, 182. 
Grey Lag Goose, 89. 
grisea (Anas), 192, 488. 
grisea (Fuligula), 417. 
griseiventris (Crypturus), 
514,521. 
grisous (Anser), 80. 
grcpnlandiea (Anas), 245. 
groenlandica (Querque


dula), 251. 
guazu (Cryptura), 548. 
guazu (Tinamus), 548. 
gumeensis (Anser), 107. 
guineensis (Cygnopsis), 

108. 
gujanensis (Phcenicopterus), 
9. 
Gulaund Duck, 489. 
gulo (Merganser), 473. 
gulo (Mergus), 473. 
guttata (Anas), 164, 

214. 
guttata 
(Dendrocycna), 
145,104. 

A U»HA MISTICAL INDKX, 

guttata (Dendroeygna), 

101. 
guMattiB ((Vypturus), 
508. 
guttatus (Tinamiw), 497, 
50.S. 
guttwlata (Anas), 104, 
gutt ulata (Dendrocycna), 
1(54. 
gutt ulata (Dendroeygna), 

104. 
guttulatiiH (Tinamus), 
501. 
Gynmathus, 51. 
Gymnura, 141. 
haattti (Apteryx), 004, 

(ill. 

Harelda, 327, 388. 

Ilarle, 473. 

Harle a manteau noir, 

481. 
Ilarle couronne, 469. 
Harle etoile, 405. 
Ilarle huppe, 481. 
Harle huppe de Virginia, 
409, 
Harlequin Duck, 395. 
hartlaubi (Pteronetta), 

63. 
hartlaubi (Querquedula), 
03. 
hauaiensis (Ansor), 127. 
hawaiiensis (Anser), 127. 
Hawkesbury Duck, 140. 
Heniconetta, 327, 418. 
Heterouetta, 144, 325. 
hiemalis (Clangula), 391. 
hiemalis (Harelda), 391. 
hina (Anas), 490. 
hma (Querquedula), 490. 
Hina Teal, 490. 
Hippaleetrio, 590. 
histrionica (Anas), 395. 
h istrionica (Bucephala), 
397. 
histrionica (Clangula), 
395. 
histrionica (Oosmonetta), 
395,396. 
histrionica (Fuligula), 

390. 
histrionica (Harelda), 
390. 
histrionica (Phlyaconetta), 
390. 
Histrionieus, 394. 
histrionicus (Histrioni


eus), 396. 
histrionicus (Platypus), 

396. 
hiHtrioms (Aiian), 390. 

Hooded Merganner, 

409. 
homeyeri (Aiian), 338. 
h<mu\\ori (Aythya), 338. 
homeyeri (Fuligula), 337. 
Horned 8eroamer» 3. 
Horned Wawoy, 88. 
hornsehuehii ((Kdcmia), 
408. 
hornschuehii (Melanitta), 
407. 
hottentota (Anas), 205. 
hottentota (Nation). 205. 
hottentota (Querquedula), 
205. 

hrota (Anas), 117. 

humeralis (Anas»), 290. 

humeralis (Querque


dula), 290. 

hutchinai (Anser), 114. 

bufcehinsi (Branta), 111, 

114,115. 
hutchinai (Brenthus), 


115. 
hutchinsii (Bernicla), 
114. 
hutchinsii (Leucoblepharon), 
115. 
hyberna (Anas), 385, 

442. 
hybricla (Anas), 130. 
hybrida (Bernicla), 131. 
hybrkla (Chloephaga), 
128,130. 
hybridus (Anser), 130. 
Hydrobates, 452. 
hyemalis (Anas), 377, 

389. 
hyemalis (Clangula), 379, 
391. 
hyemalis (Fuligula), 392. 
hiemalis (Glaucion), 391. 
hyemalis (Harelda), 391, 
392. 
Hytnenolamius, 454, 455. 
Hymenolaimus, 455. 
Hyonetta, 51. 
hyperborea (Anas), 83, 
85,80. 
hyperborea (Chen), 83, 

85. 
hyperborea nivalis(Ohen), 
87. 
hyperboreas (Anser), 83, 
85,87. 
hyperboreus (Anas), 80. 
hyperboreus (Anser), 83, 

84,86. 
hyperboreus (Chen), 82, 
84,85, 87. 

624 

hyperboreus (Ohenalopex), 
85. 
hyperboreus (Chionochon), 
85. 
hyperboreus (Cygnus), 

43. 
Hyperboreus albatus 
(Ohen), 85. 
hyperboreus nivalis (Anser), 
87. 
hyperboreus nivalis 
(Chen), 87. 
hyperboreus, 
var. albatus 
(Anser), 85. 

Iceland Duck, 383. 
ignipalliatus (Phcenico


pterus), 11, 14, 17. 
ilathera (Anas), 282. 
Ilathera Duck, 282. 
Ilhui, 582. 
Ilyonetta, 334. 
immutabilis (Oygnus), 

37,38. 
immutabilis (Olor), 37. 
imperialis (Merganser), 

493. 
imperialis (Mergus), 493. 
Inambu azulado, 519. 
Inambu-carapS, 564. 
Inambii guazii, 548. 
Inambu listado, 527. 
Inambui, 559. 
indica (Anas), 52,106. 
indica (Anser), 105. 
indica (Bernicla), 105. 
indica (Eulabaea), 105. 
indica (Eulabeia), 105. 
indicus (Anser), 89, 105. 
indicus (Eulabeia), 105. 
indicus (Hippaleetryo), 
593. 
ingoufi (Tinamotis), 568, 
569. 
innotata ([Nyroea), 335, 
356. 
inornata (Anas), 135. 
inornata (Bernicla), 135, 
136,137,182. 
inornata (Chloephaga), 
128, 134,137. 
inornata (Pterocyanea), 

300. 
inornata (Querquedula), 
300. 
inornatus (Anas), 134, 
inornatus (Anser), 134. 
inornatus (Cyanopterus), 
300. 
intercedens 
(Nothocercus), 
509, 513. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

intermedia (Anas), 338. 
intermedius (Anser), 94. 
intermedius (Tinamus), 

497. 
intermedius (Tracbypelmus), 
497. 
iodotis (Anas), 320. 
iodotis (Malacorhyn


chus), 320. 
iopareia (Anas), 53. 
Ipecati-apoa, 59. 
ipecutiri (Anas), 267. 
ipecutiri (Querquedula), 

267. 
ipecuturi (Querquedula), 
267. 
irroratus (Dromasus), 
586,589. 
irroratus (Dromaius), 

589. 
Isehyornis, 4. 
Ischyrornis, 4. 
islandica (Anas), 383. 
islandica (Ay thy a), 357. 
islandica (Bucephala), 
384. 
islandica (Clangula), 376, 
383. 
islandica (Fuligula), 357, 
383. 
islandica (Glaucionetta), 
384. 
islandica (Somateria), 
427. 
islandicum (G-laucion), 
384. 
islandicus (Oygnus), 28, 
30. 
jacquini (Anas), 162. 
Jamaica (Anas), 445. 
Jamaica Shoveler, 445. 
jamaicensis (Anas), 445. 
jamaicensis (Erismatura), 

441,445. 
jamaicensis (Rhynchaspis), 
445. 
jamesi (Phoenieoparrus), 
21, 22. 
jamesi (Phoenicopterus), 

22. 
japura (Pezus), 530. 
j asp idea (Anas), 303. 
javana (Anas), 218. 
javana (Querquedula), 
219. 
javanensis (Anas), 218. 
javanensis (Casuarius), 
593. 
javanensis 
(Querquedula), 
219. 

Javanese Cassowary, 593. 
javanica (Anas), 153, 

156. 
javanica (Dendrocycna), 
145, 156, 157. 
javanica (Dendrocygna), 
154,156. 
johnsonii (Casuarius), 

594. 
jubata (Anas), 140. 
jubata (Bernicla), 140. 
jubata (Branta), 141. 
jubata (Chenalopex), 170. 
jubata (Chenonetta), 
140,170. 
jubata (Chlamydochen), 

140. 
jubata (Chloephaga), 
141. 
jubatus (Anser), 140, 
169. 
jubatus (Brenthus), 141. 
jubatus (Chenalopex), 
166,169. 
julius (ISfothocercus), 


509. 
julius (Tinamus), 509. 
juncea (Anas), 496. 
kagolca (Anas), 228. 

kagolka (Mareca), 230. 

Kamichi, 3. 

Kamptorhynchus, 416 

Kasarka du Cap de 

Bonne-Esperance, 182. 

kasarkoides (Anas), 185. 

kaupi (Casuarius), 592, 

598, 599, 600. 
kekusehka (Anas), 222. 
kerguelensis (Querque


dula), 278. 
King Duck, 432. 
Kiwi, 605, 607. 
kleei (Crypturus), 498. 
Meei (Tinamus), 498. 
kleesi (Tinamus), 498. 
Kleine Kaszarka, 125. 
kogolca (Anas), 227. 
kopschii (Nettapus), 69. 
Ktinorhynehus, 221. 

Labrador Duck, 417. 
labradora (Anas), 416. 
labradora (Fuligula), 

416. 
labradora (Rhynchaspis), 
416. 
labradora (Somateria), 
417. 
labradoria (Anas), 193, 
416. 
labradoria (Fuligula), 

417. 
labradoria (Somateria), 
417. 
labradorica (Anas), 417. 
labradoricus (Catnptolaemus), 
417. 
labradorius (Camp tolseraus), 
416. 
labradorius (Cainptolaimus), 
417. 
labradorus (Oamptolaimus), 
417labrodorus 
(Carnptorhynchus), 
417. 
labradorus (Kampto


rhynchus), 417. 
laglaizii (Oasuarius), 598. 
Lampronessa, 72. 
Lampronetta, 422. 
lanuginosus (Anas), 425. 
lanuginosus (Anser), 426. 
Lapmark Duck, 345, S63. 
larvata (Anas), 260. 
larvata (Querquedula), 

260. 
lateralis (Fuligula), 352. 
latifrons (Tinamus), 497, 
506. 
latirostra (Anas), 345, 
363. 
latirostris (Anas), 413. 
latirostris (Nyroca), 365. 
lawrvi (Apteryx), 604, 
606. 
laysanensis (Anas), 187, 
199. 
leisleri (Platypus), 428. 
leisleri (Somateria), 428. 
lepidotus (Orypturus), 
525. 
Leptotarsis, 144. 
Leucoblepbaron, 111. 
leucocephala (Anas), 389. 
leueocephala (Aytbya), 
442. 
leucocepbala (Biziura), 
443. 
leucocepbala (Bythonessa), 
443. 
leucocephala (Erimistura), 
444. 
leucocepbala (Erismatura), 
441, 442. 
leucocepbala (Fuligula), 

442. 
leucocepbala (Oideraia), 
442. 
leucocepbala (Undina), 
443. 
leucocephala africana 
(Erismatura), 448. 
VOL. XXVII. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

leucocepbalus (Anas), 

442. 
leucocepbalus (Platypus), 
442. 
leucogenis (Anas), 461. 
leucogenys (Erismatura), 
461. 
leucogenys (Merganetta), 
457, 460, 461, 462. 
leucogenys (Punanetta), 

293. 
leucogenys (Ebapbipterus), 
460, 461,462. 
leucolsema (Bernicla), 

113. 
leucomelanus (Merganser), 
473, 479 
leucomelas (Anas), 176. 
leucomelas (Olangula), 

378. 
leucomelas (Mergus), 
481. 
leuconota (Biziura), 437. 
leuconota (Olangula), 
437. 
leuconota (Erismatura), 
437. 
leuconota (Thalassiornis), 
436. 
leueonotos (Aytbya), 
357. 
leueonotos (Fuligula), 
357. 
leuconotus (Anas), 437. 
leuconotus (Olangula), 
436, 437. 
leuconotus (Thalassornis), 

436. 
leuconyx (Anser), 100. 
Leucopareia, 111. 
leueopareia (Bernicla), 
114, 115, 116. 
leueopareia (Branta), 115. 
leucopareia (Leucoble


pharon), 115. 
leucopareius (Anser), 

114. 
leucoparia (Bernicla), 
115. 
leucopbela (Anas), 442. 
leucopbrys (Anas), 207, 
268. 
leucopbrys (Querquedula), 
269. 
leucophthalnia (Fuligula), 
347. 
leucophthalma (Nyroca), 
347, 357, 366. 
leucophthalma <z. dussumieri 
fNyroca), 344. 
leucophthalmos (Anas), 

344. 
leucophthalnios (Aytbya), 

347. 
leucophthalmos (Nyroca), 
347. 
leucopbtbalmus (Anas), 

346. 
leucophthalmus (Platypus), 
347. 
leucopis (Anas), 346. 
leucopis (Bernicla), 37. 
leueopsis (Anas), 117, 

145. 
leueopsis (Anser), 118. 
leueopsis (Bernicla), 118. 
leueopsis (Branta), 111, 
117,119. 
leueopsis (Brenthus), 119. 
leueopsis (Cbenalopex), 

118. 
leueopsis (Leucopareia), 
118. 
leucoptera (Anas), 60, 
132. 
leucoptera (Bernicla), 
133. 
leucoptera (Oasarca), 60. 
leucoptera (Obenelopex), 
131,133. 
leucoptera (Chloephaga), 

137. 
leucoptera (Fuligula), 
337. 
leucopterus (Anser), 132, 
137. 
leucopterus (Sarcidiornis), 
60. 
leucostigma (Anas), 214. 
leucotis (Anas), 363. 
linnasi (Cygnus), 28. 
lirmei (Fuligula), 365. 
Lipocentrus, 21. 
Little Black and White 

Duck, 385. 
Little Brown and White 

Duck, 395. 
Little Brown Duck, 385. 
Little Tinamou, 522. 
littoralis (Tadorna), 172. 
lobata (Anas), 452. 
lobata (Biziura), 452. 
lobata (Erismatura), 453. 
Lobated Duck, 452. 
lobatus (Hydrobates), 

452. 
Loggerhead, 373. 
longicauda (Anas), 270, 
389. 
longicauda (Dafila), 273. 
longicauda islandica 
(Anas), 389. 
longiroster cristatus 
(Merganser), 481. 

2s 

longirostria (Notbocercus), 
534. 
longirostria (Tinamus), 

534. 
Long-tailed Duck from 
Hudson's Bay, 369. 
Long-tailed Duck from 
New-Foundland, 389. 
Lopbodytes, 463, 468. 
lopbotes (Mergua), 486. 
lophotus (Anser), 140. 
lophotus (Ckenalopex), 

140. 
lophotus (Ohenonetta), 

140. 
lopbyra (Anas), 216. 
lophyra (Palamedea), 7. 
lucida (Anas), 491. 
luconica (Anas), 205. 
ludoviciana (Querquedula), 
385. 
lurida (Anas), 335,490. 
luzonica (Anas), 188, 

205. 

maccao (B^'ziura), 448. 
niaccao (Erismatura), 


448. 
maccoa (Biziura), 448. 
maccoa (Erismatura), 
441,448. 
maccoa (Oxyura), 448. 
Maceranas, 399. 
Macreuse, 401. 
Macreuse a large bee, 


413. 
macropterus (Micropterus), 
374. 
Macropus, 418. 
Macrorbarnpbus, 399. 
macrorbyncha (Rhea), 
578,581. 
macrorbynclios (Olypeata), 
310. 
macrorbynchos (Bbyncbaspis), 
310. 
Macucagua, 502. 
maculata (Ebynebaspis), 

317. 
maculata (Spatula), 317. 
maculatus (Mergus), 465. 
maculatus (Ebyncbaspis), 

316. 
maculatus (Spatula), 

317. 
maculatus (Tinamus), 

559. 
maculicollis (Bhynchotus), 
547, 550. 
maculicollis (Tinamus), 

550. 
maculirostris (Anas), 291. 

ALPHABETICAL IHDEX. 

maculirostris (Cyanopterus), 
291. 
maculirostris (Pfcerocyanea), 
291. 
maculirostris (Querquedula), 
291. 
maculosa (Anas), 187, 

203. 
maculosa (Notbura), 558, 
559, 561, 5(>2, 563. 
maculosa (Tinamus), 

560. 
maculosus (Orvpturus), 

559. 
maculosus (Notburus), 

559. 
maculosus (Tinamus), 

559. 
Madagascar Teal, 65. 
madagascariensis (Anas), 

65. 
madagascariensis (Bernicla), 
65. 
madagascariensis (Cbenalopex), 
65. 
madagascariensis (Cbeniscus), 
65. 
madagascariensis (Microcygna), 
66. 
madagascariensis (Nettapus), 
65. 
madagascariensis (j^ettopus), 
66. 
madagascariensis (Querquedula), 
265. 
Magellanic Goose, 132. 
magellanica (Anas), 130, 

132. 
magellanica (Bernicla), 

133.134. 
magellanica (Branta), 

133. 
magellanica (Chloepbaga), 
128, 132, 134. 
magellanicus (Anser), 

132.135. 
magellanicus (Brentbus), 

133. 
Magoua, 503. 
magoua (Cryptura), 503. 
mail (Anas), 224. 
major (Anas), 192. 
major (Apteryx), 611. 
major (Orypturus), 503. 
major (Dendrocygna), 
150, 151. 
major (Mergus), 474. 
major (Norbura), 559. 
major (Pboenicopterus), 

14. 
major (Querquedula), 

218. 

major (Tetrao), 503. 
major (Tinamus), 497, 
500, 501. 502, 503, 505, 
506, 507, 559. 
major (Tracbypelrnns), 

503. 
major brasiliensis (Perdix), 
502. 
major ruficeps (Tinamus), 

506. 
major subcristatus (Tinamus), 
505. 
malacorbyncba (Anas), 
320, 455. 
malacorbyncba (Fuligula), 
456. 
malacorbyncbos (Anas), 

455. 
malacorbyncbos (Ebyncbaspis), 
455. 
Malacorbyncbus, 144, 
319, 45*5. 
malacorbyncbus (Hymcnolsemus), 
455. 
malacorbyncbus (Malacorbyncbus), 
320. 
Mallard, 192. 
Mandarine Duck, 76. 
Manilla Teal, 147. 
manillensis (Anas), 147. 
manillensis (Querquedula), 
148, 269. 
mansuetus (Cygnus), 35, 

37. 
mansuetus (Olor), 36. 
mantelli (Apteryx), 604, 
607, 608, 609. 
Marble Duck, 322. 
Marbled Duck, 322. 
Marcband, 413. 
Marec, 282. 
Mareca, 143, 227, 266, 

282. 
Mareca alia specie^ 266. 
mareca (Anas), 267. 
Mareca Duck, 266. 
Marica, 227. 
Marila, 334, 354. 
marila (Anas), 337, 355, 
357, 360, 361, 377. 
marila (Aytbya), 355. 
marila (Fuligula), 340, 
341, 348,354, 355, 356, 
357, 360, 366, 379. 
marila (Fulix), 357. 
marila (Kyroca), 355. 
marila (Platypus), 357. 
marila americana (Anas), 

361. 
Marilocben, 88. 
mariloides (Aytbya), 337, 

361. 

mariloides (Fuligula), 

337, 352, 358, 361. 
mariloides (Fulix), 358. 
marilus (Platypus), 357. 
marina (Anas), 356. 
marina (Fuligula), 357. 
maritima (Anas), 171. 
maritima (Tadorna), 172. 
Marrnaronetta, 144, 320. 
Marmonetta, 320. 
marmorata (Anas), 321, 

489. 
marmorata (Dafila), 321. 
marmorata (Fuligula), 
321. 
marmorata (Marmaronetta), 
322. 
marmorata (Nothura), 
559, 561. 
marmorata (Querquedula). 
322. 
marmoratus (Tinamus), 

561. 
mascarina (Anas), 199. 
maxima (Anas), 53, 193. 
maxima (Apteryx), 606, 
611. 
maximus (Apteryx), 611. 
media (Nothura), 559, 
561, 563. 
mediterranea (Anas), 

491. 
medius (Anser), 90, 94. 
medius (Nothura), 559, 
563. 
medius (Tinamus), 563. 
megapodius (Crypturus), 
518. 
megapodius (Tinamus), 
518. 
megapus (Melanitta), 
407. 
megapus (GEdemia), 408. 
megarhynchus (Somate* 
ria), 434. 
megauros (Clangula), 

391. 
megauros (Harelda), 
391. 
megauros (Melanitta), 
402. 
megauros (Somateria), 
427. 
megaurus (Oidemia), 
402. 
Megistanes, 570. 
melancorypha (Anas), 39. 
melancorypha (Sthenelides), 
40. 
melancoryphus (Anser), 

39. 
ALPaABBTICAJi INDEX. 

melancoryphus (Cygnus), 
25, 39. 
melancoryphus (Sthene


lus), 40. 
Melanitta, 399. 
melanocephala (Anas), 

39, 325, 377. 
melanocephala (Fuligula), 
325, 361. 
m elan oceph ala (Heteronetta), 
325. 
melanocephala (Nyroca), 

325. 
melanocephalus (Anser), 
105. 
melanocephalus(Cygnus), 
39. 
melanocoryphus (Anas), 
40. 
melanoleuca (Anas), 44. 
melanoleuca (Anseranas), 
44. 
melanoleuca (Bernicla), 
44. 
melanoleucos (Anseranas), 
45. 
melanoleucus (Anser), 

44. 
melanoleucus (Anseranas), 
45. 
melanoleucus (Anseranus), 
44. 
melanoleucus (Choristopus), 
45. 
melanoleucus (Cygnus), 

45. 
Melanonetta, 399. 
melanonota (Sarcidiornis), 
54, 56, 57, 59. 
melanonotos (Anas), 

55. 
melanonotus (Anser), 55, 
56. 
melanonotus (Plectropterus), 
56. 
melanonotus (Sarcidiornis), 
55, 57. 
melanopsis (Bernicla), 

121. 
melanoptera (Bernicla), 
129. 
melanoptera (Branta), 
129. 
melanoptera (Chloephaga), 
128, 129. 
melanopterus (Anser), 

129. 
melanopterus (Brenthus), 
129. 
melanopterus 
(Oressochen), 
129. 

melanorhinus (Cygnus), 

30. ^ S 
melanorhynchus (Cygnus), 
27. 
melauota (Anas), 55,57. 
melanota (Sarcidioimis), 

-55, 56. 
melanotis (Anas), 55. 
melanotos (Anas), 55. 
melanotos (Anser), 55. 
melanotos (Plectropte


rus), 55. 
melanotus (Anas), 55, 56. 
melanotus (Anser), 54, 

59. 
melanotus (Sarcidiornis), 
55, 56. 
melanotus (Sarkidiomis), 

57. 
melanura (Anas), 227, 
228, 2S5. 
melanura (Mareca), 228. 
melleri (Anas), 187, 

199. 
Melonetta, 388. 
membranacea (Anas), 
319. 
membranacea (Rhynohaspis), 
319. 
Membranaceous Duck, 

319. 
membranaceus (Malacorhynchus), 
319. 
membrinaceus (Malacorhynchus), 
320, 455. 
Merganetta, 454, 457. 
Merganettinas, 24, 454. 
Merganser, 463, 471, 

472. 
merganser (Anas), 167. 
merganser (Merganser), 
474. 
merganser (Mergus), 193, 
472, 476, 477. 
merganser americanus 
(Mergus), 477. 
Mergellus, 463. 
mergiformis (Clangula), 

381. 
Merging, 24, 463. 
Mergoides, 327. 
mergoides (Anas), 379. 
mergoides (Clangula), 
379. 
Mergo-Oca, 473. 
Mergus, 463, 471. 
merianse (Anas), 52. 
meridionalis (Fuligula), 
352. 
mersa (Anas), 442. 
mersa (Aythya), 442. 
ALPHABETI&AL INDEX. 

028 

mersa (Oerconectes), 443. 

mersa (Erismatura), 443. 

mersa (Fuligula), 443. 

mersa (Undina), 443. 

meserythrus (Crypturus j , 

522. 
meserythrus (Tinamus), 
522. 
Mestolone, 294. 
Metopiana, 326,332. 
Motopias, 332. 
metopias (Anas), 332. 
metopias (Fuligula), 332. 
Mexican Duck, 301. 
Mexican Pochard, 149. 
Mexican Shoveler, 307. 
mexicana (Anas), 307. 
mexicana (Bosehas), 306. 
mexicana (Penelope), 
149. 
mexicana (Qucrquedula), 
300. 
mexicana (Rhynchaspis), 
310, 317. 
mexicanus (Crypturus), 
516, 517, 545. 
miclonia (Anas), 389. 
Microcygna, 64. 
Micropterus, 373. 
micropus (Bernicla), 121. 
micropus (Callichen), 

329. 
micldendorfE. (AnserJ, 
102. 
inigratoria (Anser), 250. 
Milouin a cou rose, 62. 
Milouin cles Malouines, 
216. 
Milouin en deuil, 332. 
Millouin, 335. 
Millouin du Mexique, 
149. 
Millouinan, 355. 
minima (Branta), 111, 
116. 
minor (Bernicla), 117. 
minor (Oasarka), 125. 
minor (Crypturus), 564. 
minor (Cygnus), 30. 
minor (Fuligula), 361. 
minor (Holor), 31. 
minor (Merganser), 465. 
minor (Nothura)j 562, 
563. 
minor (Nothuras), 565. 
minor (Oidemia), 405. 
minor (Olor), 30. 
minor (Phoeniconaias), 
18. 
minor 
(Phoeuicopterus), 
15, 18. 

minor (Querquedula), 

243. 
minor (Tinamus), 563, 
5(55. 

minus (Glaucium), 363. 

minus striatum (Glau


cium), 355. 
minuta (Anas), 395. 
minuta (Anser), 65. 
Minute Merganser, 465. 
minutus (Anser), 98. 
minutus (Histrionicus), 

397. 
minutus (Merganser), 
465. 
minutus (Mergellus), 466. 
minutus (Mergus), 465. 
minutus (Platypus), 395. 
moccoa (Erismatura), 
448. 
mocoa (Erismatura), 448. 
Mocoicogoe, 501. 
modesta (Dafila), 275. 
modestus (Crypturus), 
522. 
modestus (Tinamus), 
523. 
moebiusi (ISTothoproeta), 
555. 
mollis (Apteryx), 609. 
mollissima (Anas), 424, 
425, 428, 430, 432. 
mollissima (Fuligula), 
424,425,427,428. 
mollissima (Somateria), 
424,425,426,428,431, 

489. 
moDissima borealis (Somateria), 
428. 
mollissima dresseri (Somateria), 
425. 
mollissimus (Anser), 426. 
mollissimus (Platypus), 

427. n ; 
molybclopbanes (Stru-
thio), 572, 574. 
monaeha (Anas), 191. 
monachus (Anas), 120. 
montana (Anas), 182, 

491. 
montana (Anser), 129, 
491. 
montanus (Anser), 491. 
montanus (Chenalopex). 
491. 
Mooruk, 601. 
Moppelgans, 124. 
morelii (Anas), 199. 
Morillon, 363. 
Morillon des Ibles Mariannes, 
365. 

Moscha, 51. 
moschata (Anas), 51, 53, 

60. 
moschata (Anser), 53. 
moschata (Branta), 52. 
moschata (Cairina), 51, 
52, 53. 
moschata (Carina), 53. 
moschata (Gymnathus), 

53. 
moschata (Hyonetta), 
53. 
moschato - boschas 
(Anas), 193. 
Moschatus, 51. 
moscoTiticus (Anser), 


107. 
Mountain Goose, 491. 
Mountain Teal, 491. 
mulleri (Ana»), 2<i7. 
multicolor (Querquedula), 
148. 219. 
multicolor (Sterna), 147. 
munroii (Bernicla}, 117. 
muralis (Anas), 291. 
muscaria (Ana*,), 307. 
Muscovy Duck, 52. 
musica (Clangula/, 391. 
musica (Harekla), 391. 
musicus (Cygmis), 25, 20, 

28, 31, 32. 
musicus (Holor), 28. 
musicus (Olor), 28. 
musicus minor (Cvgnus), 

30. 
mufetelinus (Mergus), 405. 
muta (Anas), 255. 
Mute Swan, So. 
mutus (Cygnus), 35. 
navia (Anas), 192. 
nasrosa (Anas), 324. 
nsertraa (Stictonetta), 324. 
najvosa (Tadorna), 3^4. 
nana (Cryptura), 5*55. 
liana fSothura), 504, 

5(55. 

nana (PaTuncula), 565. 
nana (Bhea), 578. 
Nandou, 580. 
Nandu, 580. 
nandu (Rhea), 5S0. 
nanus (Taoniseus;, 564. 
nanus (Tinamus),'554. 
nationi (Fuligula), 353. 
nation! (Nyroca), 335, 

353. 
Nesochen, 81,120. 
Nesonetta, 143, 289. 
Ketta, 326, 327. 
Nettalopex, 177. 
Nettapus, 64. 
Nettarion, 354. 
Nettion, 143, 238. 
Nettopus, 46, 64. 
Neuhollandischer Casuar, 


587. 
New Holland Cassowary, 

586. 
New Holland Oereopsis, 

79. 
New Holland Duck, 319. 
New Holland Ostrich, 

587. 
New Holland Shieldrake, 

185. 
New Holland Shoveler, 

314. 
New Zealand Duck, 368. 
Nhandu-gnacu, 578, 

581. 
niambu (Pezus), 525. 
niger (Merganser), 479, 

481. 
niger (Mergus), 481. 
niger (Platypus), 401. 
niger (Pleetropterus), 47, 
50, 51. 
nigra (Anas), 192, 401, 

404. 
nigra (Fuligula), 402, 

404. 
nigra (Melanitta), 401. 
nigra (CEdemia), 400,401, 

405. 
nigra (Oidemia), 401, 

402. 
nigra (Penelope), 335. 
nigra (Somateria), 402. 
nigra americana (Fuligula), 
405. 
nigra major (Anas), 406. 
nigra, var. americana 
(GEdemia), 405. 
nigricans (Anser), 123. 
nigricans (Bernicla), 123. 
nigricans (Branta), 112, 

123. 
nigricans (Brenthus), 124. 
nigricapillus (Nothocercus), 
509, 511. 
nigricapillus (Tinamus), 
511, 512, 513. 
nigriceps (Anas), 325. 
nigricollis (Anas), 39. 
nigricollis (Anser), 39. 
nigricollis (Chauna), 5. 
nigricollis (Oygnus), 39. 
nigricollis (Mergus), 493. 
nigripes (Melanitta), 

402. 
nigripes (Oidemia), 402. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

nigroceps (Fuligula), 325. 
nigroguttata (Nothura), 
558, 560. 
Nilotic Duck, 491. 
nilotica (Anas), 491. 
nilotica (Oairina), 491. 
nivalis (Anas), 86. 
nivalis (Chen), 82, 86. 
nivea (Tadorna), 87. 
niveus (Anser), 84. 
no cti vagus (Or yp turns), 
517, 539, Ml! 
noctivagus (Notliocercus), 
540. 
nocti vagus (Tinamus), 

539. 
Noctura, 550. 
Nomonyx, 436, 438. 
norwegica (Somateria), 

427. 
notata (Anas), 267, 364, 

406. 
Notliera, 558. 
Nothocercus, 496, 509. 
Nothoprocta, 496, 550. 
Nothura, 496, 558. 
Nothurus, 547, 558. 
nova3 hispaniaj (Anas), 

301. 
novse hispanise (Pterocyanea), 
301. 
novae hispanige (Querquedula), 
267, 301. 
novse hollandiae (Anser), 

41. 
novae hollandise (Biziura), 

452. 
novae hollandiae (Casuarius), 
586. 
novse hollandise (Oereopsis), 
79. 
novae hollandiae (Dromaeus), 
586, 589. 
novae hollandiae (Dro•* 
maius), 587. 
novce hollandiae (Dromiceius), 
586. 
novae hollandiae (Stru-
thio), 586. 
novae hollandiae (Tachea), 

587. 
novae seelandiae (Anas), 

368. 
novae seelandiae (Fulix), 

369. 
novas zealandiae (Anas), 

368. 
novae zealandiae (Fuligula), 
355, 368. 
novae-zelandiae (Dromiceius), 
605. 

novae zelandiae (Marila), 

369. 
numei*alis (Querquedula), 

296. 
nyraca (Anas), 346. 
Nyroca, 320, 334. 
nyroca (Aethyia), 347. 
nyroca (Anas), 345. 
nyroca (Aythya), 346, 

350. 
nyroca (Fuligula), 74, 
338, 344,346,34S, 352, 
357 366 
nyroca (Fulix), 344, 347. 
nyroca (Ilionetta), 348. 
nyroca (Marila), -348. 
nyroca (Nyroca), 346. 

obesa (Anas), 378. 
obscura (Anas), 187, 193, 

200,202,203,204,213, 

264, 338. 
obscura (Boschas), 201. 
obscura fulvigula (Anas), 

202. 
obscura, var. fulvigula 
(Anas), 202. 
obscurus (Anser), 110. 
obscurus (Orypturus), 

519. 
obsoleta (Nyroca), 347. 
obsoletus (Orypturus) 
515, 519. 
obsoletus (Tinamus), 519, 

521. 
Oca colombaccio, 120. 
Oca lombardella, 92. 
Oca paglietana, 89. 
Oca salvatica, 99. 
occidentalis (Apteryx), 
604, 608, 610. 
occidentalis (Bernicla), 

115. 
occidentalis (Branta), 
111, 115. 
occidentalis (Orypturus), 
516, 546. 
occidua (Anas), 419. 
occipitalis (Oasuarius), 
591, 598. 
ocellata (Ortygis), 568. 
ocellata (Tinamotis), 

568. 
ocellata (Tumix), 568. 
octosetaceus (Mergus), 

485. 
octosetaslus (Mergus), 

485. 
octosetalus (Mergus), 

486. 
octosetosus (Mergus), 486. 

630 

(Edemia, 327, 399. 
Oidemia, 399. 
Oie, 89. 
Oie armee, 167. 
Oic a cravate, 112. 
Oie a duvet, 420. 
Oie a tete cendree, 130. 
Oie bronzee, 55. 
Oie d'Egypte, 167. 
Oie do Griiinee, 108. 
Oie cle la cote de Coro


mandel, 55. 
Oie de plein, 373. 
Oie des Esquimaux, 82. 
Oie des iles Malouiues, 

132. . 
Oie des Terres 
laniques, 132. 
Oie domestique, 28. 
Oie sauvage, 99. 
Oie sauvage a tete grise 

de Ooromandel, 182. 
Oie sauvage du Canada, 

112. 
Oiseau grise, 373. 
Olor, 25. 
olor (Anas), 35. 
olor (Cygnus), 25,28,29, 
35, 37. 
olor immutabilis (Cyg


nus), 37. 
Opistholophus, 4. 
Oressoehen, 128. 
orientalis (Anas), 108. 
orientalis (Casuarius), 

593, 596, 599. 
orientalis (Mergus), 473, 

476. 
ornata (Nothoproeta), 
551, 557. 
ornatus (Ehynchotus), 

557. 
ornatus (Tinamus), 557. 
ortygoides (Erismatura), 
439. 
Ostrich, 575. 
oustaleti (Anas), 189. 
oweni (Apteryx), 604, 
609,630. 
Ovvenni (Apteryx), 609. 
oxyptera (Anas), 262. 
oxyptera (Dafila), 263. 
oxyptera (Querquedula), 

261, 263. 
oxvpterum (Nettion), 
240, 262. 
oxypterus (Cyanopterus), 

262. 
Oxyura, 441. 
oxyura (Anas), 279. 
oxyura (Dafila), 279. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Oye du Cap de Bonne 

Espe ranee, 167. 
Oye rieuse, 92. 
Oye sauvage du Cap de 

Bonne Esperance, 167. 

Pajcilonitta, 281. 
pajcilorhyneha (Anas), 

209. 
Pagonetta, 388. 
Painted G-oo&e, 134. 
Palatnedea, 2, 3. 
Palaniedess, 1, 2. 
Palamedeidce, 2. 
pallescens (Crypturus), 
527. 
pallida (Berniela), 121. 
pallidipes (Anser), 94. 
pallipes (Anser), 94. 
paludosus (Anser), 100. 
palustris (Anser), 90, 
101. ^ 
panuonicus (Mergus), 
465. 
panoeicus (Mergus), 465. 
papuanus (Casuarius), 
591, 598, 599. 
papuensis (Casuarius), 


599. 
paradoxus (Anser), 100. 
Parrina of the Chilians, 
21. 
parvipes (Anser), 113. 
parvirostris (Anas), 237. 
parvirostris (Crypturus), 
515,523,526. 
parvirostris (Tinamus), 

522. 
par villus (Dromseus), 
588. 
parvus (Phoenicopterus), 
19. 
passmori (Cygnus), 34. 
passmorii (Olor), p. 34. 
patachonica (Oidemia), 
373. 
patachonicus (Micropterus), 
373. 
patagiata (Euligula), 

365. 
patagonica (Chlcephaga), 
492. 
Pato alas azulas, 303. 
Pato cabeza negra, 325. 
Pato cara blanca, 145. 
Pato ceja blanca, 268. 
Pato cola aguda, 279. 
Pato collar negro, 268. 
Pato crestudo, 59. 
Pato de crista, 59. 
Pato espatula, 316. 
Pato grande, 52. 
Pato ipecutiri, 267. 
Pato negrisco ala blanca, 


332. 
Pato pico amarillo y 
negro, 261. 
Pato pico aplomado y 
roxo, 282. 
Pato pico cle tres colores, 

291. 
Pato pico pequeno, 236. 
Pato real, 52. 
Pato roxo y negro, 149. 
paturi (Anas), 267. 
pnvomnus (Taoniscus), 
505. 
Pavuncula, 564. 
pectoralis (Somateria), 

434. 
pelewensis (Anas), 207. 
Pelionetta, 399. 
pelzelni (Cygnus), 37. 
Penelope, 335. 
penelope (Anas), 228, 
231,241,246,335. 
penelope (Mareca), 227, 

228, 233. 
Penelops, 227. 
penelops (Anas), 227. 
penelops (Penelops), 228. 
Penguin JDuck, 192. 
pennata (Ehea), 582. 
pentlandii (Eudromia), 

508. 
pentlandi (Nothoprocta), 
551, 555. 
pentlandi (Ehynchotus), 

555. 
pentlandi (Tinamotis), 
568. 
pentlandi (Tinamus), 
555, 568. 

peposaca (Anas), 332. 
peposaca (Fuligula), 333. 
peposaca (Metopiana), 

330, 332, 333. 
peposaca (Metopias), 

333. 
perdicaria (Kocthura), 
553. 
perdicaria (Nothoprocta), 
551, 553, 554. 
perdicaria (Nothura), 
553, 554, 562. 
perdicarius (Crypturus), 

553. 
perdicarius (Nothurus), 
553. 
perdicarius (Ehynchotes), 
553. 
perdicarius (Rhynehotus), 

553. 
perdicai'ius (Tinamus), 
553. 
Perdix martineta, 566. 
perdix (Rhynchotis), 553, 
556. 
perdix (Ehyncliotus), 

553. 
perdix (Tetrao), 553. 
perdix (Tinamus), 553. 
Perdiz chicho, 562. 
peregrina (Anas), 345, 
377. 
peregrina (Clangula), 
378. 
peregrinus (Anser), 124. 
perpulchra (Anas), 241. 
persica (Anas), 177, 
192. 
personata (Dendrocygna), 
147. 
perspicillata (Anas), 412. 
perspicillata (Fuligula), 
413, 414. 
perspicillata (Macrorharaphus), 
413. 
perspicillata (Melanitta), 

413. 
perspicillata (CEdemia), 
400, 412. 
perspicillata (Oidernia), 

413. 
perspicillata (Pelionetta), 
413, 414. 
perspicillatus (Platypus), 

413. 
peruvianus (Tinamus), 
506. 
pesosaca (Anas), 332. 
pesosaca (Fuligula), 332. 
Petit Canard a grosse tete, 
386. 
Petit G-ralle bidactyle, 
576. 
Petit Tinamou cle Cayenne, 
522. 
Petite Macreuse, 404. 
Petite Sarcelle, 244. 
Petite Sarcelle de i'isle de 

Lucpn, 147. 
Pezus, 496. 
Phasianurus, 270. 
Phenicoptere, 10, 12. 
Philacte, 81, 109. 
Phlyaconetta, 394. 
phceniceus (Phoenico


pterus), 9. 
Phceniconaias, 8, 118. 
Phcenicoparra, 21. 
Phoenieopamis, 8, 21. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Phoenicoptere du Chili, 

17. 
Phoenicopteri, 1, 8. 
Phoenieopteridai, 8. 
Phcenicopterus, 8, 9, 12, 
20. 
phcenicopus (Anser), 104. 
Phoenicorodias, 9. 
Pbylaconetta, 394. 
picta (Anas), 134, 184, 
240. 
picta (Bernicla), 134. 
picta (Chloephaga), 135. 
picticollis (Casuarius), 
591. 600. 
pictus (Anser), 109, 134. 
Pied Duck, 416. 
Piette, 465. 
pileata (Anas), 265. 
pileata (Pterocyanea), 
265. 
pileata (Querquedula), 
265. 
pileatus (Crypturus\ 
515, 522. 
pileatus (Tetrao), 522. 
pileatus (Tinamus), 522. 
pileatus meserythrus 

(Crypturus), 523. 
Pilet, 271. 
Pink-footed Goose, 103. 
Pink-headed Duck, 61. 
Pin-tail, 230, 270, 271, 

274. 
planifrons (Somateria), 
428. 
platalea (Anas), 316. 
platalea (Rhynchaspis), 
317. 
platalea (Spatula), 306, 
316. 
Platypus, 354, 423. 
platyrhynchos (Clypeata), 
310. 
platyrhynchos (Melanitta, 
407. 
platyrhynchos (Oeclemia), 
408. 
platyrhynchos (Rhynchaspis), 
310. 
platyrhynchus (Phceni


copterus), 15. 
platytiros (Anser), 100. 
platyuros (Bernicla), 121. 
platyuros (Rhynchaspis), 

3io. 

platyuros (Somateria), 

427. 
Plectrophanes, 46. 
Plectropterinse, 23, 45. 
Plectropterus, 45, 46. 
plinii (Phcenicopterus), 
12,14. 
plumbeus (Tinamus), 

498, 525, 563. 
plutonia (Anas), 41. 
plutonius (Cygnus), 41. 
pnoe (Tadorna), 330. 
Pochard, 335. 
Poecilonetta, 144, 281. 
Pcecilonitta, 281. 
pceciiorhyncha (Anas), 

188, 209, 211. 
poeeilorhvncha (Mareca), 

209. 
poecilorhyncha(Taclorna), 
209. 
poekilorhyncha (Anas), 
209. 
poliocephala (Bernicla), 
137. 
poliocephala (Branta), 
138. 
poliocephala (Chloephaga), 
128, 136, 137. 
poliocephalus (Anser), 

138. 
poliocephalus(Breuthus), 
1.38. 
poliocephalus (Chloethrophus), 
138. 
Polish Swan, 37. 
polliearis (Anas), 170. 
pollicaris (Anser), 170. 
polliearis (Ohenalopex), 

170. 
polycomos (Anser), 170. 
Polysticta, 418. 
pomarina (Clypeata), 
310. 
pomarina (Rhynchaspis), 
olO. 
Proceres, 570. 
Proceri, 570. 
Prister,471. 
promissa (Aix), 74. 
Pseudocycnus, 42. 
Pseudolor, 42. 
pteneros (Anas), 374. 
Pterocnemia, 578. 
Pteroenemys, 578. 
Pterocyanea, 290. 
pterocyanea (Anas), 296. 
Pteronetta, 46, 63. 
Ptocas, 111. 

pulchella (Anserella), 67. 
pulchellus (Nettapus), 
67,148. 
pulchellus (Nettopus), 

64,67. 
pulchricollis (Anas), 125. 
puna (Adelonetta), 293. 

632 

puna (Anas), 293. 
puna (Punanetta), 293. 
puna (Querquedula), 290, 

293. 
Punanetfca, 290. 
punctata (Anas), 1G4, 
252,254,255,257,265, 

285. 
punctata (Mareca), 252, 
257. 
punctata (Querquedula), 
252, 265. 
punctatum (Nettion), 
240, 265. 
punctulata (Nothoprocta), 
553. 
punctulata (Nothura), 
553, 554. 
punctulatus (Rhynchotus), 
553, 555, 
purpureo-viridis (Anas), 

53. 
pusillus (Mergus), 474. 
pygmseus (Anser), 98. 
pyrogaster (Dafila), 216. 
pyrrhocephala (Anas), 
285. 
pyrrhogaster (Anas), 216. 
pyrrhogastra (Anas), 
216. 
pyrrhogastra (Dafila), 
216. 
pyrrhorbyncha (Anas), 
285. 
pyrrhorbyncha 
(Querquedula), 
286. 

Querquedula, 144, 238, 
290,293. 
querquedula (Anas), 74, 
274, 293, 366. 
querquedula (Oyanopte rus), 
296. 
querquedula (Pterocyanea), 
296. 
querquedula (Querquedula), 
296. 
querquedulus (Cyanopterus), 
296. 

Race-horse Duck, 373. 
radiatus (Orypturus), 

528. 
radiatus (Nothocercus), 
528. 
radiatus (Tinamus), 528. 
Radjah, 170. 
radjah (Anas), 175. 
radjah (Gennoeochen), 
176. 
radjah (Radjah), 176. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

radjah (Tadorna), 171, 

175. 
radjah (Vulpanser), 176. 
rafflesii (Anas), 303. 
rafflesii (Oyanopterus), 
303. 
rafflesii (Pterocyanea), 
303. 
raii (Merganser). 473. 
rancedula (Merganser), 
473. 
Rhaphipterus 457. 
Ratitas, 570. 
raucedula (Merganser), 
473. 
recur virostra (Anas), 
445. 
Red - billed Whistling 
Duck, 159. 
Red-breasted Goosander, 

479. 
Red-breasted G-oose, 125. 
Red-breasted Merganser, 
479,481. 
Red-breasted Shoveler, 

307. 
Red-crested Duck, 328. 
Red Duck, 345. 
Red Flamingo, 10,12. 
regalis (Casuarius), 594. 
regia (Anas), 52. 
regia (Cairina), 53, 59. 
regia (Sarcidiornis), 57, 
59. 
regia (Sarkidiornis), 553 
5Q, 59. 
regius (Sarkidiornis), 55} 

59. 
Rhaphipterus, 457. 
Rhea, 577, 578, 580, 
590. 
rhea (Rhea), 580. 
rhea (Struthio), 578,581. 
Rheas, 570, 577. 
Rheida3, 577. 
Rhodonessa, 46, 61. 
rhodoptera (Anas), 269. 
rhodopus (Anas), 269. 
Rhynchaspis, 306. 
Rbynchotis, 547. 
rhynchotis (Anas), 314, 
315. 
rhynchotis (Rhynchaspis), 
314. 
rhynchotis (Spatula), 
306,314,317. 
Rhynchotus, 496, 547. 
robustus (Tinamus), 497, 

500,507. 
robustus (Trachypelmtis),' 

500. 
roseus (Phcenicopterus), 

9, 11, 12. 

roseus, var. parva (Phce


nicopterus), 15. 

rossi (Anser), 88. 

rossi (Chen), 82, 88. 

rossii (Exantheinops), SS. 

Round-crested Duck, 468. 

rubens (Anas), 245, 307. 

ruber (Phcenicopterus), 

9,12,14, 17. 

ruber (Phoenicorodias), 

11. 
ruber (Sarcidiornis), 57. 
rubida (Anas), 445. 
rubida (Biziura), 446. 
rubida (Cerconectes), 
445. 
rubida (Erismatura), 
445. 
rubida (Fuligula), 445. 
rubida (Gyrnnura), 445. 
rubida (Oxyura), 445. 
rubida (Rhynchaspis), 
445. 
rubida (Tadorna), 182. 
rubidiceps (Anser), 136. 
rubidiceps (Bernicla), 
136. 
rubidiceps (Brenthus), 
136. 
rubidiceps (Chloephaga), 
128,136. 
rubidiceps (Chloetrophus), 
136. 
rubidoptera (Anas), 269. 
rubidus (Phoeniconaias), 

20. 
rubidus (Phcenicopterus), 
20. 
rubiniceps (Chloephaga), 
136. 
rubra (Tadorna), 178. 
rubricapilla (Mergus), 
472. 
rubricapillus (Mergus), 
473. 
rubripes (Crvpturus), 
514. 
rubrirostris (Anas), 282. 
rubrirostris (Anser), 88, 
91. 
Ruddy Goose, 178. 
rueppelli (Anas), 213. 
rufa (Anas), 345. 
rufa (Callichen), 330. 
rufa (Fuligula), 337. 
rufescens (Anser), 100, 
104. 
rufescens (Callichen), 
330. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

rufescens (Crypturus), 

548. 
rufescens (Nothurus), 
54S. 
rufescens (Rhynchotes), 

549. 
rufescens (Rhynchotis), 

549. 
rufescens (Rlrynchotus), 
547, 548. 
rufescens (Tinamus), 548. 
Rufibrenta, 111. 
rufioeps (Anas), 328. 
ruficeps (Aythya), 337. 
ruficeps (Callichen), 329. 
ruficeps (Tinamus). 499, 
506, 607. 
ruficollis (Anas), 125, 

335. 
ruficollis (Anser), 124. 
ruficollis (Bernicla), 125. 
ruficollis (Branta), 112, 

124. 
ruficollis (Brenthus), 

126. 
ruficollis (Leucopareia), 

125. 
ruficollis (Ptocas), 126. 
ruficollis (Rufibrenta), 

125. 
ruficrista (Fuligula), 330. 
rufigaster (Anas), 307. 
rufina (Anas), 328. 
rufina (Aythya), 330. 
rufina (Branta), 328, 

330. 
rufina (Callichen), 330. 
rufina (Fuligula), 329, 


330,333. 
rufina (Mergoides), 329. 
rufina (Netta), 328. 
rufin uni (Callichen), 

330. 
rufinus (Callichen), 329. 
rufinus (Platypus), 329. 
rufitorques (Anas), 370. 
rufitorques (Fuligula), 

370. 
Rufous-necked Duck, 

335. 
rufus (Tinamus), 519. 
riippelli (Anas), 48. 
riippelli (Plectropterus), 
47,49. 
rustica (Anas), 386. 
rutheirica (Anas), 442. 
rutila (Anas), 177, 345. 
rutila (Cairina), 180. 
rutila (Casarca), 177, 
178,182. 
rutila (Nettalopex), 180. 
VOL. XXVII. 

rutila (Tadorna), 178,180. 
rutila (Vulpanser), 179, 

180. 

salksi (Crypturus), 542. 
sallasi (Nbthocercus), 

541. 
sallcei (Tinamus), 542, 

544. 
salvadorii (Casuarius), 
590, 595. 
Salvaclorina, 454. 
salvini (Crypturus), 517, 

537. 
Sambe, 18. 
saudvicensis (Bernicla), 

126. 
sandvdcensis (Brenthus), 

127. 
sandvicensis (Chloephaga), 
127. 
sandvicensis (Taenidiestes), 
127. 
sandvichensis (Anser), 

126. 
sandvichensis(Nesochen), 

126. 
sandwicensis (Leucopareia), 
127. 
sandwichensis (Anas), 

197. 
sandwichensis (Bernicla), 

127. 
Sarcelle, 294. 
Sarcelle a bee jaune et 
noir, 261. 
Sarcelle a queue epineuse 
de Cayenne, 438. 
Sarcelle blanche et noire, 

386. 
Sarcelle brune et blanche, 

395. 
Sarcelle de Cayenne, 299. 
Sarcelle de Coromandel, 

68. 
Sarcelle d'Egypte, 345. 
Sarcelle d'ele, 294. 
Sarcelle de Java, 218. 
Sarcelle de la Caroline, 
366, 386. 
Sarcelle de la Chine, 77. 
Sarcelle de la Guadeloupe, 
438. 
Sarcelle de la Louisiana, 

386. 
Sarcelle cle l'isle Ferroe, 

389. 
Sarcelle de Madagascar, 
65, 258. 
Sarcelle des Malais, 175. 
Sarcelle du Mexique, 301. 

Sarcelle male de Madagascar, 
65. 
Sarcelle rouge, 245. 
Sarcelle rousse a longue 
queue, 438. 
Sarcelle Soucrourelte, 

299. 
Sarcelle Soucrourou, 299. 
Sarcidiornis, 46, 54. 
Sarkidiornis, 54. 
sausarai (Anas), 488. 
sawka (Anas), 389. 
scandiaca (Anas), 315. 
scapularis (Clangula), 

383. 
scapularis (Pterocyanea), 

296. 
scapularis (Querquedula), 

295. 
scar chir (Anas), 488. 
Scaup, 355. 
Scaup Duck, 355. 
schachraman (Tadorna), 

172. 
scioanus (Plectropterus), 
47, 51. 
sclaterii (Casuarius), 596. 
sclateri (Plectropterus), 

49. 
scolopax (Crvpturus), 
515, 51G, 528* 
scolopax (Nothocercus), 

528. 
Scoter, 401. 

s. cuberti (Anas), 425. 
scutellata (Casarka), 60. 
scutulata (Anas), 60. 
scutulata (Asarcornis), 

60. 
scutulata (Casarca), 60. 
scutulata (Tadorna), 60. 
scutulata (Vulpanser), 60. 
segetum (Anas), 99. 
segetuni (Anser), 96, 99, 
101, 102, 104. 
segetum brachyrhynchus 
(Anser), 104. 
segetum middendorffi 
(Anser), 102. 
segetum serrirostris 
(Anser), 102. 
segetum, var. serrirostris 
(Anser), 102. 
semipalmata (Anas), 44. 
semipalmata(Anseranus), 

44. 
semipalmata (Bernicla), 
44, 
Semipalraated G-oose, 44. 
semipalmatus (Anser), 

44. 

2T 

ALPHABETICAL INDUS. 

034 

semipahnatus (Ansoranus), 
45. 
somipalmatus (Choriatopua), 
44. 
scptontrionalis (Anser), 

426. 
septentrionalis sylvestris 
(Anas), 1)2. 
serrata (Merganser), 482. 
sorrafor (Merganser), 

471,479,481. 
serrator (Mergus), 475, 

479. 
serrator a. pallasii (Mergus), 
493. 
serratus (Crypturus), 501, 

503. 
serratus (Mergus), 479, 
482. 
serratus (Pezus), 501. 
serrirostris (Auser), 89, 
101,102. 
Shieldrake, 171. 
Shoveler, 306. 
sibilans (Oygnus), 37. 
sibilatrix (Anas), 236. 
sibilatrix (Mareca), 227, 

236. 
sibilatrix (Sarkidiomis), 
237. 
sibilus (Oygnus), 35. 
Siflieur a bee noir, 162. 
Siffieur a bee rouge et 
narines jaunes, 159. 
Siilleur huppe, 328. 
simplex (Crypturus), 


516,531. 
sinensis (Anser), 108. 
sinensis (Oygnus), 108. 
sinensis (Querquedula), 


76. 
sinensis elegans (Querquedula), 
76. 
sinuata (Anas), 150. 
sirsair (Anas), 491. 
sjurakan (Anas), 328. 
skoorra (Anas), 345. 
skorniakovi (Anser), 105. 
Smaller Indian Flamingo, 

19. 
Smew, 464, 465. 
smithii (Spatula), 318. 
Snow G-oose, 86. 
Soft-billed Duck, 455. 
solitaria (Oryptura), 498, 
501. 
solitarius (Tinamus), 497, 
501. 
Somateria, 327, 423. 
Souobefc, 307. 
Soni, 522. 
soui (Oryptura), 522. 
soui (Tinamus), 522. 
Southern Ostrich, 575. 
sovi (Crypturus), 522. 

sovi (Totrao), 522. 
sovi (Tinamus), 522. 


sp. (Anas), 437. 

sp. (Noctura), 550. 

sp. (CEdemia), 493. 

sp. (Querquedula), 493. 

Spanish Duck, 145, 442. 

sparrinarmi (Anas), 271. 

sparsa (Anas), 188, 213, 

260. 
spathulata(Rhynchaspis), 
310. 
Spatula, 144, 306. 
Spatulea, 306. 
spectabiiis (Anas), 432. 
spectabiiis (Erionetta), 
434. 
spectabiiis (Fuligula), 
425,434. 
spectabiiis (Platypus), 

434. 
spectabiiis (Somateria), 
424, 432. 
specularioides (Anas), 
216, 
specularis (Anas), 188, 

215. 
Sperling-Fowl, 473. 
spinicauda (Anas), 237, 
279. 
spinicauda (Dafila), 237s 
270, 279. 
spinicauda (Erismatura), 

279. 
spinosa (Anas), 438. 
spinosa (Oerconectes), 
439. 
spinosa (Dendrocygnus), 
439. 
spinosa (Erismatura) ,439. 
spinosus (Anser), 48. 
Spinous-tailed Duck, 438. 
sponsa (Aia), 74. 
sponsa (/Ex), 73,74,280, 
338, 348. 
sponsa (Anas), 73, 74, 77. 
sponsa (Oosmonessa), 74. 
sponsa (Dendrocygnus), 

74. 
sponsa (Dendronessa), 
74. 
sponsa (Lampronessa), 
74. 
Spotted-billed Duck, 209, 
Spur-winged G-oose, 48. 
squamatus (Merganser), 
471,478. 

squamatus (Mergus), 478. 
st. cuthberti (Somateria), 

427. 
St. Domingo Teal, 438. 
Steamer-Duck, 374. 
stejnegeri (Oidemia), 
411. 
Stellaria, 418. 
stellatus (Merganser), 
4(54. 
stelleri (Anas), 419. 
stelleri (Olangula), 419. 
stelleri (Eniconetta), 

419. 
stelleri (Harelda), 419. 
stelleri (Heniconetta), 
419. 
stelleri (Macropus), 419. 
stelleri (Polysticta;, 419. 
stelleri (Somateria), 420. 
Stelleria, 418. 
Sfchenelides, 25. 
Sthenelus, 25. 
Stictonefcta, 144, 324. 
Strauss, 573. 
Strepera, 221. 
strepera (Anas), 192, 193, 
221, 226, 338. 
strepera (Boschas), 222. 
strepera (Ohaulelasmus), 

224, 226. 
strepera (Ohauliodus), 


strepera (Querquedula), 

223. 
strepera americana 
(Anas), 224. 
strepera, a. capensis 
(Ohaulelasmus), 260. 
streperus (Anas), 224. 
streperus (Ohaulelasmus), 


193,209,221,222,488. 
streperus (Ktinorhynohus), 
223. 


streperus, b. americanus 
(Ohaulelasmus), 224. 
streperus, a. breweri 
(Ohaulelasmus), 19$. 
strigulatus (Tinamus), 

533. 
strigulosa (Oryptura), 
OOij. 

strigulosa (Nothura), 

533. 
strigulosus (Crypturus), 
516, 533, 542. 
strigulosusvNotbocercus), 

533. 
strigulosus (Tinamus), 
533, 534. 
Struthio, 571, 572. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

635 

Strufchiones, 570. 
Slruthionidre, 571. 
Struthionifbrmes, 570. 
subata (Anas), HO. 
subboschas (Anas), 102. 
subcrecea (Querquedula), 

24:0. 
subcristatus (Tinanius), 
497, 503, 504. 
subcristatus (Traohypelmus), 
504. 
subrufiaus (Callicben), 

329. 
subterranea (Anas), 171, 
355. 
subulata (Anas), 271. 
Succe, 1(52. 
suece (Anas), 162. 
Summer Duck, 73. 
Summer Teal, 294. 
superba (Anas), 434. 
superciliaris (Anas), 207. 
superciliosa (Anas), 74, 
188,193,196,197,206, 

207. ^ 
superciliosa, a. sandwichensis 
(Anas), 197. 
superciliosa, var. pelewensis 
(Anas), 207. 
Supercilious Duck, 206. 
Swan, 30. 
sylvatica (Anas), 250. 
sylvestris (Anas), 51. 
sylvestris (Anser), 90. 
sylvestris (Cairina), 53. 
sylvestris (Hyonetta),~53. 
sylvestris freti liudsoni 

(Anser), 82. 
sylvieola (Oryptura), 528, 

536. 
sylvicola (Tinainus), 528. 
Tacliea, 585. 

Tachyeres, 326, 373. 

taezanowskii (Notbo


procta), 551. 

Tadorna, 142, 170, 171. 

tadorna (Anas), 171, 

173. 
tadorna (Ohenalopex), 
173. 
tadorna (Tadorna), 171. 
tadorna (Vulpanser), l"/2. 
Tadorne, 171. 
taclornina (NettalojDex), 
186. 
tadornoides (Anas), 185. 
tadornoides (Casarca), 
177,185. 
tadornoides (Tadorna), 

185. 
tadornoides (Vulpanser), 

186. 
Tamidiestes, 128. 
TYouidiesthes, 128. 
Tamo Swa,n, 35. 
tao(Orypfcurus), 403,501. 
tao (Tinainus), 497, 501, 
tao (Traohypelmus), 498, 
501. 
Taoniscus, 490, 564. 
Tataupa, 525. 
tataupa (Oryptura), 525. 
tataupa (Oryp turns), 515, 
525, 527. 
tataupa (Nothura), 525. 
tataupa (Tinanius), 525. 
Teal, 243, 445. 
Teal with red on the 

wing, 492. 
temminckii (Anser), 97. 
feme leeuwin (Anas), SO. 
Thalassiornis, 436. 
Thaiassornis, 436. 
thulensis (Somateria),427. 
Tinaraidtu, 496. 
Tinaminos, 496. 
Tinamotidinae, 560. 
Tinamotis, 496, 567. 
Tinamou cendre, 517. 
Tinamou de Cayenne, 503. 
Tinamou varie, 535. 
Tinamou varie de 

Cayenne, 535. 

Tinainus, 496, 558. 

tinus (Mergus), 464. 

torqnata (Anas), 125, 

268, 395. 
torquata (Bernicla), 120, 

124. 
torquata (Olaugula), 396. 
torquata (Querquedula), 
240, 269. 
torquatum (Nettion), 240, 

268. 
torquatus (Anser), 119, 
120,122,124,125. 
torquatus (Brenthus), 

122. 
torquatus (Histrionicus), 
396. 
torrida (Anas), 492. 
torrida (Branta), 492. 
Toujou, 577. 
Touyou, 578. 
Traehelonetta, 270. 
Trachypelma, 496. 
Traohypelmus, 496. 
transfasciatus (Crypturus), 
517, 546. 
tricarunculatus (Oasiiarius), 
590,591,595. 

tricolor (Anas), 55. 
trowbridgii (Belionefcta), 

414. 
tuberculirostris (Oygnus), 
•37. 
tuberculosa (Anser), 108. 
Tufted Duck, 345, 3(>3. 
Tujus, 578. 
turneri (Biziura), 460. 
turneri (Merganetta), 
457,460. 
turnsri (Rhaphipterus), 

460. 
Tuyew, 581. 
tzitaihoa (Anas), 271. 
Undina, 441. 
undulata (Anas), 188, 

212, 213. 
undulata (Anser), 105. 
undulatus (Oryptiirus), 

515,527, 529, &J6. 

undulatus (Tinamus), 

527, 528, 530, 53(5. 

uniappendiculatus (Cas


uarius), 591, 597. 

unifasciata (Ifirismatura), 

443. 
unifasciata (Oxyura), 443. 
unwini (Oygnus), 37. 
Ural Duck, 442. 
urophasiauus (Anas), 282. 
urophasianus (Dalila), 
280, 282. 
urophasianus (Pcecilo


netta), 283. 


vagans (Anas), 154. 
vagans (Dendrocycna), 


154. 
vagans (Dendrocygna), 
153,154. 
valisneri (Aythya"), 343. 
valisneri (Nyroca), 343. 
valisneria (Anas), 342. 
valisneria (Aythya), 342. 
valisneria (Fulix), 343. 
valisneriana (Anas), 343. 
valisneriana (Fuligula), 

343. 
vallisneria (Anas), 342. 
vallisneria (Aristonetta), 
343. 
vallisneria (Fuligula), 
192,342,362. 
vallisneria (Nyroca), 331, 

342. 
vallisncriana (Anas),342. 
Van Dicmen's Land 
Cassowary, 587. 
varia (Anas), 167. 


variegata (Anser), 184. 
variegata (Bemiela), 184. 
variegata (Casarca), 177, 

183. 
variegata (Cryptura), 536. 
variegata (Nettalopex), 

184. 
variegata (Rhynchaspis), 

314. 
variegata (Spatula), 314. 
variegata (Tadorna), 184. 
variegata (Tinamus), 530. 
variegata (Vulpanser), 

184. 
Variegated Goose, 183. 
Variegated Tinamou, 


535. 
variegatus (Anser), 183. 
variegatus (Crypturus), 
517,519,535,538. 
variegatus (Nothocercus), 

536. 
variegatus (Tetrao), 535. 
variegatus (Tinamus), 

535. 
variegatus (Turnix), 503. 
varius (Anser), 107. 
varius (Chenalopex), 168. 
Velvet Duck, 406. 
Velvet Scoter, 406. 
velvetiua (Fuligula), 410. 
velvetina (Melanetta), 
409,411. 
velvetina (Oidemia), 409, 

411. 
verraiculatus (Crypturus), 

530. 
vermiculatus (Tinamus), 

530. 
vermieulosus (Tinamus), 

530. 
versicolor (Anas), 291. 
versicolor (Dendroeygna), 

165. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

versicolor (PLerocyanea), 

291. 
versicolor (Querquedula), 
290,291. 
viduata (Anas), 145, 146, 
236,442. 
viduata (Dafila), 145. 
viduata (Dendrocycna), 
145,157. 
viduata (Dendroeygna), 
145,146. 
viduata personata (Dendroeygna), 
147. 
vigorsii (Phasianurus), 

282. 
vindila (Anas), 442. 
vinsoni (Dafila), 258. 
viola (Fuligula), 53. 
Virago, 238. 
virescens (Rhynchaspis), 

310. 
virgata (Anas), 150. 
virgata (Dendroeygna), 

150. 
virginiana (Querquedula), 
299. 
virginianus cristatus 
(Merganser), 468. 
viridi-senea (Anas), 53. 
viridi-rhonibea (Anas), 

491. 
vittata (Erismatura), 441, 
442,450. 
vitticeps (Anas), 230. 
v-nigra (Somateria), 

430. 
v-nigrum (Somateria), 
424,430. 
Volpoca, 171. 
vulgaris (Anser), 90, 91. 
vulgaris (Clangula), 377, 

380. 
vulgaris (Fuligula), 365, 

378. 

vulgaris (Querquedula), 

290. 
vulgaris (Tadorna), 173. 
Vulpanser, 170. 
vulpanser (Tadorna), 53, 
172,173,183. 

waigiuensis(Salvadorina), 

454. 
wecldellii (Tinamus), 493. 
Weissbackenente, 401. 
westermanni (Oasuariiis), 
59S, 599. 
Western Duck, 419. 
Whilk, 401. 
Whistling Duck, 162. 
Whistling Swan, 26, 32. 
White Swan, 42. 
White-faced Duck, 299, 

493. 
White-fronted Groose, 


92. 
White-head, 442. 
White-headed Duck, 442. 
White-winged Antarctic 
Goose, 132. 
Wigeon, 227, 228, 230. 
wigeon (Anas), 234. 
Wild Swan, 26. 
wilsoni (Anas), 405. 
wyvilliana (Anas), 187, 

190,197. 


xalcuani (Anas), 492. 
xanthorhyncha (Anas), 
199, 212, 264. 
xanthorhyncha (Querque


dula), 213. 

Yambou, 502. 

zabele (Pezus), 539. 
zonorlrpioha (Anas), 188, 

211. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AKD FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, 

LIST OF PLATES. 
Denclrocyena guttata, p. 164 PI. I. 
= Dendro6if(/na guttulata (Wall.). 
3NTcttion albigulare, p. 257 PL IL fig. 1. 
Xottion gibbcrifrons, p. 254 * PL II. fig. 2. 
Dafila eatoni, p. 278 PL III. 
Xyroca innotata, p. 350 PL IV. 
Merganetta fissnata, p. 458 PL V. fig. 1. 
Merganetta aimata, p. 458 PL Y. fig. 2. 
Tinamus ca&taneiceps, p. 507 PL YI. 
Tinamus solitarius, p. 501 PL VII. 
(Typo of T. gutttihtus, Gray.) 
Nofchocercus mgricapillus, p. 511 PL YIII. 
Cryptnrus castaneus, p. 521 PL IX. 
Crypturus erythropus, p. 534 PL X. 
Crypturus bartletti, p. 538 PL XI. 
Crypturus scolopax, p. 528 PL XII. 
(Type of Tinamus radiatus.) 
Crypturus balstoui, p. 531 PL XIII. 
lihyiichotus * maeulicollis, p. 550 PL XIV. 
Xothoprocta coquimbica, p. 554 PL XV. 
Xothoprocta pontlandi, p. 555 PL XVI. 
Xothoprocta ornata, p. 557 PL XYIL 
Nothura marmorata, p. 561 PI. XVIII. 
Nothura darwinii, p. 562 PL XIX. 
* More correctly Rkynclwtib. 

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